Alright, good evening everybody. My name is Aaron Beze. Thank you so much for everybody. I know there's folks still at the bar but I want to get going as I know a lot of folks have some committee reunions, class reunions, and then I think everyone's prepared to go downtown Bristol tonight. So I want to go ahead and get started. Thank you so much for first of all everyone for attending the Alumni Reunion. Fantastic showing. I hope everyone has enjoyed the program so far. This year we've decided to do something a little bit different and that is have our award nominees during this dinner for a couple different reasons. Number one, as we eat together and drink together we have an opportunity here from our fellow alumni that have been honored with our alumni awards. There is a lot of that I can talk to you about on where alumni is going. We have an exciting agenda for next year. We're launching subcommittees in each of our cities. We're getting engaged with our undergrad class officers. We're combining the law alumni undergrad alumni and a strategic plan. All of that is going to be coming forward. I don't want to waste our time to talk about that except expect from your inboxes and your mailboxes. Good programming announcements and information on where we're going as an alumni association. But further ado I would like to introduce our alumni board president, Neba LaWad to kick us off in our alumni awards. Thanks, Erin. Hi everyone. First of all, I just want to say I'm so excited I get to celebrate with all of you. It's been a great 10th. So thanks for being here. A warm welcome to our reunion alumni celebrating this weekend, RWU faculty, staff, friends, and to our esteemed alumni award recipients. I feel so fortunate to be here with you all today in celebration of this wonderful university and the connections and relationships we have all formed through Roger Williams. I feel especially honored to introduce this year's alumni award recipients. One thing that was always instilled in me as a student at Roger Williams is that I would never be without community. Our vast network of alumni across the country and beyond are all individuals I know I could reach out to at any time for conversation, support, and friendship. We are a family bound by the pride and fondness we all share for Roger Williams University and we are steadfast in the core beliefs that we were taught at Roger Williams to lead by example and to showcase your true passion and everything you do. This year's alumni award recipients are the perfect embodiment of what it means to be a hawk. Through their careers, personal endeavors, and investments in their respective communities, our award recipients have established themselves as role models and leaders in the RWU alumni community. Alumni are the common denominator that defines the institution in all that we do. I'm gonna say that line one more time because I think it's so important. Alumni are the common denominator that defines the institution in all that we do and it is a privilege to recognize our awardees this evening and to honor the work they have done in contributing to the RWU legacy. Our first award to be presented is the RWU Alumni Spirit Award. This award is given to alumni who have exhibited passionate and spirited engagement with the university long after graduation. Spirit award recipients are leaders in the RWU alumni community often leading alumni activities and encouraging fellow RWU graduates to remain engaged with the university. Recipients of this award work hard to foster friendship within the RWU alumni and always demonstrate their hawk pride wherever they go. It is my honor to introduce this year's RWU Alumni Spirit Award to Meg Dumane and she's gonna stand here while I embarrass her a little more. So Meg was nominated by an employee here at Roger Williams who had the following to say regarding Megan's RWU spirit. I cannot think of anyone more who represents a more positive and spirited relation to the university. Meg graduated in May of 2009 was a good assistant working in the ILA program for a year, became a core in housing for four years, finished her master's in the leadership program in 2014 and has since been working as a successful project manager at Wally Computer Associates. At least once a year Meg makes the long trek from Eastern Mass to visit in the several offices that she worked in during her time here. I also would like to share that when I was a freshman Meg was our student advocate and you know freshman year we all know how that goes and Meg was always there to listen. She always had you one of those welcoming faces. She was always so patient with us and I think I speak to for all the students that she's impacted during her whole time here at Roger Williams that for a lot of us it was people like you that helped us get through our four years. So thank you so much Meg and we're honored to celebrate you tonight. So congratulations. Thank you so much Nibel. It's an honor to be here today and to now know it's the 10-year reunion of all the five stoppers is honestly mind-boggling. I don't know how it's been 10 years I feel like you all just walked into Stonewall one and there was just reminiscing with Darwin. Some of the different activities we did it's quite amusing but for me the moment I stepped onto the RWO campus it was a place that I felt at home it's a place I found myself as cliche as that sounds. I'm a 2009 and 2014 graduate and I was lucky enough to work in many different roles here on campus. As much as I appreciate the academic knowledge I gained here for me it was all about the people. The people transformed and allowed me to grow into the person I am today and I'm incredibly grateful because I've never been able to put into words what that's meant to me so I'm gonna try to in the next couple minutes explain how I came into this campus and how it's impacted my life since so just bear with me. So moving weekend 2009 I was excited and terrified to be here what I hadn't expected was a challenging experience that would basically I moved in on Saturday and moved out on Sunday because of this lovely experience but it was thanks to the kindness of the student advocacy office the care from the athletic director and a little bit of Tony magic that allowed me to come back just two days later and I never left for nine years after that Roger Williams just became this place for me. I didn't know the following year Emery Serda would start an advocacy with me and she would become my RWU mom my confidant and to this day one of my most treasured relationships. My political science professors Dave June Roberts and Swaske would encourage discourse that I would seek out nearly 15 years later through Zoom meetings and political debate on topics both election and current events. I never expected to go through my first first death here but sadly my sophomore year my closest friend passed while seeking her dream to just be a college student. The news was delivered by two people I trusted most on this campus staff members organized and accompanied us to the services. I was two hours from home but I was surrounded by love nonetheless. Six months later as a part of the summer conference staff I was caught off guard with it just an unexpected wave of grief and Carol Siketty dropped everything for a golf cart riding comforting words that just to this day means the world to me and quite frankly we just talked about about an hour ago. Chris O'Brien of the student advocacy office gave me two pieces of advice two pieces of advice when I graduated my undergrad. The first was a challenge not be just the student but become the staff member. I spent five years trying to improve the student experience the way others had for me. In my time as a core it was the relationships that would students that meant the world from an honest to God fort and fort night building from two North boys essentially one night I came home to two North and you know it's a hullaball boys let's be honest on a Friday night they're causing trouble which good for them as long as nobody starts I'm good and they kept looking at me Meg it's okay just let us be I'm like guys you knew the rules come on what's going on I go to the common room and they had dragged out all of their mattresses to literally build a fort in the common room and if that's the worst they were gonna do on our Friday night they had my whole hearted support but then I was seeing my five stop freshman take over campus through CEN IC RA OA and there were even a couple advocates in there which really meant the world. It's hard to articulate the impact others can have on you for me this is the best I know how Chris O'Brien second piece of advice to me was the idea of a board of mentors who did I look up to what characteristics did I want to strive for and who did I trust to guide me but challenge me. I left RWU in 2015 but to this day those I look to most seek out guidance for and confide in nearly every single person on that board of mentors besides family comes from my RWU family and for that I'm forever grateful. I'm grateful for every staff every student and every professor who challenged and supported me and I hope to have paid it forward to even just one student so thank you for your time. Hello everyone so thank you so much Megan and congratulations we're so grateful that you're all here with us this evening and for all that you do every single day to showcase your Hawke pride. Hi everyone my name is Lauren Swenson I'm class of 2013 and 2019 I work at the University as the director of annual giving had the pleasure of working with class of 2012 on their fifth reunion maybe I'll get back to working with reunion someday soon because that definitely was one of the best things to be able to do here so I'm truly honored to be here and I'm glad to see you all coming back for your tenth as well. Our next award this evening is the RWU Young Alumni Achievement Award. This award recognizes a recent RWU graduate for significant short-term accomplishments who in their first ten years since graduation has made outstanding contributions to their chosen profession and has rendered distinguished service to the public welfare. This awardee through his remarkable career and professional experience has brought tremendous honor upon Roger Leames University and the RWU Alumni Association and we are thrilled to recognize his accomplishments this evening. Please join me in congratulating the 2022 Young Alumni Achievement Award recipient Brian Knowles. I'll make you stand up here too it's only only fair to Meg. So Mr. Knowles is wing historian 434th Air Refuel Wing Grissom Air Reserve Base Indiana. As wing historian he is directly responsible for the management of the wing historian office and is the point of contact for historical inquiries. His duties include creation collection and preservation of wing unit history reports, archival records, reference library, oral history, interview collection and photograph collections. He records the activities and significant events of airmen and civilians of the 434th ARW and Grissom ARB. Additionally he conducts outreach activities with local communities. Mr. Knowles graduated from Roger Williams University Bristol, Rhode Island in 2015 with a Masters of Science in Historic Preservation. He also studied at Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 2008 to 2010 for a Master of Arts in History. He earned both a Bachelor of Science in Historic Preservation and a Bachelor of Arts in History at Southeast Missouri State University in 2008. He enlisted into the US Marine Corps Reserve in August 2001. He has continued to serve in the US Marine Corps Reserve since then with deployments on active duty in 2004 and 2009 through 10 in Iraq for Operation Iraqi Freedom. His staff non-commissioned officer bullets include serving as an archivist and historian for the US Marine Corps History Division, historian and public affairs operations, chief for Marine Forces Reserve Headquarters, US Marine Corps Reserve Centennial Program 2015 to 17, historian and broadcast journalist for US Africa Command and communication strategy and operations chief, communication strategy office, Marine Forces Reserve Headquarters. Mr. Knowles civilian employment includes 2008 through 2009 archivist at Ball State University in Indiana, 2010 and 11 archivist fellowship, US Marine Corps Archive, Marine Corps Base, Quantico, Virginia, 2011 through 14 archives technician, US National Archives, Washington DC, 2018 through 19 archivist US Africa Command in Germany and 2019 through present wing historian 434th air refueling wing Grissom Air Base Indiana. Without further ado I will let Mr. Knowles say a few words. Thank you. I've been busy. Good evening. Thank you Kelly for the introduction. My gratitude goes out to the Alumni Board and all of you here tonight. I must say that you are all very brave to let a historian have a microphone and a captive audience. Many thanks to my professors in the historic preservation program. I recall being welcomed right away. They never hesitated to help me on any assignments or any projects. As a returning non-traditional student there was a bit of relearning the academic process and they were there to help me along the way. Although not in attendance this evening I must say a special thanks to Professor Philip Marshall. His guidance and inspiration still influences my work every day. Thank you, sir. The Young Alumni Achievement Award. I suppose we're using the word young in a relative term. I retire from the Marine Corps Reserve next year with 21 years of service. It feels a little strange to be called young, but I'll take that compliment. I guess I'm about that Asian experience as a veteran where my mind thinks I'm 28, my humor suggests I'm 12, but my body isn't sure if I'm dead yet. So carrying lessons from learned at Roger Williams I apply them to my work as a historian for the Department of Defense, the Air Force and the Marine Corps practically every day. Being a hawk it helped me to innovate better, to think more creatively and to get out there more often and reach out to the community. Advancing the common good, inspiring others, facing challenges, it's not exactly what I had in mind when I started out in the world, but yet Roger Williams has helped me, enabled me and encouraged me to get out there and do just that. So I am very honored in many ways to be selected for this award. To be recognized and celebrated for my efforts is such a privilege. Congratulations to my fellow alumni recipients, alumni award recipients. Thank you for your efforts and achievements.  I admire both of you for all the work that you've done at the university and ever since then. I just hope that I can continue to make Roger Williams proud. I want to conclude with a few words of wisdom. Always be yourself unless you can be a Marine and then always be a Marine.  So thank you for your time. Enjoy your evening. Thank you. Congrats again, Brian. Our final award this evening is the RWU Distinguished Alarm Award. This award recognizes a graduate with more than 10 years of experience for significant long-term success in personal and professional achievements. Similar to the Young Alumni Achievement Award, recipients have made outstanding contributions to their profession and have rendered distinguished service to the public welfare. This year's recipient has a demonstrated history of professional leadership and personal accomplishments and we are honored to recognize his success. Please join me in congratulating the 2022 Distinguished Alarm recipient Vernon Stafford Jr. I should have had you sit because this is a very accomplished...not kidding, it won't be too long but it is impressive. Okay. Vernon is a C-level Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Audit Executive at First Horizon Corporation where he is responsible for corporate internal audit and credit risk assurance. First Horizon is a Memphis Tennessee-based regional bank holding company for First Horizon Bank, FHN Financial and First Horizon Advisors. Prior to joining First Horizon in June of 2013, Vernon served a distinguished 33-year career as a commissioned National Bank Examiner for the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, OCC, from July 2011 through May 2013. Vernon served as Assistant Deputy Comptroller in OCC's Mid-sized Bank Supervision Department. As ADC, Vernon supervised a staff of mid-sized bank examiners and a portfolio of mid-sized banking companies ranging in assets of $13 billion to $100 billion. Vernon received a bachelor's degree in accounting from Roger Williams, college, now university, I don't know, we really have to point that out. In 1980, after functioning in various positions as field examiner and bank analyst, Vernon served from 1997 to 2001 as Director of OCC's Core Policy Development Division in the OCC's Washington, D.C. headquarters office. From 2011 through 2006, Vernon served as Director for Large Bank Supervision, a division responsible for the supervision of the largest banking companies in the national banking system. From 2006 to 2011, he served as the examiner in charge of supervision for First Tennessee Bank in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was responsible for the day-to-day supervision and regulatory activities of a 30 billion banking company. You're good with money, huh? Vernon believes in service to community as he has served in governance and voluntary rules at non-for-profit and for-profit organizations. Today, he serves on the board of directors of Leadership Memphis and the Hattie-Lew Theater, as well as the board of the trustees of the Dixon Gallery and Gardens in Memphis. In 2017, Vernon was appointed jointly by Lieutenant Governor McNally and Speaker Harwell to the Tennessee Higher Education Commission where he continues to serve. He has been recognized as distinguished speaker by the Neil Corporate Governance Center of the University of Tennessee. In 2020, Savoy Magazine recognized Vernon as the most influential black executive in corporate America. It is my pleasure to honor Vernon Stafford with the Distinguished Alumnus Award for 2022. Well, good evening everyone. It's a pleasure to see you this evening. Earlier today, I was walking around the campus with my family and just marveling at how much of this campus has been developed since I've been here. So, let me first acknowledge God and my family who have provided me with great strength, love, and tremendous inspiration the past several decades. My family includes my beautiful wife, Barbara, our three talented children, Christina, Vernon III, and Danielle, and our wonderful son-in-law, Cody. This year marks 42 years since I graduated from this college. 42. Yes. When I think about that, that that was so long ago that this was still called a college, as Nebel said. But in addition to that, personal computers were not yet a thing. In fact, my computer class required a deck of cards for processing. There were only two dormitories on campus then, so as overflow freshmen, we were housed off campus at a hotel across the bridge in Portsmouth. So why did I come to Roger Williams College? Well, largely because of the accounting program, which then was even well known at that point and highly regarded. But honestly, who could reject the picturesque campus? As I reflect on my past 42 years of my career, I thought about what has brought me to this point tonight and what I would share with you this evening. And I promise to make it brief. One of my favorite professional development books is True North by Bill George. And in his book, George shares the concept of hinge moments. In short, hinge moments are opportunities to open or close doors to various pathways in our lives. As you might imagine in my 42 year career and my 60 plus years of life, I've experienced many hinge moments that have opened and closed many doors to my life's pathways. During my four years at Roger Williams, I experienced many hinge moments that were essential to my career development. There were also several people who stood with me at those hinge moments and helped me in my decision making. People such as Fran Katzenack, who was the director of the Career Placement Office. And then late Hector Massa, who was a long time athletic director for RDU. Both Fran and Hector saw something in this then young black kid from New York City that was worth their investment of time to help me succeed. In all likelihood, the past I'm sorry, in all likelihood the year 2020 has presented one and maybe many hinge moments for all of us. We faced a pandemic, career and life disruption, and the ills of social injustice. As I have experienced various hinge moments in life, there are several attributes that have been key to any success that I have achieved in life. And I'd like to briefly share them with you to encourage you. First, respect and compassion. I encourage you to treat others with respect and compassion. Don't think of yourself as superior to another person. Recognize that everyone we encounter is a human being worthy of basic respect and compassion. Next, attitude. There's a quote by author and pastor Chuck Swindall that says, life is 10% what happens to you and 90% how you react to it. Rather than sulk when circumstances are bad, focus your mind and position on positive aspects that can help you improve the situation. Next, integrity. As we go through life, there is likely that we would encounter serious challenge to the authenticity of our character. In those situations the strength of your integrity will determine, or at least influence, the outcome. Make every effort to establish and maintain unquestionable integrity. Character is what defines you and your integrity is essential to the character that others see in you. Perseverance. The past two years have surely demonstrated that challenging days come to all of us in life. There will likely be seasons when it seems life is overwhelming. And maybe even times you might want to give up. I say don't give up, rather persevere. You must have strong personal resolve to navigate through the storms of life and stand firm until resolution comes about. And finally, discipline. Personal discipline is tremendously important. I am a man of faith so let me share a Bible passage with you. Hebrews 12 11 says for the moment all discipline seems painful rather than pleasant. But later it yields the peaceful fruit of righteousness for those who have been trained by it. As I journey further beyond middle age I can see how my discipline has yielded fruit in my life. In summary going through this journey called life is exciting. And yes, sometimes challenging. But approaching it with the right attributes will help you thrive and excel during the journey. Roger Williams is the place where I first learned these attributes and it has been the foundation of my academic and professional life. I challenge you to reflect on the hinge moments of your life and what attributes are meaningful to you and how they can positively impact your lives. Again, congratulations to Brian, to Megan. Thank you for all of you for being here this evening. Appreciate it. Thank you, Vernon. Thank you to all of the award recipients. There's one last piece that I would like to do tonight and that is in front of her peers I would like to honor Nebal Awad. Nebal For those of you that might not know this is Nebal's recruiting term as our alumni board lead. I am personally incredibly saddened but I will always know that Nebal will be nearby. She has in her power has completely transformed our alumni board. Through her passion for Roger Williams through her graciousness in leading with strength and courage as well as firmness and challenging administration to serve alumni better through her work with the class to show up here at alumni weekend and just her passion for Roger Williams. I just want to honor her as part of this award recipients and making sure that she gets the graciousness applause from this group during her tenure at Roger Williams. I'll share this with all of you later. Thank you, Erin. Appreciate it. Thank you to the alumni team and the advancement team for all their help putting this weekend on. Really appreciate it. I'm going to let you go because I know we're going to party in a bit. But I also would like Alex Palios and Kayla Marensi to stand. These two wouldn't let me finish my question before they both said yes to chairing our class of 2012 committee and I consider both of them really dear friends and I just really appreciate all the work you did this whole year gathering the committee leading the committee and getting our class here. I think I speak for everyone that we're having a blast and we really do appreciate all the leadership so thank you so much. It's been wonderful getting to hear from you and your fellow award recipients on what Roger Williams means to each of you and how much pride you embody being an RW alumnus. Please give a round of applause one more time for our 2022 alumni award recipients. I hope this evening has served as a reminder to you that we truly are a community. Each and every one of us in this room have our own unique experiences and shared appreciation for RWU either as alums, faculty, staff members or friends. The university is made up of brick and mortar but the true university is all of you.  To our alumni with us this evening we encourage you to stay involved, stay connected and remember that RWU our Center for Career and Professional Development and the alumni board is here to listen and to serve you. Thank you for a wonderful evening together and enjoy alumni reunion weekend again. Thanks again. And as special guests of the 2012 class all of our award recipients and their families are more than welcome to join us at our reception in the sailing center right after this for a drink or two if you'd like to join. Congratulations!


Hey, what's up you two, I'm Zeke and welcome to the Dream Green show. I'm going to bring you a quick little market analysis on Tesla hours before battery day so I can show you guys predictions of the price point on what could happen after battery day live streams. Don't forget to sign up for Webull using the link down in the description, deposit $100 and receive one free share valued up to $1,600. That could be your free share of Tesla just by clicking the link down in the description. So let's go ahead and dive into this video right quick, it's going to be a quick one. So we're over on Thinkorswim, this is the 4 hour 180 day chart, I mean every bar on here represents 4 hours of the trading day over the last 180 days. If you guys are subscribed to my channel, you will know that I drew out these lines a week ago and so far they're holding true to the resistance lines and the support line. And I drew out these right here and it's holding true so far if we zoom in. So this is, I'm going to give a quick price prediction, Tesla is trending down at the moment all the way back down to one of the support lines I drew out over a week ago. So it could use the 180 day simple moving average as the support line or it could use this line that I drew out where it touches multiple points on this uptrend. Let me zoom out so I can show you guys where it touches multiple points on this uptrend. It could use that one as the support line. So it's kind of touching right there right here, right here and then it could pull back to right here as the support line or it could also use the sideways horizontal support line where it did have a bounce off of $330 as the support line. Now if great news come out, I believe that Tesla would make a double top. A double top is two heels so that's the top of one heel, it comes down and then it comes back up to test the $538 line again. That is a double top, but that's only if amazing news come out. But what Elon Musk tweeted the other day was that major production of what he's going to announce today won't really begin to pick up into 2022, which to me a long term investor is not bad. Okay, 2022 is only two years away, but a lot of people are trying to make money on Tesla. They didn't like that tweet to see that, hey, this won't go into production to 2022. So a lot of short term investors did not like that tweet. Just why it's trending down right now. So if amazing news does not come out, Tesla could come down from the $422 price point all the way to $368, which would be a negative 13% or if really bad news come out, I believe that would play somewhere around in support line of $326, $325 right around in this area right here. If it does come down to $325, I'm probably going to pick up another share of Tesla because I think that's a decent price to get Tesla in at $325. Now if you watched my last video, you know the words that you need to look out for is 400 watt hours per kilogram. If he says those, that means he's got a plan in place to make an electric vehicle aircraft. So a compelling aircraft, you only really need about 400 watt hours per kilogram. Provided your the percentage of cell on the aircraft is high. It doesn't need to be anywhere near as high as it is on a rocket. But if it's sort of at the 70% level at 400 watt hours per kilogram, you can do very decent range. If he does say that and he does announce the million mile battery and some other news that we don't even know about, Tesla could shoot from the $420 price point all the way up to the double top with a gain of 28%. That could happen over the next couple of days, that could happen right after he announces everything he needs to announce on battery day. So that is our price prediction anywhere that is going to be a double top at around $538 for again the 28% in the next couple of days. Or he does announce nothing really spectacular and it drops 24% all the way down to $324. See Tesla is very volatile, it can either swing up really high or swing down really low because right now the RSI is right in between in the middle at the 50. So it's not overbought, it's not oversold, the MACD is right there in the middle. Everything is really depending on the news of Tesla of what Elon Musk has to say on Tesla battery day because the price is not overbought or oversold. When I say overbought, that means it's overvalued right here on the RSI, that means usually when it's overvalued people start to sell off and usually when it's oversold people start to buy back in because it's undervalued. As you can see it correlates with the chart, the RSI indicator. So right now it's in the middle, the MACD is in the middle and we're just waiting on some news catalysts to move the price point of Tesla. Now let's go ahead and zoom in on another time frame. This is the one hour 20 day chart and right now if you use the SMA, the Simple Moving Average as the support is still trending down at the moment. But right now it is still above the Simple Moving Average which is a good trend to show that if he has good news that the price will go up and once again it's not really oversold only one hour chart. But let's zoom in on the day. On the day just because of his tweet, Tesla has been trending down from yesterday, yesterday it closed at $455 and today it is at $422 and that's a loss of 6% over the course of a day just because of what he tweeted about Tesla not really picking up the production of what he's going to announce today. That production is not going to really pick up until 2022 and on the day it is trading below the Simple Moving Average line. So that's something to consider right there. Everything is kind of pretty much going to go sideways from here. It's pretty much going to trade sideways from here until he announces what he has to announce on battery day. So from here on until around $330, my time $430, everybody else's time, Tesla's going to stay in the $420, $440 price range. It's not really going to change much and we're just waiting on the news. So yeah guys, that's pretty much it up. Elon Musk has gone to announce something big on Tesla battery day to drive the price all the way back up to his all time high or he's not going to be so spectacular and the price could fall down up to 25% over the course of the next couple of days. Either way is good for me. If it falls now 25%, I'm going to pick up more shares. If it skyrockets to the top, I'll make more money that way by a long time investor. Elon Musk started production in 2022, really does not scare me. Let me know what you guys think down in the comment section on your price predictions on what you think Tesla is going to do. What could he possibly announce to drive the price above the old all time high? What could he not announce to drive the price all the way down below $325? But other than that, make sure that you click the link down in the description, sign up for Webull, deposit $100 and you could receive a free share of Tesla to get you started on your Tesla journey today. But other than that, I'm Zeke, I'm out, peace.


Sacrifice has been made hell the Falcon has pulled what is Undoubtedly the biggest sacrifice in this arc thus far I mean of course aside from everybody giving their lives for whether they think it's the right cause or not in the rebel army or the royal army Hell saved literally everyone else on the ground level still alive still fighting for what they believe in sorry this this intro Started a little daunting ladies and gentlemen welcome back to the channel My name is Jack the boss or I should know be never says 126 127 for a one-piece watch today Things have been heating up into another level in the last couple of episodes. It's a climax of this arc Luffy is facing off against crocodile.  Hopefully we'll get filled in these next two if you knew the channel drop us up And hit that big boy bell. Let's hop right into it Or VV just has to witness that too The palace is saved everything is saved dude. Just like the smile. Oh, it's so sad They really showed how he was always there for her like that right before him. Oh my god. Who stops on the ground? We have really seen the resolve of alabar is like I don't just their troops in general Especially those four that gave their lives like knowing they were going to die But then they drink like the whatever it was knowing it would make them stronger trying to give their lives like there They're just here for the country in general trying to fight for what they think is right What is happening?  It's just pure chaos The the juxtaposition of the doll on the ground my god This innocence makes pure brutality Is that VV screaming and just how pal just gave his his life so that they could just keep on fighting She just feels so helpless like so out of options like I said they even pal would give his life And they just keep on going nothing is going to stop this What can they do they're just so out of the loop on how let us try they've they've been See Doesn't even know that the the whole plan with the cannon Failed. He's poisoned. He's straight up. Just willpower getting him up God crocodile is so confident that this blood all over him I mean, it's almost like that's that's what he wanted just to get beat up more so we can use it Thoughtless remarks.  Oh my god, he actually broke it. Oh my goodness.  This is what I've wanted push through his limits He's trying to take in no breaks on him. Oh my god. He's literally just whipping him around. He's nothing He tore the coat No, he didn't never mind it looks torn it didn't kind of fall off more of his shoulder though, that's what I'm trying to figure out Dude He's almost scaring me First he heard of him.  Why is it collapsing? Is that from Luffy punching Punching him through because they're gonna see him. We're all gonna see him Usopp has the chalkboard choppers trying to eat someone And guess who's under him owner of Krakato I'll see in midair the city is still up. It's still standing VVC is him such a beautiful sight the tyrant that caused all of this And Luffy's straightforward task It's it reminds me of just our long it's just like he's just done it. It's just what he does The thing is though, how do you stop this from this bloodshed? God, dude, the scale of it is insane. Oh my god Goza, he's alive still It's rain It's because he he lost the only thing that could stop it It's like an anomaly for the people of alabaster to see rain Only thing why would this happen now? The sand and everything it's all clear now washing away the confusion She's finally heard Both the rebels and the royal they see her.  Oh my god.  They just have such good shots in the show the wide pans of just and you just see like silhouettes There's there's one that they do a lot where it's like two characters and it's very like a blank kind of foreground I don't know. I love them so much It almost is nightmares because so much of it is like fake and not real one forced upon them It's fair questioning though, that's very fair the fallen bird It's I mean realistically it isn't that that easy that's simple They've been fighting for a reason at least they thought oh and there she goes Chopper so out of the loop chopper. It was before your time, buddy. I'm sorry That kid is the one that saw everything. Oh my gosh my god Cause I can fill them in too.  What are they talking about up there? Please somebody fill me in It's beautiful. It's so beautiful all the fighting stopped. She's saying where's everyone is she talking about Luffy in them? I think she is They're looking for Luffy. I think That's our captain one of ours The ones who changed everything yes It took him a second And he sleeps just like always Wait, why is it neutralized am I dumb? It feels like such a breath of fresh air man. They did it. They actually did it They need some rest just legends absolute legends My god, they all need to read they all just pass out simultaneously Right next their captain.  Is that allowed? Oh they have evidence I Guess they know that he's the president. Yeah No way Oh my god Does that mean he's not a warlord anymore Wait, she's stripping of his rights to sorry does that genuinely mean he's not no longer a warlord Bungley It's something they just have to love with yeah A king must lead his people he stands tall after all of it It's like they're so Unequivocally grateful they don't have to fight anymore. They don't want to in the first place. Just thought they had to It feels like such a piece in my heart. Oh my gosh Who are you the white hot who are you oh Oh Artificial rainmaking Seems they've known each other for a long time then interesting The chance to capture them and take them in Legend he told her to make her own decisions and lead them and she knows it's because of them especially Because of her interaction with Luffy that he was after crocodile He actually lives through all of this that is absurd There's a lot of recovery to be done. Oh man, every town just must be overjoyed Prosperous now, it's beautiful. Oh, they watching over the ship, bro You kept going and kept going stayed with Yuba Your old man told you so The sound of the rain is so calming after all of this it's felt so I don't know so sad with how dry and bearing the landscape has been.  Think she's so so excited. Yeah, it's like Christmas Eve Except Miss Merry Christmas is a rip bozo smoking on that miss Christmas pack True facts I hate how it keeps cutting to that statue it makes me so sad night falls the new day dawns a very new day Miss Hina, that's her name. She's back. I bet you're tired I Don't think he's even upset about that and the slightest He did the exact same Yeah, her own justice. He let them leave because he understood it was a better idea Six smokers questioning everything ever he's ever known I She's very confused. It's very lost in her own Direction, you whenever you've lived one way seeing pirates one way the entire time and then everything's thrown into chaos when a warlord Someone involved with the government does this sort of thing Oh shoot hell, yeah Oh true actually wow Is he actually gonna I don't think they care the pirates did they don't want to give pirates that honor The straw hats I'm surprised he actually says it but I mean spoke or seems like a stand-up dude Yeah, the fact that a warlord was this corrupt Oh Man if he doesn't accept it, then it's obviously being covered up Old geezers at the top. Oh, no Oh Gigachat smoker though. Oh my goodness.  I mean who knows if they're this corrupt to pair up with people like crocodile knowing how powerful like warlords and stuff like that Are I don't know man. That scares me but my goodness. What an absolutely banger into this this sort of climax There's a lot to sort of wrap up here though I mean everything from whatever our next destination is the state of alabasta this entire thing with with smoker and hashi I think is a very big precursor to the next events because we're starting to see that these sort of changing of worldviews of literal Marines people that we previously thought were just like kind of headstrong about one path of light But are starting to realize the corruption in their own system But like I said, it feels like a breath of fresh air to just to see rain It's like I feel at peace in my heart What an absolutely banger battle to end all of this on Luffy versus crocodile by my favorite fight of the series thus far After 127 episodes by far the best fight I think our long as a close second it felt like Luffy was really pushed to his limits and like it was almost fatal Like there was there was not much else he could do he was going off of sheer willpower But guys this has been it for episodes 126 more 27 of our one piece watch So do drop a sub on the channel if you are new but that being said I'll catch you guys in the next one Peace peace


So operation utopia begins whatever that means ladies and gentlemen welcome back to the channel My name is Jack the Buster I should know be today We have this one's one of seven and one oh eight of our one piece watch through the last two we didn't end in a great place It's kind of up to Sanji and chopper now since our main crew is now trapped in Crocodile sort of cage alongside smoker out of all people again It's not looking very good because even VV's attack on crocodile did not go over well We're gonna hop right into it if you need to channel chop a sub and hit that big one Let's hop right in here. We go, baby go time. Oh It's him and his dad. I want to know what ended up him being one to lead this rebellion He always had faith in the king I guess they just like people just lost faith more and more and more be hard to keep faith with stuff Just drawing up like this It just drove cozy insane Okay, so actually what we will see is like sort of descent. Oh, so he refused to use dance powder Wow Wonder why he said it. I don't know. It's bad luck or something He just didn't trust him, but you can't blame cause I'd be hard to if you knew he had the power to make it rain in a way Okay, so yeah, it wasn't like anything in particular just over time he lost faith more and more and more in him Which again, you can't blame him all that much. He wanted to do something to help the people everybody was dying Oh Wait Is this part of operation utopia? Oh No, well, maybe it was one of the agents I mean if they get rid of him then that causes more confusion to the entire royal army And again bells not in great shape either right now. He'd to break into you Yeah, now now the rebel army can just like run over the palace, right? Ah Is he gonna do like where he like tells him the plan because they're in such bad shape But she does I wouldn't test them like that Dang run his name to the dirt. Oh, maybe he wants to make it look like he ran away and like abandoned his people. I Think he'll tell her. Oh, he is going to he's like, ah, it's in motion. I'll tell you okay cool I've got my popcorn Oh, they know where he is poses just look in it. Oh wait. He wasn't get wait. What's happening? Is he giving himself up? Oh? He's admitting fault. Wait what why? He's is he lying. No, he's lying Maybe he's dragging his own name through the dirt to try and prevent this from happening make himself the villain. I Think he is making himself the villain and to leave or just apologize He knows that everybody here would have a grudge with him if he admitted this I love the shots like this where it's like minimal with them in the foreground.  They find out What this kid Dude, oh my gosh, he's like full committing to this I'm batting an eye Whoa, this seems so like oh the kozo was pissed that he would go this far But maybe he knows like his actual motives Maybe because koza knows that cobra actually isn't like doesn't have bad intentions But he's going this far to maybe kind of sacrifice his own name for the people I have no idea. Maybe he wants the rebel army to look good so that nobody has to die I have no I is like forcing his hand Like he was planning on koza showing up Okay, so he definitely doesn't know his ulterior motives. I didn't blame him No No, I thought he genuinely didn't want anyone to die What is he doing wait? This is oh my gosh. It's what's his name? It's it's not it's not cobra. It's uh, mr. Two shoe. What's his name?  This isn't cobra. He is dragging cobra's name through the dirt. Oh Me deal snow This is utopia. He was he was dragging him in. Oh No Whose ship is this? It's enormous And he is his voice is starting to shift to a little bit It's like the eye got like really big and everything. Oh man. Why is it flying? Okay, this all makes way more sense.  I can't remember his name and now I feel bad. It's mr. Two, but God dang dude bond clay. That's right. Okay. I knew it. I didn't know it, but it was on the tip of my tongue bond clay I will remember from here on out 1 million percent. Look at that strut goddamn. Are you fine? Sorry Control myself next city's the finale.  He's got style. Oh The kids saw a witness He knows.   You got this No way do they kill a child? They have to abandon their town.  He's too important. Oh My god, no shot Oh Damn they literally just set off the war is we throwing the rubbles into Battle they cannot win and they they threw an armory ship at them just to arm them. Oh my gosh Yeah, this is disastrous Yeah, so what's their part in this? Okay, so that it was their job to kidnap him. God dang it, dude Well, alabana is gonna be where the final battle takes place God to look at that army Holy It's going down alabana passes. This is oh man They have they have no way to disprove it been framed a battle is inevitable death is inevitable. I Mean what what can they do? They don't want to fight against the rebels because they're inherently their people but they have to stand their ground Either that or just surrender and give it up to them. Let them take over the kingdom This poor man has been put in charge.  I'm not shocked as they would This is exactly what crocodile once though He told them the plan we just we just found it all out Jesus you can't do much in this cage Luffy. Sorry, bud He's giving it a shot I'm glad smokers here to witness this though. I don't know being a part of the Navy. It's an interesting wild card That's why we love him He wants Adam, baby Yeah, he's that he's so meticulous everything's calculated everybody working for him It's because it's a desert and it's like it's just what it has to do with his power. I'm guessing That's what it seems like. He just wants full control over this this land. Oh What is she doing? She's trying to crawl away. Oh, man. Like I said, it's kind of up to the Saajian chopper Luffy's getting mad and finally we get a general idea of this plan thus far and I like that the kind of the way they brought it in in terms of Displaying what was going on while Luffy's crew also found out, but I'm excited for the next one So let's stop right into episode 108. It's getting spicy. Oh So much inevitable death that should be avoided He's doing what he thinks the king would want but I think the king would want to avoid just violence and war at all costs Even if it means laying down their arms, but then again, how is he to know? I just got shot.   Why is it falling in slow motion? Why does it matter if it falls what happens if it hits the ground? Oh I see now why it was in slow motion. Oh No, it's in there with mr. Threes remains or I pee my boy once again. Thanks He's giving them a shot to do it. I like how he's so refers to her as miss Wednesday Accidentally, come on crocodile. Come on.   That's cute. Hey, don't eat that an alligator growing from the banana There's so many. This is such a cool building though. Yeah, there you go. Oh, no, he's gonna eat it I don't know why banana gators so funny Right either doesn't shock me honestly some of the sea kings are kind of cute and nice That's okay crocodile. I forgive you bud. Oh my gosh true. This is so evil I mean, maybe they can find some other way to bust out. I don't know Luffy oh Oh Lovely just blows up or what? Oh can't leave any evidence. I see thank you. This is such a cool place though I like how he toys with them though because he has so much faith and confidence in himself for a reason She's barely said a word this whole time. She still intrigues me how she let them get away the first time He knows exactly what he's talking about pose this old man. That's so bad for him He just wants the kingdom that to return to its former glory the sandstorms again I think crocodile causes guessing it's just like a long distance. He can control them. Nope Because you're doing I think I've got him figured out But I think it's low key super on the nose that he can do it long distance like so spread out very far that look like The small fight with those random pirates where he swirled the sand around him. I think was kind of tease it Yeah, yeah, so just over time. He just destroyed town by town by doing that Despite all of this still has faith in her father once again I think it was slightly obvious that it was his doing but again, it had to be kind of said eventually Smoker you got any ideas VV just wait just figure things out that you have to let them leave for now He's the big bad the big cheese don't do anything VV.  She can't do anything. That's just workers.  Oh, man. He just sped up this entire operation Sorry, I'm a grown. I'm a grown adult All the banana gators are waiting They're lining up at least they're cordial like that Whoa, I Mean the most you can do is use its gigantic size against it and try and get it to eat the cage I kind of bait it in It can't be that intelligent of a creature. Well, I say that but they lined up. So uh chopper Sanji. Where are you guys? Shirley What the phone? Who is it wait that sounds like Sanji that is Sanji, right? Yes Okay, but the question is do they have a plan or is just all on a whim and I guess the ladder Those is the first time we got a look at a crock. Oh man. He's gonna get mad when he realizes who's calling. Yeah Luffy chill doesn't even know what his face looks like. Yeah, mr. Prince. This is his code name He's kind of trolling him is he tracking the call right now Call them friends Mr. Prince, well, they definitely hear him through the phone. Oh, he's right outside.  There's no way I think that was him standing right outside the window like looking in I think he cares anymore. He's going as crocodile Oh, actually true. Yeah, they'd recognize him right away Like how even the the banana gator stopped for the phone call very kind of him Bro, I mean you could try to find help but Yeah, he's not gonna let her get out no shot He has too much of a grudge against her also, she's very important clock stick in here guys They need crock to leave so that if the Sanji and chopper are okay, they can get in and try and figure it out It's flooding so fast. Are you sure an hour? Meanwhile at the casino everything's going smoothly. He's about to flood this whole place, right?  It was a simple plan yet effective Yeah, guys, this ain't looking good. Is this the end of one piece? I swear I thought there were like a couple like I don't know a few more episodes after this aside from Sanji and chopper I genuinely don't know what they could do. I mean unless VV can take down this gator Oh, I guess you can go find help but still keep running. Oh, he's not letting her get away.  I guess there's not much he can do but still Oh I love how that's the name he picked for himself. Maybe he wanted to bait him into the south part of town So he could in oh, oh no, that sounded like chopper. It was like a very soft voice. I love this soundtrack It's a good chase scene soundtrack Man, it's just flying. Oh yikes. Oh yikes. Oh yikes She's gonna start asking random people or look for Sanji to these poor people just wanted the gamble There's not much help you can get now Oh Yes, okay, so chopper's distracting and Sanji's there to try to help get him out He speaks with a lot of confidence for the place flooding right now. Okay. Yeah, I figured it was chopper and a soft voice He's so slick The glasses bro In the face of everything going horribly wrong Sanji is cool as a cucumber, but what's new then again? I don't think he really understands the dilemma here, but still it's just so him I love I love that they actually made this plan for chopper to distract at the same time But again, they're a crew now they get like each other strengths and weaknesses I don't know exactly how Sanji can break open the cage unless he actually does want to fight the banana gator But then again, we saw them lined up like there's so many they can't take on all of those at this point We need some other wildcard from the outside to come in and I genuinely don't even I can't think of a single person But I like how these two episodes kind of like identify the the strengths of these agents We haven't even seen the other two like in terms of like kidnapping cobra I kind of wish we had gotten to see that perspective But then again, maybe they just left it out to show us in the next the next two or so But guys that has been it for episodes 107 108 of our one piece watch who do drop a sub on the channel If you are new that makes it I'll catch you guys in the next one this base


Let us start our today's lecture for this NPTEL video course on Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Currently, we are going through our module number 9 which is on seismic analysis and design of various geotechnical structures. A quick recap what we have learnt in our previous lecture, we studied the seismic design of waterfront reinforced soil wall at the analysis of reinforced soil wall in the waterfront by using pseudo dynamic approach both in terms of internal stability as well as external stability. The internal stability this is the paper by Ahmedan Chaudhary appeared in journal Geotextile and Geomembrace Elsevier publication 2008. We mentioned how to find out the required reinforcement strength to be provided for internal stability also based on the external stability of that reinforced soil wall in the waterfront which is available in the publication of Chaudhary and Ahmed in the journal Geosynthetics International IC London publication. We found out how much reinforcement length is required in terms of overturning mode of failure, in terms of sliding mode of failure and then among these three lengths that is one is pull out of the reinforcement, another is sliding, another is overturning. Based on all these three you have to provide the maximum length of the reinforcement for stability of such reinforced soil wall in the waterfront. Then in our previous lecture, we also discussed about seismic design of shallow footings. For that first we have started with the pseudo static analysis of shallow strip footing as proposed by Chaudhary and Subarao in 2005 and the design charts under the dynamic condition or seismic condition is proposed like this is the bearing capacity factor in terms of cohesion that is NCD and this is the equation by using which one can estimate what is the seismic bearing capacity. Q U D is seismic bearing capacity equals to C N C D that is the cohesion component Q N Q D surcharge component plus half gamma B N gamma D. So, it is exactly same as the Terzaghi's equation of bearing capacity but the modified in terms of the seismicity is concerned in terms of pseudo static seismic acceleration. So, in this NCD N Q D and N gamma D are seismic bearing capacity factors using pseudo static approach. We can see as the seismicity increases that is K H value increases and K V value increases there is a significant decrease in this value of this bearing capacity which needs to be considered for design of any shallow footing in a seismically active region. These are the design chart for N Q D these are design charts for N gamma D. Again, we discussed about the design concept of shallow strip footing embedded in sloping ground that is when we are embedding it in the sloping ground many a cases like in hilly terrain hilly region we have shallow strip footing like this which needs to be designed and constructed in the sloping ground like this. So, how to design that the details are given in this journal paper by Choudhury and Subbarov 2006 in international journal of geomechanics ASC 2006 issue. So, here also the design charts have been proposed in terms of NCD N Q D and N gamma D including their closed form solutions and the seismic bearing capacity can be estimated using this proposed equation. Next, in our previous lecture we also discussed about how to estimate the seismic bearing capacity of shallow footing using the pseudo dynamic approach which is proposed first time by Ghosh and Choudhury in 2011 which is available in the journal disaster advances this is the volume and page number. Here, only two wage failure mechanism was considered along with the amplification factor and we have seen that in pseudo dynamic approach we can consider the effect of soil amplification and that reduces or decreases the seismic bearing capacity factors significantly which is not possible to consider in the conventional pseudo static approach. So, that way pseudo dynamic approach is much better than pseudo static approach whenever this soil amplification and other dynamic parameters are coming into picture. Next, we started in our previous lecture with the subtopic on seismic stability of finite soil slope. We discussed first about the classical theories in seismic slope stability analysis using conventional pseudo static approach which was started with Terzaghi's approach in 1950 then followed by Newmark's sliding block method 1965 and so on. So, this is Terzaghi's wage method for the slope stability we had considered in our previous lecture that if this is the weight of the failure soil mass these are the seismic inertia force in horizontal and vertical direction then as per the Terzaghi's analysis we can get the factor of safety expression which is nothing but ratio of resisting force by driving force as expressed in this format. And it is recommended that for stability generally factor of safety needs to be more than 1.15 whereas Newmark's sliding block method which is another advanced method than Terzaghi's analysis which appeared in the journal Geotechnic in 1965 it is one of the pioneering work because it extended the basic concept of the block sliding over a sloping ground in the static case to the seismic event considering this seismic inertia or additional disturbing force like this. And from that the factor of safety expression was given by Newmark considering only horizontal seismic acceleration like this and later on people have also modified it considering vertical seismic acceleration as well. In this case Newmark introduced another terminology which is known as yield acceleration. What is yield acceleration? It is that value of acceleration which makes the slope factor of safety equals to 1. So, at factor of safety equals to 1 you can find out this value of k h that will give you the value of k y. And if your actual seismic acceleration at a site for which you are designing your slope is less than that k y value that means automatically your factor of safety is more than 1. You need not to worry about the displacement of the slope but if the seismic acceleration at the site is more than this critical seismic acceleration or yield seismic acceleration then of course, your slope is going to fail because factor of safety will be less than 1 in that case and how much will be the displacement that need to be estimated. So, that estimation is done like this relative acceleration which is causing the displacement can be estimated as actual acceleration at the site minus the yield acceleration. Now, if that value of acceleration if you integrate over the time for which you are analyzing it you will get the relative velocity on further integration of this relative velocity over that time scale you will get the relative displacement of your soil slope. This is the way you get the displacement aspect also in this Newmark sliding block method. So, this picture shows the result for a soil block which is failing or sliding like this on a stable slope of 20 degree and using the factor of safety value equals to 1. You can see this dotted line the factor of safety curve for different values of 5 value of soil is plotted over here using the equation this one for different values of k h. So, if you use different values of k h and if you know this beta value equals to 20 degree you can easily find out what will be the factor of safety that you can easily plot for different values of 5. So, that is what has been done here the plot of different values of factor of safety with different k h value as input and 5 value as input these curves have been plotted. Now, how to get the yield acceleration if you now put this dotted line which is equals to factor of safety equals to 1. If you wherever it intersects the corresponding line like for 5 equals to 20 degree it is always failing. Can you see that whereas for 5 equals to 30 degree it is stable up to the acceleration of this much value which is say 0.165 or 0.17 something like that in between 0.15 and 0.2. But beyond that if your acceleration is there in that case its factor of safety will be less than 1 in that situation it will be having displacement that displacement you can compute using that numerous approach. And this value where the factor of safety equals to 1 it is nothing but your yield acceleration clear. Similarly, for 5 equals to 40 degree it will be stable up to a seismic acceleration value of close to about 0.35 or so beyond that value it will be unstable. Then it will start sliding and how much is the displacement again you can calculate using this yield acceleration value that is at which factor of safety equals to 1 clear. So, this is the way how the calculation of factor of safety and displacement calculation using numerous sliding block method is carried out. This is another example you can see this is your yield acceleration. This is the profile of your acceleration versus time this profile is known to you. You have now computed what is your yield acceleration value A y for which the slope is having factor of safety equals to 1.  So, how much will be that sliding because this region where the acceleration is there it is much below than A y. So, obviously your slope is stable in this acceleration region. So, now if we integrate it we will get the velocity profile over the time scale. So, if you integrate between this time to this time you need not to integrate from here to here. Remember what is the time scale we mentioned for this integration it is nothing but that time scale where it exceeds that yield acceleration and whenever it is again below the yield acceleration you need not to consider that time scale. Is it clear?  So, that is how the velocity you are after integrating you are getting this one and for this portion also you are getting velocity like this other places you do not get any velocity because it is well below the yield acceleration nothing to get integrated. Similarly, how you are getting the displacement now you have to further integrate this zone and get the displacement over that time scale. But here you remember it is additive because displacement is additive. So, once you have this displacement the next time step when you are starting your calculation of displacement the previous displacement has already occurred. So, on top of that you have to add. So, that is why the displacement curve is like this is it clear? Now, let us move to modified Swedish circle method. Swedish circle method all of us are aware about this is the vertical slice this is the typical factor of safety expression for the Swedish circle method this is the circular arc of a failure surface which we consider for slope stability analysis. Now, what are the additional thing in this case? In modified analysis why it is modified? Because in this case if you want to consider pseudo static acceleration you can take this W i times alpha h for each slice as well as the vertical component also this alpha v you can take that is k h or k v in horizontal and vertical direction seismic acceleration you can add to your equations and get the factor of safety modified value clear? Like method of slices we know these are the various method of slices which are used in static case of slope stability analysis and their references also are given over here. Now, modified Taylor's approach what does it says? Taylor's method of slope stability also you are aware about from your geotechnical engineering or soil mechanics course. So, this is a failure surface which the normal to this or resultant to this failure surface should pass through a circle which is concentric about this point O. So, that is the Taylor's circle is not it? So, in this case if you want to modify it your W will change to now W e W is resultant W which takes care of your horizontal seismic inertia force of E also. Can you see that? So, your force polygon will change now into this shape and by considering that your factor of safety in terms of cohesion you can obtain like this. Now, Sharma in 1975 proposed or I should say extended the numerous sliding block model for a rigid block on a sloping surface like this and he gave the solution using pseudo static approach. This solution is available in the journal paper Geotechnic published by IC London. Factor of safety and displacement along a failure surface depend on the geometry strength of the material, pore pressure parameters and magnitude of the inertia force and total displacement is proportional to the square of the duration that we know because you are integrating it two times. Both the factor of safety and displacement are unaffected by the inclination of the inertia force that is what Sharma in 1975 had proposed. Other researchers like Sabahit Basudhar and Madhav in 1996 proposed this horizontal slice method for slope stability analysis and this is the additional horizontal force of pH which is acting along with other static forces. Then Shagoli, Fakir and Jones in 2001 they also use the horizontal slice method for slope stability analysis for a reinforced soil slope. So, for reinforced soil slope this paper is available again in the journal Geotechnic published by IC London. This is the basic force diagram on an infinitesimal soil mass which contains only one reinforcement like this. So, for reinforced soil slope this is the analysis proposed by Shagoli et al. using horizontal slice method. Other researchers like Wartman, Seed and Bray in 2005 they had shown from shake table test and numerical analysis that is pre and post shaking profile of different slopes which are shown in this figure over here and their corresponding displacement. So, you can see the displacement profile how these things have moved from original position to. So, these are the different steps you can see. This paper is again available in the journal of Geotechnical and Geo-Environmental Engineering of AC. Next work was done by Choudhury Basu and Bray in 2007, Choudhury et al. This is the publication detail. This is the work done by one of my master students Somdatta Basu along with my collaborator from University of California at Berkeley in USA, Professor Jonathan De Bray. So, three of our work has been published in this Geotechnical special publication of ASCE. This is the paper name 2007 page numbers etcetera. So, we have analyzed soil slope considering arc of an failure surface considering this vertical slice method and the horizontal additional seismic inertia force as well as vertical seismic inertia force are also taken care of including the interface this between slices what are the interface forces which are acting clear. So, using that the factor of safety expression the close from solution we have expressed for any ith slice any slice in this fashion in this form and then a parametric study has been considered for various soil friction angle 35, 40, 45 with various angle of slope and remember in this case as proposed by Richard et al in 1990 to avoid the phenomenon of shear fluidization. What is shear fluidization? I will explain now and also from the stability point of view as proposed by Sharma in 1990 what does it say for stability the soil friction angle 5 value must be greater than beta is the slope angle of the ground plus tan inverse of k h by 1 minus k v this k h is horizontal seismic acceleration k v is vertical seismic acceleration. So, this part tan inverse k h by 1 minus k v is coming from Richard et al 1990 this paper is available in the journal of geotechnical engineering ASC to mention the concept of shear fluidization. So, what Richard et al said they mentioned that even a dry cohesion less soil like we know about the flowing of a soil after the liquefaction occurred in case of cohesion less soil saturated condition, but if the cohesion less soil is completely dry then also it can flow like a fluid in what way it can flow like a fluid. Let us say let us take a plane like this if we place some dry sand on this plane then it will stack up to a certain height that will be its angle of repose that we know that is under static condition it is stable. Now, let us start shaking this if you shake it like this what will happen slowly slowly it will start spreading out that means it start flowing why it is happening because there is a shaking which causes the soil grains to fail.  That phenomenon which occurs in dry cohesion less soil that is called shear fluidization if the soil starts behaving like a fluid or flows like a fluid that means for instability phi will be less than this component and for stability phi must be greater than this one. So, in all your pseudo static design what I will say you must always check this criteria that is whether your soil which you are using for your any analysis so far I have explained slope stability analysis retaining wall analysis shallow footing design in all these places you need to consider even when we are considering the dry soil case that whether the soil material itself is stable under that seismic condition or not because at very high value of shaking the soil itself will start flowing like a fluid though it is there is no presence of water clear. So, that shear fluidization criteria has to be satisfied and where from this beta comes from as Sharma has combined this two effect this beta comes from the static criteria of slope stability as you know for a cohesion less soil to have a stable or finite soil slope which will be stable what is the criteria the phi value of soil must be greater than the soil slope beta is not it otherwise it will not be stable that is the portion from the criteria of stability is concerned that needs to be added with respect to this seismic component also. So, for stability criteria of soil slope phi value has to be greater than this phi beta plus tan inverse k h by 1 minus k v clear. So, with this parametric variations we obtain the typical results for different soil slope angle with different values of friction angle of soil as I have mentioned with k h value 0 k v value 0 means these are the factor of safety under static condition and these are the values of the factor of safety under seismic condition with different values of k h and k v. You can easily see the critical value of factor of safety is keep on decreasing as the seismicity increases in this value of k h also increasing or when the value of k v also is increasing right that can be seen very clearly. In both the cases it is going to give us the more critical state or more critical state towards the unsafe side I will say when the seismicity value increases in terms of horizontal and vertical seismic acceleration and this dash value shows either this is not a stable condition in terms of shear fluidization criteria or stability criteria. This is the plot of the dynamic factor of safety in terms of k h and k v for different values of phi this is the comparison of our present study that is the study by Chaudhary et al. 2007 with the Newmerck's sliding block method of course we considered only the stable slope. So, you can see in present study we can still get a further lower value of factor of safety or critical value of factor of safety because of consideration of all both the things. Now, let us come to another sub topic which is seismic stability of tailing dam. Now, what is tailing dam or earthen dam? Let us first introduce a number of tailings earthen dam have failed during the past earthquake. The failure of tailing dam ultimately results into the release of stored tailings materials or waste deposit which are often fairly dangerous because of its level of toxicity or corrosivity or both to the human life or other living beings. As we all know first of all earth dam design is an important structure design because if failure of dam occurs then there will be a huge calamity because on the downstream side whoever lives there entire thing will get washed out. So, that is why design of earth dam is a very very important design for which we should take all precautions. More so for the tailing dam what is tailing dam? Tailing dam is nothing but the dam which stores the tailing materials or it can be a waste material, it can be nuclear waste it can be other dumping waste which are getting stored over there. So, you can imagine if the tailing dam fail there will be much more disaster than earthen dam because not only the downstream side gets washed away but also those storage materials are getting spread over the entire locality in the downstream. So, that is why design of this tailing dam is very very important in the seismic zones or seismic conditions and it need to be carried out carefully. Now classification of tailing dam there are majorly two types of tailing dam. One is called water retention type dam that we commonly know about this dam, water retention type dam whereas another one is raised embankment type. Raised embankment type tailing dam it has been constructed in three different ways that is there are three approaches based on that their sub classification has been made. One is called upstream method of construction another is called downstream method of construction and the other one is called center line method of construction. Among these three most commonly used two things are upstream and downstream method of construction. Let us see over here this is the failure of tailing dam which is shown through this animated picture. The number of tailing dams failed in the earthquake the total number is again highest in the world as far as statistics is concerned data available in the literature is concerned I will show that very soon. It can also be found that most of the dams were constructed by the upstream method of construction as I said upstream method and another common method is downstream method. This shows during the seismicity once it fails the entire downstream get washed away initially your downstream was existing but now if everything goes out then nothing left in the entire region. This is the statistics look at here the tailing dam failure incidents which are caused by various reason there are other reasons also as you know by which tailing dam can fail earthquake is one of them and that is the second highest as I said just now this is as far equaled 2001 data you can see the various number of incidents and what are the different reasons for which it is failing like over topping is one reason for the dam failure slope stability is another reason many a time slope is not a stable one earthquake is another reason foundation problem is another one seepage problem is another one structural failure of the dam then erosion then mine subsidence and there will be always some unknown reasons as well. So, among these you can see the highest reason is the slope stability failure for dam and the second highest is the earthquake as per this publication. Now what are the available methods let us look at it first for the tailing dam design basic one is pseudo static method of stability analysis it is very straight forward and simple we have already discussed for that what people use they use new mark sliding block method because it gives not only your factor of safety but also if it displaces how much will be your displacement that can be estimated and shear beam model for stability is another method which has been proposed by Mononobé in 1936 by using one dimensional shear beam model and later on other researchers have extended it like Gezetas in 1981 for inhomogeneous shear beam model he had proposed other methods are like finite element method or finite difference method like Klauff and Chopra in 1966 first introduced the finite element method for two dimensional plane strain analysis for dam and later on other researchers the latest one is Magdisi et al in 1982 developed three dimensional finite element formulation for this earthen dam and use of various software packages are now it is available as you know FLAC which is a finite difference based software the full name is FLAC is first Lagrangian analysis in Continua which is a very robust geotechnical software other geotechnical softwares are like Plaxis, Teldyne, Tallren, Geoslope there are many other slope related software which can do the slope stability analysis and Piau et al in 2006 use the FLAC to evaluate the innovative remediation design for this earthen dam other available methods in terms of experiments are concerned like centrifuge modeling is one of the option as we all know for geotechnical structures in this earthquake condition you can model a dam and then give input seismic accelerations to find out the response of it. So, Urulanandam et al in 1993 conducted a series of tests at 30 g level to find out the effect of earthquake on dam later on Elgamal Professor Ahmad Elgamal who is now a professor at University of California at San Diego earlier he was professor at RPI New York this work refers to his RPI work because they had a national centrifuge in USA which can carry out the dynamic test or earthquake test. So, Elgamal et al 2003 they investigated the effect of rigid model container size on the earthen dam they have also conducted the earthquake test on the model earthen dam. Then other researches like Adalier and Sharpe in 2004 conducted 4 tests at 100 g level in centrifuge to study the dynamic behavior of an embankment founded on liquefied soil layer and the effect of foundation densification. There are other analytical methods available as proposed by Nimbalkar and Chaudhary by my first PhD student Dr. Nimbalkar. We also worked analytically to mention how the soil amplification factor involves or effects the behavior or seismic behavior of the tailing dam or the earthen dam. Let us now look at what are the recommendations provided by our Indian design code for design of this earthen dam under seismic condition. So, seismic analysis as per IS code 7894 of 1975 version it basically proposes that pseudo static approach needs to be used. The analysis can be performed by two methods and those two are either you can use circular arc method or the sliding wedge method. And as per the analysis of earthquake condition the circular method the factor of safety is given by this expression. So, if somebody is using the circular arc method they can use this factor of safety is somebody is using sliding wedge method they can use the numeric sliding block method basically. And what is the seismic design criteria as per IS 1893 as I said 1984 is the latest version for the geotechnical structure design till date. Seismic design procedure is based on the assumption that the portion of the dam above the rupture surface is rigid. Now, let me explain to you one case study which I had conducted at IIT Bombay. This is through a sponsored research project from atomic energy regulatory board government of India. So, through that project we also studied some sample problem not exact problem and also we have calculated the factor of safety and the seismic behavior of actual field problem. So, both we have studied a sample problem or customized problem as well as the actual real problem. So, this work was done by Mr. Debarga Chakraborty who did masters with me under my supervision at IIT Bombay. So, his master thesis was completely on this project. So, Chakraborty and Chaudhary 2011 publication gives this all details the detail can be obtained in this paper. This is ASC geotechnical special publication number 211. This is the page number one can easily find out in ASC library this ASC paper. So, what was the problem definition? This is the actual site that a tailing dam has to be constructed in the eastern part of India which comes under zone number two. So, site was selected based on the selection of the site it was already mentioned it will be in zone two which is the lowest hazardous zone as far as our IS 1893 part 1 2002 is concerned that we have already seen. So, in that zone it is our objective was to check the stability of the tailing dam under earthquake events and dynamic soil structure interaction analysis was performed using this finite difference based software FLAC 3D. 3D means three dimension in three dimension we use this because all the dimensions of the dam were given by the concerned agency and these are various input values of soil parameters, dynamic soil parameters static engineering properties of soil etcetera for different zones of this tailing dam. Remember can you see here these two phases this fast phase is the fast phase of the dam which is of about 10 meter height later on it has to be proposed to extend it to second phase which is 28 meter of the height of the dam and it will be constructed in downstream method of construction as you can see here is a downstream method of construction and on the upstream side of this tailing dam what are the things to be stored it is proposed that compacted tailing material will be stored which are non hazardous waste material nuclear waste material non hazardous nuclear waste has to be stored here and this is the top pond tailing portion. So, using this data as I said dam is proposed to be constructed in two phases. So, we need to consider the stability aspects and seismic behavior of the dam both for fast phase as well as for second phase because second phase will be constructed whenever there will be a requirement of storing those tailing waste material over the time. So, initially fast phase will be constructed after few years second phase will be constructed. So, 10 meter above ground level is in the fast phase and 28 meter above ground level is in the second phase. So, this is the flat three dimensional modeling in this is the meshing you can see the grid line first it has to be loaded with the gravity loading because static stability first thing has to be observed with the condition of the tailing material. Remember from simple earthen dam it is different because it is no longer only water. So, you have not only typical four cases as we have for the case of earthen dam design here we have seven different cases which are possible to arise or seven different conditions what are those seven different conditions like when water table is three meter below the existing ground level that is this is your existing ground level below that three meter is your water table this is fully dry. When the water table in the reservoir is up to the top surface of the tailing pond portion this tailing pond portion up to top is your reservoir water another is when the reservoir is filled with water only that is no other nuclear waste material or waste material is dumped here because then problem will change because water is having one unit weight another dumped material will having another unit weight.  Then fifth condition is when pond tailing portion is filled with slurry that means when your waste material has not settled it is still in slurry form the pond portion is not yet fresh water.  So, all conditions we have analyzed and these are the as far as UNEP guideline for 42 percent of solid content in the slurry as far as the material which has to be deposited from that we found out this is the density to be considered. Then what value of earthquake need to be chosen we have chosen taft earthquake acceleration time history with peak horizontal value of this one which reaffirmed with the IS code recommendations and half of that value is used for vertical seismic acceleration for the pseudo static analysis and etcetera. In dynamic analysis you need not to assume any of this k h and k v value as you know because you are giving the full acceleration time history as an input in your model in your flak model, but that is your exact dynamic analysis, but when you are analyzing it using pseudo static or pseudo dynamic approach you need to take care of that k h and k v value. So, this is the input seismic acceleration as I have shown over here and these are the results you can see this is for the first phase of the tailing dam. In first phase various cases we have analyzed only four are shown over here other three are available in the paper. So, one can refer this paper very easily what is the maximum displacement in millimeter at the crest level at the top level of the tailing dam under gravity loading means under static condition these are the values and when the seismic loading are acting based on their different direction of working in horizontal and vertical direction combinations these are the values fine. So, this is the mesh of displacement profile you can see contours of displacement profile of first phase dam in flak 3D under static loading and this is the under seismic loading how the vector representation displacement vectors in which direction it is tending to move that you can easily see right because obviously it will try to fail over this portion you can see from there also slope stability failure right. It depends of course what type of condition you are considering this is the condition in which this figure is shown the pond tailing portion is filled with slurry for that combination like for all other six different combinations you will get different picture. For the second phase of the tailing dam the maximum displacement increased up to in the range of 50s 50 millimeters in terms of that about 55 millimeter you can see over here under static loading and that further increased on the seismic loading up to the value of maximum of 62.5 millimeter under seismic condition clear. Then also this seismic output of acceleration versus time response at different height of this tailing dam is considered why it is considered to see how much is the amplification is occurring in that material of tailing dam. You can see here peak horizontal acceleration is 2.5 as you can clearly find out from this output of this flag result this is the acceleration versus dynamic time response at a height of 5 meter. Remember our tailing dam height in this case first phase is 10 meter this is that 5 meter means in between at the center point of the tailing dam and this one shows the acceleration time history at the height of 10 meter that means at the top surface or at the crest level of the tailing dam clear. So, what does it mean it shows clearly that from the base input acceleration which already we have seen over here you will find out the p g a value over here. So, this is your input base motion compared to that output at 10 meter level and at 5 meter level you got this values which are given over here. So, it shows clearly an amplification of about 4 times in that material. So, when you are considering your design of slope stability etcetera you need to consider this one clear, but pseudo static analysis cannot do that only pseudo dynamic can take care of this amplification. So, this is the slope stability analysis using the software that is flag 3D and Talran 4 using that for first phase and second phase of dam for different cases or different combinations the static factor of safety as well as seismic factor of safety are obtained. So, if seismic factor of safety are more than 1.15 then it is safe right in all cases we got it safe for the given input value. Next we need to calculate or validate the fundamental time period of the entire structure. How we do that in the flag 3D analysis we automatically get the fundamental time period from the analysis for both first phase dam and second phase dam these are the values of fundamental time period which you can calculate as per IS code proposal that is IS 1893 1984 this is the equation how to calculate the fundamental time period of an earthen dam. So, for first phase of dam putting this values 10 meter is the height h t is 10 meter, rho is the density mass density of the shell material and g is the modulus of shear modulus of the shell material using that you will get the value of fundamental time period for first phase of dam for second phase also similarly using height as 28 meter. You can see you can compare these values of 0.33 second as obtained using this IS code value and as obtained in the flag 3D analysis they are quite comparable also for the second phase of the dam. Now, other results of static analysis in terms of factor of safety values as I said tailing dam condition flag 3D, Talren and slope W these are common software used for the slope stability analysis as we know whereas for seismic analysis as proposed by seed and Terzaghi for magnitude of about 6.4 these values are considered for analysis in Talren and slope W because remember Talren and slope W they cannot do direct slope stability analysis in terms of inputs acceleration motion, but flag can do that dynamic analysis it will not give the value of factor of safety it will give a displacement you can recalculate back the value of factor of safety in a wiser manner. So, these results shows different values of factor of safety at different level of k h and k v and corresponding yield acceleration value which are much higher than the acceleration level which is occurring at the site. It shows that factor of safety will be always more than one which is also getting proved from these results fine. So, these are the contours in Talren you can find out. Now, another additional thing we need to do for design of this tailing dam what is that? We need to study the liquefaction analysis, liquefaction potential analysis like for any foundation we can do the liquefaction analysis, but for tailing dam why it is additionally required because in the upstream side you are storing some or you are dumping some waste material which initially is in the loose state fine and also most of the time it is dumped in the water. So, that environmental hazards of spreading of those dust etcetera does not occur. So, there is very high chances that those loose dammed material in your upstream side of tailing dam may get liquefied if an earthquake comes that is the reason why you need to carry out the liquefaction analysis for this tailing dam clear. Now, how we have done for this project also for this case study I will show here. This work is published by Chakravarty and Choudhary in 2012. This paper is available in the proceedings of second performance based design in earthquake geotechnical engineering Taormina Italy conference. In this case in flag 3D the liquefaction condition has been simulated using the Bayern model of 1991 using the SPT measurement of different layers and media using the model fin command and these are the points at two different stages of the tailing dam are considered on the upstream side. As I said on the upstream side we are checking. So, this is for the first phase 1, 2, 3 at three different locations we are calculating the liquefaction potential and for second phase at these five different locations 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 we are considering the liquefaction potential. How we are estimating it in the flag you will get the values in terms of the pore pressure ratio r u. Now, r u value when it is equals to 1 means it has been fully liquefied if it is less than 1 then it is safe, but if it is close to 1 there are chances possible chances. So, like that we got from our analysis for the chosen value of seismic acceleration at that zone for first phase of dam these are the values of r u for second phase also these are the values which are much lower than the one value. So, this portion is not going to get liquefied under that zone 2 of IS code as far as the seismicity of that region is concerned if that value of earthquake comes. These are the output for liquefaction potential value in flag you can see pore water pressure value at different location location 1 and location 2 with respect to the dynamic time. So, whenever it get tends to get saturated you need to pick up that value and similarly for the second phase of the dam also it can be obtained. Now, next one comes the seismic slope stability analysis using pseudo static and pseudo dynamic method because initially we have done using flag method and tolerant metal software. Now, we are using the analytical method to check whether this slopes are stable or not. So, for that we have taken a sample problem like this which is not the exact case as I have mentioned we both studied sample case as well as exact case. This is available in the journal paper by Chakravarty and Chaudhary 2013 this year in the journal proceedings of national academy of sciences India section A physical sciences Springer publication Springer journal this is the volume number of the journal page number. So, this is the cross section of the tailing dam and other input data of the parameters. This is the downstream side failure surface are considered based on the free attic line etcetera and factor of safety can be calculated like this as we know. In this case the upper figure shows the all the forces including the seismic inertia force in vertical and in horizontal and vertical directions considering pseudo static approach and this one shows the same problem, but these inertia forces are considered or calculated using pseudo dynamic approach. So, with that the expressions for resisting force and driving force can be calculated we have calculated like this and finally the factor of safety has been obtained for different values of this beta angle. You can see here factor of safety with respect to pseudo dynamic is much lower than what we got in pseudo static. It is a case specific as I said it is not always true it can interchange also, but this case we got pseudo static is giving higher value of factor of safety than the pseudo dynamic. So, always we need to check which one is giving more critical value and why it has happened let me tell you because in pseudo dynamic we have considered the possible amplification which we obtain from the side data clear. So, that chance or that option of considering the soil amplification is not there in your pseudo static analysis fine. So, using that concept one can easily analyze any tailing dam like this. So, with this we have come to the end of today's lecture we will continue further in our next lecture.