A bullet is fired from a gun and a second bullet is just dropped at the same time the first bullet is fired. And this is purely fired horizontally. The question is to figure out which bullet will hit the ground first. Will it be this one or will it be this one? This is a question that we will answer in this video, but before we do that we will jump into analyzing projectile motion, we will try to understand how to solve any projectile motion problem mathematically. And as we do that, we will come across some new words such as range, we will try to understand what range is, we will also drive a formula for maximum height in a projectile motion and also the time it takes for the object to complete its motion. So we will talk about all of this, also how to solve projectile motion problem and then finally come back to this question and answer it. Alright, let's begin. So let's stick to the same object, the bullet over here. So now projectile motion we know, we know that the velocity can be resolved into two components. There is a vertical component, there is a horizontal component and it looks like this. The vertical component of the velocity it keeps on decreasing, becomes zero at the topmost point, then keeps on increasing as it goes down and the horizontal component stays the same, nothing happens to it. That is because there is an acceleration due to gravity that is acting in the downward direction so that is only changing the vertical component of the velocity and there is no acceleration in the x direction, the horizontal direction. So nothing happens to the velocity in the horizontal direction. Now one way to talk about projectile motion in all its detail is, that is it's to really treat x and y separately. The horizontal motion and the vertical motion treat them separately. So if we say that the bullet was fired with a velocity of u at an angle of theta, we can resolve this into components. The horizontal component, this would be u cos theta. The component adjacent to theta is always cos and the component opposite to it, opposite to theta is the sine component. So this is the initial vertical velocity that is u sine theta. So what all do we know in x? We know that there is no acceleration, so ax is zero. The initial, the velocity in the x direction that remains the same throughout. So ux, ux that is really just u cos theta. And that's it, we don't know anything else. For the y, for the y direction, we know the vertical component, that is the initial vertical component and also the acceleration that is involved in the motion. So ay, ay this is really minus g. If we take the upward direction as positive, this g is acting downwards, so that will be negative. And we know uy, that is the initial vertical component of the velocity, this is u sine theta. So now what we will do is, we will write the kinematic equations, just so that we can refer to them. So I'm going to write them over here. We have v, this is equals to u plus at, this is one. One more is v square, this is equals to u square plus 2as. And finally s, this is equals to ut plus half at square. So now if we first start to think about time, if we start to think about time, the time that the bullet takes to complete its path, time for the entire projectile motion. We can then ask ourselves which component really is having some influence or determining time. So if you try to imagine these two motions separately, the vertical motion is identical to a motion. For instance, let's say you threw a stone vertically with this velocity of u sine theta. And the horizontal component is identical to the motion of a particle or anything that is moving horizontally. But when you combine these two, you get a projectile, you get velocity at a certain angle. So the time that the bullet stays in the air, that's really just dependent upon the vertical component. If this component was longer, then the bullet would go to a greater height and take more time to fall to the ground. But if u sine theta was shorter, then the bullet will not even reach to this height and fall to the ground much sooner. But if there was no u sine theta, then there would have been just horizontal motion. There wouldn't have been any projectile even to work with. So the time is really just dependent on the vertical motion. It's not at all dependent on horizontal. Because the time that the bullet stays in the air is really just determined by u sine theta. u cos theta plays no role in that. So if we try to figure out the time of the journey, we only look at the y direction. And here we can see that when the bullet falls back to the ground, there is no vertical displacement. It's there at the same level that it began with. There is no vertical displacement. So if we try to think about which equation can we use for time, let's try to understand what all do we really know. We know that the vertical displacement to figure out time, to figure out time, we know that the vertical displacement, this is, this is zero. There is no vertical displacement because it's starting from this point and it's ending at this point. There is no vertical displacement. There was a positive then equal negative. And what else do we know? We know the initial vertical velocity, u sine theta. This is u sine theta. And we also know the acceleration that is minus g. So if you look at this third equation, we know s and we know this part, ut. And we also know a. Only one variable remains at its t. So we can use this. So when we do s is just zero, vertical displacement is zero. So zero, this is equal to ut. This is u sine theta into t minus half gt square. That is because ay is minus g. When we work this out, we can take t common in this, in this expression.  And that is equal to zero. So two solutions will come out from this, this equation. One would be that t is equal to zero. And the other would be t being equal to two u sine theta divided by g. Now t equals to zero. It really tells us, tells us the position of the bullet when it was just fired from this point. That is t equals to zero. t equals to two u sine theta by g really tells us the time when the bullet is, bullet is at this position, at this position right here. Now we can try and describe this motion more. We can, we can, we can talk about, we can talk about the horizontal displacement. And we call this range. This is called, this is called range. So this is the second thing that we are talking about. Range is the horizontal displacement. And when we talk about horizontal displacement, I'm sure you'll agree that we only need to look at the x part of the motion. Because horizontal displacement is only dependent on how long or short the blue vector is. It does not really depend on u sine theta. You can have u sine theta extremely large or extremely small. It still won't play any role on how much the bullet moved in the x direction, in the horizontal direction. And usually we ignore air resistance so there is no acceleration. So to figure out displacement, we know that speed is equals to distance upon times and velocity is displacement upon time. So displacement range that is equal to velocity, which is u cos theta into, into time. And we already calculated time. We already calculated time over here. So we can really place this over here. And when we do that, this becomes equal to two u square sine theta into cos theta divided by hg. This is your horizontal displacement. And we only looked at x to be able to figure this out. But we also needed to know what time was, right? And for time, we looked at, we looked at the vertical, we looked at the vertical motion. So now one more thing remains to be able to fully describe the projectile motion. That is the maximum height. That is this maximum height. Now at the maximum height, at this point, at this point right here, there is no vertical velocity. There is only, only a horizontal velocity. And the component that influences maximum height is only the vertical component. It depends how long or short this vector is. That will only tell us how high or how low the projectile goes. Horizontal component only determines the horizontal displacement, not the vertical displacement. Vertical displacement is the, is u sine theta's effect. So, so at the highest point, there is no vertical velocity. There is no vertical component of velocity. So now if we try and think about which equation can we use to figure out, let's call this H to figure out H. Let's, let's think about it. We know the, we know the initial vertical velocity and we know acceleration. We know acceleration. We know this. And we also know the final vertical velocity. So this really, this really, this is i, u, y, f. And by final, I mean the velocity at the highest point. This is zero. So now this equation really makes sense because we know v, u and we know a, we need to figure out s. So when we do that, when we do that, this is v square. The final vertical component of velocity at this point, at the highest point, this is zero. This is zero. u square would be u square sine square theta and a is minus g. So when we take u square to the left hand side, that becomes u square sine square theta. Let me just add the minus sign also. And this is equal to minus 2g H minus gets cancelled off and H becomes equal to u square sine square theta divided by 2g. And this is the third thing. This is the maximum height. So to be able to describe a projectile motion, all we need to know is the velocity with which the object was fired and the angle at which it was fired. We can then tell the time, maximum height and the horizontal displacement or the range. And to be able to tell maximum height, we only looked at the vertical part of the motion. To be able to tell the horizontal displacement, the range, we only looked at the horizontal part of the motion. And to figure out time, we again looked at the vertical, the vertical part of the motion. Now let's go back to the question that we asked in the beginning of this video. All right. So between these two bullets, the question is which bullet will hit the ground first. And this brown bullet is being shot horizontally, it's totally horizontal. So when it is shot, there is no vertical component to the velocity, there is just horizontal component. And the vertical component builds because of gravity. And the red bullet is just dropped at this point, there is only a vertical component. There is no horizontal component to this velocity. Now why don't you pause the video and maybe try to think which bullet will hit the ground first. Okay, let's try and change the question a little. So what will you say, what will you say if the gun was angled at this point and the bullet was fired and at that instant, a second bullet was dropped vertically. In that case, which bullet do you think will hit the ground first, the one that was fired at an angle or the one that was just dropped at that very instant. I think you might have guessed it right, the one that was dropped at that very instant, right? Why don't you, why don't you take a guess at this point. Now when a bullet is dropped at this point and when a bullet is fired, which one will hit the ground first? Here you might say the other bullet, the brown bullet, this bullet will hit the ground first and the brown bullet. Okay, what about, what about in this case, it is angled slightly like this. So the bullet goes somewhat like this, the brown bullet goes like this and the other bullet is just dropped at that very instant. Now again you might say the red bullet will, will reach the ground first. And now if I tilt it slightly like this, now you might say the brown bullet will hit the ground first. So there comes a point, there comes a point when both of these bullets, they hit the ground at the same time and that is when the bullet is fired horizontally. The bullet that is fired horizontally and the bullet that is dropped, they reach the ground at the same time. Let's try to confirm that mathematically. So this height, we can call that, we can call that h and let's try to figure out the time that both of them take to reach the ground. So for the red one, for the red one, initial velocity that is zero, then it gains some velocity because of acceleration due to gravity. And the time that it takes, we can use a kinematic equation which is s is equals to half at square and over here, s is h, this h, this is equal to, we could have written ut but initial, initial velocity is zero. It has just been dropped. So initial velocity, this is zero. So h, this is equal to half gt square. And t is really the under root of, this is 2h divided by g. And now if you look at the brown bullet, if you look at the brown bullet, here if you look at only the y part of the journey, initially there is no velocity. At this point there is some, at this point there is more, at this point there is even more, at this point even more. So the vertical motion of this bullet is just like the vertical motion of this bullet. Even for this bullet, velocity is increasing, increases some more, some more, some more and then more. Now if you try to figure out the time that the brown bullet takes to reach the ground, we only really need to just look at the y component. Initial velocity, initial vertical velocity is zero. So just like this, it's zero. And it falls to the same height. So h is again equal to half at square plus ut, ut, this is zero because there is no vertical component of velocity when it is just fired horizontally. There is only a horizontal component. So now again t, this is equal to under root of 2h divided by g, in place of a, we can write g. So these two bullets, they reach the ground at the same time, mainly because they both start with zero vertical velocity, their vertical velocity increases because of the same acceleration that is g and they fall through the same height that is h. So they reach the ground at the same time. It doesn't matter how fast you fire it really because the vertical velocity will still be zero when it is shot at a greater speed horizontally. It will still be zero. And the time that it takes to reach the ground, the time that it takes to cover this height edge is only dependent on the vertical velocity. We're not looking anything horizontal. We're only looking at how much time it takes for the bullet to complete this distance edge that is only dependent on the vertical component. Vertical distance dependent on vertical component. And that starts from zero increases because of g, just like the red bullet. So which bullet will hit the ground first? Both reach the ground at the same time.


But one of the most important river that the people of Samarka got their name from is the Samarka River. And I never knew that I would make it around the banks of the Samarka River. Look at that. It's the Samarka River. So when the maroons fled to the forest, they lived around the Samarka River. This river that you see, they've been to the biggest tribe in the country.  And they speak Samarka. Is it Samarka language? And this is the river that they got their name from.


Thank you, Professor Chun-Ren. Good afternoon, everybody. Today I would like to concentrate more on the industrial policy of Vietnam, so because I think it is the main part of our scoping paper for Vietnam and maybe I can withdraw some lessons from Vietnam, lessons that can be learned from Vietnam for the other country, such as those that come from Africa. I will present two or four issues. For the content consists of four parts. The first one is I would like to go to brief quickly about the Vietnam growth battle and then I go to the main part of my presentation. It is about the industrial policy and then I will show some major outcomes of our industrial policy with the problems and finally I would like to withdraw some lessons learned from Vietnam. Now quickly to the growth battle of Vietnam in the past. As you can see the GDP growth rate averaged more than 7% in the past 20 years. Unfortunately Vietnam could not keep the high growth rate after its WTO accession in 2007. As you can see that growth in Vietnam here tends to decline after Vietnam's WTO accession from 2008. What about the growth rate of the different sector? Here you can see that the we can see here that the growth of the industry and construction experienced the highest growth among the different sector from 1992 to 2007. After Vietnam joined the WTO, the industry sector growth tends to decline. Even though thanks to the high growth rate, the industry sector, industry and construction sector could expand its share in GDP and became the important driver of economic growth, GDP growth in Vietnam. So you can see here from the figure that the contribution of industry and construction sector was about nearly 38% in the GDP growth rate, not GDP. So now I would like to talk more, to present more of the industrial policy in Vietnam. Here the question here are what are the objectives of the industrial policy in the past? What key instruments have been implemented to achieve these objectives? And what are the major outcomes and what can we realize the major problems of the our industrial policy in the past? I would like to show the evolution of the industrial policy over time in terms of objective, in terms of key instruments. So here in the first period from 1991 to 1995 the objective of the industrial policy in Vietnam was to develop the key sectors, including heavy industries like cement, steel and automobile, mainly for domestic consumption. And another objective was to develop the natural resource-based industries such as oil exploitation and mining industries. In this time the government also gradually developed the foodstuff industries, but mainly for domestic consumption. Besides it's also encouraged gradually the export of manufactured labor intensive products. So what is about the objective from the in the next period from 1996 to 2000? The objective is still continue what the one, the one that has been implemented in the first period, however, but with more export oriented attempt. So in this sector, in this period also the industrial policy also was aiming at expanding the manufacturing and processing labor intensive industries. And mostly for export, for example here textile shoes and leather products and also seafood in this period. Now and for the next period from 2001 to 2005 the objective of the industrial policy followed the one that has been implemented in the previous period, but more export oriented and with an expansion of the manufacturing sector towards high tech industries such as electronics while still maintaining the labor intensive sector. So I think this this period you know it is the Vietnam side with the USA, the bilateral Vietnam USA trade agreement and the BTA agreement has certain impact on the Vietnam economy and also a certain impact on the industrial development here. Now I would go to the next period, the key goal of the industrial policy was the same such as in the previous period but with the priority of boosting the economic structural change towards industrialization and modernization of the country with more export oriented to take advantage of the WTO accession of Vietnam in 2007. So one another key instruments of the industrial policy has been implemented to achieve these objectives that I mentioned before. So in the period from 1991 to 1995 the key instrument in this period who are the tariff and non-tariff barriers to protect the domestic production here. It is for example for the to protect the heavy industry sector like cement, steel, automobile industries. At the same time the government also pushed the implementation of the law on foreign investment that was enacted in 1988 to attract foreign direct investment and the government also pushed forward with the implementation of the company law that is passed in 2019-92. So for the next period from 1996 to 2000 the government the key instruments were different. For example here the government implemented the five-year public investment program mostly to attract the investment for development of physical infrastructure for industry development. So in the same time the government also have done equitization of the state-owned enterprises and built of the state a general cooperation to enhance the competitiveness of the state sector in Vietnam. So you know in Vietnam before for the renovation process in before prior to 1990. So the economy of Vietnam consisted mostly of the state-owned sector. So we at prior 1990 the private sector was quite weak. So another key instrument in the period was to develop the industrial zones export processing zones to provide production size for the to attract the investment including foreign direct investment private investment so into the country. In this period also the government also the condition for export activities have been also loosened after Vietnam became the ASEAN member in 1995 and Vietnam has to implement the APEAN commitments within this into into the ASEAN ASEAN countries. In the period from 2001 to 2005 the same key instrument has been have been implemented in this period. But here the key instrument maybe were redirected to the trade liberalization thus it's mostly driven by the Vietnam USA trade bilateral trade agreement since 2001. In this period the state also accelerate the equalization of the state-owned enterprises sector to cope with the WTO assessment. From 2006 to 2010 the trade is liberalized it is mostly driven by the assessment to the WTO and the investment also liberalized mostly driven by the unified law on investment and law on enterprise. So here I could like to explain so in Vietnam before 2005 we have had different law. First we have we have had a law on foreign direct investment and then we have also another law for domestic investment promotion and because Vietnam have to would like to to have access to WTO yeah as respond to this Vietnam merged the two laws into one law it is the law on investment. The same also was for the law on enterprise before we we have the law on company and private enterprises and similarly we have also the law on state-owned enterprises and after to Vietnam in the preparation process to enter the WTO Vietnam merged two laws into one law it is the law on enterprise. Those have been passed in 2005. Another key instrument was the building of state economic groups to enhance the competitiveness of the SOE sector and also it's another instrument is to build here high tech zones economic zones it is different from industrial zones and export processing zones so in Vietnam we have so different zones it is economic zones open economic zones to provide more prioritized incentive to attract investment including private investment and foreign direct investment in this period so instrument such as tech incentives investment allowance have been also given to the technology renovation to develop high-tech technologies to promote the technology transfer via foreign investment at this period some laws have been passed for example law on technology transfer and also law on high technology so what about the current industrial policy now in Vietnam the current industrial policy in Vietnam is covered and implemented by the social 10-year socio-economic development strategy to 2011 to 2020 and it is also implemented in the context of full implementation of AFTA in 2018 so at the same time Vietnam have also to implement its commitments to WTO that means there is much smaller room for administration policy intervention so here I would like to explain something to AFTA in now Vietnam have to to implement the AFTA commitment and until 2018 all the tax import duties yeah import duties have been reduced to zero percent in 2018 and the objectives of this the current policy is to improve the industrial competitiveness toward expanding high-tech industries and high-value added products also to improve the competitiveness of the domestic firm including SOEs and private ones the another goal of this current industrial policy is also to support export oriented policy of Vietnam but towards product with high value added that means we move from the export oriented what's based on labor intensive now we would like to move forward to export oriented policy however but to towards product with high value added so now to the key instrument in this period are many so I would like to highlight here some key instrument such as restructuring industrial production toward increasing technology and local content to create the linkages with the regional and global production network another key instrument is restructuring the SOE sector for coosing first on the state economic groups that's a project has been started since 2011 and the government also give more incentive to build supporting industries and also adjust the foreign direct policy to attract foreign investment with more technological content and to develop environment friendly industries and in this another key instruments that now are implemented include financial incentive and tech incentives however I would say that's all these are instruments are still in ongoing process and some instruments here are still not yet approved as seen in the formulation process now what does the major outcome of the industrial policy here so I would like to hide highlight here six points six outcome the first the industrial policy had put the growth of the industrial sector and also put rapid expansion of the manufacturing sector is also play an important role in attracting foreign direct investment into the country it's also contribute to export performance and industrial policy also contributed to promote the shift of industrial production towards the non state sector and also to contribute to promote the shift in export structure towards the manufacturing group here I would like to show you some figure about the outcome of our industrial policy here it is the foreign direct investment in the period you can see today in 2012 Vietnam attracted more than 200 billion US dollar of foreign direct investment however you can see here after Vietnam have a set to WTO the doubly the amount of foreign direct investment has been chopped right dramatically here is the figure to show the export and export performance and also import performance import here of Vietnam however I would say it is we have seen here is the deficit in trade balance it is another figure here shows the shift in industrial output structure by ownership you can see that the state losses its share in industrial output why the foreign direct investment and the private sector increase its share in industrial output this figure shows the shift in export structure to what process products the share of process product has been increased why another unprocessed decline it is a shift in export structure in this figure you can see that the heavy and mining product somehow is stable can keep its share stable and you can see here and from 2011 the heavy and mining product here still account for more than 30 percent of export in Vietnam now what are the major issue that I can okay one more one more minute on minutes yeah so I would like to highlight here five major problems of industrial policy here in Vietnam the first one is industry sector tends to grow tends to grow with the declining rate since 2008 mostly due to the slowdown of the manufacturing sector so industrial production depend increasingly on the foreign investment sector the ship into the industry with higher technological content and product with higher value added has been in stagnation export performance depends increasingly on the foreign investment sector and the SOE sectors in inefficient and now finally I would like to withdraw three lessons learned from Vietnam for maybe for Vietnam itself and also for other country the firstly is the industrial policy Vietnam set very ambitious objectives too many they specify also too many leading key industries but with unclear vision and in sufficient instruments and like a realizable action plans the second lesson here is it shows a likes of a well-coordinated framework for industrial policy here I mean that the industrial policy has been implemented not in line with trade policy and other policies such as investment incentive monetary fiscal policy and finally one more lesson I would like to withdraw from the Vietnam trade is the industrial policy shows a like a great coordinated implementation between central and provincial level that leads to the late adjustment of the objectives and instrument for the industrial policy so that in Vietnam here for example here many industrial zone have been established but with low caprice rate and also provinces in Vietnam compete with each other for attract foreign direct investment so here I would like to close my presentation here thank you


For decades, one of the most contested questions in gerontology has been whether or not aging itself should be considered a disease. But aging is natural, the counterargument goes, so it can't be a disease. Yes, but so is getting an infection, and we call that a disease. But aging is universal. Yes, but everybody gets the common cold, too. If you ask people whether they think a variety of conditions should be classified as diseases, you get an odd mix. For example, alcohol dependence is considered a disease, but nicotine dependence is not. Interestingly, the lay public is more likely to view aging as a disease than doctors, despite medicine's historical pension to medicalize everything. Who could forget trapeitomania, the mental, quote-unquote, illness afflicting slaves to escape plantations? Masturbation was considered a disease complete with grisly surgical solutions. Homosexuality was officially labeled a disease within my lifetime, yet medicine is hestanted to label aging an ailment. What does it matter? Or what we call it? Arrose by any other name, wilts just as fast. The hope is that disease classification would lead to greater resource allocation for aging research, just as the recent declaration of obesity as a disease did for obesity research. Aging is arguably one of the most important unsolved problems of humanity, yet less than 0.1% of the National Institutes of Health budget is spent on understanding the aging process. Even though aging may be the leading cause of disease and death, only 4 out of 14 general medicine textbooks have a chapter on the subject and 5 of 14 didn't appear to address aging at all. The science of aging appears to have been relegated to a limbo reserve for impractical projects or eccentric whims not quite worthy of serious scientific consideration. Why doesn't Big Pharma invest in what would certainly be a blockbuster drug? Why spend the money on research when it can be spent marketing all the unproven anti-aging products they already sell? Many of the leading lines of dietary supplements are owned by drug companies. They're the ones selling Cosmoseuticals and age-reversed skin creams.  They're already making money handover fist-praying on the public's gullibility and desperation for anti-aging products. Why waste valuable marketing money on proving anything actually works?


Now, the trade union Congress of Nigeria, TEC, has asked the federal government to reserve old price of fuel until an agreement is reached between the trade unions and the government. Camry Festos, a see-for-the-unions president who said this when he briefed journalist in Abu Dhabi on Friday, added that the government's reaction to their demands and the outcome of the scheduled meeting between the federal government and labor, and Sunday will determine the next line of action in regards to industrial action. Discussions should continue. Why we demand that government should reverse back to Stato School Ante. So Stato School Ante should be maintained while discussion continues. And because of the fact that we had a meeting with government on Tuesday, on Wednesday, we had a discussion with the representative of government on Wednesday. And during that discussion, they gave us a list of what they think they would do. And they demand from us what is our thinking, what are we putting forward. We told them that the least of the things that we want to put forward, we will not submit them now. That we are going back to our organ to discuss with our organ and take mandates from them on the things we can put forward. So we will tarry till Sunday when we will meet the representative of government. Once we are done with the meeting, with the representative of government, with the demand that the Trade Union Congress of Nigeria is going to put forward, it is now how they react to those demands that will now determine our next line of action.


Hey is for horses. You're old Corbin probably edited that oh, I did right at them right at that mark. You don't know what he said. Nope any false And you like that dad happy birthday, thank you.  So I'll be holy to everybody as well I'm gonna need tissue. Well, no, I don't think it's one of though. Okay. Good. I they said it's kind of like a game Kind of like a game. Yeah I'm a little bit afraid of this. Yeah, good. Hope it's not strip poker. No How to say happy birthday in 10 Indian languages. Oh cool. So This is a game Where you will learn to say happy birthday in the 10 most popular Indian languages There's already gonna be people whose language isn't represented and they're gonna be butthurt and they're gonna say hey yo Hey, our language is pretty freaking popular. I didn't I didn't make this There's no audio to help you No, no, so I so I think it's they're gonna show us and we're gonna have to we're just gonna I'm gonna have to carbonize every single one sweet Because you wanted to see if you carbonize them. You need to pause the video in between to read the text I'm assuming we're just going to Okay, see a video and then we're gonna have to try to say it in many different languages You you really believe these are all gonna be happy birthday You really don't think there's gonna be some things we say they're actually not nice things to say It's just it's made by Rohan. So I don't I know that I've met that guy I know person I don't think he would make a say something like the thing that we said one time that we would say again Or the other thing that Nawaz says all the time on sake. Oh, I'll say that I'll say that I won't say the other thing because that's offensive. That's true. Uh, but all right. Uh, here we go. Here we go It's so quiet. It is. It's really weird. Okay. Okay. This is handy Okay, so I can't read the yellow one Um, that's they phonetically break it down for you. That's a little bit easier my friend You shouldn't have given him a phonetic break. Okay. Next one. I won't read but See that's better Come on guys Rohan don't give him phonetic breakdowns. So Rick happy Wait, just there's no happy proceeding to happy. You just wish me a happy happy like try one of those that happy Okay, yeah, let me get that first word rick. Let me wish you a Janam Den McBruck My hope is your carbonizations become cuss words. That's my hope rick happy I love how it it says so nobody thank it says 43 of people speak I was making sure you know, you know, this is how Vividly the popularity you cannot contest this Oh people will oh golly. Okay. I'm not going to look at phonetics here rick happy Oh, not bad. I like that you added that So, how would you say that? Shubha John modern shubha John modern It almost sounds like I'm a type of John. It does a little bit shubha tumble. Isn't that pretty?  Yeah, it's a beautiful language. I love the way. Oh, really do you like that one? I do I wonder what oh, yeah only because and Ronnie's been golly speaking. That's the only reason I like it That's the only reason you don't like donkata. It's the only reason I like India. That's that's the only reason you know it anyways Rich, let me wish you in Marathi. Yes. Holy cow.  How would you how would you say that? Um, based on the phonetics we're just up in there. I'm gonna just look up in there Vada diva sasya Subeka There's a lot in there I don't know Well, I help you I help you know that we're wishing you happy birthday. Thank you Tanuku! That's a cool look at that. Oh, that looks there's a lot of awesome looking language dots and yeah very artistic And and apostrophes and lines. Yeah, I don't know the fun. Oh, there's also under it. Look, there is um dots under your teeth This makes up for the months of the missing Corbinizations. Well, it's because I'm getting better at Hindi. This is the best birthday present ever I think it's because I'm I'm I'm very familiar with Hindi now. Yes. I don't know it at all No, since since you didn't head or if organizations have died if it's anything other than Hindi. Ah, it's Even worse. This is beautiful. Remember this everybody now. You have to say them to yourself Wish yourself a okay Weird, I don't do that. But anyway, happy birthday me. Happy birthday me Um, do you want to just look at at the top on there the putin putin aroujo? Suba kank salu Suba kank salu suba kank halu putin aroujo suba kank halu I think we're correct Tamo. Okay. I love the different looks of all of the Indian languages. It's so freaking cool Pirram a pirram taanal Villa to khal That's not too far off. Is that an upside down eye there? Uh, no, I think it's an exclamation point No, because it's not on the same level Oh, well, it's a depressed exclamation point It's feeling pretty down today. Okay. How would you how would you pronounce that pretty close to what you did? Pirram taanal Valtuka You have to know hidden talent, but you'll have to let us know which one we we do the best. Yeah, which comes closest I like this Rohan. Thank you. You're showing us the region on the map I dig it Gujarat The Gujarati. Wow. Sorry Geez I love how you get the Yiddish In there all the time All right, I like it.  Your birthday is worthless. How's it going today? Magnificent Udu or do or do or Whoa, I didn't realize that was in like three separate regions. Okay. So they speak order do in cashmere um Order do uh-huh. There's a there's a statement called order do correct. Okay, and down and I'm so confused by that Now to lugu. Okay Okay. All right. Yeah, these are regionally and then there's one over here as well. There is is one over there. That's that's That is over there in Bangladesh I don't know. Anyways, um Salah Sal Gira Sal Gira Mabarak Sal Gira Mabarak it's a it's a borrowing or it's the same from sanskrit in what is in in hindi mubarak, but it's spelled differently Birthday mubarak was birthday in hindi. Oh, was that the spelled different? Oh Salgaria and there was a leader a world leader named hot named Hosni Mubarak, which Birthday birthday. Yeah, mr. Birthday. Mr. Birthday. Hi. I'm mr. Birthday No, you try Sal Gira Mubarak Great job. Thank you. Maybe it is because they it looks like they speak hindi in ordu As well. So maybe it's a similar language. Maybe so Joe. I have zero idea. No clue Canada Yikes, this is not gonna be good.  Suicide I got Sorry, I'm being the guys like oh, yeah, we're all in kj. Yeah cool I hope you feel really birthday eyes. I do feel birthday eyes I haven't felt those birthday eyes since I was born. Malal young. Oh, that writing makes me think of kumbala genites um Let's see here janman janma dina janman dina some Saka close enough for hand grenades some How would you pronounce that like that do it janmedina samsaka You say faster than I do. Well, I heard you pronounce it. I get a little bit of an advantage I have a longer time to look at it and I'm hearing you attempt it. So bunjabi They're invoked I don't know. I like bunjabi people. They seem like very fun people ah A take on the bark Oh, uh, john and it borrowed from the language. What does it just what you said a minute ago? John madin John mandin Mukbaraka Muk. You sure about the muk? Mabakar. There you go. Mabakar. Yeah, John madin mabakar Close enough for hand grenades Thank you guys Thank you guys for trying this while we love you so much. My apologies to those 437 other languages that didn't make it into the video. These are the only ones available on google translate Comment below how you say happy birthday in your language. Thank you for doing my job And how many languages It's my understanding that there's no no no no the predominance uh Like our language is derived primarily from It has a lot of combinations of things. It has latin. It has some french. It has some german vulgarian. Um, no There's it's my understanding The majority of not all of the languages in india are sanskrit based. Is that true everybody are all of them derivatives of sanskrit? um I haven't the foggiest idea. I know the predominant Contribution for all the languages my understanding of sanskrit. So i'd love to know if it's true that it's the preponderance of all of them Well, I hope you're having a great birthday rick.  I'm sitting in a chair next to you. No. Oh right now at this very moment Well, it's evening I'm I'm either Really happy because of all the bong I've drunk. It's probably morning Oh, it's true.  Yeah, I'm gonna have to figure that out normally post at night I'm gonna be posting in the morning there So it's the morning of the 10th getting ready to getting ready to play had the bonfire or maybe already played That early We were up late last night for the bonfire Were we we really were it was beautiful. It was it.  Yep right now. Happy birthday to me


So the Hogwarts Legacy PC specs required to play the game have not long been released and today we get into it all. How's it going guys? My name is DPJ and if you're doing enjoyed the video, leaving a like really helps out and if you like what you see and want to see more be sure to subscribe. So this is a big thing for PC players myself included to be honest I don't know whether I'm playing this on Xbox, Series X or the PC it's probably going to be PC but we will see but they've not long dropped two images which showcase four specs settings and what's required to run them we have the minimum low specs we have recommended high specs we have ultra specs and we have ultra 4k specs okay so we're going to start at the very bottom of the pilot with minimum low specs this is basically guys where they draw the line your PC is probably just going to start smoking we try and run this game on a PC with lower specs than these okay so minimum slash low specs okay so the OS operating system we did 42 bit windows 10 CPUs Intel Core i5 at 6600 3.3 gigahertz or AMD Ryzen 5 at 1400 at 3.2 gigahertz RAM 16 gigabytes GPU Nvidia G4 GTX 960 at 4 gigabyte or the AMD Radeon RX 470 at 4 gigabyte direct X version we need the DX12 storage we need 85 gigabytes on your hard disk drive and notice it says SSD is preferred but HD normal HD hard drive in your PC is supported and this will run at 720p at 30 frames per second and again this is low quality scenes recommended which is high specs we have the same operating system windows 10 64 bit CPU Intel Core i7 at 8700 at 3.2 gigahertz or AMD Ryzen 3600 at 3.6 gigahertz RAM 16 gigabytes GPU Nvidia GeForce 1080 Ti or AMD Radeon RX 5700 XT or an Intel Arc A770 direct X version is the same as the X12 storage guys is again 85 gigabytes under SSD because it says SSD is what's required here or recommended so it says it's probably going to be required this will run at 1080p at 60 frames per second again it's high quality scenes so we're going to move on to those ultra specs operating system again 64 bit windows 10 CPU Intel Core i7 at 10700 K at 3.8 gigahertz or AMD Ryzen 7 at 5800 X again 3.8 gigahertz RAM requires the 32 gigabytes Gease a GPU Nvidia GeForce RTX 2080 Ti or AMD RX 6800 XT direct X version again DX12 storage again 85 gigabytes notes it says SSD required and this will run at 1440p at 60 frames per second again this is the ultra quality scenes and then guys we have the big one for the big boys out there we have ultra 4k specs operating system don't change windows 10 64 bit CPU Intel Core i7 10700 K again at 3.8 gigahertz or the AMD Ryzen 7 5800 X again 3.8 gigahertz RAM required is 32 gigabytes GPU we have the Nvidia GeForce RTX 3090 Ti or the AMD Radeon RX 7900 XT Gease there are some graphics cards that sort of those X version again is the DX12 storage is 85 gigabytes as per usual and notes SSD required and this will run at 2160p at 60 frames per second and these are the ultra quality settings now if i play some pc guys i'm probably going to go to ultra spec or the recommended spec i mean no way i'm running ultra 4k my pc will literally just blow itself up it's craziness but yes guys those are the required specs for your pc if you're playing on playing hard water legacy on that platform and there we have it guys guys if you enjoyed the video leaving a like really helps out if you like what you see and want to see more be sure to subscribe and hopefully guys i will see you on that next one


Toward the end of college, I discovered the writings of Carl Jung, in particular, his memoir, Memories, Dreams, and Reflections. And I loved it. I loved the meaning that he brought to his life and the expectation of meaning. And I particularly loved how he'd set up his life living on the lake of Zurich, living in that sort of stone tower he'd built for himself. And seeing well-paying, articulate patients in the morning and illuminating manuscripts and studying alchemy in the afternoon. I decided that was what I wanted to do when I grew up. And so that meant I would be a Jungian analyst. And at the time, it meant I had to go to medical school. So that's how I got to medical school. It turned out I liked medical school a lot more than I thought I would. Especially the last two clinical years where you finally get to meet patients and you get to do what's known as the workup, which means taking the history, which means asking the patient what's wrong with them and then listening. What I liked about that is it was a real art to it. You had to listen to what the patient said and what the patient didn't say. There was a lot of psychology to it. And then it turned out I loved the physical exam because there's thousands of signs on the body that you can either rule out a diagnosis or many times actually make the diagnosis just from examining the patient. And then I loved sort of putting it all together and figuring out what are the possible diagnoses and what labs do I need to get and what x-rays do I have to get. So putting it all together in the differential diagnosis and the plan, that's called the workup. And I thought it was a brilliant method. Nevertheless, I carried on with my own plan, which was to be a Jungian analyst. And I started a psychiatric residency. But I was a little naive. And I ended up doing the psychiatric residency in the counties only, not this county, down in Southern California. The counties only locked ward. So the patients I saw were not Jung's articulate, neurotic, well-paying patients. They were severely psychotic. And they responded much better to the psychiatric medications we used than they did to the talk therapy I tried. So I was a little disappointing. And I had my license by then. So I decided I was just going to go out and practice medicine. And they ended up practicing medicine for quite a few years in community clinics and county clinics. And they were fascinating places to practice medicine. Because every time there was a war or a rumor of war, we'd get a wave of patients from that part of the world. And they would bring their language and their culture and their diseases and their way of looking at the body with them. So I ended up seeing amazing things. I saw every parasite known to man. I saw three cases of leprosy, for instance. Not very far from here. I saw all kinds of interesting unusual diseases, infectious diseases, interesting cancers. But I also got a sense of different ways of looking at disease. It was very instructive. And eventually I went back and did a residency in internal medicine. And then I went back again to practicing in a community clinic. And the longer I practiced medicine, the more impressed I was by modern medicine's method. It's way of arriving at a diagnosis. It's logical, step by step. But also the more impressed I was by what it left out, of what it saw and anything that didn't fit its logical, rational method. So after several years, I started looking into alternative medicines. Homeopathy, naturopathy, Chinese medicine and Ayurvedic medicine particularly. They were brilliant systems, I thought, particularly the Chinese and Ayurvedic. But I realized that unless I knew their language, I would never really be able to understand this alternative way of looking at the body, this different way of looking at disease. And I even thought about going to China and learning Chinese or learning Sanskrit. But in the end, I decided that probably, even if I learned their language, their culture was just too different for me to really understand this alternative way of looking at the body. It was at this discouraging moment that I ran into a book that really intrigued me. This was Hildegarde of Bingen's Medicine. Hildegarde of Bingen's Medicine. It had just been translated from the original Latin into German and German into English. And as I read the book, I was more and more fascinated. Hildegarde was a 12th century nun. There she is. And she was also a mystic and visionary and a composer of music. And as it turned out, she'd been a medical practitioner. And as I read her book, this was her medical book, I was really quite surprised because it was not what I'd expected from a medieval medical text. It wasn't eye of Newton, toe of frog and praying and scattering holy water on people. It was a real medicine for real patients with real diseases. But it was based on a completely different model of the body from my own mechanical model of the body. And I decided, I couldn't really know, I couldn't really get what was so different about it. It was a lot like Chinese medicine or Ayurvedic medicine. And I thought for a while maybe it was the missing piece of Western medicine, the not rational piece. And I decided I was gonna go back to school and get a PhD in medieval medicine with Hildegarde of Bingen as my focus. To do that, I didn't wanna give up medicine. I wanted to find a part-time job so that I could practice medicine and also study Hildegarde and get a PhD. And at the time, it took me months. I went all over the barrier looking for a part-time job. And the only place I could find a place that would let me practice medicine part-time was at Laguna Honda Hospital. That's how I got there. When I went over for the first time, I had never seen it. And I had admitted patients before to Laguna Honda. How many of you have seen Laguna Honda? Yeah, right, this is California, San Francisco, right? And how many of you actually went inside the old one? To most people, well. So I had admitted patients as a doc, but I had never seen it. So when I drove over there for the first time for my interview and I suddenly saw it high on the hill overlooking the ocean, I was just completely taken aback because it looked like a 12th century monastery, right? That is. We can talk about that later. There's a reason for that. Then I went, so I went for my interview. And after my interview, the medical director took me out for the tour. And I was just flabbergasted. The place is enormous. As you know, it's on 60 acres of land in the middle of the city. At the time, it had almost 1,200 patients. So the medical director took me around and she showed me those long, open, they're called Florence Nightingale wards, where the nurses would have this eye of the patient and there'd be 30 beds in the ward. And then we went upstairs and she showed me the surgical suite, which is an old-fashioned operating room that had been used in the 50s. And it looked like a place from the movies of the 30s, right? Where Humphrey Bogart gets his face redone in Dark Passage, it looked just like that. And then we'd go down the stairs and we're walking past the beauty salon, which all the ladies are in the beauty salon in the 1950s steel helmet air dryers. And then we get to the church, really. I mean, it's a chapel, but it was really more like a church. It had polished wooden pews and stained glass windows and very politically incorrect stations of the cross along the walls. And then we went outside and the medical director showed me the greenhouse, the aviary and a little farm yard so that patients could pot plants, watch chickens hatch from eggs and even see animals, even if they were bedbound. Later, I would see the activity therapist trumbling in a rabbit or a black pig and have the patients be able to put the rabbit on the patient's bed. I didn't know that at this time. So we get finally back to the medical director's office and she offers me the job. And I have to tell you, I really wasn't sure about this place. So I told her I would come for two months and I ended up staying for more than 20 years. And I did that because it turned out that Laguna Hondo was a really, hospital is a really fascinating place to practice, in part because it was originally the San Francisco almshouse. So this was a picture of one of the original almshouses in San Francisco on the same place where Laguna Hondo was. This was built in the 1860s. And the almshouse model was how we used to take care of patients of the sick poor before there was health insurance. Because we did take care of the sick poor. San Francisco still has this system and it's a pretty good system. Used to be that every county, just about in the country had the system we have, which is that there's a free county hospital that you can go to, more or less, no questions asked if you're acutely ill.   It was a pretty effective way of creating a real safety net. And what happened in every other county, as far as I can tell in the whole United States, except here in San Francisco, was that those almshouses were closed one by one, mostly during the 50s. It was a kind of interesting collusion, if you look back in history, between the left who wanted to close the almshouses because they thought they were unjust, and the right who wanted to close the almshouses because they thought they were expensive. And so they got together and started closing them all around the country. And as far as I can tell, San Francisco's the only place that effectively has its almshouse, Laguna Honda Hospital, i.e., some place where if you don't know what else to do with the patient, you can send them there for things to sort themselves out. And the thing about an almshouse, and the thing about Laguna Honda is it typically would get patients who were at the bottom one-tenth of 1% of whatever, right? The patients who fell through the holes in the safety net successively down to this level. And they were very, very interesting patients. They were interesting, interested as people. I used to think that they were actually two standard deviations from the mean. Any mean. That's true, really. They were the tallest and the shortest patients I ever had. And they were the fattest and the thinnest. And they were the smartest and the not smartest. And the most interesting patients in many ways of any patients I ever had. And they had almost every disease too. Because if you are a catchment area for 600,000 people or 800,000 people and something happens in medicine one in 100,000 times, we'd see several cases at Laguna Honda. So it was a fascinating place to practice medicine. And I ended up staying there, not just because it was convenient for my study but because it turned out to be a marvelous place. And in fact, it gave me the name for the book which is God's Hotel because in the old days and still today in France, a hotel gieau which means God's Hotel is what we used to call hospitals for the sick poor. Think about that, isn't that interesting? And in Paris, they still had their hotel gieau and I bet many, many people have been to Paris. If you're anything like me, you've never seen a hotel gieau. You really should see it next time and I'll tell you why. It's right next to Notre Dame. And it's always been next to Notre Dame since when it was founded in 661. There was Notre Dame with the cannons and the monks, cannons being a kind of monk, right? Who took care, who lived a part of Notre Dame and they had this hotel gieau, this hospital for the sick poor because it was part of the whole religious vocation of the monks. And it's still there, it's still right next to Notre Dame. And in fact, it looks a lot like the old Laguna Honda. It was really interesting when I finally walked in there. Like the old Laguna Honda, you can just walk into it. There's nobody there. They got the long wards, they got those staircases, they've got that sort of outside, the area that's sort of almost like a cloister where patients can go outside. And it turns out there's a reason for that because the guy who was the architect for our Laguna Honda was a man named James Reed in the 20s. He'd actually studied in Paris and he studied at the Beaux-Arts and I'm sure he knew the hotel gieau. So he ended up staying at Laguna Honda for actually 21 years because it was such a fascinating place with so many interesting patients and I learned so much. I learned about hospitality, real hospitality and community and charity. But if I had to put what I learned into one sentence, it would be that medicine is personal. And when it's personal, it works. What do I mean by personal? It's kind of a funny word to use but what I mean by personal is first of all, medicine is not virtual. Medicine is not healthcare. It's not a commodity that we take off the rack and give you a sell you a box of healthcare. Medicine is personal because it works when it's person to person and face to face. They also mean that it's gotta be taken personally, especially by the docs. Personal responsibility, they have to take their patients personally. And what I mean by works is that the patient is happy, the doctor is happy. We have the right diagnosis and the right treatment and all for the least amount of money. That's how I define works. This idea that medicine is personal and when it's personal, it works, gelled for me the day I ran into my friend Dr. Curtis and he was just coming back from outside the hospital. He was in a rush but I wanted to know where he was going and where he'd come from. He told me he was going back to the rehabilitation ward to see a patient who'd been ready for discharge for months. But every time Dr. Curtis saw this patient, he was still zipping around in his wheelchair, still going to therapy. Finally Dr. Curtis told me I asked him why since he was ready for discharge, he was still there. Patient said, no shoes doc. I need special shoes and they've submitted the forms to Medicaid and now they're waiting for Medicaid to approve them. So Dr. Curtis said, well, how long have they been waiting? Three months. So Dr. Curtis thought about that and then he asked the patient, well, what size shoe do you wear? Patient said size nine. So Dr. Curtis thought about all the charts he had to write and the forms he had to do and then he went over to his car, got in his car, drove over to Walmart and bought a pair of size nine running shoes for $16 and 99 cents. And now he was going back to the ward to put them on the patient himself and write the discharge orders. Was he going to submit his receipt for reimbursement I asked? And he laughed. As I watched him walking off, I realized that he reminded me of an aphorism I'd always loved but had never understood. The secret in the care of the patient isn't caring for the patient. Now I'd always thought that that meant caring about a patient, loving the patient, or at least liking the patient. But as I watched Dr. Curtis rush off to put shoes on a patient he barely knew, I thought there must be more to it than that. So I looked it up and I found it in a speech given to the Harvard graduating class of medical school in 1927 by a man named Dr. Francis Peabody. And it turned out that what Dr. Peabody actually said meant was not caring about a patient but caring for a patient which he defined as doing the little things, the little personal things that nurses usually do. Giving a patient sips of water or tucking in their bedclothes. That wasn't Dr. Peabody admitted the most efficient way for a doctor to spend their time. But it is what created the personal relationship between doctor and patient and that relationship is the secret of healing. So what Dr. Peabody really was saying was that the secret of healing was inefficiency. And it was particularly ironic because just at this time Laguna Honda had hired a group of healthcare efficiency experts to come to the hospital and they were all over the place and they were finding all kinds of inefficiencies. And if they'd heard about Dr. Curtis and those shoes I'm sure they would have thought it very inefficient, very wasteful of a time, the time of a highly trained physician. But you know when you think about it Dr. Curtis had been providing the most efficient healthcare of all. He'd gotten the right diagnosis, no shoes. He'd gotten the right treatment, shoes. And all for the least amount of money. 16 dollars and 99 cents. And so I started thinking about this as the efficiency of inefficiency.  Everywhere you work there's the one person, whoever they are who just is the person you go to and they just figure things out, just having that little wiggle room. So in the meantime I had actually gone back to school and I was getting my PhD in Hildegarde of Bingen in pre-modern medicine. And my idea was to try and understand her medicine from the inside, as if I were her student. So I wanted to understand her, can you guys hear this? I wanted to understand her medicine from the inside, I wanted her to understand her language, her culture and her history as she understood them. So I went and I learned medieval Latin and German and paleography and codicology because I wanted to read her texts in the original, not in a printed book, because they were all handwritten. I learned some medical anthropology and folklore because I wanted to kind of contextualize what she'd written about. And then I also experimented with some of her remedies. So I planted some of her herbs in my garden. I made her potions. I brewed up some of her medicinal beers and I even made some of her antidepressant cookies. And gradually I began to get a sense of how her medicine differs from our mechanical model. So we have more or less an idea of the body as a body as a machine, right? And then this really beautiful poster by Fritz Kahn from the 20s. You know, the brains of computers, really a collection of machines, right? The brains of computer, the hearts of pump, the lungs or bellows, the kidneys of filter. And when something, and disease is a question of a mechanical breakdown. And the doc's role is to be more like a mechanic to find out what's wrong and then to fix it. Hildegard's model of the body, I gradually, too many years, realized was not a mechanical bottle, it was much more a model of the body as a plant. And the doctor as a gardener. What's the difference between it? What's the difference between a machine and a body as a plant? Difference is that someone else has to fix a broken machine. But a plant can heal itself. And Hildegard called the power of a plant to heal itself, it's veriditas. From the Latin virides, which means green like the French ver and the Spanish verde, right? Veritas is greenness or greening power. And Hildegard felt that not only plants but human beings had their own veritas, their own natural healing power. And that the job of the doctor was to nourish that and remove obstructions to it. Took me years to figure this out and even though I sort of got that point I really didn't understand it as a doctor until my patient who I called Terry Becker in the book. Terry was homeless and she lived on the streets with her boyfriend, Mike. And she smoke and they drank and they took drugs. Then one day Terry woke up and she was paralyzed from the neck down. So Mike and she went over there, San Francisco General Hospital and they admitted her and they diagnosed her. She had transverse myelitis which is a rare viral disease which has no treatment but which usually gets better on its own. So they sent her over to Laguna Honda and I was her doctor and she did start to get better with just rest and R&R for the first couple of weeks. Then the first of the month rolled around which is when citizens in San Francisco can, at least they used to be able to go over to city hall and get cash. So Mike shows up, her boyfriend and takes Terry out. Now he assures me it'll just be for the afternoon. I remember watching them walk out. He was pushing a wheelchair and I didn't see Terry again for a year. Later I found out that during that year she had gone to the emergency room 28 times.  She'd been admitted to the general three times to try and graft the bed soar, to cover it with skin. Every time after the surgery and on the very expensive surgeries, first month would roll around, Mike would show up and out Terry would go and the graft would deteriorate. So finally the bed soar was so huge that the surgeons at the general just threw up their hands. They said, we can't do it. We don't know what to do. So they said, we're going to Laguna Honda and I was her doctor again. And I have to tell you when I saw Terry and when I saw her bed soar, I was just absolutely shocked. It was this huge hole in her backside. It was just a hole. It went from the middle of her back all the way down to her sits bones and it spanned her whole back, her whole backside. And it was so deep, I could see bone at the bottom. I could see Terry's spine. And it was filled with all the decayed and decaying tissue from all the failed skin grafts. It was just horrifying. I mean, it was too big, it was clearly too big for anybody to graft it, which meant it would have to heal by secondary intention, it's called. It would just have to heal on its own, which would take a long time. And as I was sitting there looking and thinking to myself, what am I gonna do here? Because by the time this heals, Terry's bound to get an infection from all the germs in her body no matter what I did. If I tried giving her antibiotics to stop it, the germs would just get resistant to the antibiotic. So I walked back to my office, which is a little funky little office at the end of the hall and I sat down and I really didn't know what to do. I found myself staring at a plant that a patient had planted for me years before in the greenhouse. And now this time it had grown all over the wall and I found myself staring at it, thinking about Terry and thinking she's gonna die of a bed sore in the 20th century at the time. And I asked myself what I couldn't come up with anything to do. Finally, I thought to myself, I thought about Hildegard and I thought, well, what would Hildegard do? I mean, she didn't have antibiotics, she didn't have surgeons. How would she see Terry's bed sore? I thought, you know, she would be thinking about veritas and this natural power of healing that's coursing through Terry's body anyway. I think what Hildegard would do would be just to remove whatever's in the way of this natural power of healing. What's in the way, I asked myself. Well, all the dead tissue was in the way so that bed sore had to be completely cleaned. Any medications she didn't absolutely need because by then she's on about 20 different medications and about two thirds of them she didn't need. I would take her off all the medicines that she didn't absolutely need. Anything that got in the way of her attention, you know, like wrinkled bed clothes or an uncomfortable mattress I would change. Uncertainty, was she gonna get kicked out of the hospital? Fear, helplessness. Then I thought after doing that, Hildegard would support, would nourish veritas with the basics, good food, fresh air, sunlight, rest.  And it was amazing to see how fast Hildegard's prescription started to work. In a few weeks I started to see this wonderful fine glistening down there at the base of this wound. Then the first of the month. And Mike showed up. And he was still pretty cute.  And the nurses had put Terry all the way at the end of the ward. They made Mike go into what used to be our smoking room at the front of the ward. And we all watched Terry wheel herself on that prone gurney all the way down the ward and go into the room and the door closed. And we all stood there and waited. It was a long time. Finally, the door opened and Mike came out and left. Terry had thrown him out. She told him never to come back. Then she stopped smoking. And her appetite began to came back and she started to eat. Gradually that bed soar started to fill in. It was really remarkable. As a matter of fact, it was watching that that made me decide to write this book. Watching that because nobody ever gets to see something like that anymore in our society. It was almost like magic. It reminded me of those fast forward movies that you'd see when we were kids, you know, where the plant grows from a seed in a few minutes and you watch it sort of sprout and kind of like that because I only examined her about once a week. So I sort of saw this kind of magical process where it was glistening at the base of that and then there would be a muscle there and then subcutaneous tissue appeared. And then meanwhile the skins all crawling in from the side. You can't really decide, but it's like every time I'd see her it was a little smaller and a little more shallow.  And then the scabs started to flake off and there was a new perfect Terry Becker skin underneath. It took a long time. It took two and a half years. But we weren't NNA in any hurry. And neither was she. Social workers were able during that time to find her family lived in the Midwest and wanted her to live with them. They bought her a ticket and they flew her out and there she stayed and did not go back on the streets and lived for many years. Terry really changed the way I practice medicine. After Terry, I not only look at patients with the eye of the modern doctor asking myself what's wrong and how can I fix it. I also step back and I look at my patient in the context of his environment and I ask myself what's in the way of a veriditas and what can I do to nourish it. And what I find is that both ways work well when used on the right person at the right time. So Terry's way works best, Hildegard's way really works best on patients who have slow diseases, slow and coming on, chronic diseases, diseases that are hard to treat, diseases for which we have no treatment. And I began to think of it as almost a slow medicine, kind of like slow food, right? As opposed to the fast medicine like fast food that I also use, which works great, right? If you get hit by a car, you need surgery or you have a heart attack and you need an angioplasty or even if you have cancer and you need chemotherapy. But which doesn't work so well after the surgery, after the angioplasty, after the chemotherapy. Although it's easy to put these two ways in opposition, you know, slow medicine and fast medicine, really what I find is they're just two different perspectives and they work best together. Together, just like the two perspectives of our eyes, they give us, me, a three-dimensional view of the patient. Well, so by this time, I'd finished my PhD. And as a present to myself for finishing, I decided to walk the medieval pilgrimage across France and Spain to Santiago Compostela here. Well, what's a pilgrimage and why did I want to do that? It's about a 1200-mile walk. Well, I was really intrigued by the whole concept of being able to walk across France and Spain. And I was also intrigued because pilgrimage was such a big part of the Middle Ages. It comes from the word peregrinos, which comes from the Latin pere auger. And it means, pere auger means through a territory that's not yours. So it's got the idea of being a pilgrim is like leaving home and walking through a land that's a strange land with strange customs.  In the Middle Ages, being a pilgrim was a big deal. And there were three major pilgrimages. There was the pilgrimage, you could walk to Jerusalem, you could walk to Rome, and you could walk to Santiago here at the tip of Spain. And the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela was really the most exotic. And it had started in the ninth century when supposedly the body of St. James the Apostle after he'd been martyred in Jerusalem in 50 AD had been put in a stone boat. And it had floated all the way to the tip of Spain. And it was discovered in the ninth century. And these are his relics and a cathedral was built around it. And people started walking from all over Europe to see the relics of Santiago de Compostela. In the Hilliards period, it was very popular. Hundreds of thousands of people were walking there every year. But then after the Middle Ages, it kind of fell into disuse and it wasn't rediscovered until the 1980s. When I found out you could now still walk that medieval pilgrimage on foot, I decided I had to do it. And I ended up going with a friend of mine from medical school. And what we did is we divided the 1,200 miles into four years. What we would do is we would do two or three or four weeks of walking. We'd come back home. We'd put all our clothes in our shell, in our stick away.  And as soon as I would hear the click of my stick on the cobblestones, I'd be right back in that space of pilgrimage. It was like no year had happened. And every year when I went back to Laguna Honda I found that my attitude towards patients, my relationship to patients had somehow changed. So what I'd like to do now is to just read you three or four minutes from the book about what happened with the first, when I came back after the first section of the pilgrimage. You guys can look here. Yeah, it's still, this is probably better. Yeah, okay. There were many stunning moments on that first pilgrimage, but the one I carried back to the hospital was the day it was pouring rain. We were a long way from that evening shelter and would be walking in the rain for a long time. It was very cold. I was soaking wet and my friend Rosalind and I were singing to keep warm. There was mud, fields, rain and I was chilled to the bone. Yet I didn't want to be anywhere else than in that muddy field or doing anything else than walking in the rain or be anything else except chilled. I didn't want to have arrived at our warm and comfortable destination. I didn't want the rain to stop or the fields to stop being muddy. I didn't want to be dry or warm or to be one step further along or one step further back. I wanted to be just where I was because only by being where I was could I experience what I was experiencing, which was pilgriming. As I walked through the field, I thought about how much of my life I had spent trying to make sure I would never be in that place out in the cold, homeless and without shelter. I thought about my patients who lived on stoops, slept in doorways and drank vodka while I was working. Once I'd asked a patient who was so eager to get discharged and back to her stoop, what was the attraction of her life? From what she told me, I thought it was freedom from work, duties, responsibilities. But in the rain that day, I wondered if homeless, cold and sheltered only by her stoop, she meant the feeling I had that day. I was happy and knew I was happy, the happiest I'd ever been. Not blissful, joyous angels coming out of the clouds, but happy as in a feeling of great pleasure or contentment of mind arising from satisfaction with one's circumstances. Happy from hap, as in what happens, things as they turn out to be. When I got back home that year, I put away my things, my stick, my pilgrims passport and shell, my pilgrim clothes. I wouldn't take them out again for a year and yet I didn't stop feeling like a pilgrim. Now and then, as I was walking down the wide corridor between wards, the click of my footsteps would remind me and I would be pilgriming across that muddy field, happy with things just as they were. Perhaps for that reason, my relationship with my patients began to deepen. When you think about it, doctoring has everything to do with not accepting things as they are. And while I did not stop doctoring my patients, there was some new way in which I was appreciating them just for who they were. And this was a good thing because right around this time, the Laguna Honda was discovered not just from, not just by the healthcare efficiency experts, but by the disability lawyers, as many of you know, and the Department of Justice lawyers. And they were all walking around the Laguna Honda and none of them much liked what they saw. I think I'll stay here, yes? It's better, yeah. They had nobody much like what they saw, right? There was the aviary and there was the greenhouse and there was the live-in priest and there was the nun and worst of all were those open wards because it turns out, according to the Department of Justice, we all have a civil right to privacy. And I'd say that I wish I'd known that when I was in a dormitory and as an undergraduate. And not only that, I'd like to say, we don't really have a civil right to privacy. We have a civil right to semi-privacy. I just thought about that today. I'm rather proud of that, actually. So as you know, then what happened is the Department of Justice lawyers, everybody got together and they told Laguna Honda that they had to close down or build a new, beautiful, modern healthcare facility. And there were a lot of fights and there were a lot of battles and nobody thought the bonds would pass and then the bonds passed two to one and then they started to build and it was years and I ignored the whole thing and then one day I was driving in and oh my God, there it was, it was just, they actually had it wrapped. Did you guys ever see the wraps that they had around it? It was like wrapped like a present. So you couldn't exactly see it and then one day the wraps came off and there the new one was and it was that moment I realized that if I didn't write about what I'd experienced there that once the building was torn down, nobody would believe it. So I took a sabbatical to write God's Hotel and to think about what I'd learned there and in the other many years I'd practiced medicine. And my sense of things was that on the whole, the pendulum has swung from the personal to the efficient. And frankly I've been ever more impressed by how inefficient the new efficiency is. Every year we hear that no matter what shenanigans the healthcare economists have come up with, our budget, healthcare budget goes up every year and nobody knows exactly why. So let me end the talk with showing you what I do know which was exactly what happened at Laguna Honda in the 20 years I was there. So in the 20 years I was at Laguna Honda in the interest of saving money, the number of patients we took care of went down from 1,178 to 750. Correspondingly, the number of doctors went down from 32 to nine. And the clinical staff went down from 1,500 to 1,200. And yet the budget rose every year. What accounted for that? Well when I looked into it what I realized is that even though the patients were down and the doctors were down and the clinical staff was down, the administrators were the same number. What did all those administrators do? Well I wasn't sure exactly but one thing there were more of at Laguna Honda when I left than when I got there was forms. When I first got there, there were two single page forms in the chart. The day before I left I randomly pulled a chart out, I opened it up and I counted. There were 43 forms. And most of them were five page, 10 page, 20 page forms. There were so many forms that the charts would just explode when you tried to open them and the medical records had to thin out the doctor's notes to make room for the forms. I'm not kidding. This is the chart I made at the time. Okay so here the patients going down and there's the doctors going down and there's the clinical staff staying about to say the administrative staff saying the same thing and that's the budget and these are the forms. And what I did is I predicted that if present things continue by 2024 we'll have no patients at Laguna Honda. We'll have two doctors. We will have a staff of 1,400 and a budget of $275 million. I decided this should be called doing less with more. And I'll tell you something that's really unnerving is I did that first graph in 2009 and it is right on track. Seriously, isn't that scary? Okay so and the thing is I don't think we can, I don't think it's fair to blame the administrators. They're just reacting to the rain of regulations and rules coming down in them. But I do think we could recognize that this is not what we meant to happen at all. The case of Laguna Honda. We went from in the interest of efficiency we became inefficient. In the interest of putting the patient first we ended up putting the patient, the real patient last in the interest of moving from an institution to a community. We actually ended up with way more of an institution and way less of a community. And sometimes I've asked myself, well what would you do Victoria? What would you do if somebody gave you carte blanche? And I've decided that what I would do if I could do anything would be to put the inefficiency back into healthcare. And I mean something very specific by that. I mean unassigned free time for the doctors and the nurses and the therapists. Because that's what allows you that unassigned free time is what allows you to be personal and to practice slow medicine and fast medicine together. Now the ironic thing is it is the most efficient way to do things. It's the cheapest, the fastest way to get things done. And that I think is what may save our system in the end. So thank you very much. Thank you.