With the world ever changing, how can you get a job in the future without a degree or any experience? So that's what we're going to learn in this video. Now times are changing really fast. If you saw my last video, I was talking about 2 billion jobs by the year 2030 are going to disappear. And the current educational system is not designed to adapt quickly enough with how the landscape, landscape meaning marketplace and geopolitics are changing globally speaking. People are entering school and not being educated the proper scales what they need to succeed in life. And that's honest truth. I think for the most part, post-secondary education, I'll say 90% of it doesn't serve a proper purpose at this moment. They needs a big overhaul. So the question then becomes is how do you actually get a job without a degree or experience? Now, in his amazing book Star Principle or 8020 Richard Koch, he talks about certain businesses in the world. He has four categories. We'll be focusing on the star category today. And he states that certain businesses, they rise really quickly. Let's talk about Uber. Let's talk about Airbnb. Let's talk about what's another one back in the day or even right now Slack. Those three. Uber, Airbnb and Slack. In fact, there's a famous tweet. So Travis, the CEO of Uber tweeted this tweet. I'll put it up. Right here. He tweeted this tweet saying, listen, I need a hustler to come in and work for this brand new startup. Ryan, I forget his last name, but it should be here. Ryan says, buddy, I already got a ticket. I'm on the bus. I'll see you tomorrow. That tweet alone is worth a billion dollars today. That's hustle right there. A billion dollars today. Which leads me to my first point that Richard talks about is a star principle. Instead of you putting all the weight on your degree or all the weight on your experience, you should put all the weight on your hustle. Put all the weight on your openness and willingness to learn. That's the key. To learn. Most people, they label themselves. There's a beatic saying, if you label me, you negate me and like, oh, I have this on my wall or I have X, Y and Z experience.  How the world is moving right now. People don't care about your degree. Honestly, I really don't care about your experience either. I care about performance, equality, performance, equity, performance, pay. You can do this all day, yap, yap, yap, yap, and show me all the papers on your wall. By the end of the day, if you don't perform, see you later. Simple as that. And companies, they are switching towards this way. They're doing performance pay, performance, equality, equity. And this leads me to my second point is, or let me stay on the first point. So Richard says, do your due diligence. Find these star companies out there. I always give an example. You can go to Gust, you can go to Angelist, you can go to LinkedIn, you can get all the latest news on TechCrunch, whatever medium you want, and you can see all these companies up and coming. It's your responsibility to somehow offer more value for these companies. Go for free. Work up the ladder. How much information you learn in a company like, for example, Slack, within six months as opposed to you trying to do some courses or you trying to apply for some corporate gig. In those six months, you'll learn like 10 years condensed in six months. You will meet amazing people, you will increase your network, okay? Which leads me to my second point, Seth Godin talks about become a linchpin. The future, you want to guarantee your future? Become so good at what you do, people be knocking on your door saying, hey man, we need your help. And Seth Godin, he states, become a linchpin. Read that book if you didn't read that book. Every single day, you got to put yourself in a situation of learning, situation of growth. Whether that is learning a new skill, increasing your network, working on yourself, both physically, mentally and spiritually. You got to become that linchpin. You can join an organization and know nothing, but if you have the vigor, if you have the hunger, if you have that drive to learn every day, to add value towards that startup or corporation and to better it. So you show up and let's talk about points. You show up in that corporations, for example, 100 points. And because of you, that corporation now goes from 100 points to 200 points. You added a value of 100 points.  They lose those 100 points. And companies, they look for people like that. That's why headhunters are for headhunters. We'll go around and take all the best people from other companies that aren't happy and satisfied. For example, Tesla. Tesla, he snipes or Elon snipes the best engineers from Google and brings them over to Tesla. It's quite funny. And vice versa, the bad engineers from Tesla go to Google, but these people are linchpins. They are key figures in the organizational structure of these corporations and startups. But these key figures, they put the time in day in day. Didn't take no breaks. They didn't look for handouts. They knew for a fact that if they can provide more and more value with simple mathematics, the more you put in, the more you get out, okay? So I know many of you right now will be screaming at me, probably saying I'm here. I have no experience. I'm here. I got nothing. I get you. I hear you. I'm going to tell you something. Remember, experience. I said this again, like five minutes ago. Experience means nothing. This is what you can do right now. I like, I like to be tactical and I like tangible, I like instant results like, you know, in theory, blah, blah, blah, no, this is what you can do right now today. Go to Angel List or Gust or even LinkedIn, Angel List a little bit better. And under the search category, you're going to type in seed round funding. You can even do by geography near you. So for example, let's say Toronto, seed round funding Toronto. That's going to show me a list of all the startups that just received half a million dollars or more in funding. Once you get the seed round funding, you have a good chance of getting series A or series B. So a million dollars all the way up to $10 million. That means that company is going somewhere. That means that company has money to pay you. Now what would I do with no degrees or no experience is I would call up that company. I would first investigate what that company is. Maybe you have some skills. Maybe you don't. And I'm like, listen, I may not have any education. I may not have an experience, but I want to work for you for free. I will show up every single day from 6am till midnight and I'll put my heart into this. I don't care what CEO you talk to or what startup you talk to. When a person sees that drive, that hustle, an individual like that, no brainer, they'll take you right away every single day. And it's your responsibility to show up, learn, absorb, then provide value and work up the ladder. Look at Ryan, Travis said, hey, I'm looking for a hustler.  He's like, bro, here I got my bus ticket. I'm there tomorrow and the rest is history. That tweet, that tweet is worth a billion dollars. You can do that too. You got to find that star company as Richard Koch talks about. You got to be that lynchpin as Seth Godin talks about. You got to be that person that shows up every single day that provides value. I'm going to tell you something a little insider information over here. LinkedIn last year, I believe Q3, they bought Linda, the biggest online educational platform. I think for us 1.1 billion dollars and I get this. I know what LinkedIn's play is. LinkedIn licensing these courses to companies and corporations and companies and corporations are going to then get people from high school or people who are looking to hustle. They're going to be like, listen, you're going to go through our own individual accelerator in the company in six months, pick the courses you need to do. Do it online. It doesn't matter where you are. They come work for us. Companies need great employees. All these companies you hear about, the Airbnb's, Uber's, the Slack's, it wouldn't be possible unless they had A players, the best of the best. And they obviously want their A players to grow better, learn more and become more efficient. So perfect opportunity. Go to these companies. Like I said, work for free. They'll educate you. And that's where the future is going. Don't rely on these post-secondary degrees. That's out the window. You see it right now. There's a collapse in society. People are worried. People don't know what to do. People don't have the necessary skills to adapt to survive. And it's scary. I know. But don't be one of these people that is passive. You've got to become aggressive. Don't sit on the sidelines and pretend, oh yeah, don't worry. Everything's going to... No. No, no, no, no. It's not going to be okay. Use your mind. Go out there. Be hungry. Start providing value for these companies. So let's kind of round this up over here. Go to Angelist. Look for seed-round funding in your area or remote. Do some research on them. See if you can provide value pre-hand. If not, authentically reach out to the people in charge and be like, listen. This is who I am. I'm a hard worker. I want to learn. I'll show for free. I'll work for free. My friend, I'll tell you what, if you're in a tough bind right now in a tough situation and you're worried about your future, this right here is your answer. Any every single successful person I know, if they hear that from a real, authentic person, they'll take you in right away, okay? So remember, become the linchpin, find a star company, provide value, educate yourself on a day-to-day basis, become the very best that they can't ignore you. And your future, regardless of where you live, China, Russia, United States or Canada will be safe because you are the variable regardless of where you are. Take care, my friends. Adios.


While I know that you are involved with your own company, I want to know what are you doing for Indian companies? What am I doing with Indian companies? So just a quick background. So we identify unique Israeli startups that are changing the world by creating deep-tech solutions. We bring them to India and we run their entire India business by hiring a local team and running their sales. What we realized was India is a very B2C focused economy where most of the startups are coming, solving for how do I book something online, how do I deliver something, how do I get a doctor's appointment.  The skill sets are sort of in short. And we realized that Israel produces a lot of B2B technologies where how do I build a solution, plug it into a database. And automate the personalization process or DevOps process or secure infrastructure. So what we do is identify these great B2B technologies. Today we've got a portfolio of 15 companies. We bring them to India, we hire a team and we sell it across all the major Indian e-commerce media and gaming customers. Can you name a few Indian companies that you've helped strengthen their technology? Yeah, so we work with companies like Zee, Viacom, Zomato, Lenscard, BigBasket. Practically all the major ones where we've identified some great technologies. I can give you an example of one of the companies that we got to India which is now become a household name. It's called Spotinst which integrates with your Amazon web services account.  And all we charge you is 20% of the savings. We got this company to India about two years ago. Today it has hundreds of customers, millions of dollars in revenue. But also it has saved a lot of money, millions of dollars to all the Indian startups in terms of their hosting costs. Tell me the one thing that you find most unique about the Israel startup ecosystem that you wish was in India too? So one unique thing I think is the support system that Israeli startups get in here is very interesting. So in India it's very hard to raise capital unless you have an MVP. But when it comes to Israel as long as you are a legit person with a great idea, people are ready to back you, the government is willing to back you. So they are able to take those bets when they want to innovate. And even if it fails, it's not a concern. But I would really encourage Indian investors to take bets on product startups and encourage them to innovate more.


What's going on everyone? Sam here with late in sports cards. Ripon 22-23, Petini Flux, basketball hobby, six box. Break number eight, pick your team style, read off list of our names and our teams. Andrew F. The Bulls, Brian T. Celtics, Brian C. with the Sixers. Sean Wade, W. Timberwolves, Dan B. Bucks, Zekeel M. Nets, Nix, Wizards and Clippers. Jason B. with the Heat, Joshua D. Mavs and Magic and Rockets. Kyle Z. with the Pistons. Luke M. Pelicans, Mark A. Nuggets, Raptors, Matt S. Jazz Lakers, Warriors and Hornets. Matthew B. with the Grizzlies, Mike H. Pacers, Nunsio P. Kings. Paul K. Thunder, Robert P. Blazers, Scott K. Sons and Cavs. Shinichiro I. with the Spurs and Weiming H. with the Hawks. So good luck here everybody. Let's do it. Seth picking up a spot in Finest. Thank you buddy. Again everybody, 15 to go on the next Flux Break. 15 to go. Here we go. Jacob's a glad I got here. Sean Goltani, that was a bar. The Walrus Exhibit. Eric Gordon, Silver, Andrew Wiggins, in Flux Rookie of Pala. Dallon Terry, Silver, Jalen Williams on the Sunrise. No, it's a 49 that's on the Orange. And Keegan Murray, Rookie. So Bob, Brad Beale, Triumph, LeBron. Silver, Dylan Brooks. What'd you say? No. Dean Abat. J. and Ivy Rookie. Silva, Devon Vasell, and Jeremy Sohan incoming. Silver, Max Christie, Triumph, Ant-Man. Johnny Juzang. O.G. and Nunnabee. Blue, 299 for the Raptors. Jocke. God, I can't even read it. Jordan Clarkson on the Equinox Auto. Nice one there, Jazz. Congrats, Utah. Sixth man of the year. Zachary N. with the Pacers. Down to 14, everybody. Gordon Hayward and Paolo Rookie. Down to 14 in the next Flux, everyone. 14 to go and Flux number nine. That is Johnny Juzang, Sunrise. Rookie in Flux, Jalen. How ya, Duran? How ya, Duran? Great, man. Nice and Daniel Silver, Trey Man, and Silver Rookie in Flux of Shade on Sharp. No, I'm not a 2. I don't like that. I don't like that. No. No, but they're not fun for me. I don't think I've gotten a 2k since like 2k16, I think, was the last one I had. Maybe I got one like Lebron Silver. Even that, I'm like, yeah.  We would do like a franchise with all of us at school, Marjambu and Champ. So I'd play it then, but I never had my own copy. Jordan Nesmith to 75. Jade and Ivy. Do you play the FIFA? I don't. I do kind of want to get the FIFA. I do kind of want to get FIFA. Silver Pat Williams and Kevin Durant. I think that helped me with soccer a little bit more too when I hear guys' names. Silver Paul George. Yeah, I would do it for sure. Silver Monte Morris and Rookie in Flux Jalen Williams. How many times have you played that? Silver Rapper. Silver Austin Reeves and Kwy Leonard. That, that is the most boring video game involved. I am sorry, if you're an F1 fan, no problem. If you like the game, you have all the rights too. That is a boring video game, man.  Chilean Champagne. I got it because my two buddies had it and they were playing it. So I'm like, all right, I'll get it. And I was like, I played it once and I was like, dude, I can't do this. This is the worst. Fontechio, Tim Hardaway on the Lyme Green to five. Nice one there for the Mavs. Second out of five in this case, Dirk Dewitzky. That is nice for the Raptors. One of one, Gold Vinyl. Precious Achua. One of the last teams taken was Toronto. Let's go, man. That is going to, who's got the Raptors? Mark A. Let's go, Mark. Congrats, buddy. One of one, Achua on the Gold Vinyl. Get that right into a mag for you, buddy. McDonovich and Lamello. Let's go, Mark on the Gold Vinyl. I'll take it back to the card stand. Why not? Why not? Precious Achua, Gold Vinyl, baby, for the $17 Raptors right there. Campaign to nothing on the red, Palo Bancaro. 14 to go on the next one, everybody. 14 to go. Flux number nine. I took a Coro Silver. Triumph of LeBron. TJ Warren, Silver. Fluid of Steph. Yes, sir. Let's go, Mark. Congrats, buddy. Oh, there's no views. No views. No views is here. Everybody. Yes, sir. I want to see what Steve looks like, IRL. Don't you? Yeah. Steve Kerr going to the Bolts. Nice one there. Steve, are you going to play Ford or what, man? Silver, Ryan Rollins. It's always, always says he's away. I'm going to. Jonas Valenciunas. 225. Straightening you out. Honestly, the LeBron Silver, Fluid. You got people hard on Ford. Oh, yeah. Where are you at? Silver, Spencer Dinwiddy and rookie influx of Shade On Sharp for the Blazes. Yeah, can you play tonight? Yeah, well, yeah. Blue Jamal Murray to 99, rookie influx Keegan Murray. That's pretty impressive. I'm not going to lie. I'll give you that. You know what I'm saying? Silver Obi Toppin and Jalen Williams incoming. I'll give you that for sure. Launcher thing. Yeah, it's nasty.  It's smart. Yeah. Taking off a long time in there. Oh, that's a big ol' Avalanche. 99 Joe Harris. Yeah, I want to see what you look like IRL, Steve. I want to see what you look like IRL. We're tired of you not playing with us. You talked about a smack. Yeah, we are.  That's why you're no views on that. Steve, no views. That's why you're no views. Silver, Nick Claxton, Triumph of Julius Randall. I know, and usually that's just all people that work here. I know, but hey, Silver Fontechio. Pull up a pick of Ryan Gott. Get this guy out of here, man. Dude, come on. Put him on the trash list again for that. Dude, he just libs on it. Chandler Scotty Barnes to 49 on the orange. Silver, Aaron Nessmith, and Palo. AJ Green, Silver D-Book, and KD on the Titan. Silva, Io Dasunmu, and Fluid, Donovan Mitchell. Again, we are ripping a new case for the next one. The next one will come out of a fresh case by the way. Everybody, Silver, Mitchell Robinson, and Luca Flowmotion. He just libs there. Silva, Wendell Moore Jr. Still 14. 13. Team came off the board. Victor F. with the Hornets in number nine. Thank you, Victor. 14 to go, everybody. Or 13 to go. 13 to go on Flux. Jabari Walker, Sineek Bay. That's kind of nasty. It's 75. I love the interstellars. They look really good. Congrats on that, Atlanta. The camera doesn't pick this up very well. That's the only issue. Incoming Jeremy Sohan, and Otto to 10. Gary Payton, the gold glove right there. Congrats, Thunder. Going to OKC. 7 of 10. Gary Payton, the glove. Sineek Bay on the orange. Sunrise and Rudy Gaubert on the blue. Get this guy, Steve, out of here, man. Instead of a Steve Murray, he's a Steve Murr. What'd you say? 13 to go, everybody. Shady, Prima question, and Saint. Oh, Saint, then? Hell yeah. Payton Watson, Musa D'Abate, 275. That is Benedict Mather. Oh, you're setting up a face-cant.   Please, me too, dude. Jalen Durin. I'll have like 42 burners on. 75, Jordan Clarkson. Oh, same, dude. For all the stuff Steve has put us through.  Silver, Tyler Hero. Different name. Don't care. Silver Clay. He's scared. Benedict Mather. Oh, it's Steve. We always mess with Steve. Steve's cool. He's not cool. T.J. Warren. Equinox for the Suns. David H. with the grids. The Sun's in nine grids in 10. Thank you, buddy. I would. I wouldn't mind throwing him out. You got that right, Mark. Kyle Kuzma, J. and Ivy.  So, Bob, Peyton Watson, Rookie, and Christian Brown. Influx. And Rookie Influx of Jeremy Sohan. Sean H. Pick it up. A doodle case MLB. Bowman Chrome Choice and Bowman Chrome Hobby. Chris Paul. I heard that. 12. 12 to go in the next one, everybody. 12 to go. Andrew Neymar at Silver. Jean Morant. Triumph. Kenneth Lofton, Sunrise. And Katie. All right, who else? Big steamers here. Two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 11, 12. Two go on number nine, everybody. 12 to go on Flux. Number nine. All teams, obviously, way marked down. Kyle is also live on Channel 2. You trolled them yet? The luck and flow motion of Jaylen Williams. Ask them what they know where they are right now. Dyson Daniels, Sunrise. Fluid, Yolkach. Silver Marcus Morris, Senior, and Darius Garland. Jean Morant. Fluid, Dirk. Lusman Jang. Tori Craig for the Suns, 275. And flow motion, Lamello. Green. Silver Jabari Walker. David Arati. Blue Derrick White to 99 for the Celtics. Mr. Arabia. Is that another gold? Yes, it is to 10. Emmanuel Quickly. That is a rookie, private signings auto, all the way back from 2020. IQ on the auto for the Knicks. Congrats on that. Well, let's go, Steve. Just got your Hertz flawless. Nets, Bulls Clippers all gone in nine. Thanks to Andrew F. Thank you, Andrew. Nice one there. IQ. Silver Najee Marshall and Triumph of Clay. This is actually a pretty good half case. Two golds and a gold vinyl and a green in there too. Dorian Finney-Smith Silver. Yeah. Thank God. His hair was going, man. Good, he was. Jeremy Grant and Clay Thompson. Hold on for dear life to whatever he could, man. All right, we've got autos. That is going to be Emmanuel Quickly, T.J. Warren, Steve Kerr, Jordan Clarkson, Gold Gary Payton to 10, and then a gold vinyl one-on-one Precious Achua. That'll do it for the break, guys. Thanks again for the filp. Up next is number nine.


I started practicing yoga at the age of eleven. Ever since then it doesn't matter where I am. The first time when I wake up, when I check the time, it's always around, just before 340, always. Because once you do certain things with your system that it's in sync, your biology is in sync with the biology of the planet, 340 you will realize is not a concocted time that somebody came up with. There is something within the system which is ticking with the planet which will make you come awake. So this was identified as the best time for one to do practice if he wants to transcend his physical nature or know different dimensions of what we are referring to as spiritual.


Another mass abduction. Dozens of students kidnapped at a school in Zamfara state. Cabinet reshuffle. President Mohammed Buhari asked two ministers to go. And off the press, it's a review of today's newspapers coming up this morning. Good morning and welcome to a very wet and rainy Thursday morning here in Lagos. This is Plus TV Africa and of course the breakfast. I am Masao Ghee of Bon Wan. Thanks for joining us. And I am Anette Felix saying good morning to you and thank you for making us part of your very beautiful first day, the second day in the month of September. And I wish this month was starting off on a very good note, but sadly it's not. And that's because while students of Government Day School in Kaya Maradun Local Government Area in Zamfara state were sitting for their exams, I'm very sure their focus really wasn't just making it always, if possible, only to see that at 11am, while in that exam hall, terrorists and bandits basically blocked the road leading to that school, started shooting sporadically into the air to scare people, went in there, grabbed the students and made a way on motorcycles. Now sources say over 300 students go to that school and people have said over 100 were kidnapped, but the official figure we've gotten from the police state command in Zamfara state is that 73 students are missing. Now our next councillor in Zamfara state had four of his daughters who attend the school kidnapped as well. I mean, it's just terrible what we've seen happening in Zamfara. Lots of response from people, the Aroha Consultees Forum really have spoken, criticised this, and while this kidnap was happening, the state governor, Bellarmeta Wally, was actually at a prayer meeting, and there at that prayer meeting he was basically telling Zamfara state residents to take up arms and defend themselves. I have quotes for you. Now Zamfara state governor Matawale said, I am calling on the people of the state, particularly those in rural areas, to use all the available weapons at their disposal and protect themselves whenever the bandits attack their villages. Matawale went on to say as from today you should come out en masse and face the bandits if they come to your villages. He also said, do not sleep in the nights.  Now I'll quickly talk a bit about our next top ten story, linking to this. Now we know that when it comes to arming the military, there's been lots of lapses from the federal government, lots that have even been admitted by the president himself, with millions of narrow-budgeted for the sale or for the purchase of arms diverted. We know that already. So if a whole military is so grossly underfunded and they have insufficient weapons to fight terrorists with all the training that they have, how then does the governor plans for it to work out, for citizens who have no combat training, and what weapons exactly would they lay their hands on to not sleep at night, get information about bandits' arrival or planned attack and set an ambush for them? Help me explain this but that's really what stopped trending this morning. Well, before I get to the part where I'm going to obviously say that this is like clockwork and this happens every four AK market days. Once they release a set, they take a new set and it's happening all over the north. There's a lot of questions. For years now we've wondered how it's possible to kidnap 200 people and it's not kidnapping them or holding them hostage in their location. This is taking them to a totally different location. So how possible is it and how easy is it that in Nigeria today you can take 100 people and just disappear? On motorcycles. Whatever. Motorcycles on skateboards. How many motorcycles would you carry to kidnap over 73 people? And if you listen to some of the demands when they kidnap, motorcycles are some of the things that they ask for as ransom. So it would always be mind-boggling for every Nigerian to understand how possible it is that you can take 100 people and disappear. So there is that part. What roads do they pass through? How do they get to their hideouts and nobody knows where they are or sees them with these 73 according to a news report or 100? These are things that are very, very hard to understand. But we should have, I think by now, to understand that the picture that has been painted with regard to security is very far from what the reality is in these states because of how easy it is to pull these things off. It basically tells you that there is almost zero security in these regions and these bandits are really just enjoying themselves taking charge of whatever they choose to do, doing whatever they choose. There's no police, there's no NSCDC, there's some of the people who are down here in the south running wild. They almost don't exist in Zamfara and Katsina in Borno. They don't. There's obviously no NSCDC or other Nigerian police. They keep relying on the army. So there is that. In response to Governor Matawale asking people to defend themselves, I also would think that we've gotten to that stage already and it's also important that the people of Zamfara and people of northern Nigeria start, and unfortunately this sounds like anarchy. It sounds very much like everybody's just going to run wild and we're looking for a Bakasi boy type of situation here. We're looking for a militarization of every part of northern Nigeria. But because it's hard to believe that you can, when people say they don't know who these bandits are, that's impossible and that's not true. If Sheikh Gumi could walk into these places and speak with these people, it means that they know who they are. They're probably members of their community or members of a close-by community that are carrying out these attacks. And so I think it's also important, yes, it might not be lawful as Governor Matawale is suggesting to defend yourselves and it's almost not impossible because these people don't have any military training. They don't have the combat training either. All they have are cutlassies and holes that they use for their farming. But we should get to that place where people can now say enough is enough. I'm sorry how it sounds, but enough is enough. You cannot continue to do this. If the government security agencies have all failed and don't exist, then enough is enough. And if we see a person that we know has links to these people, we would hold that person in the south here while growing up. So basically you're saying that some form of action on the... On the side of the people. I'm thinking that's where we are. There has to be so much. And I heard the police or the army a thing was two days ago in the paper telling people to stay away from self-defense or some of all of that. But I don't think those people have a choice anymore. I think if you have 1,000 people in the community, 200 bandits, yes they might be armed with AK-47s, maybe it's 50 of them, but 1,000 young men in the community should be able to storm any location at this point. It doesn't make any sense that it's very, very risky. I totally understand where you're coming from. People who have been kidnapped are at risk. I get all of that. But we have to get to a place where it is now. We've reached a breaking point. We've been pushing the wall too much and we can no longer just sit back and hope that the government will come in. I think really it's just we're sending people to the slaughter. If people are asked to gather themselves in mass and invade the bandit hideouts. Yeah, well that's why I mentioned it. You can't take a knife to a gunfight because these people have yams. They would simply just fire and just waste those people. So I think what we really should focus on doing if we had an ideal structure in place where the government works is for people to come out and demand protection constitutionally which is protesting. That should be the constitutional and the democratic way to go about it. That's an ideal society, right? We're obviously not in an ideal society and you have also seen and this is one of the parts that maybe hurts every Nigerian the most that if the people have done for our tomorrow come out and say we are protesting against the failure of government to protect us the same government would have police to calm down on those protesters. They will have readily armed police with tear gas canisters and whatnot battens readily. And you ask where these men when the terrorist came. Absolutely. And so that's one of the most painful parts of the whole picture that we've painted and once again the truth and the honest picture of what exactly we're dealing with with that security needs to be told. So it's easier for us to understand why government is failing. Is there no police command in Zamfara state? Is there no NSCDC? Is there no DSS office? And these things are available in those places. Quickly moving on to our next stop trending story. We're talking about also about security. So first of all, for Falunah, senior advocate of Nigeria, Femi Falunah has written to president Mohammad Buhari over soldiers jailed for mutiny. He has a story. In 2014, these soldiers were actually have found guilty of rebelling against the authorities in their division in Medugri bonus state. They were subsequently convicted. And their offense according to Falunah how he's described it is that they only demanded to be armed against the battle you know with this terrorist. So the soldiers were then earlier sentenced to death but that was in 2015 but Falunah was able to argue and push the case for the death sentence to be commuted to 10 years imprisonment by the military authorities. Now in this letter that Falunah has written to president Mohammad Buhari, he's arguing for three things. The first thing he mentioned that the president himself admitted an interview to the BBC house of service on December 28th, 2015 that the government had sent the soldiers to the battlefield without arms and ammunition to prosecute the war and that that was what led them to the mutiny and that they were arrested and detained because they were sent really to a battle front without arms. Falunah also argued that the sum of $2.1 billion and $643 billion that were set aside for the purchase of equipment for the counter insorgency operations was by military officers. He also said that the government and some state government had recently been granting pardon to repentant Boko Haram terrorists and had been rehabilitating hundreds of terrorists who had waged war against Nigeria and subjected citizens to abuse and human rights degradation. He said that if these terrorists who have committed grave offences can be forgiven and pardoned and rehabilitated then these soldiers who are convicted for mutiny for demanding weapons to fight terrorists should be granted pardon and rehabilitated by the federal government. It's a strong argument there so really links to what I mentioned earlier sending people to the war front to fight without arms these people have more sophistication more sophistication regarding training God knows how they get that more sophistication regarding funding and then the people you give millions of Naira and billions of dollars to purchase arms then steal that money nothing is done about that and then the people will come out to complain that they have been sent to fight without arms they are now being accused of mutiny and would be put to death or stay in jail for 10 years it really doesn't seem like what is good is good for the gander here. Yeah and I think it was a couple of years ago that I spoke with a soldier who had just returned from the north and he made similar statements that the picture over there he had lost a couple of colleagues he showed me a few wounds on his knee that he was able to recover from the picture that he painted basically was that it feels like you are fighting yourself according to him you are in battlefield and it feels like you are fighting yourself because the same people that you are going to fight have been told that you are coming the same people that you are going and so every time you are going out so you think the bandits have superior intelligence according to him when it should be the other way around it may not be true in every single picture but we have also heard of leaked information we have heard of and some of all of those rumors from President Gullag Jennifer had said that the members of Bukoram in his government he said that but when you hear of things like this it is not really as shocking as it should be because they have been similar stories when this thing happened in 2014 I remember this story very well they had complained of the same things that they were in arms properly and it felt like every time that they were going out they would die and so some of the soldiers basically protested against their superiors and that is how they ended up but Femifalona has a very strong point if you can forgive the same terrorists who have committed these atrocities against the Andrian state for the last decade you must also forgive soldiers who haven't done anything besides protests that they needed more weapons one thing that we have lacked in the last couple of decades also is a proper auditing with the funding for the fight against insecurity yes I remember Sambodashuki had been incarcerated in 2015 for mismanagement of funds of $2 billion or so but after that there have been billions and billions of billions of dollars or Naira that have been pumped into weapons and ammunition and funding for the fight against insecurity and yet we still aren't winning the war so why isn't the Andrian government asking these questions yesterday was in the news that $500 million was spent on 12 Tukano also about Tukano jets how do we have that much money to spend on jets but we can't buy AK-47s and buy smaller equipment in the fight against insurgency so when we become honest with ourselves and we become states that truly wants to be honest with the fight against insecurity we probably would win the war we would be closer to winning the war until then we're going to continue with this dance in the market and it's never going to make sense to anybody and yes I agree with Femifalona pardon people who have murdered hundreds and thousands of Nigerians you may as well pardon those soldiers who haven't necessarily committed any crime aside protesting against the superiors which just in the military balance is wrong but yeah that's it on top trending this morning let's take a break and return to analyze the papers on off the press


Good evening. Can you hear me? Yeah, so I think they had discussed the structure of isomerism. Yes. Okay. So, so the last part of this chapter is stereo isomerism, stereo isomerism in coordination compound. I don't know the definition. The studio isomerism is because of the relative position of atoms of books in this space. Right. So, we know two types of isomerism. This has one is geometrical geometrical isomerism. The one is optical. Now to understand the geometrical and optical isomerism, you should understand the geometry also. So, the geometrical isomerism will take few assumption here and assumption is central metal atom is represented by represented by M. This is one thing monodendric ligands ligands are presented by monodendric ligands are represented by small letters a, b, c, d and so on by small letters a, b, c, d, e, f. Then we have symmetrical bidented ligand. Symmetrical means both atoms are same. Symmetrical is not because of the structure, but it is because of the donor. Then it is symmetrical bidented ligand. That's why we assume it as a, a, b, b, capital letter. And unsymmetrical bidented ligand is represented by a, b, c, d. This is the notation we are going to use. We'll see that in the last. Sure, sir. Okay. So, these are the notations we are going to use. Correct. Now, we are going to see the geometrical isomers of compounds with different coordination number. The most important one we have coordination number six, coordination number six. So the first type of, you know, complex we can have with coordination number six. And I'm considering complex with all monodendric ligand. Right. The first type is complex with all monodendric. The first example is we have MA6 type. What is MA6 type? What do you mean by this? Sir, all these surroundings are the same monodendric ligands. And same kind of, same ligand is being surrounded in that. Yeah. Yes. Six monodendric ligands. And all ligands are similar. We have six monodendric ligands. So obviously the coordination number six we have, its geometry is what? Its geometry is octahedral. Right. So how these six ligands are arranged around the metal M that we need to understand here. And by changing the position of the ligand, do we get different structures? If we get different structures, then the isomers, isomer possible. Otherwise it does not show isomerism. For example, you see this, how do we represent this MA6 type molecule? It has octahedral geometry. And we have these metal here at the center. And six ligands are present at the corners of octahedral, which is nothing but this. Since all ligands are the same, anywhere if you change the position of A, this AU place here, this AU place here. This does not make any difference. Hence, in this case, we have no geometrical isomerism possible. No GI for this. Did you understand this? You see MA5B type, five monodendric ligands of identical monodendric ligands, five. And one is different from the other. Okay. So how do we place this? Again, the geometry is octahedral. Metal is present here at the center. And wherever you want, you can place this B and the five A atoms. For example, I am placing five A atoms here at the corner of this square. One A on the top and B here. Wherever you want, you can place it. That's not a problem. Okay. One molecule is this. Can we draw one more molecule here? M here, A, A. I'll place B here, A here. Tell me, is this possible? Yes, sir. That's the same one. Both are the same one. And why it is same? For all the foreign angles and all of this thing. Yes. All the six positions are equivalent position here. Right. That's why A or B, whatever structure you write first or second, both are the same structure we have. Right. Because the relative position is same. You see, this B will have, at a certain distance, we have A, A all this A present. Here also we have same kind of thing. Right. Hence both molecules are identical, same molecules. And we do not have geometrical isomerism possible in this kind of. Tell me, what is the angle this one? So this angle is 90 degrees. You see, the square is in the, imagine the, you know, the screen of the computer or laptop, whatever. Right. The screen is the square. So this A is coming towards you, this A, one of the A. And the other one is going away from you. Like that you can imagine tetrahedral or octahedral geometry. Is it right? Are you able to imagine this? Yes, sir. Right. So one, this A is coming towards you. And this one is going behind the screen away from you. This is octahedral geometry. So obviously this A, this line and the plane of the square is 90 degrees. What is this angle here? This angle is also 90 degrees. What is this angle? 180 degrees. Yes. It's 180 degrees. Actually, you must understand how this octahedral looks like. Okay. Similarly, if you take third type of, you know, complex, which is M A4 B2 type. Could you tell me how many GIs possible, if possible then? Three. Last one, sir, please. No, Swami is getting two. Others tell me, okay. Shankar is getting two. Trippan is getting two. Venkat, what about you? Okay, Pratham is getting two. Doing so one minute. Amira, Niyati. Advaita is there. Yes. Sir, I got three. Okay, Amira is getting two. Niyati is getting two. Guys, you see, whenever you get this kind of question, suppose, you know, if I, any example you have, then best way is what? Write down in this form, in this form actually, A4 B2 type, so that you can easily, you know, draw the structure. Because you cannot memorize this, there are so many possibilities. And we are going to introduce all the possibilities here. But in the exam, you should know how to draw the structures. Right? Uttana is getting two. So first of all, what you do, what you have to do here, you have to draw the various possible structures. Most of you are getting three. So I'm drawing three, the square here. When you draw this three square. And obviously metal we have at the center of the square, in all the structures, metal will have at the center. Now randomly you place all the ligands around this metal at the corner of the octahydrate. Whatever you want, wherever you want, you can place. For example, suppose, I am placing all the A at the corner of the square. This is one possibility. And the two B, like this. This is one possible structure you can draw. Now what do you do? This A and B are like exchange. A, A, B, A. This is B and this is A. This is another possibility. What is the another possibility we have? Can we change the position of B here in this square? Or I will change the position of this B. I place this B here, A here, B here, A here. Alternate. Isn't it the same as the first one? Same as the first one. Okay. What is the, is there any other possibility? For the second one, if we interchange the top B with the right A. This one. A, B, this is what you are saying. Any other possibility? Can we draw anything else here? Sir, isn't second and fourth equivalent? Any other possibility you see that we can draw? First of all in the exam, obviously if you do some practice, you don't have to draw all the structure. You could identify this easily that how many structures we can draw. But suppose if you do not know, you just draw like this all the possible structure whatever you feel like, like the possible structure we have. Now you have to then analyze that whether the drawn structure that you have drawn, whether the structure you have drawn are different structures. Because the number of different structures are the geometrical isomers here. So you need to first identify also after drawing the structure that they are same or different. How to identify the given molecules are same or different. Okay. So for this what we do, we just take the reference structure. Like suppose the first one, this structure I take as a reference one. One, two, three and first structure, we take it as a reference one and the first structure at the corner of the square, we have all A ligand present. So if other structure also will try to draw a square and the corner of the square contains all A ligand. Like suppose this one. In this one, could you think of this particular structure? This is square you see, this is square. So when you rotate the molecule like this, it becomes the same as the first molecule. So what we can say first and third are equivalent structure. Is it clear? Similarly, first and second are different structure. We cannot compare first and second. Wait here, this is second. Second one you see, we have three A atoms at the corner and one B. So if you want to compare first and fourth, these two are different structures. If you want to compare second and fourth, so three A at the corner and one B. So we can easily draw this square hypothetically. We can think of this square, which contains three A at the corner and one B here at the corner. It means this second and fourth are also the similar structure. This is one way, one of the ways to identify whether the given structure is identical or different structures. Did you understand this? Yes, sir. Yes, sir. Got it? Okay. This is one of the ways, right? One also thing you can think of. We can draw trans isomer in this. We can define cis and trans isomer here. And cis and trans isomer, we define by the relative coefficient of the atom. Like you see, if the 2B atom present at 180 degree, the 2B atom present at 180 degree, this is trans isomer. The B present at 180 degree. Okay. Here you see the 2B atom, the angle between this B and this B, this bond. It is 90 degree, right? So when the bond angle is 90 degree here, then it is cis isomer. So this one is cis, this one is trans. And if you look at the bond angle here between B and B, it is 180. Here also it is 180 if you look at this. And that's why first and third are the same thing. Second and fourth, you see the bond angle is 90. These two are also same. Yes, sir. You need to change the relative position. If it is not changing, then the molecule is same, identical only. Here if you compare, another thing also here if you compare, the 2B is at 90 degree from all the A ligand, right? Here also we have the same thing. This B, if you see, it is at 90 degree from all the A ligand.  All the angles are 90 here. Hence the molecules are identical. How many different way you can think of this structure, right? So you don't have to memorize this once you know. Once you finish this, you will easily identify that what are the possible structures we can do. Okay. Now another one you see, fourth type of molecule, M A3 B2 C type molecule. Tell me, if GI possible, then how many GI should be there? Okay. Done. How many isomers you are getting? Venkat, wait. The structures are 1, 2, 3A and 1C. This is one structure. One is this. Another one is this. Next we can draw B and C, which are B we have. You can also think of this structure, B, C, M. Like this you can draw many structures, but again you have to, you know, compare whether that drawn structure is same or different. Right? So here you see, we have 3A at the corner. With respect to B, we can say B is at 180. Here B is at 90. These two structures are different, definitely. Okay. This one I have written 4A here. I'll just change this. Suppose BL place over here. BL place over here. So this two, the B are at 90 degree to B atom. Here also B at 90 degree. Right? Here B at 180 degree. Here B at 180 degree. And here are the two B atom. Whereas we have written 4A. This is C. This is E for example. So here the two B atom are at 90 degree. So let us try and draw a square which contains 3A and 1C. Okay. 3A and 1C. We cannot draw over here, but here we can draw 3A and 1C. Can we do that? No, here also we cannot do that. Here we can draw it here. So first, second, fourth and fifth. So we can say first and fourth are identical structure. 3A and 1C. We cannot draw it here. Right. First and fourth are same. If you look at this one, 2A, 1B and 1C. Okay. So we can have 2A, 1B and 1C. If you look at this one and this one here, this structure, 4, second one and fifth one, are they similar structure or different structures? They are different. Which one? Second one and fifth one. They are different, sir. Different. So first, second and fifth are different. What about second and third? Second and third are also different, but third and fifth are the same structure. Third and fifth are the same structure. Because you see, we can have 2A, B and C, a square like this. So third and fifth are the same structure. So the three isomers we have, we have first one as an isomer. We have second one and third one. These three isomers we get in this morning. Sir, I didn't understand how second and fifth are different. Second and fifth. Yes, sir. You see, in the second one, we have 2A, B and C. Here also we have 2A, B and C. But the position of A you see here, it is at 90 degree. And here the 2A at 180. Oh, right. Yes, sir. B and C are at 90 degree here. B and C are at 180 degree. Okay. Yes, sir. Right. Yes, sir. So with respect to A, we can say this molecule is cis isomer. This one is with respect to A. Identical atoms we have to see. With respect to B and C, we cannot say. With respect to A, it is cis isomer. And this one is trans isomer. B or C we can also take here. cis, this one and trans. Okay, so one second and third are the different structures. Fourth and fifth you want you can draw. But these are the similar structures that we have already drawn. Now the problem is that this kind of question, if you try to solve by this method, it takes a lot of time in the example. Okay, so what is the best way you need to do here? And this is the method you are going to use in the exam. You don't have to draw these structures. It takes a lot of time. Just to consider A3 B2 C we have here. The molecule we have is m A3 B2 C. What do you need to do? You need to, you know, write down the ligands in a pair, right? Two ligands in a pair, three groups you have to form, three different possibilities, three groups you have to form. Like you see this A3 B2 AC, what, how you can, you know, form three groups in a pair. We can write both A together. Then one A we can write with another B and another B we can write with C. This is one group we get. Another one what we can write, we exchange A and B here. A, A, B, A and B, C. So we can write A, B. This A, B you let it be, as it is A, B and AC we can write another one. And B, B we had, we did not write together. So they write down A, A together. Then here we write down B, B together. And then A, C together. These are the three different, you know, possibility you can write. Any other possibility you can try, you won't get. Yes sir. So this actually, if you want to draw the structure after this, you see how do we draw the structure? See here, this pair actually represents the ligand which is present at the opposite corner of a diagonal. This pair, this pair and this pair. A, A is present A, A, A, B, A, C. This is the second A, A, A, B, A, C. A, A, A, B, C. You see this molecule here. The two ligands present at the opposite corners are A, A, bracket close. Another two, we have B, C, B, C, bracket close. Another two we have A, B, bracket close. Whether you write this B, C here or A, B here, that won't make any difference, right? But this molecule, this, you know, you know, arrangement, we can draw like this. Did you get my point? Similarly, here you see, for this one it would be two A, A, like two A at the opposite corner, A, C at the opposite corner and here we have what? Here we have B, B. This one you see, here we have A, A, B, B, A, C. This is the third one we have. This one it would be A, B, then A, C, then A, B again, second one. So like this you can frame different pairs of two ligands at a time and three groups you need to form here since it is octahedral. Did you understand this? It gives you the number of isomer that you get over here. See, if you go back and do it for the other molecules, that also fine, you can do it. You see for this one, A4 and B2. Consider this. A4 and B2. So what we can write, we can write A, A. Again, we can write A, A. We can write B. A, A, A, B, A, B. This is another isomer. So these are the two isomers possible here. You can see here, we won't get any third possibility like this. Clear understood? Yes, sir. If they ask you the number of isomers, you have to draw like this. You don't have to draw these structures in the exam. It takes a lot of time.  All these pairs are present at the opposite corner of a diagonal. So where exactly are these pairs drawn again? Diagonal opposite. Okay. Suppose you don't have anything. You just have these pairs. So how do we draw it? A, A, A. And then we have a metal here in the center. A, A here. So we'll place A, A here like this. Opposite. A again. So A and A. And we have B, B. This is one of the structure. And this one, if you write like this, A, A, B, B, A, A. This one and this one are the same thing. Right? Yes, sir. All of you understood? Yes, sir. So just a few time in the exam, you must take care of this how to draw the structure. Now, on the basis of this only, I am not going to draw that octahedral structure now. Just I am writing down the complex. You tell me how many isomers possible for this, if possible then. Okay, like you see the another one, I think it is a fourth one. Fourth or fifth one? Fourth one, I guess, right? No, fifth one. Yeah, fifth one. Okay, how many isomers we have here? M, A, 3, B, C, D type. You see all these are monodendritic ants. How many isomers we have here? In M, A, 2, B, 2, and C, 2 type. Done? So first one we are getting four and the second one we are getting. Okay, so the arrangement, the possible arrangement here are, we can write down A, A, then we can write down A, B, and C, D. Then we will have A, A, then A, C, B, D. Again we will write down A, D together, so A, A, A, D, B, C, and one more we have A, B, A, C. There are the four isomers possible for the first one. Okay, second one we can have A, A, B, B, C, C, A, B, A, B, C, and then we have A, A, B, C, B, C, A, C, B, B, A, C, and A, B, A, C, B, C. Five GI possible for this. Now one very important point here it is what? Out of this five geometrical isomers, this one, the last one that I have written here, this one is optically active also. You must take care of it. There is no plane of symmetry in this. Similarly you can draw for another molecules like we have M, A2, B2, C, D type and in this we have six GI possible, M, A2, B, C, D, A type. In this we have nine GI possible and last one we have M, A, B, C, D, EF type. In this we have 15 GI possible. Okay, and here we get this one, this has been asked in need exam, the last one. Fourth one, which one? This one, the fifth one. No sir, the M, A, 3, B, C, D. You are talking about the fourth one. Case five, the fourth sub example. A, B, A, C, D, yes sir. This also we can say. Sir, can we also say if there are no identical elements in the same ordered pair, they will be optically active. No identical? Like if all the elements in the ordered pair are different, if there's no A, A, A, B or something like A, A, B, B and R, if there's A, B, B, C, A, C and R, then it will be optically active. Is it right to say that? Optically active, we just check the plane of symmetry. Okay, we will discuss that. Optically active, optical isomers we will discuss after this geometrical isomers we will see that. So we will check the plane of symmetry over there, nothing much. Okay, yeah, M, A, B, C, D, E, F, type all are optically active. No plane of symmetry there. You can say that. One important example here, the last one is this. We have M, A, B, B, 3 type and this one, they've asked many times in the exam, J. For example, we have CO, NO2, 3, NH3. So whenever you get this kind of question, you represent it this way, then it will be easier for you to analyze. Okay, molecule is this, and this is the representation we have. So we can represent two structure for this and in this case we do not, you know, write C or trans term here. So we have metal here. One possibility where all the A present at 90 degree, all the A present at, we can place it this way. One on the top and the bottom will have B, one and then two and then three. This is one way. Another way is what? We'll have metal here. A will place over here. B here, A again here. So this molecule you see, so this looks like, this looks like the face of a triangle here. See this? This also looks like the face of a triangle. This particular representation, we call it as facial isomer. This one is, this one is facial isomer. We call it as FAC. In this one, the position of ligands are on the meridian of an octahedron, this position and this position, meridian of an octahedron. And this we call it as meridional isomer. Just this term you have to memorize that in short. So always remember, NA3B3 type, we represent it this way and we do not, you know, write down C or trans isomer here but we write down facial, that is FAC or mer isomer. So but here, NA3B3 type ligand. NA2 is whether you write here or not. NA2 has the tendency of to behave as an ambient ligand but here nitrogen is the donor act. Okay. If it is oxygen, then it would be written over there, ONO, not NA2. Okay sir. Sir, how do we write sister trans for the others before this? For which one? For any of the others, like NA3B2C or something. Sir, I will just copy this. Sister trans, we just see the identical ligand and their position. I will explain you one or two examples. Okay sir. See the simplest one is MA4B2 type. Okay. So in that case, you consider the position of B over there. In one of the isomers, you consider the two B ligand present at 90 degree and in another one, the two B ligand present at 180 degree. Yes. This one. Yes sir, that one you explained sir. Huh. Sir, after that, the next one also you explained after that like the MA3B CDS. Suppose you are talking about this one. Right. Sister trans. Okay. So this also you are told sir and then try to respect. Which one you are talking about? Next one sir, like supposing there are four ligands. MA3BCD or MA2B2C2. So in that case, usually we do not write anyone you can take it. See, suppose we have MA3, according to you, MA3BCD type. Correct. Yes. Okay. So what we can write, you draw the structure, we can write A, A here, A, then B, CD, we can write like this. Okay. Why with respect to A, you cannot define because the two A here, present at 180 as well as 90. Correct. So if you change the position here, like for example, we have metal here and what change we can do? We can do one thing. We can have this A place here, B on the top, B and C. Correct. So here you see all A are at 90. Correct. But if you look at the two structure here, you can take B and D with respect to B and D. You can differentiate the two. It is trans here and it is cis here. Any two ligands you can take if the structure is given. But we cannot define, it depends upon the structure what is given. With respect to A, you cannot define because A are at 180 as well as 90 degree also. So this we cannot take. Any two ligands out of the three B, CD we can take for this. Like in this one, this is one possible isomer. This is another possible isomer. Do we have another possibility in this? We can have another possibility also. B and C are at 180 degree. Many structures you can draw. B and C here, D you are ready to be as it is. A, A and A. Okay. Okay sir, I understood. This also you can take. So basically there is no proper definition of cis and trans. They just said that based on the angle we can see. But depending upon the structure you have to choose. Okay. With respect to this is cis or this is trans. Okay sir. Fine. So this is we have done for all the possibility we have done for octahedral complex with only merinded ligand. It is also possible that in the complex we have one bidented ligand and other are merinded ligand. Or more than one bidented ligand. That is also possible. Write down the next type here. Sir can you go to number 6 please. What? The board number 6 sir. Board number 6 you said. This one. Yes sir. Thank you sir. Okay so in all these molecules the one which is the most important one and which they have a question is this one. M A 3 B 3 type. That is facial and meridond. How do we write down facial and meridond? Facial is all the A identical ligand present at 90 degree. You see the position of this, this and this. All these are at 90 degree. When one of this you place at 180 you exchange the position of this to you get meridonal which is this one. Right. So here you see the 2A one of the A present at 90 degree from the other A ligand and 180 degree from the other A ligand. This is present at 90 as well as 180 and same thing we have for B also. 180 with respect to this 90 with respect to this. So basically if you interchange the position here you'll get meridonal. Why we call it as meridonal? That is not required but it is present. The ligands are present at the meridonal of the octahedron. Hence it is meridonal. Okay. But you should know how to write down the facial or meridonal isomer that is what I explained. All at 90 degree 2 at 90, 1 at 90. Okay. Now the next one is compounds containing, second type write down compounds containing bidented ligand. So for example the first one we have MAA 4 types. So 1 is bidented 4 is monodentated, so 6. 1 is identical bidented ligand and other 1 and 4 ligands are monodentated. Identical monodentated ligand. Coordination number is 6 for this complex. When coordination number is 6 the geometry is octahedral and to draw the structure draw a square. What you have to keep in mind here whenever you have bidented ligand whether it is symmetrical or unsymmetrical, a 2-donor atom in this case we have ANA 2-donor atom must present at 90 degree. 180 degree cannot must present at 90 degree. Right. For example you see ethylene diamine ethylene diamine I am just trying to make you understand this. We have nitrogen is a donor atom and this nitrogen is connected with carbon CH2-CH2 another nitrogen enter like this and it donates electron and forms a complex like this. So this 2-donor atom are connected by this bond. This bond or this connection we represent by like this this means AA atoms are joined together the bonds of the ligand that we have here. So maybe if you present this AA at 180 the bond length is not enough or if it is enough also then there will be more strain and hence we do not place this 2 ligand this no 2 atom at 180 degree always keep that in mind for bidented ligand the position occupied by the donor atoms of bidented ligand is always at 90 degree. So this is the the position of the 2 bidented ligands and all A present like this How many GIs are possible in this complex? One Only one structure no GIs. Only one so no GIs. So we always write in a pair so one structure cannot give you a pair no GIs possible because all these positions are equivalent it does not matter whether you place this A over here or this A over here or this A over here so all there is no GIs for this one if you look at the second example we have MAA and A3D type tell me how many GIs so one thing we can write here similarly just to save the time in the exam we can write AA then we can write again AA only one possible how many GIs is possible in this unless you have geometrical isomers possible with the relative position no you change the position of A and check whether you are getting the structure or not so the possible structure here is AA then we will write AA and then we will write AB see this is not the method it is not given in the book but to understand or to save time to count the number of GIs it is always better than to draw the structure in the exam another one is what AA we write as it is A1B and then AA and we do not have any other possibilities so two GIs are possible for this one sir in the previous one you will get AA 2 pairs of that and then okay so it is always at 90 degrees so you will not have the pair of AA okay next one you see third type MAA A2B2 tell me the number of GIs MAA ABCD AA 3 so it would be AA AA and BB AB AA AB CD AC AB AD AD AB CD similarly we can draw three more isomer here first and third are the same first and third is it okay CD I have written here AD AD it should be AC here AC is it fine sir I think you can have we have 6 GI possible AC AD AC AD AD AD and AB 6 GI possible like this and again I am telling you this thing you do not write in your school exam or in board exam okay this obviously gives you an idea that how many GI possible and you won't get wrong answer over here if you could find the number of GI like this okay this portion is deleted sorry? this portion is deleted your voice is not coming properly sir she said that this portion is deleted for our school it's not there fine then it is fine they won't ask you this but like every year I used to say this in the exam just for the information I have to count the number of GI's without drawing the structure okay yeah that's fine AA3 type I will draw the structure for this one then only you will understand how the structure possible for this one you see we have a square by pyramidal metal is here then AA all are bidented ligands must present at 90 degree so we can say these two are connected these two are connected and these two are connected one possibility is this okay another one is what metal present here AA this two oh sorry we can write next what tell me do you have any GI possible can we draw any structure here if I take this two here for example right then if you take this one we will have the same structure if you take this one sorry this one then it is not possible because these two are at 180 degree are you getting me one pair will always be at 180 degree yes that's why in this we do not have GI no GI possible right but why I have done this if you look at this molecule so this is not possible let me just remove it it is not possible but if you look at this molecule here if I take unsymmetrical ligand which is nothing but this mab3 type in this is it possible previous one case 5 we will have to write A capital A capital A no even if you want to get one structure we have to write capital A capital A so that means one pair of A's are at 180 degree with each other yes sir if we follow that coordinate system order pair what I said the two atoms donor atoms which belongs to the same molecule same ligand should not be there at 180 degree okay sir means you have multiple bioentery EN has suppose ethylene diamine so one ethylene diamine placed here another one placed here okay sir but then if you write the order pair A A and all you have to write A A A A A A A you have no choice what I said this is also not a genuine method we don't write like this this is just I have given you to count the number of GIs okay sir here there is no sense of writing it down A A A A A A does not make any sense yes sir it is not possible so that's how it is okay how to use it possible last one there is no GIE don't think sir why no sir they get me too two I don't know I am not getting your voice properly today for all of you some I think some network problem anyways then we have suppose I place A here and B here then I can place A here and B here and next is A here and B here right so we can say these two are connected these are connected and these are connected another possibility I think one more should be there one two then we can write A here and A here B here this one possible is it it's not same see these two GIs possible for this one so how are they different sir could you explain yeah I will tell you no it's not possible GIE mirror image is not possible here I will tell you in this one because you are talking about geometrical isomalism so mirror image we are not considering see here it's very simple and clear you can understand this look at the relative position of all A here we have these two at 90 this two at 90 but this is at 180 right in this one you see all A plays at 90 degree 90 these two are different relative position is different here two molecules are different but in the previous one it was A only everywhere right A so if you draw this one also the relative position is same so no GIE in the previous one right it looks like similar but the relative position of A is different to molecule yes so in fact this one is what we can say A, A and A here yeah that's right so these are two structures we have the second one here if you compare this with the facial and meridional one this one all A present at 90 so this one is fact and this one is model it looks like different but all A are at 90 here also and in facial also all A was at 90 got it yeah so this is it for coordination number 6 here the coordination number 6 is the most important one okay most important one they ask mainly from coordination number 6 only optical isomerism will discuss geometry okay so next you write down sorry so one minute I was copying that sir just a second sir done sir thank you so next is write down coordination number coordination number 4 coordination number 4 if you have complex contains contains all mono dented ligands all mono dented ligands for example the first one is MA4 type do we have any GI in this no GI present yes if you write down MA3B type what is the number of GI MA2B2 MA2BC MAB CB number of GI is in this so in this one we have no GI in this one we have cis and trans 2 GI possible if you want to write down just AA and BB in this one we have AABC so we have only 2 GI that is AABC and we have AB AC type in this and here we have one we can write ABCD together or we can write AC BD together or we can write ADBC any other possibility we have only 3 GI possible AB will be also possible I have written here too ok so since we have coordination number 4 so we will get 2 pair here 3rd pair won't be there if we have bidented ligand in this then what are the possibilities bidented ligand we have MAA A2 type MAA AB AB A2 type MAA MAA BB type MAA CD type AB CD type MAB AB type so how do we know if it's square, planar, tetrahedra done and what about the last one is square planar or tetrahedral we can understand only if you know the geometry sorry hybridization if you are getting it as SP3 it is tetrahedral otherwise SP2 gives square planar so hybridization gives you this information yes so we need to know that to know the no in the complex when you use that VBT you know that whatever hybridization you are getting because in this case that is there in case of trigonal bipyramidal where we have where we have you can talk about this thing what is the dipole moment you can talk about whether dipole moment is 0 or not or you can talk about number of bond lengths are same or different which gives you a square pyramidal geometry also but in case of coordination number 4 you will get whatever the geometry whatever the hybridization we have according to that square planar you will get DSP2 hybridization yes ok now in this one you see all these molecules from number 1 to number 6 the number of GIs are 0 no GIs possible in all these molecules you can think of by drawing the structure you will get no geometrical isomerism from 1 to 6 ok one thing you can keep in mind if you if coordination number is 4 and the ligand is symmetrical by dented coordination number 4 ligand is symmetrical by dented then GI is not possible that you can keep in mind coordination number 4 symmetrical by dented no GI possible here we have 2 GI and here we have again 2 GI the possibility is AA BB and we can also write AB BA here also similar way you can write down we have AC BD we have AD BC so these are the few examples we have done for coordination number 4 and 6 now we will see the optical isomerism we don't have much in this only few examples we need to discuss in optical isomerism right on the heading optical isomerism so you know the logic behind optical isomerism it is the property of a molecule towards plain polarized light we are going to give you the basic understanding what is optical isomerism and all that we already know what you need to know here first of all all linear geometry whatever linear geometry we have they do not show optical isomerism so write down the first point linear geometry does not show optical activity or optical isomerism because suppose we have square planar so in the square planar geometry the plane in which the molecule is present along that plane only we have a plane of symmetry we can divide the molecule into 2 equal half along that plane and hence we have a plane of symmetry so there is no optical isomerism possible for the square planar geometry or any planar geometry like linear, trigonal planar square planar optical isomerism is not possible ok next slide down tetrahedral geometry shows optical isomerism only if all the four ligands are different then only then we do not have any plane of symmetry there we are going to repeat that Yeah, tetrahedral geometry shows optical isomerism, tetrahedral geometry shows optical isomerism if all the four ligands are different. If any two are same, optical isomerism is not possible. Because when four ligands are different then only we do not have any planar symmetry. Yes sir, thank you. Okay, next slide down. What if it's a bidented ligand? Ah, wait, I'll do, wait. Right down next. The molecule of the complex which shows optical isomerism, complexes which shows optical isomerism must contain, or not must contain, which shows optical isomerism may contain at least one symmetrical bidented ligand, at least one symmetrical bidented ligand. Next one. Complex contains unsymmetrical bidented ligand, unsymmetrical bidented ligand, then also optical isomerism possible, may possible. If all these things are there then you can think of optical isomerism. Unsymmetrical bidented ligand and optical isomerism possible. Last point. Trans isomers, trans isomers contains plane of symmetry, trans isomers contains plane of symmetry, hence does not show optical isomerism. Hence does not show optical isomerism. There are few complexes which shows optical isomerism. I'll write down the general formula here of the complex. This type of complex, it shows geometrical, optical isomerism. MA2 B2 C2 type, we have discussed this. One of the combination shows optical activity. MAB CDEF type, optically active. If you have MAA, this is also optically active. MA2 type, this is also optically active. AA2 type, AB, this is also optically active. MAB3 type, this is also optically active. One minute I'm done, copy this? Yes sir. Now this too we have already seen. This complex, you see the structure of this. MAA3 type. How do we draw the structure here? Only one possibility we have, one structure we can draw. All the A atoms present like this. Do you have any symmetry here? All A atoms are there. Along the plane of the square, do you have symmetry? Sir, could you please repeat? Yeah, tell me. No sir, can you please repeat that sir, I didn't hear you. No sir, can you please repeat that sir, I didn't hear you. No sir. Some of you are saying yes, some of you are saying no. We do not have, why we do not have? If you take a plane here, along the plane of the square, this, we do not have mirror image over here. It's like, right? The position of the bident. See, fine. In this molecule, obviously I have given over there that this molecule shows optical isolation. If you do not have plane of symmetry here, no POS in this. There is a plane of symmetry, optical activity is not possible. Yes. So actually what happens here, this, you may get mirror image of this A over here. Because it is out of the plane, and it is below the plane we have. So this A bond is coming above this diagonal, right? This MA bond, it is just above it. And this bond is below this diagonal. Can you imagine this? Yes, tell me. That's why this thing, plane of symmetry is not possible in this one. The same logic you can apply to these, you know, complex also. MAA2, A2 diagonal. The only difference is what? This AA2 is fine. We can have two monodendrons. Yes, sir. You lost the connection. Yes, can you hear me? Yes, sir. So this is the, you know, plane of symmetry here. All the examples, if you write down A2 type here, or if you write down MAA2 AB type here, all these are optically active because of this one. There's one, you know, example here, which is that facial and meridional. MA3B3 type. MA3B3, this you have to memorize. Okay. Because one of the molecules you can easily understand there's plane of symmetry, but other one it is not visible in the complex, because it has alternative axis of symmetry, which is actually you need to change the position, angle, and then you have to imagine it, right? That's a very difficult thing to visualize in the complex. So you have to memorize this one. First of all, I'll draw the structure. The two possible structure here is one is facial, other one is meridional. So two square, metal at the center, and facial is all A are at 90 degrees. So one, two, three, all A are at 90 degrees. Meridional is, I'll draw it, right? B, B, and D. This is facial. All A are at 90 degrees. Meridional is one A here. Basically, these two position you have to interchange. You'll get meridional. So we have A, A. Here we get B. Here we have A, B, and D. This is meridional. In this one, it is very, along this plane will have the plane of symmetry. This A and this A will have the mirror image. Along this plane we have the plane of symmetry, right? So in this, we can say we have POS, and hence no optical isomerism. This molecule shows, okay? In this molecule, it is difficult to visualize, but this molecule contains optical, contains alternative axis of symmetry, right? So just keep this in mind. Sometimes they ask this question because we cannot see here, like if you try to imagine, you won't get here any kind of plane of symmetry because this thing you cannot imagine. It's very difficult to visualize.  This something is very difficult to visualize. So what I'm telling you here, ME3B3 type, first of all, the molecule is optically inactive. There's no second thought about it, optically inactive, right? If they ask you this question also, then you keep this in mind. This molecule, however, you know, plane of symmetry, we cannot visualize in this, but this molecule, you know, it contains alternative axis of symmetry, right? The plane of symmetry is there, which makes the molecule optically inactive. No optical iso-method. Okay. Apart from this, I've given you what all different formulas we have, general formulas, which shows optical activity. You need to just check the plane of symmetry by drawing the structure if you do not memorize. That's the method we have. Otherwise, you can keep this one. Excuse me, sir. What did you say AOS is? Alternating axis of... Could you just explain that, sir? What it means? We can do that.  That's why mostly we don't talk about it. It is an element of symmetry that we generally discuss in this thing. Solid state. Okay, center of symmetry, plane of symmetry, alternative axis of symmetry. This rarely exists, but it is there. So what happens, you have to change the position into this and then you can find out the alternative axis of symmetry. Okay. Just a second. Do one thing. Let it be here. We'll discuss solid state in that only. I'll tell you how to do this. Because you need to draw the structure and then change the position. You'll get one particular structure here. Again, you change the position. Another structure you get. And then you can compare the first and third like that. You can say there is an alternative axis of symmetry. Okay. So let it be. We'll discuss a little bit this in solid state. Okay, we'll do that. Not much important, but here you need to understand that it needs to be three type. Okay. It contains, first of all, it does not show optical activity. Right. And one of the molecules is the left side. I have drawn. Okay. In that molecule, we have alternative axis of symmetry present. Right. And that's why it is optically inactive, which actually you could not see because it does not look like, you know, any kind of symmetry present in this. Sir, where exactly is the POS for the B case? POS for the B case. This one. Yes, sir. Along the plane of this one. Oh, the mirror image of A is A itself. Right. It's not by the end. It's not connected to the corner. Oh, okay, sir. If it is connected, then it would be difficult. Right. But here it is there because it's not by the end. Okay. Understood, sir. I'll show you one figure here. You'll understand the alternative axis of symmetry. Hold on, guys. See, in this way, we generally understand optically alternative axis of symmetry. Any molecule if it is given like this. Okay. If you rotate this by 90, 90 degree, right? Like this. Two comes over here. This three comes over here. Four comes over. We'll get this. Okay. Once again, I'm getting. Okay. If you rotate this by 90 degree or if you keep on rotating, okay, you will get a state where the first molecule, this is structure and the other one completely overlaps. Okay. It's looked like identical to each other. And that particular thing, we call it as alternative exercise. Here also the complete structure is not drawn. Okay. Four four axis of symmetry we have here. You need to draw it. You know, rotate it four times like this. Okay. So this kind of symmetry, that's what I was telling you. Even if you understand this, you cannot imagine in this, in the molecule, right? It's very difficult to imagine. That's why I'm a three B three. Why I have given you this example, because they have asked this question in the exam. Alternative axis of symmetry. We cannot visualize in the molecule. So when you look at the structure here, it looks like there is no symmetry present here. Right. Because it has alternative axis of symmetry. That's why I said, you have to memorize this. You need to rotate the molecule. And then if you find one state where the two molecules looks like completely identical, then we consider alternative axis of symmetry. This comes under elements of symmetry where we have center of symmetry, plane of symmetry, two-fold axis of symmetry, four-fold, six-fold axis of symmetry. I mean things comes into this. Okay. Even in solid state also, we won't discuss this in detail. Won't discuss this in detail. Mainly we'll see center of symmetry and plane of symmetry. So that is only thing we need to take care of. So this is it for this chapter. Okay. Coordination compound. We have done this thing in detail. Isomerism part, especially coordination number six optical isomerism is the most important one. They ask questions on hybridization related also, VBT, CFT also they ask question based on that. So there are many different kinds of questions that forms here. We have seen that on the basis of isomerism, they have asked question many times and VBT, they have asked question many times. One last thing I will tell you, you will also see some color based question in this chapter. Okay. What color this complex looks. So color of the complex is because of the DD transition. Transition between D and D orbital. And if D sub shell contains any unpaired electron, then only it shows color. If there is no electron in the D sub shell, it is, it does not show any color. Right. So DD transition. The orbital gap that we have the energy gap that we have, this chorus, this energy, it corresponds to one particular wavelength and corresponds to that only we have the color of the complex. So obviously this color of the complex, we cannot find out logically. We have the way to find out the color, because suppose if you solve this and you get the lambda, lambda value you got, then how do you memorize that wavelength of each color you cannot memorize. So you can find out the mathematical value of it, but still you cannot say that this wavelength corresponds to which color. It is impossible to memorize the wavelength of each color. That's why the color related complex that you get, what you do matters with, in a given particular oxidation state, it shows a different, it shows a color. You make a note of it. Okay. You will hardly have eight to 10 different types of, you know, ions with metals to make a note of it and try to keep this in mind before the exam, you can give it a revision of all these, right? These kind of things you will revise in last days, last week of the exam actually. So that you can do. Finally guys, so we are done with this coordination compound. Okay. We are going to start with a new chapter and that is physical chemistry. Solution we are going to start with.


sit or plaits in motion or down in motion. That's the exercise in the routine for Shutsun IGP obedience and so today I want to show you how I start training for this and obviously the requirement that the dog needs already needs to know how to foos, how to heal with you and the dog knows commands sit and command down. In my case it's plaits and also if the dog knows commands stay and so that's how we start. It's fairly easy if the dog knows all those commands. It's fairly easy to put together but I'll show you how we do it and I'll explain what's done. So let me start. So I start with very short distance and first exercise is to actually understand, help understand the dog understand that he needs to stay if you continue going away. So what I do is that we say heal we heal then he sits in the basic position then I tell him to sit and I also say stay and the stay command will eventually fade out and he will understand when I say sit it means he needs to stay. So it's in a way sit stay and then eventually it becomes sit and I walk a couple of steps and then I come back and reward him when I'm in the basic position. And what I also do that's what I'll show you next is that I reward him at a different point of time. Sometimes I reward when I'm walking away. The reason being is that the dog needs to be attentive to you not to relax and think that it's like his break time when he's sitting in motion.  And if you remember the rules for the IGP Shutsun exercise for bloods command for the down-and-motion command it's a 30 steps away from the dog. So the dogs tend to kind of start looking around, scoot over or something you don't want this to happen. So for that I always randomly reward the dog. And I'll show you now how I do this. Come on, sit, push, push, push, sit, push, push, push, push, push, push, push. The options were how I reward the dog. One other thing you need to know I never reward the dog when I'm walking towards him. Reason being is that in a trial you don't want the dog to anticipate that reward might be coming now and start moving or actually stand up or run towards you. So you don't want this. So that's the only direction that I don't reward when I'm walking towards the dog but I'm rewarding when I'm walking away, when I'm standing there in a stand position. So as you could see he was very attentive because we've done this a couple of times so now he knows. Though we have we're in the public park and there are dogs everywhere and people and he's actually looking at the front door right now but that's a very good exercise and you do exactly the same with plots. Let me show you the plots. Hey! Yes, very good. So with the plots command with down command out of healing and the dogs they tend to be very crooked with the front. I only reward when the dog is straight and if this dog is straight going down I reward it right away just to show him that's what I want and if he's crooked I correct him as you just saw and the rest is pretty much exactly the same if he's straight I walk away I reward walking away or reward when I'm standing there but I never recall the dog because the in motion exercises require recalling and I never do that together. The recall command is separate exercise for me always in training it's only before the trial I might do it once together so the dog would run to me because I don't want the dog to anticipate running up to me and being and see a little bit and break the position. So for that reason in motion exercise are only about the dog staying in place and you walking away in different distances and rewarding the dog at different point of time so the dog is always attentive so that's for me is in motion exercise training. Happy training!