Hey guys, this is Nate, AKA The Foot Accountant. Welcome back to the channel. We are talking about menu content again on FIVA 20 All Thieves Team today, specifically how to grind the 82 to 88 upgrades in order to get icon moments packs and the 83 plus packs. I'm gonna take you through what I think is the best way to use your coins most efficiently right now to grind some of these upgrade packs to try to pack some team in the season cards, maybe a team of the year, or just to grind other SBCs inside of the menus right now. Like EA, thank you EA for giving us this content. There's finally something to do with cards that are in packs. They added those last Friday. They added these upgrade SBCs on Sunday and now we have stuff to do inside of the game. So if you're looking to make the best usage of your coins, I think there's a way to do that with the 82 to 88 upgrade, the icon moments upgrade and the 83 plus upgrades together. So I'm gonna show you guys how to do that today from start to finish and as well, talk about the content that we got yesterday as well with two new showdown SBCs and more Champions League content possibly coming today. And then also talk about some packs we haven't seen yet that we're still kind of looking forward to. So again, how am I grinding these SBCs right now? Right now I just started sat down and said, hey, I wanna make some 82 to 88s because I wanna get the higher rated packs and I wanna do them cheaper and still have a chance to pack something good from the 82 to 88 because there's a lot of special cards impacts right now. This is the actual set right here again, the pre-season best of cards, a lot of team of the seasons, foot birthdays, future stars, headliners, scream cards, even shapeshifters, team of the years and winter refreshes, 251 special items, impacts at the moment. And this makes upgrade packs very fun, very OP, especially for just crafting these SBCs that have 83, 84, 85, 86 rated squads, whatever SBCs you're trying to do, a lot of these upgrade packs are very good for crafting those right now. So it all stems from this pack right here, the 82 to 88 rated rare player. I know a lot of you guys wanna pack team of the seasons, a lot of you guys wanna try to pack a team of the year or just crank through upgrade packs, but you don't like the 82 to 88 because it has a rating cap, right? You wanna do the 81 double and the 80 plus double because those, you, you're like, yo, this has no rating cap on it. That means I can pack team of the seasons, 99 rated, you know, even some of the 95 rated, right? Let's look at it in a different way, just because you're gonna be able to get more coin value out of these 82 to 88 and sending those players you get from those into other packs. So I'm gonna talk about that a little bit right now. We're gonna do that on foot bin. We're gonna start off here as well, just taking a look at the price points. The 82 to 88 upgrade, it says on foot bin that it costs 6,000 coins. It actually costs less than that because you need seven golds and the rest you can fill in with silvers or bronzes from your club. So I'm gonna talk about that. The icon moments upgrades, 381,000 coins and the double 83 is 80,000 coins. Now a lot of you guys are like, yo, why would I craft into the 83 plus? They're OP, all right? If you didn't watch my video from yesterday, go check that out. We opened like 10 of them and got five team of the season cards out of 10, 83 plus packs. So at least give them a shot. Anyways, how I'm crafting these SBCs is I'm buying cards a few of the time. I'm doing some for my club still, but I'll show you how I just did this next set. But I'm basically just clearing out my club of silvers and bronzes and then buying the non-rare golds because the non-rare golds are so much cheaper right now than the rare golds. That's why this 82 to 88 upgrade SBC has its perks in my opinion.  Boom, I just bought a bunch of them. Now I'm searching inside of my club gold commons by Spain rating low to high, getting those low rated non-rares to come up right away. And what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna just go put seven of them in the squad right away. We only need 45 chemistry for this squad that I'm about to make up. I'm gonna put one extra in. We only need 45 chemistry. So it's not that big of a deal in terms of chemistry. If you're buying cards off the market, if you're buying non-rares like I did here, you don't really have to worry about buying certain players because you're gonna get that chemistry very, very easy. So boom, there's my seven non-rare golds that I bought off the market. All these guys were bought at 500 coins a piece. Honestly, if I go and show you these buy prices, 500 coins for all of these cards, they're very easy, you don't have to snipe them. So basically what I spent here was 1,000, 2,000. I spent 3,500 coins buying these players right here and then a lot of us probably still have either bronzes or silvers. Now I've already used all my bronzes, so I have to go to my silvers and what I'm gonna do in my club is just put in random silvers that I have untradable that I'm not gonna use in any league SBCs, maybe try to find a couple different links or since I've already got a lot of chemistry with my Spanish cards that are in the club or in the squad, I don't really have to worry too much about chemistry but I'm gonna put in my four silvers, center back, goalkeeper, we'll do this, maybe I'll switch those. I'm well, well high enough on chemistry, so boom. Just like that right there, I spent 3,500 coins to do 182 to 88 upgrade and use the rest of these cards from the club. If you don't have any silvers or bronzes in your club, just go open bronze packs, do BPM and you'll get two to three bronze cards on average per pack and you'll get some packs where you get four or five, six bronze cards and it's cheaper to do that than actually going and buying the bronzes or silvers yourself. So just do BPM if you need to fill up your club with some bronzes but honestly, 3,500 coins and using some other cards from the club, let's do some quick math, right? I spent 3,500 coins doing that SBC. How much does an 81 double upgrade cost? It says it costs 17,000 coins. I can in fact tell you that it actually costs about 20,000 coins because what happens is there's so many people doing these SBCs right now. It says that it's 17K but it's actually not because those prices are actually fluctuating a lot and it says the cheapest SBC solution costs 17K but when you actually go and try to buy those players it'll be around 20,000 coins to do an 81 plus double. Same price for the 80 plus upgrade because they have basically the same requirements but again, 20,000 coins for one SBC will get you one 81 double upgrade. I just spent 3,500 on an 82 to 88. So again, I can at least do like five. I can do almost five or six of these 82 to 88 upgrades for the same price that I can do an 81 double plus. Seriously, I would say five is a good guesstimate. Five 82 to 88 upgrades for one 81 double plus and you think about it right there. If you do an 81 double plus you're getting two rare gold players. If you do an 82 to 88 you're only getting one but if you can do five of those versus one of these that's five players versus two. So, and of course you're getting an 82 or higher and that is really, really nice because then that enables us to go into even a more OP upgrade pack, right? 83 rated squad is the requirement for the 83 double plus SBC. This one right here and this one's actually been pretty overpowered from what I've seen. This is giving out a lot of team in the season. So this is 83 rated with 60 chemistry. So you might just struggle with some chemistry a little bit, maybe buy one or two players at the very most, the very least but what I would do is maybe stack yourself up maybe spend 50, 60, 70,000 coins if you had those facilities on these 82 to 88 rated rare player packs get your 83s, 84s, maybe you hit an 87 or an 88 that is the type of pack that you could put into an icon moments SBC but I'm gonna open these five really fast and kind of get going through it and just talk you through what I would do if I would craft these five SBCs and then turn them in because again, this is like the grind right now that you can do. Wow, these are not treating me very well. Last night when I did a few of these, I hit mostly 83s. I was getting boards almost every pack. It's not looking so hot right now. All we need those like one or two boards out of the set of five if it's a high enough rated. That's all walkout. Okay. Spanish, center attacking mid East go. David Silva. Bang, there we go. The retired David Silva. Well, I think he went to Villa Real or somewhere he got transferred, I think today. Anyways, 88 rated boom boys. Right there, I just did five of these packs and I get an 88 rated in the third one. That's huge. That's huge. And that is the potential that you have with these 82 to 88s. Getting a card like that that is instant SBC fodder that you can put into another SBC. We get boards again. We go French center mid 83 rated. Tuliso, Bayern, that's great links. French links. So boom, I'm feeling pretty good because of that David Silva. If I get one more 83 and 84, I would be very, very happy with this set of five 82 to 88 packs. It's a board. What's it gonna be? Not a special, but it's just a board.  Goalkeeper, who's this? Ruffier. So that's 84 rated boom. 84 rated Ruffier. So we got an 84. We got two 82s and 83 and 84 and an 88, right? Most times you're not gonna get an 88 from a set of five, but that's perfect for the exam that I want to show you again, right? So I'm gonna use those 82s and the 83s in this double 83 upgrade SBC. That's where I'm gonna use it, right? I'm gonna use those cards into this SBC right here, which I probably don't have enough in my club right now to actually show you that I'm gonna complete this SBC. But if you look at the cards that I also got, right? Savage, Paliso, Torreya, and Ruffier. These four guys that I got right here, I'm gonna put all four of these and somehow formulate them into this SBC, try to get 60 chemistry out of it. And I think I'll be able to get that with a couple more packs because I got some good links here, right? I got major leagues. I got the Bundesliga. I got the French nationality. I got a Premier League card. So I'm off to a good start here doing this 83 double upgrade and then what I'm gonna do with my David Silva is I'm gonna go ahead and take him into an icon moments upgrade SBC. I'm gonna throw him into the 86 rated squad and just put him in here. And that's basically the grind that you can do with these packs. And it's totally worth it, in my opinion, because you get to rip packs constantly. You're constantly ripping packs and you can hit cards like this, 88 ratings out of that 82 to 88 SBC pretty easily.  So that would be my recommendation. If you're trying to just craft packs right now on the menus, that's the most coin efficient way to do it, just because you can spam this SBC for like three to 4,000 coins a pop and then have 83 pluses to open and you're crafting icon moments upgrades at the same time. Now I understand some people wanna hit the 80 pluses and hit the 81 double pluses. Just do whichever one's better for your account, right? Some people's accounts do better with other packs. You know, my account is really good with 81 pluses. I haven't had good luck with the 80 pluses yet, but that's just something that you can kinda try out on your account. I just like these, because they're so much cheaper and you can craft them and get the stuff out of these packs, put them into the other upgrades and continue and continue to spam these and then you'll eventually craft these packs from doing that. So that's kind of the method that I'm gonna be doing. You got 25 days, right? These upgrade packs are out for 25 days and these cards are in packs for 25 days. So time, you have time. Like you have plenty of time to do this. These cards are gonna be out for a while. All of these upgrade SBCs are out for at least 20 days. I think the icon moments pack is out for only 20. Now the only thing is, if you would rather craft one of these UCL showdown SBCs, then you might wanna do that instead. 82 rate squad or 83 rated squad from Forsberg. I might end up instead of doing an 83 plus, craft one of these, this goes away because this game is today. PSG is playing against Leipzig today. Champions of the action on a Tuesday. It's pretty hype. So I'm excited for that game. PSG most likely gonna win I think that we can all agree on that. But Bernat going to a 95 would be sick. I'm still kind of hoping that Leipzig can somehow pull it off. This guy goes to a 96. I'm gonna at least complete Forsberg. Maybe I'll complete Bernat as well. We'll see. That's a cheap 92 rated card regardless. If you're crafting it through the 82 to 88 SBCs, you're gonna spend a lot less than what you would on a 92 rated card on the market. And now moving into talking more about these SBCs and Champions League today, right? Jason DeNeyer and Arp, Jean Fiette Arp. This is a guy, today when EA Sports tweeted this out and they said, Champions League showdown, these two players, I was like, who in the world is this guy? But did a little bit of research, right? He's a youngster in the Bayern second team actually. He's had a couple of appearances, not actually in the league for Bayern, the main team, but he played against Spurs in the Audi Cup, which I said something about that on Twitter today on my tweet. He scored one goal for Bayern and that was actually against Tottenham Hotspur, my team. So this is interesting because this Arp card, this guy is actually not named to the UCL squad for Bayern, but instead EA has still given him an SBC. And you know, I understand some people don't like that he's getting an SBC card, even though he's not named to the squad. I understand that, but it's also kind of cool, right? We're getting different players. We've never had a special card for this kind of dude. It's almost like a future stars type SBC at this stage of the year. So I'm not mad about it. I don't mind it.  Well, he already has a team in the season. So I think why they went with this Arp card is because, you know, there's so many Bayern special cards already that has the team of the seasons or like a pair of stitches to summer heat. That's why they went with this one. No, this card is a 95 rated item. If he gets a plus three, four star, four star high medium, the card looks cracked. 99 agility, 99 balance with 97 strength, 95 finishing, six foot high medium again, four star, four star. His base card is three star, three star. So that's a dub. So I'm kind of rooting for Bayern in this one. I'm probably gonna get this SBC completed. I think it's an 83, 84 rated squad. So it's almost the same requirements as Forsberg and Bernat. And then also Denier, if Olympic Lyon can get the W here, this card would be sick as well as a 95. So that was new content. That was actually released a little bit late. Released a little bit late yesterday on foot. Just to talk through a few more things. Memphis De Pys wrote to the final. Did this get upgraded? I think they upgraded Gretzgris. They did. They upgraded De Pys card to a 93 and Gretzgris is now a 93 as well. So if you guys had any of these wrote to the final items, they now have gotten upgraded. Gretzgris 250K and that is cracked out again. If they win their next game, this Gretzgris is gonna go to a 94. If they advance to the final, this Gretzgris goes to a 94 and has the potential to be a club 90 card on FIFA Ultimate Team. Now let me see how much supply there is on this dude. Pretty sure his price max is 280. Wow, it's actually 260 I think. He is almost extinct. So if EA do not update his price range, he is gonna go extinct at 260,000 coins. But if they updated him, they probably updated Kingsley Coman as well. Kingsley Coman is, wow, 180,000 coins, 93 rated item. Crazy looking stats, 99 pace, 93 shot. So the wrote to the final items did get upgraded tonight and you're probably gonna see more of those updates coming through. Surabia is a 95 as well. Let's take a look at this on Footbin. Surabia is a 95 with some nice looking stats as well. This has the potential to get another upgrade, of course, after two days game. So that's pretty interesting. They have not upgraded Carlos yet. So this is an upgrade we're still waiting on. We have not got this one upgraded. I guess Arquinos got upgraded as well. He's now 93 after he was in 92 before this set of upgrades. So just watch out for some of the stuff that's gonna be getting the boost sometime soon. A lot of people are still asking about the 89 five rare players pack. When is that going to be coming out? I wish I knew boys, because that SBC is definitely gonna cause some market movements. A lot of people are gonna wanna do that SBC. Some people have asked me, should I invest in high rated SBC fodder for this? In my opinion, I think that stuff is really, really expensive right now. But you know what? When that 89 plus does come out, whenever that is or the 89 five rare gold pack, that's gonna be an SBC that everybody wants to do. So honestly, if there's some cards that are out of packs that are showing up or even impacts, right? The cheapest players by rating. If we look at some of these cards, the cards that have good nationalities with good chemistry for these SBCs, this Eggstein card was 39,000 coins before he got put back into packs as SBC fodder was just flying up in price. That might not be a good reference for where some cards are like normally at. So Pianich doesn't have any special cards in packs right now. He's 24,000 coins himself, but he was 35,000 coins last weekend before we had the pack weight up. I think when EA put all these new cards into packs, they upped the pack weight overall. Cause a lot of stuff has kind of dropped since then. And of course, with the upgrade packs, there's been less of a, you know, you don't need to buy as many of these cards off the market because people are doing upgrade packs instead. And that's evident by the rare golds on the market being as high as they are. But if you want to look at some of this stuff, again, good nations, good links, some of this stuff will bounce for sure, especially center backs, right backs, like this Florenzi, 25K for this card. I know he's in packs right now, but we're not getting a ton of tradable supply. So this is the type of guy that, you know, I might get a little bit interested in if an 89 SBC does come, if you see it come out, maybe what you can do is you can go on the market, look at the requirements really fast and buy up some SBC fodder. Because, you know, I don't think we're getting tradable supply. Did we get a UCL or UEL halftime SBC today? We did. And it was an untradable 50K pack, interesting. So if we get tradable halftime challenges, I don't know if any of these have been tradable, but wow, 95 chemistry for this SBC. I wonder how much that costs. But if we get tradable pack supply, that's the only thing right now that I would be worried about, dropping some of the fodder prices on the market. But again, you're gonna kind of have to take a gamble with that because that, if that tradable pack supply SBC does come, it would come after the 6 p.m. content time when the 89 five rare players pack would get released. So you probably would have a window when that 89 plus pack does get released, you could actually go onto the market. Whoa, that halftime SBC, this one right here, Puppin says that that halftime SBC cost 40,000 coins to complete. Imagine paying 40K for a 50,000 coin pack untradable. So that's kind of a scam. Probably not a lot of people are talking about that. But just being to look out for that today, all right? I just wanted to bring you guys this video because so many people have been asking me, how can I do upgrade packs right now? This is the way to do it in my opinion. Run the 82 to 88, rinse it in the 83 plus, and the icon moments upgrade. You can just spam those 82 to 88 over and over and over. And then just, you know, if you wanna do any of these champions like showdowns, get in on those very soon. Of course, they are expiring soon. Those games are coming up very quickly this week. And those cards are gonna get upgraded to a plus three very soon, honestly. So this would be an SBC, if you did ARP, I would assume that by the week in the, this dude would probably be upgraded to a 95 rated if Byron do win. So usually it takes him about 24 hours and 36 hours to upgrade the card after that. So he'll be upgraded pretty soon. If that's something that strikes, you are fancy. So a little bit of a longer video, but I wanted to talk through everything in detail with you guys today. If you enjoyed it, smash the thumbs up on it. Comment down below if you have any questions and subscribe to the channel if you're new. It's me Nate, The Foot Accountant. Catch you guys later. Peace out.


It involves you, personally, in laboratories and in the field, in little-known places and ways. Units of the defense establishment of the United States are learning to work with atomic weapons, learning to strike, learning to fence against the effects of atomic weapons. Military units work continuously with the laboratories of the Atomic Energy Commission and their new weapon ideas. The services devise handling equipment and techniques that are practical and delivery methods that are deadly under any and all conditions of weather and warfare. Thirteen minutes from now, this airplane is going to drop an atomic bomb on your country. You will see it happen. You will know why. This is the record of military participation on an atomic test. There are results called Korea. Russia has successfully detonated an atomic bomb. The balance of international power rests with atomic energy, with weapons moving steadily from assembly line to stockpile, moving to hidden subterranean vaults to be stored ready and waiting. But stockpiling alone in this day and year is not enough. We need to develop and produce a greater number and variety and possibly even more powerful atomic weapons. Weapons tailored for specialized uses and targets. But like all new ideas and weapons, new atomic bombs to be useful and practical must first be tested. The only we talk proving ground is available. But problems of logistics make it difficult to run more than one test a year at this distant proving ground. What we need is a site closer to our stateside laboratories and available air support. Somewhere in the continental United States, close to home, a stone's throw from lab to testing field. But where? For a long time, as a matter of fact ever since Trinity, men from Los Alamos had been eyeing the great barren stretches of the Southwest. This region, for the most part, fits the bill, isolated from centers of population, with favorable winds, with the necessary consistency of soil in formation of Earth's strata below, and so beyond the World War II training base to the north of an early day Nevada state stop called Indian Springs. 65 miles north and west of Las Vegas, an atomic range was established. A test site of over 400 square miles of flatbed valleys, mingled with mountains of solid rock, whose veins once colored history with gold and silver, a range remote from civilization, isolated, forgotten as the names of the men who once made their fortunes here. As of January 1951, this long countryside came once more into international focus with Operation Ranger, the test of five atomic bombs, five successful airdrops that saved the weapons research program months of time, considerable money, and help Los Alamos prove the radical new idea of small atomic bombs. Soon after Ranger, another use of the Nevada test site was apparent. This was a chance for the military to get more information on the effects of atomic weapons, vital facts, for what good are atomic weapons without full knowledge of what they can really do, and how we can be protected against their effects. The job of coordinating all military tests and supporting the AEC program at the Nevada site has been assigned to Special Weapons Command, a command that had successfully supported Ranger, and has been in working contact with the AEC, as well as with all military units engaged in atomic research. So today we in the armed forces have a test range close at hand, and the opportunity to watch and note the effects of the atomic bombs to be detonated on, and in, and above Nevada soil. The armed forces are a full partner in the atomic tests for the fall of 1951, Operation Buster Jango. And to take full advantage of this opportunity, we have a program of experiments and operations to seek out the answers of atomic warfare. Nevada test site. Bake a shot, minus one day. For the first time since the era of ZI atomic testing began, we in the military have a full-scale program to answer the questions a military man must know about the basic effects of an atomic explosion on his material and equipment. Along the blast and thermal line, men of the various programs begin the job of placing their test equipment. Precisely arranged at predetermined distance from ground zero. Men from the Corps of Engineers set up panels of plastics, paints, and coated fabrics, samples of various materials, tent cloth, inner and outer clothing, standard and impregnated materials. Loosite spheres, built to represent a human torso in depth and density, are located at five stations 2,000 to 8,000 feet from ground zero. Film and crystal dosimeters at varying depths within the spheres will measure ionization produced by gamma radiation. Foxholes become a priority project. Open and closed foxholes are spaced from 100 to 2200 feet from zero. Protected and unprotected structures for the individual soldier are instrumented with film packs, gold foil, and sulfur samples to record gamma and neutron dosage. How and when materials ignite has been tested in many ways, but never before like this. Trays of typical refuse from the forest floor like leaves, twigs, and pine needles are to be exposed. We want to find what thermal energy levels will ignite these materials. What effect the blast winds will have on continued burning? What could we expect if enemy bombs were dropped in our forests? Fresh limbs of trees and dry logs should help answer our question. Kirtland Air Force Base. 1600 the afternoon before the first airdrop of the operation. This is not a test of new loading or drop techniques by the Air Force. Every man, every piece of equipment, every technique has been thoroughly proven during many months of practice runs. On everything from uncrating the test units to dropping them on test ranges. Most of the test units since that time have been detonated on tall steel towers. The towers are costly and take a lot of time to build. On a test operation like Buster Jangle, the gadgets that produce the nuclear explosions are not in most cases dark pile bombs. They are laboratory components arranged in new ways. They are test devices placed in a common ballistic space to facilitate aerial drops. For the men of a special weapons command whose everyday job is working with the problems of handling and delivery of atomic bombs, the precision requirements of Buster Jangle weapons are positioned over a loading pit. A ballistic shape fitted carefully into a bomb bay and an air crew to handle the thing in the air and drop it with incredible accuracy on a target in Nevada 12 hours from now. Off to wait its takeoff time under double guard. Briefing for air crews that will be entering by sunrise. 3 hours from now. This is a laboratory experiment and not the development testing of a new tactical weapon. H-hour is 0700 Pacific Standard Time. In addition to Rosebud, the drop aircraft, there will be 17 other aircraft in the vicinity at H-hour. Therefore it is highly important that each aircraft commander adheres strictly to his brief flight plan and orbit pattern. This is necessary in the interest of flight safety and so that each aircraft will be in a proper position to get his required data at H-hour. Due to the number of aircraft in the test area and the many necessary transmissions which will be occurring, it's necessary that you keep your transmissions to an absolute minimum. Know what you're going to have to say. Plan a clear, concise message, say it, and get off the air. When using operational frequencies, be sure to use code names only. Everyone has been thoroughly briefed in possible radiological hazards connected with this mission. Due to the small size of the bomb and the altitude to which you'll be flying, there is very little danger from nuclear radiation, thermal radiation, or blast effect. Flash blindness may be a temporary hazard, but if you wear your goggles as instructed, there will be no danger. Special aircraft, such as the samplers, the trackers, and the terrain surveyors are more likely to pick up nuclear contamination. Crew members have been specially briefed and a radiological monitor is on board each aircraft. The aircraft commanders must work in careful coordination with the radiological monitor. Are there any questions? Colonel Rittlin? Gentlemen, the series of tests we are participating in today are unique in that this is only the second time that atomic bombs have been dropped within the continental limits of the United States. The general public and important people in our national structure will be focused on what we are doing. It is therefore particularly important that we produce an excellent mission. Within this operation, we have project officers and aircraft from the United States Navy and seven Air Force agencies. You have been placed under my operational control so that we can be brought together to accomplish the mission as efficiently as possible. Each crew has been thoroughly trained in the technical aspects of your mission. This morning we have had a complete operational briefing for today's mission. With the background you have received and the training that you have attained on previous atomic tests, I am confident that you will successfully complete this mission. Now let's go and have a good mission. First of the air operations to get underway is a C-47 with a job to do only in case the drop plane gets into trouble along the way. If the drop plane has to jettison the unit of visionable material, these radsafe, medical and security men that make up the disaster crew will either land or parachute themselves to recover and protect the unit. The drop plane, Rosebud, is in regular communication with the disaster crew from takeoff to zero hour, bus to jangle, and seasoned by the expiration center and the control point at the test site. Here the positions of every plane and the line is about to be born. Test new ideas. To bring more power soon as possible with use of atomic weapons, fans against their effects. Forestry service men find the one solid log whose present an interesting pattern. Some gutted by fire. Others virtually untouched. Paints, plastics and fabrics have visibly recorded their response to blast and heat. Some of the panel racks lie twisted and broken on the ground while the sections of material show the effects of thermal burning. Charred and blackened bits of equipment will become valuable data after studied by our technicians. Woods and metals of various designs form the basis for a series of experiments on the geometry of thermal burning and their effects on backing material. So the military effects test group remains a vital cog in the machinery of atomic testing. Charlie Day. H minus 12 hours. We in the military biomedical group begin the task of readying our test animals. These are the standard animals we work with daily in our laboratories. Knowing and working with them we find that in many ways they are affected very much like humans. One exposed to an atomic detonation. So these are our instruments. Perhaps the most delicate of all instrumentation used during atomic tests. We completely anesthetize them for their mission at each hour. Our objective here is to correlate laboratory and field testing and determine the reliability of knowledge gained in our labs. To extend our information on the effects of thermal and nuclear radiation on skin, lungs, blood, the muscular and nervous systems we can apply this data to the response of humans under similar conditions. Quite a difference here from a dusty coral road on Peleleau the hedgerows of France or a desert trail outside El Alamein but beneath this desert floor on Nevada lies a minefield A full variety of mines are buried here to give us much needed information on the effects of an atomic explosion on emplaced mines under combat conditions. At Kirkland another test device is loaded aboard its special transport, Rosebud. Not a weapon but a theory. An idea and a ballistic skates. Another step in atomic energy enterprise. Perhaps another way to increase the yield of the stuff atomic bombs are made of. The test site ready. The valley where the tall mushrooms grow is left to spend the night before the shot alone. Operation Buster Django. Charlie Day. How's the shoot check? Okay, sir. Major Mitchell will be our ad monitor again today. Well, man, I would like to remind you that our primary mission this morning is to collect a sample from the cloud for laboratory analysis. The sample that we got on the last mission was very good. Our first penetration is always governed by the cloud dispersion and the velocity of the wind. According to the latest information it looks like our first pass will be made at HR plus one and a half or out of 8,000 feet. The communications gem that we used on the last mission worked out very nicely. I would like to continue to use them. I would also like to remind each of you to hand me your film badge at the completion of the mission. That's all, Jim. Mitch, I'd like to add a thought to your briefing. We have a second mission to perform in this aircraft and it's a very important one. At least as far as the Air Force is concerned. We're going to prove to everyone who has to do it that they can fly in this stuff and remain in this stuff as long as they observe a few safety precautions. When we are in the area around the cloud the monitor will be the boss of the aircraft. Fellows up to now we've had two very successful sampling missions in our favor. You've all been briefed on the amount of radiation you'll get and still be on the safe side. I'd like to assure you that you will never get enough radiation on the inside of this aircraft to give a thought to the consequences. Are there any questions? Yes, sir. Is the special exit procedure when we get down the same as it was on the last mission? The exit order will remain the same. Let's try not to test the outside of the aircraft and let's get over to the Rad Safe Center as soon as we can. Marvin, do you have your logs? Yeah, ma'am, I'm ready to roll. Okay, let's get aboard. Zero hour, minus three minutes. From the bombardier seat in the drop plane on its final run we can see our target. The minefield line lays along our course stretching east from ground zero. The blast and thermal line stretches out to the right. South toward the control point. The military effects tests are ready. Airborne tests for the services are ready too. Nine miles to the south of ground zero, a C-54, code name Starfish, flies a course parallel to the drop plane. This is an airborne laboratory with a staff of doctors to test the effects of the bomb's initial light on the human eye. We want to know how to heal or cause the eye to return to normal after it is looked at a light that for a fleeting moment burns with 50 times the intensity of the sun at high noon. A variety of goggles and filter devices permit only certain degrees and wavelengths of light to reach the eye. The flash blindness experiment is ready. Oh at the control point, other eyes wait. And watch. Men and doctors set about their study of flash blindness. Out of this experiment will come considerable specific knowledge about protection and treatment for men of the armed forces and the citizens of their country. All of this even as the Charlie cloud continues to boil. As the cloud begins to drift and roam beyond the test site, he is given to the earliest possible recovery of some experiments and data like the animals of the military biomedical experiments. When the OK from RADSAFE is received, we move in rapidly to collect our animals. Time now becomes the most important commodity for these are living, breathing beings. Although still completely out from the effects of anesthesia, they can only go so long without food and water. So they are quickly removed from their blast line stations and carefully carried to the waiting trucks. In another area not too far away, our test rats are removed from their electrically heated tubes. November nights in the Nevada desert are not exactly warm. This is but another project in our continuing research on the effects of thermal and nuclear radiation and its ultimate application to the effects and responses on humans, subjected to atomic explosions. How's the area for Chaconate to come in? The atomic cloud has moved over far enough leaving the aerial space uncontaminated. The RADSAFE monitors have checked the landing strip and found it radiologically safe. Good. Clear for Shotgun 8 to come in. Roger, well dispatch Shotgun 8 immediately. Go ahead and get your aircraft into the air. Report into Shotgun when you're passing. Minefield project personnel are returning with their monitor to recover and replace their mines. We hope that many questions will be answered for us about the bombs effect on known types of U.S. and foreign mines and countermeasures that can be perfected to ensure operational mines under all conditions. Offensively or defensively, the information gained here will play a vital role in future tactical situations. Shortly after recovery, the dogs with their protective jackets removed are snug in metal cages. They're on their way to meet Shotgun 8 for the trip by air back to their home laboratories. These animals, the vital facts and figures gained by our living instruments could mean the saving of many lives, perhaps yours and mine. These dogs will play an important role in formulating new healing techniques. For without them, we are handcuffed, unable to observe, study, treat, and heal. In the sky some distance from the test site now, the atomic cloud is still very much in being, colorful, in its own way, fascinating, carrying with it the radioactive products of the fission explosion. The biography of every atomic cloud is essentially the same. The intense heat and violence of the fireball that sears the sky causes the spectacular and colorful rust-like condition in the air around it. As the fireball cools, an enormous vacuum and after wind is created, causing the desert floor to rise up into the cloud itself to form the characteristic mushroom stem. The cooling also sets up a rapid condensation in the air around the fireball that sometimes produces layers of ice crystals. Literally, an ice cap. Knowledge gained on previous nuclear weapons tests has produced the theory that once the cloud has formed and stabilized in the sky, the vitally significant fission products in so-called unburned fission fragments don't distribute themselves evenly, but tend to collect in very large, invisible pockets, hot pockets, or cells inside the cloud. The particles that are suspended in these nebulous cells indicate many things that happen inside the bomb, as well as the efficiency of the fission reaction. So attempting to locate the cells and collect samples from them is a mission of the highest priority. Airborne by the winds, the cloud soon shears and spreads thin over an increasingly wide area. The radioactive cells become less concentrated. Each one sometimes stretching over many square miles. They can't be seen, but will readily tip their radioactive hand to airborne detectors. Drone B-17s collected samples of the atomic clouds on crossroads in 1946 and sandstone in 1948. But on sandstone, a manned aircraft accidentally encountered a good sample while tracking one of the atomic clouds. For Operation Ranger, all of the cloud samples were collected by manned aircraft. On greenhouse, the test at any Weetok in the spring of 1951, samples collected by manned aircraft equal those gathered by drone planes. So manned samplers now have their permanent place in nuclear weapons testing, very probably replacing the pioneering drones entirely. At this moment, the samplers are orbiting at several altitudes a short distance downwind, awaiting the order for their first penetration of the cloud. Mounted on their wings in fuselage are filter boxes, holding chemically pure papers to capture sample particles of the cells. If they can be located, the men inside are standing by, making final preparations for their first pass through the Charlie Cloud. Their operations are based on considerations of each cloud individually. Their penetrations are ordered from the CP. Charlie Cloud, age plus one hour and 30 minutes. Take a look, Hal. It's okay to me. Okay, let's see. So that's cream puff three, isn't it, Paul? Yes, that's cream puff three. How's it look? Well, it looks pretty good. First penetration. That's okay, Hal. Let's try plan three, though. Plan three, is that okay, Hal? Right. Hi, hello, cream puff three. This is Keyhole. Now, you're cleared to start first penetration. Follow plan three. Visually, cream puff three seeks out in heads for the most dense portion of the cloud. His mission plan is simple. Before reaching the visible cloud, the sensitive survey meters in the plane start to climb as it enters the invisible field of gamma radiation that surrounds the cloud. If the plane misses a cell, the meters return to almost a zero reading when it emerges from the gamma field on the opposite side. If so much as the edge of a cell is touched, the plane is instantly contaminated, and the meters will continue to read comparatively high. The plane will continue to make passes until it has made a sufficient number to collect the required samples. Penetrations are delayed in space to keep personnel contamination to a minimum while collecting the vital samples. With a selection of radiation detection instruments inside, the monitor tries to locate and penetrate a cell of hot stuff in the cloud. For anyone who may ever have to work in the hot stuff, the most practical precautions are being tested and proven. Here on Buster Jangle. Proceed with your second pass. After an atomic cloud sampling mission, the skin of an airplane is highly radioactive. Buster Jangle has provided further opportunity to proof test several solutions to the problem of a short and easy method of cooling off contaminated equipment. RadSafe monitors keep a regular check on the planes. In a few hours, the plane can be sprayed down with a special detergent known officially in RadSafe circles as drunk. On earlier atomic tests such as crossroads, decontamination of the sampler aircraft was an unborn science. The planes were sometimes abandoned for many months to cool off in nature's own good time. The experience gained and the quality of samples collected by these planes in the course of Buster Jangle proved that jet aircraft can get the required samples with less personnel exposure. An aircraft that has become heavily contaminated from working inside an atomic cloud can be cooled off, made radiologically safe and ready to fly another mission in 24 hours. Buster Dog. There is a continuous flow of information into weather central at the control point from all over the world by wire, by teletype, by facsimile. The weather story is continuously written and revised on a global scale. In any test operation involving a radioactive cloud, the final decision to produce that cloud to detonate a nuclear weapon is always based on weather. We're looking for the most advantageous time for each detonation, advantageous for test purposes, as well as the radiological safety of communities in the path of the cloud. Finally, the forecasts are compiled into a single report. A little volume compiled every six hours. For the Federal Civil Defense Agency, the military effects program people have built and are instrumenting a variety of shelters that might be built for military installations in the field or in backyards for civilians. Some of the shelters are constructed of concrete blocks, some of wood, some of corrugated sheet metal. All of them have the additional protection of several feet of dirt piled on top. Through the night before zero hour, as often as necessary, the test director and his staff will meet with the weather officer for briefing. The winds at the surface are 330 degrees and 5 knots. At 10,000 feet, they're 330 degrees and 14 knots. And at 25,000 feet, they're 340 degrees and 35 knots. Taking this forecast over to our trajectory problem, we find that the red, blue, and black lines representing the 10, 20, and 30,000 foot levels of the cloud will take a south and southeasterly trajectory. And we'll head right now south into Mexico. Taking this trajectory and transferring it to a map of a larger scale, I have here presented the 10,000 to 20,000 and the 30,000 foot levels. Each of these pegs indicate a two-hourly movement of the cloud at these various levels. I believe, Dr. Graves, that's all that I have at this time. Well, thank you very much. What do you say, Rush? Should we go ahead? Favorable, I'll. What do you think, Duncan? Already out. Okay. Okay by me. And your plane's operate with these winds then? Yes, sir. With this forecast, conditions look very favorable for us to establish our flight patterns. What do you say, Tom? We're all set out. The mobile teams have already started to shift their positions. Well, Carol, I think we should go ahead. Okay, Al, we have a shot. H minus two hours and 30 minutes. Rosebud approaches the test site. A test site in readiness focuses its operations on the reports that come down from the dropped plane. The same plane and crew that dropped the five bombs of Operation Ranger. The first CI test. Control point, the bombardier starts collecting the latest dope on winds. Issues and humidity at various altitudes. Information that will help him make the most accurate drop possible. There's a lot of work to be done before bombs away. It's not yet armed. Final preparation of the test unit is delayed until the dropped plane is safely beyond any inhabited area. While the weapon is put in readiness, Rosebud will hold an orbit pattern over the now-deserted target area. The unit of fissionable material is monitored at regular intervals before being fitted into the weapon. 1,000 feet for its IFI circle in flight preparation of the weapon. Up forward, the bombardier readies the bomb site well ahead of present midwives for nuclear weapons. Start the job of putting the test device in a state of readiness for the drop. In the skies around the test site, all the other planes are present and accounted for well in advance of each hour. 3B-50s on each assessment it's got. They gain on these tests strike reconnaissance. Risk fewer men, men's. They're working out the problem with equipment in standard use throughout the Air Force today. Our screen in a way that will permit the clocks and camera in the setup to record ground zero. Permit the specific kiloton yield. Your height of burst and yield can be recorded by this combination of equipment. A couple of miles below in Rosebud, the weaponaries are winding up the tedious and exacting job of putting the test unit in readiness for the drop. And in the disaster aircraft, always within an easy call of the drop, settle down and wait for the weapon has dropped. Its arming and firing circuits and unit of fissionable material are monitored continuously, to rise once more, and climbing for the job to be done at altitude. It's the word on winds and weather at bombing altitude. Runs at altitude to establish the track it will make over the ground. Two-second leeway and timers inside the structures prove that current designs for simple military and civilian shelters will provide servicemen in the field and their families at home with reasonable protection against the blast. Heat and radiation effects of an atomic detonation. The next blast, easy shot, buster detonations. Taking full advantage of the force is moving a B-17 and an F-47 into the vicinity of ground zero for easy shot. To learn more about the effects of atomic weapons on planes parked on an enemy airdrop and especially significant volume of military science. So this will be the first live nuclear weapon in history to be dropped from a jet aircraft. The secrets of the bomb have been and continue to be our most guarded secrets. In all our atomic energy enterprise there is no priority higher than preserving the security of those secrets. It's a physical thing like guards and passes and security screens and it's an individual thing in the minds and hearts of men. In an atomic test is in the everyday duties of those who work with nuclear weapon development and technology. Security is the highest obligation and responsibility. But it's all set. Okay, Sid. We'll be seeing you. Good-bye. That was Sid Newberg over at ADC. He's got some information he wants to talk over with us tomorrow morning. Before we begin, Colonel, here's a essential element of information report that came in just before you got here. I think we've got time to go through it, if you'd like. Yes, I think we should, Mac. With another shot coming up in the morning, it's good to know these things. I checked with the FBI in the U.S. side a while ago. There are still five and old members of the Communist Party operating in our area zone one at present time. They're the same five we've had for quite some time. They're still underground and still no indications of any organized meetings. Along from the Mexican border, that doesn't seem to be any significant movement of subversive elements into the country. Now, the picture in zone seven around Las Vegas indicates two members of the Communist Party registered at a hotel area at the Apanone. We have them under 24-hour surveillance. Our Indian springs, for some reason, still appears to be negative. How about some sit up? The internal situation here at Curran seems to be good, too. Oh, that's fine. Fine, Mac. Well, I suggest we call it a night. That sounds good to me. Okay, Mac. Thanks for saying that this evening. I'll see you tomorrow. Good night, Colonel. Good night, Mac. The aircrews at Indian Springs get their pre-takeoff briefing. A final time hack. Then make their now routine way to orbit patterns in the sky. To sweat out the last detonation of the bust of phase of this operation. That's 30 seconds. V-45 Rosebud is on its final run to its target. And to history. The easy target waits alone and unobstructed for its place in the chronology of nuclear weapons development. The military effects tests are ready once more for their individual H-hour. Broken ribs and backs bursting planes on the ground in the vicinity of an atomic blast. One by one, the military effects tests set up open for re-entry. Takes to collect preliminary information. As early as possible, the army engineers are going to put some of the samples from their water supply experiment through a system of filters and pumps to try and develop a practical system for making contaminated water usable once again. For cooking and drinking. Water being as hard as it is to get many times. Men in the field may depend on the techniques developed on Buster Jangle for their survival someday. In the Air Operations Center at the control point, flooding teams stand by once more to map out the reports from aircraft on the various activities and conditions of the atomic cloud. From the ground, the movements of the cloud can only be observed for a limited time. In the air, it can be tracked over great distances visually and with sensitive counters. On that Meg 1, this is Keyhole. You are cleared off orbit at brief altitude to start your operation. The tracker flies across an orbit around the leading edge of the cloud at a horizontal range of about 20 miles. As with each type of air operation, there are several trackers flying at different altitudes, keeping track of the different layers of the cloud as it shears and moves with the winds of different direction and speed. Inside, ultra-sensitive ion chambers and scintillation counters maintain a continuous fix on the cloud. This kind of work will help make future predictions of cloud shearing and movement more accurate and provide the weather service with the means of studying wind currents and dispersion that was never before possible. Regular 10-minute reports are sent to the radio operator who relays it to the plotters at the control point. Flying now beyond the range of the special very high-frequency channels normally used for communications on Buster Django, the message goes by key to the decoding operator in the Air Operations Center. Information reported by the trackers also helps civil and military authorities throughout the country determine areas and altitudes in the path of the cloud. That should be avoided by their own Air Operations. Years later when the trackers are released and the position and radiation levels of the atomic cloud are plotted out to 600 miles, all Air Operations are completed for the Buster phase of the test. The night following easy shot is only an interlude. Tomorrow the people at the Nevada test site move in force to prepare for the Django phase of the operation. Never before have the armed forces had a sight of their own and nuclear weapons to detonate as they wish. Never before has an atomic bomb been detonated on the surface of the ground or deep in the earth itself. One of the big questions that may be answered by the Django phase of the operation is the value of including contact or penetration weapons in our atomic stockpile. We have two nuclear weapons of our own. Our own test site, installations and programs formulated over a year and a half by the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project under the codename of Windstorm. The Django phase was originally planned for the remote island of Amchitka in the Aleutians. For reasons of geology and weather, it was canceled in Alaska and moved intact to the more ideal environment here at the Nevada test site. For the first of the two shots, the weapon will be detonated at ground level. The second will be placed 17 feet below the surface and covered to simulate the conditions of an actual ground penetration. A weapon detonated on or in the ground will undoubtedly produce a shock wave in the earth itself. But how much? How far? What will be the effect on the foundation of structures on the earth itself? By instrumenting shafts of several depths in the ground, we hope to learn the story of blast and shock moving through the medium of earth. We want to record the acceleration and degrees of pressure in the ground. In other words, how will the effects of these weapons differ from an air burst? What will be the amount and extent of radioactivity? How long will the ground area remain untenable from the unprecedented amount of radioactive fallout and residual contamination? A multitude of collectors, film badges, radiation detection and recording instruments at various distances from ground zero may give us the radiological story of the surface detonation. Another part of the story will be written in the work of the Army's Water Supplied Decontamination and Purification Experiment. To compare the effects of a surface blast with an air burst, many of the military effects setups used on the buster shots are being duplicated. We're going to test every conceivable type of presently available military field clothing and future materials that may be used for radiological protection as well as utility. After two years of work by the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project to get the most information for the time and dollar spent, the old military part of the buster jangle operation stands ready. Minus 30. In the main control room at the CP, a network of clocks and timers are set in motion to warm up instruments, fire the weapon and set the experiments and recording instruments in operation, each in a sequence that is precise to ten millions of a second. Minus 15, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0. Much higher than if this had been an air burst with winds to carry a great deal of the hot stuff away that had been left over or produced by the explosion. But as always, some information of extreme value to us can be had inside that dust cloud and in the crater itself, making an airborne evaluation of the radiological situation. They're working with all manner of devices to help develop easy and quick technique. Like so many of the military, the exploration of experiments started on Greenhouse. Before the tons of earth, suspended now in the sky, settled back to the desert floor, they're going to make some low level passes directly over the bomb crater and drop instruments by parachutes. This is P-hole. You're cleared off orbit to begin instrument drop. Over. The P-2V are the first to approach ground zero. With their instruments, they will record the first chapter of the radiological story in the target area and bomb crater. Instruments are parachuted into the area which send back to the men in Pelican 1 a telemedic signal of their findings. The answers to radiological questions from the interior of the dust cloud that still hides the crater from the eyes of the anxious observers. Monitors mark off the outer limits of personnel re-entry to the blast area and the distant surface shot crater. There are some samples of soil from the fringe and interior of the crater that will be of the greatest value if they can be gathered up before they run the limit of their radioactivity. The eyes of a few men are going to get a close view now of this hole in the ground that once was ground zero. To make this possible, army weasels, drone weasels are warming up now for a sample collecting trip into the crater area. Sample gathering by remote control. Observed and accomplished through the use of television. Mounted on the front of the weasels are compact television cameras that can be made to move in any direction like the weasels themselves. One of the drones is fitted with scoops on the front which will hopefully return filled with earth samples from the crater area. They travel their own private road from the remote control station to the mound of earth that circles the surface shot crater. The other weasel has a drill bit mounted on the back which will be doing some remote control digging for sample cores of the crater. For many reasons, it's important to know the fallout pattern and levels of radiation in the wake of every atomic cloud to get the information that makes up the radiological picture of the terrain and the path of the cloud. The survey planes fly at very low altitude about 600 feet above the ground back and forth across the path of the cloud. They avoid the cloud itself but have special filters loaded to catch invisible samples of fission products that might be lagging behind the cloud. They can monitor the terrain with ultra sensitive detection devices like scintillation counters, data gamma survey meters and air conductivity instruments. Pieces of the picture are called in regularly every few minutes to the plotting room at the control point. One, three, four, zero. Dog, one, four. Easy. Eight, zero, zero, zero. Fox, nine, five, two, zero. Ground monitors are standing by to move into any area as the terrain survey planes may find to be potentially hazardous hot spots. After reworking them first from the air. Request permission to rework area's dog one-four and dog one-five. Go for two from keyhole. Roger, you're able one-two. Affirmative, rework area's dog one-four and dog one-five. In time, the sugar site will be cleared for the kind of detail study we want to make to evaluate the effectiveness of an atomic weapon detonated at ground level. For one thing, we hope from the knowledge gained on tests of the open and closed foxholes that a doctrine on the development of protective shelters for combat troops will be evolved, giving effective protection from blast, heat, and radiation for soldiers in the field. Now the push is on to get ready for the final phase of the buster jangle operation. The last shot. It's going to come off two miles to the north of the surface shot crater at Uncle Sight. Location of the underground shot. Here in a semi-circle around Zero Point are 26 projects and 63 principal structures. Perhaps the largest single military effects program. Once again, as in Greenhouse, the program is a joint one. The Army, Navy, and Air Force have joined in formulating a series of projects to obtain data on the responses of underground and surface components subjected to a subsurface atomic detonation. During the Greenhouse and Dugway tests of 1951, we were able to collect a sizable amount of information about the effects of ground shock and air blast on typical structural types. Now we are seeking experimental data from the other direction. An underground atomic blast with the buster phase of the operation over and the surface shot completed, all attention now centers on structures. The scope of this one program can and will create far-reaching effects on the design criteria of future military and civilian building programs. For example, Army structures. From a three-bay steel structure with a superimposed load to represent upper floors, the Army wants more information on damage and resistance to small factory and office buildings. Air Force structures. A two-story reinforced concrete building. Here the Air Force seeks information on the response of such building types and data to make damaged predictions in possible target areas. Two types of brick industrial chimneys will furnish facts on the behavior of masonry structures when hit with both air shock and blast. At varying distances from zero point, the Navy has buried standard utility distribution services. Water, sewer, steam, electric and gas mains. Some types are now in use throughout our cities and military bases. Others incorporate new developments for piping and connections. All these put under hydrostatic pressure to determine how these materials will withstand an underground atomic blast. A buried precast concrete fuel storage tank. How well will it withstand ground shock? What pressures will cause it to rupture? The Navy has a continuing interest in the problem of personnel shelters. These buried structures will get us a lot closer to eliminating the question marks of civilian and military protection during atomic attacks. A cylindrical arch rib structure. The beehive building. From these, the Navy hopes to justify specific design and construction formulas for the fabrication of adequate personnel shelters. With two types of runway surfacing. One precast and locked together with lengths of iron rod. The other, a standard poured in place runway. The Navy will be able to make comparison tests of the effects of an underground blast on the two types. A few feet from the detonation point, several separate sections of concrete aggregate wall rest on a foundation like that required to hold a five-story building. In a matter of microseconds after the blast, these walls will be shattered and thrown out from the target source in a rain of concrete missiles. Hopefully to land on two black top collection areas. With this project, we're trying to learn how we can increase the radius of destruction from concrete fragments thrown out by an atomic explosion. The day before Uncle Shot, the bomb is lowered 17 feet into the ground to its platform. Here for the first time, an attempt is being made to determine the feasibility of stockpiling of penetrating weapon. Once the weapon is in place, metal cover pans filled with dirt are placed over it to approximate the weight and density of the removed earth. Our instrumentation has been installed and the underground structures put under their earthen blanket. As the area clears, the feverish atmosphere that has characterized the site for many weeks disappears. It's quiet and in a desert's own way, lonely. Shot day. Six, five, four, three, two, one, zero. Too hot for any immediate full-scale recovery work. Because here, as in all other peacetime work with radioactivity, each man is permitted only a very small total dosage of radiation. Far less than he could safely tolerate in a combat situation. These men know radiation. They live with it daily, here in the field and at their home laboratories. They have neither fear nor question. They just treat it with respect and observe a few simple precautions. Structures appear virtually untouched. Others are shattered and broken by the blast. The buried structures, of course, will remain as they are until we can return in full force to collect our data. For the time being, all we can do is be patient and wait for the radiation level to lower to a safe degree. Once it does, we will gather our facts and data and return to our laboratories for further study. This is a continuing job, this business of atomic testing. The scientist never stops in his search for more efficient use of our stockpile material. We must never stop in our work to get more complete knowledge about the effects of atomic weapons. We don't dare. Military effects testing will continue on all atomic tests. Equipment, material, and structures. Whether destined for military or civilian use will be our test devices. A thorough knowledge of blast, nuclear and thermal radiation is our goal. This is our story of military effects. As we go back to our bases and laboratories all over the country, we leave the test areas as deserted as the ghost mines and towns of the surrounding southwest that carry their silent memories of boom times and activity. But there's a difference. This remote valley in Nevada is going to come to life and history again several times a year. There's much to be learned. Our job here has only begun. We realize this even more when we get back to home base with our instruments and data and have the time to study the results of Buster Jangle and evaluate the next set of military effects programs. And the next. And the next. While some of us in the Army, Navy, and Air Force start to work on future atomic tests, some of the rest of us are helping the Atomic Energy Commission develop the ballistics for yet untried weapon ideas, making them compatible with military equipment, devising and refining the equipment and techniques for ground handling of weapons before they have been proof tested and grinding a polish into techniques for dropping these new atomic weapon ideas. Sometimes using equipment for delivery that is standard today and sometimes working with both the weapons and delivery wagons of future Atomic Energy Commission. The armed forces will be ready with the know-how to put them into immediate use. Combining this knowledge and confidence with the experience gained in operations like Buster Jangle and working with the effects of atomic bombs, knowledge for the deadliest kind of atomic strikes on enemy targets and experience for effective defense in our own cities and military installations. The defense establishment of the United States a little stronger every day.


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to a user education. We continue this part of the physics for teens course, which is called electromagnetism Before we were talking about electricity. This is the first lecture, which will be talking about magnetism and Then when both of them will be finished, we will talk about why we are combining this into one electromagnetism part of the course now So the name of the whole course is physics 14. It's presented on unizor.com I suggest you to watch this lecture from the website from the unizor.com because Every lecture has very detailed notes. It's like a textbook There are many problems which you can just solve yourself and then check the answers if you are correct for self-checking there are exams and The site is completely free. There are no ads. No no strings attached. You don't even have to look in if you don't want to Okay, so let's talk about magnetism Well, first of all, recall that we had two very very different kinds of forces One kind of force is the contact. That's where we were studying this in mechanics If I'm pushing something that's kind of obvious What is the source of the force and what's the result of this kind of a movement? another Kind of forces where the forces which act on a distance Now so far we were talking about gravitational forces they do act on a distance and electrostatic forces Also act on the distance There are similarities and there are differences between these forces for example Gravitation gravity always exists So whenever you have any material object there is some gravity and gravitation always attracts two different objects in case of electrostatic Well, first of all in the forces electrostatic forces exist only if you have Charged objects charged means either they have an axis of electrons It's negative charge or deficiency of electrons. That's the positive charge So some objects do have this electrostatic forces between them some don't Which is different from gravitation Also in case of gravitation, it's always attracting in case of electrostatic It can be either attractive if you have positive and negative Or it can be repelling which you have two negatives or two positives So there are some differences. There are some similarities Now in both cases we have introduced a concept of a field Just to explain basically what does it mean to act on a distance? So we're talking about that there is some kind of a field We didn't go into More detail about what exactly the field is it's filled something which basically delivers the force That's that's kind of an explanation So the concept of field was introduced just to explain this Acting on the distance now In this particular Area we have just one other kind of forces Which act on a distance so not only gravitational not only electrostatic We also have another kind of forces and that's exactly what magnetism is about There are certain Objects which have permanent property permanent like In case of a gravity, but in case of gravity all objects have Which have mass they have gravitation around the gravitation field In this case only some object some object have some object don't have now the There are naturally occurring objects and we can also make artificial object of that kind so They have this property of Magnetism which is different from from gravitation different from electrostatic But nevertheless it acts in a similar fashion. So if you have for instance two Objects of this kind and we will call them magnets They can either attract if you just put them together properly or they can actually repel if you change the direction So it all depends on how you Direct these objects towards each other that that's one of the differences Well and there are some other less important differences what is important is that this is not related to any kind of Our activity you see electrostatic forces must be related to some activity first We should separate electrons from the atoms So wherever we go with electrons becomes negative and whatever is left Atoms without certain electrons become positive. So we need to do something to produce electricity In case of the permanent magnets, we don't do anything. They just exist It's like gravitation. Basically. It just exists so these objects and by the way sometimes they're called ferromagnetic ferro from the iron from ferrum ferrum that that's Latin and It's because all these objects are somehow related from the chemical composition to iron Or similar to iron like nickel for instance So These ferromagnetic objects, they are permanent. So we don't have to do anything To make it work to make the magnetic field around These objects to exist. So that's one thing they are natural and Permanent that's why it's called permanent magnets But again, we can artificially create chemically create these kind of objects, but they are they occur in in the nature so What is a very important is the following and again, that's kind of a differentiating this field The magnetic field around these objects from let's say electrostatic field In case of electrostatic field, it's either negative or positive. You don't really have in the same object both I mean, maybe temporarily you can separate them But if you don't separate it further then negative and positive will go back to each other and they will neutralize each other In case of magnet that does not happen It in case of magnets one part of this magnet is always have certain Magnetic properties of one kind and another part is from another part another another kind of magnetic properties and Conditionally again in as much as in electrostatic We call conditionally minus and plus negative and positive in case of magnets for the same object one part Is called north pole and another is called south pole and again every magnet has two poles Which is different from electrostatic Charged object when it's either negative the whole object is either negative or positive here The same object has two poles and as far as attraction and repelling is if you have Okay, this is my north pole and this is my north pole and these are south poles at the bottom so in case of magnets permanent magnets similar poles are repelling and Different poles like north to south or or south to north they are attracting each other so Again, there is some similarity and there are some differences What's important with permanent magnets is that the north and south poles exist on each object Why it's a different question, but that's what differs from let's say electrostatic forces now Okay, now what's very important is that Our planet Earth is a giant magnet It has also north pole and south pole Well interestingly enough North pole is Very close to our geographical north pole and south pole is very close to our geographical south pole in the planet Earth What's also interesting is that Location of the north pole and south pole is not really completely permanent because Earth has lots of things which are going on inside it It's volcanoes, you know all these lava things, etc. And Earth core is always kind of moving we live on a very thin crust above melted lava, basically So whenever it's moving Since everything is moving inside and there are all kinds of minerals metals, etc Melted together the location of the north pole and south pole is fluctuating Not a lot but sufficient amount of you know distance it's moving sufficient amount of distance to notice so We are using compass, you know to point to north or to south or whatever and I would like to say that if you are really relatively far from the poles somewhere, you know In between certain middle parallels Then direction of the compass to the north is Relatively precise, but if you are Here's our Earth Okay, this is the axis so this is our geographical north and somewhere here is magnetic North so if you are somewhere here in the middle parallels somewhere then That direction to the north pole Magnetic pole is really very close to geographic pole, but if you are near there You can have it in an opposite direction completely. So your north pole will be one direction and Magnetic north pole will be a completely different direction. So you have to be very careful to use the compass around the north pole or south pole and And the game the magnetic north pole and south pole are also fluctuating So you don't really know what's happening at that particular moment of time. So it's not not easy Now so how the compass is working well very easy compass has this kind of rotating arrow one of them is red Another is blue usually Now red is and It's the same actually for all magnets when they are artificially created or They're just from nature, but you're basically, you know buying it in the store. They're usually painted Half of them is painted red and half of them is painted blue blue is north Red is south. So what's happening red is south and points to? North pole of the earth north and south attract each other So that's why this arrow is this way and the north's Magnetic pole is over there then it gradually Directs to towards the north. So that's how the compass is working and Again, we have to really be very careful to use it near the north pole or south pole because then everything is completely different Okay, so that's basic properties of magnetic of permanent magnets Number one. They're permanent. We don't really have to do anything to Make this magnetic forces to actually appear to act They are permanent Secondly, we have two poles north and south conditionally called up this the north and south And north attracts to south But the repels north south attracts to north and repels south so in some way there is some similarity with electrostatic fields There are some similarities like permanence with gravitational field And again the difference is that they exist just by themselves You don't have to do anything to separate electrons, etc. Like in electrostatic field Like gravitation is it exists basically We don't know why to tell you the truth, but it exists same thing with permanent magnets now It would be probably interesting. Well, at least I consider it's very interesting to find out why the whole concept of Fields acting can the distance, etc. Why it it works this way And it's not easy quite frankly. I mean there are many theories for instance About why gravity exists In case of electrostatic fields we are attempting understand To understand the concept the mechanism by basically Talking about electrons access of electrons means negative deficiency of electrons means positive, but does it really explain this thing? No, because it's based on the fact that electron to electron Repel each other, but electron to proton. Let's say attract each other. Why? It's not easy again. There are many very interesting and very complex theories about certain More elementary particles being exchanged between let's say two electrons like imagine two electrons as Two people and there is a some kind of a bowling ball which one of them is Throwing to another so when the bowling ball is thrown then there is a recoil on one side and when the poor and the ball is Received on another side it's also by inertia Goes away from the first person right so they're really kind of repelling each other So if they are exchanging balls, they are repelling each other Well, it's an explanation. What are these balls? It's more elementary particles than electrons So if electrons are people then these balls which they're Exchanging is probably something really much much smaller than electrons and photons for instance So there are certain explanation. There are certain theories. There is a quantum field theory which basically spends a lot of time to explain certain things, but it's really very very difficult and Same thing with magnetic field there is certain kind of explanation which physicists are considering to be well relatively close to truth and Corresponding to their experiment and it's actually related to electrons and here is Very I would say superficial explanation of this So imagine an electron now the electron is not just, you know particle which Like a small ball or something like this it it rotates around the The nucleus of the of the atom and it also rotates around its own Access or at least we can hypothesize that it rotates which means it has certain spin Now as electron is spinning it's producing certain Magnetic field and this is by the way one of the Foundation of the fact that we are talking about electromagnetism Electricity and magnetism are related Electricity is related to electrons magnetism is related to the movement of electrons. So as the electrons spins If you have even number of electrons on the outer orbit around the atom they Have different spins half of them have one spin half of them have another spin they're rotating in one you can imagine as Rotating in one direction and another rotating in another direction and that produces The magnetic field but since they're spinning in different direction the magnetic field is Basically nullifying each other all these magnetic fields are nullifying north goes to south south goes to north North goes to south south goes to north and everything is basically neutral magnetically neutral But if you have an odd number of electrons on the outer orbit of the atoms and obviously, you know half of the Elements have odd number. Yes almost half Then we have a this balance then this one extra electron Doesn't have a pair So it's magnetic field doesn't really Neutralized by another electron which has a different spin So that's one of the reasons why this particular atom Can have certain magnetic properties, but this is one single atom if Atoms are positioned in such a way That direction of the magnetic Field of each atom is the same then all these magnetic fields of every atom are combined together and That produced north and south pole on the entire object So we need two Conditions to have this permanent magnet one condition is The material it's made of is supposed to have an odd number of electrons on the outer orbit and Also the atoms shouldn't really be completely randomly positioned inside the object They should be like a like a in the crystal for instance for instance. Okay, so there is certain Direction all atoms are Kind of directing their orbits So if you have all the orbits in one plane So all these planes should be parallel each other and positioned always in one direction Well To tell you the truth. I'm not satisfied with this explanation completely, but it's something It's something which also makes a very important connection Between electricity and magnetism electrons here and there Existence of electrons is for pure electrostatic, but their movement They're spinning or whatever you call it is the source of magnetic field That's why in theory. It's a one field called electromagnetic field and that's what we will basically study a little bit later Right now this part is for magnets only and their properties Okay, that's it for today. I suggest you to go to the website and read All these explanations. There are not too many things which I draw on the board It's mostly the text which is in the notes for this lecture, which I would like you to read it basically inculcates the whole concept of the field and How different fields? Gravitation electrostatic magnetic field how they are related as far as their properties are some of them permanent some of them require certain efforts some of them unidirectional only attracting some of them bi-directional and Basically existence of different kind of properties. That's it for today. Thank you very much and good luck


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Hey, what's going on guys? You're right. It's Mark I thought I would give you a quick update if you've noticed or if you if you're copying me or following me You might have noticed I'm not I've got a lot of available cash at the moment I've been closing out a lot of my position. So we're about 50 50. I think Just a foreground Available and then for grand invested I believe in terms of the stocks I trade or stocks I had positions in and a lot of them were overextended the one that I'm Devastated about is Delta. I literally closed the position. Let's have a look at the talk quick I closed the position where literally like here Because I might have been a little bit higher But it was in this kind of bullfight and I was like, I don't know It looks like it's kind of been trading between like 51 and 48 and I don't know what's gonna happen So and it was looking peaked out on the RSI and Matt D. Looks thingy. I looked look a bit Looked to be extended. So I thought, you know, I'll just hedge my bets Or kind of play it safe and close the position and then the next day it went up 7% and I was oh, no What have I done and then it was up 3% again today, but there's no point in buying and now to try and you know Like fear of missing out sort of thing I'm potentially would I if I open sell positions I would open one now But I don't so there you go So that's that's why I sold out of Delta just because I thought it was kind of extended It was struggling around this in this range and I just wanted to play it safe It's always, you know, better to be green and red right no matter how much the green is so Even though you can see how consistently it trades between 48 and 54. I still decided to do that You know, I can't complain but Yeah, so we'll just look for this to pull back And potentially buy in unless it just kind of keeps moving up then so bit But yeah, that was one that really hurt just because you know What can you do? But let's have a look at the history and so you can see a lot of closed positions I hope I wonder if they're all gonna be here Just look like everything. Oh look, there's some Forex in there. Oh exciting. I'll be talking about that some of a video But for now You can see I was big into Coca-Cola After the earnings report and they all pulled back sort of thing. I have what I since closed those positions in profit. You can see reasons for closing You can see obviously it's had this support around 45 and then even a little bit more Conservative if you want to buy in a bit lower, you could potentially look at like 44 This level here. It's hit the it was approaching the SMA So I was a little bit cautious and as it's approaching the SMA I mean it was also a big extend of the RSI and the MacD and obviously you can see the MacD has been curving down since So we sold out just as it hit this SMA. You can see since We've sold it at this this level here. It's pulled back So potentially kind of keep eyes on that to buy back in although really If you look historically, it's kind of traded between this this level here like maybe 44 and 46 if you look if we go right back to kind of September or October last year So it might potentially trade between those two levels there In fact, I'm gonna wipe that in just to remind me in case I come back on it and don't pay that much attention Can you see that though, right if you look back here? It's been trading That as boys acted as a resistance So kind of 46 for a little while and then drop down into a different channel, but then come back to here So everywhere it goes coke. It looks like it trades quite horizontally. So I'm we'll look for it to potentially pull back And buy back in maybe but I just wanted to close that out and let's have a look just see What the profits were right like 4% 4% 3% on each one. So that's cool. I'm look look at this devastated These could have been 10% plus for del or as we've already spoke about but What can you do? I'm close that Disney, you know a couple percent on each trade If you see my Disney video about well when I was buying in and I look quite good potentially a bit soon, but again It sold off down to kind of this 107 level and we buying in buying in RSI looked kind of be extended Matthew look peaked out In terms of the price level you can see there's been a bit of resistance a lot 112 So I wanted to sell out and again, you can see that historically kind of here as well Does have the potential to move up to 114 and 117 it wouldn't be ludicrous to to be a bit more Optimistic and hold on to that and I'm sure over the long term it would but again, I just I would rather be Conservative close positions in the green wait for it to pull back and buying again rather than just kind of fingers crossed and And waiting for it to continue to push up. So that's Disney for you I'm also shout out to my man who got into Disney. You know who you are Doing bits message me on Instagram. Sorry. I'm happy for you Glad that that come through for you and you know Fuzzers, you know as aggressive as you over the trade, you know, I'm saying It might be my work that would be better for me as well. But what can you do? Cool, let's keep going. Let's keep going Bowen, you know, we was into Boeing We You know, I've got some decent decent Returns on there like 4% seems to be like the average or probably 3% That would be the average across those trades. In fact, I don't actually know what bones done since we closed off Oh, look sold off. See it's like I got a crystal ball, mate. Don't quote me on that You know, but so you can see we've bow and it pulled back to and this old resistance right old resistance new support So we decided to buy in And then it really pushed up and it pushed up pushed up above. Excuse me the SMA which was good, right? And we were happy with that. But as always RSI peaked out MacDee peaked out You can see that there was a resistance previously at around 392. So we've all that considered right with the RSI Overbought MacDee peaking out and we've had a bit of a resistance at 392. Not a massive one Right, so it's you know, it's only happened once but it's just something to be aware of and Yeah, and we're in the green so I didn't need I didn't feel the need to Push it any further. Although there is a good, you know margin of profit and a decent decent ground to cover I would always Air on the side of caution, especially if people are copying me and you know, I've got that on my head If it was just my money, I'll we'll go for it. But yeah, so anyway, but since then And it has pulled back I would want to see it pull back a little bit further and or even potentially consolidate along this SMA. That'd be nice And then we'll look to get in if we want to see it push up I'm just trying to think This look I mean the EMA still looks positive, right? I mean it's pointing up But it does look like like it's going neutral SMA looks good. It's still kind of Positive, I mean And I'm just trying to think of like if there's any indication as to why it would pull back To like 328 that would be amazing if it did and then we could buy in and then we've got this like range to trade between But it doesn't look like it looks as it looks like it's kind of consolidate along this Old resistance here and found a good home there. So we will see we'll see again see how it plays out I'm just updating you on the trades that we've closed and why so this isn't If we're gonna buy anything, this is just why we closed the trades we did to do to do JP Morgan again Super conservative. This is like didn't even break 1% on that Let's see what JP Morgan's up to since another green day for JP Morgan. Oh, right. That's it. So You can see here with JP Morgan. I should have sold out here I was thinking about sending out the RSI was peaked out and MacD was was, you know looking good But we was above the SMA. It was holding above the SMA Excuse me, it's holding above the EMA exponential moving average and obviously it was a it was holding above the SMA this this red line here So I was you know feeling pretty confident I was feeling pretty positive about it and I was expecting it to push up to like 110 and hold that momentum So that's why I didn't sell out here just because it everything looks so positive However, I believe that it dropped quite a lot. I think it dropped like 3% in one day 3-4% in one day Um, and then obviously recovered that ground. I think and then it went on to do a couple of percent in one day Um, but again once once this all peaked out again the RSI MacD I just want to close those positions and get out also because it's kind of like um Not it's not trending down, but can you see how it's like lower highs as it's as it's peaking right? So it's here and then it's got a lower low And then a lower high as it's peaking down. So I just wanted to to get out of that for the time being until it looked a bit more Um inviting again just closing out the profit Closing it out in the green Um intel these are positions that we've held for a while now I'm just because I changed my approach right so any positions I've got that are like 50 dollars I was going to treat it kind of like a mutual fund and just buy in at any price and do um Uh dollar averaging dollar cost averaging I think um, you know, you kind of consistently buy whether it's high or whether it's low And then you get the average price of the market and the average price of the market goes up Um, I I thought if I'm using the tour I might as well trade right I have mutual funds to do that So while I do that on the tour, but anyway Um, but these these come through for us And so I close them out and that um, again kind of based on what we're looking for I feel like a broken record, but you guys get the idea right irsi macd And then looking at the price not just solely relying on these to look at the price right the price is Pretty much peaked out to where it has been previously. So while we want to hold on to that's just kind of optimism Which isn't a terrible thing. Um, and you know the price of companies over time It does go up, right? Like if you bought at the peak here In 2015 and held on you even though it pulled back, right? You'd still be way into Way into it, but that's not what we're trying to do trying to compound and and trade. So anyway Um, let's have a look where I'll sweet until and then google google I was potentially thinking about buying more into today, but I just sold off instead It does have the potential to come out gonna go up to like 12 50 um And you know the irsi is not looking terrible, but it has pulled back a stock in negative That is in the irsi is pointing down macd is coming in for buy the price action looks good It could look better. So that's that's really where we're at. It's not terrible, but it could always be better So I'll just stay on the side of caution with that. So Yeah, that is that's it for now Um Obviously testers coming back to just on a side note or the look at this. It's trending down. It's below the sma So um, I'm gonna have to look into some fundamentals on this to see whether it's something we want to keep pursuing Um, but yeah, so that's everything we closed out. Um, I've got some forex trades in here Which I will be speaking on I've been dabbling in a little bit of forex Um had some success with it, but I'm going to go into a little bit more detail about that Why I'm trading forex? Um, why I want to learn a little bit more about it. And obviously you can see a bit quite in here So, you know new things new exciting stuff Um, if you enjoyed the video make sure you like the video Um, if you have a conversation with me you can message me on instagram DM me uh mark freeman official m a m a r k freeman like morgan freeman official um on instagram And Well Subscribe if you enjoyed the video like share tell your friends If you have a comment and you don't want to message me on instagram wacky and youtube wacky on itora Um, I will do my best to reply to everyone for the most part. I do reply to everyone Um, so yeah, thanks for watching. I'll catch you guys later