Wow. What's up? When it gets Mr. V here, welcome to another video guys. So in today's video, we're gonna take a look again at another blank check company doing work. So it looks like this has been a very common occurrence. Like every week it's like there's a blank check company that is taking somebody public. Maybe this is the best loophole that they've found and if it works, I mean, hey, keep doing it. A lot of companies are going public today using or these days using that approach where they just kind of merge with the blank check company and it helps them go public because they don't have to do all the work that work has been done up front already. So I know I've explained that here on the channel but to this video, I want us to take a look at a blank check company called Graph Industry Corporation. Take a symbol, G-R-A-F. But before we get started guys, if you're new to the channel, we talk about how to earn money, how to save money, how to invest and build wealth. So if that's something that interests you, go ahead and hit that subscribe button and the notification bell so you don't miss out on new content. So let's take a look at what Graph Company is going to do. So who is Graph Company merging with? So here's that this is a very, very important one. Graph Company is merging with Velodyne LiDAR. So Velodyne LiDAR is the number one leading manufacturer of LiDAR technology in the United States. And for those of you that are not familiar with what LiDAR technology does is if you've seen a self-driving car around, just know that they carry that technology. That's the technology that assists in measuring the distance between the object when the car is moving. So when the car is moving, it actually sends out these laser lights that gets reflected and then comes back and it measures the distance between the object and the car. So it's a very, very sophisticated technology. And what's happening is that with the fact that people haven't really adapted to self-driving cars yet, this is just an industry that is growing, it's in the making. I know for sure self-driving cars are gonna be a thing of the future. So being a leader in that space with Velodyne LiDAR, I mean, like that is a company that I see a huge potential is in. So now merging with Graph and going public is a good opportunity. And for me, this is not even, this is a no brainer. I am in, I'm buying without even questioning because I see the potential here because think about it, all the self-driving cars that you're gonna see out there will require some sort of lighter technology whether I like it or not. So the fact that they are the leader in that space gets me super excited. So let's actually take a look at some of the stuff that they have been talking about in the news about this company. So first off, we'll take a look at Velodyne LiDAR and just see what they do. Again, just look at their business model. So again, this is the website. If you can see here, I mean, they are the number one leader in LiDAR technology. So if we scroll down, this is some of their products. When you see the self-driving cars around town, you would see this product somewhere either at the top of the car or on the front. And so that's the LiDAR technology that is used to measure distance and keep cars away. So this is good. So these are the products. And if you look at some of their partners already that they've been working with, look at a big name company like Mercedes-Benz Volvo. Those are a huge name, Ford. And so that's good news. This is some of the really good partners. And so yeah, you can go to the website, it's velodyneleider.com and read a little bit about the company. To me, the thing that excites me is just the fact that the technology is still in its early phases as far as using it in cars because self-driving cars and that haven't been adopted by society yet. So as soon as people start to adopt self-driving cars, this is gonna be huge. So let's take a look at just in details of what that particular merger is gonna do. So the merging of these two companies is gonna form a $1.8 billion company. So this is huge. Again, for a company that is still, or for an industry that is still trying to get to the point where they want to, so having people have self-driving cars, I think there's a huge potential there. And so again, the merger is expected to be completed by the end of third quarter in 2020. So what does that mean for you as an investor? This is, again, if you look at where we're moving with technology, how everything is changing, I'm super excited about this because there's all these other car manufacturers, everybody wants to get in the self-driving car space from Uber to Lyft to Tesla to Ford to Volvo to Mercedes, name it, all these cars somehow have to evolve and start using it. And I'm also sure that the leverage is not only in cars but in other things. So I'm assuming drones are gonna start using this, which is great for the long run. So again, these are the details. All of this is actually on the website, which you can definitely go there and check it out and just kind of read through it. So when I was actually doing this video, this is where Graph has actually been to. So they think they're right now around $23 and they hit a high of about $25. So if you see, and just in the past few days that it's actually taking, making a serious move. And this announcement came out on July 2nd. So I'm pretty sure by Monday after photo July, a lot of people are gonna be scrambling and trying to pick up some shares. So this will probably drive the price up in my opinion. So again, to me, this is a no-brainer. I feel comfortable with this because of the technology, because of the fact that it's still up and coming. They're not using it a lot yet because self-driving cars, you don't see them in the streets but that is the future. So yeah, I'm definitely gonna load up on this and just sit back and see what happens. So that's my personal take. But again guys, do your homework before you jump in. So I do use a service called TipRank that usually gives me what analysts are saying. As you can see here, TipRank has no record of them of our graft industry. Just because I mean, it's a blank check company so there's really not a whole lot to report about. And these guys are just here to get ready to take some other company public.  So there you go guys. That is what I think about graft technology actually merging with Vellodyne Lighter. So I think it's an exciting opportunity. So to me personally, I think this would be a buy. If you can wait for a pullback and jump in, that's cool. But again, I don't see anything from here. It's moving forward. I think the price is gonna move up. It's gonna go up as far as as long as more people start to understand what Vellodyne Lighter actually does for a business. So that's my point of view. So question of the day, what do you think about this merging? Are you excited about it? Do you even think that self-driving car is something that it's gonna someday take over our lives?  That's never gonna happen. You're never gonna see a car driving itself down the street. Let me know in the comment section. And as always guys, YouTube tells me that 90% of you guys watching, having already subscribed so you can hit that subscribe button, it would definitely help grow the channel. And also, if you're watching this, and you're looking at getting to start investing, Weibo is actually having a promotion right now where they give you two free stocks for opening an account. I mean, free is free. So first one is between $2 and $250. And the second one is between $12 and $1,400. So I'll put the links in the description below so you can definitely go check them out. And as always guys, invest wisely and stay motivated. And as always guys, invest wisely and stay motivated.


The study examined the potential impact of climate change on the hydrology of the Neando River and Lake Tana catchments in Ethiopia. It used 17 general circulation models, GCMs, to project future climate conditions, and then compared these with historical data from the region. The results showed that the mean runoff and extreme peak flows in the Neando catchment would increase significantly during the 2050s, while the Lake Tana catchments mean volumes and high-slash-low flows were less clear. The study also found that the GCM uncertainty was more important than the hydrological model uncertainty in explaining the unclear trends seen in the Lake Tana catchment. This article was authored by M. T. Tay, V. Tajika, N. P. O. Dromoy and others.


What if I were to tell you that Tears of the Kingdom is going to be the greatest open world game to ever exist, not just the greatest Zelda game, the greatest open world game. Now, when I say things like that, it might seem a bit clickbaity, it might seem a bit out there, or maybe just a shock value type of piece that we're making here. But I gotta be honest with you, when I say this, I truly believe those words. Now, what is the greatest open world game of all time? Some people say it's Breath of the Wild, some will tell you it's Elden Ring, some will tell you it's the Witcher 3, or Skyrim. Look, it's subjective, right? So when I say, oh, it's going to be the greatest open world game of all time, that's only going to be true for some people, right? For others, it's going to be something else. And this isn't meant to diss other games on the market, it's rather meant to just express my thoughts on, well, let's just put it this way. I think at this point, Breath of the Wild looks like a damn tech demo. And to say that, heading into Tears of the Kingdom, oh man, let's just say Tears of the Kingdom is doing something special. Now, before I say anything else, I want to remind you that we are giving away a Legend of Zelda, Tears of the Kingdom Nintendo Switch OLED. In fact, I picked up that OLED we're giving away this upcoming Friday, because that's when it comes out, right? We're also giving away a, let's see, a Zelda, Tears of the Kingdom Collector's Edition, also a Tears of the Kingdom pin from PAX East. Now, giveaways happening right now, we'll pick the winner on launch day of Tears of the Kingdom, or Winners. There's going to be three different winners. And you can enter down in the pinned comment or in the description. I also want to add we're on a road to 133,000 subscribers, and I don't know what we're going to do for it yet if we get there. But why 133? Because Nintendo is 133 years old. Just a fun little fact for you guys. Alright, so why do I think Tears of the Kingdom is going to be, or already probably is, even though we haven't played it yet, the greatest open world game of all time? Well, when you talk about open world games, obviously you need to talk about why open world games are so popular and so exciting in the market. And a lot of it has to do with gameplay freedom, right? The freedom to do anything, anytime, anywhere, that you can see that mountain and you can go there. You can see that lake and you can go there. You can see over the horizon. And yes, you can actually go there. There's something freeing about being in an open world and being able to go anywhere. And there's a lot of games that enable this, you know, back in the older days of gaming, you would have some games that would experiment with it a little bit like Skyrim. But even predating that, you know, like MMOs, World of Warcraft or RuneScape or something like that, would have some pretty openness to their worlds. And they still do to this day, surprisingly, those RuneScape and World of Warcraft are still around today. But it's interesting thinking about open world and what makes it so damn appealing. And it's really just that freedom of exploration to do anything, anytime, anywhere, and just go. Whether or not you go to places that are way too high level for you and way too difficult of enemies too soon, it doesn't matter. You just have the ability to go there anyways, which is really cool. So that's kind of one of the big appeals is that people like that freedom. And I think it's because it just reminds them of the world we live in. We live in a world where, yeah, if you want to walk north, south, east, west, wherever you could just go, it might not be a good time. You might run into some survival issues or, you know, climb a mountain that's too tall with low oxygen. But at the end of the day, we do have the freedom as humans to just go anywhere we really feel like and deal with the consequences or the challenges that are presented to us in that world. But a lot of us aren't willing to put ourselves at that sort of risk, right? Going out in the middle of the Arctic or climbing the tallest mountain or exploring the jungles of the Amazon or something, or the Sahara Desert or something. A lot of us aren't really willing to do that kind of stuff and put ourselves in danger. But we would like to have some sort of feeling of that level of exploration and do it in a safer environment, such as a virtual world. That's what makes open world games, at least to me, fundamentally exciting. Now, just having a giant world to explore is obviously not enough. You need things to find. You need things to do. And that is where, you know, the separation in all the games happen. When you play a game like Cyberpunk 2077, it really does feel significantly different despite being made by the same developer than The Witcher 3. And when you play The Witcher 3 and then you play Breath of the Wild, that feels significantly different from those games. And then you might play Horizon Forbidden West and that feels even different than Breath of the Wild. And then obviously you have things like Elden Ring, which just feels completely different from that. What's really cool about an open world to explore is how many different ways you can build a game in that type of world to appeal to sometimes completely different audiences. And I find that to be really fascinating. And so we enter in Tears of the Kingdom and Breath of the Wild right now is still wildly considered one of the greatest games of all time. It's a 97 overall Metacritic and Open Critic. One of the highest rated games ever, just behind Ocarina of Time, of course, but Ocarina of Time, I mean, let's just be honest, Ocarina of Time did not have a lot of reviews back in the day. There weren't a lot of review outlets being counted. So I don't think a re-release of it today would do as well, but that's neither here nor there. Breath of the Wild is an open world game and Ocarina of Time isn't. So we're talking more to a specific subset of video games. Just happens to be a really popular one. And Breath of the Wild is amazing, right? The physics engine. The world building. Even the way it told its story through memories. Yeah, most of the story is from 100 years ago and some people liked that. Some people don't. But there was just so much to do. You could build an entire town. You could have your own house that you could purchase and expand and add furniture to. You could do a whole bunch of side quests and get to know some of the characters. And just really enjoy the freedom of the tools the game gave you from the Sheikah Slate abilities to the Champion abilities to just play in with the world and finding out these really cool things that can you believe I did that? That I added 50,000 octoballoons to a rock and now I'm flying midair with that rock.  And then off of that, I hit Stasis.  Like it's, there's so many cool fun things you could do within this world. And that was part of the fun of Breath of the Wild. And Tears of the Kingdom to me, if you pay really close attention, has already surpassed almost everything that Breath of the Wild established. Now let's just talk about this in order of importance, right? We talked about what makes open world so appealing in the first place to so many people, that freedom of exploration. Well, they've added that freedom of exploration again, right? We have Hyrule again, but they added some verticality to it and even some underground to it. The verticality, the sky islands as an example. There's so many of them to explore that that alone could have been an entire game. And then they made so many changes to the world of Hyrule that a lot of people that play Breath of the Wild are going to just want to re-explore Hyrule again. And if you did play Breath of the Wild, it's a completely new world to you and that's even more amazing for those people on top of that. They've added caves and underground segments and that wasn't there at all in Breath of the Wild. Heck, if they added underwater exploration on top of that, that's another layer that they could have potentially. I know we haven't seen it yet, but potentially added to this game. And that just adds so much more to explore than just that freedom of exploration and adding that verticality and the vehicles that we can build to fly around this world. And let alone the ability we still had from Breath of the Wild with the sailcloth, it just is going to create another sense of freedom that we didn't even think could go. Like we already felt pretty damn free in Breath of the Wild. And I'll imagine that freedom can go to another level. That's incredible. And I would say the sense of freedom in Breath of the Wild already surpassed so many other open world games. I'll give you a recent example. Elden Ring is amazing. It is inarguable, one of the best games ever crafted. I think it should make everyone's top 20. For some people it's top five. For some people it's probably number one. But it didn't have that same sense of freedom with the exploration because you couldn't climb everything. There wasn't like this sailcloth ability or some of the freedom in the physics. It was still by the way an amazingly epic game that didn't need those things to be what it was. It wasn't trying to be Breath of the Wild. It was trying to be like a Dark Souls game but open world. And that's awesome. And there's nothing wrong with taking a different approach. But that's what makes Breath of the Wild so unique is that sense of freedom that it gave you and this Tears of the Kingdom is just going beyond that adding another layer of freedom. And that is just incredible. Then you look at other things that where I thought about how Breath of the Wild might have been a tech demo. I've had these thoughts on my mind for a while and it's kind of crazy because I'm going to just... I gotta shout it out man. I gotta give Player Essence some credit here. He got a video up before me. I actually recorded this video three times in the last week. But Player Essence did a very similar video talking about the tech demo aspect. Look, I think that Breath of the Wild just really was an experiment. They spent so many years making the physics work, building the world that they didn't have time to implement a lot of the core gameplay features. They would like the durability thing I actually like. I know some people hate it. But they sort of gave a best of both worlds in Tears of the Kingdom. Oh, your stick's about to break. Your sword's about to break. Fuse it. Fuse it mid-combat. Get that durability back and turn it into a completely different weapon that might even be better than the weapon you were using in the first place. That to me is incredible. You can take a one-hander, turn it into a two-hander. Maybe you can take a two-hander and turn it into a one-hander. We have no idea because there's going to be so many fusing capabilities. It makes the whole world sort of this Lego box. This playground. Play-Doh maybe. Like form it the way that you want. I find that to be an incredible thing that just takes that entire gear system that existed in Breath of the Wild to unseen levels. There's been games that have let us forge and reforge gear and repair them, but nothing that quite let us just combine so many things organically together on the fly. I find that to be just an incredibly endearing aspect that just brings more value to Tears of the Kingdom. And this is without even talking about the Ultra Hand ability. The ability to just craft what we want. I don't know how free this ability is yet. We've only seen it very sparingly. We've seen like a little mech made. We've seen some other things as well, but I don't know exactly how free this is. How many different materials we can use Ultra Hand with. But what I will say is it looks like there's a lot and that our imagination is really the limitation. We might be able to build a literal floating Hyrule Castle replica ourselves with nothing but Ultra Hand glue baby. I find that to be wow. You want to talk about an amazingly cool thing that we might be able to build in the middle of Central Hyrule if we just bring all the supplies together. Man, that's incredible. And only a game like Tears of the Kingdom can give us that level of freedom building that top of what Breath of the Wild established. And then you can think about another complaint from Breath of the Wild. First time through maybe not as much of a complaint, but over time it gets to be a bit much so was not that much enemy variety. It was Bokeblins, Moblins, Wisrobes, and let's see, Lizalfos. Those were the core enemies with different levels through those enemies. We had different stuff as well, of course. We had Hinoxes and Stalnoxes and really all the skeleton versions of all those things. Plus you can throw on top other enemies, like Otterox and Chuchus. So there was, if you actually break it down, there was a decent number of type stone talises and some types of enemies out there. But honestly, after a while, it didn't really feel like it was that much variety. Almost every zone sort of just had new level versions of the same enemies. So maybe a different elemental version. So I understand where people get, where the variety didn't feel fantastic. Well, they've already addressed that in spades. It's not only taking the old enemies, keeping them there, and giving us new versions and new forms of them with probably better AI because this is a Switch game versus Wii U. They've added new enemy types on top. We've already seen the giant Golem. We've seen the constructs. And heck, the constructs, there are different versions of the constructs for crying out loud. So we've already seen that. And just so much more, they've even expanded Bokeblins with the King Bokeblin. They've added new enemies like the Gleeok on the bridge. And so much more. So they're adding a ton of enemy variety. Maybe even Redeads are back and we got flying cargo rocks, assuming that those aren't cargo rocks. We don't really know for sure. I'm just, I'm mystified at the moment. Like likes. I can't believe how many different enemy variety types are going to be in this game. It looks like we might have triple to quadruple the amount of enemy types in this game. And that's not even getting into bosses. So just talking about just the enemy variety itself is utterly incredible and well beyond Breath of the Wild, which also puts it well beyond most other open world games. And then you get to what we don't know for sure, right? It looks like dungeons might be back. We don't know, but they might be. What does look like it's back for sure is some sort of boss encounters and boss encounters with variety. The storytelling of this game as well is reaching the levels that we've seen other Zelda games potentially go with Skyward Sword, Twilight Princess, Wind Waker, Ocarina of Time. You know, we've had epic stories told in Zelda's history, but all of that took place mostly in a linear setting where you had to experience the story and experience the game in a sort of a set pattern. Like maybe you can do a couple of dungeons out of order, but story progression wise, we get to see Nintendo take a modern, really epic story and see how they can implement and tell this in an open world setting. I'm very curious how that works and I'm super excited to see that. Obviously the return of Ganondorf, that's obviously more so something that fans of Zelda will care about than necessarily just fans of open world games in general. Every open world game has a baddie, right? Every game usually has a baddie. So, look, I just think that Tears of the Kingdom is positioned to be the greatest ever and if you want some evidence of this, and again, I'm going to credit Player Essence for mentioning this. I hadn't watched these videos, but you guys absolutely should. You guys should go around and watch all the various analysis videos from a lot of other YouTubers, you know, our different Andrus Restart or Zeltik or Commonwealth Realm or just any of them. Just look up Zelda Trailer Analysis. Tears of the Kingdom Trailer Analysis and you're going to see so many things Nintendo has done you probably haven't noticed. I know on my channel I've pointed out a lot of this stuff already and as I said, I don't really watch a ton of other YouTubers because I like to focus on what I got working but it just so happened that right when I was hitting record on this this morning I noticed that Player Essence put up a video that had a title pretty similar to what I was thinking of doing so that's why I keep giving shoutouts. To my boy over there, he makes excellent content. You guys should go check out his video. I think he did a recent one as well talking about the marketing of the game. You guys should go watch that. I got nothing planned for that right now. I've already talked about the marketing of the game so you should go check out that video. I'll put a couple links to Player Essence's videos and maybe some links to some of the best trailer analysis I've seen for Tears of the Kingdom as well or at least have noticed. I haven't really watched that many of them but because I did my own analysis, right? Like I don't need to watch other people's videos to reaffirm what I've already seen and already know. But yeah, that's it. That's all I got. I mean, Tears of the Kingdom is shaping up to be incredible. It's a few weeks away, less than a few weeks away at this point. And I can't wait guys. You guys see with all the Tears of the Kingdom content I've been making, I'm clearly excited for this one. Can't wait to get streaming it for you guys on launch day. 12 hour streams for seven straight days. It's going to be a blast. Can't wait to see you guys then. Catch you later.


The 2023 presidential candidate of the Labour Party, Peter Obey, has said that the federal government can meet the demands of the academic staff union of universities with the income it generates from the sale of crude oil in just one month, but the government of the day does not have the political will to solve the problem, albeit from a governor of Annambra State, stated this while speaking at the national retreat of the party in Abuja. Speaking also at the Labour Party event, the national president of the Nigerian Labour Congress, Ayubah Waba, said that the union, its affiliates and political commissions across the 774 words in Nigeria, will mobilise its members at the grassroots to achieve victory for Obey in next year's presidential elections.


Golden Hill by Francis Spufford, narrated by Sarah Borges. He advised me to correct the rebellious principles I'd imbibed among the English, for their insolence to their kings were notorious all over the world. TO BUY A SMALL IT THE ADVENTURES OF RODRIK RANDOM 1748 CHAPTER I. ALL HALLOWS, NOV. 1. 20 G. 2. 1746 The brig Henrietta, having made Sandy-hook a little before the dinner-hour, and having passed the narrows about three o'clock, and then crawling to and fro in a series of tacks infinitesimal enough to rival the calculus across the grey sheet of the harbor of New York. Until it seemed to Mr. Smith, dancing from foot to foot upon deck, that the small mound of the city waiting there would hover ahead in the November gloom in perpetuity, never growing closer to the smirk of Greek Xeno, and the day being advanced to dusk by the time Henrietta at last lay anchored off tight at slip, with the veritable gables of the city's veritable houses divided from him only by one hundred foot of water, and the dusk moreover being as cold and damp and dim as November can afford, as if all the world were a cordo of grey paper dampened by drizzle until in danger of crumbling imminently to pap. All this being true, the master of the brig pressed upon him the virtue of sleeping this one further night aboard, and pursuing his shore business in the morning, he meaning by the offer to signal his esteem, having found Mr. Smith a pleasant companion during the slow weeks of the crossing. But Mr. Smith would not have it. Smith, bowing and smiling, desired nothing but to be rode to the dock. Smith indeed, when once he had his shoes flat on the cobbles, took off at such speed, despite the gambling of his land legs, that he far outpaced the sailor dispatched to carry his trunk, and must double back for it, and seizing it, wasted in stanter on his own shoulder, and gallop on, skidding over fish-guts and turnip-leaves and cat's end-trails, and the other effluvium of the port, asking for directions here, asking again there, so that he appeared most nearly as a type of smiling whirlwind when he shouldered open the door, just as it was about to be bolted for the evening, of the counting-house of the firm of Lovell and Company on Golden Hill Street, and laid down his burden while the Prentices were lighting the lamps, and the clock on the wall showed one minute to five, and demanded, very civilly, speech that moment with Mr. Lovell himself. I'm Lovell? said the merchant, rising from his place by the fire, as qualities in brief to meet the needs of a first encounter. Sample complete. Ready to continue?


So my book's set in a world where people with a gene mutation have superpowers. Oh, like X-Men. Yeah, but the main character's the only one in her family who doesn't have powers. Like Encanto? Yeah, but they're superheroes. Like Umbrella Academy. Oh f**k.


2.54 Instagram DJ Vera DJ Vera Ya, that's DJ Vera here and we are loving it so much is repping us to the fullest Nakamakawa, you know how we do it, it's the home for exclusives in circuit home of entertainment Now about right now we are about to do a very exclusive interview here We have a songwriter, a gospel songwriter of recording and a performing artist So he's here to tell us about his musical journey but before we get to that I would like to remind you today we have so much lined up for you including the hashtag which is happening live on Siokimau it turns out from 10 to 4 you can participate in this by selecting who you want to be crowned as the winner for the battles there's also some exhibition for cars out there, come on, any lovers or cars you can send in the questions to a kina mic to kina eve, to kina fullu you know the social media handles, ask them what you want to know about this and that and also remember the guys who are winning Wakona Ki Apo Vizuri Sana the first winner will go home with 30,000 shillings 20,000 shillings goes to the second person the last person that's number 3 wins the 10k remember these guys who are winning Wakona and this closed location on Apelekuwa with a radio limo zin wata kwa treated to the fullest so remember to participate in this also reach out to us at Easecute TV show talk to us, interact with us tell us what your valentines theme was what happened come on, come on, come on let me know, it's your boy Maurice Ndonya and about now, so let's start the interview with Mr. Majoka himself Karibu Sana, thank you for making time to be with us thank you now Majoka, you are a songwriter you are a gospel artist, a recording performing artist maybe you can start by you telling us a little bit about yourself before we fade into the interview first, I'm Majoka Mjk I'm a gospel artist I'm a gospel artist singer, songwriter performing, recording artist ya na minim Kenya muhimu sana kumiku kutambazevium now maybe you can also tell us what really inspired you about being a gospel artist na, zasemani calling na piya baduni talent enya Goda meni bless na yo mmhmm na ya, ya then alafu na kumbuka ni kwa dogo sana mamangu alini funza kwen da church sana alikwa na ni funza sana mambu ya God okenda church indio njiya poa like yo elini fanya ni si like koza meni lele ya church nisi fanya alafu nili kwanapenda music sana so nika se mambuna nisi do kitu enya like ineza nikonekti ya ni nita karibu sana na God like killer time ya ni kitu na nidu for life and that is why I decided to do music na kumu imbiya so that's how your career started now speaking of you've mentioned about your mom and I feel like you have quite a number of challenges coming where you've came from like the background you've been from the constant arguments mkwana madako to the days where you slept empty stomach maybe you could tell us a little bit about this and how it shaped you to be the best person in this career path mimi nimi me lelewa uruma madare nimi me sumia po madare north primary mamangu mimi my dad alipas so mamangu uwa wakati alikua 2 hustler alikua nafanya 2 biya sharezaapa na pala nisao men nafanya vi tu zingine so mimi lelewa mbiya maimam nili kwa class 6 mimi lelewa mbiya na trakaku imba mimi lelewa mbiya na trakaku imba mimi lelewa mbiya class 6 ya na kumu mbiya na kumu mimi na kumu mbiya na kumu kwenza ni kwa class 4 baki mi aka mimi me pita kumambia mamu jo mi na nisa na trakaku imba na nimi aniku nima imboizi alikua na semaina manze ukuku kuangu jo uza niwezi iwa sa nini wa kora nini alikua tuwa na ona tu wasa nini wa kora tu So kukua kuna kutu elewana kidogo, na piya hakwana wezo angeni ambiya tishikai do wendo li pe studio Kozadi eniwe do ya renti piya li kwa inatushinda kulipu onona na biya syarali kwa nadu, aiku wa piya ina milipa puwa kwiile onona So mi nili kwa like niki toka shule na kam na chikwam koko, eo nili kwa kula 6 na chikwam koko na chote wa tumaji nili kwa na li pshemtungi moja 10 bob That was back in? Back in to sayzi kumbuka nili kwa kula 6 nili kwa mdogo sana We majoka joko jifanya Serious, nili kwa mdogo Where is the kumbuka ite? Nili kwa na li pshemtungi moja 10 bob, sasi oni kazi nili kwa na fanya niki toka shule Kwa sasa maimama kwa na wezo akuni li piya studio So nili kwa na fanya eo kazi nili kwa na juwa ni audio li kuwa ni 3000 to 5000 So nili kwa na kam na tefte yo do, sa wakati mungi na una pata akuna food na maimama na do So ila do nili chota maji nili tatua tu kule saapa na vitu zingine So na kumbuka kuna wakati mama li enda job, akabambwa So ame bambwa, akuna food, akuna anything, akuna chachote, na ni namdogo ango Ni namdogo ango, na una seizi mo ambia like chota maji piya eo eo eni ni nuna, ni mdogo Nili baki mechkili usukana? Nili baki tu eni eo eo, nimeji wakitukitu na fanya Kus first isi na doa tini tenda kutuwa mam, onona Atini enda ni nili pe, ni mituwa onona, ni juizi, pamiti za job, ni ni ni ni So wakati na kumbuka tu li enda, kuna pali tu lukotu na isi, kuna zea li kwa na cereal shop So mi ni kaya enda, nika misho manze mama me bambwa jo, atuna ata food Uku na mi mi, niku atuna 20 bob peke ake Nipimi ee basi ata kama ni michele kuota, ninde ni chemshetu eni eo eju ni kuna broyangu Na atuna food, e manzee ali ni to ambia Ambia eo enda wuko eo eo, una kuja nero bina kupuwa bituza buri Elibi ditu ni meji toa So kuna tum seitu ali to kea, anaitua, achatu ni simitaje Nwa ukwa pandeza embu, aka come through, aka sa idea mam, aka come toa Na badu tu li enda liya, tu kupigahasol, ni ni ni ni Baka ni kafika klazeit, so na kumbuka tu kwa klazeit Nikiwa klazeit nidi yo mam, sasa tu li kuja tu ka kusana zaidi Ko zini li kwa na insisti sana na takaku imba Nne, ata aki unona But let me ask you, let me pose you right there It's true what you're saying, most of the parents out here Wana samaga wato toa keingili, this industry, music Inasa mekana ni kama una potea, mule keo angi e, kima isha What do you feel is the reason, nisi ni ni ni haswa Ni a bad reputation the artist are giving out to the parents What's the problem itself? Naisa se ma like Una jwa si kila, ok siyezi se ma nuwaza zi wato ana kuanga iwa But ni wale wengi waka iwa So naisa se ma like Ni yo tu ku Like mza zi tangum tuia zaliwa unapata Ndi yo ana jwa, ni kuna ana nandiyo anapenda kufanya kituflani But ye anata kufanya kituflani wana Like mamangwa li kwa nasta kama ni kwa engineer But li kwa na jwa bado Anata kama ni kwa imba ni taku jagufanya After, late asas after bia sharazangu nani So Yo, I think, yo ndi yo Ina isa kwa ina effect kuz Ni muhimu, sana mza zi ku jwa mtoiki tu Anata kuduta angwa kwa muda gona Wende le kum support na punacheta talent So So Sasa after apoklazit na kumbuka Tu li kwa sana sana nae Ikabiditu ni mehepa home Do, ali kwa katimungine Namuimbia nasiki ane na imba poa Ane ambia uko poa Ate muyana uproo Uko poa, mi na isi una imba poa Laki ni Wesa ma kwanza Kujuata sina doe Wesa ma mi na takatu Bia sharazangu Alafu sasa badaia Utafanyaia Bede shatutu mamu She supported you sana That makes me also remember That while you're still going through this Shapening your skills To become a good Gospel artist Or you formed once Music group ilikwani tuwa young boys Ya, ya, ya Ion ni baki ni kwa high school What was the inspiration behind it Amo lu kwa na try kufiki ane ni Ya, ni kifumio group Nili kwa na try Ili una jua Nili una sina wezwa kulipa studio Batsatu kishingad na tukiwa wasi Tu li kwa wasi wa tatu Nika onasa Umsia kichangai do na mi Nichangai kikidogo na eikidogo At least ita support kupush Na tuende studio Ion ni aiku weze kwa na kuz Kilam tu na juwa na kwangana Mashida zako ake pia Ya, nili kwa na yo group Na Haiku weze Haiku enda vile Nili taka iwe Ya tu li kwa mabuizu wa tatu Ilikwani mimima joka Kuli kwa na dikene Nili kwa na boya li kwa na itwa 2GB So Ion na lakini kuli kwa badu Kutueluana kidogo Kilam se tu kwa onani poa Afani solo artist Nona Sasa mbakasa saivi sasa Nime kwa iwa Majoka, from there you also were enrolled to Art of Sake Coach Sake project Ulingi kwa niyo platform Iyo platform ilikunuwa Jekama Kimsani Iliku saidi ya kivi pika mamasani First, achan ishkuru sana DJ Kel, 2-5-4 Nwa na tokami scotch Kuz na kumbuka Ilikuwa audition Ilikuwa badkin, 2017 Ilikuwa feb So mi ni li patabari kuli kwa na auditions Apoka yubangi So mi ni kwa enda Kuli kwa na Musicians more than 300 So kuli kwa na auditions Nili kwa Those artists when you go to school So to kind of training For the whole of 2017 Kuli kwa na iso Exposure visits Na kuli kwa na mentorship Entrepreneurship Kuli kwa na vitu zi ningi zi kwa zi na happen So like Niki Djilinga nisha bili Nili kwa back before Na after Nime enda iyo training Nona at least Iyo zi kidogo Kwa industrial music na kujwa Kitu na eza duye ni eza Fiki awase Ya So na eza sema At for Kuchsek Imenisa idea sana Imenisa idea sana kimsani brand Yungu at least Saina ona ikwa poa Nashkuru sana Big up to the motivation Manze Emi Kempa Nameless Emi Kempa Nameless DJ Kelp Manze nini wasiwa Nama shi sana Now Majoka I can say Kuna step by step Kuna upendo which was your breakthrough Ya step by step Badu haida releaseiva Maybe in two weeks time So upendo Sasa after your training After 2017 Sasa after 2017 Kuna doki dogo nili kwa nime save And So nili enda studio Nili inki FB Nika pata magic senga Producer nili kwa na jita magic senga So nika muin boxa kani tumia number Tuka link up to kwa pata na studio Nika nani kwa chapa freestyle Nika nambia ni aje Wengia boot tifanya So tuka dungoma Nika ipele kami scotch Waka skiza waka Tuka panga video Tuka shoot video Na tumekwa tuki push Tuli releaseiva Last year Ya na baka sayi at least na Badu ina hit badu ina vuma Maybe uniza tumia nini li fanya ika vuma evi to the youths Juma youths were There was a very good reception I can say Watua li po kevizuri Ni wewa ni uniza sama Eliku sa idea ika kwa break through to it Mini uniza sama Ni kujua kitu Mafansu anataka Na una jwa piyam zikiwa sayi Di una dugo spell But ina pilekana na waka Tuna Like so unangaliya Una jwa ukidumi Ngoma unangaliya una fanya Akinana ni una So uniza dungoma ine Mavijana uniza skiza So Kwanza nili angaliya Ni nini wasewa nataka Kuskiza kwa wakatu Vendio Sasani kwa una Indio style inya sayi ika Nendio uniza tumia Pia kuprez god na Na watu waka ipa kia ibo Okay, na I don't know if kawli Skia ile story lendele About the two gospel artists Maybe I don't want to talk about that Maybe you can tell me na jumeza Mamadako pia alikwa na kata uku Musician na sasa apia Maybe What can your fans Or the whole gospel fans That is spate in terms of the gospel Industry in like five years Sorry? What do you think umafans Wa gospel can anticipate in terms of The gospel industry We are the right way among Nani kama ina jitu po Um Apu niza sayi You being one of them Kama mi kama gospel artist Niza sayi Kila mse na jua god na Sifu na una jua sisi kama Asa ni ni kia uchaja mi Kuna asa wengisa na watu Uki wapa ju Uki misbehave Una zakuandio Awa sayi Awa sayi Kama gospel artist So kitu kitu zingine Siu kushua kama iyo kitu li Happen kusiku kuna siku Una sikiku kuyongili asa na Kusiku kushua na Kitu kama iyo ni Kitu tu nili una tuku piti Siku shuguli kana asa na But nipoa Sisi kama gospel artist Tujue kitu tunadu Ono na Kuzu asa wengi sana pa Injawa na toanga liya Safi sana, I appreciate for making time to be with us Before ni kwa chu wendeni ngipenda You face camera 4 Shout out to your fans, tell them something about The future projects you have na piyo Pati social media handles zaku So kwa mafansuangu Wote manze na apenda sana Kwa kuni support Na 2019 iya ni Niko nangomampia na drop Very soon Na so nai zengia YouTube Satchi majoka MJK Subscribe, like, share Angomazangu manze na nashkuru sana Kwa wupendom menyone shatangu Nimerilis Ngo mehangwe wupendo Nashkuru sana manze na na apenda sana Una zani follow at majoka MJK On Twitter, Instagram, Facebook Kila pahali Na apenda sana Safi sana Mjoka MJK Ame tuleza bote karee Gospelitis Bote bote bote karee And as well as where we anticipate him to be Next 5 years or 10 years From this side, we want him to perform Wupendo for us The breakthrough He's going to perform it But before we go, I'd like to remind you guys To interact with us on social media Using the hashtag Katika Namash Auto Remember about this competition Support your teams here out there On social media Vote for them, let them win Be there for them And also remember to send in your musical request DJ Vera DJ Vera is where you send in your musical request Also Mutuangeleshia Mutuambia Bote the Valentines Nasi jimbona lewam teiku Mutuambia What happened over the Valentines Kwa no tuli lala


Dear students, in this module, we are going to discuss the conflict theory as a theoretical perspective for social stratification. Conflict theory is a sociological perspective that emphasizes the ways in which social inequality and power imbalances create and perpetuate social conflict. In our previous module, we discussed that how functionalist perspective views the stratification process. For functionalism, it is for the restoration of social order in society. That stratification process is necessary, however, conflict theorists disagree to this point of view and they are of the view that this stratification is actually the foundation of inequality and ultimately it leads to the conflicting situations. According to conflict theory, social stratification is based on exploitation, oppression and the most powerful and privileged individuals and groups using their position to maintain their dominance over the others. So the problem with this process of stratification is that it not only creates a sense of inequality but also creates the situations where conflict becomes so imminent. Conflict theorists look at stratification from this point of view as these people who are in different positions in society are not able to create equality in the society. Since the ultimate goal of sociology is to create equality or balance in the society. And the sociologist has to look at which social phenomenon creates social inequality or inequality in the society. So social stratification is a process where people are in different hierarchical positions. Conflict point of view, if we look at this stratification, we will feel that this stratification is counterproductive for the society. As compared to a functionalist perspective, the stratification is as important as any society to create functionally. So the basic difference in this is that conflict theorists always look at this process from a critical point of view. Then the conflict theorists argue that social class is the most important factor in determining the social stratification with economic inequality and the concentration of wealth at the top of the social hierarchy leading to the marginalization and disenfranchisement of those at the bottom. So in a nutshell, we can say that they are of the view that this system of stratification actually constructs the social conditions for the potential of inequality among the classes. So basically this class-based system is actually based on the foundations of these stratification processes. If we talk about the cultural context of Pakistan, conflict theory is of the view that stratification are often associated with the idea of ruling elite or oligarchy in which small groups of wealthy and powerful individuals control the political and economic systems. So as you can observe in our political system as well, and as a sociologist, it's a food for thought for you also, that how our political system not only perpetuates but also strengthens the inequality based on this stratification process. And we can observe it in different political scenarios, for example, in our political parties or in our government organizational structures.


Been a long time some in 24 minutes. We want to stick around I'll answer all your questions to the best of my abilities And we'll go from there. So if not, I'll see you. Thanks for stopping by if not, let's get into a little Q&A Time for modding Let's see where'd I go? That's weird doesn't give me the The stars oh well Question number one always about flare token Comments to do to do to do I we know it's the Q and a okay Florida driving says what's gonna happen to the flare token when their airdrop since the bankruptcy was filed before the airdrop What are your thoughts? They're gonna keep it probably I mean look I'm not a lawyer. I'm not a bankruptcy expert and certainly not exchange expert but For this one, I mean Celsius is even asking the question Should we be able to claw back your crypto that you took out 90 days? Before this collapse. So if you think that they're gonna give you flair, it's not happening. That's just me. I could be wrong Degum it What's the latest with meld, I don't know I gotta get Ken on here actually Haven't really been doing too much. I really you know what? What's we should do that right now? Let's see If I do this, right Twitter at held Hey, you know, let's just do that. Okay So let's just do that. Let's see what they say. I hope that answer your question Chris Cardinal What's your opinion about moon river? I have no opinion. I Don't really know what it is. I don't know a lot of products out there. I I just kind of stick to my wheelhouse. That's it. It's a great question. It's a great question. Why are bubbles around? I don't know if anybody can answer that but why aren't they square? Yes, this is not what tan live tweet show Beardy once is plenty yen. Oh Oh, yeah, look yen and everybody who asked that well, I get it You want me to answer the question? Look just because I don't know about moon river or invest in the moon Doesn't mean it's not an awesome Project, I've missed many projects and I'm gonna miss a hell of a lot more. So maybe it's awesome. I have no idea But I can't give you any Any half feedback on that one hmm Let's see. Yeah, it's a good question. That's a great question. Melbourne says Why is there so much fear with Coinbase when they seem to have made a lot of good decisions with regards to 3C Voyager and Celsius It's because nobody trusts anybody. That's what it comes down to I think You really have to look at why did Celsius and Voyager? Why did they collapse? Well, if you listen to Alex Mishinsky, and if you believe Alex Mishinsky when they were a part of Potentially to bail out Luna They said no, we're not gonna do it We're not gonna put any of we're gonna take all of the funds all the user funds out of the anchor protocol Which is from what he understood what I believe he said that on my you know what how about I Should have him tell you that Not sure if I have it I Do have it hold on this is what Alex said on my show. I want to say I Won't play it doesn't matter Alex said that they pulled everything out of anchor protocol and they Will it play? This is what he said. Here you go. Look we we have USD and Luna listed in our wallets and when people give us USD we stake it to earn the rewards just like you would do yourself, right? So we do it on behalf of our community the difference between doing it yourself and us doing it for you Is that we monitor it 24-7 and when we started seeing a deep egg?  Yeah, so I know like you did you talked about he said that you guys had invested into And Tara and you'd have been you know probably getting some yield When did you guys just decide or look at and go? You know what? This doesn't look this isn't good We need to get out of here. So first we never invested in Tara jump three-error capital Galaxy invested in Tara Celsius is never invested in Tara I posted several tweets Celsius Network posted several tweet Debunking the FUD that Celsius somehow gave loans to Tara or invested in Tara. We don't do that. That's not our business Okay, so that's what he said so remember so the question is Why is there so much fun? I'm gonna get out here for For Coinbase, so you got to take a look at why these places these exchanges Collapsed it was all because of really three arrows capital and in some other bad decisions. So Alex just said that they pulled it out. They said well, you know, we pulled it out of the anchor protocol We didn't invest in a Tara. Sure. Okay, right, but then there was an issue with with these uncollateralized loans and voyager The same thing So now the question is well, did Coinbase do any kind of uncollateralized loans? Well, they wanted to remember they want to do the earned their own earned program They they went in to the SEC and said we would like to do this and Gary Gensler And there and his staff said you're not gonna do that And if you do that, we're gonna sweat we're gonna sue the pants off you and I got to tell you I know when no one wants to hear this but Gary Gensler was right and Because he even took a look at the terms of condition and go look you guys are co mingling your funds and use your funds And that's what's happening over here. We're not gonna let you do it So no people are pissed off at Gary Gensler and all the things that happened with him But on one thing he was a hundred percent correct. Sorry So if we take a look at that they haven't done any kind of loans. Is there any other contagion that could happen? Sure, I don't know everything Guess what? I'm just some guy on my mom's basements with a really cool green screen Talking to you about things that are going on But I don't have any insider information Nobody trusts me that much and if they would tell me I probably wouldn't tell anybody else because I wouldn't want to get sued So I don't know anything. That's just what's going on and uh, let me know what you think about that That's what it is Ah, never trust the poll. That's true What? The meld manager is DM on twitter who check it out. What'd they say? Oh, yeah, you want us to want to talk to matt? Hold on So there he is Hey, rob. What's the tweet? What's up with this matt? Yeah people Matt People want to know What's the progress? meld Can someone come on the show? See what he says Look at that getting things done. All right Hey des The simon indicator. I'd love to have simon on again He was he was my co-host and we just went over the news. It was pretty good I should I should ask him. You know what? Why don't we ask him right now? Let's see Hmm. Let's see here I need to share my screen Hey, it's simon you Can you come on the show and drop some knowledge? everyone Let's know why I'll you the simon indicator Now go from there Let's see what simon says anybody else Thank you along. I appreciate it. It is a straight fire And this is from the community the d's nuts community. Matter of fact, they send this to me as a token of appreciation because I've had I I have one nft. I treasure and that's the that's the d's nuts nft If you have never and this is not a joke if you've ever gone to like their discord group, it's fantastic It's like the funniest thing you're ever going to watch and It's that kind of humor, but it's hilarious So I should really add them into my description all the videos, but yeah, they sent this to me I thought it was pretty good. I always wear this one. So tonight over at union. You can find me because I got this shirt on It's a great question. Michael Payne says hey How can anyone uncollateralize that much money stupid and that's a good question How can you because I gotta tell you when I take loans out? I got to collateralize to the hilt 2x 3x 4x, but apparently if I'm a billionaire I don't have to give any collateral I got a long ways to go for that though Let's see No, simon scott says bubbles around because of gravity interesting Hmm Jared jesus and the king of the show we trust I gotta say it's not my best decision to call myself the king of the show I should really call king of the promo But uh that's on me Johnny says, I don't know if this is true great interview with lawyers regarding sell alex will have to step down the next three days He's so scrod. Hmm Again, will binance and coins have liquidity issues. I don't I don't think that's is because they didn't do loans loans Matter of fact, I'm I have a conference call with somebody from binance u.s. At in an hour. So We'll see I'll ask the question I am taking I'm trying to If I don't do it now, I want you to do it. I believe people drink soup Jump the green scheme. It's tough when bust Oh, that's a great question I'm trying to get raw's perspective on what he thinks the future would look like when it comes to the projects We'll be in the top 10. I don't think bitcoin number one so A long time ago I used to do these things called for price prediction videos And I will probably never do any of those again Because they get people so The exuberance of people They think well, you know dan said it's gonna go to 150k. So that's that's like rock solid And then dan said vgx is gonna go to 30 dollars. So I got to get into it I will never do those things again because it just gives you this This false sense of like well one person said it so it might be a reality And I know it for some of you that's like that's crazy, but it's how some people think so Uh in the future. I don't know. I don't even want to speculate I just think that uh, we just take a look at We can't control the future the only thing that we can really control is how we how we react And plan for those future events.  That's what it is It's a very aggressive step to say things. I know some people say you shouldn't say it like that. Well too bad That's how I say it. It's for me. These are my rules. Not your rules Next one is everything's a scam until proven otherwise. You have to verify don't trust I don't want to leave anything in exchanges anymore Not even my three percent No leverage. I don't want to do any of that stuff. I've never done that before either And some people can do it, but that's not me And of course, I'm always gonna remind myself to take profits me and mullet. I've had discussions about this. We're going to be On each other's backs to do those things Take profits. So that's that They don't sell the shirt.  That's not that's a recipe. That's not a good recipe. Let them Ah, hey, there's ken The ken from meld ken blau the ceo I don't think I can show you this though since everybody else Hey, Rob. I see you reached out on holiday until 28th. Can we schedule want to call of course course Here's the link great So can the ceo from meld is on holiday until 28th And then we'll have them on so we'll have them on in august or so good great Ah, let's see Cell is being accused of pumping sell price with customer bitcoin I don't know why they want to do that. There's a big sell short Campaign going on so I don't know Well, that would actually make sense. There's a shorting everything Everyone gets a wrench Crypto crypto jack Lavras says regarding the 90 day cloud that clause that would might be a bad thing if they do that They'd be the most hated Project of all time and all of crypto Good job waves making things happen Everybody it's okay. I like metallica I'm actually pretty good with a real wrench No, no, no, you don't understand So I know there's one blockbuster that's open But the rights to the block muster trade blockbuster trademark is through a pretty big company I forgot who owns it, but uh The blockbuster dow tried to get it from them. I want to say It's not city bank. It's somebody else. So you can't use this Intellectual property is pretty tough to to come to get through Thank you capo I'm not your dad. Now that will be a great t-shirt. Oh, look at that. There's a conference in Denver Are you gonna go rare bloom criminal conference number? Probably not. I'm just not a I'm not a not a big conference person the only reason just between us the only reason I went to the consensus one is I saw some friends over in austin and just to play volleyball and then During the off times I went to the conference and just and the and the only big big reason I went there was I wanted to meet the ceo of near and I wanted to talk to the ceo and the cto and everybody else From sweat coin and I knew they were gonna be there. So that was it and then I missed charles huskinson that's uh Because I went there to go play the level. Yeah, all right It's funny. I think that's it. Oh, let's see what ken says Super all right and uh, sweet So good news Simon says let's do it All right Check your messages I could be him Should be a good one and in case you guys don't know Simon you is he's the he's the founder of Stormax and he's the one that's given me some pretty invaluable insights into the crypto market. So he's been around since 2014 and That's all I'll say Because I don't want him to get in trouble And that's it. All right. So everybody, uh, I want to say thanks for stopping by I think we're good to go today if you're in el paso remember We're going to be well. There's two things to remember. Please Which is uh, let me pull this up here First of all, here's your in draft house It's on the east side. There's a link in the description and It looks like that So you can go to the website and find the address and then also don't forget come with me in about 20 minutes twitter spaces with simon dixon they're going to talk about What's going on with chapter 11 and what the what the next progress will be I suppose and I'll let simon explain all that stuff to you So that's on spaces twitter.com blah blah blah and uh, that's it. So, uh, it's all I got for today Thanks for stopping by and if you could just do one thing the like button, that would be fantastic You don't have to subscribe I'm here every day. So just stop by and I'm usually about the same time And that's it. So thanks so much. I appreciate everybody hanging out with me for for these 44 minutes Uh, so that's it. Thanks so much. See you on the next one. Adios


United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres has condemned a terrorist attack which killed an injured a number of civilians near the airport in Afghanistan's capital, Kabul. Also on Thursday, Guterres expressed deep concern about the deteriorating social economic situation in Lebanon and called on all political leaders to urgently form an effective government of national unity. A two-year long financial meltdown hit a crunch point in Lebanon this month as fuel shortages parallelize much of the country, sparking chaos and numerous security incidents. Just spoke to the Secretary-General who is following with great concern the situation, ongoing situation in Kabul and especially at the airport. He condemns this terrorist attack which killed and injured a number of civilians and extends his deep condolences to the families of those killed. He stands in solidarity and wishes a speedy recovery to those injured. This incident underscores the volatility of the situation on the ground in Afghanistan, but also strengthens our resolve as we continue to deliver urgent assistance across the country in support of the Afghan people. There is no casualties of UN staff. I think we did have a few number of staff around the airport, but they're all reported safe and sound.


Welcome back. Let us now see how to evaluate the entropy difference between two states of a system. We have defined entropy, we have seen its use, we have derived adjectives like isentropic, we have appreciated that, we have linked it with others. Now let us look at the situation where given two states we have to evaluate the entropy difference between the two. And remember always that entropy is defined as a differential or a difference. So absolute values are not of much use to us. Our definition of entropy change in a differential form is ds is dq by T for a reversible process element. And that means if we have two states one and two we should have after integration s2 minus s1 is integral of dq by T from state 1 to state 2 over a reversible process. And we should note that dq by T for a reversible process element is an exact differential. So this integral will be independent of the path. So this is for any reversible process. And what we do is execute a reversible process. How do we execute a reversible process? For this reversible process what is required is we have seen this earlier when we implemented the Carnot cycle is that the process must be quasi-static. Because then we know that it went through a certain set of states and we will be able to trace it back. Only two way modes of work if there is a heat transfer the difference delta T between system and surroundings must be negligible in principle 0. Similarly quasi-static expansion etcetera means if there is an expansion the pressure difference between the system and the neighboring system must be 0. No dissipative components. And not only our system but all systems involved must execute reversible processes. If we do this then we will be able to implement a reversible process and then integrate dq by T over such a process and we get S2 by S1. Now the question is which reversible process linking two states of a given system there could be more than one. In which case all that we do is we say any reversible process we will select one according to our convenience. For example if we have a simple compressible system or a fluid system a typical pair of variables would be PV for us to plot the state space. And let us say that this is state 1 and this is state 2. And now I am going to show processes which I claim to be reversible. One possibility is you take a process which is like this. Now although this is a possible process perhaps reversible if it is a reversible it is a candidate process for evaluation of entropy. But the variation of P and V is not uniform. Integration may not be easy or straightforward. But nothing prevents us to decide on a process or a set of processes starting from one ending at two which are convenient to work with. For example we could consider a isobaric line from P and a constant volume line from V and we can decide that perhaps 1, a, 2 this constant pressure followed by constant volume. This could be one possibility. Another possibility is take a constant volume line from 1, a constant pressure line from 2 and decide that we will go first along the constant volume line 1b and then go along the constant pressure line b2. The choice is ours. If we are very savvy at complex integration select a path. Otherwise it is best to do by the least complex path. Nothing prevents you from taking a very scenic route like this. It is perfectly okay to do this but it is only more cumbersome to evaluate this. If you have really selected a reversible path and done your integration properly then the result would be the same and the change in entropy S2-S1 will be represented by that expression which is the integral from 1 to 2 of dq by t over a reversible process. Thank you.


7 Activities for Teaching Conditionals in the ESL Classroom One of the great things about teaching conditionals is that once you discover some classroom activities that work well for one, they can be adapted to suit any of the conditional patterns that you may be asked to teach. Here are 7 fun activities for teaching conditionals for the ESL classroom that you can easily adapt to help your students understand the correct structures and usages. 1. Pass the Pig. Tell your students to stand up and form in two lines, teams, and have an item that can be thrown and caught without causing injury or damage. Set the timer on your phone to sound after about 30-45 seconds. The teacher calls at the beginning half of a conditional sentence, throws the ball to a student at the beginning of the line and asks them to complete it. The student then throws the ball to their opposition in the line, who does the same, creating a different ending to the same beginning. Whichever team doesn't have the ball when the alarm sounds wins a point. Restart at the place where the ball is with a new beginning. Example with zero conditional, when I feel bored, I dot dot fall asleep, go for a walk, phone a friend. 2. Chain Conditionals. This is a more challenging version of pass the pig and is sometimes referred to as a conditional train. The extra challenge is to create a new sentence using the end of the previous one. As with pass the pig, the teacher begins with a sentence, for example with a first conditional, if I go out tomorrow, I'll go to a beach. The next person in the team relay must then use the end of the previous sentence, if I go to the beach, I'll sunbathe. If I sunbathe, I'll get burned. If I get burned, I'll go to a pharmacy. Bear in mind you can include modals such as might and could in this pattern too. 3. Velminism, Concentration. This is a game based on memorizing cards or other objects placed in front of the players that has become a standard activity in the ESL classroom. It is known as concentration in many countries. Create 5 pairs of cards with beginnings and endings written on them. For example, with a second conditional, card 1 if I lived in Antarctica, card 2 I would be very cold. Lay them face down and either mark all the backs of the beginnings with 1 and the endings with 2 or have beginnings and endings on different colored card. Create students up in groups of 2-4, with a set of cards each.  If they are a suitable match they keep the pair, if not they replace the cards face down and the next student continues. You must design the pairings so that there is only one possible match. Make sure the students say what the ending might be before picking up the second card to maximize student talk time. The student with the most cards at the end wins. Can repeat as time allows. 4. Milldrill Questionnaire Milldrills, or mingling activities, are another ESL standard which use the simple questionnaire idea whereby students ask each other questions prepared by the teacher and write down their answers. Create a form with room for names and answers so that students can report back about what they've found out, using the target language pattern. Example, for third conditional. What would have happened if... Lucy, we hadn't invented the wheel. Joe, we would have traveled around by horse. What would have happened if you had ruled the world? Sue, there wouldn't have been any wars. 5. Group discussions Set students up into small groups with role plays such as tour companies, or as political parties creating an election manifesto, have fun having them choose their names. Give them conditional questions such as... What would you do about traffic congestion if you were the government? Second conditional. What do people do when they go on holiday with your tour company? Zero conditional. Give out the same question to each group and allow them a few minutes to come up with their best responses. They report back with their ideas and you act as a voter or customer deciding which you would choose. Repeat with the next question or scenario as time allows. 6. Board game with prompts You can use snicks and ladders, shoots and ladders, or any similar game board and adapt it to your target language point. To make the game more versatile, have squares with different colors and create your own cards in the colors that either have starts for students to create endings to, errors to correct or questions related to previous lessons. When the student lands on a square they pick up the matching card and carry out the task. If they do it correctly, they stay where they are and if not, they go back to where they came from. 7. Finding songs This idea is certainly more suited to a teacher who has a regular class of students, but is something that could be used to good effect if you do a little bit of pre-teaching at the end of one class by giving students a basic pattern to look for, and task them with finding songs with that pattern in for the next class. Students must listen for the conditionals in the song then create some alternative, possibly less musical but more amusing lyrics and groups during the lesson. 2. Example songs Eric Clapton, change the world if I could change the world 2. Conditional Gloria Gaynor, I will survive if I'd known for just one second he would be back to bother me. 3. Mixed conditionals Are you ready to teach English abroad? These activities for teaching conditionals will help you create fun lessons that your students will remember for a very long time. Speak with an ITTT advisor today to put together your personal plan for teaching English abroad. Send us an email or call us tollfree at 1-800-490-0531 to speak with an ITTT advisor today.


All right. Here we go. Y'all we got 2022. I'm act football hobby six box full case number 24 picker team style Alex F Raiders Alvin S Jags Bow has the Chargers Berry chiefs Brett with Giants Christopher L Titans Dallas P Broncos and Saints and Dolphins Dan has the Eagles Edward P Ravens Hugh with the Steelers Jeff M Panthers Bears Cowboys Lions Colts Rams Vikings Patriots Seahawks and Bucks Joel B. Bill's Texans Jonathan B. Browns Mark M Falcons Michael W. Jets and Commander Stewart Z with the Packers Thomas B. Niners Tom B With the Cardinals, you know, that's how they're spelled. So Thomas B 176092 Niners Tom B 176295 Cardinals and a Wayne E with the Bengals. Good luck everybody. I'm at case 24 Arthur was good when I was a kid. That was my favorite show when I was like what like five or something. I watched it a lot, too Yeah, that was a good one Hey, Arnold was one of the first like That was like the next step up from like Arthur was gonna like hey on them like rocket power and things like that like that era Like like mid-late 90s Was rocket power and hey Arnold I never got into either, but it's like I don't know Like fairly odd parents for example, like I don't know they're in the same timeline or that came after Feel the odd parents probably started early 2000s like her like SpongeBob started in 99 fairly odd parents probably like Yes, my favorite child Look at butchers can be Yeah, dude is a member was Dutch and Francine got one more job. So 99 Josh Allen So ridiculous that was awesome bond the standard Jersey CD lamb Cowboys the 49 Cowboys rookie auto commanders for Darian Mathis to 49 and a maniacs. Yeah, I was a I remember watching that when I was a kid right a Renan Stimpy. I think no pinky in the brain Pinkie the brain a standard jumbo Jersey Vikings Justin Jefferson Next one is filthy. We've got a buccaneers clean impressions auto Rob grunkowski to 25 That is so clean one of 25 Tampa Bay So it's going to Jeff M. Congrats Jeff Whoo That thing is heat fire. That's going to the mag and redemption Niners tiering Davis price. I'm ax signature patches rookie gold I know that's why they're leaving an impression, don't they Why do we have so much energy I don't I don't I don't 45 and 5 p.m. Dude that at midnight I'm telling you it starts being it starts being loopy hour.  Sorry not rookie, but it's a Teahiggins bangle. So 99 Clearly non rookie Kyle don't talk to me about loopy Jersey car. Well Jersey car war and moon to 49 for the Oilers going out to the Titans the grand Tetons Barry Barry with the chiefs Very with the chiefs Yeah, Barry. Yep. Yep. 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We always assess ourselves incorrectly, right 25 Raiders Derek Carr Patch card Rams to 99 cam acres Can I name a top loader top loader manager? Well, it was he's not here So Matthew Stafford clearly immaculate Jersey card Rams to 99 probably others as well. Yeah My mom my brother Feel the immaculate Jersey to 10 AJ Brown Eagles. I'm Sandy and Donnie is Gary I don't think that I don't he says more than meow He's something he says meow, but he says more than that to modern marks auto to 49 Josh Jacobs Raiders See, they think you see me out now And nice a cult RPA Alec Pierce number to 16 of 25 Alright two boxes here. We got a lead after this and we got six series y'all Soon as I set these cards out. I'm dropping a link for six series Or I will be doing it with my mind while I set these cards down. Let's see. I think we're just down to 14 of the second case the first one is sold out Heck yeah, so you don't receive leaders next and we got the six series breaks everybody Thanks again everybody for your patience. We are gonna finish quite a bit behind tonight It's gonna be a late one for personals. They're totally full Yeah, yeah Mills Mafia to 99 Texans patch card Lions TJ Hawkins into 99. Yeah, so my brother got a quad patch Eric Dickerson Barry Sanders Trell Davis and Adrian Peterson. That's a really cool one actually that's the 49 See if anybody has a you'd have to have over 50% on this you have to have three of these So Rams is Jeff M Lions is Jeff M Broncos Dallas and Vikings Jeff M. So this goes to Jeff M. He has the Again, he has the Vikings. He has the Lions And he has the Rams Yes, Jeff M gets the card no random rare majority on a four patch card The standard jersey to 49 Josh Jacobs Raiders Yeah, it's it's every like It's like twice two or three times a year. You see that Uh rookie eye black patch out of two of 99 is a mere white Raiders Kenny Pickett RPA to 99 true iMac RPA Pittsburgh Steelers Heck yeah, what a case Hugh 36 and 99 kp True iMac RPA. That's what we're looking for right there Yeah He was incredibly good the second half of the season Steelers fan and doesn't like think he's that great. I was like, I didn't think so either But the second half of the season he had was like, yeah, really like actually very good And that was with a not great offensive line And like, you know, like Pickens is good. He's still a rookie. He was still a rookie though and like, you know They traded Claypool. So just like right Deontay drops Johnson that that guy To 25 Matt Stafford Rams patch car Oh, look at that Deontay Johnson to 99 Steelers We talked that one through existence Well Nice hit Steelers Oh man Pass that one over there. We're Sam at We got a Venpatch Ed Reid Ravens 105 Nice Venpatch There we go We're gonna go ahead and mag dad for you for your ravens. I wonder what the ven means Crazy. Yeah No To 87 dolphins He for sure heard me talking smack Hey drops. Well, he drops a lot of passes right like statistically he does correct comparatively God, I black rpa cowboys Jalen topper to 99 Calvin Austin I for for a second for a second there engineer and engineered I read that as Tavon Austin and I was like, excuse me. What? I was like, why is he got prime patch rpa to 99 on the back drake london falcons awesome hit there The allen robin and Calvin Austin good too probably gonna the probably gonna drabs a flowers too more likely and He was really good four stays Warriors won Well, they're up 15. Yeah, they probably won this one This is gonna go game seven Sacramento and New Orleans Did you tweet this out? I'll tweet that right now I'm already here I failed you Well, that was a fun break Fun conversation too relics of Deontay Johnson Josh Jacobs again. Jeff m got this card by majority He had rams lions and vikings It's pretty cool in there T. J. Hawkinson A. J. Brown Stafford cam acres mccaffrey Warren moon T. Higgins Justin Jefferson cd lamb very autos of Jalen tulbert eric is a conma is a mere white alec pierce Josh Jacobs kyle hamilton brandon cooks chrysalov a Uh johann dotts and bryan robinson jr. Redemption Niners cheering davis price And a pegarian mathis we had prime patrick yotto drake london to 99 for the uh falcons Nice patch here in the ed reed ravens one of five logo patch can he pick a true rpa? He goes stealers to 99. I have black rpa. Kenneth walker the third seahawks to 99 a um Tag mahomes four or five big card and a cleat impressions rob room kowsky auto to 25 for the bucks That'll do it on two elite. Thanks everybody


I do not have to say much about it, it just carry an impression of the things in your mind. I mean there is not much to talk about it. So, the same thing, the thalamus seen in different views, lateral view, the top view. The important thing when you are using a microscope and endoscope is what important structures. One when you are entering into the lateral ventricle or third ventricle, you must look at the bulge. The bulge you see from the medial side in this is thalamus and the other important structure is chloride plexus, which will help you orient it towards the important structures. Chloride plexus leads to the phenomenon of Monroe. It is a boundary that if you go below this, you are likely to damage the thalamus from the lateral ventricle. So, these are important structures which you have to identify on the microscope or endoscope. So, I will just provide you different visual impressions of the anatomy in different perspectives. It is just a sea, the thalamus, the structure around the thalamus, chloride plexus forms a sea. It starts from the third ventricle roof and goes into a temporal horn. And when you are in, you are in the lateral ventricle, the thalamus is below the chloride plexus. When you are entering the temporal horn, the thalamus is above the chloride plexus. That is, that is important from a surgical point of view. So, for example, when you are doing epilepsy surgery, you are going through the temporal horn, through the middle of, you are going through the temporal horn. Identify the colloidal fissure. Do not go above it or direct above it, you have to remain below it. So, that is important. Classical, everyone of us grew up with this diagram, this standard diagram. And this is how it looks at a different sections, A, B, C, D. D is the temporal horn. These are, as you have seen in the specimens, the hippocampal area. And when you are operating on this area, you enter into this temporal ventricle, the inferior, this is what is called inferior horn or temporal horn. And below the chloride plexus lies the area which you want to resect in an epilepsy surgery, the hippocampus area. If you retract or injure this area, you will cause problems. So, you do not have to go above this colloidal fissure. Identify the colloid plexus and the colloidal fissure and remain below it when you are doing resecting this area. Do not retract or cause damage to the area above it. And if you follow this, this will follow it into the lateral ventricle. When you are doing a epilepsy surgery, for example, functional hemisphere rot me, then this is a landmark. Same thing seen from above, but you have already seen in the specimens, pharoma or monorail on both the sides. And on this side we are saying, you see a bulge here. This bulge into the ventricle is thalamus. And this is when you are approaching a thalamic tumor, you have to look at the bulge and enter directly into the tumor. So, this is one of the approaches for thalamic tumors, where it is bulging maximally. Let you have a visual impression of all the diagrams rather than talking too much about it. Okay, the same thing which you saw here, a diagramatic. So, you have to enter into the pharoma and monorail, identify the memory bodies, the infundibular recess. And this is the area where you have to, this is the superior view of the same thing as you saw this. So, as I told you, when you enter the ventricle, follow the colloidal fissure which would lead you to the pharoma of monorail. You have to be careful when you are putting your endoscope into the pharoma of monorail. What structures can you damage? You can damage the pharynx. I mean, all of us have seen, you do a third ventricle, ask me, your patients do not wake up. What is happening? You must know beforehand what is the diameter of the pharoma of monorail. It should not be smaller than the endoscope. This has, this may look a funny thing, but it is a happened. You push a endoscope into a pharoma and monorail which is small. You damage the phonics and patients do not wake up sometimes or they have some deficits or a phase E or some, they are not. So, this is important. So, this boundary of the pharoma and monorail is found by the pharynx as you have seen in the specimens also. This is important. Previously, you used to read in the books, you can enlarge the pharoma and monorail by doing some posterior sectional, but it is better not to do anything about it. This is an important structure. You do not want to damage. So, identify the septal because it will not be labeled that this is a thalmostrat vein or the septal vein. So, one thing which is very clear is a curate Texas. So, follow it to the pharoma and monorail. Same thing seen from a different perspective. Infantibular recess, mammillary body and this is the area of your venticulostomy in front of the basilar. Sometimes it is very opaque, then you sometimes have to palpate the posterior clenoid to know where to make a hole because sometimes it is very opaque. You are not exactly sure where the basilar artery may be. So, your approaches are determined by your anatomy and where the legions are projecting into. This is just the same thing as showing different. So, just do not listen to what I am saying, just take a visual impression of all the images. That is all I am trying to say. So, depending on which angle you approach the venticulostomy, you can have a different view. This is what we were talking about when you are entering through the temporal horn. This is the crudal fissure. Below this is the hippocampal area and hippocampus, the past hippocampus, the body of the hippocampus and the tail of the hippocampus which is and along with there is a fimbria which turns upwards and forms a phonics, it is like this. So, you have to remain below this. You identify the crudal fissure and then you reset the hippocampus below it. The hippocampus is very easily identified interoperatively, it is a totally white structure. When you see the temporal horn, the anterior tip, so interoperatively, how do you identify amygdala if you have to remove it? You follow the temporal horn, look at the temporal tip and tear and supiate to that will be amygdala. Amygdala is basically what we call as uncals, temporal uncals. So, uncals houses the amygdala and in relation to the venticulostomy inside you identify the temporal where the temporal horn ends and tear and supiate to it will be the amygdala. This is grey, keep on removing till you get your, if something white comes stop and amygdala is always partial amygdala, never do it complete one. So, just giving you visual impression of the same thing what I have already talked about. If you have any doubts about anotomy, I mean this is you can ask anywhere. So, depending on which the venticules or cavities you want to go here or here or here depends upon where the lesion is projecting, there is no such thing that this is the approach for this tumor. You have to decide depending on where is the projecting and where you cause least damage to the cortical tissue. So, that that will be determined by the lesions you are approaching, lesion or tumor. So, there are so many areas from where you can enter, but most often you enter either through the middle frontal gyrus if the lesion is projecting here somewhere or you go transculosel when you are going intramendicular tumor. Mostly anti transculosel rarely sometimes posterior, posterior is not usually done because there are lots of veins sometimes. So, most often you go anti transculosel because this is the area where the veins are relatively less you can cause less damage. Most critical area of veins is this area and sometimes you have lot of problems with the veins coming where you have to mobilize the veins or you have to leave the dura there. So, it is important when you are operating or going through transculosel approach, always try to preserve all the veins. In the occipital transplants you do not get much veins and clearly you may get away with sacrificing one or two in the system, but this is the area which is very risky when doing a transculosel approach. Sometimes it is a tendency when you are operating to coagulate some veins, never do that. As far as possible try to respect and preserve all the veins because it will leave a lot of post-operative complications and morbidity. So, this is just again a visual impression of if the lesion is pointing here this may be the right approach, if the lesion is pointing here you go transculosel again transculosel. So, depending on where the lesion is pointing you can decide and which approach to use, same thing whether you want to go through the temporal horn or through the transculoselian approach depends upon the where the lesion is, where is the maximum bulk of the lesion is pointing that will decide your approach. Third one, the ideal or the approach will cause least damage to the structures will be exactly in the bed line which may not always be possible because the lesions when there is a tumor they are not be distorted. So, this is the least anatomically the least destructive approach you come like this enter through the septum polysudium in between the two intercellular veins and enter this or most often what we do is we enter the lateral ventricle through the corpus closer we enter the lateral ventricle then follow the phonome and monro and phonome and monro then we decide where the tumors for example, we are doing colloid system something like that. So, in nutshell I mean these are the various approaches which are described for the lateral ventricles all of you have seen this diagrams this is so called populace approach the crosses approach these are little bit less commonly used and here cause the most popular transculosel approach and here then this or sometimes the laminar terminalist approach although this distance becomes quite long and endoscopically of course trans phenyl approach depending on the lesion this is a very nice approach because it causes no cortical injury only thing is you have to identify the corpus closer and it looks easy but sometimes the singlet gyrus are stuck together and you can get lost anything which has vessels over it and does not look absolutely wide is not corpus closer if you are not seeing something it is not wide and you are seeing some vessels or pile vessel it is not corpus closer it is possibly singlet gyrus stuck together and to be sure always identify both the periclosals before you enter into corpus closer if you identify both the periclosals and you say in a wide absolutely wide a viscous structure that is a corpus closer if you enter into the singlet gyrus you can have problems and get lost the two important things to remember is when you are doing transculosel try to select ideal will be to get a preoperative venogram done to know where the veins are then you can decide you cannot me so you can have a cannot me which will not cross most of the major veins and if you get a vein interoperatively try to cut the durian both the sides of it leave it there work on both the sides or occasionally you can try to mobilize the vein but sometimes it may not be possible so you have to decide interoperatively not to which corridor to use it is just a diagram and a representation of various the same thing as I told you this is one which can cause problems identify both the periclosals and go and most often you will enter the lateral ventricle rarely you can be directly into the midline and it's not necessary as you are going to the right side you will enter the right ventricle you can enter the positive ventricle also that's why the importance of colloidal fissure genus admins even if you are going to the right side you may enter into the left ventricle so you have to keep that in mind because the ventricle megalis there is not always symmetrical and your angle is always like this when you're operating it's you're not looking like this you're always looking like this the incisions which are used is a personal choice normally patient is supine and a little head flexion is there not extension little flexion is there you leave two-third and T8 to a corner switcher one-third posteriorly and incision there's so many incisions described that you have to decide which incision you want to use normally I use this or sometimes this this should be more anterior than posterior so ultimately you have to do this much of craniotomy just showing as I already told you various steps of a transcolosal approach and when you are trying to enter the phonome one row it's always have better to have a sagittal MRI and then you can sort of calculate your barhole if you are endoscopic you can sort of simulate where the barhole should lead you straight to the phonome one row and you can draw a line from from one row to this area then you can make your barhole cannot be always standard for all the patients we make a standard barhole but sometimes there can be variations for example whether you want to take a biopsy on the posterior area so you have to angulate or manipulate a position your barhole depending on this angulation of the phonome one row to have tried to make it such that you just get a visual impression of it so I am not this is how it looks like when you have got to laminar terminal is the posterior identify the posterior of the optic chiasma both A1's on this side acomarty and at between the posterior optic chiasma and the acom complex is the laminar terminal is when you are coming from midline like this as you are doing anterior craniotomy and you are coming along the A1 so you follow the A1 up to the acom area follow the optic nerve towards the optic chiasma and in between these two area in the midline is the laminar terminal is and sometimes you open it an aneurysm surgery sometimes you want to enter the and laminar terminus and removes the intraventicular terniform gomas this is how it looks like this is the from the sides this is one side this left side right side septum polycytum septal vein both the manticles corpus callosum has been split so this is the same from this side columns of fornix coraxus we are not normally using these approaches this is what you do in a sitting position when you are approaching a legion the posterior therventicular area there are so many approaches you are basically there are two approaches for posterior therventicular legions either you do a supra-tentorial trans-tentorial supra-serial approach occipital trans-tentorial approach or you do a supra-serial infratentorial approach the approach you choose will depend upon the legion where it is maximally pointing traditionally it is said that if you go from the Poppins approach that is occipital trans-tentorial you are likely to go out and move around the veins but in large tumor the veins are displaced so depending on the projection of the your tumor or the legion you have to decide your approach whether you want to do occipital trans-tentorial or you want to do supra-seribular infratentorial the position in both the approaches is different for infratentorial supra-seribular you have to do in a sitting position most often in sitting position when occipital trans-tentorial you do in a three quarter prone position or sometimes as I often using this standard prone position and with the head with the the body because you have good tables now so if you have a standard prone position you can tilt the table to either side and let the occipital lobe fall so it's not necessary always to have a three quarter prone position with the head and down and advantage of a occipital trans-tentorial approach is I find it better a large legion is two one there are practically no veins in the posterior area second you can cut the tentorium and get a good access to the legion and if required you will cut the fox also and go to the opposite side the view you get is quite wide as compared to any other approach and one should remember that the arachnoid this is this area when you are going through a supra-seribular infratentorial approach the first thing you see after you have cut the veins is the arachnoid the arachnoid in this area normally is very opaque other area the arachnoid is thin and you can see through the arachnoid in this area arachnoid is very opaque if you try to cut this arachnoid bluntly without having a you can injure the veins in this area because this area is thick and you don't see the veins around it so you have to be careful while cutting the arachnoid in this area this is that infratentorial supra-seribular approach as I told you this is a standard described position for the poppins approach with the this area dependent you will you are doing cannot be on the dependent part but it becomes sometimes a little cumbersome it's not easy to make burrows sometimes with the patient this position so I prefer to do in prone position with the patient a little bit tilted when you are approaching the fourth ventricular tumors either you go through the vermis or you through a telovillar access that depends on the size a small tumor plays somewhere as you may have to go otherwise you can just retract these things open this veli-cula retract this is the so-called telovillar and enter into the fourth ventricular lesions in this area the mammary bodies infundibular recess and the area of your ventricular spleen the forearm of Monroe this is a view from the lateral ventricle then once you enter third ventricle you see the mammary bodies infundibular recess and this is the midline and this is the area where you have to make a hole and this is how it should look like at the end I think I will stop here because there is a lot of things you will learn about endoscopic again about it