Hello and welcome to this screencast on sets and set notation. So sets are very important for us. There are many ways to the primary building block of what we do in mathematics. So let's start off with a definition. We're going to keep a pretty loose definition of what a set is, because it turns out to be fairly hard to give a rigorous definition of what a set is in mathematics. So we're just going to say a set is a well-defined collection of objects. Pick on each of those words. Well-defined means there's no ambiguity in the contents of the set. Things are enlisted twice in different forms. Everything's very explicitly laid out. A collection of objects means that we're dealing with a fairly generic structure here. We could have numbers inside a set. We could have functions inside a set. We could have names inside a set. We could have sets inside a set. Just a collection of objects, just more or less the same way when you pack a suitcase to go on a trip, that's a collection of objects. So here's some quick numerical examples here, just mainly to fix down some notation. This set here consists of four objects, namely the numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4. The way that I'm writing this set here, first of all, notice the curly braces that I'm using to denote the beginning and the ending of the set. That's very common standard notation for how we write sets. And what I'm doing here to specify what the objects are, is just to list them, 1, 2, 3, and 4. And this is a notation we're going to refer to as roster notation, just like the roster of a sports team. We would just be listing out who's on the team. And so we can specify a set just by listing in a comma separated list the elements of that set. Notice again that we don't care necessarily what the order is in this. So here is another way to write the same set, 4, 3, 2, 1. Those two sets are the same. Here would also be the same set if I wrote 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4. We don't count duplications at all. We factor those duplications out. So there's a set written in roster notation. Here's another set, slightly longer, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10. That has 10 elements in it. And since it's kind of a pain to write a set that's this long, many times we'll establish a pattern in a roster notation like this and then use the ellipses or the dots here to kind of say the pattern continues all the way up to 10. Here's another example, except this time the pattern continues but doesn't stop 1, 2, 3, et cetera. So that would be the same thing as saying the set 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and so on. And it never stops. So we're going to use the dots to denote that infinite continuation. This, of course, is just the set of natural numbers, the set of all whole numbers that are positive. So that would be one way to write the set of natural numbers. We also had a symbol, kind of a funny-looking end for that set of natural numbers. And here's the last example here. The third example was a set that had infinitely many elements in it, whereas the first two only have finitely many elements. This last one has infinitely many elements as well, except it's infinite on both sides. So we have a pattern that is continuing, and we kind of see what the pattern is by looking at the middle of the roster notation, and then it continues off to the end. So this is basically all whole numbers at all, otherwise known as the set of integers. So that would be a roster notation way of writing the set of integers. Actually, I lied a second ago, and I have one more example to show you here. Here's a set that would be very hard to write in roster notation, because it would be hard to list the elements. The set of all real numbers between one and five. Now, the set of all integers between one and five would be easy. We would just say two, three, four. We'd have to hag about whether we meant to include one and five. But the set of all real numbers, there aren't just three of those. There are infinitely many of them, and we can't really list them. We have things like pi is between one and five, and square root of three is between one and five, and so on and so forth. So we have this set as infinitely many numbers in it, and they're not easy to list. So roster notation does not work so well for that particular set of numbers. So now that we've seen some examples and got our minds around the notation, let's do a concept check. So what is the set of all natural numbers in that satisfy the inequality n squared less than or equal to four? Here are your five options here. Notice that the fourth one is an infinite set. And E, we're saying that, okay, the set of numbers is infinite, but it's like the last example. It's not easy to write in roster form. So take a moment to read over these five options, pause the video, and make your selection, and come back when you're ready. And we're back. And so the answer here, the set of all natural numbers that satisfy the inequality n squared less than or equal to four is this one at C. Did you say B? You gotta remember what a natural number is. A natural number is a positive integer in our usage of the term in this course. It's not universally agreed upon, but in our usage, natural number is a positive integer and zero isn't positive. So one and two, that is the set of numbers that satisfy n squared less than or equal to four. So one squared is one, that's less than or equal to four. And two squared, that's equal to four. And that's also less than or equal to four. B doesn't work because zero is not positive. A doesn't work because it's got not only non positive things but straight up negative things as well and D is the same problem. So that's a quick overview of sets and set notation. Thanks for watching.


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Hello, welcome to Health Law Primers. This module has to do with law surrounding organ donation. I'm Jennifer Chandler. I'm an Associate Professor of Law at the University of Ottawa. And if you have questions on this, feel free to email me at the email address indicated here. A quick note on the outline for this module. We'll start off talking very briefly about which laws are applicable before moving to the dead donor rule, the definition of death, the law surrounding consent to donation, both posthumous and living donation, and finally briefly touch upon the purchase and sale of organs, which is illegal in Canada and legal in only one country in the world, Iran, although a black market does exist in some parts of the world. First, a quick point about the law. A variety of laws are applicable to organ donation and transplantation in Canada because Canada as a federal state, power to make legislation is split between the provinces and the federal government. For this reason, we have to look at both the laws of the province, where the practitioner is located, as well as any applicable federal laws. As we shall see, the criminal code is applicable. This is a federal legislation, as well as provincial laws having to do with tissue gift, well I should say tissue gift acts, as well as more general legislation having to do with advance directives and substitute decision making in health care generally. One important note for those of you practicing in Nova Scotia is that in 2010, the Nova Scotia government passed a new statute governing organ and tissue donation. It is not yet in force, but it should be declared in force soon. Until then, the old law continues to apply. This new law will bring substantial changes, and so I will try to point out to you in this module where some of the major changes will lie, but you should be aware about this, the possibility that some of the rules described in this module may end up changing when this law comes into effect in Nova Scotia. The first topic is the dead donor rule. This is a familiar principle of biomedical ethics, and it's also enshrined in the law. It essentially means that the removal of an organ or tissue cannot be the cause of the donor's death. Or to put it another way, if organ or tissue removal would kill the donor, that's not allowed. Living donation of a non-vital organ is permissible. This dead donor rule is enshrined in the criminal code of Canada, which would clearly contemplate as a form of murder the act of removing vital organs and thus bringing about a person's death. An important point for you also is that the criminal code makes it clear that a person cannot provide valid consent to have death inflicted upon him. So it doesn't really matter if someone agrees to have organs removed. If it brings about death, that still constitutes murder, and that's very clear law on this point. So why have this dead donor rule? Well, two main types of reason. One, it reflects a strongly held moral position against killing in general and specifically in this context. And also it promotes public trust in the organ donation system because one of the often cited fears of people unwilling to register for posthumous donation is that organs may be removed inadvertently before they're dead. Despite the firm adherence to this dead donor rule, not everyone agrees that it is a good idea or that it makes sense. One example for you is this cited article by Cochrane and Bianchi who suggests that it ought to be permissible in an advanced directive for someone to instruct their surrogate decision makers and healthcare providers to disregard the rule if a decision has been made to withdraw life-sustaining treatment from them. They suggest that people should be able to remove organs while they are under general anesthetic. This would be a way of allowing, in their view, people who really wish to donate organs to do so in conditions where brain death is not a possibility and also where donation after cardiac death is unlikely to be successful. So for now and for the foreseeable future, the law is quite clear that dead donor rule applies and the removal of organs cannot cause death. So given this important rule, the definition of death becomes extremely important as well. So let's turn to that now. Before we talk about what the law says about it, one or two observations about how organ donation has put pressure on the ethics and law applicable to this topic. Some suggest that the invention of brain death as a concept in the late 1960s was driven by the need or the desire to remove organs from people who had irreversible loss of brain function but whose hearts were still beating because they were sustained on ventilators. It's obviously important that organs continue to be perfused with oxygen and that they will deteriorate swiftly after that stops. Therefore, it was very useful to be able to declare this class of patients to be dead so that organs could be removed in a well oxygenated state. Another form of pressure that's being put on the definition of death is the more recent move to donation after cardiac death in North America. In this context, it's very important to remove organs swiftly after cardiac arrest and the issue is how long does one have to wait before organs can be removed. There's a certain amount of uncertainty about that now because of wondering about auto resuscitation but also about the ambiguity in a situation where a person could in theory be resuscitated but where a decision has been made not to do so. Does that count as irreversible cessation of cardiac or cardiorespiratory function? A couple of points about why it's so difficult to define death from a legal perspective is that there's a number of somewhat arbitrary and one might say metaphysical questions to address in trying to define death. Does it pertain to the organism as a whole or only to specific functions or parts? Brain death obviously contemplates that a specific function or part is enough to define death. Another question is does function have to be irreversibly lost in order for someone to be declared dead and if so, what does irreversible mean in an era of improving technologies of resuscitation and life support? So let's switch now to the legal definition of death and in fact the approach varies subtly from province to province and I direct you to this article for detailed information on this point but for our purposes now I'll just point out that some jurisdictions such as Manitoba have fairly precise definitions so in Manitoba the legislation states that the death of a person takes place at the time at which irreversible cessation of all that person's brain function occurs. In other places such as Nova Scotia this level of detail is not included so from the existing organ donation legislation the Human Tissue Gift Act we see that in Nova Scotia for the purposes of organ donation the fact of death is to be determined by at least two physicians in accordance with accepted medical practice. That practice is unspecified in the act. Note that there are certain procedural constraints placed on death determination in the organ donation context for example as you see in this point on this slide two physicians are required to certify death where it's proposed that organ donation take place. There are other constraints also put on and we see them here. They're meant to avoid conflict of interest in the context of organ donation and transplantation or the appearance of conflict. So there's a firm separation made between physicians who determine death and those who have association with the proposed transplant recipient of the organs or those who participate in the transplant procedures. Note that the old act which is currently in a force makes an exception for the removal of eyes for cornea transplants. Let us turn now to the topic of consent to organ donation. We'll divide this into post-mortem donation and then living donation on a subsequent slide. Essentially consent is required for removal of organs. Whether in the context of living or post-mortem donation. The provincial laws specify how this is to be done again in both cases post-mortem or living donation. In Nova Scotia for example the existing law states that any person who has attained the age of majority can consent in a signed document at any time or orally in the presence of at least two witnesses during their last illness. Note this person must be capable of giving consent and as stated above the age of majority. However, it's frequent that people will not have consented in this way and families are often turned to to give substitute consent. I would also note that even where there is an expressed consent by the decedent families are nonetheless often consulted and this is both out of a desire not to upset the family but also to verify that the decedent's consent was not later withdrawn. If there is no expressed consent from the decedent then one turns to the hierarchy of people set out in the legislation who are empowered to give substitute consent. Again, this substitute decision-maker must be competent to play this role. There is one complication in this area with the move to donation after cardiac death and that is that while the person is still alive and sustained on ventilation it is sometimes the case that there are pre-mortem interventions meant to facilitate the later removal of organs and this includes the administration of drugs such as heparin as well as cannulation of femoral vessels. There are different considerations that apply when interventions are made on a living person even if they are soon to pass away and this has led to uncertainty and discomfort about whether those pre-mortem interventions can really be said to be for the best interests of that living patient. Now, there are major changes afoot in Nova Scotia including rules that will help to solve this kind of problem and in particular the new legislation when it's in force provides extensive information requirements about those pre-mortem interventions that must be given to the substitute decision-maker and also clarifies that that substitute decision-maker should decide in accordance with what they believe to be in the wishes, values, etc. of the decedent. In other words, the thorny question of whether or not those interventions is in the medical best interest of that dying patient is not the central criterion that's applied in that context instead it is to try to decide in accordance with the wishes of that individual if that individual had been able to make that decision. Now, this point about extensive information requirements for valid consent is actually broader than what I've just described to you in the new Nova Scotia legislation. In fact, this extensive information will be required for valid consent by the I should say by first-person consent so a person expressing their willingness to donate after their own death their consent will only be valid if they've been given extensive information and similarly substitute decision-makers consenting for a family member who has passed away will also be required to receive extensive information set out in the new act for their substitute consent to be valid. As for living donation if we look at the existing rule in Nova Scotia we see that a person who has attained the age of majority is mentally competent to consent and can make a free and informed decision can do so but it must be in writing. It must also be given shortly before the donation because the law says consent is to removal forthwith of donated tissue and this implies that the consent has to be given relatively close in time to the actual donation. The new law, which is not as I mentioned not yet in fact will bring changes to this. It will allow for living donation to be specified in advance directive so that consent can be given for that living donation sometime in the future when one is actually incapable. It also provides for living donation by people who never expressed a capable wish in an advance directive but in these cases consent has to be or consent will be verified through by the courts and a court order is required for living donation by incapable people. We'll finish off with a quick word about incentives for donation. It's unfortunately the case that there's not enough organs available to meet the demand and many Canadians die while waiting for donation or suffer greatly reduced quality of life. So there's a lot of eagerness to increase donation and the availability of organs especially with an eye to the future of an aging population which may well have a higher demand for transplants. From time to time the idea of paying people to donate one kidney is raised as a way to increase donation. As I mentioned at the outset, so far only Iran has created a system of paid donation of a kidneys and this has reduced the gap between demand and supply but it has also raised ethical problems because it tends to be the poor who end up providing the kidneys. The purchase and sale of organs is illegal in many parts of the world including Canada but there is a thriving black market operating in numerous countries. I've cited for you a recent article from August 2014 in the New York Times about thriving illegal or black market in kidneys in Costa Rica. However in Canadian jurisdictions it is an offense punishable by fines and imprisonment to buy or sell body parts or tissues in Nova Scotia an exception is made for blood or blood constituents. The new Nova Scotia law when it comes into effect will clarify that reimbursement of reasonable expenses for living donors is nonetheless legal. So I'll close on that now. I hope this was informative and interesting for you and I wish you best of luck with your studies in future.


By special recording, General Mills, makers of Wheaties, breakfast of champions, and Cheerios, the Oats cereal ready to eat, presents The Lone Ranger! With the speed of light, a cloud of dust, and a hockey-hio silver! The Lone Ranger! Full Indian companion total, the daring and resourceful mask rider of the plains, led the fight for law and order in the early western United States. Nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice! Returning with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear. From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the Great War of Silver! The Lone Ranger rides again! If you want to be a champion at anything, remember, others have done it in spite of obstacles. Take rodeo champion Bob Maynard. He did it the hard way. He proved champions are made, not born. Bob didn't even have the advantage of growing up on a western ranch. As a boy, he lived in Chicago. But Bob started riding when he was 8 years old. At 14 in California, he became a stable hand. Today, Bob Maynard is one of the top money winners in rodeo competition. He sure is Lone Ranger, and like many champions in all sports, Bob still chooses Wheaties for his favorite training dish. There's no question about it. Champions are made, not born. And there's no question why champions choose Wheaties for their training diet. They want that famous wheat energy. They get it with Wheaties, because there's a whole kernel of wheat in every Wheaties' flake. Champions are made, not born! Get on your way with Wheaties! Breakfast of champions! The Lone Ranger and his Indian companion, Toto, were traveling southward on the trail toward Rock City, when the Indian pointed ahead and spoke. Look, Kimakami. Horse without rider, raised along trail head. This rider may have had an accident. Come on, Tilly! Come on, Tilly! Come on, Tilly! Come on, Tilly! Come on, Tilly! Come on, Tilly! Oh, there, Tilly! Oh, there! I don't see anyone. The hoof marks show that the horse came from town. Let's take him with us. I'll wait at the edge of Rock City while you go on the town hunt for the owner. Come on, Tilly! Come on, Tilly! Come on, Tilly! Come on, Tilly! With a stray horse in tow, the Lone Ranger and Toto soon hopped arise, and saw a bedrackled figure walking slowly toward them along the trail. Well, they're walking this way. Maybe him looking for horse. Well, he seems tired. Look, Kim, stop with the pants. You must think we're outlaws. Those are both easy. Oh, there. I haven't anything of value. Don't even carry a gun. I'm worn out from walking in it. Hey, that's my horse! We found him grazing alongside the trail. We're not outlawers. No need to raise your hands. Thanks. But that mess... Oh, forget it. What happened? Did your horse throw you? No. I was run out of town by a big tough fellow named Fluggers, something like that. He and his friends threw me out of the cafe, chased my horse down the trail, and then forced me to follow him foot. Him maybe mean Slugger Hawkins. What are we here about, Kim and Fuddy? Oh, yes. You're new to the West, aren't you? Yes, I am. I'm Drew Westcott from St. Louis. Glad to meet you, Drew. Why did Slugger Hawkins mistreat you? Well, earlier today I was sitting in the Rock City Cafe, and I found a Slugger and his two friends in it. They demanded free service and threatened to shoot up the place if they didn't get it. And what happened? Cafe owner gave in to him. Then they insisted that treats ran the house for everybody. But I refused to take anything. They threw me out and ran me out of town and foot. After they'd sent my horse down the trail with an empty saddle. That was quite an experience, Drew.  He has a very bad reputation. That's right. Why don't you carry a gun? Frankly, I gave up carrying firearm. Well, in the West, it's necessary for self-protection. I have good reasons for not carrying one. Such as? For one thing, I would have killed Slugger Hawkins. No need to go that far. But having a gun might have kept you from being mistreated today. Men like Slugger Hawkins respect a gun. And a quick draw of... I would have resulted in his death. I don't understand. I don't think you're doing it. No matter. At least you have your horse back. Now, where would you go? I haven't decided yet, mister. Well, we're going to camp near here. If you can't join us, I'd like to talk to you some more. I could do with some advice, mister. Maybe you're the man who could give it to me. I'd like to go with you and the Indians. Good. Let's go. All right. After the three men had pitched camp in a nearby grove, Drew said very little. But later, when they sat near the campfire having coffee, he seemed to have gained enough confidence in his newly found friends to begin a conversation. I, uh, suppose you'll wonder about me being out here in the West and not carrying a gun. Yes, I have one, Drew. In the first place, Dad was an expert with a gun. From the time I could hold one, he taught me all he could about firearms, which was considerable. Go on. Ah, we're listening. When Dad was younger, he came West. He became a frontier sheriff out here. That's interesting. Later, he came east to visit and met Mom. After they married, she persuaded him to stay there. You see, Dad could outgrow and out-shoot most anybody. But he had the habit of drawing and firing almost at the same time. He never gave anyone a chance. I'm beginning to understand now. Dad became sheriff in St. Louis. Once, he went after outlaws with a posse. His brother-in-law rode with him. The posse separated to widen the search. But what happened? Brother-in-law and a few others took a branch trail. Later, they found the outlaw's tracks. Dad's brother-in-law left the others and took a shortcut down a slope to find him. They rode from behind some boulders ahead to intercept Dad. Well, Dad fired before he realized who it was. That's bad. I know.  Well, that was a tragedy. Yes. Dad almost went crazy thinking about it. Now, he died soon after. Then, one morning, Dad went away. For good? Yes. He left a note saying he was heading west. He went on the right since he'd never dropped first again against anyone.  He said, because he taught me to handle a gun, I'd learned the same bad habit he had. He begged me in the note, never to carry a gun. And to go farther east, to relatives in New England, where I'd have no need for a gun. Now, we know why you not have guns. I haven't carried a gun since Dad left, but I couldn't stand staying with Mom's relatives, so I came west to find Dad. Did you have any particular reason for coming to Rock City, Drew? Dad used to mention Rock City. I thought perhaps he settled in this vicinity. Since Slugger Hawkins and his partners moved into Rock City, there's been trouble. Everybody there has said to fear him. Father and I came down here hoping we could do something about the situation. That's right. Slugger meant he'd mean trouble. And Steve, you... I can't match Hawkins physically. Much bigger and stronger than I. But I'm not afraid of him. I've decided you have courage, Drew. I'm very glad we met you. That's right. Drew, the people of Rock City need help. They're all under the thumb of Hawkins and his men. Two weeks ago, the sheriff conveniently met with a so-called accident. Since then, there's been no law in Rock City. I noticed everyone seemed to give in to Hawkins. But there ought to be some way to relieve the situation. Would you be willing to help? Yes. Good. I'll have a plan in mind, Drew. Meanwhile, in his hotel room, Slugger Hawkins was talking to his two friends. Boys, I've got everybody in this town eating right out of my head. Yeah, you sure have, Slugger. Do you practically own the town? Speaking of owning the town, I've been thinking of something. What? Well, listen, both of you. If I was to get myself legally elected as mayor of Rock City, I could appoint Chunky as sheriff, and you trigger as deputy. And we could really take this town for everything that's worth it. Man alive, that is an idea, boss. You think you can get by with it, Slugger? Sure. You boys pass a word around town that there'll be a meeting of all the men of Rock City and the meeting house to nominate and elect someone for mayor. We'll hold the meeting tomorrow afternoon at two o'clock. We'll start telling everybody right away. Yeah. But tell us, Slugger, how are you going to work it? Well, at the meeting, Chunky'll nominate me. And you, Trigger, get up quick and second it and suggest that nominations be closed. And nobody'll dare nominate anyone else. After that, I'll call for a standing vote. That ought to bring every man to his feet. Yeah. No one would have the nerve to stay seated. You could bring the gang in to back us up if necessary. That's the way I figure it. I'll pass the word about the meeting. Tell them we expect everybody to be there without fail. We'll continue our lone reigns. We'll continue our lone ranger adventure in just a moment. This is Mel Allen, sports announcer, coming at you again and hammering away with those five big words, champions are made, not born. Let me tell you about the kangaroo kid Jim Pollard of the World Champion Minneapolis Lakers. Jumping Jim wasn't born to dunk those layups. He practiced hard when he was a youngster and just as hard today. And is it any surprise that Jim Pollard's been eating Wheaties since he was 11? Take another pro basketball champ, Bob Davies, of the Rochester Royals. Ever watch Bob bring that ball down the floor? Well, he started working on that dribble way back in grammar school and eating Wheaties, even then. It's more than practice, more than hard work, more than the will to win. It's also a matter of eating right. Sure, it's Wheaties I'm talking about. Wheaties, bowl after bowl. Why there's a whole kernel of wheat in every Wheaties plate. Yes, sir, you bet your last bowl of Wheaties champions are made, not born. Get on your way with Wheaties. Breakfast of champions. Now to continue. At their camp, the lone ranger and tato had given Drew Westcott a gun and watched with interest as he demonstrated his marksmanship. They were both greatly impressed. That's good shooting, Drew. Ah, thanks. But like dad, I automatically squeezed the trigger when I draw. Just can't seem to control it. I noticed that, Drew. And you hit the target without taking time to aim. In fine shot. Can't be fast and drawn. But as Drew said, he needs control. If you're willing, Drew, I'll spend time with you and try to teach you how to gain control. I wish you would, sir. The following morning, while the lone ranger continued working with Drew, tato rode to the blacksmith's shop at the edge of town to have a loose shoe on Scout's face. Oh, Scout, how can I? He's Scout. The Indian waited while the blacksmith worked on the course of a middle-aged stranger. Tato listened with inquest to their conversation.  Well, not exactly. Either way, I haven't been here for some years. Looks like rock city's grown a lot since then. Yeah, but it sure isn't getting any better as a place to live or do business. Yeah, like this, it's getting worse fast. Yeah. If I can this shoe will fit all right now. Steady there, easy now, boy. Be through here in a minute, Indian. You wait. You know I'm curious about what you just said. Why do you say rock city is getting worse fast? Mister, one of you have ever heard of an umbra named Slugger Hawkins. Nope. Why? He runs rock city now. In fact, he's called to meet in the two o'clock to get himself elected mayor. After that, anything can happen. All the towns gonna have to do is to run someone against him. Huh? Nobody in town's got the nerve, including me. Got everybody under his thumb scared to make a move. Well, I was aiming to stay here a day or two anyway. I'll stick around and see what goes on. Well, that's it, mister. One dollar. Yes, thanks. And here's the money. Well, it'll be seen, mister. Come on. Get him. Shortly after, Tautel left the blacksmith's shop and rode through the main street of rock city. He noticed the stranger's horse and spotted the cafe. Oh, it's got to open. So he dismounted and went inside. He heard the newcomer talking to a group of men. Well, you may not have courage to have some other man of your own choice from there. If you don't like the ombre, you think you're going to be nominated? You don't go snuggling, stranger. We don't dare run anyone else. How come you left one ombre, scared all of you, and let him take over rock city? Well, he's a killer, and he's got tough friends, too. Get tough yourselves. Then you might get good results at that meeting. Just think it over. Well, I have to get a room at the hotel, but I'll see you all later. Shortly after, Chunky went to the hotel and entered the room where Slugger and Crigger were playing cards. Hey, I heard a stranger at the cafe shooting off his mouth a while ago. Told the men there they were fools to be scared of you. Said they ought to run someone against you. What? Where's that stranger now? In the hotel down in room 203. That makes it easy.  Wait, wait a minute. I found out something else. Something important. What? I saw an Indian around town, dressed in buckskins and riding the fine paint. What about it? Remember the mask man who rode with an Indian over near Pecos? The omelettes who helped the law grab the Norton gang? You mean that's the Indian you saw? Yeah! Holy mackerel, Slugger, that means the mask man must be around here, too. Come on. We'll get to that loudmouth stranger first, and we'll pick up the trail of that red skin. Why? We don't want to get mixed up with those two omelettes. We've got a couple of hours for the meeting. Maybe we can catch the mask man and Indian off-guide and settle with him. Later, the lone ranger was discussing the situation with Toto and Drew Westcott. The stranger you heard me say, Toto, may at least start the town and thinking... He'll be in plenty of trouble when Slugger Hawkins hears what he's been doing. We'll all ride to the grove on the edge of town. Toto will go into Rock City and check on things. Later when the town and the gathered in the meeting house, we'll follow through with the plan I have in mind. Horses give warning, and look cross-gully behind us. Quick, move in among the trees. The three men ran in cropping position to the safety of the trees, just as a shock rang out. That shock came behind the large boulders beyond the... Gully! Move closer, keep behind the trees. Three of them. I'd like to have a closer look at them. Ah, and ride in direction the town. We'll pick up that trail. We're going to town anyway. Come on, we'll discuss my plan and what we'll do at the meeting while we ride. At two o'clock, the townsmen gather at the meeting house in town, according to the instructions given out by Slugger's two gunmen. Slugger Hawkins stood on the little platform before them. All right, quiet, everybody. All of you know why we're here. It's about time we elected a mayor for Rock City. You'll have nominations from the floor. No need to give out ballots. We'll take a stand and vote. Now we'll get down to business. Let's have the nominations. I nominate Slugger Hawkins. I second that. Move the denominations, be close. Who said that? I said it, Hawkins. You? I thought we ran you out of town. A chunky trigger. No, this fool Easterners are all cool as heels with a few bullets.  A gun this time, huh? Well, draw your guns, men, and make sure this order is ordered. You gotta look at the two windows behind you before any of you draw. Slugger, the mask man is one window, the Indian at the other. They're covering us with guns, Slugger. Now settle with this young fool for bringing them all this. Oh, I'm hit. As Slugger dropped his gun and clutched his wounded wrist, the Lone Ranger called for one of the windows. Have you all covered? Slugger, I noticed one of your men has an arm and a sling. You must have been the three men who tried to ambush her a while ago in our camp. We better go to the mask man, or that Indian. Oh, wait, never get Slugger. The mask man's wife. Slugger, let's get away from here. Use your gun, Chucky. Right now, go met young fool first. Stop that gun. After wounding Chucky, the Lone Ranger followed Toto through the windows, still keeping the crooks covered. Now slow down, my gun, mister. I'm already wounded. Toto, watch these three. Keep them covered while the election continues. Uh, me watch them. Now, man, if you want to continue with this meeting and take this method of electing a mayor, go ahead. But Slugger Hawkins is out of the running. That young fellow's the only one who got a plurbing up the face, Hawkins. He's got plenty of spots. Your hands. Your hands are gone. Let's elect him, mayor. What's his name? His name is Drew Westcott. I nominate Drew Westcott for mayor. I second the nomination. Slugger Hawkins and his men tried and kicked me in my hotel room. Hey, what goes on? That mask man... Dad, good to see you. Son of a...  With the backing of my two friends here, the mask man, the Indian, they taught me how to control my firing there. Now I carry a gun. That's wonderful. Well, Drew, you've been elected mayor of Rock City. Well, in that case, I appoint my dad as sheriff. Well, see, the first thing I'll do is share. He's to put Hawkins and his gun slicks in jail for attempted murder. They plan to kill me. You said they tried and gave you. Well, I made a big racket by kicking my feet against the door. The hotel clerk finally came up and untied me. I see. Men, I'll do my best as mayor. I know Dad will make a fine sheriff. He'll see that law and order is kept here in Rock City. Well, son, I'd like to meet the two friends you spoke about, the mask man and the Indian. They were here a minute ago, weren't they? They got other men to guard Hawkins and his pals, and they slipped out during the strike man. But you'll meet him sometime soon, Dad.  Dad, he's about the finest man I ever met and the best friend the pelican hoped for. He's the Lone Ranger. Turn in just a moment for a word about our next exciting Lone Ranger adventure. Dan Reed's return. Fox are banned by car and fare, so in the ring you kids beware. He's dynamite because he knows he's got gold. It's every delicious spoonful of Cheerios and milk is real muscle building food. Each spoonful contains vitamins, minerals and proteins your body needs. Yes, the good things in a Cheerios breakfast do good things for your body. Help you have healthy nerves, good red blood, strong bones and muscles. Cheerios, remember, is made from oats, yet needs no cooking. Eat Cheerios, the cereal shaped like little letter O's. Then you'll hear people say... He feels... Ranger and Tottle found that Dan Reed, the mask man's nephew, had grown into a tall, handsome youth when he returned from school to spend his summer vacation with him. When Dan wore a mask and was mistaken for the Lone Ranger by outlaws, complications followed, which caused the mask man and his companions to face death dealing guns. Be sure to listen to this next little packed Lone Ranger adventure. The Lone Ranger, a copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated, is created by George W. Trendle, produced by Trendle Campbell Muir Incorporated, directed by Charles D. Livingston and edited by Fran Stryker. A part of the Lone Ranger is played by Brace Beamer, your announcer, Fred Ford. Ranger is brought to you by General Mills every Monday, Wednesday and Friday at this same time. Be sure to listen. This recorded program has come to you from Detroit. This is ABC Radio Network.


1. My name is Louis Rubien, I am seventy years old. I was born in the village of Saint-Jaurie several miles up the Garonne from Toulouse. For fourteen years I battled with the earth for my daily bread. At last prosperity smiled on me, and last month I was still the richest farmer in the parish. Our house seemed blessed, happiness reigned there, the sun was our brother, and I cannot recall a bad crop. We were almost a dozen on the farm, there was myself, still Hale and Hardy, leading the children to work. Then my young brother Pierre, an old bachelor and retired sergeant. Then my sister Agat, who came to us after the death of her husband. She was a commanding woman, enormous and gay, whose laugh could be heard at the other end of the village. Then came all the brood. My son Jacques, his wife Rosie and their three daughters, Emma, Veronique and Marie. The first name was married to Cypric Abouisson, a big jolly fellow by whom she had two children, one two years old and the other ten months. Veronique was just betrothed, and was soon to marry Gasper Rabouteau. The third Marie was a real young lady, so white, so fair, that she looked as if born in the city. That made ten, counting everybody. I was a grandfather, and a great grandfather. When we were at table I had my sister Agat at my right and my brother Pierre on my left. The children formed a circle seated according to age, with the heads diminishing down to the baby of ten months, who already ate his soup like a man. And let me tell you that the spoons and the plates made a clatter. The brood had hearty appetites. And what gaiety between the mouthfuls! I was filled with pride and joy when the little ones held out their hands toward me crying, Grandpa, give us some bread, a big piece, Grandpa! Oh, the good days! Our farm sang from every corner. In the evening Pierre invented games and related stories of his regiment. On Sunday Agat made cakes for the girls. Marie knew some canticles which she sang like a chorister.  I had built another story on the house when Emma had married Cyprien, and I said laughingly that I would have to build another after the wedding of Eronique and Gaspar. We never cared to leave each other. We would sooner have built a city behind the farm in our enclosure.  The month of May had been magnificent that year. It was long since the crops gave such good promise. That day precisely I had made a tour of inspection with my son Jacques. We started at about three o'clock. Our meadows on the banks of the Garand were of a tender green. The grass was three feet high, and an osier thicket planted the year before had sprouts a yard high. From there we went to visit our wheat and our vines. Fields bought one by one as fortune came to us. The wheat was growing strong. The vines in full flower promised a superb vintage. And Jacques laughed his good laugh as he slapped me on the shoulder. Well, Father, we shall never want for bread nor for wine. You must be a friend of the divine power to have silver showered upon your land in this way. We often joked among ourselves of our past poverty. Jacques was right. I must have gained the friendship of some saint or of God himself, for all the luck in the country was for us. When it hailed, the hail ceased on the border of our fields. If the vines of our neighbors fell sick, ours seemed to have a wall of protection around them, and in the end I grew to consider it only just. Never doing harm to any one, I thought that happiness was my due. As we approached the house, Rose gesticulated, calling out, Hurry up! One of our cows had just had a calf, and everybody was excited. The birth of that little beast seemed one more blessing. We had been obliged recently to enlarge the stables, where we had nearly one hundred head of animals, cows and sheep, without counting the horses. Well, a good day's work, I cried. We will drink tonight a bottle of ripened wine. Meanwhile, Rose took us aside, and told us that Gaspar, Veronique's betrothed, had come to arrange the day for the wedding. She had invited him to remain for dinner.  During a festival at Toulouse, he had vanquished Martial, the lion of the midi. With that a nice boy with a heart of gold. He was even timid, and he blushed when Veronique looked him squarely in the face. I told Rose to call him. He was at the bottom of the yard, helping our servants to spread out the freshly washed linen. When he entered the dining-room where we were, Jacques turned toward me, saying, You speak, father. Well, I said, You have come, my boy, to have us set the great day. Yes, that is it, Father Rubien, he answered, very red. You mustn't blush, my boy, I continued. It will be if you wish on Saint Felicité Day, the tenth of July. This is the twenty-third of June, so you will have only twenty days to wait.  Well, is it understood? Yes, that will do, Saint Felicité Day, Father Rubien. And he gave each of us a grip that made us wince. Then he embraced Rose, calling her mother. This big boy with the terrific fists loved Veronique to the point of losing his appetite. Now, I continued, you must remain for dinner. Well, everybody to the table. I have a thundering appetite, I have. That evening we were eleven at table. Gaspar was placed next to Veronique, and he sat looking at her, forgetting his plate, so moved at the thought of her belonging to him that at times the tears sprang to his eyes. Cyprien and Emé married only three years, smiled. Jacques and Rose, who had had twenty-five years of married life were more serious, but surreptitiously they exchanged tender glances. As for me, I seemed to relive, in those two sweet hearts whose happiness seemed to bring a corner of paradise to our table. What good soup we had that evening! Aunt Agat, always ready with a witticism, risked several jokes. Then that honest Pierre wanted to relate his love affair with the young lady of Lyon. Fortunately we were at the dessert, and everyone was talking at once. I had brought two bottles of mellowed wine from the cellar. We drank to the good fortune of Gaspar and Veronique. Then we had singing. We all knew some love songs and dialect. We also asked Marie for a canticle. She stood up and sang in a flute-like voice that tickled one's ears. I went to the window, and Gaspar joined me there. Is there no news up your way? I asked him. No, he answered. There is considerable talk about the heavy rains of the last few days. Some seem to think that they will cause trouble. In effect it had rained for sixty hours without stopping. The Garonne was very much swollen since the preceding day, but we had confidence in it, and as long as it did not overflow its banks we could not look on it as a bad neighbor. Bah! I exclaimed, shrugging my shoulders. Nothing will happen. It is the same every year. The river puts up her back as if she were furious, and she calms down in a night. You will see, my boy, that it will amount to nothing this time. See how beautiful the weather is! And I pointed to the sky. It was seven o'clock. The sun was setting. The sky was blue, an immense blue sheet of profound purity in which the rays of the setting sun were like a golden dust. Never had I seen the village drowsing in so sweet a peace. Upon the tiled roofs a rosy tint was fading. I heard a neighbor's laugh, then the voices of children at the turn in the road in front of our place. Farther away and softened by the distance rose the sounds of flocks entering their sheds. The great voice of the Geron roared continually, but it was to me as the voice of the silence so accustomed to it was I. Little by little the sky paled. The village became more drowsy. It was the evening of a beautiful day, and I thought that all our good fortune, the big harvests, the happy house, the betrothal of Eronique, came to us from above in the purity of the dying light. A benediction spread over us with the farewell of the evening. Meanwhile I had returned to the center of the room. The girls were chattering. We listened to them smiling.  The Geron! The Geron! Two. We rushed out into the yard. Saint-Geret is situated at the bottom of a slope at about five hundred yards from the Geron. Screens of tall poplars that divide the meadows hide the river completely. We could see nothing, and still the cry rang out. The Geron! The Geron! Suddenly on the wide road before us appeared two men and three women, one of them holding a child in her arms. It was they who were crying out, distracted, running with long strides. They turned at times, looking behind with terrified faces, as if a band of wolves was pursuing them. What's the matter with them, demanded Cyprien? Do you see anything, Grandfather? No, I answered. The leaves are not even moving. I was still talking when an exclamation burst from us. Behind the fugitives there appeared between the trunks of the poplars amongst the large tufts of grass, what looked like a pack of grey beasts speckled with yellow. They sprang up from all directions, waves crowding waves, a helter skelter of masses of foaming water, shaking the sod with the rumbling gallop of their hordes. It was our turn to send forth the despairing cry, The Geron! The Geron! The two men and the three women were still running on the road. They heard the terrible gallop gaining on them. Now the waves arrived in a single line, rolling, tumbling with the thunder of a charging battalion. With their first shock they had broken three poplars. The tall foliage sank and disappeared. A wooden cabin was swallowed up, a wall was demolished, heavy carts were carried away like straws. But the water seemed above all to pursue the fugitives. At the bend in the road where there was a steep slope, it fell suddenly in an immense sheet, and cut off retreat. They continued to run nevertheless, splashing through the water, no longer shouting, mad with terror. The water swirled about their knees, an enormous wave fell the woman who was carrying the child, then all were engulfed. Quick! Quick! I cried. We must get into the house. It is solid. We have nothing to fear. We took refuge upstairs. The house was built on a hillock above the road. The water invaded the yard softly, with a little rippling noise. We were not much frightened. Bah! said Jacques to reassure everyone. This will not amount to anything. You remember, Father, in fifty-five the water came up into the yard? It was a foot deep, then it receded. It is disastrous for the crops just the same, murmured Cypria. No, it will not be anything, I said, seeing the large questioning eyes of our girls. Emmae had put her two children into the bed. She sat beside them, with Veronique and Marie. Aunt Agat spoke of heating some wine she had brought up to give us courage. Jacques and Rose were looking out of a window. I was at the other with my brother Pierre, Cypria, and Gaspar. Come up, I cried to our two servants who were waiting in the yard.  But the animals, they asked, they are afraid they are killing each other in the barn. No, no, come up, after a while we'll see to them. The rescue of the animals would be impossible if the disaster was to attain greater proportions. I thought it unnecessary to frighten the family, so I forced myself to appear hopeful. Leaning on the window-sill, I indicated the progress of the flood. The river, after its attack on the village, was in possession even to the narrowest streets.  The hollow in the bottom of which Saint-Joré is built was changed into a lake. In our yard the water was soon three feet deep. But I asserted that it remained stationary. I even went so far as to pretend that it was going down. Well, you will be obliged to sleep here tonight, my boy, I said, turning to Gaspar. It is, unless the roads are free in a couple of hours, which is quite possible. He looked at me without answering, his face quite pale. And I saw him look at Véronique with an expression of anguish. It was half-past eight o'clock. It was still daylight, a pale, sad light beneath the blanched sky. The servants had had the forethought to bring up two lamps with them. I had them lighted thinking that they would brighten up the somber room. Aunt Argot, who had rolled a table to the middle of the room, wished to organize a card-party. The worthy woman, whose eyes sought mine momentarily, thought above all of diverting the children. Her good humor kept up a superb bravery, and she laughed to combat the terror that she felt growing around her. She forcibly placed Emé, Véronique, and Marie at the table. She put the cards into their hands, took a hand herself, with an air of intense interest, shuffling, cutting, dealing with such a flow of talk that she almost drowned the noise of the water. But our girls could not be diverted. They were pale with feverish hands and ears on the alert. Every few moments there was a pause in the play. One of them would turn to me, asking in a low voice, "'Grandpa, is it still rising?' "'No, no, go on with the game. There is no danger.'" River had my heart been gripped by such agony. All the men placed themselves at the windows to hide the terrifying sight. We tried to smile, turned toward the peaceful lamps that threw discs of light upon the table. I recalled our winter evenings when we gathered around the table. It was the same quiet interior, filled with the warmth of affection, and while peace was there I heard behind me the roaring of the escaped river that was constantly rising. "'Louis,' said my brother Pierre, "'the water is within three feet of the window. We ought to tell them.'" I hushed him up by pressing his arm. But it was no longer possible to hide the peril. In our barns the animals were killing each other. There were bleatings and bellowings from the crazed herds, and the horses gave the harsh cries that can be heard at great distances when they are in danger of death. "'My God, my God!' cried Emma, who stood up, pressing her hands to her temples. They all ran to the windows. There they remained, mute, their hair rising with fear. A dim light floated above the yellow sheet of water. The pale sky looked like a white cloth thrown over the earth. In the distance trailed some smoke. Everything was misty. It was the terrified end of a day melting into a night of death, and not a human sound, nothing but the roaring of that sea stretching to infinity, nothing but the bellowings and the naings of the animals. "'My God, my God!' repeated the women in low voices, as if they feared to speak aloud. A terrible cracking silenced the exclamations. The maddened animals had burst open the doors of the stables. They passed in the yellow flood, rolled about, carried away by the current. The sheep were tossed about like dead leaves, whirling in bands and the eddies. The cows and the horses struggled, tried to walk, and lost their footing. Our big grey horse fought long for life. He stretched his neck. He reared, snorting like a forge, but the enraged waters took him by the cropper, and we saw him, beaten, abandon himself. Then we gave way for the first time. We felt the need of tears. Our hands stretched out to those dear animals that were being born away. We lamented, giving vent to the tears and the sobs that we had suppressed. Ah! What ruin! The harvest destroyed, the cattle drowned. Our fortunes changed in a few hours. God was not just. We had done nothing against him, and he was taking everything from us. I shook my fist at the horizon. I spoke of our walk that afternoon, of our meadows, our wheat and vines that we had found so full of promise. It was all a lie, then. The sun lied when he sank, so sweet and calm in the midst of the evening's serenity. The water was still rising. Pierre, who was watching it, cried, "'Louis, we must look out. The water is up to the window.' That warning snatched us from our spell of despair. I was once more myself. Shrugging my shoulders, I said, "'Money is nothing. As long as we are all saved, there need be no regrets. We shall have to work again. That's all.' "'Yes, yes, your right father,' said Jacques feverishly, "'and we run no danger. The walls are good and strong. We must get up on the roof.' That was the only refuge left us. The water which had mounted the stairs step by step was already coming through the door. We rushed to the attic in a group, holding close to each other. Cyprien had disappeared. I called him, and I saw him return from the next room, his face working with emotion. Then as I remarked the absence of the servants for whom I was waiting, he gave me a strange look, then said, in a suppressed voice, "'Dead!' The corner of the shed under their room caved in.  I told them to say nothing about it. A cold shiver had passed over me. It was death entering the house. When we went up in our turn we did not even think of putting out the lights. The cards remained spread upon the table. There was already a foot of water in the room. Three. Fortunately the roof was vast and sloped gently. We reached it through a lid-like window, above which was a sort of platform. It was there that we took refuge. The women seated themselves. The men went over the tiles to reconnoitre. From my post against the dormer window through which we had climbed I examined the four points of the horizon. "'Help cannot fail to arrive,' I said bravely. "'The people of Saint-Town have boats. They will come this way. Look over there. Isn't that a lantern on the water?' But no one answered me. Pierre had lighted his pipe, and he was smoking so furiously that at each puff he spit out pieces of the stem. Jacques and Cipriain looked into the distance with drawn faces, while Gaspal, clenching his fists, continued to walk about seeking an issue.  Yet Rose raised her head, glanced about her and demanded, "'And the servants? Where are they? Why, aren't they here?' I avoided answering. She then questioned me, her eyes on mine. Where are the servants?' I turned away, unable to lie. I felt that chill that had already rushed me pass over our women and our dear girls. They had understood. Marie burst into tears. Emmae wrapped her two children in her skirt, as if to protect them. Veronique, her face and her hands did not move. Aunt Agat, very pale, made the sign of the cross and mumbled potters and avais. Meanwhile the spectacle about us became of sovereign grandeur. The night retained the clearness of a summer night. There was no moon, but the sky was sprinkled with stars and was of so pure a blue that it seemed to fill space with a blue light, and the immense sheet of water expanded beneath the softness of the sky. We could no longer see any land. The water is rising. The water is rising, repeated my brother Pierre, still crunching the stem of his pipe between his teeth. The water was within a yard of the roof. It was losing its tranquility. Currents were being formed. In less than an hour the water became threatening, dashing against the house, bearing drifting barrels, pieces of wood, clumps of weeds. In the distance there were attacks upon walls, and we could hear the resounding shocks. Poplar trees fell. Houses crumbled like a cartload of stones emptied by the roadside. Jacques, unnerved by the sobs of the women, cried, We can't stay here. We must try something, Father. I beg of you, try to do something. I stammered after him. Yes, yes, let us try to do something. And we knew of nothing. Gaspar offered to take Veronique on his back and swim with her to a place of safety. Pierre suggested a raft. Cyprien finally said, If we could only reach the church. Above the waters the church remained standing with its little square steeple. We were separated from it by seven houses. Our farmhouse, the first of the village, adjoined a higher building, which in turn leaned against the next. Perhaps by way of the roofs we would be able to reach the parsonage. A number of people must have taken refuge there already, for the neighboring roofs were vacant, and we could hear voices that surely came from the steeple. But what dangers must be run to reach them? It is impossible, said Pierre. The house of the rambos is too high, we would need ladders. I am going to try it, said Cyprien. I will return it the way is impracticable, otherwise we will all go and we will have to carry the girls. I let him go. He was right. We had to try the impossible. He had succeeded by the aid of an iron hook fixed in a chimney in climbing to the next house, when his wife Emmae raising her head noticed that he was no longer with us. She screamed, Where is he? I don't want him to leave me. We are together.  When she saw him on top of the house she ran over the tiles still holding her children, and she called out, Cyprien, it for me. I am going with you.  She persisted. He leaned over, pleading with her, promising to come back, telling her that he was going for the rescue of all of us. But with a wild air she shook her head, repeating, I am going with you. I am going with you. He had to take the children. Then he held her up. We could follow them along the crest of the house. They walked slowly. She had taken the children again, and at every step he turned and supported her. Get her to a safe place and return! I shouted. I saw him wave his hand, but the roaring of the water prevented my hearing his answer. Soon we could not see them. They had descended to the roof of the next house. At the end of five minutes they appeared upon the third roof, which must have been very steep, for they went on hands and knees along the summit. A sudden terror seized me. I put my hands to my mouth and shouted, Come back! Come back! Then all of us shouted together. Our voices stopped them for a moment, but they continued on their way. They reached the angle formed by the street upon which faced the Rambo House, a high structure, with a roof at least 10 feet above those of the neighboring houses. For a moment they hesitated. Then Cyprien climbed up a chimney pipe with the agility of a cat. Emma, who must have consented to wait for him, stood on the tiles. We saw her plainly, black and enlarged against the pale sky, straining her children to her bosom. And it was then that the horrifying trouble began. The Rambo House, originally intended for a factory, was very flimsily built. Besides, the facade was exposed to the current in the street. I thought I could see it tremble from the attacks of the water, and with a contraction of the throat, I watched Cyprien cross the roof. Suddenly a rumbling was heard.  Not a detail of the catastrophe was lost to us. The Rambo House collapsed. We gave a cry of terror as we saw Cyprien disappear. As the house crumbled, we could distinguish nothing but tempest, a swirling of waves beneath the debris of the roof. Then, calm was restored. The surface became smooth, and out of the black hole of the engulfed house projected the skeleton of its framework. There was a mass of entangled beams, and amongst them I seemed to see a body moving, something living making superhuman efforts. He lives, I cried. Oh, God, be praised. He lives! We laughed nervously. We clapped our hands, as if saved ourselves. He's going to raise himself up, said Pierre. Yes, yes, said Gaspar. He is trying to seize the beam on his left. But our laugh ceased. We had just realized the terrible situation in which Cyprien was placed. During the fall of the house his feet had been caught between two beams, and he hung head downward within a few inches of the water. On the roof of the next house Emmae was still standing, holding her two children. A convulsive tremor shook her. She did not take her eyes from her husband a few yards below her, and mad with horror she emitted without cessation a lamentable sound like the howling of a dog.  We must get down there. Perhaps we could slide down the beams and save him, remarked Pierre. And they started toward the neighboring roof when the second house collapsed, leaving a gap in the root. Then a chill seized us. We mechanically grasped each other's hands, ringing them cruelly as we watched the harrowing sight. Cyprien had tried at first to stiffen his body. With extraordinary strength he had lifted himself above the water, holding his body in an oblique position. But the strain was too great. Nevertheless he struggled, tried to reach some of the beams, felt around him for something to hold to, then, resigning himself, he fell back again, hanging limp. Death was slow in coming. The water barely covered his hair, and it rose very gradually. He must have felt its coolness on his brain. A wave wet his brow. Others closed his eyes. Slowly we saw his head disappear. The women at our feet had buried their faces in their clasped hands. We ourselves fell to our knees, our arms outstretched, weeping, stammering supplications. On the other roof Emmae still standing, her children clasped to her bosom, howled mournfully into the night. END OF SECTION I I know not how long we remained in a stupor after that tragedy. When I came to, the water had risen. It was now on a level with the tiles. The roof was a narrow island, emerging from the immense sheet. To the right and the left the houses must have crumbled. We are moving, murmured rose, who clung to the tiles. And we all experienced the effect of rolling, as if the roof had become detached and turned into a raft. The swift currents seemed to be drifting us away. Then when we looked at the church clock, immovable opposite us, the dizziness ceased. We found ourselves in the same place in the midst of the waves. Then the water began an attack. Until then the stream had followed the street, but the debris that encumbered it deflected the course. And when a drifting object, a beam, came within reach of the current, it seized it and directed it against the house like a battering ram. Soon ten, a dozen beams were attacking us on all sides. The water roared. Our feet were spattered with foam.  There were moments when the attacks became frenzied, when the beams battered fiercely, and then we thought the end was near that the walls would open and deliver us to the river. Gaspar had wrist himself upon the edge of the roof. He had seized a rafter and drawn it to him. We must defend ourselves, he cried. Jacques on his side had stopped a long pole in its passage. Pierre helped him. I cursed my age that left me without strength, as feeble as a child, but the defense was organized, a drill between three men and a river. Gaspar holding his beam in readiness awaited the driftwood that the current sent against us, and he stopped it a short distance from the walls. At times the shock was so rude that he fell. Beside him Jacques and Pierre manipulated the long pole. During nearly an hour that unending fight continued, and the water retained its tranquil obstinacy, invincible. Then Jacques and Pierre succumbed, prostrated, while Gaspar, in a last violent thrust, had his beam rested from him by the current. The combat was useless. Marie and Veronique had thrown themselves into each other's arms. They repeated incessantly one phrase, a phrase of terror that I still hear ringing in my ears. I don't want to die! I don't want to die! Rose put her arms about them. She tried to console them, to reassure them. And she herself, trembling, raised her voice, and cried out in spite of herself, I don't want to die! Aunt Agat alone said nothing. She no longer prayed, no longer made the sign of the cross, bewildered, her eyes roamed about, and she tried to smile when her glance met mine. The water was beating against the tiles now. There was no hope of help. We still heard the voices in the direction of the church. Two lanterns had passed in the distance, and the silence spread over the immense yellow sheet. The people of Saint-Den who owned boats must have been surprised before us. Gaspar continued to wander over the roof. Suddenly he called us. Look, he said! Help me! Hold me tight! He had a pole, and he was watching an enormous black object that was gently drifting toward the house. It was the roof of a shed made of strong boards, and that was floating like a raft. When it was within reach he stopped it with the pole, and as he felt himself being carried off he called to us. We held him around the waist. Then as the mass entered the current it returned against our roof so violently that we were afraid of seeing it smashed into splinters. Gaspar jumped upon it boldly. He went over it carefully to assure himself of its solidity. He laughed, saying joyously, Grandfather, we are saved!  A real boat! Look! My feet are dry, and it will easily carry all of us! Still he thought it well to make it more solid. He caught some floating beams and bound them to it with a rope that Pierre had brought up for an emergency. Gaspar even fell into the water, but at our screams he laughed. He knew the water well. He could swim three miles in the Garonne at a stretch. Getting up again he shook himself, crying, Come! Get on it! Don't lose any time! The women were on their knees. Gaspar had to carry Veronique and Marie to the middle of the raft where he made them sit down. Rose and Antigote slid down the tiles and placed themselves beside the young girls. At this moment I looked toward the church. Emmae was still in the same place. She was leaning now against a chimney, holding her children up at arm's length, for the water was to her waist. Don't grieve, grandfathers, said Gaspar. We will take her off on the way. Pierre and Jacques were already on the raft, so I jumped on. Gaspar was the last one aboard. He gave us poles that he had prepared and that were to serve us his oars. He had a very long one that he used with great skill. We let him do all the commanding. And in order from him we braced our poles against the tiles to put out into the stream. But it seemed as if the raft was attached to the roof. In spite of all our efforts we could not budge it. At each new effort the current swung us violently against the house and it was a dangerous maneuver for the shock threatened to break up the planks composing the raft. So once again we were made to feel our helplessness. We had thought ourselves saved and we were still at the mercy of the river. I even regretted that the women were not on the roof, for every minute I expected to see them precipitated into the boiling torrent. But when I suggested regaining our refuge they all cried, No, no, let us try again. Better die here! Gaspar no longer laughed. We renewed our efforts, bending to our poles with redoubled energy. Pierre then had the idea to climb up on the roof and draw us by means of a rope towards the left. He was thus able to draw us out of the current. Then when he again jumped upon the raft a few thrusts of our poles sent us out into the open. But Gaspar recalled the promise he had made me to stop for our poor Emmae whose plaintive moans had never ceased. For that purpose it was necessary to cross the street where the terrible current existed. He consulted me by a glance. I was completely upset. Never had such a combat raged within me. We would have to expose eight lives, and yet I had not the strength to resist the mournful appeal. Yes, yes, I said to Gaspar, we cannot possibly go away without her. He lowered his head without a word and began using his pole against all the walls left standing. We passed the neighboring house, but as soon as we emerged into the street a cry escaped us. The current which had again seized us carried us back against our house. We were world-round like a leaf so rapidly that our cry was cut short by the smashing of the raft against the tiles. There was a rending sound, the planks were loosened and wrenched apart, and we were all thrown into the water. I do not know what happened then. I remember that when I sank I saw Aunt Agat floating sustained by her skirts until she went down backward, head first, without a struggle. A sharp pain brought me too. Pierre was dragging me by the hair along the tiles. I lay still, stupidly watching. Pierre had plunged in again, and in my confused state I was surprised to see Gaspar at the spot where my brother had disappeared. The young man had Veronique in his arms. When he had placed her near me he again jumped in bringing up Marie, her face so waxy white that I thought her dead. Then he plunged again. But this time he searched in vain. Pierre had joined him. They talked and gave each other indications that I could not hear. As they drew themselves up on the roof, I cried. And Aunt Agat and Jacques and Rose, they shook their heads. Large tears coursed down their cheeks. They explained to me that Jacques had struck his head against a beam, and that Rose had been carried down with her husband's body to which she clung. And Aunt Agat had not reappeared. Raising myself I looked toward the roof where Emma stood. The water was rising constantly. Emma was now silent. I could see her upstretched arms holding her children out of the water. Then they all sank. The water closed over them, beneath the drowsy light of the moon. Five. There were only five of us on the roof now. The water left us but a narrow band along the ridge. One of the chimneys had just been carried away. We had to raise Malie and Valonique, who were still unconscious, and support them almost in a standing position to prevent the waves washing over their legs. At last their senses returned, and our anguish increased upon seeing them wet, shivering, and crying miserably that they did not wish to die. The end had come. The destroyed village was marked by a few vestiges of walls. Alone the church reared its steeple intact, from whence came the voices, a murmur of human beings in a refuge. There were no longer any sounds of falling houses, like a cart of stone suddenly discharged. It was as if we were abandoned, shipwrecked a thousand miles from land. One moment we thought we heard the dip of oars. Ah, what hopeful music! Now we all strained our eyes into space. We held our breath, but we could see nothing. The yellow sheets stretched away, spotted with black shadows. But none of those shadows, tops of trees, remnants of walls, moved. Driftwood, weeds, empty barrels, caused us false joy. We waved our handkerchiefs until, realizing our error, we again succumbed to our anxiety. Ah, I see it, cried Gaspal, suddenly. Look over there, a large boat! And he pointed out a distant speck. I could see nothing, neither could Pierre. But Gaspal insisted it was a boat. The sound of oars became distinct. At last we saw it. It was proceeding slowly, and seemed to be circling about us without approaching. I remember that we were like mad. We raised our arms in our fury. We shouted with all our might, and we insulted the boat, called it cowardly. But dark and silent it glided away slowly. Was it really a boat? I do not know to this day. When it disappeared it carried our last hope. We were expecting every second to be engulfed with the house. It was undermined, and was probably supported by one solid wall, which in giving way would pull everything with it. But what terrified me most was to feel the roof sway under our feet. The house would perhaps hold out overnight, but the tiles were sinking in, beaten, and pierced by beams. We had taken refuge on the left side on some solid rafters. Then these rafters seemed to weaken. Certainly they would sink if all five of us remained in so small a space. For some minutes my brother Pierre had been twisting his soldierly mustache, frowning and muttering to himself. The growing danger that surrounded him and against which his courage availed nothing was wearing out his endurance. He spat two or three times into the water with an expression of contemptuous anger. Then as we sank lower he made up his mind. He started down the roof. Pierre, Pierre, I cried, fearing to comprehend. He turned and said quietly, Adieu, Louis, you see it is too long for me, and it will leave more room for you. Then, first throwing in his pipe, he plunged, adding, Good night! I have had enough. He did not come up. He was not a strong swimmer, and he probably abandoned himself, heartbroken at the death of our dear ones and at our ruin. Two o'clock sounded from the steeple of the church. The night would soon end, that horrible night already so filled with agony and tears. Little by little beneath our feet the small dry space grew smaller. The current had changed again. The drift passed to the right of the village, floating slowly, as if the water nearing its highest level was reposing, tired and lazy. Gaspar suddenly took off his shoes in his shirt. I watched him for a moment as he rung his hands. When I questioned him, he said, Listen, grandfather, it is killing me to wait. I cannot stay here. Let me do as I wish. I will save her." He was speaking of Veronique. I opposed him. He would never have the strength to carry the young girl to the church. But he was obstinate. Yes, I can. My arms are strong. I feel myself able. You will see. I love her. I will save her. I was silent. I drew Marie to my breast. Then he thought I was reproaching the selfishness of his love. He stammered. I will return and get Marie. I swear it. I will find a boat and organize a rescue party. Have confidence in me, grandfather. Rapidly, he explained to Veronique that she must not struggle, that she must submit without a movement, and that she must not be afraid. The young girl answered, Yes, to everything with a distracted look. Then, after making the sign of the cross, he slid down the roof, holding Veronique by a rope that he had looped under her arms. She gave a scream, beat the water with arms and legs, and suffocated she fainted. I like this better, Gaspar called to me. Now I can answer for her. It can be imagined with what agony I followed them with my eyes. On the white surface I could see Gaspar's slightest movement. He held the young girl by means of the rope that he coiled around his neck, and he carried her thus, half thrown over his right shoulder. The crushing weight bore him under at times, but he advanced, swimming with superhuman strength. I was no longer in doubt. He had traversed a third of the distance when he struck against something submerged. The shock was terrible. Both disappeared. Then I saw him reappear alone. The rope must have snapped. He plunged twice. At last he came up with Veronique whom he again took on his back. But without the rope to hold her she weighed him down more than ever. Still he advanced. A tremor shook me as I saw them approaching the church. Suddenly I saw some beams bearing down upon them. A second shock separated them, and the water closed over them. From this moment I was stupefied. I had but the instinct of the animal looking out for its own safety. When the water advanced I retreated. In that stupor I heard someone laughing, without explaining to myself who it was. The dawn appeared, a great white daybreak. It was very fresh and very calm, as on the bank of a pond, the surface of which awakens before sunrise. But the laughter sounded continually. Turning I saw Marie standing in her wet clothes. It was she who was laughing. Ah, the poor dear child! How sweet and pretty she was at that early hour! I saw her stoop take up some water in the hollow of her hand and wash her face. Then she coiled her beautiful blonde hair.  I too began to laugh, infected with her madness. Terror had destroyed her mind, and it was a mercy so charmed that she appeared with the beauty of the morning. I let her hasten, not understanding, shaking my head tenderly. When she considered herself ready to go, she sang one of her canticles in her clear crystalline voice. But interrupting herself, she cried as if responding to someone who had called her, I am coming, I am coming! She took up the canticle again, went down the roof and entered the water. It covered her softly without a ripple. I had not seen smiling. I looked with happiness upon the spot where she had just disappeared. Then I remembered nothing more. I was alone on the roof. The water had risen, a chimney was standing, and I must have clung to it with all my strength, like an animal that dreads death. Then nothing, nothing, a black pit, oblivion. Why am I still here? They tell me that people from Santan came toward six o'clock with boats, and that they found me lying on a chimney unconscious. The water was cruel not to have carried me away, to be with those who were dear to me. All the others are gone. The babes in swaddling clothes, the girls to be married, the young married couples, the old married couples. And I, I live like a useless weed, coarse and dried, rooted in the rock. If I had the courage, I would say, like Pierre. I have had enough. Good night! And I would throw myself into the garon. I have no child. My house is destroyed. My fields are devastated. Oh, the evenings when we were all at table, and the gaiety surrounded me and kept me young. Oh, the great days of harvest and vintage when we all worked and when we returned to the house, proud of our wealth. Oh, the handsome children and the fruitful vines, the beautiful girls and the golden grain, the joy of my old age, the living recompense of my entire life. Since all that is gone, why should I live? There is no consolation. I do not want help. I will give my fields to the village people who still have their children. They will find the courage to clear the land of the flotsam and cultivate it anew.  I had one desire, one only desire. I wished to recover the bodies of my family, to bury them beneath a slab where I should soon rejoin them. It was said that, at Toulouse, a large number of bodies carried down the stream had been taken from the water. I decided to make the trip.  Nearly 2,000 houses and ruins, 700 deaths. All the bridges carried away. A whole district raised, buried in the mud. Atrocious tragedies. 20,000 half-clad wretches starving to death. The city in a pestilential condition. Morning everywhere, the streets filled with funeral processions, financial aid powerless to heal the wounds. But I walked through it all without seeing anything. I had my ruins. I had my dead to crush me. I was told that many of the bodies had been buried in trenches in a corner of the cemetery. Only they had the forethought to photograph the unidentified. And it was among these lamentable photographs that I found Gaspar and Veronique. They had been clasped passionately in each other's arms, exchanging in death their bridal kiss. It had been necessary to break their arms in order to separate them. But first they had been photographed together, and they sleep together beneath the sod. I have nothing but them, the image of those two handsome children, bloated by the water, disfigured, retaining upon their livid faces the heroism of their love. I look at them, and I weep. End of Section 2, End of the Flood by Emile Zola


All right, so let's take a look at how we're going to generate our UVs from all the profiles that we just copied for our base pumpkin All right, so let's jump back into Houdini and get started So what we want to do to get our UVs all created So I'm gonna hit 5 on the keyboard to go to the UV view. All right And so what I want to do is for each one of those profiles All right, so if I come back up to the copy note here for each one of these profiles here that we copied in this Circular fashion. I need to move the UVs over All right by a certain increment Okay, and I want to keep that number between the zero to one in the x direction on the UV view, okay, and so to do that we need to employ a little bit of a vex. All right, but nothing crazy What we can do is we can come in here. All right, we can go and output the Copy number. All right, so what happens there is on a per primitive basis with this little guy checked right here All right on a per primitive basis We get this copy num attribute over here in the geometry spreadsheet now If you don't have the geometry spreadsheet open Just hit the little plus button over here by any of these plus buttons right here and go to new pain tab type And what you can do is open up the geometry spreadsheet All right now I've just adjusted the the panels and stuff so they fit like this is what I'm used to using as I'm working Okay, so now that I've got that copy number what I need to do is I need to say okay for every point in each profile All right, I want to move it over by some increment using this value right here. Okay, cool So with that in mind, let's do a for each primitive Okay, this works because For each one of those profiles that we copied we have a single primitive. All right, just a single curve Cool, so what we can do is we can loop through all those guys using up for each Primitive loop. Okay, so let's turn on the single pass for this final guy here. This allows us to go through each Copy individually so you can see the results That we're getting and what I want to do let's actually do it up here What I want to do is I want to drop down an attribute promote Node this allows me to take an attribute from one class or one component type in this case primitives All right, and promote it to another type so I can promote this to a point type So the original class is primitive right. This is where it currently sits and the original name is copy num All right. I want to copy that to my point Class so now I have this copy num attribute in the point class How cool is that? This means that when I roll through each one of these primitives here I know which copy number it is So if I move this guy now you can see that the copy num changes over here in the spreadsheet How cool is that? Gives you lots of control over your data All right, so in order to move the UVs We're going to drop down a wrangle node here and I need to take the current point number All right, so we're going to call this our move UVs Okay, and I just want to move them over shove them over in the extraction over here Okay, let me actually just pull this down here so we can see it a little bit better All right, so I just want to move them over in the extraction and that's easy enough You know you can say v at UV dot x right that gives us access to the UVs plus equals 1 like so and you can see that Nothing actually happened up here and that is because in our UV texture node Sorry about that. I still have the attribute class set to vertex. Let's put it on the points. There we go So you can see that our line now moved over All the way to 1 if I did 0.5 All right Maybe right in the middle of the the UV view All right, so we can manually manipulate our UVs All right, just like a point in 3d space. It was just a point in 2d space Okay, and we're literally just moving just the one component. So just the x-axis All right, so how do we get this value? So I want to take the current copy number and I want to divide it by the total number of copies that we have so I'm going to say that I at copy num Like so because we can pull off The current copy number that's coming into this wrangle node right here All right, and this wrangle node is running over all the points. Okay, so in this current iteration Inside of this whole for loop right here. It's running over all the points. So think of this as like a loop So this is a loop right here, and then this guy is also looping over all the points So for each one of these points I can pull off what its current copy number is by using this particular syntax the I at Syntax meaning that we're going to grab an attribute that is of integer type Okay, which the copy number attribute is and then what I want to do is I want to go and divide that by some value So in this case, I want to get the total number of copies from our copy node up here All right, so this total number right here And so what I can do is I can come in here and I can say ci for an integer channel And give it a name. I can say this is called total copies like so And then hit control enter on the keyboard to commit your code All right, and then because I declared this as an integer channel It now becomes a spare parameter that the wrangle node can can create And so what I can do is I can hit this create spare parameters button over here Very cool And so now I can link this up just like any other Parameter so I can just copy the parameter here by right clicking it and saying copy parameter And I can come into this total copies and say paste relative reference like so And there we go. All right, so now if I were to look at my UVs over here You can see that we're not moving at all And let's take a look here And that's because we actually don't need to put the i in front of the copy num Because the attribute's already declared. We don't need to redeclare it. So I'm going to hit control enter And there you go. So now as I move through each one of those copies. I'm moving the UVs To where they should be All right, so let's take a look at this One more thing here. So I have 15 copies. So if I were to put this guy to copy 14 Like so let's say 14 You can see we don't have 15 because it starts at zero. Let's take a look at the UVs. It's not hitting One on the x-direction. Okay, and that's because we need to come in here All right and subtract one from our number or total number of copies There you go. Boom perfect. So now if I were to go and turn this off a single pass Like so we get all those UVs Layed out appropriately the cool thing about this is when I feed this into the skin node now It'll make proper UVs for us that works inside of our game engines or for whatever in all of our 3d packages and stuff I now have UVs and when I go and update the number of copies Our UVs updated as well Super cool All right, so we now have our start there Okay, one thing that I want to show you guys so right after here. Let's drop down a UV Visualize so I'm using the node from the game dev tools here This will allow me to visualize my UVs I'm going to set the grid tiling to one so I can take a look at this Now you'll notice that they're a little stretched on the Extraction that's because we're fitting it all into that zero to one range So I'm going to drop down a UV transform node like so And we can scale this out until we're happy with it and we could expose this parameter to our hda So we can let artists decide how they want their UVs Or how far they want them stretched out in the extraction So there you go pretty cool So now we have UVs All right, we'll take care of all this stuff as we get through the rest of This first section All right, so we'll get rid of all that stretching up there. We'll make this nice and clean and perfect But that is the basics of creating UVs For something like this without using, you know the UV protect node. This is all just manually created there Okay, I'm going to close out the lecture there and I'll see you guys in the next


In this session, you will be introduced to the sphere standards. A set of guidelines have been developed to guide decision makers on key issues to consider in responding to disaster situations. Sphere is basically three things. It's a handbook, it's a process of collaboration, and an expression of commitment to quality, accountability, and human rights for people involved in disaster situations. The rationale of the sphere project is that it is an international collaboration for consensus involving standards for disaster response. A process to create a common language leading to transparency, accountability, and increased quality. A drive to improve quality and accountability in disaster situations. The sphere manual is laid out in chapters. Each chapter covers a key area for consideration in disaster management. And it includes minimum standards, key indicators for those standards, and guidance notes on what to consider in preparing to meet these standards. Please acquire a copy of the sphere manual. The minimum standards section shows the minimum requirements for the particular area of consideration. The key indicators act as signals that determine whether or not a standard has been attained. The guidance notes are guidance notes for implementers and provide additional implementation that is useful for actual implementation of the standards. These are the contents of the sphere manual. It begins with a humanitarian chatter. It shows the common standards that are common to all disasters. In our setting, we have adjusted it to mean standards for response management. Underneath this, it shows standards for water supply and sanitation, food security, nutrition and food aid, shelter and settlement management and non-food items, and management of health services in the disaster situation. These standards are mainly applicable for disasters that result in mass displacement of people with people living in camps and they need assistance in these various areas. But excerpts of these standards can be used, can be extracted and used for smaller scale disaster situations, provided they involve displacement or resettlement of people. Standards are given for response mechanisms common to all disasters, that is response management, water supply, sanitation and hygiene, food security, nutrition and food aid, shelter, settlement and non-food items, and health services. These standards also include appendices. Water supply, sanitation, mission needs assessment checklist is provided there, planning guidelines for minimum water quantities for institutions and other users, and appendices provided. Water and excretory related diseases and transmission mechanisms and appendices provided. And the standards also give references, examples. If you have a copy of the money, check for the standards. What is the minimum recommended standard on the amount of water required per individual per day? How much of this water is required for drinking? What is the standard for quantity of drinking water? What is the standard for sanitation facilities? What is the standard for water standpipes? What is the standard for distance to a water source among displaced populations? An average of 15 litres of water for use per day per person and includes 2.5 to 3 litres for drinking and food. On water quality, the standards specify that the water should have no fickle qualiforms in every 100 meals. Other issues, standards are provided for excretory disposal, a maximum of 20 people per lantern. Evolvment of the people in planning the sanitation resources. 250 people per standpipe. And the distance from the dwellings to the water standpipe should be less than 500 metres. Other examples refer to your sphere standards manual with regard to food and nutrition. 2100 kcal per person per day recommended. In regard to serios, we need about 14 kg per person per month. Palses, that is issues like beans, peas, about 2.4 kg per person per month. Oil, 0.8 kg per person per month. And the koiason blend about 1.6 kg per person per month. Remember the vulnerable people. This is an example of a planned shelter as a standard. In summary, sphere is based on qualitative and quantitative standards. The standards are universal in nature. The standards are a summary of 5 capabilities that are important in the management of disasters that involve mass displacement of people. This includes general response management or standards common to all disasters. Shelter, provisions for water and sanitation, provisions for health and provisions for food and nutrition.