The Senate Committee on Public Accounts has commenced investigation into an alleged secret withdrawal of 151 billion Naira from the Federation Account by the Budget Office. The withdrawal allegedly took place in 2015 according to a query to that effect by the Office of the Auditor General of the Federation. That elates 2016 audit report being considered by the Committee chaired by Senator Matthew Ohohege, that from Edo South. The Budget Office failed to appear before the Senate panel to answer the query despite the Committee's invitation.


Imagine if this was your day job. For the soldier you're about to meet and a select few like him, it is. Not very many people join the military, even less people go airborne. As you can see, you get this kind of stuff going on today. It's fun. It gives you a good rush. Ranger, baby!  We train differently. We train for a whole different mission set that most soldiers don't train for. Even after being in the Army for five years, he says no two days ever seem the same. So this is actually one of those jobs where I can wake up one day and be shooting a 50 cal machine gun or jump out of a plane. Yeah, yeah, I have a boring day right now in them, but I like the pace of this job. And even though these soldiers get to jump out of planes at least four times a year, it's not all fun and games. It's a cool thing to do, but there's a lot of stress. You know, it's a lot more physically challenging. On most days, there's a lot of safety that goes into it. And while it doesn't completely eliminate the risk, it does mitigate it a lot. Come on, baby. Turn for me now. And then accidents do happen, too. I mean, sometimes I do just end up in the tree, and that's bad. From Graffenbeer Training Area in Germany, I'm specialist Arthur Hare.


Good evening. I'm Olamide Yadiami and this is the news now. The House of Representatives Committee on National Security and Intelligence has called on the National Security Advisor to put in more effort by ensuring a secure Nigeria as the country approaches the forthcoming general elections. Chairman of the Committee Honourable Shahaban Sharada spoke during the 2022 budget defence session of the Office of the National Security Advisor. He said the role of the government in ensuring the cooperative unity of Nigeria and sustainable internal security, especially in recent times, is non-negotiable. Insecurity that confronts us is not peculiar just to Nigeria but it's a global thing and in today's context we can only overcome this problem when we recognise the importance of intelligence as being the driver, the propellant of all activities in a whole of society approach. It is important that all the problems I present are taken into consideration by this very, very important committee.


Friends, I get it, we do not know what's happening in the meetings and events industry, hour to hour, never mind day to day, week to week, month to month, or even next year. It is so tempting to stay still in one spot, but we need to keep moving forward. So today in these difficult times, we're talking about baby steps, small steps that we can all take to move our career forward and move the industry forward. Want to go on this journey with me? Stick around. Hey friends, it's Leanne and like all of you, I am absolutely devastated and heartbroken over what has happened to our industry over the last couple of weeks. It's gut wrenching to see all of our work go down the drain and for a lot of us, all of our finances to follow down the drain with it. And now we find ourselves in this strange limbo when we don't know what's going to happen. And limbo is hard, especially for type A planners like us. We want to be in control of the situation and right now we have zero control about what is going to happen. That is tough. So instead of dwelling on not being able to control things, what we can control are those daily goals and daily tasks that will continue to move the needle forward on our careers on our organizations and on our industry. So that's what I want to share with you today are ways that we can take control back during these uncertain and difficult times. Before I begin, don't forget to subscribe to my YouTube channel and click on that little bell to be notified of new content, especially in the weeks ahead. I'm putting out a lot of content that relates to our current time in our industry and I don't want you to miss a post. Thank you. Okay, so let's take a look about how you and I can move forward during these uncertain times. Idea number one, allow yourself the time to grieve. A lot of us have lost something of significant value over the last couple of weeks. And it's important that we recognize that rather than brush that under the carpet and move on to something else. I've included a graphic that goes through the seven stages of grief and on any given day you may find yourself all over this graphic and that is okay. It is okay to take the due time that you need to grieve the loss that you are experiencing in your own life. So please recognize what it is that you have lost and go through that healing process. Idea number two, set small goals each and every day. And for some of us who may not have a lot of employment to lean on to, those goals may be as simple and prosaic as finishing the puzzle in the living room. But we need to set goals to keep our brains sharp and to keep us looking ahead to the future. I've done posts about setting daily goals in the past. You can view that post up here. And I just can't emphasize enough how important it is to still set goals, even when our job situation is looking unstable or uncertain. Idea number three, volunteer your time. If you have the ability to get out of self isolation and volunteer to help the fight against COVID or to help people through this crisis, take the skills and the talents that you have and put it towards your community and doing some good. Not only will it of course help your community, but you're going to feel better about that contribution. And for a lot of us who are so busy during regular work seasons, we don't even have time to volunteer. This could be the only time we have to give something back to our community. There are lots of initiatives right now that are looking for volunteers or looking for contributors. So seek out those opportunities and keep yourself in the industry. Idea number four, listen to motivational speakers, be it through podcasts or YouTube videos. Make sure that you fill some of your time with people that are inspiring and people who want to motivate you in your work. So these are greats like John Maxwell or Rachel Hollis, maybe even Michael Hyatt and there's probably several others. Take some time to listen to them each day and feel inspired by their messages. Idea number five, continue your training. There's so many great online courses out there. MPI and PCMA have some great offerings, but maybe you want to learn a new skill as well. My son is learning how to play guitar and he's found this great teacher on YouTube. So maybe you can go to YouTube and learn a new skill through there as well. Idea number six, allow yourself the white space to dream.  And you might be dreaming of a passion project or something that you want to bring to the industry, but you just haven't found the time to do it. Here is that time. So allow yourself that white space each and every day to be creative and to carve out something new that you can give to this world. Idea number seven, have faith.  Our work may look different at the end of the day, but our industry is going to live on. We are a billion dollar industry. We are going to survive this. So have faith that we're going to see through to the end of this crisis and have faith in your colleagues to help you bring you through this. A couple other resources I want to share with you. If you're looking at ways of staying productive during this time, I filmed a little video not too long ago. You can check out those ideas here. And if none of my advice resonated with you today, I encourage you to check out little video from someone named Chris Hadfield. Canadian astronaut who filmed a video about moving forward not too long ago himself and you can check out that video right here. Friends, if you're feeling snowed in with all the uncertainty but are still managing to move forward each and every day, I would love for you to share your success strategies with our community. We need them now more than ever. Please comment below this video. Everyone, this is not a time to be taken lightly. There are many of us in our communities who are susceptible to this virus. So please heed the warnings, stay home and contribute to our industry in ways that you can from your home office. If you and I have not connected yet on LinkedIn, please find me over there. Connect with me and let's continue the conversation. Everyone, together we are Event Prof Strong. Take care of you and yours. Bye for now.


question that has come through the Facebook from Doug Bruster. He asks, how do you see GMOs? Are they part of the reality unfolding or are they a spiritually corrupt food that has been driven by man to feed the body and line pockets rather than food that feeds the soul? What are your thoughts on this? The… I think there's a whole lot of corruption in the question, whoever Doug from wherever. First let's understand, food does not feed the soul, food feeds the body. Let's not complicate things. Like people are talking about soul mates and you know stuff, body needs a mate, understandable. Mind needs a mate to some extent. The soul if it needs a mate, it's a lost… it's not a practical thing. So soul does not need food, it's not… first of all you don't know what it is. You just use the word because everybody's using it anyway. GMO, I think meddling with nature at that level is quite irresponsible. These are purely commercial forces, definitely not concerned with long-term well-being of the human beings. We should have never allowed it into this country. I believe the new government is not going to go that way, in India at least.


This is pretty good. No. No, we're not gonna get a paddle, unbelievable. Okay, so... Guys, we, I have a look through, I look through off stream, and this is what I did, okay? I went and I upvoted every single thing that I thought... Oh, what? I'm... Yeah. Texas is too cold, no power, Texas is too hot, no power. Texas is normal temperature, believe it or not, no power. Okay. It's... This has never been an issue until this year. I've never seen this in this year. When Tuesday plays, we'll play tons of WoW and keep playing GTA V, right? And keep playing GTA... Yes, listen, I will keep doing some RP, okay?  Listen, we might be head to Los Santos tomorrow, we'll see what happens. Official art style for Final Fantasy... Wait, what? Totally not weeb. No, look. This is... It's not... It's not a weeb game. They got armor. And swords. Weebs wear robes. Weebs wear robes. They wear cloth armor. Badasses wear plate and two handers. Our cat seems to like our story. Dude, is this really... I think it sees my hair. I think it sees my hair. And it's like, it thinks it's like... Like a toy that you're dangling in front of it. Unbelievable mebs. You're doing the donut wall. Dude, I'm doing donut cabinet. Donut cabinet. Okay. What we're doing is part of the environment. NASA satellite shows corn belt producing 40% more oxygen. No, there's no way this is true. Is this true? Because this is just hilarious to me. I think this is so funny. The corn belt produces more oxygen than the air is vulnerable. That is funny, dude. That's actually so funny. Okay. If that's been ever played as Final Fantasy XIV... I don't plan... Yes. It is true. I, Michael Scott, am signing up with an online dating service. No! You've done it, and I am going to do it. I need a username. And I have a great one. Little Kid Lover. That way people know exactly where my priorities are at. No! I'm so good. That is so... So, it's an OTK merch contest. Not an S-Fan merch contest. Okay. These are a lot of options. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty... Oh, wait. This was... This is so good, but it doesn't... it doesn't fit. Right, because it's an S-Fan shirt. And that's not really the point. Even this one is an S-Fan shirt, but man, is it like... Oh, this is good. But here's the thing. Maybe we can, like, adapt... I figure we can pick it and maybe adapt the design a little bit differently. I'm gonna go through and give each one of these one minute. Okay? You're either gonna give it a... One of these or one of these, okay? First one up, chat. It's gonna be this one. I'm gonna start it right now. One minute, let's go. Either vote yeah or vote nay. Is this something that you would consider buying and wearing? I can overrule your guys' vote. At the end. Like the Russians. So, this gotta know. So, this is gonna get moved over to the side here. Three, two, one. Voting has begun. The voting has begun. Is this something that you would... And you know what? Take into consideration, like, maybe the colors change. Maybe something like that. Maybe, like, if you tweak it just a little bit, like, but roughly, it's like, it's pretty good. Because, like, we could always maybe change the colors or this or that, right? It is really close. And it's been over a minute. So, I'm gonna overrule this one and I'm gonna put this as a yes. Yeah, I'm gonna overrule this. Yes. Because I gotta get ready to go to raid soon. Next one. Three, two, one. Yes or no, chat. Yes or no. Vote yes or no. Vote nay, vote yeah, or yes or no. What are the other one? What are the other? Okay, I'm gonna end the voting early if it's like a blowout, right? But this one looks like a no. Okay, so this is a no. Three, two, one, go. What about this one? Yes, no, vote yeah, vote no, nay. Okay, this is a pretty hard no as well. Okay, so we're gonna go ahead and say no to this one. Okay, what about this one? Three, two, one, go. The voting has begun. What about this one? I thought this one was cool. We're gonna bring it down to one big poll between all of them. What is this? I think a tiki torches, whenever I see this. White tee, no. I literally just said don't think about the colors of the shirt or whatever. 134 on no, 80 on yes.  I'm gonna disregard it and I'm gonna overrule. So I'm gonna keep this one. Okay. Next. Wearable merch, Poggy King. Okay. So what do you guys think of this one? I wonder why nobody votes?  Hello? Unbelievable. Okay, this one's a yes. We're gonna keep this one then. Very good. Okay, what about this guy? This one's close. Make sure to get your votes in chat. This one's really, really close. Okay, well... Look as fanned. I know my animator should have been the winner, but you can't embrace the weed. I get it. All joking aside, I think things like this are always super subjective and it's hard to enter these things without some ideas of what you were looking for. Uh, yeah, true. Okay. Uh, now this one. Is it a backside? No. I don't think there needs to be a backside to a shirt. I think most shirts don't need back sides. Um, I'm gonna keep this one for the big vote. Okay, what about this one? Okay. It's like Overwatch? Yeah, Overwatch has good merch. Okay, this one's a yes. Very good. Very good. This is a yes. Very good. Okay, chat. What about this one? I'm not 100% sold on this part right here, but I like the symmetry and I like how it looks. Okay, this is a yes. Very good. What about this one? I've had three game feels today. Okay, this is a no. I will put this here for now. Uh, what about this one? What about this one, chat? Ooh, this one is close. So remember, when you're voting, think, is this something that I would wear? Does it come pre-dirty? Trust me, if it's from us, it's coming pre-dirty, sure. Wow. Honestly, this is close enough I would have kept it in for the final voting anyway. Now, so we gotta say it's generic, but sometimes generic is good. Now, I don't know if that's exactly what we're looking for in a merch contest. We will keep this one. This one I wasn't sure about because I'm like, is this too S-Fan specific with the Ashbringer on it? I don't even know if we can use it, but what do you guys think about this one? Okay, this one's a pretty hard no. Okay, this one's a hard no. I like that a lot, but I thought it wasn't really S-Fan. Like, it was too much S-Fan. Okay, what do you guys think about this one? Wow, this is close.  Vote quick! Vote quick, chat. This is really close. I'll probably let this one go through anyway. Okay, there's also this one, but here's the thing. You wouldn't really know that it's Ashbringer, unless, do you guys think this would be better for my merch or for OTK merch? Ashbringer is wow, not S-Fan. I know, but I'm the paladin guy. OTK is not a wow org. It's never been a wow org. Like, we all come from wow, but that wasn't like the purpose of OTK. Like, hold on, so with this one, I like the design, but I think this is like, the shirt is like an ad. But I mean the actual design of something like this, like the tight-facing and, you know what I mean? Ladies, the shirt does not come with a lipstick. Okay, it's just a t-shirt. Or guys, I don't know. I'm one of the lipstick, too. I'm sorry, Godmother. Okay, that one's a no. It's time. So, we have selected one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10. We are going to do a final voting chat. One final vote. One true vote. Okay, here's how this works, chat. We have nine options, okay? We have nine options. Guys, now the voting, to vote, you do exclamation point, vote, space, and then you put the number, okay? Exclamation point, vote, and then you put the number. And the voting is starting now, chat. So, I said this before. I think this is like, not as good for OTK merch. And we should do this as S-Fan merch. That's what a lot of people have been saying. And I'm surprised so many of you are picking this now. I mean, I think it's a really good shirt, personally. But vote for your favorite one. This is what I want you to do.  I would totally buy that. Straw pull after this and see if the results match up. Okay, I'm linking the straw pull in chat. Which shirts would you buy? You can vote for multiple. You can vote for multiple. We're going to do five, three, one. So, the top five will be eight, one, two, six, five. Eight, one, two, six, five. Gifting subs to two voters. If he wins, you get a gift. White heart will rise up two gang. Stop. Eight, eight, one, two, six, five. So, eight, eight, one, two, six, and five are good. So, four is out. Seven is out. Three is out. And nine is out. So, we're going to go top five, top three, and then we're going to pick a top one. Thank you everybody for submitting, by the way, because there were a lot of really good ones. There were a lot of not very good ones, but there were also a lot of very good ones. And it became apparent as time was ending that that was certainly the case. Here's the link. The link is in chat. You can vote for as many as you want. Then we will do a top three of that top three. You will get one vote on the next one. Okay, top three. Oh, dude. Oh, this is close chat. Okay, I'm going to call tips. I'm going to call tips chat. Yo, yo, check, check. Can you guys hear me? I'm doing the final voting right now. We're picking a top three. Do you know if the merch company are sweatpants part of the deal? We can do sweatpants. We can do mugs. We can do pillows. We can do t-shirts. We can do crew necks. We can do books, backpacks, handbags. We can do anything you want to do. So, is the contest for the design and we might do multiple or different things with the design? Exactly. So, for some of the other designs, like, I think Schlatt wants to change something with his. So, what we're going to do is we're going to pick the winning designs tonight. We're going to contact the designers tonight and then probably, like, by tomorrow, any revisions we need to make if we want to change colors or something with the designers. No. And then by the day after tomorrow, we'll tweet, you know, the final, final designs and we'll put them on sale on Monday. Monday. Monday. Oh, I shouldn't have revealed that, but yeah, Monday. I didn't, well, I didn't know either. Okay. Leaked. Actually leaked. Okay. So, okay. Okay. Here, we're doing a top three chat. 812 is what we're at. 812, five and six are out. Pick your favorite chat. You can only pick one and it is close. I mean, I think all three of these are good. Invoting 8.1. What are you, oh, I don't know. I don't want tips to influence the vote. Yeah, I won't say. Yeah. Yeah. Oh, this is close chat chat. Remember, it's for the design. Right. We could put it on a shirt. We could put on a hoodie. We could put on a mug. We could put it on all kinds of different stuff. I pressed the wrong button, but we're going to go one more round. We're going to go one final round. And we are going to go between one and two. Damn. It is too close. No, between eight and one. Okay, we're going to do it between eight and one. We're not going to do two. Two is out. Eight, one single vote. Number one and number eight. Speak now or forever. Hold your peace. You only get one choice. You only get one choice. Wow. What a turn of events. No way. Dude, it was eight barely edged out one the first time. You know what happened? Two gang happened. I think two gang happened. I think most of two like one as well. Eight is friends adjacent. This isn't math. I chose eight and one for 8.1 mean. That's good. That's good. Are you shitting me? How? Which one do you like more? Honestly, if I had to choose, my favorite was I like two as an S fan shirt. I might use two as an S fan shirt instead of an OTK shirt. Yeah, I think it's a good idea. I think two is a really good S fan shirt. I might, but I really, really like both of these a lot. Do you think we can do anything about that? So maybe, maybe we can do something about it. Maybe we could do both. So I really like eight. I think the simplicity is really cool. I really like one, but vapor wave slash that synth wave vibe. It's so cool that I feel like we should do a custom drop where we do a hoodie, a T-shirt and sweats all designed with that kind of vapor wave vibe. You know what I mean? Yeah, yeah.  Exactly. Like a custom drop specifically in that style. That would be kind of badass. Yeah, I like that a lot. Tim did that a little while back and it looked so good. Really? Yeah. Chad, I'm going to end the vote. We are going to end the vote in one minute. Wait, eight's taking over. Wait, eight is taking, wait, eight is making a comeback. Oh my God. Leaving before end of the fourth quarter. Oh, frick. I did leave. Okay, Chad. Here's what we're going to do. I'm going to talk to, hold on. I'm going to message our financial advisor. Tips, check it in. Guys, I just contacted our special financial advisor that we hired that is not tips. It's definitely not me. I'm definitely not opening up a couple of spreadsheets right now, verifying how much money we can spend on design, seeing if it's cost effective to do number one hand aids. Okay. There's no more votes. Okay. The results are in. Something smells fishy here. I don't know what is happening. Okay. Stop choosing 50 50. I want to not it in Arizona. I don't know. Okay. We're going to say eight and one both win the prize. Okay. Eight and one both win the prize. We're going to figure it out. Eight will be the official winner for the, for this drop for the, for this contest, but we're going to go ahead and give the prize to eight and one. And then for number one, we will either do that on a t-shirt in the same drop or we may use it in the future for a whole nother drop. We're going to go ahead and to go ahead guys. We are going to go ahead and go ahead and we are going to go ahead.


Hi guys, I wasn't going to do this today, but I realized what I want to do for this month's Artie Trio video Needs to dry overnight so I can finish it tomorrow. So yes, let's get started This is this month's vision board that we're doing for the month of December This vision board was created by me and you will notice Couple of themes It's all about for me the small things I love taking pictures with my phone when I'm out for my nightly walks or out at events or Everywhere to be honest and it is mostly pictures of nature and frequently things that are rainbow or multi-colored I love that kids in our neighborhood do lots with sidewalk chalk in the spring and summer And I'm constantly taking pictures of what they do. They're doing along with flowers and floral things And there's a house in the neighborhood that always is posting things like I don't know if you guys can see that it says kindness matters You can get a copy of this vision board over in the Artie Trio's Facebook group And I would love to see what you do with it this month Please tag me in your posts over in that said Facebook group and or if you do a video I'd love to see you're doing anyway I'm really all about rainbows this month and I really wanted to experiment with doing some sort of art rainbow-based and And nature inspired. I really wanted it to look like an Oil slick sort of a I'd thing now. I did have a picture of an oil Rainbow oil slick thing. We didn't include it in the vision board I maybe I should have because it's really stuck in my brain I will put a picture of it here and I will include a picture over in the Artie Trio Facebook group You know, it's one of those rainbow oil slicks that you see on the road After its rain where a car was parked that probably has an oil leak and you see just the rainbow of colors in the puddle of water I love that look and I was just thinking how can we get sort of an interesting rainbow oil slick kind of thing? On an art journal page Can we do that? Is it possible? Maybe so I started experimenting and I am going to include The vision board on the journal page, of course as I always do. I am also going to put a clear pocket This is a clear plastic adhesive pocket So I can even stick it right on top of the vision board which it'll still show through and I am going to put in the pocket in my experiments, so I Experimented with a few different things to see which one I thought would work better I used sort of a tone tan color paper because the page I want to do this on in my journal Is a tan page Somewhere hold on Somewhere Here we go So it's a page that's this color So first I tried alcohol ink over matte medium that medium Yeah, and I was really nicely brightly colored But not exactly what I was looking for and I had to figure out where I put my alcohol in because I haven't used them in so long and I really need to like use them because some of them are Just I didn't save one of the colors out where it's just so messy like you can't even see the label But I have some I don't I don't even know what the color is anyway, so that was that one. This one was Acrylic inks over matte medium This one was distress inks over matte medium And this one I just decided to do alcohol inks with blending solution This is the winner and I I think I put so much blending solution that it rubbed I it wore off the pen I had on the back even though the pen was water resistant It was an alcohol resistant, but anyway, this is what we're gonna the kind of blend we're gonna shoot for so The first thing I'm gonna do is put these on here so that I know I want to just do my piece of artwork Over here in times past in this journal I do these artistic experiments, and then I make notes in this case the notes are the cards So first let's glue this down Stick if I can get the lid off holy cow. There we go And smooth it out with a gift card It's not exactly straight, but that's okay and we're gonna put our clear pocket on here and That side of the page will look like that Now the artwork is gonna be done on the other side To get ready for that. We have to do some prep work Because if we don't do the prep work prep work, the ink is gonna go everywhere So I need to go grab a couple things and I'll be right back If you've caught any of my episodes of the messy journal or you've seen this box before if you haven't caught any of Those episodes I'll link the playlist down below But anyway, I have this kind of box I can do messy stuff in and not have it go Everywhere. I also have a dollar store shower curtain Which is just a big giant piece of plastic So anyway, we've got our plastic wrapped around our journal to try to protect What we're gonna do from going everywhere Got my colors lined up In sort of rainbow ish order. I have to decide which one I want to do. I'm gonna do some I'm not going to do lines So I have to decide what color I want in the middle and what color I want in the outside Do I want to start with the darkest in the inside or the lightest in the inside? It's a dilemma. We need our blending solution Hopefully I have enough alcohol does work by the way if you Don't have blending solution, but you have some alcohol inks rubbing alcohol actually will work. All right, so This is what I'm gonna do So I'm gonna just do One of the reasons I'm protecting The journal is because this would just go straight through to the other pages and as it is I probably Won't be able to easily do anything on the back side That's okay. We'll cross that bridge when we come to it, right? And see this right here. This is why we Covered the journal.  Now one thing you can do Is take a scrap piece of paper. I always have scrap pieces of paper around So if you have a spot that you think you got it too dark You just kind of blot it up and then if you do that and you see it like I don't want to see these lines So I'm just gonna keep adding ink and or blotting and Adding blotting solution until I get the look I want Pretend you're doing an acrylic pour Only instead of with paint or use an ink That's what it reminds me of very much When you're satisfied Then just let it dry Now if you're like me and you use lots of alcohol ink it might take a little bit to dry alcohol ink dries pretty fast But not if you use 20 tons of it like I do But as you can see I just have a lot of trouble trouble a lot of fun playing with the ink and Just adding colors until I just am really Loving what I'm seeing and these can be like collage papers for your next project. So don't throw those away All right, I kind of like the where that's going So we're gonna let it dry and we'll be back with the next part. Okay guys, so this is nice and dry I let it dry overnight The plastic did a great job protecting the rest of the journal. It does did bleed through I expected that if I do anything on the back up here I'll either work with the marks on the back or I will just out of the back But I may just use it for making notes on and then do something here. Anyway, I digress Okay, so now inspired by the vision board here, we'll take these out for now and The oil slick rainbow that didn't get included in the vision board and Want to add some highlights and shadows I want to work with the shape that organically came out and I want to make some highlights and shadows I've got a variety of White gray and black pencils here. I've got a blending stump I'm reading glasses because I'm going to need those These are very varying shades of opaqueness and Sheerness we're going to just try to experiment. I'm going to do the shadows first. I'm going to start with some grays I have a I'm not a pencil snob. I like crayola just as much as Stadler or Holbein Although I have recently discovered this Holbein colored pencil and this is soft white and this is color number OP 501. I have another one that's sharpened. That's downstairs in my Drawing bag that I use when I lose track of saving any white space in my work and my drawings and watercolors and this works Really well for adding a little bit of that white back gel pen works well too But I get completely frustrated with gel pen because they just clog all the time So I prefer a pencil and this one works really well So I would definitely recommend it if you're looking for something like that And we will probably use it at some point. So you'll get to see it. Anyway, I digress again. Okay. Let's start with our grays We've got three grays here Let's see where we get with them. We have a crayola one. The color is timber wolf two Derwent pencils graph tint one is warm gray one is mountain gray and We're gonna start with crayola. Oops, and I'm going to Add some Shadows I'm gonna start off subtly. You can always add more But it's hard to take it away so start off carefully and subtly and add your shadows and Your marks I'm gonna speed forward through my process and I'll be back I like the way that looks now. I'm going to add You know our vision board has a lot of flowers on here has three images of flowers on here I do often when I'm out and about take pictures of things in nature I'm going to add some of these little they're not daisies. I don't know what they are. But anyway I'm gonna add some type shapes. I'm using a paint pen. They're not my favorite thing. They clogged constantly, but I Have it so I'm gonna use it.  I will preface that by saying This is a journal where I practice with different techniques and color combinations and mixing colors and materials And this is not generally a journal where I put words or phrases On the finished page. This is all about experimentation and making notes But something did come to me last night that I think I need to type up and put on here So we are going to do that as soon as I'm done with the main image and I will show you how I'm going to do that too So again, we're just making a series of dots and I could keep going But I think I'm going to stop there and then I have a yellow gel pen That I think I'm going to use For the centers Again just a dot nothing complicated And The nice thing about an image like this is break out all those pencils you have That you probably don't use if you're like me you don't use them nearly enough and See which ones Will do what? That's cute. I like that Do I want to add any more? Yeah, I'm kind of wanting this is just a basic 6h prism a color graphite pencil. This is nothing special. It's just a graphite pencil I Don't think it's going to leave Much of anything that you're going to be able to see it's going to be very subtle Maybe too subtle I have a black Crayola Maybe we'll do that one instead It's Crayola, so it's slightly darker, but I mean it's not It's not whole vine or anything Just sort of drawing some vines connecting our flowers Don't think about it too much Just draw and have fun and experiment play Okay, that's cute zoom out just a little bit So if you're not going to see it a ton you see that yeah, it's just very subtle, but I am okay with that I kind of like it All right, we're going to type our phrase now. Hang on. This is my vintage underwood typewriter Yes, I said typewriter sometimes, you know just Getting away from Computers and Yeah, anyway, so let's and it has a piece of note paper from my late grandmother's Stash of stationery that we found when she passed away.  Anyway, let's type up our phrase and I'll be right back. Okay, we're going to glue it right there and While I'm doing that I'm going to talk about What I typed so life isn't always about rainbows and flowers, but we can find beauty anywhere So for me the vision board this month and and the inspiration behind it is just the small things You don't have to find a beauty and inspiration, you know in some a random Fancy Caribbean beach sometimes beauty and inspiration can be found right in your own backyard and You only have to just look and open your eyes to see it I Find constant inspiration in the world around me in my own neighborhood in my own yard and In the simple things and if we've learned nothing in this past couple of years Then maybe we've learned that that it's just sometimes About the simple things. I would love to see what you do with this month's vision board small things and the idea of lots of color and rainbows experimenting with the materials that you have in your collection if you're like me things that you don't use too much and I will put the bonus oil slick picture over in the Facebook group I Would love to see what you do this month Love love love. So please tag me in the post and I will make sure to Like and comment if I can't and yeah, that's it for this month the other two Collaborators lit videos are listed in the video description. I Would encourage you to go over to their channels like share and subscribe to all three channels if you can and Please support the free content on the channels All of us have something in the video description. So check it out Don't forget to stay safe stay healthy stay creative and above all go out and do something nice for yourself because you deserve it And I'll see you later. Bye guys


Hey guys, it's Kevin. OK, this is the second part. I'm going to show you how to install the motherboard back to WF3640 and Thras3620. I'll use this worksheet and I'll put the link above. I'll also put a link for the video that you uninstalled the motherboard. So this is actually the second part of the video. So we put the motherboard back again. We'll skim on the screws, but we'll emphasize on the wiring. By the way, on the worksheet, you have to read backwards. So you put it short and long USB screws back. Then you install the two big screws. Put the Wi-Fi card back with cover. And then install the four big screws on each corner. OK, now we put the motherboard on the printer. There are three things to be careful. One is the black thing has to be behind the optical sensor. And also the ground wire and all wires cannot be blocked by the motherboard. And you need to push the fax, you need to back a little bit. So we bend the wire forward. Make sure you see that the ground wire. Last time I hide the ground wire behind the motherboard. So I have to uninstall it and install it back again. OK, as you can see, the ground wire looks good. Now I push the fax unit back a little bit. And the black thing fits right in between the fax unit and the optical sensor. Now the four screws that secure the motherboard. In this one, I removed the bent metal. And so there actually should be five screws to install. The shorter screw is for metal to metal. And the longer spinal one is for the metal to plastic. Here's the metal to metal. The deep one and the two screws in the front. OK, we're going to work on the top of the main board on the back. GGW means gray, gray, and white. So gray, gray, and white.  And there are three FFCs that are FFC from paper feed and from WIC and from fax. Just remember small, medium, large. So the paper feed is smaller one. So we put it down first. And all three FFCs, the blue side is facing the front. And then we'll get one thin FFC all the way to the back of the motherboard on the top. Then we'll have a three-fat FFC with iron core. To install the side cover, put the bottom tab in first. Then you kind of swing it, turn it, and until it clicks. And one screw for the side cover. And the LCD panel has FFC cable. And the KRK means black. Then you have a wire that's black and red.  And then you have a ground wire to install. And then two screws to install the front LCD panel. Now we do the ground. And notice for the WF3620, there are two things it doesn't have. I refer to your workflow. So you can see 3640 will have a red socket. And also it will have an FFC socket. But 3620 doesn't have it. So FCC for the WF3640, not 20. And power. By the way, those numbers are there corresponded to the numbers on your flowchart, the pictures. I mean, number four on the picture is exactly the location for number four here. Four is KKR. So it's a black wire with a red head. Number five, KR with a white head.   Number eight, black-red wire with a red head. Put the cover back and install the seven screws. But before you install the seven screws, which is secured at the scanner's hinge, let's take a look of the scanner's hinge. The top of the hinge should fit like this. Do it a few times until you get it. Then it will become your signature. And you can fit it right in. And close the scanner and it will lock in place. See it again? You need to bend back the scanner a little bit. So you need to bend it back a little bit. OK, there we go. And now it's snap. And now it's wearing time.  And I call this a big green. Number three, black-red with a white head. Put it next to the black. We got a colorful four wires with a white head. And a black-red with a yellow head. Number six, don't forget to put that iron core back to the FFC before you install it. And lastly, the number seven ground.  Put a fax cover back and two screws on the scanner and two screws on the fax cover. And that's all, folks. Go to run. Cheers.


Assalamu alaikum dear students, today we are going to discuss the lecture number 8 of the database management system course. Before starting today's lecture, let's have a brief recap of the previous lecture. In the previous lecture, we started the discussion on the entity relationship data model. We studied what are the entity types and what are different types of entity types. In that, we studied strong entity types and weak entity types. In addition, what are the differences between these two and how they are used. And we also studied that in the ER data model, to represent them, which are the different symbols. In the previous lecture, we also studied the attributes. What is the purpose of the attributes? And how do they link with the entity type? In addition, we also studied the attributes of different types. In which we studied that there are simple attributes, multi-valued attributes, derived attributes, and composite attributes. Today, we will focus on the concept of keys. Dear students, keys are a very important topic in the database. And you should include this concept and this knowledge in the basics of this subject. This is the thing that I would like to tell you that you have very clear concepts. Why? Because the concept of keys is very frequently used in the database. And without having a proper concept of the keys, you cannot understand the database concepts properly. So currently, what we will discuss about keys today, you will try to understand it in a good way. Apart from this, we can also touch on the topic of relationship. So let us move on to today's lecture. These are the two main concepts that we are going to discuss today. Keys and what are different types of the keys. And secondly, we may also touch the nature of relationships. What is a key? Key is an attribute or set of attributes that are used to uniquely identify a particular entity instance. Dear students, what is its significance? That is, why is the key necessary in the database? Because when you look at the purpose of the database, what is its purpose? Its purpose is that you process the data. And in the process, storing the data, retrieving it, and doing all the different types of processing is a part of it. When you store it, after that, when you do any type of processing, almost all types of processing, it involves accessing the data from the database. When it becomes popular in the database, there can be countless records. A database could contain the records that say a few hundred to a few thousand and a few hundred thousand even. And millions of records can also be in the database. Now, if you have a database with a few hundred records or a few lakh records in it, when you want to do processing, the important thing is that you want to identify a few records from all those records. Or you can say that you want to access a few records. One condition is that you want to do all the records, some activity, some work. But one condition is that you want to identify a single record from all those records, whether it is a few hundred or a few lakhs. You want to identify a few records, and you want to identify a few records. Now, the question is that how will you identify the record that you want to access? The natural way of that is that you want to identify a record from any attribute that you want to identify. You want to identify a record based on its value.  For example, if you look at the example of Wabda, then it is possible that in any city in the case of Wabda, when there is a billing system of Wabda, there are thousands of records. There can be millions of records. Now, when you talk about the bill that you want to print every month, there is an application. Now, this particular application may need access to all the records in the database of the Wabda, obviously. But there may be some different situations as well. First of all, at some point, you get a bill and you find out that there is some mistake in the bill. Now, obviously, you will go to the company and ask them that there is some mistake in the bill, kindly rectify it. Now, obviously, for this rectification, the people there will have to access your record in the database. Now, the records in the database are in the number of thousands or millions. From that, what is your record that you are trying to access or reach to it or remove it? For example, one way is that if we manual it, for example, if you see the manual, then you start printing each register. How will you do it? There are millions of records. Second way is that if you see in the manual system that you have an index maintained, the bill of this area is in the register. But when you say to this, when you apply the same thing to the computer, then one possibility is that you start seeing all the records in the database through the computer. Obviously, it will take a lot of time because there are thousands or millions of records. The second possibility is that it tells you what is your name. If you say that my name is this, then you say that my name is Aftab Ahmad. Now, the company or Wabda tries to find a record in the name of Aftab Ahmad in the database. Now, feel that in some city, how many people can be found in the name of Aftab Ahmad. So, what will happen is that if you find it in the name of Aftab Ahmad, then you will find it with countless records. If you want to fix an area, that I say that in Garisha, Aftab Ahmad is my home, then you can find it here. If you also find Aftab Ahmad in Garisha, then you will find Aftab Ahmad. So, you will have to check the records one by one again. And it is possible that you can identify them on the basis of your address, or on any basis, that Aftab Ahmad, the house number, the street number, that is basically my home, this is my record. So, you can fix it there. This means that this has become a situation. Apart from this, it is important that a person wants to cut off the perimeter of his house. He says that he is not staying here anymore, or he does not want to use it. That is another situation. It is important that a person has the nature of his perimeter. First, it was domestic, and now it has become a commercial application. He wants to change it. So, there could be so many situations in every environment where you have to identify a particular case, or you have to access a specific record. The criteria that you will give to the computer, the database, can be of any value, of any attribute. And I have told you that when you talk about a big database, it is obvious that if you want to find a record on any attribute base, then the value can be duplicated. So, it can be difficult to reach your desired record. It can take a lot of time. And if it is a broader base, then it can take a lot of time. In this situation, what is the ultimate solution? That is, you can identify such an attribute, fix such an attribute, that you know that if in this database, in this particular entity type, all the instances that are added, whether they are one, whether they are one lakh, whether they are ten lakh, all the instances that we want to add in this entity type, the value of that attribute of two entity instances cannot be duplicated. Again, if you decide that this is an attribute, the value of this attribute of two entity instances cannot be the same as this attribute of two entity instances. For example, if you look at the meter number in the Wabda case, the meter number is such that the company's number of customers is not the same. Another example of this is that if you have the company's number of customers, if you store the ID card number in the record of your customer, then the situation is that the ID card of two customers of this electric company, they would never be the same. Every customer's ID card number will be unique. Why? Because it is basically decided with the ID card or its basic philosophy that it will be unique for every citizen of Pakistan. This means that whenever you want to search a record uniquely, you can say that I want to reach that record, even if you do not have lakhs of records. Then you will choose an attribute based on which you are sure that whenever you apply the search in the DBMS on the value, on the basis of the value of that attribute, you are never going to have two records. You are not going to have a chance that you will have two records having the same value in that attribute. Like in this case, if you try to search on the meter number, you take your bill, you have seen from the bill that my meter number is this. Now you say from the DBMS that show me the record of this meter number. It is sure you are always going to get a single record. If you do not have a meter number, then you can tell your ID card number. If the ID card number is stored in the database, then definitely you are going to have a single record. This is the significance of the key. You have to define the key in every entity type. It should be in it otherwise, you can go against processing the data. Dear students, remember one thing especially, you never create an entity type. Perhaps never is not that correct. Most of the time, you do not create an entity type. Most of the time, it exists there. There means in the system, the system that you are developing. It is there. So, as a system developer, system designer, this is your job to identify that attribute. This attribute is going to work as a key in this particular entity type. This means that whatever activities you perform, including this activity, you define and identify the key attribute in an entity type. As I said, in most of the cases, it exists there. But in some very rare cases, it happens that the key is not there. So, there is a problem there. Sometimes it happens that you have to forcefully include an attribute into the entity type that will work as a key. Otherwise, your key attribute serves two purposes. Which one? The first purpose is that it expresses, it represents the information that is stored in its value. This is its objective. This is the information that is stored in it. For example, what is the meter number of a customer? It itself is an information. The second purpose is that it is also serving a second purpose. It is being used as a means to identify the records from the instances of that entity type. This means that the key's purposes are two-fold. I hope you have understood what the key's significance is and how we identify it on what basis. You will have to listen to the names of the keys and use them to define them. So, in order to make the proper use of these things, you must have a clear understanding of what they are and what is the difference between them. So, let's see which types of keys they are. Super key, candidate key, primary key, and secondary and alternate keys. We will read them again and again and we will also look at their examples so that they become clear to you. As you can see on the screen, I have written some data for you here which is basically the data of the students and you can see some of the students' records here. If you look at the attributes here, there are five attributes including student ID, student name, address, class name, and current semester. If you see here, we have the first column where students' IDs are written. For example, if you look at the first score record, address 10020 is the student ID of a particular student. Its name is Suhail Dar. Its address is, let's say, Maria Hassan. The class name is MCS and it is the fourth of the semester. Now, you can see all the records here. If you look at all these data, the quality of the key attribute is that all the records in this case will not duplicate. In any two records, the value of that attribute will not be the same. Now, keep in mind that the key you want to decide will be decided after analyzing the system or after discussing the system with the people who are running the system. For example, if you look at the data in front of you, if you pay attention to this, the values in the student ID are all unique to you. In any two records, the value of the student ID is not being duplicated. Similarly, if you look at the student name, the record in this case, the name of any two students is not the same. From this, we should not make this misconception or this misconception that the student name can also play the role of a key. In other words, even on the basis of the student name, the instances of this type of student can identify a particular record from these. Mind it. The decision of the key depends on the environment. For example, if you look at this, if you say that the five records we are looking at are not being duplicated, then let's declare the student name as key. If you do this, basically, you are putting a condition there that none of the two students can have the same name. That is, you are putting this restriction that two students cannot have the same name in one class. If this class is representing and if this university represents an institute, for example, there are 700,000, 2,000, 3,000, 5,000 people there, then if you declare the student name as a key, this means that in that institute, two students cannot have the same name. Obviously, this is such an unrealistic and unreasonable assumption that it cannot exist. Even you can have the same name of two people in the same house rather than talking about the institute. That is why it means that you look at a particular set of instances and do not decide what is its key. Possibly that could be the key, but until you understand that environment, you should not declare any attribute as the key. I hope you have understood this. Let us move on to the next slide. Simple and Composite. The types of the key we are going to read and mind it. The types are in different dimensions. On the one hand, the type is Simple and Composite. On the other hand, we will discuss all the types that we have read before. Before that, you should know this concept. The difference between Simple and Composite is that such key consists of only one attribute. In that, there is only one attribute. For example, the student ID key. If we declare it as key or if it can be declared as key in any system, in any environment, then in that case, we will say it contains a simple attribute that is why it is a simple key. But this is not necessary that the key consists of a single attribute. No, the key can consist of multiple attributes as well. How? Why? As I told you before, it depends upon the environment. That is, if in any place you are not identifying a single attribute or if there is no simple key, then you will say that it is okay. This means that there is no attribute that is unique in all records. Then you will say let us see the possibility of combining two different attributes and let us have a key. If we mix those two attributes, the condition is that the amount of the record that is entered according to that entity type, the amount of the stress that is entered according to that entity type, the value of those two records will not be the same. The basic criteria of the key is the same that the attributes that are declared and the value of the set of attributes should not be duplicated. So, what is a simple attribute? That consists of a single attribute. For example, if as I told you before, in an entity type, there are no attributes that are unique in all records. The second possibility is that you declare a composite key. For example, in any institution, we say this is our program. For example, we say MCS, BCS, BCE, BIT, MIT. Now, if we store which course is being offered in this program, if we declare that the program code should be the key, then it cannot be that you are offering multiple courses Similarly, if you say let's declare course code as key, that is also not possible, because the same course code can be offered in different programs. So, from here, you can understand that if we combine the program code and the course code, we say the key for this particular entity type is a composite key that consists of the program code and the course code. This means that this course is being offered in this program. Obviously, in one program, you cannot offer one course twice. Obviously, in one program, one course is offered once. This means that you offer as many courses as you want in one program. 15 to 20 courses are being offered. Similarly, in B.C.S., in B.C.E., in M.B.A., in B.B.A., in B.I.T., all are these different programs and all these courses are being offered. These are the codes that you will combine like M.C.S. and D.S. This means that M.C.S. program data structures. Then you said M.C.S. database system. D.B.S. Now, M.C.S. its value is twice. M.C.S. data structures. M.C.S. D.B.S. But the thing is that the course program code you have not declared that as key. So, if you have the value of M.C.S. twice, that is not violating the condition of the key. Because your key is the program code and the course code. What is the value of M.C.S. and D.S.? Data structures and M.C.S. database system. Similarly, the database system is also being offered in M.B.A. M.B.A. and D.B.S. Now, the thing is that D.B.S. is twice. But the thing is that these are the programs. The beauty of this component is that as a whole that value will never duplicate. This means that first of all you have B.C.S. record whenever you say B.C.S. and N.W. means network, you are always going to get a single record. That is the use of key and that is the beauty of the concept. Let us go ahead. Super key. This is the first type of key that we are going to study. Super key is that it is the same as of key that we just studied. An attribute or set of attributes that are used to identify a record uniquely. For example, if you talk about an employee's entity type then the employee ID can be used as a super key. Similarly, if we talk about a student then the student ID can work as a super key. Similarly, as we talked about in the course offering program code and course code, together they are working as a composite and we can also call it a super key. But the special thing about super key is that you will have an idea that will be clear from the next slide example. Let us go ahead. About super key, it is said that attribute or set of attributes can be used to uniquely identify record. As we talked about earlier, the student ID can be used as a key. But if you pay attention to it then you will understand one more thing. If we say that from student ID we can uniquely identify the record but at the same time we can also identify the record using the student ID and student name. If you go to confirm an air travel ticket then to uniquely identify if you just tell him or her your ticket number or your computer number that would be sufficient. But if you say that my computer number is this and my name is this then using these two jointly your record can also be identified. If you say that my computer number is this and my address is this or my phone number is this then again your record can be identified using all these attributes. This means that if you have a super key you said that your ticket number or the screen in front of you if you talk about student ID then student ID is your super key. But in terms of the definition of super key if we attach more attributes with super key from the point of view of access we don't need them. But still as far as the definition is concerned when you add one more attribute with it that would still be able to identify the record which means that it is also super key. This means that the record you are seeing in front of you you can identify a lot of super keys i.e. your student ID if we say that it uniquely identifies records if we add 1, 2, 3, 4 all these attributes all of them would be super key. I hope that you have understood that if we attach more attributes with a super key and basically some of them could be additional then they would still be the super key. Let's see what is the other type of key. Here you can try to understand this as I just told you that if you attach more attributes with a super key then they will also be your super keys. This means that if you have one super key and some other attributes then you can add one more attribute and it will become another super key. So by adding more attributes with the super key you can have some more super keys. Let's move ahead. On this slide you can see the definition of the candidate key which you have to understand a candidate key is a super key that does not contain extra attributes. It might have more than one attribute that uniquely identifies an entity. This means that the super key of the candidate will not have any additional attribute. As I told you the super key is that except for the minimum required attributes it will remain a super key. But the candidate key will have no extra attribute that means it will be your super key which is described in another way that a super key such that no proper subset of this attribute is itself a super key. You can have a super key whether it is simple or composite. But the thing is that it should be minimum. The one that you declared a super key and there are such set of attributes that if you take the same attribute then it will not be a super key. Again if you have a super key if it is a super key then this is by default a candidate key. I repeat this that if you have a super key in which there is only one attribute then obviously no proper subset is possible to be a key. If there is no false attribute then it is definitely a candidate key. First of all you have a super key in which there are two attributes that is two attributes together and we said that they are identifying the records and they are super key. Now if we reduce one of them then it will not be a super key that is it is not possible to identify those records uniquely. For example we gave an example of program code and course code. Now we have an offering that is being made by super key these two attributes are being made. Now if you see first of all we remove course code. Then we have program code. Now on the basis of program code you cannot uniquely identify the records or you can say that the program code that is not a super key. That is you will have such key records in which the program code will be repeated. For example, MCS you will get key records. In BCS you will get key records. Similarly, if you do first what we said that program code and course code remove the program code you can say that only the course code is used for the unique identification you cannot because the course code records the same value you will get. Like we said that the data structure is DSI. DSI is being offered in MCS and BCS. If you see the value of DS then it is appearing in more than one records. It means that only on the basis of its value you cannot uniquely identify the records. So in the case of super key both are being made. Program code because it is less than super key and less than this is not possible then we will call it candidate key. But first we say program code and course code we called these two attributes and first in this entity type there was another attribute in which we called marks allocated. In this program when we offered this course how many marks were there? If we include marks allocated as part of this key program code and course code then these three are also super key. But if you consider this super key there is an additional attribute that if we remove it then this super key which is made by program code, course code and marks allocated if we remove the attribute which is marks allocated then the other two attributes are enough to uniquely identify or they are super key. This means that this super key in which there was an additional attribute or the subset of this super key could also be uniquely identified. This means that this super key is not a candidate key. I will repeat that if there is a single attribute then this is for sure that it is a candidate key and if we remove the attribute then the thing that is left behind does not have the question of being a key therefore a super key consisting of a single attribute is definitely a candidate key. Let us move on to the primary key. A primary key is the main or the chosen candidate key from the possible set of candidate keys that is most suitable for entity identification. From here you have an idea that we can have multiple candidate keys in an entity type as we had said that any attribute is added to the super key which is going to have more and more super keys. But the candidate keys although they do not generate as I am saying but the data your attributes are present in an entity type that we have two different candidate keys i.e. if you look at the example of a student then the student ID is a candidate key if we first look at this same student entity type we have also stored an attribute named the national ID card number in this case when we put a value in this attribute the value in it will also be unique in this attribute so the value in it will be unique this means that you can use the national ID card number also to uniquely identify the records and since it is minimal it cannot be smaller than this because it is connected to a single record this means that this is your candidate key this means that in the student entity type we have got two different candidate keys similarly we have in the entity type more than 2 candidate keys although it is not so frequently but still theoretically it is possible that you have more than 2, 3 or 4 candidate keys in an entity type among those which you choose as a key which you declare that I will use it as key for this entity type as primary key once again it will show that whenever we use the term key we mean by it the primary key so if in any one table we have only one candidate key so obviously we have no other choice that we will declare that candidate key as primary key so this situation is simple but if we have got more than one candidate key 2, 3, 4 we will select one and declare that this is going to be used as key that would be called the primary key now the question is who should we declare as candidate key this is a technical and sometimes subjective decision as well that you have 2, 3 candidate keys if you ask anyone who should you declare as primary key different people may opt for different candidate keys and it is obvious that when we declare a candidate key then technically speaking all decisions are correct now the question is who should we declare as primary key the criteria and the for example you will see that such a candidate which is small in size small in size that has less number of attributes let us say we have 2 candidate keys 1 of them is single attribute 2 or 3 attributes one criterion is single attribute you can use it as primary key why? because when you have to type that value let us say for the sake of search for the searching of a particular record so user will find it easy to enter the value for 1 attribute rather than entering the value for 2 attributes mind it both are correct but one criterion which has a single attribute you can use it as primary key besides that first we have got 2 candidate keys and both are simple single attribute keys in that case it is easy to remember whose value is small in length you can use it as primary key so now this is a different decision or one more thing we have 2 or 3 candidate keys but 1 attribute the users the users of the organization are more popular to remember them or use them for the identification for example if in an employer's record your national ID card number is present but the people familiar with the system they do not generally use the national ID card number for the unique identification rather they are more familiar with the employee ID that is used in the organization that is organization specific so then you will prefer to use this type of attribute as the primary key so you should have a sequence that you have the first concept is of the super key and obviously if the super key is not all of your entity type if in a super key all of that entity type is not being made super key then you have multiple super keys in an entity type after that what is the candidate key by definition every candidate key is a super key but not the other way round ok and if you take this forward then every primary key is a candidate key but if you look at the candidate keys then one of them will be declared as primary key so every primary key is a candidate key but not the other way round let's move on the other thing which we will read in the future primary key has a characteristic that its value cannot be duplicated but along with that the primary key cannot be null null also has a concept which we will further define but for now you think of the value of an attribute as null that is declared as not defined not given the attribute value which you do not enter you can think the value of that attribute as null and one more thing that null which attribute you declared as numeric, as number for example you say age salary what is this attribute numeric type consider the date for example date of birth date of joining all the attributes the domain of that attribute you say name, father name address the domain of that attribute will be text now the null in all of these cases it will mean not defined but if we have a number of attributes like weight of a person if you have written zero zero does not mean null because zero is a definite value when zero has something it has a special meaning what you call as null it means not defined not given but zero has a special value that is why you call zero as a single space in the string case it will have a special value something that is not defined not given dear students, the concept of null is also a sophisticated concept you will read more about it now you have briefly discussed about null the purpose is you declare it as primary key that primary key cannot take null value what does this mean that by definition on primary key it can be duplicated there is another constraint that it cannot be null what does this mean when you introduce an entity instance you will have to give a special value in primary key you cannot say this is an entity instance I do not have at this moment but I definitely have got the value for the rest of the attribute this is not possible you will have to enter the value a valid value a legal value for the primary key what does this mean the first thing is that attribute can have value only out of its domain if you declare a number then you will only get a number if you declare a date when you enter the value then you will only get a date so one constraint is that attribute can have value only from its domain this is the first thing the second thing is that you must enter its value third thing is you cannot enter the null into the primary key or mind it if you have a primary key it is a composite key if you have 2, 3, 4 attributes in your primary key then none of them can take the null it is not just that if we have 2 attributes then we will say that we will not give a single null but we will give a single null at a time for example we have program code and course code if we declare them as the primary key then in that case you will not be able to give the program code nor the course code both of them in that instance you will have to give a legal value this is a very important point that you must remember and this is a very important characteristic of the primary key let us move on as I told you that in an anti-tribe we have multiple candidate keys now one of them on a different basis you selected a particular candidate key as the primary key they will be considered as the alternate keys so from here you got the concept of another type of key and that is called the alternate key the candidate key that is not selected as the primary key is called the alternate key the alternate key will be on the basis of which you can also uniquely identify the records but the thing is you do not choose it due to different reasons you can still use it to uniquely identify the records so this is another type of key the alternate key the data that you are seeing the records that you are seeing those are the examples that I am showing you again if you see we said that one of our candidate keys is student ID the second candidate key which we identify and establish obviously by discussing it with the user of the system of the organization so we identified that student name and the address these are both candidate keys now the same thing that you do not declare it seeing the entity instances because the uniqueness of the values of some instances could be just by chance so you should expect all kinds of data in the future and you should declare the uniqueness if it is confirmed from the user of the system here we said that there are two candidate keys student ID, name and address you should keep in mind that when we declare the two candidate keys what is the implication that they are supposing the implication is that from one house when we say address is representing the home address of the student so from one house two students cannot come with one name obviously logically we will say how can two people come with one name let's say two brothers or two cousins so the other name will not be there but when you are designing if you are making such decisions and declaring something as a candidate key then you should think of all possible scenarios for example if there is a house there are two portions and there are two families if we say that the address of the house is one there are two portions and in both families there are two children or two people and both of them should come to the same class there are many ifs but the thing is this is quite possible in real life so if such a situation comes and your design database your developed database is not able to handle that situation that means your design was wrong and your system that failed in a particular situation it shouldn't be like that if first you have declared that the student name and address were made as candidates then you should think if this situation also comes that two portions of the house are in the same place then we will identify those portions house number this, street number this area, portion A and the same value for and from here portion to portion B you make those addresses as different then it is possible otherwise if you think the address is the same thing in that case the design will fail that you are not able to handle this situation so we continue with our example that we have two candidates here now one of them which you declare as a primary key for example look at the student ID one is a simple attribute and the other is that it is small in size then it is easy to type similarly if it is small in size then it is easy to remember but if you declare the student name and address together or select it as primary key then it is a candidate key but if you select it as primary key then the problem will be that talking is relatively hard therefore in most of the situations you select the student ID as the primary key now student name and address jointly being the candidate key now we will call it as an alternate key so I hope you have understood that the primary key candidate key and the alternate key and obviously I hope you have understood that student ID is definitely itself is a super key student name and address yes definitely but student ID and student name they are super key but not the candidate key if it is not a candidate key then obviously it cannot be a primary key and not an alternate key similarly the student ID and class name but they are not the candidate key and when it is a candidate key then there is no question that it can be a primary key as you can see on the screen there are different types of keys that have been cleared on this slide you can see that there are two things that have been discussed the first thing is the need for key and I hope that you have cleared this that the logic of key is something that is 10 or 20 or that is 1,000,000 if you want to identify one of those records then you can identify it now apart from this another concept of key that we are going to read in this chapter is secondary key secondary key is a set of attributes that on the basis of which you access the records it is not necessary that the access you get is unique this means that the key whether it is a candidate key or a primary key they can be uniquely identified but due to some reason they are not available or they are not popular for the access purposes for example if you take your air ticketing example and also with the help of the ticket number but they are difficult to remember and may be a common man cannot remember both of them or they do not remember in that case obviously name is something that on the basis of which he will say that my name is this so please tell me whether my ticket is confirmed or not obviously when you try to access the records with the help of name then you will not find it unique but you can say that my flight is from Pindi Lahore so you will get another criteria that you said that name is this Abdul Wahid and your flight is from Pindi Lahore in that case if you mix these two things then it is possible that you will get 2-3 people in that flight so in further description the operator will say that Abdul Wahid is this your father name and then you can access that particular record so there is a secondary attribute that on the basis of which you access the records but it is not necessary that the answer is unique Dear students, here I will sum up today's lecture today we have a very important topic of the database which we have discussed and I will tell you that your notes or your books read them and look at the examples and try to understand these types of keys and especially the difference between them so that when you say candidate key like a flash, you get the whole concept you say primary key so immediately you will understand what is the primary key and what are the constraints and we will keep that in the next lecture till then, I will see you soon Allah Hafiz


I didn't want to ask them because I know that you know, because you do all like these kind of performance based things. Do you find it easier to do your performances and to do like interviews and stuff as opposed to like situations sort of outside like real life where there's no like topic where you meet people and you talk to people? Like do you find that it's easier for you to do it when you're in those kind of performance, interviewee roles? Or do you find that the two were both quite? Well, I think they're both easy. I just think it's always easy and the best thing to do when you're yourself. I'm trying to like think about it. But the best thing to do is... Well, no, I know for me. For me, it's like, I'm really good in situations where I know what I'm supposed to be doing or talking about. Whereas, like in real life situations when people come up to talk to me, I just have no idea where to take the conversation. I don't know. There's like no rules. If you meet someone new, you don't know what they like and what they don't like and you have to go for all this crazy small talk to get to a point where you can talk about something. Whereas, when I have situations like when I'm doing my podcasting and I'm doing my public speaking or being interviewed, it's like I feel more comfortable doing those things, which I think is very weird for some people to hear than like chatting to people outside of that. Yeah, I always feel like, well, the best thing to do is be yourself. And I always think that I can get my thoughts out better when I write it down. I know I was talking to someone and there's a little voice app thing on Instagram and then I listened. I always like to listen back to it and I just think, I sound really weird. But then I wrote it down and it's basically the same thing when I said and I just thought, that looks so much better.  And that's probably why I'm an aspiring writer. Yeah, I've heard from a lot of people that, you know, they're, because I guess with writing, it's pretty much void of all indirect aspects. Like it's literally just direct communication through writing. You can't like write something in a certain font to express a certain way that you're saying something, you have to like describe things and explain things rather than like express them. And I used to find that there used to be the reason why I gravitated towards like creative writing and, you know, I would say the same as well, especially about like complex things or emotional things. I find it a lot easier to get like my thoughts out and have them explained better when I write them. You can find on my YouTube channel or on other streaming services like Google, Apple, Spotify, you can find it pretty much anywhere you want to. If you have enjoyed this, make sure to like, subscribe, drop a comment down below. Even if it's something simple like sending me a heart or an emoji, it really, really does help me with the algorithm. All of my links to my socials like my daily Instagram blog posts are down in the description. But other than that, I hope you enjoy the rest of this clip. It's taken me a while to get to a point where I feel confident expressing and explaining with my voice. It's something that I've had to like grow, but I've always had that like writing side of me. Definitely. And I just feel like I'm very direct too. And that comes out in my writing where I can just write down how I feel. And then that's done. And a lot of writers feel that way too. But then you get authors like Victor Hugo from Les Mis and he can go pages and pages and pages describing a rock. And I've noticed that with a lot of autistic people too. And that's totally valid. Yeah, I love it. It's like, um, prevent parentheses like using using like brackets or put like adding things on at the end to like explain ways that people might interpret misinterpret what you're saying. Yeah, we tend to do that a lot. It's funny. It's like, um, you never just get people sending you a message. It's always like a message. And then something else and then some a little bit more about what you mean by the message. Definitely. I need to do that next time. Seriously. People will be saved. Yeah. Yes.