We are Spelling Bee Champion. Some of our stories started yesterday while others go back over six decades. From all parts of India, crossing oceans and spreading across a nation, those who came first came with hopes and dreams for themselves, their children and the generations that followed. Customs to the generations that follow, but have also learned from each other. Together as Americans of Indian origin, to celebrate diverse festivals and traditions from all over India. From learning the Makarena and watching Bachchan, having secret Santas and tying Rakhis on our brothers, attending five-day Shadis and going to prom. We've embraced it, we've struggled with it, as Indians, as Americans, as Indian Americans. India is breaking out of her small town to join the rodeo. I'm totally kidding. Her parents wouldn't- Welcome to the University of Houston dance team and we're competing to be involved in America. You should try out too. When the Indian dances, the Indian dancing growing up. Holy chill dude. I didn't start dancing till I joined the Ross team. Freshman year. Don't be a stranger. Many incredible people. I'm so happy, Nitta. I knew you would make friends. Yeah, but you never told me there are so many types of Indian dances. I wish I could have learned some growing up. I feel like I'm not even Indian. I'm just a small town American girl who doesn't know anything about her roots. Not knowing different Indian dances doesn't make you any less Indian. You did the best we could where we were. But now it's time for you to connect to your culture in your own way. Ja beta. Find out for yourself what it means to be Indian. That's what Sonia did. We present our 2019 Bollywood Dance Champions from the University of Houston. My name is Hemant Wadwani. I am here today with the Satya Sai Group and Manhattan Sai Center as a save-out that's been going on here in Harlem for over approximately now 20 years. We serve a hot cook vegetarian meal every Wednesday night. We were invited by the pastor of this church. We met at a interfaith conference regarding prison re-entry. It so happens that the church at the same time that we serve this meal hosts a program, an anger management program for prison re-entry fellows. He opened up the church to feed his present re-entry fellows and also to serve the entire community. To have us hyphenate this status, Indian American I think is a blessing because we still have ties to our homeland. We have our roots and the roots keep us strong. When we experience service with other faiths and people of all genders and identities all our barriers and stereotypes go down. We learn truth about people when we serve side by side with them. We brought the colors and richness of India to American soil. Have enriched the lives of those around us, embraced new ideas and traditions, making them our... I'm Saleha Khumwala. I was born in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. As a child growing up in India, my parents instilled in me the importance of education and social justice. I'm a professor of accounting, specializing in public sector, government and non-profit, and I'm also the founding director of the SUA program here at the University of Houston. SUA stands for Stimulating Urban Renewal through Entrepreneurship. It provides a value-added partnership between the University of Houston students, industry experts and executives, and under-resourced entrepreneurs from the community here in Houston. By working with actual people, these are not textbook cases, these are not mock cases, these are not the global companies. This is really impacting lives at an individual level that then impacts the family, it impacts the community and the society at large. In four years, we have reached over 1100 entrepreneurs, trained 300 barbaric consultants, and launched over 250 businesses that are up and running. To me, religious is not only rituals, but the way to serve God is by serving humanity. And when others prosper, you prosper. I personally have learned from my own life that you're not giving, you're always receiving. You're receiving more than what you give and you're learning more when you teach. These bags, food in particular, and then distribute them in different shelters. I've been doing this for 44 years right now. It's what I've seen my mom do, and I try to do it whenever possible. And then giving back to the community is the bigger focus. And I'm trying to serve that purpose as much as I can. The mentality is that when you say service, it either has to go to a mandir, it either has to go to a mosque, but the content that you have while making these bags, it's a whole different level. It makes you feel better because you're taking your time on how to do something good. I don't think I see that hyphenated status anymore. I think I am who I am. Like, I'm brown and I'm an American. My name is Noah Gokul. I'm 25 years old, and I grew up in Oakland, California. I was a peer specialist to start. What that means is peer specialist is someone that is using their own experiences in mental health or struggles to sort of guide or help motivate someone else going through similar things to kind of work toward their own goals and talk about what they're going through. My role in the clinic is to work with young folks who have been diagnosed with a psychotic disorder mostly schizophrenia. With them, I also do a lot of activities like music, art. My dad is from Guyana, and my mom is from Portland, Oregon. I feel like I'm someone who grew up knowing what it was like to be in the middle of different identities. I feel like I was able to communicate with different people and not really fit into one category. Oh, why? Oh, why? Oh, why? Oh, why? Oh, why? Oh, why? Oh, why? Oh, why? Oh, why? Oh, why? Oh, why? Oh, why? Oh, why? And this is my husband, Iquac Burjee. When we moved here to Houston, we started educating ourselves about the community around us and found that there was definitely a need for fosters and people to step up to take care of stray animals and overpopulated shelters. I think as a 32-year-old, sick American individual, I always try to figure out how do you balance tradition and evolution? How do you figure out how you want to continue the principles of the beauty in your religion and your culture? And how do you also modernize that? I think that's what makes it so beautiful in this country is that when you actually sit and talk to somebody like a non-Indian from Houston who has a cowboy hat and you have a bug of your own, you find out that you have a lot of stuff in common. All it takes is just dialogue. I think how we care for the voiceless in our society, whether it's babies, children or dogs or other animals, says a lot about us. And so I think that is something that keeps us going. Like, that's really what we ultimately would be judged on is, you know, those that can't speak for themselves, how are we actually caring for them? From coast to coast, we've been making our mark. By history, woven with love, with bright eyes towards the future, our story has just begun. Let's go, Houston, how are we doing tonight? I can't hear you or how are we doing tonight? We do it today! We do it together! Gentlemen, please turn your… It can be in the city of Houston. I'm deeply honored as the Mayor of City of Houston to welcome you to the NRNG Stadium to say how did it go? Let me say welcome to each and every one of you. First city in the United States of America, in Houston, we say howdy in more than a hundred and this morning we are saying in Houston we build and value relationships and we value our relationship with India. In Houston, in Houston where I was born and raised, you find open-ended opportunities.  Immigrants and first generation Americans are the heart and soul of Houston. Here they can dream it and they can achieve it and they do it every single day. The contributions of the Indian diaspora to our city are huge in education, science and technology, business, public service, medicine, culture and the food is simply outstanding. This trading partner with Houston and many Indian companies have a headquarters right here. Today we are humbled by the Prime Minister's choice to visit our great city. To welcome the President of the United States to our city whom we are congressional leaders and elected officials from across the country. Ten months ago I led a Houston trade mission to India. I made new friends and business connections for our city. In New Delhi I walked the garden path that Muhammad Gandhi walked just before he was killed. I visited with the Vice President of India. Initially it was supposed to be a ten minute visit but it ended up lasting for forty five minutes. And today the Prime Minister comes to our city. This is recognition of the Indo-American community right here in the city of Houston and the surrounding area and our city as a whole. Welcome to Houston Mr. Prime Minister and welcome to all of you here today. And now I have the distinct pleasure of welcoming the congressional delegation of congressional leaders from all over the country, all over the country right here if they will now come forward. Please welcome the congressional delegation. Better than that. Give them a Houston welcome. From the state of Wisconsin Representative Glenn Grotham. From the state of Texas Representative William Hurd. From the state of Pennsylvania Representative Brian Fitzpatrick. From the state of Texas Representative Sheila Jackson Lee. From the state of Texas Representative Brian Babin. From Illinois Representative Danny Davis. From South Carolina Representative Joe Wilson. From the state of Texas Representative Al Green. From the state of Texas Representative Kevin Bray. From the state of Texas Senator Ted Cruz. From Mississippi Senator Cindy Hyde Smith. From the state of Texas Senator John Cornyn. From Maryland Representative Stenny Hoyer. From Illinois Representative Raja Krishna-Morthy. From North Dakota Senator Kevin Kramer. From Kentucky Governor Matt Bevin. From New York Representative Carolyn. From the state of Texas Representative Pete Olson. From North Carolina Representative David Rouser. From the state of Texas Representative Mark Messy. From New York Representative Tom Swazi. From the state of Texas Representative Michael Clow. And from California Representative Linda Sanchez. Join me in welcoming the Junior Senator from the state of Texas Ted Cruz. To Prime Minister Modi. To President Trump. To representatives across the United States, across India, across the world. Welcome to Texas. Today is a celebration. It is a celebration of the friendship between America and India. A strong, resolute and growing friendship. Our nations have interests that are intertwined. We share a history. We share cultures. We share language. We share values. India is the largest democracy on the face of the earth. America is proud to be your friend. Today is also a celebration of the incredible Indian American community here in the United States. And especially here in the great state of Texas. We have over 500,000 Indian Americans who call Texas home. And the Indian American community here in Houston in Texas and across America is wonderfully diverse. Is vibrant. Believes in small business and opportunity. Believes in freedom and through all of Texas and all of America. We say thank you for the incredible contributions of the Indian American community. As a lifelong Houstonian. It is particularly meaningful to me and I know to many here that Prime Minister Modi chose to come to Houston, Texas. The most diverse big city in America. And the most entrepreneurial city in America. Look forward to decades and centuries of closer economic and military and diplomatic ties of friendship between Texas and India, between America and India. We are friends and today is celebrating that friendship. And now a few words from the senior senator from Texas. Founding chairman of the Senate India Caucus. Our very own John. Think better in Texas. And this is certainly a Texas-sized welcome for Prime Minister Modi. When his trip was first announced. Folks on the west coast and the east coast wondered why Texas. They expected a trip maybe to the Silicon Valley. Or perhaps to Washington DC. And while those are great places to visit. Nobody has fueled our country's relationship with India like Texas. And I mean that literally. Texas helps power India with American oil and gas. And India and US trade just keeps getting stronger day by day by day. After a near four decade ban on US exports of crude oil. Was lifted. Texas supplied the first American crude to India. And today. Today India is increasingly running on American natural gas. Much of which comes from the Lone Star State. And while that's far and away our largest export it's not the only one. Texas ranks as India's second largest trading partner in the US. Right behind California. But we are catching up. But for as deep as our economic ties are. Our cultural ties are stronger. Texas is home to a vibrant Indian diaspora. With more than 150,000 Indian Americans living in the Houston area alone. Indian culture has woven into the fabric of our state. And we're proud to celebrate the contributions of this community with Prime Minister Modi today. And as further evidence you might want to check out my occasional adventures in Indian cooking on Instagram. If you haven't seen that. India is one of our most important friends and partners we share as Senator Cruz said. Common values. Freedom. Democracy. Free enterprise. And we'll continue to look for new opportunities to deepen that relationship. Through improved trade and defense cooperation. And economic development initiatives. We'll keep finding ways to promote our shared values and strengthen our ties. I could not be more excited to join all of you. And President Trump today to celebrate the ever growing US-India relationship. And welcome our good friend Prime Minister Modi to the energy capital of the world. Houston, Texas. Now I'm going to need your help here. I'm asking for your help. Please join me in welcoming to the stage. All together now. Howdy Modi. Members of Congress and governors who have joined us here today. Of the most diverse and welcoming city in the United States. Mayor Sylvester Turner presents the key to the city of Houston. The energy capital of the world to Prime Minister Modi. In recognition of the exceptional relationship between the people of India. And the people of Houston. From the House Majority Leader. The Democratic Congressman from Maryland. Mr. Steny Hoyer. Hello Houston. Pleased to be in Houston today with all of you and with the Prime Minister. I will be keeping my thoughts with all those affected by the terrible flooding that has occurred here in Houston. We pray for them. We think of them. I pray for their safety and thank all those who have reached out in kindness and in courage on their behalf. Like all of you I'm honored to join in welcoming Prime Minister Modi to the United States. To the United States of which of course we in Maryland think Houston is a part. Mr. Prime Minister. I bring greetings from the Congress and from our speaker Nancy Pelosi. I'm glad to be here with many old friends and many thousands of new ones. I come here for the same purpose to celebrate the growing partnership between India and America. Two democracies committed to the same vision of the future. That vision as all of us know is based on the common hopes and the shared dreams of our people. Both nations shaped by the legacy of British colonialism. Both nations deeply cognizant of the price of freedom. We hold the same truths to be self-evident. That all are created equal. Endowed by their creator with the same right to strive for a better life. A vision yet to be realized in either of our two great nations completely. Our constitutions begin with the same three words. We the people. The father of Indian independence Mahatma Gandhi whose 150th birthday we mark on October 2nd. Once defined democracy as and I quote Mahatma Gandhi. Something that gives the weak the same chance as the strong. That my friends at its heart is what the ideal of American democracy and Indian democracy are all about. An equal opportunity to dream and work hard to make that dream come true. I'm proud as all of you are that the U.S.-India relationship has remained bipartisan with both Democrats and Republicans working to bring the two nations closer in pursuit of that goal and our common principles. In recent decades President Clinton had the vision to forge a new path for U.S.-India relations. President Bush, where was he from? President Bush strengthened the ties between our two nations. President Obama solidified that and President Trump continues that effort today. Twenty-five years since the founding of the Congressional Caucus on India and Indian Americans the United States and India cooperate in every way imaginable. From counter-terrorism and clean energy to defense and space exploration we are now working together in ways no one could have envisioned a decade ago. In 2008 Congress passed the Civil Nuclear Agreement and in 2016 established India as a major defense partner. Ladies and gentlemen, I am proud of Congress' role in forging these closer ties. As I am to serve aside wonderful Indian American congressional representatives you've seen some of them introduced like Raja Krishnamurthy, Pramila Jayapal, Amibara and Rokana and I'm proud to serve along the other members of Congress who were introduced here. The heart of our relationship remains the people-to-people ties that bring us even closer. The Indian Americans who are making such an extraordinary contribution to America. Thank you. You and millions of other Indian Americans are the reason why the U.S.-India relationship continues to strengthen and remains bipartisan. You are the reasons why so many Americans now look to India and see not only a partner but also a trusted friend. Throughout this country Indian Americans have built strong diaspora communities that have opened their arms to their neighbors. They've given back through services doctors, teachers, artists, researchers, entrepreneurs, lawyers, engineer and in every sector of our economy and American life, Mr. Prime Minister, they are making a difference in America. And of course they serve in our military and in our government. In every field Indian Americans have brought insight, intellect, innovation and, yes, inspiration. Most importantly they have worked to broaden their fellow Americans' understanding of India, its history, its traditions and the vibrancy of its democracy. Ladies and gentlemen I've experienced this firsthand in my county that we call St. Mary's County. That county has been enriched by a growing Indian American community. My next door neighbor Dr. Vinod Shah and Dr. Ela Shah who are here today with me and with the Prime Minister have become dear and trusted friends. They are extraordinarily respected and beloved members of our community. I am part of their family and they are part of mine. I have traveled to India with my friend Vinnie Shah. What an extraordinary country. What an extraordinary people. And it's through them that I've met so many other Indian Americans and learned about Gujarat and India, its people, its history and about the challenges and successes of Indian American community here in the United States. On behalf of all of us I want to thank the thousands of Indian Americans who have made a difference in America. What you have done to build closer relationships between two great countries, two great democracies and for all you do to make America a better and stronger nation. Ladies and gentlemen as we welcome Prime Minister Modi to Texas we are inspired by the modern India he leads while mindful of the challenges it faces. Undeterred as it reaches into the new frontier of space and equally determined to lift millions out of poverty back on earth. Making strides in access to education, clean water, health care and while helping to lead in developing advanced energy technologies for a greener and healthy India. And like America proud of its ancient traditions to secure a future according to Gandhi's teaching and Nehru's vision of India as a secular democracy with respect for pluralism and human rights safeguard every individual. America and India must strive to make our promises and aspirations a reality for all our citizens. On the eve of independence Nehru praised Gandhi's mission to and I quote a quote that all of you surely know wipe every tear from their eye. And they made a pledge for India's future that so long as there are tears and suffering so long our work will not be over. And in that sense the work of our countries is not over. As he took his oath for office for the final time Abraham Lincoln called for malice towards none and charity for all. He asked his fellow Americans and I quote to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations. Together, together, we the people of India and of America must and will continue to motivate one another and the world to pursue the vision of peace, justice, charity for all. To strive malice towards none and to wipe every tear from every eye. For those of us for those of us born in America or India or the sons and daughters of those who were that must be our commitment and our mission. With malice towards none to wipe every tear from every eye. It is then that we will be both great and just and good. It is this unfulfilled mission that brings us to Texas today. It is the shared hope that binds us in common purpose. Two democracies, two histories, one partnership, one dream for a better tomorrow. Welcome Prime Minister. Thank you very much. Thank you all. Ladies and gentlemen please give a round of applause to Prime Minister Modi and Majority Leader Hoyer. We look forward to welcoming the Prime Minister back to the stage shortly. In the meantime, in honor of Mahatma Gandhi's 150th birthday anniversary and the impact of his message of nonviolence on America's civil rights movement led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., we present a fusion choir of Indian spiritual and American gospel singers. I regard myself as a soldier, the only soldier of peace. The person who has informed my life in terms of action more than anybody. Good morning Houston. Good morning Texas. Good morning America. Greetings to my fellow Indians in India. This morning we have a very special person with us. A production person on the planet. His name comes up in almost every conversation in the world, global politics. He is followed by tens of millions. He was a household name and very popular even before he went on to occupy the highest office in this great country. From boardrooms to the oval office, from studios to global stage, from politics to the economy and to security. He has left a deep lasting impact everywhere. It is my honor to welcome here in this magnificent stadium, magnificent gathering, chance to meet him. Every time I found the friendliness, the president of the United States of America, Mr. Donald Trump, extraordinary. This is unprecedented few times and every time he has been the same, warm, accessible, energetic and full of beat for something more. A sense of leadership. A passion for America. A concern for every American in American future as achieved for the United States and for the world. Connected well with President Trump. The words of candidate Trump. Up ki baar, Trump sarkar. His celebration of Diwali in the White House, lit up millions of faces with joy and appreciation. Made him for the first time. He said to me, India has a true friend in White House. The presence here today is great testimony to that in these years two nations have taken the relationship to new heights. Mr. President, this morning in Houston, you can hear our beat of this great partnership in this celebration of the world's two largest democracies. You can feel the strength and depth of human bonds between our two great nations. People are at the heart of all relationships from Houston to Hyderabad, from Boston to Bangalore, from Chicago to Shimla. From Los Angeles to Ludhiana. The Indians are glued to their TV. Even though it is rather on a Sunday night in India. The Indians around the world in different time zones are with us today. They are witnessing history in the making. Mr. President, you had introduced me, family, in 2017. Introduce you to my dear gentlemen. I pray, President, Mr. Dona. I am so thrilled to be here in the great state of Texas with one of America's greatest, most devoted, and most loyal friends, Prime Minister Modi of India. Thank you. Prime Minister Modi is doing a truly exceptional job for India and for all of the Indian people. It is my immense privilege to be here with him today at this profoundly historic. We're especially grateful to be joined by over 50,000 incredible members of our nation's thriving, prospering, flourishing, and hardworking Indian American community. Thank you. Just a few months ago in the largest democratic election in the history of our world, 600 million Indians went to the polls and voted overwhelmingly for Prime Minister Modi and his party. Congratulations, Mr. Prime Minister. That's a lot of people. Earlier this week, I understand you marked another important milestone. I know everyone here joins me in wishing you a very happy birthday. Happy birthday. I want to take a moment to address every resident of Houston affected by the recent horrible flooding the entire American nation is standing by your side. We're ready. We love you. We support you. We will be there with you every single step of the way. I just left the Coast Guard hangar at Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base where I was briefed on the Texas flooding. We're working with your great Governor Greg Abbott, Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick, Attorney General Ken Paxson, and Senators John Cornyn and Ted Cruz. Thank you very much. We're working hard together. My administration will not rest until you have fully recovered, restored, and rebuilt. And I know you will come back with the same tremendous spirit that we have shown every single time, every time there's been a problem. It's called Houston Strong. Prime Minister Modi and I have come to Houston to celebrate everything that unites America and India, our shared dreams and bright futures. I've also come to express my profound gratitude to the nearly 4 million amazing Indian Americans all across our country. You enrich our culture. You uphold our values.  We thank you. We love you. And I want you to know my administration is fighting for you each and every day. I want to recognize U.S. Ambassador to India, Kenneth Juster, and Minister Jay Sean Carr of India. Thank you very much. Thank you both. Thank you very much. Thank you. We're also proudly joined by NASA Deputy Administrator Jim Morehart, Deputy Secretary of Energy Dan Brouillette, Governor Matt Bevan of Kentucky, your State Attorney General Ken Paxson, a couple of very great Senators. Kevin, thank you. We have a lot of Senators. We have a lot of Congresspeople. There's Mr. Brady, Congressman Brady. He gave us a very, very nice tax cut, folks. Thank you, Kevin, very much. Thank you all for being here. Among the leaders here today for this remarkable celebration are many members of the House and Senate. They're all over the audience, including House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and again Senators Cornyn Cruz. In my campaign for President, I promised all of that if we were elected, India would have a true and great friend in the White House. And I can tell you, you have never had a better friend as President than President Donald Trump. That I can tell you. The Prime Minister knows that. On this day, I'm happy to report that the relationship between the United States and India is stronger than ever before. The ties between our two nations are grounded in our common values and our shared commitment to democracy. We are free nations with great faith and a fierce devotion to our national independence. We are governed by the rule of law, guided by commitment to justice, and strengthened by our love of liberty. Our two national constitutions both begin with the same three beautiful words, we the people. That means that in America and India alike, we honor, respect, trust, empower, and fight for the citizens we proudly serve. Under Prime Minister Modi's leadership, the world is witnessing a strong, sovereign, and thriving Republic of India. In a single decade, with the help of Prime Minister Modi's pro-growth reforms, India has lifted nearly 300 million people out of poverty. And that is an incredible number, incredible. That's incredible. In the next decade, 140 million Indian households will rise to the middle class. In both India and the United States, we're seeing something really remarkable. Our people are prospering like never before because we are slashing bureaucracy and cutting job-killing red tape. In the United States, thanks to our massive tax cuts and all of our great senators and congressmen and women that are here today, and pro-worker policies, our economy is breaking one record after another. Since my election, we have created over 6 million new jobs. We have created over 750,000 jobs right here in Texas. And very importantly, that includes 70,000 new Texas manufacturing jobs. They said that couldn't be done. Unemployment, think of this, unemployment in Texas is currently at the lowest rate ever recorded in the history of our country. And unemployment in the United States has just reached the lowest level in over 51 years, and very soon we think that will be broken to be a historic number. Unemployment among African Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanic Americans have all reached their lowest levels in the history of our country. Over the last two years, the unemployment rate among Indian Americans dropped by nearly 33 and one-third percent. Wages are rising, incomes are soaring, and inequality is falling at the fastest rate in many, many years. In the past 12 months alone, the average worker has taken home $1,000 extra in rising wages, and over $3,000 with tax cuts and all of the other things that we've done. And for the first time in history, most new hires of prime working age are minorities and women, first time that's ever happened. Through our pledge to America's workers, we have secured commitments for nearly 14 million employment and training opportunities for American workers done through our great American companies. We passed the biggest tax cuts and the biggest tax reforms in the history of our country. We slashed a record number of job-killing regulations, giving the average American household more than $3,000 every year. And never in the history of our country, no matter how long the presidency have regulations been cut to this extent. Every day, the Indian American community is helping to strengthen our country and build our future. Indian Americans are pioneering groundbreaking medicines to save countless lives. They're developing revolutionary technology that is changing the world, and they're founding new businesses that provide jobs to thousands of our fellow citizens. Prime Minister Modi, I look forward to working with you to make our nations even more prosperous than ever before. And that's what's happening. The economic miracles taking place today are just beginning. Here in the United States, there has never been a better time to hire, invest, grow, and pursue your dreams. Indian companies employ tens of thousands of Americans across a range of industries, including American steel. In 2018, India's JSW Steel announced that it would invest up to $500 million to revitalize a shuttered steel plant in the great state of Ohio. And we welcome India's growing investments right here in the Lone Star State. Nations around the world are investing in the United States because they know we have the best economy and the best workers in the world. They have never invested in our country like they are today, and we want to thank everybody. And India has never invested in the United States like it is doing today. And I want to say it's reciprocal because we're doing the same thing in India. On Tuesday, two Japanese companies, Toyota and Asin, announced a combined investment of almost $800 million, which will create over 900 new jobs right here in Texas. At the same time, we are working to expand American exports to India, one of the world's fastest growing markets. We are committed to ensuring the Indian people have access to the finest goods in the world, products stamped with the beautiful phrase, made in the USA, and very soon India will have access to another world-class American product, NBA basketball. Wow. Sounds good. That sounds good. Next week, thousands of people will gather in Mumbai to watch the first-ever NBA basketball game in India. Am I invited, Mr. Prime Minister? I may come. Be careful. I may come. When it comes to expanding our commercial relationship, no issue is more important than energy and security. For the first time ever, the United States is the number one producer of both oil and natural gas on planet Earth, and number one by far, with much of it coming right here from the great state of Texas. That means more jobs, higher wages, and lower prices at the pump. Yesterday, we were thrilled to hear about the Indian company, Petronitz Pledge, to purchase up to 5 million tons of LNG per year from the United States, which could lead to billions of dollars of LNG exports to India in the coming years. And we have plenty of it. Over the last year, crude exports to India have grown by 400 percent, and liquefied natural gas exports continue to soar at record numbers. Thank you. These tremendous exports not only expand employment in America, but they increase freedom and security for India. To keep our nation safe, the United States and India are forging an even stronger security partnership. U.S. defense sales to India have also reached $18 billion over the past decade. We make the greatest defense mechanisms and equipment anywhere in the world, and India knows that well. We're looking forward to concluding several new defense deals very soon. There are a lot of them in the works. Here in America, we're creating the United States Space Force, and we're working closely with India to enhance space cooperation. In November, the United States and India will demonstrate a dramatic progress of our defense relationship, holding the first-ever tri-service military exercise between our nations. It's called Tiger Triumph. Good name. Good name. Very good name. Today, we honor all of the brave American and Indian military service members who work together to safeguard our freedom. We stand proudly in defense of liberty, and we are committed to protecting innocent civilians from the threat of radical Islamic terrorism. Both India and the United States also understand that to keep our communities safe, we must protect our borders. Since taking office, my administration has launched a far-reaching effort to improve screening and vetting of applications for entry. We are working hard to ensure that those who would threaten our security are denied admission into our country, and we are enhancing our vetting efforts like never before, not even close. We're doing it on a daily basis, and we'll soon be setting records in every one of the aspects of border security. Border security is vital to the United States. Border security is vital to India. We understand that. And we are further taking unprecedented action to finally secure our southern border and stop illegal immigration. And I want to thank the President of Mexico, who right now has 27,000 soldiers on our southern border. It's been incredible what's taken place in a short period of time. Illegal immigration is deeply unfair to millions of wonderful legal immigrants who work hard, pay their taxes, follow our rules, and obey our laws. Yet there are those in Washington who would raid your health care to fund free benefits. They want to fund free benefits to those who enter our country illegally. And we don't want to do that. We don't want to do that. Because if we don't do it, they won't come. I will never allow politicians to take away your health care or give it to illegal immigrants. My administration believes our first duty is to the highest loyalty of all. We must always be for the American people, whether it's African American, Hispanic American, Indian American. We are going to take care of our citizens first. We are going to take care of our Indian American citizens before we take care of illegal immigrants that want to pour into our country. We want to build a nation where every family immigrant and U.S. born can live in a safe community, with access to great school, work at a job you love, and have the best chance to reach the American dream. We love the American dream. And just in concluding, I want to say that America has always been a nation of pioneers and patriots, risk takers and free thinkers, and dedicated workers who have honed a trade, mastered their field, and teach their children to always give their very, very best. Every day, Indian Americans help write this story of American greatness. And everyone here today has a crucial part to play in building an even grander and greater American and Indian future. To help achieve that exciting vision, we are strengthening our cherished bonds with the nation of India, and we are proving the awesome power of democracy and unlimited potential of free people. Together, we will continue to deepen the ties between our nations. We will honor the faith of dignity of our citizens. And we will achieve incredible advancements for our people, for our children, and for the world. We will discover new cures and save millions of lives. We will advance cutting-edge technologies and lift millions and millions of people out of poverty. We will pioneer new frontiers in space, working together, raising the sights of humanity. We will uphold our values, defend our liberty, and control our destiny. The United States and India will make our nation stronger, our people wealthier, our dreamers bigger, and our future brighter than ever before. And it won't even be close. I want to thank everybody for being here. I want to especially thank a great man and a great leader, the leader of India, Prime Minister Modi, my friend.  Thank you, thank you. I would like to invite on to this stage in front of this incredible group of unbelievable people. Prime Minister Modi, who's going to give us some of his wisdom, and his wisdom is indeed great. Thank you all very much. It's been a great honor to be with you. Thank you, thank you. Attention please, those of you that need translation, Prime Minister Modi's speech. Please prepare your translation at this time. Channel 1 for Hindi to English. Thank you. Thank you, thank you President Trump. Thanks a lot. Howdy my friends. Thanks. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. 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Hi, my name is Leon Roe currency trader and trading coach at trading 180.com and welcome to this video on the euro yen technical setup right and It's gonna be going over this trade setup from a technical perspective and also from a Fundamental perspective and what you should really be looking out for when it comes to trades as a technical analysis is Just displaying what traders will see as value in the market, right? But from a technical perspective What we've got is what I would consider an a1 Typical a1 setup, right? So When I say a1 I'm talking about just just one of the great technical setup So what you have is You know, first of all, we're at a A demand zone. So you can see we're trying to determine the supply and demand One of the things that we need to do when we look at supply and demand is determine value And demand zones and supply zones are always areas of potential value, right? so we've got demand zone here in fact we pierced through the top one we can delete that we came down into the The second demand zone right down here a bit bit lower demand zone or what we could have done is just basically drawing it like this Secondly What we've got is we need to determine the supply and demand order equation, right? So supplying why they're going to be more supplier orders than sell order So in demand orders and why they're going to be more demand orders or buy orders then supply orders, right? So Um I recently released a course which is probably about 50 minutes long 55 minutes long And they talk about supply willing supply and willing demand and for supply and forced demand in an area, right? And what we look at is horizontal support and resistance diagonal support and resistance and dynamic support and resistance and why um, this would be um, you know, uh, I suppose the motive is behind Why traders are forced to enter and why they are forced to exit and why they are willing to enter and why they are willing to exit? And that all uh culminates into the forced supply and demand area and at the end of the day we need to try and uh, I suppose, um Guess or uh, what's the word i'm looking for? Um, I suppose it comes out to probabilities um Get the probabilities on our side as to why we should have more demand in this area than supply and supply Then demand and prices as you can see are starting to react if we go down to a lower time frame We're starting to see um prices react off of this area as we have horizontal diagonal and also dynamic Dynamic in the sense that we have this moving average 200 I think that's the uh sma it's either the ema or the sma moving average all within this one area Right, so there's gonna there should be a lot of um Demand coming into this area from a technical perspective But what you should be doing first and foremost is looking at um fundamentals and sentiment now from a sentiment perspective um We have um Italy budget crisis so early angst grips markets after populist refuse populists refuse to retreat uh millimeter on budget amid um clash with e you right so This is pretty much today's um, you know news and uh What's going on in regards to europe? And uh, there is an article as well, which I'll link in the description box below Everything you need to know about italy's budget crisis which threatens to trigger A major market meltdown, right? So bullet points are a fresh political crisis is brewing in italy other plans for the coalition government's first budget The coalition late on thursday agreed to set italy's budget deficit at 2.4 percent of gdp And this is far above the 1.6 Level that technocratic finance minister giovanni tria had lobbied for and put italy on a collision course With the e you and italy risks falling foul of e you fiscal responsibility Rules so there is some um some risk going on into the market now Europe obviously um in the midst of a bit of a potential crisis And one of the currency pairs that you really want to be looking at trading Or buying potentially in the midst of a crisis and risk of sentiment is the japanese yen Which tends to benefit with uncertainty, right? So why am I telling you this is because we need to look beyond a price chart when looking at just technical analysis, right? yes, this is a really good setup, but um Beyond the price chart and what's going on? You know the big money is not looking at whether this is a great setup technically or not, right? They're looking at a potential value and the value of the euro could go down As a flat of equality potentially on the japanese yen, right, which could push prices um further Down if a budget doesn't get agreed now if something does happen as far as there is an agreement Some point today tomorrow within the next week or two then we could see obviously the euro You know bounce from here, so this is a This is where we're going to be keeping our eye on in order to potentially take a trade or not Now you've got you know two options pretty much You can either stay out or you can jump in now if you're going to jump into a trade and you see a Technical setup on a lower time frame chart, right? It isn't one for me yet, but if I do see a technical You know setup Then I could just enter at a half position And I normally would or even it's the quarter position you can kind of scale in and see Where it will take you as you know, like I said and the news announcement come out at any moment and say And they could say oh well, you know, we've agreed a budget deal and everything is you know good again in the euro And in that case you will have the euro, you know rally etc and This trade looks like would look like you know on hindsight a Brilliant trade to take but when the point is is that you should always be looking at What's going on in the market? Don't just blindly take trades just because you see something on a technical price chart If you want to have an extra edge on your side I mean if you do have an edge within the markets and it's tried and tested Then you know be my guest, but if you want to take your trading to the next level, right? It's always good to look at the fundamentals and sentiment and there was a free fundamental and sentiment course available for you which I have produced and the link is in the description box below and It should put you on the right side of the market more often Then not and give you that extra edge beyond what everyone else is seeing on a price chart. So There's a setup. There's a level and It's just looking for potential entries to the upside If you're looking to buy the euro but keep your eye on the political situation and just minimize your size If you do want to enter at At this level if not, then we just look for levels Below right if we're looking to be buyers of the euro And if we're looking to be buyers of the yen You can actually wait for maybe potentially a pullback before looking to get short So, um, hopefully that helps if you have any questions just leave a Comment don't forget to comment. Even if you just want to say something nice About the analysis, uh, like subscribe and share with your fellow traders. It helps. Uh, take care


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For those of you who don't know me, my name is Howard Chu. I'm a founder and CTO of this company, Simon's Corporation. We're kind of based in the US. We were founded in Los Angeles, but now everybody is scattered to different parts of the world. Like I took off to Ireland and people are in France, wherever. I personally have been writing open source software since the 1980s. I actually did write a lot of the code that runs the internet. Diego wasn't kidding about that. I've also worked on a lot of the developer tools that most programmers still use today. Almost all of the GNU compiler tools, GNU make, the linker, the debugger. I've been through all of that code. I have a personal policy that I do not use software that I haven't touched myself. So everything that, like this Android distro that I'm running on this phone is one that I built. Everything on my laptop, the Linux systems, I contributed drivers to the kernel and basically, yeah, I won't touch anything that's closed source. If I can't get my hands inside it, I won't use it. I did a few years working for NASA at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena. I worked on the space shuttle for three years. That was good fun. So I actually do have software that's been in orbit and never crash. Okay. More recently I've been working on database technology. This database engine I developed in 2011 has turned out to be the world's fastest, smallest and most reliable transactional database. That's kind of interesting because Monero uses it now, so that's kind of cool. I've been working on the Open LDAP project for almost 20 years. We turned that from a small research piece of code into production quality code that today is the world's fastest distributed database. So lots of other stuff. And I've actually been working in security software for quite a long time. Again, a lot of the foundational defensive software that you see on UNIX systems that came out of work that I did back at JPL. I've also spent some time reverse engineering, hacking on proprietary protocols like the stuff that Adobe used. And these things are still out there on the web. You can still find RTMP Dump on GitHub and the FFMpeg project. Okay. So, topics for this talk. What is Monero? I mean you got kind of a flavor of that with Diego's introduction, but I'll get a little bit more comprehensive about that. Now this talk is not going to be diving deep into the math or the real details of technology. The Monero Research Lab guys will cover that more through this weekend. But you'll get a nice overview. So first of all, what is Monero? We talked about this. It's a totally private cryptocurrency, but it's still built on a public blockchain. It's still built on a blockchain that anybody can participate in. The thing about it that's special though is all the transactions that show up in the blockchain are still opaque. That means you can't see the details of what's going on inside each transaction, but you can see that the transaction happened. Okay. And where does this main Monero come from? Well, it's actually just a simple word for money. It comes from the Esperanto language. How many of you guys are familiar with Esperanto? Okay. It's a hacker crowd. That's obviously an easy question. Okay. This project started in 2014, so it's only just barely four years old now. Here's a snapshot from a coin market cap. It's kind of hard to read, but the basic message here is that about a year ago Monero was worth $22 for coin. I updated this last night. It's about $98, somewhere around a hundred bucks. Back in January, it reached a peak of $400-some, so it's had its ups and downs. Okay. So first of all, a really basic definition of what is a cryptocurrency. Okay. And the one I posted up here is literally just copied out of Wikipedia. Most of the cryptocurrencies that exist today, and there's at least 1,000 of them now. Most of them are forks of the Bitcoin code, and the Bitcoin code base was released in 2009. The main feature that makes some cryptocurrencies, that makes some cryptographic, the cryptography is just used to create what's called artificial scarcity. Because normally, when you've got digital technologies, you can copy them at will. You've got a file you can create as many copies as you want. And obviously, in a currency, you need things to be rare or actually unique. If I have a $10 coin, I shouldn't be able to make net copies of that $10 coin and keep spending them. If you did that, you wouldn't have a working currency. So the trick with cryptocurrencies is the cryptography is used to ensure scarcity. Every transaction that occurs in one of these cryptocurrencies is recorded on what's called a blockchain, and basically a blockchain is just a public distributed record, a distributed ledger. So blockchains, they're basically a distributed database.  This terminology helps me because I come here from a distributed database background. I don't know if it helps you so much, but that's where we are. So transactions are grouped into blocks and they get committed at one time, and typically there's a very high commit latency. That means blocks don't happen very frequently. For example, in Bitcoin, a block is committed on average about once every 10 minutes, and in normal databases like SQL, whatever you would expect commits to happen within a few milliseconds. So this is a really stark defining difference between blockchain and regular databases. In Monero, the block time is 2 minutes, so it's a little more frequent, but still it's much slower than you're used to in the database world. The other thing about blockchain that makes it a chain is that every block carries a signature of the blockchain block, a hash, cryptographic hash. And as each block chains back to, with the hash of its previous one, you can start from the tail and work towards the head and know that every block is valid because every block has the correct hash. If you run across a block that doesn't have the correct hash, if it's preceding one, then you know that something is broken on your blockchain, somebody's been tampering, or that sort of thing. Now, again, in these cryptocurrencies, the blocks and the transactions are broadcast, basically. They're transmitted across peer-to-peer networks. So everybody who wants to use the currency generally has to participate in this network. So every node in the network actually validates every single block. They validate the signatures for each one. This kind of processing is extremely redundant. That means you've got a network of a million nodes and a million nodes are doing the exact same calculation each time. It's highly redundant. But that's intentional because when everybody is doing the same calculation, they should all get the same answer. If any one of them gets a different answer, you know that something is broken somewhere in your network. So the act of producing these blocks, compiling them together, is called mining. And mining is, again, it's extremely compute intensive based on proof of work. I'm not talking about proof of stake. That's a completely different system. So we're just talking about how Bitcoin, Monero, and several other similar coins operate. The cost of mining is actually an essential part of the security of the system. Because it costs significant resources to perform mining, that means it's very expensive to attack the network and try to forge data. Again, mining is a bit of a competition. It's a race. So the miner that generates the next block first gets a reward for doing so. Now, race conditions do occur frequently where multiple miners could produce different blocks at about the same time. In the database world, we call this eventual consistency. The chain doesn't always agree with itself all the time. But eventually it'll converge to a single longest chain. So I reference Bitcoin a lot because it was the first digital currency that's really been successful to any extent. And their aim was to be trustless and permissionless and a decentralized system. Now, you have to understand the context of the world when Bitcoin was created. This was in 2008, 2009, just after the last global recession. And the creation of Bitcoin was a direct reaction to the mismanagement of the world's funds by the global banks, central banks. So you get people who see, gee, the global banks just screwed us all. How can we create a money system that doesn't have that as an element in how the system works? So this is what led to the creation of Bitcoin. And they realized that successful money system may have some very essential properties. It must be trustless. The system should operate without any trusted third party. The banks were the trusted third parties and they broke their trust. They screwed a lot of people. There was a lot of corruption going on, a lot of false accounting going on. And so when you place your value in a trusted third party, that third party isn't worth your trust. You're totally screwed. So you want a system that doesn't require a trusted third party. They wanted the system to be permissionless so that anybody can use it and nobody can deny you use of that. Again, if you look at the modern banking system, a simple example here in the US, marijuana is legal in many states in the country now. But a lot of businesses can't actually deal in marijuana and have bank accounts because the banking regulations say they're not allowed to do this. So again, when you've got this centralized trusted third party that decides who can and can't use the money system, it leads to unfair discrimination and exclusion. So again, if you're going to build a new system, you want it to have properties that allow everybody to use it equally and fairly. And then this leads to the last point of decentralization. The only way you can guarantee that nobody is going to lock people out is if there's no central point of control. If there's no central decision maker who can say, oh, I like this guy using the coin, but I don't want this guy using the coin, you have to have the power diffused enough that no single entity can make arbitrary decisions like that. Okay. So what's that? That's what this slide says right here. So Bitcoin has all these great ideals, but in fact it fails in multiple ways. It is not actually permissionless. We already have documented examples of users and accounts being banned or shut off from access, coins being blacklisted based on their usage history. So it is a fact that people can control who gets access to the Bitcoin network. It is not decentralized. If you look at the distribution of mining power on the Bitcoin network, it is like 80% of that is based in a couple small cities in China and the rest of the world doesn't even amount to 15%. So there is a strong centralization happening here. It also doesn't actually behave like cash. It doesn't behave like money. When you spend a coin, when you send a coin to a vendor, you're giving the vendor your complete financial history and actually you're seeing the vendors complete financial history at the same time. You see each other's wallet address and you suddenly know everything there is to know about their spending habits. So this, I mean this, it's insane to even think of it as money, right? If you think like, okay, I've got a 50 cent coin in my pocket and I give it to this guy and he tosses into a coin jar, all right? Nobody can look at that coin jar and say, oh yeah, Howard put 50 cents in there. There's no way to know that, all right? And if looking, you know, if the guy with the coin jar is there, he can't tell, oh yeah, Howard still has $12 in his pocket. You know, there's no way to know that in a regular exchange of real money. But in Bitcoin, these things are all revealed and revealing these things is detrimental, you know, if you're running a business, if you're trying to do, jeez, if you're trying to buy a surprise gift for somebody. All of these things are totally legitimate use cases for regular money, but they can't be achieved on a public blockchain like Bitcoin. So it fails as a currency, it also fails just as a technology, okay? The Bitcoin network today is claimed to support seven transactions per second, okay? If you look at the statistics, it never actually gets faster than three and a half transactions per second, okay? And you know, put that in perspective, a credit card processing network will handle thousands of transactions per second. So you're talking about this global currency and proclaiming it can be used for everything, but it can't even manage, you know, a hundredth of what a typical existing currency network already does. The other problems, I mean, technology-wise, you know, the code in Bitcoin is loaded with hard coded constants that constrain how it behaves. And these constants tend to be a source of great controversy in the Bitcoin developer community. You know, this one megabyte block size limit has been there and has been a source of great controversy for at least three years. The other thing, you know, the Bitcoin coin distribution, it's set to have a fixed coin supply. And so eventually the last coin will be issued in mining and nobody actually knows if the mining network will continue to operate after that event, right? Because they're trusting that miners will still want to mine based on transaction fees in each block, but there's actually no incentive for them when the main block reward goes to zero. So Monero, in a lot of ways you can think of Monero as Bitcoin 2.0, right? It's a system that people designed four years after Bitcoin existed, so they've observed a lot of the problems that exist in the Bitcoin technology and they've come up with solutions to most of these, right? Maybe not all of them. It is actually permissionless, right? Coins are fungible, so they can't be banned, they can't be censored. Coins don't have any history, so you can't choose to ban them. It is actually fairly decentralized in comparison to Bitcoin, it's much more decentralized. The proof of work algorithm makes centralization more difficult, okay? Now, in the past six months we've had some examples that would challenge this assertion, but I'll get into that later. It actually does behave like cash, right? When you spend a Monero, that doesn't reveal anything about what's left in your wallet and it doesn't reveal anything to the buyer or the seller about each other's holdings. So it actually does behave like money. The technology is dynamically scalable, right? There aren't really any hard coded constants in the code base that limit its performance. It has a perpetual tail emission, Diego mentioned this earlier this morning, so at the beginning, alright, you've got a large amount of coins being emitted and then the number of coins tails off to a small value, but it never drops below .3 coins per minute, right? .6 per block. The code base is based on something called Crypto Note, which is a completely separate independent code base from Bitcoin, so it doesn't inherit any of Bitcoin's bugs, but it also, I mean, there's a downside which is we don't inherit any of Bitcoin's adoption either. So just to give you some insight into how the number of coins will progress over time, the blue line here is the Bitcoin coin emission curve, and you can see it will max out eventually at 22 million or whatever the value is, and right around the year 2040, the Monero curve will cross the Bitcoin curve and it will continue growing from that point. Okay, so how does all of this actually work, right? How does Monero ensure that it remains permissionless? And to be permissionless requires you to be uncensorable and to be uncensorable requires fungibility. Diego talked a little bit about that this morning. This is probably one of the most important characteristics that makes money what it is and makes it usable, right? So again, one coin equals any other coin, one X mark equals one X mark. Every coin is indistinguishable from every other coin, and to get that you have to have privacy and anonymity for all of your transactions. Once you've established that any coin is completely private, that means it has no individual history that can be traced. And once you have no history, then there's nothing for a controlling entity to try and ban. Again, compared to Bitcoin and pretty much every other coin that's based on Bitcoin, the sender address and the receiver address are both public, they're both recorded forever in the blockchain. The transaction amount is public and any particular coin can be traced all the way back to its data creation. So you can see everybody who's held it from any point in time. So you cannot have fungibility without total privacy and anonymity for every transaction. Now there are some cryptocurrencies out there that provide optional privacy. Or they only obscure one or two elements of a transaction. But because the use of privacy is optional, the majority of transactions are still transparent and the ones that aren't transparent actually stick out. They become noteworthy. And once they become noteworthy and distinguishable, they're traced. The other problem is in practice when privacy is optional, the majority of people won't actually use it. They won't even know, they may not even be aware that they need to choose to use it. Okay so there are a bunch of different elements of a transaction that will show up on a blockchain. How are we protecting each of these elements? First of all, your wallet address, the long string of digits that identifies your wallet never actually appears in the blockchain. The addresses that you talk about and give to each other when you say, hey send me money to this address, those never appear in the blockchain. Instead we use stealth addresses. And the stealth address is randomly generated and it's a one-time use. So since it's randomly generated, it can't actually be associated back to any actual wallet address. So everything that's recorded in the blockchain stands on its own. It can't be linked back to any original wallet. So that protects recipients. Now how do we protect the identity of the sender? We have something called a ring signature. So instead of a transaction containing just one coin that a sender is sending out, it actually contains multiple decoys. And currently the narrow ring size is set at seven, which means there's one real coin and six decoys. There's another trick to using ring signatures. The ones we use are called traceable, which means we can generate a key image that goes with each ring signature. And that key image is unique. It's uniquely associated with the coin that's being spent. So we can identify if a double spend attempt is being made. So if you're familiar with public key cryptography, you know there's always a key pair. There's a public key and a private key. If you encrypt a message with the public key, you can only decrypt it with a private key and vice versa. If you encrypt a message with a private key, you can only decrypt it with a public key. So that's a standard single signature. In a ring signature you actually associate multiple private keys with a message. Anybody can observe this and verify that all of the participants in that ring signature had a valid key, but you cannot identify which one is the original sender. A more recent improvement in Monero. This was deployed January 2017. It's called ring confidential transactions. And so prior to this, prior to January 2017, the transaction amounts were published. But with confidential transactions, the transaction amounts are also hidden. And the funny thing about CT is this technology was developed by a Bitcoin developer for use in Bitcoin and they still haven't deployed it. This was developed three or four years ago and actually Monero was the first to deploy it. And the technology underlying confidential transactions is also based on ring signatures. So there's an ongoing theme there. So I'll give you the basics of how this works. I'm not going to go into great depth here because that's somebody else's talk. But the idea is you store a transaction amount in what's called a Peterson commitment and you are committing to hash of the actual value. So you don't actually show $10 or whatever. You generate a hash of the actual value. And it's a special kind of a hash. These hashes can actually be added to each other and the result is still a valid sum. So the sum of two hashes is equal to the hash of the final value. And that means you can independently verify that the inputs and the output are exactly what they claim to be even though you don't know the numbers inside. Now there's a problem which is that if you can't see the values inside it's possible for somebody to play a game putting negative numbers in or whatever. So we also require a range proof that asserts that the values are actually within a valid range. Values have to be within 0 to 2 to the 64 minus 1. And so this range proof is basically it says in our case into binary we represent it as a string of binary digits and we just construct a ring signature for each digit. It says oh yeah this digit could be 0 or 1. The next digit could be 0 or 2, could be 0 or 4 or 0 or 8 and before all these together it's good to create the final value. And as Diego mentioned a range quite large it's something like 1200 bytes for proof. So this has a bit of a cost on our network we're working to reduce that cost when we introduce bullet proofs later this year. Another element of privacy that some people talk about is hiding the network address when you actually create a transaction. So we've been working with something called the ITP call. It's very similar to TOR or it's comparable in its purpose and it'll hide the internet addresses of all the participating network nodes. The project that's working on ITP is called COVERY and they actually had their first alpha release just about a week ago. So that's moving right along and Anonymous is here this weekend and he'll be talking more about COVERY as well. So decentralization this has been a pretty hot topic in the past couple of months. The proof of work algorithm that the minors execute is called kryptonite and it was designed to be memory hard which means it uses a lot of RAM and it depends on the slowness of RAM to make it hard work. It actually uses multiple crypto algorithms.  It was resistant to ASIC implementation primarily due to the cost of putting a lot of RAM on a chip. That's really the main protection it depended on. It's kind of difficult to implement on GPUs because it uses a large number of random accesses into memory so it uses a large amount of memory and it uses it in random order. GPUs are optimized to access memory in sequential order. So there were some considerations to how to make this memory hard but I'll get more into that later. In comparison, mining hash is based on SHA-256 which is a cryptographic hash that's been around for a few years and it was designed intentionally to be very efficient and very easy to implement. So the Bitcoin hash is actually quite trivial to put into hardware in silicon and that's kind of what has led to Bitcoin's problems today. There are a couple of chip manufacturers in China that can make super optimized SHA-256 chips and they keep them all for themselves. Cryptonite it was a good idea for 2013 when it was designed but there are actually Cryptonite A6 in existence today. I'm wearing some actually. These are A6, I love them. But the thing you have to realize is memory hardness is not a good idea because memory is a fast moving target. Every three years memory capacity doubles. Capacity doubles and the speeds increase.  Now I wasn't around in 2013 so I couldn't tell these guys that.  It's not adequate. And I've proposed a new algorithm it's called RandomJS. There's actually two projects out there now. One of them is called ProgrammablePOW. I helped design that as well. That's aimed more at GPUs. And RandomJS is aimed more at CPUs. But I would say there's nothing exclusive in those designs they could work on either. So the main idea here is you want a proof of work algorithm that actually exploits the features of a general purpose CPU. If you look at the SHA-236 algorithm it was made to be easy to build in hardware. Its purpose was to be very fast and very efficient. And if you want proof of work you want the work to actually be hard. It should actually take some time, it should take energy and it should take difficult computations. So that's the idea behind Programm, proof of work. And these are I mean the proof of concept has been out for a couple months and a more final implementation exists today and it's just undergoing testing now. So as opposed to Bitcoin with its fixed block size and its three and a half transactions per second in Monero the block size is dynamic. It's based on the median block size of the previous 100 blocks and the limit I mean the only reason to limit the block size is because we're afraid of spam. We're afraid of somebody who's going to generate hundreds or thousands of dummy transactions just to clog the network. So with a fixed or with a limited block size the fee goes up as you start raising the block size. So somebody who's trying to generate thousands of spam transactions it gets very expensive for them to keep that up. Also the transaction fee is calculated based on the transaction size and the block size so all of this feeds together and says if you're generating a lot of this stuff you're going to pay more. Now the fee is also dynamic in that as the legitimate usage increases the fee will decrease. And again that's based on a median of the previous 100 blocks. There's another element of scalability which is simply the size of the blockchain data and this is actually where my involvement in Monero begins. The original Monero code kept all of its blockchain in memory in RAM. If you're working with a PC that's only got a 32 bit processor you can't use more than 2 or 4 gigs of RAM and then you're done. So the Monero project realized they were running into a brick wall they needed to move the blockchain from RAM into a database. So just some stats. January 2015 the blockchain was 5 gigabytes in size when they put it into the LMDB database suddenly the RAM usage dropped to only 10 megabytes. And just not only was using LMDB saving memory for them it actually saved time even with their memory-only database which you would expect a memory-only data structure should be super fast it should be a zillion times faster than this but in reality maybe because that code just wasn't all that great it was much slower so even with only 585,000 blocks it took 4.2 hours to sync that whole chain whereas with LMDB at a million blocks it took only 10 minutes so using LMDB was a huge step in ensuring scalability for this blockchain. I just measured this a couple weeks ago I got a first-generation Raspberry Pi it can sync the whole blockchain it will take a couple of months but it can be done but it can be done ok so one of the things that bugs me a lot I come to software from an efficiency standpoint primarily. I've also worked in security and I understand the trade-offs there but you have to understand that these two needs these two demands are completely opposed to each other to get network privacy and anonymity you have to slow down network performance a whole lot because you're sending traffic through multiple hops instead of just sending it by the most direct path to get unchained privacy and anonymity you're sacrificing a lot of performance and efficiency because your transactions are so much larger now to carry this extra data that obscures the original amounts and the original addresses there's a tension here that I don't see a quick resolution to and this becomes more important over time if you look at these money supply emission curves they draw these things out to the year 2050 the bitcoin guys believed that bitcoin would be the money of the future and everybody would be using it 30 years later and I don't think that's really a valid viewpoint if you listen to some people they're saying we're going to have colonies on mars by 2030 ok now if that's true it could happen Elon musk is going to mars if that happens that means the currency of the future must work at interplanetary scale and bitcoin won't do it minero actually won't do it either so what we have today is only the rough beginnings none of the technology that we use today is still going to be viable 10 or 20 years from now it's going to be completely different we may still call it minero but it's not going to be based on the same code as we're running today the final takeaways minero is the world's first cryptocurrency that actually behaves like money it's fungible, it's private, it's anonymous when you spend it you don't give away any extra information for yourself the design of minero didn't come out of nowhere it did benefit from observing bitcoin studying bitcoin and seeing all of its flaws saying hey look, we know how to fix these and it does work today but it's only one step there's a long evolution ahead of us yes the blacklist exists because of those other funky forks basically basically it's not the same as we talk about a bitcoin blacklist basically we're saying here are a couple of outputs that have been used on another chain that forked the minero chain and for you to use them as decoys in a valid transaction would be dangerous because bitcoin blockchain is stored in google level db and that sucks okay alright in lmdb the design is it's fully transactional which means every right is actually atomic level db is not a transactional database they say that they support atomic rights so I actually have very little respect for level db for a number of reasons but mostly because they lie they misrepresent its capabilities okay here's the thing like lmdb stores all of its data in a single file within a single file it is possible for you to do a sequence of operations that shows up in one atomic instant level db stores its data in multiple files it is actually impossible for you to update multiple files and have that become visible in one atomic instant there are always multiple intervals of time where you can see intermediate states and it's those intermediate states that trip you up if the machine crashes while it's in the middle of updating a sequence of files because there's no atomic update earlier you mentioned there's no speaker earlier you mentioned bitcoin had trouble changing something as simple as a hard coded value how do you see Monero you're talking about even changing proof of work in Monero which seems like a much grander change how do you see governance playing into that and do you see an eventual bit coinification of the governance you kind of move into a comfortable state it's worth too much money you can't make these changes without having big problems or worries that's a good question and I'm not sure I know the answer to that I would say eventually it probably will get to that point but we're not there yet right now everybody understands this is an experiment everybody understands we upgrade every six months that's just you sign up it's kind of churn when you participate every six months this is going to change eventually we may slow that down and say every one year this is going to change and then it may slow down even further after that but we're not there yet why are the the coin transactions so slow why are they so slow there's a lot of factors that feed into that database performance is an element of slow database bit coin transactions are slow for network propagation reasons they're trying to throttle the transaction rate so that a single transaction has time to propagate to the entire network it's a large network that's going to be slow there's a lot of factors okay would Monero have the same issues with slow transaction speed maybe my personal belief is that we cannot have a single global cryptocurrency the example with colonies on mars should prove that to you we actually need some kind of sharding or fractional networks that's really the only way to keep performance up and cover large scale yeah well we have work going under way to support crooning for the blockchain so that'll reduce the size in the future does that answer your question or was it a different question the Monero network itself is not working on storing arbitrary data we want to store financial transactions and nothing else but there are other sidechains in the future does blackballing constitute an attack on fungibility but creating the transactions that needed to be blackballed yeah forking is certainly a threat I mean otherwise we wouldn't have had to go to the step of blackballing and we had to warn people if you're using xmc or xmo or xmv whatever the heck they all were if you're using these things with your existing Monero wallet with your existing coins you're going to be putting all of the networks at risk any other yeah what can we do to help adoption of Covree and start integrating it to the apps that you care about you know all of this is volunteer work so whenever somebody says I want this to happen they just do it or it won't happen since every ring signature has a key image you can actually detect that yeah yeah okay so at one point in time for a glorious eight months I had a company called Monero Direct that allowed you to purchase Monero using dollars, euros, pounds whatever we've shuttered that company for the moment because our payment processor got acquired by another company and that other company had weird policies towards cryptocurrency so we couldn't continue with them now in the meantime we still use Kraken.com I mean I use them because I can buy directly with euros one more one more what am I working on next at the moment I'm actually trying to get LMDB 1.0 out the door and one of the interesting features that we've added in 1.0 is database level encryption and part of the reason that feature exists is so that we can start moving the Monero wallet into LMDB and keep all the data encrypted


This year marks the 20th iteration of the exercise where we have eight nations, 26 ships, and 19 aircraft all working together in the Black Sea with the common goal of increasing security in the region. The exercise theme this year is over 20 years of friendship in the Black Sea and I think that really captures what Sea Breeze is all about.


Have you ever wondered what your flirting style says about you? Or maybe how your personality affects how you flirt? Well, researchers Hall, Carter, Cody, and Albright wanted to assess how people communicated their romantic or sexual interests to a potential partner in a 2010 research study. They had participants answer a questionnaire and gathered information on the subject's personalities as well, comparing the information. Here are the results of the five flirting styles and how they could relate to one's Which flirting style do you have? Are you a playful flirt? Those who often playfully flirt see it as something that's fun. They want to joke and tease their potential partner. Extroverts are more likely to playfully flirt. Researchers also found that those who often only playfully flirt were less agreeable and less conscientious. Dr. Jeremy Nicholson, a doctor of social personality psychology, explains in his Psychology Today article that playful flirts tend to have a don't care and all or nothing type of approach to dating. Therefore, they first need to be able to cope with interpersonal rejection, which will inevitably result from their more playful and outrageous behaviors. Number two, sincere. What if you like to create an emotional bond with someone before testing out your flirting skills? As a sincere flirt, you like to make your potential partner feel comfortable first before you make your move. You show sincere interest and value a deeper connection with them. Women were found to have scored higher in this type of flirting. Men did use this flirting style as well. If you're very agreeable and conscientious, you'll likely use this flirting style more. Extroverts also use this style as well as playful flirting. In the 2010 study, dating success was found through sincere, playful and physical flirting styles. Nicholson suggests that sincere flirts can become more successful by focusing on building a positive personality and developing their uniquely attractive traits and skills. He also recommends making good eye contact and practicing reading others' body language. Number three, traditional. Are you a traditional flirt? Traditional flirts often stick to gender-specific roles. Perhaps you're at a party. This could be the woman showing someone she likes them by showing interest through flirty eye contact across the room. The man would then often make the first move by talking to her. The study found that introverts often flirted this way. They also found men who flirted traditionally often already knew their potential partner before flirting this way. Those who flirt this way are often looking for commitment. Those who use this style often have a hard time getting dates and creating many deep relationships, although some benefited from taking things slow in their relationships and letting them form over time. Number four, physical. Do you flirt by subtly touching others and just playing open body language? This type of flirting shows sexuality and interest through nonverbal behaviors. Many people were found to often have great chemistry and emotional connection when they flirt this way. Relationships are often developed faster this way as well. Extroverts often use this flirting style and were found in the study to be moderately agreeable and conscientious. Nicholson's suggestion for this type of flirting to succeed, he suggests that learning to be confident and curious rather than anxious can assist the physical flirt in creating a smooth and passionate interaction. And number five, polite. Are you more polite when you approach your crush? Polite flirts are often moral and cautious in their flirting to avoid embarrassing themselves or out of fear of rejection. They have great manners and approach as the name suggests politely. They're interested in commitment so they often clearly share what they want in a partner when appropriate. Polite flirts are often introverts. They also often have a hard time getting dates with potential partners, but the few relationships they have are very deep, emotional and meaningful to them. So, how do you flirt? And what does it say about you? Which ones do you often use? Are you trying to find a new flirting style? Feel free to share with us in the comments down below. We hope you enjoyed this video and if you did, don't forget to click the like button and share it with a friend or maybe a crush. Subscribe to Psych2Go and hit the notification bell for more content like this. And before we go, we'd also like to mention that there has been a huge decline in mental health around the world, which is why we're so committed to creating more content than we ever have.  See you next time.