Ladies and gentlemen, the story you are about to hear is true. The names have been changed to protect the innocent. Fatima Cigarettes, King's size, extra mild and soothing, brings you drag net on both radio and television.  You're assigned a robbery detail. An elderly man has been beaten and robbed of a fortune in unsaid diamonds. The thief has made good his escape. Your job? Find him. MUSIC Friends, the name Fatima has always stood for quality. Fatimas are distinctive, with a truly different flavor and aroma. And in King's size Fatima, you get an extra mild and soothing smoke, plus the added protection of Fatima quality. Remember, in Fatima, the difference is quality. Because of its quality, its extra mildness, it's better flavor and aroma. Fatima continues to grow in favor among King's size cigarette smokers everywhere. Switch to Fatima yourself today. Ask your dealer for Fatima in the bright sunny yellow pack. King's size Fatima. The difference is quality. MUSIC Drag net. The documented drama of an actual crime. For the next 30 minutes in cooperation with the Los Angeles Police Department, you will travel step-by-step on the side of the law through an actual case transcribed from official police files. From beginning to end, from crime to punishment, drag net is the story of your police force in action. MUSIC It was Tuesday, July 12th. It was hot in Los Angeles. We were working the day watch out a robbery detail. My partner's Frank Smith. The boss is Captain Didion. My name's Friday. It was 1046 a.m. when we got to the Morgan Hotel. Room 922. Yes? Police officer, my name's Friday. This is my partner Frank Smith. Oh, yes, sir. I'm the manager, Arnold Jackson. Yes, sir. We're here regarding the robbery, sir. Oh, Mr. Ruhman's in there. Bedroom is lying down. Has there been a radio unit here, Mr. Jackson? Yes, they just went down the hall. I see. The victim in here, sir? Yes, that's right. Thank you very much, Mr. Jackson. Sure. Mr. Ruhman? Yes? My name's Friday, sir. This is my partner Frank Smith, Central Robbery. Oh, yes, Captain Friday. No, sir. It's Sergeant Mr. Ruhman. Sergeant? I thought, sure, they'd send a captain. Well, now if you can just tell us what happened here. Well, I brought the stones up here to show him and his father. We made an appointment. He hit me. He took everything. How much was it, sir? Can you tell us? Everything there was, finance collection, best stones, took my sample case and everything. What did the case look like, sir? Just a plain sample case. This high, about this wide. So you had to make it about 14 by 18, is that right? Black, black, black leather, plain sample case. Any identifying marks, initials, anything like that? No, just a plain black leather case. I don't care about the bag, it's the diamonds. I couldn't come close to their value. Maybe $100,000, maybe more. Now, you say you made an appointment with them. Who is the man, sir? Fred Roberts met him about three weeks ago at my club, having lunch with a friend and another jeweler, and he introduced us. We hit it off right away. He seemed to be a real nice fella. I can't understand it. Fred Roberts, will you describe him for us, sir? I'd say he's about 20 to 30. I could say he's a nice looking fella. Sure, nice clothes, looked like a real businessman. Always carried a briefcase and all. About how tall would you say he was? Tall? Well, I'm 5'6". He's about three inches tall. I'd say he's about 5'9". Not too heavy, medium build, about your size. Now, how about his hair, sir? What color was that, do you remember? Brown, straight brown hair. I might have had a part, I never noticed. He had brown eyes, too. Shouldn't be any problem. People in the hotel must know him. These are his room. I'll call the office and have them get out of broadcast in the description. Fine, you want to check with the other fellow so they can come up with anything? I'll stay here with Mr. Ruhman. Okay. Thanks, Frank. Now, you'll have no trouble identifying them, man. Would you, Mr. Ruhman? Oh, sir, I'd know him. Those eyes never forget him. I should have known from the start, sir. His eyes are shifty, little bitty things set close together. I should have known not to trust him with eyes like that. Now, you say you met this man about three weeks ago, is that right? Well, this Roberts fella told me that he was down here from San Francisco. Said he was going into a diamond business. Said he was down there here, rather, to buy stock. That he'd heard that I could lay my hands on some fine stones and he wanted to see what I had done for him. Did he say that he was going to buy the stones himself? Oh, no, he told me that his father was putting up the money. He said that his father was coming down here the day in that if he liked the merchandise, we could make a deal. Funny thing, though, I should have known right off. What's that, sir? Well, when I came up here this afternoon and showed him the stones I'd brought, he didn't know the good from the bad. Oh, sir? Well, in almost any collection about to be a few stones, it aren't absolutely perfect. It look all right, but there may be a small flaw someplace inside the stone. Naturally, there are values in the eyes. See, and this Roberts didn't know the difference. No, but I shouldn't know them anyway. Those eyes, you know, the meanest eyes I ever saw and so close together. Well, was there anything unusual that you might have noticed about Roberts? Anything about his speech, his manner, anything at all that might help us identify him? No, just like I told you. See, nice enough. Well, did he give you any indication that there might be something wrong? Not at all, of course I wonder. The body's not knowing much about diamonds, but I figured that if he was willing to pay what I wanted, I didn't have to concern myself with what he's going to do with the stones. Well, Mr. Ruman, I wonder if we could start from the beginning exactly what happened here. He knocked me out? No, sir. I mean, what led up to his hitting it? Oh, I'm sorry. Well, as I said, he told me to bring the stones up here for his father to see. I didn't, and then he waited for the father to show up. He went over there with a window looking at the stones.  Yes, sir. Well, when he finished, he said something about his father never being on time. I turned to look out the window. That's when he hit me right here on the back of my head. Can you see it? Yes, sir, I can. Is it bleeding? No, why, man? I'm not afraid. Can you see the blood there? No, sir, there's quite a bump on the back there. Are you sure? Yes, sir. You're telling the truth? Yes, sir, there's no blood. Joe? Yeah, Frank. See you in a minute? Sure. Excuse me a minute, Mr. Ruman. Sure, that's all right. Yeah, Frank. Call the office. They put out the description there, and he's being covered. Clayton, principal, call? Yeah. How's Ruman getting along? He's got quite an ache in his head, and he seems to be okay. The manager says he's calling the house doctor. He should be here right away. Sergeant? Yes, sir. Have you caught him yet, Roberts? No, sir, not yet.  Of course. But you shouldn't have too much trouble catching him, not with those eyes, real little beady. Yes, sir. Well, what do you want me to do at police headquarters, Sergeant? Well, we want to take a full statement. Have you looked at some pictures, if you would? With you, too? Yes, sir. Anything wrong? Oh, no, no. But you'd figure with all those diamonds gone, and that fella hitting me and all, it seems that they could have done better. Well, how's that, Mr. Ruhman? Seems they couldn't have sent a captain. 11.15 a.m., latent prints arrived and went over the rooms. Frank and I were unable to find the instrument Ruhman had been struck with. Checking with the desk clerk and the elevator operator, we were able to get a composite description of Fred Roberts. It tallied closely with the one given us by Ruhman. The desk clerk told us that Roberts had checked into the hotel that morning. We obtained a copy of the hotel registration card, carrying Robert's signature for handwriting analysis. The immediate area was thoroughly searched. The suspect had made good his escape. We contacted the victim's office and asked for a full inventory of the stolen diamonds. They were unable to give us a complete inventory at the time, but advised us that the loss would run well over $150,000. 11.57 a.m., after the hotel doctor had examined Ruhman and said his wounds were superficial, we drove down to the city hall. While Ruhman was looking at the mug books, Frank and I checked the name Fred Roberts and his description through R&I. We were unable to find a record on him. We contacted the stats office and requested a run on the M.O. Local and all-points bulletins were gotten out on the suspect. After looking through the mug books, Ruhman was unable to come up with an identification. Further interrogation of the victim failed to turn up any new evidence. The information furnished by the stats office and other contacts yielded nothing. The investigation continued. Three weeks went by. Tuesday, August 2nd, 8.05 a.m. I checked into the office. Go? Yeah. You're late. I've been waiting for you. It's only been five minutes. Well, there's a lot to do here, you know. You're in a good mood. What's the problem? Seeing in-laws again. I didn't sleep a wink last night. Oh, what happened? That brother-in-law, a real wise guy, knows how to do everything better than anybody else. Nothing he doesn't know. Well, look, Frank, I'm on your side. Well, what's the bet here? Remember how I told you about this place out in the valley where the stakes are so good? Yeah. It's a butcher shop, wouldn't it? Yeah, that's right. Well, I stopped by last night and I got six of the biggest stakes I could find. Real beauties, for late. Yeah. I figured on a barbecue, you know, out in the backyard. Anyway, I get the charcoal out and the kindling and all this stuff. Right away, my brother-in-law says I'm doing it wrong. Why didn't you tell him? The wife. She's got to hear how they barbecue back in Sioux Falls.  It took him three hours. Now, what happened? Well, he never got the fire started. By the time he'd let me get at it, it was too dark to do anything. He ended up in the kitchen with waffles heading to Justine all night. Well, that's the way it goes, doesn't it? Oh, so sorry. I jump back. That's all right. I don't much care for waffles for dinner myself. I get it, Frank. Robbery Friday. Yes, sir. Mm-hmm. What was that address again? OK, yes, sir. And we'll check it right away. Right. Anything? One of our contacts is a rumble down a jay. He's down in South Maine. Guy's letting it get around that he's got some loose diamonds for sale. You see one they could be bought? Yeah, tonight. 8.14 a.m., we signed out and drove over to Jay's bar. We met with our informant. The buy was to take place in the bar at 8.30 that night. He gave us a description of the man who was selling the stones. We checked back into the office and filled Captain Diddy in on the latest developments of the case. The plan was laid out that Frank and I would stake out inside the bar. Four other men were assigned to cover the outside of the meeting place. They would be able to be in constant communication with each other through walkie-talkie equipment. 7.43 p.m., Frank and I took up our positions at the bar. The other men were at their assigned positions. And we waited. 8.19 p.m., three men came in and took a table at the rear of the place. They ordered drinks and sat down and talked. None of them maxed the description our informant had given us. 8.34 p.m. Joe? No. This came in, fits the description pretty well. He's heading back there. Looks like he's one of the three people who was selling the stones. What was that he took out of his pocket? I can't hear a thing from here either. Looks like it's going to get louder, doesn't it? All right, that's fine with me. I didn't ask you to fire the stuff. You can see for yourself it's good. The price is right. You don't want to buy it and you're wasting my time. Lousy, chintzy deal.  As far as I can turn the bides off, nobody sent for you. Forget it. That's him. He's got the stones. Let's take him back. All right. Hold it up, police officers. Watch it, Joe. All right, now stand right where you are. Keep your hands out in the open. You want to shake him down, Frank? Yeah. Stand still, Joe. What are you tagging us for? Just having a drink. What are you trying to do? They're clean, Joe. Our boy got away. They'll pick him up outside. Look, what do you want us for? Just sitting here having a drink. What are you trying to prove? Skip it, mister. You're selling us nothing here. I don't know what you're talking about. Frank. Yeah, hold still. Here's my cups. All right, let's go. I'll check outside to see if we get the elements. Look, you don't need these handcuffs. I'm not going to get them. I've got nothing to hide. What's this all about? Save it, mister. Save what? We're coming here to have a couple of drinks. We're not bothering anybody. Just a quiet drink.  What's the pitch anyway? Let's stop playing games here. There was a diamond by tonight, and you were in on it. Diamonds? Are you kidding? Here, look at me.  Not only that, but who buys diamonds in a bar? Now, look, let's get this thing squared away. No. Herman and Strom will get the other ones. Have they taken up the office? Anything on them? No. Dropped it while they were chasing them. What's that? Bag of unset diamonds. The three suspects we'd apprehended inside the bar were questioned after a brief interrogation. The suspects admitted that they had gone to the bar for the purpose of buying diamonds. They explained that it was their impression that the stones had been smuggled into the country. The three men were booked in on suspicion of robbery pending further investigation. The fourth man, the one who was in possession of the diamonds, was identified as Larry Frye. We checked him through R and I and found that he had been in the bar for a very long time. We found that he had been in the bar for a very long time. We checked him through R and I and found that he had a previous record of four arrests receiving stolen property dating back to 1946. Frank and I took the suspect to the interrogation room. He told us that he'd found the diamonds in a back alley. The interrogation continued, but we were unable to change the suspect's story. A special show-off was arranged for Mr. Ruhman, the victim in the jewel robbery. After looking at the suspect closely, he stated positively that this was not the man who had held him up. However, examination showed that the stones found were part of the diamonds taken in the robbery. The suspect was booked at the city jail. A check of his residence and other leads failed to turn up any additional information. Wednesday, August 3, 1240 a.m. We had Frye brought from his cell. All right, sit down, Frye. Don't you guys ever get tired of trying? What do you mean, Frye? You know what I mean. Questions. Don't you guys ever get tired? You getting tired? Yeah, a little. Then why don't you save us all a lot of trouble and tell us what you know? I don't know what you're after. Believe me, if I knew what you wanted, I'd try to help. Supposedly start again.  Where'd you get the diamonds? I found them. Where? In an alley. What alley? I don't remember. You find 20,000 of them, set diamonds in an alley? You don't remember which alley? That's right, I don't remember which alley. There's a lot of alleys in an alley. Now with $20,000 in diamonds later on. True. Then why don't you tell us where you found the diamonds? I told you, in an alley. What were you doing at Jay's place? Having a drink. That against the law? No, but trying to sell stolen diamonds is. All right, you called it. I was there to sell diamonds, but I didn't know they were stolen. I tried to sell them. Just trying to make a buck. Everybody's got to live. I told you, now leave me alone. I got enough trouble in this can with this lousy chowdy throw at you. I'll feel so good, huh? Let me go back to my cell and lay down. Okay, you guys ever eaten this jail food? It's terrible. I've eaten it. It's not too bad. You got a stomach made out of solid brass. I'd like to have the bromo concession around here. Look, I really wish I could help you guys, but honest, there's nothing to tell. I found the diamonds in an alley. Sure, I tried to sell them, but that's it. Now you guys know if there's anything I could do. All right, now you come off it, Mr. You better get this story straight. We're through playing with you. Maybe you don't know how you stand. I'll fill you in. A man's slugged and $150,000 in diamonds are stolen from him. Part of those diamonds turn up in your pocket. If you say you found them, I can't buy that, and I don't think anyone else will. You'll come in here playing like a lily, clean and white, while your record doesn't make it that easy to buy. That's how you stand, Mr. The whole thing's right in your lap. It fits you like a new suit. Now it's up to you. That's the way it is. You call it. No other way? None. I'll give you guys the answers. You are listening to Dragnet. Authentic stories of your police force in action. Friends, the name Fatima has always stood for quality. Fatimas are distinctive, with a truly different flavor and aroma. And in King's Eyes Fatima, you get an extra mild and soothing smoke, plus the added protection of Fatima quality. Yes, there's a good reason why Fatima continues to grow in favor among King's Eyes cigarette smokers everywhere. In Fatima, the difference is quality. Quality of tobaccos, the finest Turkish and domestic varieties, extra mild and superbly blended, to give you a much different, much better flavor and aroma. Quality of manufacture, smooth, round, perfect cigarettes, rolled in the finest paper money can buy. Quality, even to the appearance of the bright, sunny yellow pack, carefully wrapped and sealed to bring you Fatima's rich, fresh, extra mild flavor. So next time insist on Fatima quality. Look for the bright, sunny yellow pack. Smoke Fatima, the extra mild and soothing King's Eyes cigarette, with the added protection of Fatima quality. We continued to interrogate Frye. From the evasive answers he gave us, it looked as if he was lying about his part in the robbery. When an interrogation seems to bog down, the working detective usually tries to find some subject with which to draw the suspect out, some weak point in his makeup. Maybe it's his parents, his wife or his children. It might be the fear of having loved ones find out about the crimes accused of committing. In Frye's case, questions about his family failed to produce any results. We tried other subjects, religion, baseball, golf, fishing. None of them seemed to bring him out of his shell. Occasionally during the interrogation he referred to the jail food, comparing it to the other food he'd eaten. As the questioning went on, we found that Frye considered himself a gourmet, talking about the dishes that he'd eaten at various restaurants. We tried to lead the questioning around to the diamond theft, but he constantly brought the conversation back to food. Frye had presented us with a possible wedge and we decided to use it. We signed him out of a city jail and drove him down to Philip's restaurant for dinner. When the waiter brought the menu, Frye didn't read it. He ordered soup, salad, and two French dip sandwiches. As he ate, we tried to get him to talk, but he refused, saying that he wanted to finish his dinner first. Frank and I each had a sandwich and some coffee. Frye continued to eat. He ordered two more sandwiches. Finally, he pushed his chair back and said that he'd had enough. Now for some dessert, huh? Dessert? Yeah, a meal's not complete without dessert. I think I'll have some apple pie, alamode, and some coffee. How is the coffee here? It's good. Now, how about the information?  You don't take care of your stomach. You've got to learn to relax after a meal. Relax. You'll live longer. Well, what was that song then, Dan? She gave us about telling us all about it just to gimmick to get a free meal. I told you, take it easy. I'll give you the story after dessert. All right, Frank. Yeah. Get the pie and coffee. Now, the waiter seems to be busy eating. You want that alamode, Frye? That's right, alamode. No cream in the coffee. What a nice place here to do a good business. They've been here a long time. Best French dip sandwiches I've ever eaten. Nice and lean, aren't they? Yeah, they put out a good meal. Here's your pie and coffee. Thanks. Three spoons of sugar? That's right. Coffee sure smells good. Hey, it tastes good, too. All right, let's get on the business, Frye. Now, what about the diamonds? Where'd you get them? I'm a guy named Joe. What's his last name? Never heard of. He gave you the diamonds to sell. You don't know his last name? Yeah, that's right. Where'd you pick up the diamonds? Didn't. Joe came by my house and left them. What's his Joe like? Oh, medium height, about 32, medium weight. How about his coloring? Medium. He's a real ordinary looking fella. Where'd he say he got the diamonds? He brought them off from the east with them. Didn't tell me where he got them back there. I think he's done time someplace. Why'd you say that? I just figured it, the way he talks, the way he handles himself. Got the marks. You'd know him if you saw him again? Oh, sure. I think he could point them out to us. You got him? No, but if he's done time, there's a mug of them. Figures we got it. Want to look through the mug books? Sure. How did this Joe get in touch with you? Call the house. Tell me what time he'd be there. When do you usually call? Most any time. I know what you're fearing, but it won't work. This whole thing's been in the papers. He won't call me now. Too smart for that. He won't show. How about the diamonds? Don't you think he'd be sorry about you being picked up? So he saw. He's got no beef. He's still got 130 grand in stones. He's got no worries. Say, how about some more... No, you've had it for the night. Let's go. Oh, thanks for the mail. Sure appreciate it. Jail food was killing me. You know, good meal always makes me sleepy. Sure getting late. Hey, let's knock it off for the night. How fellas, I'm bushed. Now let's look through the mudbooks and we can call it a night. Ah, fellas, I'm so tired I can hardly see straight. Feeling like this, I couldn't be sure. All right, Frye, we'll take you back and we'll see you the first thing in the morning so we can get started. Okay. Say, I was just wondering. Yeah. You think you can work out something for breakfast? 2.30 a.m., after returning a suspect to the city jail, Frank and I went back to the office. We were certain that Frye was in some way implicated in the diamond theft, but we didn't know just how he fit in. Frank and I signed out and went home to get some sleep. 4.45 a.m. I got a call from the business office that a man who identified himself as Joe Ashton had been picked up on a drunk charge. When arrested, he was carrying a black leather case similar to the one taken in the robbery containing a large quantity of unset diamonds. The man was belligerent, and other than his name, he refused to tell the arresting officers anything. I called Frank and picked him up from the way into the office. When we arrived at the city hall, the suspect had sobered up considerably, and with a little questioning, he identified himself as a jewelry salesman from Oakland, California. We contacted his employer in Oakland and received an identification on him. Further investigation showed that Ashton was in legal possession of the diamond. During investigations, false leads are constantly turned up, and although circumstances may tend to discount them, each one has to be thoroughly checked out. 7.45 a.m., Frank and I had breakfast at Johnny Cokins and at 8.32 we signed Frye out of the city jail for interrogation. You had breakfast yet, Friday? Yeah, I just finished. That's too bad. How about you, Smith? Yeah. What'd you have? Waffle. Yeah, I sure like some hot waffles. I didn't eat here. Figure you guys might take me out again? What are you trying to prove, Frye? Now let's go over and look at those mug books, huh? Okay. Hands behind you. Oh, now look! Behind you. All right, let's go. All right, in the elevator. I'll get it, Frank. Yeah. Sure, a nice day, but it's warm out. It's gonna be. Yeah. Sure you guys don't want a cup of coffee?  Right in the back, Frye. Sure. Say, sure appreciated that meal last night. That's good. We going to City Hall? Yeah, that's right. Now we keep the mug books? Yeah. Ain't no kidding, Frye. I gotta have some coffee. My stomach's growling. All right, Frye. We'll get you some coffee. You know that whole bit about Joe doesn't ring. I'm afraid we can't buy it. Okay, so it's a phony story, but I'll give you the right one. Where'd you get the diamonds? From a guy out in the valley. Where in the valley? Out at the Astor Studios. At a picture lot? Yeah.  We're going out the valley. Hey, wait a minute. I don't want to see him. He'll blow his top if he finds out I told you. This guy's crazy. A real nut. You better drop me back at the jail. I'll wait. How do we know this isn't another stall? It isn't. You'll see. What's this guy's name, this friend of yours? He's no friend. Just a guy. He met, had a business deal. What's his name? Calls himself Fred Roberts. We took Frye to breakfast and then we returned him to the city jail. We went back to the city hall and rechecked the name Fred Roberts through our eye. There was no record. Those with similar names were checked. None of them met the description of the suspect. 1120 AM, Frank and I headed for the San Fernando Valley. Astor Studios was one of the older lots in town. It had been years since they'd made a picture of their own. Most of their business now was in running stage-based television companies. Frank and I checked at the gate and we were sent up to personnel. The company records on Roberts showed that he'd been at the studio for four years in the property department. According to the girl in the personnel office, Roberts was highly regarded by his employers and fellow workers. She told us that we could find him in the prop building on the back lot. Frank and I started back to see him. That must be it back there, the big building with all the windows. Yeah. Sure a lot going on, huh? Yeah, TV's use a lot of movies, I guess. Most of the good stuff's on film. I suppose so. About all Elizabeth likes to watch the wrestling matches with those real old movies. I don't get to see much of the new stuff, but she's not looking at some show that's 20 years old. The kids are watching a puppet show. Well, you need two sets then. I've been thinking about that show. Not that I don't like wrestling, but I'd like to see the ball game once in a while. And those news forums show. You know, keep up with what's going on in the world. Yeah. Looks like it here, huh? Yeah. Let's see him back there with a spray gun in it. Yeah. Hey, Mr. Roberts. Mr. Roberts. Yeah? Like talk to you, sir. Just a minute. I got to hit this before it dries. All right. All right. Now what can I do for you? Police officers, Mr. Roberts. What? Wait a minute. Who'd you say you were? Police officer. Oh, I'm sorry. It caused you this trouble. I thought at first you were bill collectors coming in here like you did and all that. You can understand that, can't you? I've had a little trouble lately. I didn't mean to cause a fuss. Yeah, sure. I'd like to talk to you downtown. Well, what about? Some diamonds that were stolen. Certainly. I'll go with you. But why me? What makes you think I had anything to do with it? This routine, Mr. Roberts, your name came up and we have to check it out. I'm more than glad to help. I hope you don't think that I was trying to run away from you before. It was just that I thought you were someone else. All right, Mr. Roberts. You want to get your coat? Sure. I'll have to call the front office and tell them where I'm going. I'm the only one here today. No, we'll call them on the way out. Fine. A lot of work. I hope this won't take long. Should I take my car? I wouldn't like the trouble of you to bring me back. No trouble, Mr. Roberts. It's your nice day, isn't it? Good for exteriors. Exteriors? Yeah. You know, outdoor shots. Good light. Oh, yeah. Run into a lot of trouble if you haven't got good light. Would you like to take a look around? No, I'm afraid we haven't got the time, Mr. Roberts. Oh, here's the car. Say, I don't want to tell you about your business, but can't we talk here? I really shouldn't leave. No, I'm afraid not, Mr. Roberts. If someone down town wants you to meet. Oh? Yeah, a man by the name of Ruman, Sam Ruman. You said Ruman? Yeah, that's right. No, he was trying to kid you then. Sir? About the dime. No, I'm afraid not. How'd you find him? That's not important. Do you have the rest of the stone? Most of them. Some of them are up in San Francisco. I can give you the name of the man who has them. You picked up some of them. I read about it in the paper. How about the rest of them? I buried them on a golf course south of here. I can show you the place. You want to get them now? Yeah, we'd like to. We'll go over the pass and then to La Brea. Straight out La Brea. I'll tell you where to turn. All right. Fry, he the one that told you? You planned to rob her yourself, did you? Yeah, I had to raise money. Funny. What's that? You're working pictures and any job and people think you make a lot of money. It's not true. It's like any other job. Good living, but you don't make as much as people think you do. That's why I did it. Yeah. I've planned the thing for a long time. Figured every angle. Be able to pay off my car or my bills. There was no gag about me thinking you were bill collectors. I've been trying to find my car for the past month and take it away. You know how it is. Yeah, sure. All my life I've been working, working to make something out of myself. Everybody in this town seems to do okay. Money, big home, a car. 12 years I've been working as a prop man. 12 years. Got tired of waiting. I wanted all those things. I figured I waited long enough, you know? Yeah. What's wrong with trying to build some kind of a future for yourself? I just wanted a future, that's all. Yeah, well, you got one. The story you've just heard was true. The names were changed to protect the innocent. On November 15th, trial was held in Superior Court, Department 89, City and County of Los Angeles, State of California. In a moment the results of that trial. Now here is our star, Jack Webb. Thank you, George Veneman. Friends in your hometown as well as mine, more and more king-sized cigarette smokers are switching to Fatima because of Fatima quality. Fatimas are distinctive with a really different flavor and aroma. They give you an extra mild and soothing smoke, plus the added protection of Fatima quality. Get a pack of Fatimas tomorrow. See if you don't agree that in Fatima, the difference is quality. That's king-sized Fatima in the bright, sunny yellow pack. Fred Roberts was tried and convicted of robbery in the second degree. Robbery in the second degree is punishable by imprisonment in the state penitentiary or in the county jail. He is now serving his time in the county jail. Ladies and gentlemen, at this very moment in Korea, the lives of soldiers wounded in battle today are being saved by transfusions of blood and blood plasma. You can give these men the gift of life, a pint of your blood. The Department of Defense is calling for all Americans to roll up their sleeves. There is no substitute for blood. The need is urgent. The need is now. Call your local Red Cross chapter or blood donor center for an appointment. And please keep it. Please subscribe from Los Angeles. Friday here the Mario Lanza show on NBC.


Welcome to taffy atoms.  It is the smallest particle of an element that is capable of showing properties of that element. A molecule is like two or more pieces of saltwater taffy chemically joined together. They can be of the same color or of two different colors. A molecule is two or more atoms chemically joined together. There are two different types of molecules. The first one is an element. An element is two or more identical atoms joined together. As when two pieces of yellow saltwater taffy are mixed together, the properties stay the same. The second type of molecule is a compound. A compound is two or more atoms which are different joined together chemically, like joining one piece of yellow saltwater taffy and one piece of blue saltwater taffy. The properties of the atoms lose their original characteristics and create a new substance called a compound. Let's match the term to the picture. An atom, a molecule, an element, and a compound. An atom is the smallest particle of an element. A molecule is two or more atoms chemically joined together. An element is two or more atoms that are the same joined together chemically. A compound is two or more atoms that are different joined together chemically. This concludes this learning activity taffy atoms.


economic forum and I'm I'm very excited about this session actually this is a topic that's very close to my heart as I have children as many people do and this is the number one issue I think parenting issue of the 21st century we're here to talk about digital intelligence and I'm very pleased to introduce our participants this morning we have Park Yushun the founder and chief digital officer of the DQ Institute and Janiel put to cherry the senior minister of state and the minute at the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Communication and Information in Singapore. Good morning and thank you for coming. Thank you. I might turn to Yushun to start and give us an introduction to the scale of the problem and some of the challenges that parents and education educators and societies face in this new world of digital information. Sure one thing that I want to start with is that in our children's are very unique generations so their first generation who are born and raised in this hyper connected into the world. So iPad is their nanny and they live together with the digital world and another interesting thing is that they're actually born and raised the first generation in this forced industrial revolution so now we are in the stage that the digital technology really going fast in exponential growth where the system and education and culture cannot really catch up with the speed so in the midst we have great potential. We discussed today and yesterday and David for yesterday about ASEAN growing to digital economy and huge potential that we are getting by having the more and more youth and individual under Internet connection so we are looking at the huge promise thanks to the digital technology but at the same time we have to be mindful of the side effect of digital technology. The professor shop mentioned that this new technology and forced industrial revolution can bring both promise but at the same at the peril so what would be the peril so AI taking over the humankind or there will be no job for our children but I believe the true peril is that in a lack of humanity in the digital world. If you look at the digital world right now there's a lot of great things going on but at the same time there's a lot of danger that our children can face. If you look at the worldwide statistic 90% of children have come across with the hatreds, bigotry, racist comments and contents in the Internet and also around the 40% of children around the world have experienced cyberbullying and 10% of children can be diagnosed as pathological game and Internet users. It is not a surprising fact that we are seeing the social media has been used for online radicalizations, glooming and all others side effects. Of course these are the one dimension of a digital technology but unless we are mindful of these challenges we cannot really maximize our our potential. Thank you very much. Minister, can you tell us a little bit about how the Singaporean Ministry of Education for instance is integrating some of these ideas and challenges into its policy program? Well the first position is how big a role is this going to play in our education space going forward and do we have the luxury of saying well we might be in a position to restrict or reduce access or mitigate some of the downsides and the reality we believe is no because the opportunities available in terms of both the education space but the job space and the social space with what happens online and digital space are huge and the generation growing up today they're going to be very much taking up taking advantage of these opportunities it's going to be a very much part of their lives and so we take the position that we have to embrace it and we have to teach the children how to embrace it in a positive way that they need to be able to learn to navigate the downsides and the risks in the same way that there are downsides and risks with every medium of communication and you know television was no different and radio was no different and print it's just the speed and the scale and the ease of access and the affordability of the digital revolution that's making it seem like a quantum leap. We at the same time social wise a society-wide in Singapore we do take the position that there are some things that we can't count on regardless of the medium that it would be transmitted across and we have developed a series of legislative and regulatory tools so that we can police our internet and we make no we make no bones about it we don't have to apologize for this if there is hate speech we want to be able to go and do something about it regardless of whether that hate speech is on a flyer or a book or on the internet in one of our local sites. Now if we then move away from that and we think about how that pans out in terms of an education approach we feel that the use of these technologies needs to be pervasive within our education space so that the children are familiar with it. The more unfamiliar it is the more it becomes a special treat or an exotic part of their education the more open it's going to be to misuse, disuse and abuse. The more that they use it as a matter of cost they will learn those self-regulatory skills you know that they will have a sense of what is normal and abnormal in their interactions. The best protection to whether it's a scam or a phishing email or hate speech or abuse is a sense of self-worth and a sense of self-confidence using these tools and a sense of normality. When you don't have that sense you become much much more vulnerable. So we have an approach that the use of ICT is something that we should see as pervasive not in its own for its own sake but because it allows so much else to happen within the education space. Having said that we separate that out from the teaching of computational skills, quantitative reasoning, critical analysis which doesn't automatically need to be on an online platform or a digital platform in order to be effective and we want to give our teaching staff, our professional staff in the space a fair amount of leeway and autonomy to find the best tool be it digital or pen and paper in order to teach those skills but that over time overwhelmingly there will be an increase in the use of ICT in the education space and that's only for a good thing. Now the next tier is then a series of formal programs to educate our children on how to use the internet and the digital tools responsibly. A lot of that revolves around critical thinking, being a little bit skeptical about what you read as you should be regardless of where you're getting that information you need to think about it for yourself and there's a whole series of modules and programs and approaches we have. And then a separate layer which is the peer influence and I think particularly for the young peer influence is a very important part of how they learn and that should be no different in this space that there should be some degree of peer interaction and peer support that it shouldn't really be by fear or by dictation. Interestingly what we've seen in Singapore over the last five, seven years is an increasing number of people who are coming out online in the social media space using their own names not as avatars and trolls but using their own names to defend a moderate position where there has been instances of public shaming or public cyber bullying. We are now seeing this where people will come out using their own identifiable online persona and to speak up on behalf of a moderate inclusive stance online and I think that socialization of that normal approach is what will ultimately help us over time that we take some of the things that we're going to talk about in terms of DQ and it becomes a very much more social approach that everybody participates and that will give us some online resilience to these negative factors. So in terms of that second layer which you mentioned which is the actual formal programs for teaching of digital intelligence. You should perhaps you could tell us a little bit about the concept of DQ that you have developed and how parents and children and teachers and others can access these ideas. Sure. Janiel described really well about what has to be taught for our children. We want our children to be an independent thinker who can make a decision in online right decision and with a critical thinking. So we want them to be a proactive learner and doers so who can actively reach out to the community and also utilize the technology in a most effective way and maximize the potential while mitigating the risk. So these are the ability that we want to nurture in our children. So we as a group of researchers develop what would be the core skills, life skills that children need to have. So we DQ digital intelligence is some of cognitive, social and emotional ability that child and individual can deal with the demands and threats of digital technology and media. So what we have done is very interesting. We are looking at the generations of children. So who are the target? Who will be the most effective target in intervention time that we can go and talk to them about these skills? So we concluded 9 to 12 because these are the age group they started their digital life most actively. So they get the first device around 9 or 10 and they become very active in the social media even though they are not supposed to be on social media until 13 and above. But that's the reality because they are the age seeking the social inclusion. They need a pure pressure. They need to influence and get influenced through the social media.  So DQ education has a similar rational. Before you get very actively involved in social media and digital media and technology, you know how to use them safely, effectively and responsibly. That is a starting point of DQ. We work with very closely with Singapore government and private sector SingTel is always our strategic partner and we also work with the civic partners in TouchSever Wellness, our partners in Singapore. We formed the coalition to make what is the most effective way to reach out to whole generation of 8 to 12 years old. Because we really believe that this is a core competency that every child needs to have. And it is not just about every child also. It is very important to reach out to children in the underprivileged community because there is a data showing that children in low socio-economical status can have a higher impact on the cyber risk. So what we develop is the online platform that children, any child can self-learn DQ by themselves in a holistic way with the minimal efforts of teachers and parents. Because digital issues are very tricky. Like we say, they are the first generation who are born and raised in this internal generation. So teachers and parents are usually feel powerless. So they feel incompetent to talk about this issue. So it is often neglected in schools or parents. So what we do is we make it all self-learning. And number two, what we did is we made assessment tools. So we are the first group who developed the assessment tools for digital skills and digital citizenship skills. The reason it was so important is that since there was no measurement, teachers and parents do not feel the gravity of this importance. And it is very hard to teach our children one step to another unless there is a feedback coming back to them. So we made all this into an online platform. And we did a rigorous study together with the Singaporean schools and Ministry of Education. And we had a great result. So our program has proven that 10% of increment of DQ score, which can lead to about 30 to 40% of reduction on cyber risk and enhancement of future readiness skills such as literacy, future readiness, global citizenship and empathy and others. We are very privileged to announce and publish our results at this year's Davos. And we are ready to actually provide this free and tested program to the nations. So we are launching a new initiative called DQ Every Child, which is a global movement in collaboration with the World Economic Forum and other partners. So what we believe that this is education for really old children, 1 billion of children who is coming to the Internet world. Yep. Thank you very much. I'm very pleased to take any questions from the audience if I just kind of let me know. But as I'll turn again to the minister and some of these. So there's clearly the message I was hearing from you is that digital intelligence is something that children should, that should be integrated into sort of in the normal flow of education. That digital devices exist and that children should through socialization and their educational programs become familiar with behavior in the same way that they do in the playground. Are there any curriculum items or policies that specifically address these new kind of information overload and other challenges that you can think that the government might wish to explore? Well our approach to the curriculum side, our approach is again tiered and layered. We expect at the primary school level and certainly for the younger kids that there will be a very significant part of their math and science curriculum which revolves around computational skills, quantitative reasoning, critical thinking. Now that may or may not be done using a digital and online platform but it's possible. But we're separating out the curricular aims from the tools being used to deliver. That's our expectation. At the same time at our primary school we have a pervasive expectation that there will be exposure to using computers and tablets and online tools for a wide variety of subjects including social sciences, history, language and so on and so forth. So we separate out the curricular aims from the platforms and tools that we're expecting. But on both levels we are hoping there's a very high pervasiveness of ICT and computer related skills as well as platforms. Now then as we progress throughout our educational system we then have senior primary and opportunity for some students to then develop that further and take on computing, coding, computer science projects, robotics and so forth. And then the secondary school level, significant proportion of our secondary schools will offer an applied learning program in science or STEM related subjects or math related subjects or computer science related subjects. And all of those are then opportunities and platforms for them to start learning and dealing with these skills or dealing with the digital or online world, information overload and so forth. We're also offering O-levels in computer science and A-levels in computer science. And so we have a tiered approach as we progress through our educational system. So everybody gets a certain exposure, significant exposure both to the skills as well as the tools. And even those if you so wish and if it's something that you have an attitude for, we're not teaching everybody how to code. But we are expecting that everybody will learn the cognitive skills, computational thinking, quantitative reasoning, the scientific method and that's something everybody needs to learn but not necessarily learn how to code. But we want to make it possible for everybody to learn how to code should they wish to. Now if I then circle back to the social impact of this, information that we use, that's not a single discrete subject. In the same way that we're separating out the curricular outcomes from the platforms, these sort of higher order skills, how to deal with information, how to be critical about the information you receive from various sources, how to fact check and cross-corporate the data that you're receiving, that's pervasive across a number of subjects. That's not just an ICT subject. I mean, social science needs to happen in language. So that comes down to our pedagogical approach and how we are training our teachers to think about the extent to which our children have access to knowledge way over what they're provided in the textbook. To what extent are our teachers bringing in internet resources into their classroom? Are they making the URLs to the YouTube video as prominent teaching resource as a chapter in their textbook? So our approach to these things is now to look at how we train our teachers, both pre-service and in-service. So it's a professional development issue around the pedagogical tools that our teachers can bring to bear. And it cuts across all our subjects, how to deal with information, sources of information. And we're quite open to the fact that our teachers need not develop all their information de novo themselves. We are very supportive of the idea that they should scour the internet because on a YouTube video, better than any of us, that's the thing that they should use as a teaching resource. And that approach means that the skills that we're talking about become normalized and socialized for our teachers and then they can do so for the children under their care. And that is how we think there's a way forward. So what I'm hearing from Jamil is that it's integrated throughout the curriculum. Do you think that DQ is something that actually you need to... It's a different subject altogether. That it's something that you need to address in a particular time frame with particular tools. Currently, like Singapore is one of the frontier nation who is working on the DQ topics. So they have developed the curriculum called cyber wellness. And it is one of the few countries around the world I can say who have frontering this as putting it in a national education curriculum and a separate set of side of these topics and dedicate time to teach them about the cyber wellness. So I can say that Singapore is quite advanced in their regard. And one thing I found that is quite fascinating is that Singapore has done not just about the national curriculum they encourage to bring the social sectors as well as the industry sectors to bring in the best knowledge. So they form the inter-ministerial committee to look after cyber wellness issue and to bring the partners like us to be part of the game. So one thing that I really admire and I think it's going to be benchmarked by the other nations is that how the Singapore Government has formed the private and public relationship and partnership to create the ecosystem rather than it's just not about the one time curriculum it also nurtured the ecosystem and culture in the society so involving education not just educated teachers and students they involve with parents and they involve with in counseling. So this beyond education it's more about the also community effort so that is something that I'd like to compliment about the Singapore approach of dealing with the DQ education and regarding your question my personal view is yes because nowadays it is not no longer about math and science it's more about what is the future skill that we want to nurture. Another component of digital intelligence is critical thinking. Critical thinking can be born from multiple subjects and it has to be thinking about the new curriculum future curriculum should thinking about how we can integrate it as you and then we can help children to think about how to solve the really global agenda and global challenges. So along that line I think we are moving into that direction. So just circling back to your question about you hearing that it's pervasive or is there some discrete time those are not mutually exclusive when we talk about the skills that Dr. Park just talked about in terms of critical thinking the higher order skills whether it's critical thinking relationship building presentation skills these can't be taught in a vacuum they have to be taught about something and have something to think critically about and so whether this approach is pervasive throughout the curriculum or you have time set aside it's not an either or approach and our approach is that you need to do both you need dedicated time especially at the lower primary level and the kid hasn't been introduced to some of these concepts you need to have some dedicated curricula time to pull out and think about these problems and these challenges but then you need to take those concepts so that they have something to do with these new skills that they have it's not an either or approach it's both and it's only then that you get those real synergies across both the skills and the subjects that those skills are brought to bear upon that makes great sense so we've talked a bit about Singapore and we've touched upon the work of the DQ Institute how do we transfer these ideas globally thank you for the question because that's what I'm very passionate about I personally believe that how we can actually change the generation because these are the really unique generation that has a really high hope and they have so much potential compared to other generation because of technology they have at hand so what we want to do is that anybody, any child around the world come to this digital space they just need to know the basic of DQ that means how to be online how to become a good digital citizen so in order for us to help the nations we actually devised this very simple to use simple plug and play online platform to the nations so three bottlenecks that usually the nations have to implement this digital intelligence education first, teachers not empowered either they don't know about importance in other nations, in some nations and or they don't have resources or tools or training to teach this topic to other children the second, the lack of framework and curricula and problems as well as assessment so in order for a nation to develop all this it takes a lot of time so what we actually provide is an easy to plug and play solution so they can't actually bring it without any cost so third is about the system is not ready so just to be sure there's few nations who having this digital intelligence as national curriculum so despite passing all this what we actually provide is a nation any child and any teachers around the world can utilize our platform to learn DQ and get the assessment so what we are planning to do in 2017 is it 17 right? yes we are going to more than 10 countries this year currently in our system already the schools from the 67 countries are using our system already but we are going to go very systematic way to work for government more than 10 countries this year and we are planning to publish the first DQ Global Index report in collaboration with the World Economic Forum next year our goal is to set a global standard for digital protection and digital citizenship skills, digital intelligence skills for children so that when we set the global standard all the countries can benefit it through this system and also our aspiration is to really go to more than 150 countries within 3 years so we are happy to work with anyone who have the same mission and same goal with us so I will want to invite everyone for the collaboration fantastic well Janiel hearing the collaboration that is happening here no doubt Singapore will score highly on the DQ perhaps you could give us some final closing thoughts on developing these skills well I think at return to where I started these are going to be essential for the kids to be able to navigate the space and the reality is that many kids will pick this up on their own this will become very much part of their social life but we have to look out for those who are most vulnerable either because they have the means or the opportunity to learn these skills to get online or where they are growing up in an environment where they are very exposed to being groomed or to being manipulated by what they see online so I think yes the generation is going to grow up and many of them will pick up these things on their own and eventually find their way but along the way will they leave people behind or will they have a rough ride getting there and this is the kind of thing that we have to do to intervene to make sure that children get the same opportunity to develop these what are going to be fundamental skills as they grow up into becoming adults and if you could just give us the website address so that people watching can go there and check out the online tools sure so if you have children of your own or if you are teachers visit us at www.cheworld.net so you will find a very cartoonish animation for children look forward to it thank you very much, thanks everybody for coming along and thanks to those who are watching thank you thank you


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Good afternoon everybody. Welcome to the one-to-one session with Professor Murray Gellman, a famous physicist, a Nobel laureate. I did very important research and particle physics long time ago. And then he had the idea to found a new kind of institute, the Santa Fe Institute. Can you please explain how that idea came up and what you are doing there? I just gave a talk on that this morning in another session and I'll try to summarize it briefly for you. The idea was to set up an institute in the Santa Fe, New Mexico area where many of us were consultants to the Los Alamos Laboratory. This new place would be not a government laboratory and nothing to do with weapons, it would be a scientific institute. Devoted to theoretical study, we would leave the experiments observations to others. Theoretical study of problems that are transdisciplinary, that require cooperation among people trained in many different fields. This is not to replace disciplinary work, which we believe in very strongly, but to supplement it. The way we operate is that groups form spontaneously, little tiny research groups form spontaneously, to discuss theoretically some important issue that requires inputs from many different fields. This transdisciplinary team then tackles the issue. They don't all have to be trained in the science behind it. They have to bring to the table their own experience, whatever it was they were trained in or whatever it is they have been working in. Their own experience, their own insights, and so on. At least one person should really know something about the subject. But the others don't necessarily have to at the beginning. Eventually we hope they will know a great deal about the subject. But the idea there is that a great deal of important work that needs to be done is of this character, this transdisciplinary character. Transdisciplinary does mean that you also deal with economic topics. Absolutely. We have people working on economic questions. Can you give an example of that research? Well, this morning we had here a session on that that was headed by an economist who worked at the Santa Fe Institute for a number of years. And now is what we call an external professor. We have a large number of distinguished people who visit regularly and they're called external professors. They have a different permanent address, but they come by and supply their ideas and perhaps get some ideas. The session this morning was headed by Brian Arthur, who has exactly that kind of position. And he, although originally trained as an engineer, became an economist, is an economist. One who is always very restless in contemplating the ideas of perfect markets and perfect information and so on and so on. So when you follow this kind of research now, what is on the top of your mind just now? Well, let me explain. We mentioned one idea which is that research can and should in many cases be transdisciplinary. But another thing which is related, another idea which is related is that the subject matter needs to be treated in a somewhat similar way to the discipline. It's not just a matter of disciplines. It's a matter also of subject matter. Once a brilliant young economist from the World Bank talked to me about his project of putting together a whole shelf of books on the world problematique.


So yeah, Squeak is an implementation of the small talk language and while we are working with it, we love it, but we see that most people don't know about it or just don't want to use it. So I would like, with this talk, I would like to convince you that small talk is a really good language and that you should give it a try because it will change the way you think about programming with objects. So I said small talk is a little strange, this is 1980. So basically small talk is the system that brought us the graphical interface, bitmap tricks, the mouse, menus and whatever. So okay, yeah, I mean, what most people think when we say object oriented now is maybe Java or C++ or mostly statically typed languages, but the actual object orientation is not really like this. So in small talk, everything is an object. So numbers are objects, Booleans, classes are objects, methods are objects, even stack frames are objects. Those objects live within an image. So when you run the squeak environment, for instance, it looks like this and maybe to get the idea a little better, you should think of the small talk virtual machine, not as a Java or Python virtual machine, but as a Xen or VMware one.  You can move it to another computer, reload it, it's there. One point that plays a little against small talk is that its syntax is a little different, but it's really simple. I guarantee you you can learn it in 20 minutes, 30 minutes, and in fact this method contains every syntactical element of the language. So you have the basic Booleans, Neil is the equivalent of the void pointer, you have the basic control structures, whatever, variables, assignments, literal variables, message stands, etc. Okay. So the rest of the language is more or less like every other dynamic object oriented languages. The method in vocation is always dynamic or virtual. All methods are public. So in the tools, you can organize your method. So if you want to protect, then you just move the method away. Instance variables are always private. So yes, that means you have to define your accessors yourselves. The difference is that's just a menu, choosing a menu item and this choice is mainly for encapsulation. So the rest, it has single inheritance, garbage collection, etc. But maybe the most important and interesting way is that within the image, everything is written in small talk. So there is the VM and the VM basically doesn't know anything. Maybe it knows how to display bitmaps and touch system stuff, but all the rest is written in small talk. For instance, the control structures are just standard methods. There is no for loop in the syntax. This, so for instance, on all collections, you have the method do, which will take, we call it a block, but it's like a function and it will apply this function to every element of the collection. So in this case, it's using another method that is called the number one, which will iterate from one to the size of the collection, etc., etc. So this method was maybe written in five minutes, sometime in 1978. In comparison, the recent addition to Java, the quick for loop, while it was JSR201, it took roughly two years to implement, to add to the compiler, etc. So what do you need to run a quick environment first? You need the virtual machine, so this is a simple program, and your code will live in an image. So you have to start with basically a base image that contains the compiler, the development tools, and all the collections, strings, etc., base classes. For historical reasons, the image only contains the byte code and the data of the objects, so the text of the code is held separately. The most part is inside the sources file, so you get this one with the VM most of the time. And each time you add a new method, define a class, this is logged in a changes file that records every single modification you made to the source code, so even if you hit a bug in the VM and the whole system explodes, you still have the changes file with the sequence of changes. Your code is in there, you can't lose your modifications. And with this, you get a lot of tools, so this is just a sample. We have a distributed version control system in there. Anywhere you can type text, you can type a small talk expression, select it and execute it. So in this example, we ask to launch an explorer on this collection. And then we can look, this is a pointer which has an x and a y, the character has a key value 97, and there is a string, a symbol, etc. There are many other tools. One of the nice ones is the method finder, so often you don't remember what was the name of a method, because in the base image, for instance, there is 40,000 methods, several thousands of classes, so sometimes it's a little blurry, and you can find some just ask. I want to find the methods that when I send them to the small a, I get a big a as a result. Just tap this here, type enter, and the system answers. You can use first as uppercase or first capitalized or whatever. So basically you can also select an expression. So here building a rectangle from this point, and asking for the area of the rectangle, spawn a debugger from this, and so this is the frame for this expression. And I stepped into area, so you can just look at the code. So if there was a bug in this method, for instance, I could fix the bug here, save the method, and proceed. I don't stop the program, I just sometimes I just even code in the debugger if I want to. And at the beginning of the presentation, I said stack frames, objects, well, in the context of the execution of this method, there is a value here named this context. If you inspect this one, you get an explorer here. This is the object that sent the context of the method that invoked area. You have a stack pointer, whatever, and all those are also just objects. So squeak was released in 1996 by Apple. So it continues to evolve. Basically we are more or less making one release per year of the base code. So the latest 3.10 should be available really soon. This release particularly has worked on getting better tools, better modularization to be able to have a really kernel image and only what you want in there. And the whole process was based on having only green tests, passing tests in the image. So I'm done with squeak now. I would like to talk about maybe the killer app at the moment, which is Seaside. And Seaside is a web framework that is often called Heretic by its designers. Why? Because it was targeted at making interactive web applications, really interactive web applications. And doing it in a really quick way. So for instance, you can build nearly graphical interfaces in HTML and have the back button work even when you modify stuff and you have parallel sessions and you go back and you edit and et cetera. So the state of the application can be backtracked anyway. And you can compose applications really easily one inside another. So maybe the minus points are that having pretty URLs for instance is possible but it's not for free. You have to deal with it, which anyway you have to do. You have to design them to have them work for you. And the HTML code you generate with small talk for instance. So there is a simple API to generate the code. The point is that this gets version controlled. You can modularize it in different methods. And this basically implements the counter that you see here. So if you press to plus and minus, it's incremented and so on. You can press the back button and it will work. And yeah, so when you click on this link, this code here gets executed. There is no, you don't have to prepare a separate page for displaying the results. It's just all in one piece of code. So this is what it would like in, what it would look like in a debug mode. So you can see each part, each component on the page and for instance this button here you could edit the CSS code linked to this element just from the browser. So you don't have to think about element IDs or whatever. So the 2H release of suicide has been done at the end of last year. It's faster by 50% maybe, also lighter. It was optimized for this. And the big news is that it's supported by the major vendors of small talk implementation. So Syncom is one of the big enterprise systems for small talk and Jamstone is a distributed object database. If you really want, go take a look at this because it's really impressive. And for those of you that don't like graphical interfaces and prefer to use Emacs, well there is an implementation under the GNU umbrella. So GNU small talk in its version 3 has introduced a specific syntax that makes it easy to define classes and methods in text files because the usual small talk system, the classes are objects so you just click on the menu and you get a new class in the system at all if you want a new method the same. It has a nice command line thing and the whole library of classes is targeted at scripting so it makes it really easy to automate stuff and basically to use like you would use Ruby or Python on your machine. So yeah and there is packaging format that makes it easy to load code in your image. And yeah the maintainer just told me last night that CSIDE was ported and works on it too so that's really cool. So basically we wrote the books quick by example to explain all the tools, the syntax, how you work with the system because it's different and well when you don't have anyone to explain you it's a little confusing. The book is available for free on the website, you can download the PDF. If you don't want to print it yourself you can buy it too. We make barely no profit on this and the profit goes to the small talk user group to organize conferences and promote small talk events. So yeah this is the script website. There is a channel on FreeNode if you need help or want to discuss things and the CSIDE website, the small talk website too. Thank you.


Going on everyone Sam here with late sports cards doing the not doing the ran we're ripping 23 tops chrome black baseball hobby 12 box case number 48 picker team style read off a list of our names and our teams got Adam M with the brew crew Anton H Cubs Brad W Tigers Christopher J. Marlins Rangers Daniel F Red Sox Eric M athletics Eric L with the White Sox George M twins Jeremy S Angels John W. Ashrow's Nationals Mariners Justin K. Royals Kansuki K Padres leeway H Mets Mark W. Giants Matthew M. Philly's rays Michael P. Cardinals Montana D with the Reds Paul a Yankees Paul T. Rockies Robert B. Orioles Ryan and Dodger Salim K. Diamondbacks Shane C Blue Jays Tom J Guardians and Pirates and Victor F with the Braves So good luck here everybody. Let's do it. Thank you mr. Scott picking up a bunch of those logo fracter and Breaks and mixers man. That stuff was great today. I really I was a little skeptical when I came in I'm not gonna lie because I had never ripped it before but it delivered tonight a lot of big buy-back cards a couple of bunch of autos One box had two autos in one pack Pulled a Corbin Carroll auto 99 a Blede auto we pulled a Michael Harris green auto and orange Max Meyer auto and the Yoshida base auto So pretty solid overall man. We got an orange. Just start us off here orange rookie. Not a bad thing All right, good luck here everybody Ryan Mountcastle base purple mini diamonds the 150 a manual Valdez rookie for the Red Sox and then Shohei Orange Mark Vientos 24 at 25 going to the Mets grads on that New York Mets Mark Vientos Erin judge to 150 Matt Mervis rookie for the Cubbies and Then Miguel Amaya and then Mark Vientos gold mini diamonds auto Mets going for the rainbow apparently Crats on that one New York Not too shabby. I couldn't confirm it is not Mark Vientos again, which is good Jeremy Pena refrag to the 199 Jacob to Grom for the Rangers and then a Mazataki Yoshida rookie And tree Turner. That's pretty cool. Nice one there Phillies little vet auto action Trey at Turner Alcantara variation of Anthony Volpe for the Yankees and they blew to 75 Anthony Volpe Not too shabby there Yankees congrats followed by Bernie Williams going to the Yankees as well Yankee box right there Good stuff congrats on that Gosses it's a 199 straight Turner And many Machado base auto Peter Lonzo. That's killing it right now, man. Bonzo Peter Lonzo and Kyle's here What can I say? They're cold gold to 50 as Waldo Cabrera 50 of 50 gold mini diamonds Yankees and Riley green rookie base auto Jimmy Rollins Some cool vets coming out of this one to Trey Turner Jimmy Rollins now Phillies all right Mason Miller refracted a 199 CJ Abrams CJ Abrams again, and then base auto John Smoltz going to the Braves That's Bravos another nice one there. That's very true very true for sure J Hobbes and McLean it's a 150 Boba shut East Coast bias case and Brian Rocky a rookie that is Anthony Volpe 103 out of 150 go to the Yankees on the refractor auto Congrats on that Yankees. Have you had a song? Absolutely, it's been pretty solid case so far That's on a variety team wise unfortunately, but it's that have been hit haven't good Green Trish and Casas tonight, you know, so get an orange Bobby Whit jr. 13 and 25 Good stuff there for the Royals And Raffi Devers And Paul Goldschmidt going to the Cardinals on the base on Goldie former MVP Tentul Hall of Fame kind of is to be honest blue to 75 James Outman One of the Dodgers on a color match blue lava and then trade Turner on the base and Southside joining the party. That's a lubeb Luis Robert going to the White Sox nice one there either Matt picking up a ship at sealed stadium club That is Miguel Vargas 99 is Carlos Correa And Miguel Cabrera as well, and that's a green Joe Carter at 99 Nice one there for the Blue Jays. Have you heard of the streamer queso? Yeah, you've seen like the videos and stuff.   There's Jordan Walker. It's a 99 green wave Taj Bradley for the Rays Congrats rays And Jacob de Gromp and then to 50 Logan, Oh hoppy Shrugle 29 to 50 rookie Otto go to the angels grads on that angels on hell's Very nice We're just what about computerizing the strike zone James. Yeah, we need to computerize the strike zone That's our first priority 99 is Taj Bradley Carlos Correa Trishon Cosas to 75 Anthony Volpe and James outman 50 Oswaldo Cabrera to 25 Bobby wit last card Jeremy Got For the White Sox Lou Bob got Paul Goldschmidt John Smoltz Jimmy Rollins Peter Lonzo Bernie Williams Tray Turner Anthony Volpe rookie Otto to 150 To 99 Joe Carter to 50 Logan Oh hoppy Mark Vientos and then Mark Vientos to 25 That's what I figured Jeremy. That's what I figured. I'll do it for the break everybody. Thanks again for the Phil next up is


Want to know more about refresh tokens and how to store them securely then keep watching this video because I'll be covering both topics Hey, everyone. I'm Will. I'm a developer advocate here at off-zero in this video I'm going to talk about refresh tokens as they are defined in 0 off 2.0 You'll learn about how refresh tokens compare against the other two token types and how they balance security usability and privacy But first let's talk about what is a token? Tokens are pieces of data with just enough information to carry out the process of determining the user's identity or Authorizing the user to perform an action Tokens are artifacts that allow applications to perform the authorization and authentication processes Some identity frameworks and protocols use token based strategies to secure access to applications and resources For example, we use oh off 2.0 for authorization and open ID connect for authentication oh off 2.0 allows an application to access resources Hosted on another server on behalf of the user Oh off 2.0 uses access tokens and refresh tokens Open ID connect allows for user authentication user consent and token issuance Open ID connect uses ID tokens Now let's talk about the three type of tokens that are used with open ID connect in oh off 2.0 After that, we'll see just how important tokens are in building applications that are great to use without Compromising security first. Let's talk about ID tokens. What is an ID token? An ID token is an artifact that client applications can use to consume the identity of a user ID tokens can contain information about the name email and profile picture of a user Applications can then take that information and build a user profile and customize that user's experience The authentication server that's using open ID connect to implement Authentication issues its clients and ID token when the user logs in the consumers of ID tokens are mainly single-page applications and mobile applications Now let's move on to access tokens. What is an access token? When the user logs in the authorization server issues an access token that Access token can be used to make secure API calls when a client application needs to access Protected resources on behalf of the user the access token signals to the server that the client is Authorized by the user to perform certain tasks or access certain resources Oh off 2.0 doesn't define a format for access tokens But here at off 0 we issue access tokens for API's that follow the JSON web token standard or JWT for short Keep in mind that an access token is a bearer token Meaning that anyone who holds the token can use it and since the access token isn't used to identify the user attackers could compromise the system and Still access tokens then get access to protected resources by presenting the tokens to the server Because of that risk it is important to have security measures that minimize the risk of compromising access tokens One way to reduce the risk is to create access tokens that have a short lifespan like hours or even days There are different ways that a client can get a new access token for a user for example Once a token expires the client app could ask the user to log in again to get a new access token or The authorization server could issue a refresh token to the client app that lets it replace an expired access token with a new one now Let's get to refresh tokens So what is a refresh token? What is a refresh token? I said earlier in the video that making an access token with a short lifespan is a great way To make your app more secure when the access token expires Applications can use a refresh token to get a new access token Without asking the user to log in again the client application can get a new Access token as long as the refresh token is valid and unexpired a Potential downside of a refresh token with a long lifespan is that it could give too much power To the token bearer to get access to protected resources The bearer of the token could be anyone a real user are a bad actor Because of this risk we had off-zero Created mechanisms to ensure that this powerful token is mainly held and used by the intended parties Now let's talk about when to use refresh tokens Remember all off 2.0 defines refresh tokens and access tokens if we were using something like Samo we wouldn't be using access tokens or refresh tokens if you're a web developer Access tokens and refresh tokens are common because the web extensively uses token-based authentication and authorization with oh off 2.0 and open ID connect oh off 2.0 and open ID connect both bring a bunch of authorization and authentication flows each flow has its pros and cons which dictates when to use access tokens and refresh tokens Is the client a traditional web app running on the server use the authorization code flow? Is it a single-page application? Use the authorization code flow with proof key for code exchange Is it a single-page application that doesn't need an access token use the implicit flow with form post? Is the client a resource owner use the client credentials flow? It's the client absolutely trusted with user credentials use the resource owner password flow With the implicit flow the authorization server should not issue refresh tokens The implicit flow is often used on single-page applications, which run on the front end There's no easy way of keeping a refresh token Secure on its own on the front end use the authorization code flow with proof key for code exchange reduces many risks that comes with using the implicit flow a Potential risk when using the implicit grant type is that the access token is transmitted in the URI fragment Which can possibly expose it to unauthorized parties? Implementing proof key for code exchange still doesn't have any impact on how secure your refresh tokens are and In some cases you may not need refresh token There are situations where you can still get an access token without interrupting the user and without relying on a refresh token You can keep the session going with cookies or you could use something like silent authentication Since billions of people use single-page applications every day, it's important to give users an experience that balances security and convenience You can do that with token refresh rotation Refresh token rotation makes it acceptable to use refresh tokens with single-page applications The spec says that when you can't verify that a refresh tokens belongs to the client Then we should not use them unless we have refresh token rotation in place Okay, so let's get to the second part of this video. Let's talk about keeping refresh tokens secure A Refresh token with a short lifespan improves security But it comes with the cost when it expires the user needs to log in again to get a new refresh token Constantly having to re-log over and over again isn't a good user experience Even if it's for the user's protection Refresh tokens can help you balance security and usability since refresh tokens simply live longer You can use them to request new access tokens After the shorter live access tokens expire and since refresh tokens are bearer tokens You need a process in place that limits their uses if they happen to get leaked or compromised Anyone that holds refresh tokens can get access to new access tokens Whenever they want whether it's legitimate user or an attacker The team at all zero has created a set of features that reduce the risk that come along with using refresh tokens One of those is applying safeguards and controls to their lifecycle. We also use refresh token rotation That comes with automatic reuse detection. All right, so let's dive a little bit deeper into refresh token rotation refresh token rotations guarantees that every time an app exchanges a Refresh token for a new access token a new refresh token is also returned With that you no longer have a long live Refresh token that could give illegitimate access to resources if it was compromised the threat of illegitimate access is reduced when the Refresh tokens are constantly rotated and invalidated when refresh token rotation is enabled every time your application Exchanges a refresh token to get a new access token the authorization server also returns a new refresh token pair This reduces the risk of replay attacks of replay attacks from compromised tokens Let's talk about something that I mentioned earlier refresh token Automatic reuse detection remember that refresh tokens are bearer tokens and that when receiving a request for a new access token The authorization server doesn't know who is legitimate or not We can then treat all users as possibly malicious. So let's talk about a scenario Let's say you have a legitimate user and a malicious user and they're both trying to request Access tokens at the same time legitimate user one has access token one and refresh token one The malicious user manages to steal Refresh token one from legitimate user the legitimate user uses refresh token one to get a new refresh access token pair The authorization server returns Access token two and refresh token two to the legitimate user the malicious user Users refresh token one to request a new access token What do you think should happen next? With the malicious user managed to get a new access token Now, let me tell you what happens when your identity platform has automatic reuse detection The authorization server has been keeping track of all the research token descending from the original refresh token and it then creates a token family the Authorization server recognized that someone is reusing refresh token one and immediately invalidates the token family including refresh token two Then the office zero authorization server returns access denied to the malicious user Access token two expires and then our legitimate user Attempts to use refresh token two to request a new refresh access token pair Then the office zero authorization server returns access denied to the legitimate user Then the office zero authorization server requires Reauthentication for the legitimate user to get a new access token refresh token It is critical for the most recently issued refresh token to be immediately invalidated When a previously used refresh token It's sent to the authorization server This prevents any new refresh tokens from the token family from being used to get new access tokens But this protection mechanism works regardless whether it's a legitimate user or a malicious user is able to exchange Refresh token one for a new refresh access token pair before the other without enforcing sender constraint The authorization server can't know which actor is legitimate or malicious in the event of a replay attack automatic reuse detection is a key component of a Refresh token rotation strategy The server will invalidate the refresh token that has already been used But since the authorization server has no way of knowing who's legitimate or malicious it invalidates the entire Tokens family just to be safe Not only do we need to balance security and convenience We also need to add privacy to that balancing act recent developments in a browser privacy technology like intelligent tracking prevention ITP Prevents access to the session cookie requiring users to re-authenticate There is no persistent storage mechanism in the browser that can assure Access for the intended party only due to that long live refresh tokens are not suitable for single-page applications Because there are vulnerabilities that malicious users could exploit to obtain these valuable artifacts and grant them access to protected resources Since refresh token rotation does not rely on the off-zero session cookie It is not affected by ITP or similar mechanisms However, a refresh token could have its lifespan limited by the lifespan of an access token This means that we can safely use refresh tokens to play along nicely with browser Privacy tools and provide continuous access to end users without disrupting the user experience Did you know that you could store refresh tokens in local storage? Yeah, you heard that right When we have refresh token rotation in place we can store tokens in local storage or browser memory You may have heard before Even for us here at off-zero that we should not store tokens in local storage Storing tokens in local browser storage provides persistence across phrase refreshes and browser tabs but if Malicious users managed to run JavaScript in the single-page application using cross site scripting They could actually receive the tokens that are stored in local storage a Vulnerability leading to a successful cross scripting attack could be present in the single-page application source code or Any third-party JavaScript code that the application consumes such as bootstrap or Google analytics We can reduce the absolute token exploration time of tokens to reduce the security risk of storing tokens in local storage This reduces the risk of a reflected cross-site scripting attack, but not a persistent one a Refresh token may have a long lifespan by configuration However, the long lifespan of a refresh token is cut short by refresh token rotation The refresh token is only valid during the lifespan of the access token, which is short-lived The off-zero token best practices document Outlines some basic considerations to keep in mind when you're using tokens. I'm going to outline them here Keep it secret. Keep it safe. Do not add sensitive data to the payload. Give tokens an exploration Embrace HTTPS Consider all of your authorization use cases store and reuse a Link to that full document is available in the blog post. That's linked below that coincides with this video the off-zero dashboard makes it easy for you to configure your authorization and Authentication services to use refresh tokens off-zero's SDKs and libraries support refresh tokens for use in web applications mobile applications as well as single-page applications for additional Resources on how to use refresh tokens with off-zero. You can read our docs about refresh tokens Which are also linked below in the blog post that goes with this video. Thank you so much for watching this video You learned about access tokens ID's hokens as well as refresh tokens And we learned how to use refresh tokens to keep your application secure and how you can use Off-zero and refresh tokens together to keep your application secure for your users Comment down below what you learned and anything else that you'd like to see until next time Thank you