how are you all doing Merry Christmas in advance but hey don't forget that I'm also waiting for my Christmas gift and don't forget that we have a trip that is coming on on the 1st to 8th February if you ever want to visit Ghana this is the best time for you to visit Ghana it's called the Maya experience happening February 1st to February 8th so check the description box and book your trip to Ghana with me. A year ago I came in here to meet a young black man who decided to live off-grid you know living inside a forest he was born and raised in Italy and decided to return to his motherland and when he returned to the motherland he didn't want to stay in the city he didn't want to stay in the village but decided to live in the forest My name is Joshua Cucuerciedo I was born and partially raised in Italy so yeah I'm just gonna see how is it doing because I love checking up on people yeah to know if things are improving or he wants to give up and go back to where he came from I finally go here and I feel like a lot has changed he's telling me I should ring the bell and wait whoa why is it all coming because of this guy I don't even want to call myself the village boy again the village boy or the village boy I'm the village boy and I think you're the forest man man hey okay let's put it down this way let's put it down this way hey how's it going everything's fine how are you doing man yo a lot has changed man so far I mean this is just a little piece I'll bring you inside you see what changed hey you came long time ago one year one year ago you guys don't know him he's the guy who is living off-grid like I go here a year ago I'm like what is wrong with this guy I'm skeptical also I remember I remember also the way you drink ton the way you drink ton today you come inside you drink it oh I'm telling you he he woke up me with rain water and he's like dude just enjoy yourself hey they said me look wow so brother first of all this is the kitchen and please come you feel the freshness sit down and chill me pacho thank you so much I appreciate it would you like some water definitely hey here hey walk in here must not be easy oh so let me give you ton one in ton you know ton ton is rainy water it's like uh-huh oh I need to feel it oh it's okay tastiness you feel hey it's it's sweet oh like me look I'm like this one it doesn't taste like me look bro all right man oh this is the entrance yeah this is an entrance yes by the way yeah there's also the name of my great-grandparents ociame yawesiedu abranian core they are the one actually that got this land a lefty heritage for the upcoming generations so whatever is done here is of course thanks to them whoa go in go in you're welcome you're welcome no no please go ring the bell and before I open it I feel like a lot has really changed man see I think people don't know who you are maybe someone is seeing this video for the first time I've been here before so this is like trying to check up and see what is going on with him but can you do a bit of introduction okay so my name is is Joshua Cueciedu and yeah the video that you placed was a guy that left Italy in order to come to Ghana exactly why in Italy because I'm also from Italy also from Ghana but I was raised up partially there and then at the age of 20 I left and I went all around the world and I kind of looking for myself everything self-sponsored of course and sometimes even with no money so it was a full-on experience and eventually what I realized through the journey is that the way is nature so came up that my great-grandparents had land here and I came here a couple of years ago so back to nature yes I don't even know why I need to wear this yeah ah back to nature man correct man whoa okay yes man yes man like it feels so good knowing that your feet touches the ground in here man my brother see a lot has changed I keep on saying that a lot has changed why you have tents in here so because I told you I mentioned I mentioned that to you about people coming for retreat programs eventually was corona time was was a plan but we actualized it and actually we already have four workshops so there's tents here there's accommodation there's a dome also I will show you there's also something as they will build with airbags so we had already four workshops and there's a fifth one coming next week and some other will come next year also so we went for it we went for it people are coming learning how to build sustainably how to grow food sustainably how to even work with clay how to healing themselves with with herbs so also people from the close by village are coming having some sort of also micro business for themselves while teaching the ancient way so we went for it this was not here yeah it's true this was this is now the open shed is the place where we chill we sit we feel we eat and you might remember the water well though of course that's the only thing that you had here when I came here it's true it's true and even daddy he wanted to give me well what I'm like I would just accept the rain water hey what am I yeah the water is still here still we will do some work around it but right now it's so basically it's not a water well but it's worth it's a water tank so we collect the water from the roof that's why we build this one also so everything has more purposes but is this eco-friendly yes yes so basically these rocks are from the area but mainly is what is built with is earth bags so there are recycled bags those where people might place inside cassava or rice bags rice bags so we fill them with soil and soil is everywhere of course all around the world and then there's a certain techniques to use and boom we have it and these bags instead of going somewhere in the ocean are staying here plastic lasts for thousands of years which will make this building lasting for longer professor let me understand you know why you decided to choose a place like this to stay because I mean it's not only peaceful but especially is in connection to our needs you see what's happening here last time you didn't come so I want you also to see what's happened with the house and with the garden yeah so in this very area I planted 30 plus trees this is just like a two plots right I planted a bunch of trees a bunch of plants a bunch of herbs because we are from nature it's not just a philosophical way or like I'm trying to be you know a poet or whatever but we are nature you know we eating from nature we are getting our nurturance is coming from nature so living in an environment that feeds nature and therefore feeds yourself so it's a healthy environment it's a wealthy environment that's why I choose to live in a place like this why Ghana because it's subtropical and it's very it's very very wealthy very well see can I ask you a question somebody should I said I should actually that living in a place like this you don't get bored oh how can I mean look in one year you remember how it was yeah looking one year much has been done every day there's something to do you know especially even if you have don't have nothing to do I mean you you sit with yourself which is it will not hurt yourself you know I guess most of the problems in the world are coming from the fact that what is the advantage of living off-grid is the fact that you are self-sustainable you know you don't rely on anybody's you don't need to wait anybody's you know you don't need to pay anybody's rent you don't need to wait for you know you are not concerned at the end of the month or what's going on is your work is directly paid off by the land and the disadvantage of living off-grid is advantage it eventually I would say there's none except for maybe because of subtropical environment here living so close to the element also expose your body to different diseases and so on but also it's part of life so I mean I don't I wouldn't call it disadvantage I would call it uh is the journey of life you know we live and we die that's for sure yo see is this a walk path no yeah yeah that's the last time I came there was no walk path man this time today I can see you enjoy the walk path of course man walk path okay let me enjoy the walk path man and when I came here he was building this yes yes and now it's done now it's done so this is the house we took about six months to be built was myself and Damensa a man from another close by village but let's say he came for three months then the other three months was mainly myself it was a full-on work was a full-on work full of trials and mistakes but right now we have a house I want I want to show you the house why not I want to show you I mean this is my room so that one but I want to show you the the living room there is a you know it's a cozy fresh place I'm proud of it is a proper place now I think I can go for the you remember this right yes if you hold here hey go over the way it's going for you this much you look at all that right this is rainwater we live in off-grid hey all of it correct correct one this one it tastes like milk hey it looks so good man so I like the fact that you don't have like windows being covered and all that you just wanted to live in open space yes for this one my room is closed because when I sleep I want to be more protected also for mosquito and so on but that's where this one is the sort of living space living room so I like it to be fresh here I sit down I read books I cook I I feel it's the meditation station so I want it to be very fresh there's a couch yes yes it's also self-built with a wood recycle from different projects and so on this was built out of recycle yes yes yes whatever was used with different products there was a bed that I did a while ago that eventually didn't need anymore so I reuse that in order to build this sofa hey what am I hey is that a special chair yeah this is I will say it's the proper meditation station chair this one yeah oh so it's a one bedroom yes yes living room yeah I mean depends if you also consider veranda is a bit of another room per se you know but here yeah there's a shower right here okay so it's a simple shower but it here is fresh it's cozy so as we made also with the with the same rocks and then the water is directed on the back and yeah I mean it's a bucket system so it regulates the the waste of water instead of having a something that you open it you shower you just think and the water goes in this case you wash yourself properly with the water that you have and also there's there are solar lights right now you cannot see them but there's a there are solar lights on top of the roof yeah on top of the roof they are feeding the two lights in the room also there are some strings also they are kind of creating a sort of a vibe and not necessarily like flashing lights but a nice vibe they are created by this solar light so we are sustainable we are sustainable man here's the garden right now you don't see it because it's been harvest but a lot of groundnut peanut tomatoes okra is still there it was a bunch of this season was next level so also there was so much that I needed to storage it so I dried some tomatoes I did some was full on was full on this one here is a toilet there's been built and this is the toilet yes you want to go for release yourself back back to nature you want to go back to nature now is a I mean whatever you actually going to deliver there is going to go back to nature that's for sure it's a regenerative system so it's not just something that comes and goes you know it's it's a cycle you know so this one is a squatting toilet you do you go you deliver you enjoy yourself and then you cover with sawdust and then it will go back to the land wow and creating fertilizer yes and this one here on the back is a dome that has been built also with urbex and is a function as a room for the guys when they come in you can also go inside if you want to build with a box yes yes pull on this is all urbex from from down to top is all bags so it is a quite of a technique it's not that easy it's rough also because it's heavy but it is it's very cheap you build this by yourself yeah this was me and Joana Joana maybe you might see me Joana Joana came over here yes yes in German yes I don't have to say that but I just then if you don't know that oh wow it looks so pretty yes yes yes if you go it's always it's fine and it's incredibly fresh because of the thickness of the walls you know wow oh nice so it's a sleepy room cozy way what am I just going to do so you can literally enjoy yourself in here but this place is literally for two people well I mean why then we open up for one person you know but I also two people can stay two people can stay hey get and then yeah so one thing I would like to mention is that this one here see because it's complete it's coming from I mean the soil is coming from the soil right I mean the soil is coming from the the bags are recycled here you some people also sell rice bags in order to be recycled and so on but the whole cost for this one like without labor because we build it ourselves but the whole cost we didn't go further beyond 180 dollars the whole yes for this when it comes to material not even actually it's 150 euros so I don't know how much is in dollars so you see this is a room is a legit room and that's what you can get you know so right now also some people started to contact me asking if I could go for them yes and then before I was too busy because here I still wanted to create more but now I feel more accomplished so I dig more into these dms and so on emails and then I guess if you're looking forward to build something like this at your backyard anywhere in the world contact you quasi contact you guys even if you want him to build in America he will come only if you get a match yes in America the Mamele there's also people asking me if I know somebody here that owns land and so on and I know people and here the land can be relatively cheap cheap yeah because of this not like a great crowd this area is a bit different actually one hour 30 minutes drive from a crowd if only live one hour 30 minutes from drive from a crowd definitely it's the best place to buy land I mean as you could see it is not place where you can go to the shopping mall behind the corner you know it's a place that leaves no choice than living an off-grid life so whoever is really willing to live their life then to those I can show my support maybe into you know finding land but it's but it's not a easy task I'm not a middle man and I don't want to be one that one that thing is a different deal but what I wanted to say is that there is the possibility to build something that can be with airbags or we can be with mud we can be with different natural as long as it's a natural way and but only two people that really are willing to live a sustainable life therefore you know buy land not to gain that monoculture farming or to build a filling station or whatever they can people that really want to work for the land because you know the african land has been you know our african land has been abused already for too long yeah so whoever wants to invest in the land needs to work for the land that's the point about the whole thing is working for the land that eventually will give everything back to you so it needs to be a regenerative system where we we price the land that it gives so much to to the whole world leeching you know so instead of coming abusing again start working for the land and the land will give everything back to you make no mistake about it this was the the prototype that I did before starting the bigger dome so I was like let me see how it is just to come up with the structure so I took all the plastic bottle that I gather here and all recycled items here and I put it up so was that just a small scale model then I reflected into a bigger scale so you might wonder what are these trenches yeah what are these little? Kama show you Kama show you so now this area is a bit I left it a little bit growing a little bit more the trenches were deeper and now the rainy season came and filled them with sand so there are two reasons one is to gather sand but the main one is right here oh wow what are you trying to do? it's a water reservoir so it's a it's a water collector so in order to gain to preserve all the rain water instead of going elsewhere I collected all here but not only to collect it but also to create a swimming pond so right now what's happened is that it started to leak from one of the points so I need to empty it and as you can see there's also a lot of a lot of sand so we'll eventually we'll see maybe soon we'll make a filter that will bring the water clear and also we're gonna you know plaster in a way that it will not get the water inside but there was a point here where the water was flowing I was just swimming inside beautifully oh wow yes yes so this has been built also with a group of people the Contumere Contumere you can take them you take them you enjoy them yeah Contumere and here's also popo everything's been planted this is cocoa yeah yes this cocoa this is this one was here this is a mirror I used to use it oh hey this boy he just rolls around he does his own things so I'm not aware of it last time I came that was the mirror that he was using this was his kitchen oh yes yes now it's the storage room now now the kitchen became the storage room yes yes that's incredible soon it will go down I mean it's almost two years this thing this thing here so but as far as function is the storage room so our tools are here yeah man and it's all pretty much yeah see if you haven't seen cocoa before this is cocoa you know the water is stealing from Africa they make the best chocolate but we struggle here aha from this one from this one yeah we struggle here but don't you think the water is stealing from Africa man all right that's the story the story of Africa you know so that's what I'm saying also investing in the land sustainability is there talks about that matter you know instead of growing to sell cheap to somebody else that will actually gain the bigger piece of the cake for example myself this cocoa I don't sell it so what we do do in the workshop I use it we I show people how to make chocolate themselves without even machine so it's the most organic natural chocolate you can do from the cocoa forest so this part of our workshops also that by the way will come yeah very soon also and so that's the point of it is trying to be sustainable meaning that if you want you can sell but you don't have to you know because you have all the knowledge that allows you to provide yourself whatever you need also whatever you want so that's the ideal of this life and also what I try to push people towards you know investing in the land the energy the money also invest them in the land but fully not to make a big farm or not invest them in order to be with the land you know and look it's still sprouting this this cocoa has been planted by my great-grand parents you still stay here do you use it anymore sometimes million is the gas when they come in they chill in here you know that's for myself not much I just I use the toilet this one is what I enjoy when I come here in the background you remember this I moved it here let's see let's see let's record it let's see give me the coconut okay you get it now one shot eh we'll see it really okay what am I y'all this is here this is here you're almost one million followers yeah do it for them for them oh no you went in you went in are there are there you just try it okay try again try again no try again see I'm trying to get ah what is this looks so easy man hey look let's see let's see man what am I you drop in bombs right here drop in bombs I give up I give up oh don't never give up in life I was about to give up a lot of time here but then I went the butter just like that just like that you're going back on your cocoa so Olivia all the time yes yes that's the place I hardly go outside I don't really need to do that sometimes I need to go maybe to the local markets happens you know but now especially after this season I had a bunch of you know food so I actually ate a lot from the length you've done a great job maintaining this place and at the same time improved on what I saw the last time and I know and believe that there are people who want to I mean get a chance to come here and see what I have seen where are they gonna find you then so there's a the main one would be the instagram page the instagram page live to learn underscore learn to live is where most of the news or most of the action takes place but also right now we're working on a youtube channel so also that one is just to see some progress and more in details shared knowledge and the last but not least most importantly somebody wants to have our support or make a usage of one of our services as a workshop was also building a natural home then it would be the website itself also in the website you can find whatever also there's also a donation link so in case somebody want to support the vision without being able to eventually being physically here it also can be done so the website is live to learn to live dotnet and over there you can find all the information because what are you doing here to give back to the community like the community in here what are you doing to give back to them thank you thank you very much because that's one of the point also of the whole supporting others in order also to be supported so the thing about the workshops is that of course it creates some jobs for some of the community for example Antiem as the chef Antidor as the pottery master comes and teaches and so on and also we have the building process so the building process as i mentioned this one here are being helped by a few guys from the village okay and they generally ride in bikes you know i call them boys earning a few literally a few hundred ganasis a month so since they came here and there was this request from this person from like diaspora from the states willing to build something i couldn't do on my own i was not willing to do on my own so i called them so four of them plus me we went there we started to build and first of all was a blessing was actually a very nice experience challenging of course but with them was very much of a blessing but also the thing about this job are two one is that it preserve also their ancient knowledge about natural building because they have it it's just that it's fading away because of westernization so with this one it preserved this way of building but also adding up some knowledge about recycling for example recycling techniques and so on but also increases their wages right now instead of getting a few hundred ganasidi they get a few hundred heroes you know so and as as the skills are increasing also their wage will increase so one thing that we like to mention is that you know land here can be also in this very area can be quite cheaper you know we talk about a month rent for a land and people like not gania they cannot own land apparently they can they can lease it for 99 years which is still like benefit for yourself your children the children of your children but the thing is that you know as i mentioned you know something like a dome 150 euros this house for the materials all this house only for resources without labor we talk about 500 euros you know for the whole house but what wouldn't be cheap is our labor and that's the thing usually in africa cheap labor you know so that's definitely what it cannot happen definitely what we don't want and that's also what i want to bring back to the boys you know that we are working together and give them back some wages that would allow them also to do whatever they want to do with them what they will learn one thing that if you had a chance to change about a continent africa what will you change to be honest i would just think more of how can i change myself in order to learn to be embraced by this like incredible and huge culture you know of course every culture every nation every area it's we're all humans so we all have our you know ups and downs but i know in the history of africa and other countries how they how africa has been exploited me you know i didn't grow up here so i'm i'm from here but it didn't grow up fully here so my concern is how do i need to change myself in order to be functional in this reality and that's for me what was my learning process you know because all of us having nice talks especially diaspora oh yeah you know africa pro africa you and then we come in here and we live the most privileged life because in the end we hold a sort of privilege when we come here uh our skin like for example myself here i'm a white man can you imagine you know what i mean i've been called obruni every time and abroad i've been affected by racism next level then i come here i'm a white man how and you know it's a step on my back yet is the reality that i'm leaving um so because of this area i'm not having as much privilege as i could have in a crowd let's be honest actually i get i got a lot of you know mocking comments every now and then you know look at brunico for me you know brunio go the bank you know i imagine i'm in italy somebody say oh look at black man eating pizza and i'm like but yeah you know but it's a different context that personally could be harsh for me but for me is important to understand how can i change uh my way of seeing it you know to be functional in here especially because i'm not here for holiday i'm living here this is my place you know so yeah that's maybe what i was saying you know all right so thank you so much for coming along with us if you watch the previous episode you definitely know that he has done a great job so book a retreat with him come learn something and trust me you'll never be disappointed because i am not disappointed at all thank you so much and then i'll see you all in the next one don't forget to like the video subscribe and be part of the million family i am my million hey


I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Introduction to Paninian Grammar. In the previous lecture we studied the basics of accent in Paninian grammar. Today we shall continue studying the subject in slightly more detail. In the previous lecture we saw how the accent is marked on the basic units namely Prakriti and Pratyayya and with the help of the rules how the Pada accent gets derived and how then it gets transformed in the form of the sentential accent. In this lecture we shall study in detail how the Pada accent gets constructed from the Prakriti and Pratyayya and how the dynamics comes into being comes into play. So, let us study this simple derivation first. We start with the verbal root crew meaning to do on both sides and then we add the suffix trich on the left hand side and the suffix trin on the right hand side. Both these suffixes mean karta but because this trin suffix falls in the adhikara tachira tadharma tatsadukarishu this adds an additional shade of meaning. So, the derivation karthru means one who does that is a doer but the same word karthru means one who whose habit it is to do that means a skilled doer. How does this distinction of meaning get recorded as far as the word is concerned and here we see the accent playing an important role. So, now this accent is derived with the help of the markers in the Paninian grammatical system as we see chha is a marker over here and na is a marker over here. What this chha marker does is chha is a marker because of 133 and then it gets deleted and 7384 applies and crew becomes kar and so we have karthru. Now, this chha marker indicates that this final vowel gets accented by the sutra chitaha. So, in this case thru becomes udatta therefore this kar becomes anadatta and marked with the horizontal bar below kar whereas in case of this trin this na marker triggers the operation of innitya dharmityam which makes the initial vowel udatta. So, this kar becomes a becomes udatta and this rhu therefore becomes anadatta but it is coming immediately after anadatta therefore it is marked as swarita with a vertical bar on top of the letter. This is the difference. Now, when you have the word karthru with the swarita sign on rhu indicates that the meaning of this word is a skilled doer and when the thru is not marked that shows that it is anadatta this means just a doer, doer of an action. This is how the accent distinguishes the meaning. This could be said to be the minimal pair as far as the accent is concerned. Now, we take up the derivation of karthru with the final vowel being udatta meaning one who is a doer. So, here is the derivation here are the 21 forms subanta forms and then the accent is also marked. So, in most of the forms this final udatta seems to be retained kartha this a is udatta kartharau karthara ha kartharam kartharau karthru etc everywhere the final of the word karthru is retained except in the forms which are shown in blue what happens in these cases is the word is karthru followed by the suffix a and a is anadatta and now because of this a this ru is getting substituted by a vowel. So, an udatta swara is getting substituted by a consonant r on account of in the condition of in the environment of an anadatta vowel. This is what is happening in all these four cases and so as a result this anadatta vowel becomes the udatta and so therefore this retains the udatta as is shown over here without any mark. This seems to be an important dynamics that plays a very crucial role as far as the accent of karthru with final ru udatta. So, here the rule udatta yano hal purvaat comes into play where the vibhakti suffixes known as asarvanam asthana starting from the sixth suffix in this case and elements known as nadhi which come immediately after a yant substitution after a consonant in place of an udatta vowel are substituted by an udatta vowel. So, here is karthru an udatta which is followed by an anadatta vowel. Now, here we have this ru becoming r preceded by a consonant. So, t is a consonant which is also preceded by r. So, we have three consonants over here r, t and r as is shown here also r, t, r. This final r is a substitute that comes in place of ru a vowel which is an udatta vowel. Now, this is an asarvanam asthana vibhakti which is an udatta. Now, when this yant substitution takes place in place of an udatta vowel this anudatta or sarvanam asthana vowel gets an udatta. So, this anudatta is replaced by an udatta vowel. This is what happens here and so we get karthra finally accented. 61174 has a crucial role to play in this derivation. Now, let us look at the derivation of the word karthru which is initially accented. What this means is a skilled doer. What happens in this case? The forms are more or less same where initial accented vowel is retained everywhere without a fail. So, karthakartharu everywhere you will see k initial vowel remains accented. So, the next vowels all of them they become anudatta in the case of karthru bhyam etc the vowel that comes immediately after the udatta vibhli ru is termed as swarita bhya which is an anudatta which comes after the udatta is not ma but this is a prachaya this is an ekashruti. So, is the case with all the vowels in the table of the 21 forms listed on this particular slide. Remember the word karthru over here denotes a skilled doer. This is how the forms will get accented in all the cases. And so, the distinction of accent will obviously indicate the meaning distinction. The accent distinction determines the meaning distinction. This will help in the interpretation of the word. Now, what happens if we derive a feminine form from both these. For example, karthru which is finally accented which means a doer and karthru which is an initial accented word and which means a skilled doer. So, these two words we have add the feminine suffix ngib which means e by 415 and so now n and p in ngib are markers by 1338 and 9 deletes them and so we have now karthru plus e in both the cases. Now, once again we have this ru being substituted by ru by eco-energy caused by this e which is an anudatta because it is a fifth. Once again we apply 61174 which then substitute this anudatta e by an udatta e and so karthru in this case becomes finally accented. And similarly in this case where k initial vowel is udatta here there is no change initial vowel remains an udatta. So, in karthru where final vowel is udatta means she who is a doer and where the initial vowel is udatta means she who is a skillful doer. Now, let us look at the pada forms derived of karthri. So, this is the word karthri with final accent indicating that this is a doer of an action and here are the forms karthri, karthriau, karthriaha and so on and so forth, karthriya etc. Now, in these cases we will have 61174 applied once again and the forms of the word karthri which have initial accent will not differ they will have the initial vowel accented in all the forms. What is so special about these forms is that we also have the application of 824 which says udatta swarita yor anaha swarito anudattas and anudatta vowel which comes immediately after the n substitution replacing anudatta or a swarita vowel is substituted by a swarita vowel. So, here we have karthri having this final vowel accented followed by an anudatta vowel ou because of this ou now this e is getting substituted by yan that is yur. So, we have karthriya rt rt yur four consonants. Now, this ou which is an anudatta will now be substituted by a swarita vowel. So, now we here we have karthriya u with this ou marked as a swarita preceded by an anudatta vowel. This is the swatantra swarita we were talking about in the previous lecture. So, if we go back and look at the forms where we have the swatantra swarita karthriya u karthriya and karthriya u these are the forms where we get the swatantra swarita. And these are the forms in these are the forms in green which get the udatta because these are the a sarvanamasthanavibhaktis and these three they are the sarvanamasthanavibhaktis that is the reason why they are getting the swarita swatantra swarita and in these the anudatta vowel is getting the udatta by the application of 61174. So, 61174 applies in all the forms shown in green what this means is once again the vibhaktis suffix is known as a sarvanamasthanav starting from the sixth suffix in this case and elements known as nadi which come immediately after a end substitution after a consonant in a place of an udatta vowel are substituted by an udatta vowel. So, we have karthri plus a a is a 3 1 so karthri plus a a is an udatta this is udatta because of this a this e will now be substituted by a consonant here therefore now this a will be substituted by an udatta vowel so karthriya we will have an udatta vowel placed over here going back to the forms we note that these three forms have the swatantra swarita and the green ones they have the udatta in place of the generally accent non-accented sub form over here this is how the accent dynamic plays a very very important in the derivation of the words nothing of this sort will happen in the word karthri where the initial vowel will be accented to summarize we can say that the accent that was stated on the suffix through records different meaning conditions as well as different accent when added to a verbal root and a prasipadika is derived and the difference in accent is also visible when a feminine suffix is added this is how history of an accent plays a crucial role in explaining accent at different levels now we shall study another important example which is of the second person pronoun yashmat and the accent marks on it this is based on another important Sanskrit text that was composed by this person years truly called prakriti praktya vibhaganish chayya composed in the 1990s so here you have yashmad and all the accented forms for you and let us see how they get derived each one of them the important sutra to remember over here is maparyantasya which substitutes only the part up to ma of yashmat and also asmat so the substituent could be said to be yashma ending in ma or asma ending in ma so yashmat plus am and thva is substituted in place of yashma so you have thva plus adh which remains over here from yashmat plus am and so then thva becomes thvad and so on similarly uva replacing yashma and adh remains uya and adh remains and so on another important sutra is sheshel opah so sheshel opah states that the is deleted in remaining cases when it appears immediately before the following suffixes which are the remaining cases that is one one and one three four one and four three five one and five three and six one and six three otherwise there are two substitutes stated by seven two eighty six it is seven and eighty eight and eighty nine the is substituted by a in following cases one two two one and two three two one and two and three three two and three three four two five two and seven three and the is substituted by here in the following cases three one six two seven one and seven two so leaving these cases in the other cases the is deleted by sheshel opah now let us look at each step yashmat su and here we have yashmat am and then we have thvad adh am and thvad am then the is deleted so we have thvad am similarly we will have accent marks yashmat is marked finally accented so u is shown as hanodatt with the horizontal bar below it su is a consonant so not mark which is replaced by am but because this is a sup a is marked as anodatt and so now yashmat will be replaced by thvad and so we have thvad adh thvad is anodatt and adh has got anodatt and am is anodatt now this a and this a and anodatt a and anodatt a they become one a by sandhi atoguday and so now the a substitute which comes in place of both of these is also udatt by the sutra ekadesha udatt ena udattah so we get thvad with udatt marking and am anodatt now this does gets deleted and so we have to a udatt followed by am where a is anodatt and so there is sandhi once again amipurvaha purvarupa sandhi so in place of an anodatt and anodatt one vowel comes which is udatt therefore thvam is marked as udatt which is not marked by any symbol this is how accent on thvam will get derived from yashmat su similarly when we derive the one slash two form yashmat plus aw this is how it will get derived on the left hand side you will have the derivation of the word and on the right hand side you will have the accent derivation as well so you have yashmat plus aw where is wherein yashmat is marked with the final udatt aw is anodatt aw gets substituted by am am is anodatt yashmat gets substituted by uvar which has got two vowels both of them are anodatt because they come in place of an anodatt ad is marked with udatt then there is a sandhi and because of ekadesha udatt ena udattaha this is an udatt vowel so we have uvad plus am then this d gets substituted by a which is marked as anodatt so a consonant which is substituted by a vowel which is an anodatt primarily because this is already marked as an udatt but now there is a sandhi v and aw udatt and anodatt and the resultant form is a sandhi aw this will be udatt because of ekadesha udatt ena udattaha and then once again this udatt and this anodatt there sandhi is marked once again as udatt because of ekadesha udatt ena udattaha so uvar will have this particular accent at the end this is how uvar will be derived and this is how the accent on uvar will be derived next we go to 1 3 which is uyam so here we have yashk mad plus jas jas is anodatt on in which place am is the substitute comes in and am is also anodatt now u here comes in place of yashkma as a substitute u here both vowels are anodatt ad has got a udatt now there is a sandhi between this a and this a in u here and a in ad in place of both of them this a in ad remains which is anodatt so you have u yad with final a udatt now this da gets deleted so we have u here plus am finally this a in u here and a in am they have a sandhi uvar upa sandhi and so this is ekadesha sandhi so ekadesha udatt ena udattaha so this remains udatt this is how uyam will get the udatt form similarly we have yashk mad plus am and here also we get an important case where this yashk mad plus am yashk mad gets substituted by thvar which is anodatt and so then there is sandhi thvar ad ekadesha sandhi so thvar becomes udatt this da becomes da gets substituted by a which is an anodatt and so thvar a we get an udatt vowel thvar which is udatt and then there is this sandhi of this thvar with a and that is also ekadesha so it will get udatt so thvar has an udatt vowel similarly yuvar so you have the similar steps in derivation where uvar is substituted in place of yashk mad and then there is ekadesha so this uvar becomes udatt da gets substituted by a which is an anodatt and so it gets ekadesha with a so it gets udatt and once again there is an ekadesha of a and a which is udatt because of ekadesha udatt ena udattah this is how we will derive yuvar similarly now we go to yashk mad plus shas to derive 2 3 so we have yashk mad plus shas and then this initial vowel gets substituted by a and then this da gets substituted by a which is anodatt so then there is ekadesha so you have yashk mad then this gets deleted and you get the form yashk mad similarly 3 1 yashk mad plus ta and this is obviously anodatt because of sup and then yashk mad gets substituted by tv which is anodatt and ad which is udatt so there is ekadesha which makes it udatt this a is anodatt it remains anodatt this da gets substituted by a and finally we get tvaya which is initially udatt then we have yuvar bhyam derived in this fashion yashk mad plus bhyam yashk mad gets substituted by yuvar which is anodatt a is udatt then we have yuvad where final a is udatt then we have the substituted by a which is anodatt and so this udatt and this anodatt have a sandhi so we get a as udatt bhyam is anodatt this anodatt comes immediately after anodatt therefore it gets a swarita so you have yuvad bhyam with a as udatt yu anodatt bhyam a as swarita similarly yashk mad is very simple in this case yashk mad da becomes anodatt a and then it gets sandhi yashk mad a is udatt bhis is anodatt obviously so yashk mad bhi is middle accented similarly in tvbhyam we have yashk mad plus bhyam pratyaya is all anodatt tvbhyam is the substituted in place of yashk mad which is anodatt and so then there is a kadesha with a so this a gets udatt da is deleted and so we get tvbhyam with final udatt followed by a then there is a kadesha so we get the tvbhyam with final a udatt where tvbhyam ayaungai comes into play and this anodatt is then converted into an udatt similarly yuvad bhyam same as before now we have four three yashk mad plus bhis where bhis is substituted by bhyam so bhyam is also anodatt now this da gets deleted so we get yashk mad and bhyam with middle vowel accented udatt yashk mad bhyam in five one we have nasi replaced by at and so yashk mad gets replaced by tvb which is anodatt then there is a kadesha as usual so tvad plus at da is deleted and then there is once again a kadesha a kadesha udatt so we have tvad accented yuvad bhyam as before yashk mad bhyam as before six one you have yashk mad plus nasi and so now we have tvbhyam plus adu now here we have tvam mamau nasi coming into play and therefore this tvbhyam which was derived as before that gets transformed into tvad with initial accent same was the case with tvbhyam where tvbhyam aiyaung ai comes into play and this anodatt is then converted into an udatt tvad then yuvayoh and here you have the same procedure you are substituting yashk mad or the returning its accent and then there is a kadesha yuvad has an accent da is substituted by yu and so os is anodatt so yuvayoh is middle accented then we have yashk makam and we have yashk mad plus aam and aam is substituted by akam both these vowels are anodatt now and so we get this da deleted yashk makam is middle accented in tvayi you have similar process yashk mad as yashk ma getting substituted by tvar which is anodatt a is udatt then this da getting substituted by yu and so tvayi retains the initial vowel as accented and yuvayoh the same procedure as before yashk masu also more or less same procedure where this da gets substituted by a which is an anodatt vowel and then there is a kadesha therefore this a becomes udatt so yashk masu has middle vowel accented here are some observations a substitute of bigger size inherits the accent properties of smaller substituent a vowel substitute in place of a consonant is anodatt in this case as there is already an udatt in the pratipadika even if adh which is an udatt is deleted other accent rules come into play and the same accent is achievable there are some grammarians which delete the adh and not the da just even then same accent is derivable by some other dynamic accent rules to summarize the accent on the pada forms of the first and second person pronouns can be derived thus in detail in the similar fashion forms of all words can be derived accent rules go hand in hand with word derivation rules multiple interpretations of the wordings in the rules are accommodated in the accent derivation rules as well this is how we can derive accents of others and then using some using such dynamic rules we derive the accent on the sentences we will study the details of such accents and accents on compounds when we do the advanced course of paninian grammar now before we close let us have the mangala charana composed by yours truly at the beginning of shabda sutra and this is the and I repeat and today's five sutras taken from eight three and also eight four first of all eight three they are and I repeat the and eight four and and and I repeat the you for your attention this is the last sutra of the ashtadhyayi uh uh with this we close this course on the introduction of paninian grammar at the end I would like to thank all of you for your patient hearing I would also like to acknowledge the debt I am in of my gurus whom I mentioned in the mangala charana the debt of my parents whose blessings have taken me thus far and the support I have received from all my students and family without which I couldn't complete this course I thank you all and thank all these from the bottom of my heart thank you so much and a special thanks to NPTEL and all Ravi, Vijay, Devendra, and Tushar thank you and Bharati madame


So, the next one is that while gaps team, we have a goal to try to make plugins developers that live easier in a way that they will be able to support their plugins on the mobile app. And in order to do that, we've been doing several things, providing very good documentation, and helping them when they request our support in the chat or forums. Apart from that, we have contributed with a lot of pull requests to system plugins to make them compatible, for example, with Ioniq 5. One of the things we wanted to do, it was to fully support all the plugins that are available in Mortal Cloud. So the experience of someone using the mobile app when connecting to a Mortal Cloud site is complete, and they can enjoy all the features that Mortal Cloud is offering. The only remaining plugin that was not supported on the mobile app, it was the Mod Checklist, and Dani decided to go for it. He initially engaged with the Mod Checklist developer that was made during the dev jam at the past at MortalMood Global, and there were some things pending to do, because of course, in a few hours, it is impossible to fully support a complex plugin like this. So he decided to support all the features that are listed here, that are mostly focused on students, as we do usually in the app, you know that the app is mostly for students. Can we go to the next slide, please? So basically, at the left, you have a screenshot of the LMS view, or web view, and at the right you have the mobile app view. I think that the mobile app screen is looking very well. Next slide, please, so you can see more. Yeah, it is very self-explanatory, and you can see that the user interface for the mobile app, it looks native. It looks like it was developed natively for the mobile app. And remember, this is just PHP code generating templates that are grabbed from the server by the mobile application, but it looks like it is a native feature. And it looks very well. This is almost done. Any is just talking to Davo, the original developer, because there were a few things missing, or that should be addressed, but I think that he's going to finalize these today or tomorrow, and then Davo will integrate the changes, release a new version, and so the model cloud team turned out great. And that will be all, and we will have fully support of clients in the model cloud.


fined what Devil Max means. But the Unionist parties anyway ruled out any additional question on Devil Max in the referendum and as a result we have an element of uncertainty about what their proposals are and also can they deliver? I mean I think if people are seriously wanting more powers for the Scottish Parliament the only guarantee of getting more powers will be vote yes in this year's referendum because I haven't noticed what will happen in any subsequent general election at Westminster and of course there is this basic point that I think it was Enoch Powell who said that a power devolved is power retained and ultimately sovereignty under the existing constitution sovereignty is based at Westminster. The Westminster Parliament could, if it wanted, abolish this Scottish Parliament completely. This Scottish Parliament at present is a creature of the Westminster Parliament and that to my mind underlines the basic democratic deficit that exists in Scotland at present. Very briefly, on the remit of this committee, which is the economy, it would just seem to me that there is no set of proposals from any of the anti-independence parties that would give this Parliament control over all the potential tax sources and tax revenues that an independent nation would have, not indeed control over the crucial area of welfare and social protection. I think in the absence of those things you are talking of something that is very far short of what Scotland needs. Would you agree with me that a very exciting opportunity for Scotland is that with full economic powers to shape economic and industrial policy and build the kind of high wage economy that we have talked about, that that is the real prize, the real opportunity in economic terms and that that in itself would result in a higher tax take without raising levels of taxation. Even if we continued with similar levels, building that high wage fairer economy wouldn't itself give rise to higher tax. I agree that it's not simply the case that you're dependent on increasing the tax rates in order to get a bigger amount of revenue in through the tax take, that if you have more economic growth, more people in employment then obviously even with existing tax rates you would have a larger amount of tax revenue and therefore be able to afford a higher rate of public expenditure. The previous debate about the so-called Scandinavian model or what happens in certain Scandinavian countries is that you must have punitive levels of taxation. It doesn't necessarily follow. If you have sufficient economic growth then you'll be able to get more income tax and more corporation tax too and other company taxation income in order to pay for public services. Do you feel there's an opportunity in terms of the white paper commitment to increasing childcare to a proper level both in terms of reducing the gender inequality but also in terms of an economic opportunity to create jobs by increasing participation in the workforce? Of course, childcare and preschool education are very important principles I would argue for educational opportunity for children but also for the economic benefits for women who want to get into the workplace or return to the workplace before their children start school. I said earlier that yes Scotland didn't necessarily take a view on the policy aspects of Scotland's future. I have to say of all the many people I talked to within the broad yes movement and the different political traditions they represent, I think I've found universal welcome for the proposals on childcare, for the proposals on availability of free and universal childcare. For the very reasons that Dennis mentioned we have a key strategic need to grow the tax base to grow the working population to increase participation in the labour force and this looks like one of the best ways of doing that and I think it has very broad support. A final question convener, just a short one. Do you agree that in the kind of zero sum game that the Scottish Government has to work with at the moment on a fixed budget that's impossible to make these kind of step changes policies, game changing policies because increasing expenditure significantly for instance in childcare implies taking it away from somewhere else that might be very difficult to do under current circumstances? Yes indeed, I mean I remember speaking about this in the Scottish Parliament when it was first set up and indeed during previous debates in the Scottish Constitutional Convention which led to the creation of the Scottish Parliament, I thought at the time that one of the biggest weaknesses in the proposed Scottish Parliament at that time was that it was going to be completely dependent upon another Parliament i.e. the Westminster Parliament for every penny of the year. The fact of the matter is that the budget of the Scottish Parliament is almost entirely from the block grant and so if John Swinney or any other finance minister wanted to spend more money, say on education, he'd have to look around somewhere in order to put the budget down. He'd have to cut something else because it's a fixed sum of money that he has to deal with and this leads to very difficult choices if you're going to increase investment in education. Are you for example going to cut investment in the national health service? I mean that's a very unhappy choice facing any finance minister whereas if you've got all the fiscal levers at your disposal then you can broaden your choices. Thank you very much. Richard Baker. It seems to me that with the white paper and indeed others who are going for an independent Scotland, they're looking to play a zero sum game as well saying that there'll be more generous provision on welfare, more generous provision on pensions, more generous provision in a whole range of areas and yet not saying how these things will be paid for. We've come back to the point about taxation levels, there's no detail about where taxation at levels will be, will be up, will be down or whatever. Do you not think it would be more honest if those supporting independence said how all these different areas will be paid for and indeed if they don't do that then that case is lack of credibility? I think you're confusing 2014 with 2016. It's for parties and their manifestos in 2016 to say exactly what they propose in terms of the public services that they would like to see in place and how exactly they propose to fund these. The general proposition, which is the one that is broadly supported across the independence movement, is that an independent Scotland is likely to place a higher value on having good and widely available public services than we think has been the general approach taken by the UK in recent years. The preferred method for funding that is what we've been discussing in the last several minutes, which is that you grow the Scottish economy. I think that the Scottish economy, left to its own devices, would have a far better idea of what will work here economically and create a far more balanced economy and use all sorts of incentives and levers. Both attract that investment that we talked about from abroad, which we do well in, but we could do better. Is there things like improving our business start-up rate? I think that we would all agree that we need to have more innovation, more entrepreneurial society. Personally, when I'm looking at all your manifestos in 2016, I would be looking to see what exactly you propose in terms of incentivising people to start their own businesses. There's some recent data in the American economy, which suggested that most of the new jobs being created there are coming from, not from existing businesses expanding their workforce, but from new ventures coming into existence. So let's start bringing some new ventures into existence. But the Institute of Physical Studies and others, independent experts looking at our economy, haven't said that any government or whatever political population which comes in will have, if it's Scotland was to be independent, would have great extra resources with a growing economy to spend and all these different pledges which have been made by various parties supporting independence. They said that further austerity will be required. In fact, more difficult choice is made over taxation or spending, either increased taxes or cuts spending. Why should your analysis be believed rather than those of independent economists and economic organisations like the IFS? Well, one of the things that we know about economists is that they seldom agree with one another. I think that one thing that they all do agree on is that their forecasting is seldom, if ever, accurate. Now, that's two of other professions as well. I don't just wish to put that against what economists have to say. Typically, predictive models that economists put forward deal with a certain number of variables. They look at a certain number of variables and, for the purpose of international comparison, they're looking to compare a finite set of things. What I don't think any of the forward projections for the Scottish economy take into account and any of the forward-looking work that's been done take into account is, if I can put it this way, is one of the things that I strongly believe, the far greater energy that will run through Scottish life, through Scottish society and through Scottish economy as an independent country, the determination to make this work. Now, how you measure that or predict that in terms of what it does to productivity, what it does to economic activity is hard to do, which is why it's not factored into those economic models. Just to mention three things, I think that greater determination to succeed, I think the greater raising of Scotland's international profile and I think the enormous amount of goodwill that would be towards Scotland as a new independent nation, all provide us with an enormously encouraging place from which to start. It wasn't me who said this originally, but it's something that I would endorse. It is hard to think of any country that has become independent in the last hundred years, which would be doing so. In a more benevolent, more attractive looking set of circumstances than will be the case for Scotland. Can I just add, convener, that it won't be the institute of fiscal studies that will be running the Scottish economy in an independent Scotland. It will be the Scottish Government accountable to the Scottish Parliament. I can understand Westminster MPs saying, we want to retain power at Westminster, that is our power base etc. I find it very difficult to understand people who are members of the Scottish Parliament when you say to them, do you want to grow the Scottish economy? Yes. Do you want to create more jobs? Yes. Do you want to eliminate child poverty? Yes. But then when you ask them, do you want the tools to do the job? They seem to be saying, no, we'll just leave that to the guys at Westminster. There seems to be a lack of confidence on the part of some members of the Scottish Parliament. I would hope that, collectively, there would be more confidence in the Scottish Parliament and that people who perhaps are inclined to vote no would in the fullness of time see that the people of Scotland and their elected representatives can form a good team to run the Scottish body politic and the Scottish economy. This is my final question, convener. I hope that you also respect the fact that there are those of us who simply believe that we benefit financially and physically through being part of the United Kingdom. We have more money to spend in public services by being part of the United Kingdom and that we think the relevance of having a separate country which would not be beneficial to public service and public service investment. For example, I take your point on corporation tax. Now, I rather think that you and I agreed on policies towards corporation tax, but that concern has been expressed, for example, on a race to the bottom on corporation tax. One country cuts corporation tax. Another will follow to be more attractive to business investment. Business wins out and what loses out is investment in a public sector. Do not you think that is a perfectly care and economic argument, another argument, but why we are better working together within the nations on this island? If you look at the European Union, there are still various rates of personal taxation and various rates of company taxation. That does not necessarily lead to a race to the bottom. It is up to each individual country within the European Union to take into account its own economic circumstances, its own economic priorities and to implement an economic policy that is best suited to the needs of that member state within the European Union. Most people, and certainly the view expressed in the white paper, are that Scotland wants to be a continuing member of the European Union. It is not as if we are going to be cutting ourselves off completely from our friends and neighbours in England and Wales. I would hope that there would still be a social partnership, an economic partnership, but the present political partnership is quite frankly putting Scotland in a straight jacket whereby if we want to move in a particular direction we find that our nearest big neighbour is calling a veto on what we can do. That again emphasises the democratic deficit in Scottish political and economic decision making. When the other side in this talk about the cost of setting up new institutions or transitions, it always seemed to me to give the impression of Scotland being this desolate moorland with wolves howling in the distance, as if there is nothing happening here at the moment. On independence, Danny Alexander, when he came before this committee some time ago now, I accepted the principle of Scotland inheriting a share of our assets, of the UK's assets, the share that we had contributed to. So how significant do you think that that will be for the economics of transition and how much of an opportunity is that for Scotland when, hopefully, we become a newly independent nation? Are you thinking primarily there of things like Bank of England and the currency or other things as well? You name it, I believe that it's 1.3 trillion in assets. I certainly take the view, I think, as do many others, that at the point at which Scotland comes independent there has to be an equitable distribution of assets and liabilities and that's the basis, I'm sure, on which those negotiations would be conducted. But you're right, large parts of the infrastructure of an independent nation already exist in Scotland. We have two successfully operating pensions administration centres, for example. There's a rather regrettable and I'm sure regretted list of institutions produced by either UK Government or Better Together, which would have to be set up from scratch in independent Scotland. As I recall, a very large number of the institutions on the list turned out to be things that we already had. So I don't myself believe, I would not pretend to you or to anyone else, that there will not be a lot of hard work involved in Scotland becoming an independent country. It's important that people in Scotland know there will be a lot of hard work in setting up an independent country. But what I think they also will know and believe when it comes to September is that the hard work will be worth it. Is it what we can achieve as an independent country is going to be worth the fact that we're going to have to all put our shoulders to the wheel and be determined to make it work? It is also, of course, a question of foreign-based assets, including our embassies abroad. I see our embassies because they are present British or UK embassies, but Scotland would presumably be entitled to a share of these buildings and other assets and resources. It may very well be that, in certain circumstances, we may want to continue sharing our diplomatic presence with friends south of the border or with some other European Union country. But this is very relevant to the economy of Scotland too, that very often the diplomatic presence or consular presence involves not just simply looking after people's social needs but also trying to promote the economy of a country. I am told by some Scottish business people that sometimes in the promotion of Scotland overseas there isn't enough emphasis as there should be in terms of that because again the priorities of the UK as a whole in terms of international promotion may be quite different from the priorities of the Scottish business sector. So I would hope that we could continue to get a share of assets, possibly even in certain circumstances sharing our presence in some of these embassies, but our policy in terms of international promotion of Scotland overseas would be something that would reflect more the needs and priorities of Scottish business. Just as a follow-up based on what you were referring to there, how much of an opportunity do you think there is for the internationalisation of Scottish business so that, yes, we continue to export to our major neighbouring market but we also increase our exports globally and turn our face to the world? Definitely, I am with you on that 100 per cent. I think there is a great opportunity there. We know that we are already much more of an export-based economy than the rest of the UK and I think that's something all of us would be determined to improve upon when Scotland becomes independent. I think in terms of the world overall, I think that 30 per cent of world GDP involves exports and it's a crucial part of running your economy that you don't just satisfy domestic market, you satisfy international markets. I think that the Scottish brand is a very, very good one. I think that, as I said earlier, I think that there's enormous amount of interest in Scotland and goodwill towards Scotland and if we have the right products at the right price, I think that there's every opportunity to internationalise our economy. Are you worried that the UK currently has a deficit of imports over exports of, I think, £72 billion whereas Spice have told us that Scotland would be at or near surplus in our trade balance? As I said earlier, we can go back over a number of years and we know that, while both countries have, for most years, run fiscal deficits, that the position in Scotland relatively has been better with the rest of the UK and we can see that evidence stitching back, not just five years but 30 years, that overall we're in a much stronger position. As I understand it, the projected deficit for the first year of an independent Scotland would look likely to be within the range that, for instance, the European Central Bank regards as a balanced budget, so I think that with every reason to be confident. The Westminster Unionist parties are all committed to the renewal of trident at the cost of £100 billion, I believe. What are the economic implications for Scotland in that decision, in your view, in the event of a no-hold? I think that I would be very confident in saying that that was money that people in Scotland would regard as being not well spent, as being spent on something that is not only unnecessary but is highly undesirable and against the wishes of people here. I'm sure that I'm right in saying it with Tony Blair in his memoirs, who said that the only reason that the UK would not dispose of trident and get rid of the trident system was because it had become an important status symbol for the country as opposed to having any defence rationale any longer. Among the many savings that an independent Scotland would make, I and I think that most yes supporters would say that the opportunity to stop wasting so much money on a completely unnecessary and demoral weapons system is one of the strongest arguments for independence. I have found, going around the country campaigning for a yes vote, that there is overwhelming support for the removal of trident. Opinion poll after opinion poll seems to indicate that that is the majority view of the people of Scotland. Even people who supported the retention of trident during the Cold War have now come to the conclusion that it is rather like a very expensive white elephant. It is unusable. We saw that at the time of the Iraq war, I suppose. I mean, much as everybody disapproved of the Saddam Hussein regime, then nobody would dream of using a trident nuclear weapon in such circumstances because of the massive loss of innocent civilian life which would ensure as a result of the use of such a weapon. So it is militarily unusable. There are strong moral arguments against it due to the almost certain loss of civilian life if it was ever used. But there are also economic arguments against it too because the money which is spent on a trident nuclear weapon could be used for things like education or national health service or job opportunities or whatever. So for all of these reasons I think that it would be great economic as well as social benefits from the removal of trident. On the subject of fear, the term project fear is what we understand the no campaign calls itself internally. Since the beginning of the year when Chancellor made his announcement about currency, project fear have also talked about a dam buster strategy. To the economic future please. A dam buster strategy approach to their campaigning, which some have criticised as very negative. What do you think the implications of that are on Scotland's economy and also on your own campaign? Well certainly it doesn't put a good image of Scotland across. I just hope that there are not too many potential inward investors listening to all these prophets of doom and gloom who are in the no camp. And I would hope that they will see the error of their ways. We are too busy in our campaign projecting positive things. We don't scare monger. I prefer to call our campaign project hope rather than project fear or project of optimism rather than project of pessimism. I think that that message is getting through and I would hope that even some of our opponents would realise that there is a danger if they are downplaying the success of Scotland then this could have a detrimental effect on Scotland's economy and other aspects of Scottish life. We keep on being told that we are all working for Scotland's best interests although there might be different concepts of what Scotland's best interests are. But I do think that we have got to be careful in the language that we are using because at present the eyes of the world are on Scotland and if we are projecting Scotland as a place of no hope and all these negative things then it could have a detrimental effect on Scotland's economy. On the precise example that you gave, which was the announcement in relation to the currency back in February, we now know from the Guardian that this was a campaigning position. It was not something that the UK Government had decided to reach after some prolonged period of internal discussion.  I think that the fact that it was made so clear by a newspaper, which is not in any way well predisposed towards independence, that of course there would be a currency union said to the minister who is a central part of the no campaign and would have a key role in negotiations following a yes vote. We know that this was coming from the heart of government and of course it would be a currency union. The only reason we said anything else was for campaign purposes. I think that tells you a great deal about the nature of the campaign that is currently being waged. On that particular subject, I raised that report with Alasdair Darling this morning and he denied that it was him that was in charge. However, he refused to say whether he had discussed matters of independence in the currency union with his friend Nick McPherson, who of course was very involved in that particular announcement. Would it concern you if Alasdair Darling had been discussing these matters with Nick McPherson? I am not sure that I could comment in a great deal on that because, as he said, I do accept our friendships which go beyond necessarily the roles that people have happened at any given time. I think that I would say that the journalist who wrote the story, Nick Watt, who wrote the Guardian story, seems to be very well connected at the Treasury because he actually broke the news that George Osborne was going to formally rule out the currency union. So I am sure that he will be paying very close attention to what Alasdair Darling said this morning and checking it with his sources as to what the origins were of the sudden change of mind at the Treasury to stop saying that the currency union was merely unlikely and to start saying that they were formally ruling it out. Sometimes political collaboration can take place as a result of informal conversations between friends or former friends or civil servants and politicians etc. But I am very suspicious about the timing of all this and it seemed to me rather coincidental or too much to say simply coincidence that the three spokespersons for the three major parties at Westminster suddenly came together and said that we are ruling out completely any currency union.  Richard Baker, I think that's all I mentioned. Can we have a question please? I was at question. Mr Jenkins recognised that indeed the campaign which has been brought forward and Mr Canavan, on behalf of Better Together, is indeed for more powers for this Parliament and no-one has ever suggested that this Parliament should be abolished. Indeed it could be argued that that's scaremongering for everybody's scaremongering in this campaign. I stated a simple fact that this Parliament, this Scottish Parliament is a creature of Westminster and it is possible for Westminster to abolish this Scottish Parliament by an act of the Westminster Parliament because sovereignty is vested in Westminster. That is a legal fact. That is not an opinion. I'm not saying that it is therefore likely that that would happen. But on the other point about the more powers for the Scottish Parliament, I referred briefly earlier to the lack of a guarantee that these powers can be delivered. The only real guarantee that people have of getting more powers for the Scottish Parliament is by voting yes in the referendum. I don't doubt the sincerity of lots of people in various political parties who wish to see a form of enhanced devolution for Scotland. That's a perfectly reasonable position. What I do really doubt is the appetite at Westminster for pursuing that with any enthusiasm after the referendum in September. I think that whatever Scottish politicians are politicians in this Parliament may wish and hope for what might follow a no vote, which I don't think will happen luckily. I think that you'll find that the resistance at Westminster to adding anything to the powers of this Parliament will be very considerable and hard to overcome. Given these powers being pledged prior to a no vote rather than afterwards, I think that that takes on board Mr Jenkins' concerns, but I'll leave that there Mr Cumbina. I think that we're out of time. Thank you very much for coming home this morning. I'll take a question helping us with our inquiry at which I'll now suspend very briefly and go into private session.


Let's look at the homogeneity of word classes in this practical. Here is a set of words that, in standard dictionaries, are all classified as adjectives. Quick, Hard, Maximum, Outside, and Asleep.  Apply these criteria to each word and you will find out. On the basis of your analysis, what can you say about the homogeneity of adjectives and perhaps of word classes in general? As you can see, only quick satisfies all criteria. Quickly, quicker, very quick. The quick answer, and he is quick, are all possible. Asleep, by contrast, only satisfies the last criterion, he uses sleep. For the definition of the word class of adjectives, this means that there is a gradients. That is, there is no clear boundary between these words as far as their adjective hood is concerned. Hence, word classes are not as homogeneous as we often think. Adjectives constitute a heterogeneous word class. Some adjectives satisfy all criteria. For example, quick, others only one, asleep. This phenomenon is often referred to as indeterminacy of analysis.


ah let's go to Ben Ben says hi guys a client with a propensity for dropping her iPhone especially while running will certainly get a solid case and screen protector for her new iPhone 12 mini however she wonders if there's any value in adding a lens protector I hadn't heard of these before wonder what insight you have to offer also can you remind me which brand of screen protector you refer so what I got to say about this Dave so I have an iPhone 12 mini right so I'll throw my hat in the ring and say that I really so the case that I like and it has saved me is the spec presidio perfect clear I like that it's clear and I noticed that a lot of people would be like oh wow is that they the new iPhone 12 because they could see it and you know see the color of it and thought it was nice I've never had people ask me about my phone until the iPhone 12 with a clear case so that makes sense yeah yeah cool so the the good thing about this is that this case specifically advertises 13 foot drop protection so that's another reason you may want to get this case as for lens protection I mean the case does you know give you a little bit more distance between the lens and whatever you're dropping it on well I think any case would really do that for you sure but to be honest I've never had the need to protect the lens and the the current one what they say is it's a sapphire crystal lens cover I think is what is on the current phone okay so that should protect you but I've never seen a scratch


and would do what we could for the present government to be re-elected. Okay, so you used to work with the WHO. How would this aspect of your sphere of influence benefit the state now that you are back? When I consulted for the Blasio several occasions, I never really did work for the Blasio. I worked on behalf of the Blasio the last COVID grant from Nigeria. Nigeria was almost $2 million. But I worked for various organisations. I worked for the World Bank, I worked for UK Defeat, I worked for Fefe Chai 360, I worked for various NGOs. And so the experience that brings into context is that I am able to understand the political economy of development and of course how human services can be standard to people both within the urban and particularly the serious urban state. And of course, when you do the kind of work that I do, you actually see Nigeria's in the practical terms, not the cosmopolitan terms. And engaging people and linking them to the kind of development that the new administration is doing is very essential as we move forward. And if you look at the Sharia mantra of the Abiodore administration, which I've studied over time, even when I was on the other side, there's a component that represents us, which is about social security and social inclusion. And of course, the social welfare well-being of the people in the state, which cuts across the sector, social safety net. And of course, helping people to link into the small media particularly in those streets and mobilizing ordinary Nigerians within the state to get powered to come out of poverty. So my work, and of course, because I work in those areas, I'm also able to help the state source for some development support across the communities from the World Bank to Global Forum to Defeat. And the next couple of months, I will do the bit I call to bring some of my friends within the development community to the state. Well, you are from the Ijebo part of the state. What's the encouragement to the people of Ijebo extraction in general, especially as they prepare for these elections? Well, what encourages people of Ijebo is also the same that will encourage people from other areas of the state. You know, for the first time in a certain time, say development across the three-seater district. And because your question is deliberately tilted to my part of the state, which is the Ijebo area, I'll tell you that the people of this part of the state are witnessing massive infrastructure development like never before. I can tell you the apparent development is in the demo part of the state, you know, and the state of the heart, we love to say. The airport is coming up and the government committed to making that home for the end of this year. The issue I'm going to make for you to drive from, say, you know, Shagam to my part of the state takes you to Ijebo day before now, but now you can just drive between Ijebo and Nagoya. That would be more intended for the kids. And so people, the interest community are being taught by this presidential administration that people are able to bring their produce to the city. And so for me, the people of Ijebo land have seen a lot of development in terms of infrastructure, in terms of housing, in terms of education, in terms of agriculture. Well, thank you so much, Dr. Babachindeq, my thank you so much. Time would not permit us to to go any further, but thank you so much. Thank you. Thank you for the privilege.