Okay, we're back, we're live, I'm Jay Feidell, that first show of the week, Think Tech Hawaii. And we're going to do Think Tech Asia now, we're going to talk about Asia with a very honored guest, and that is Admiral Thomas Fargo, a retired Pacific commander, which is a very big job. Admiral Fargo, it's so nice to have you here. Great to be with you again, Jay. So yeah, so you have plenty of experience in dealing with Asia and your role as Pacific commander, and since, with all the things you do. And I'd like to talk to you today about Korea, North Korea. This is a big thing, and it is a big event that affects the United States' position in Asia-Pacific, don't you think? Well, absolutely. And of course, we've been working the North Korea issues for decades, really, throughout my whole time. And of course, over the last couple of weeks, there have been some dramatic happenings. I mean, you looked a couple of months ago, we were watching missiles fly over the top of Japan and nuclear detonations in North Korea, and now we've had some startling pronouncements. Yeah, I'll say. I mean, a complete reversal just a few days ago was like headline news from a point of view of arguments and name-calling and threatening, and unfortunately false alarms here about nuclear missiles, that'll get your blood boiling. Now we have Kim Jong-un saying, no, I'm going to hold up on that. I've already achieved my goal. I really wonder about the statement. I've already achieved my goal, so I'm not going to do any more of that. You should be happy. So, Querry, is he telling the truth when he says he's already achieved his goal? Well, it's hard to tell. Because in large measure, we don't believe that he has accomplished all that we would expect in terms of the testing regime, the kinds of things that would give you the confidence that you could actually have an operational nuclear weapon that you could move to the United States. So, we don't know the answer to that. But he may have achieved maybe what he believes are the domestic political efforts that he has to accomplish to move forward, and time will tell, but we don't have clarity in that issue right now. And do you believe him when he says he's really stopped whatever he was doing? Well, I think from external appearances, certainly he will. I mean, I do think he wants this summit very much. He appears to be trying to set the stage to ensure that it actually happens. Because as you know, there have been statements that are made that we're not going to go into these discussions unless certain preconditions are clearly met. So, yeah, I think from an external standpoint, he thinks that he is going to meet those requirements. But, you know, we don't have anybody in country, we don't have an inspection regime. Really hard to know. Yeah, well, we can, we have the technology to tell when he's doing a nuclear test, right? Sure. There's a seismic reading on that. Yeah, he makes a detonation. We'll know it. And we can, in many respects, measure the size and the nature of that detonation. Sure. And the same thing with testing a ballistic missile. We can see it coming. I mean, I assume we're out there somehow with whatever technology we have, watching everything. We certainly have the ability to monitor ballistic missile testing and also anything that occurs that would release into the atmosphere, the kinds of indicators that a nuclear weapon has been detonated. Yeah. Gee, there's so many issues here. And it's change of heart. What, you know, that's a remarkable change of heart from name calling to, okay, okay, I'll do it your way. Do you have any idea, any even speculation about why he changed on a dime that way? Well, it's hard to tell. As I said earlier, I think he wants this particular summit. He wants these negotiations. But what the end state is, and what his believed end state is, is really hard to tell. If you look at all the experts that have been talking over the last couple of weeks, they've fallen to kind of three camps, in my view. The first camp is the most optimistic one, is that Kim has actually decided that now is the time to exchange his nuclear weapons program for the kind of economic stimulus that the world can provide. In other words, he's going to forego this investment, which is considerable. And of course, there's limited investment in the North Korea can make and limit that investment, the nuclear program, and look to invest in the economy and its people with an awful lot of help from the United States, China, the other key people that have a clear stake in this. And of course, the other thing that's on the table is we're not on a peace treaty yet with North Korea. So that's the optimistic point of view that would say, and maybe there is a universal solution here where he gives up his nuclear program completely. We end up with providing economic support for him, and eventually we come to some agreement on a number of different issues on the Korean peninsula, of course, the Armistice, which is at the top of that list. In the middle is what I would call what he's really looking for is some sort of an arms control agreement, where he would limit his nuclear program. There would be an inspection regime. He would make various promises that we would have to be able to ascertain or valid. And we'd have to accept something less than the total denuclearization of the Korean peninsula. So there are folks that think there might be a position there. He might believe there's a position. And a matter of fact, my guess is that that's probably where he would like to see the outcome. And then on the other extreme is the view that, hey, we've been down this road again, this is just the next iteration of kind of the bait and switch. And we're going to go to the table. And when we really get down to brass tacks, he didn't want to give up this program, and this will be a futile effort. You have concern about that? Well, you have to have a concern about it. I mean, history is on the side of that argument, of course. And hopefully that's not the way this will end. But certainly if you looked at the cycle we've been on over the last 20 years, it leads you in that direction. Well, reviewing the events over the past couple of weeks, we should look and see how various events we've read in the paper affect us. For example, the director of the CIA goes out and plays apparently a diplomatic role and that had to have some effect because it happened in approximate time. What was that all about? Do you have a sense of that? Did that catch you by surprise? You did? Yes. Oh, yes. Me too. But I don't think it's an indication that there is some seriousness here, that maybe there's the potential to ease the current very serious situation on the Korean peninsula. So I think it caught everybody by surprise. Of course, they managed to pull it off without it being tipped in advance, which is tough to do in the current day and age. So I would have to think that's a positive event. Yeah. And it had to be done with the subsequent move of appointing Pompeo as Secretary of State. It had to be done with that in mind, don't you think? You know, I think Pompeo was the logical guy to go as the director of the CIA. If you look back into other events of this nature over time, the intelligence, not agreements, but relationships and access and back channels that we have, I think allow the director of the CIA or other folks in that community an opportunity to do that. So I can't tie it directly to the Secretary of State. I think it's more closely tied to his current role. Interesting. Another thing that happened, of course, is that the propaganda loudspeakers at the 38th Parallel, which had been operated by South Korea for how many years, were turned off. For the first time. I've heard those speakers, by the way, up close and personal. They're just running North Korea down and talking about the wonderful life in South Korea, asking people to desert, that sort of thing. Sure. But I think you're saying a lot of what might be considered relatively minor, but signaling initiatives of that nature that are happening kind of across the spectrum, certainly the South Koreans and the meetings that are being keyed up for their leadership, even discussions out in Japan about meetings. Yeah. We should take a look at your map, your chart, and sort of get a geographical view of this. So we have this chart, and it shows the various countries, among other things, it shows the various countries around North Korea. And I wonder if we could tick off the involvement or lack of involvement of each one of them. For example, you mentioned what we know South Korea is important in this, and certainly Japan is important in this, and China is a big question. Sure. I really like this slide, and we'll talk about it a little bit more in a few minutes, because it relates to China's strategy. But if you look at the right-hand side of the map, and you can see the Korean Peninsula and Japan and, of course, China to the west and north of Korea, China, obviously a big player, and very important to these discussions, you saw the visit that Kim Jong-un made to China. What about that old railway train he's got? The old railroad. It's really cute. This is before, for those purposes, but his first time out of the country, and once again, I think one of those events on the periphery of all this that is significant in terms of how you stage these potential talks and those communications, and obviously citizens like you and I don't know what was discussed in those conversations, but hopefully others do. So China is a huge player. They've got great equities. They've got great equities over the long term with respect to the Korean Peninsula. Obviously, they have a significant border on the north, and certainly any kind of resolution of the armistice of the relationship between the north and the south, and with the United States, China is more than just hugely interested. The unification would be a big problem for China, wouldn't it? Well, it could be. That puts the armistice, not the armistice, our alliance with the south on their border, and that's probably an uncomfortable position for China. So that's a factor, and any long term solution, they would certainly want to be a robust player. With respect to South Korea, I think their equities are very clear. They have taken the lead on this particular set of talks, and they have, as you can imagine, with North Korea on their border and chemical weapons that can range Seoul, they've got huge equities for their future. And even if it was an amicable unification of some nature, you can imagine the economic aspects of that, because they'd be dramatic. Japan, Japan has a huge equity in all this. Obviously North Korea can range, and they've had issues with the north over decades. You're well aware of all of them, from people being actually taking hostage in Japan and brought back to the north to the threat from the North Koreans to a long history. So that's a big player. And then the Russians, obviously, they've got a border also. They're concerned they were an original member of the Six-Party Talks during the last significant effort to resolve these difficulties, and they believe that they ought to be involved in some extent also. It's so interesting that you spoke about this in the Scheidler-Pammy program, Paul Chun annual lecture about 90 days ago, something like that. And we didn't realize how much would happen in that 90 days. No, as usual when you talk about North Korea, you're going to find out three weeks later you're precisely wrong, maybe not precisely wrong. But there's obviously new elements that are really dramatic this time. Well, I think the big one, we should look at all this as an assemblage of nations in Asia Pacific. But the big one, of course, is us. And right after this break, Admiral Fargo, I'd like to cover that with you. We'll be right back. Look forward to it. I'm Ethan Allen, host of a likable science on Think Tech Hawaii. Every Friday afternoon at 2 p.m., I hope you'll join me for a likable science, where we'll dig into science, dig into the meat of science, dig into the joy and delight of science. We'll discover why science is indeed fun, why science is interesting, why people should care about science, and care about the research that's being done out there. It's all great. It's all entertaining. It's all educational. So I hope you'll join me for likable science. Hello, I'm Dave Stevens, host of the Cyber Underground. This is where we discuss everything that relates to computers that just kind of scare you out of your mind. So come join us every week here on Think Tech Hawaii. 1 p.m. on Friday afternoons, and then you can go see all our episodes on YouTube. Just look up the Cyber Underground on YouTube. All our shows will show up, and please follow us. We're always giving you current, relevant information to protect you. Keepin' you safe. Aloha. Okay. We're back. We're live with Admiral Thomas Fargo, the retired former commander of Pacific, well, all of the services in the Pacific. It was quite a job. Did you sleep well during that time? Yeah, actually, I slept pretty well for most of it, largely because we have such a tremendous capability in terms of our people and the quality of our military, both forward and throughout the Pacific AOR. So I actually, it wasn't that there weren't things that we worried about, but we could sleep. And you and I got to know each other in the connection with the AMI Maru in 2001. We were on different sides of the fence. I was with the press, and you were of the, I want to say sync pack. I always want to say sync pack, but the commander, the convening authority in the case of Scott Waddle. Yeah, I was a commander of the Pacific Fleet then, and I was a convening authority. And we did talk a lot kind of across the table. We were asking the questions, and I was answering the questions, and we were fortunate that the Court of Inquiry laid out all there was to possibly know about that tragedy. And we were able to, one, hold the right folks accountable, two, deal with the significant cultural concerns of the Japanese. And as you know, we actually salvaged that ship and recovered the remains. And certainly, even today, that's a big part of Hawaii, and I think about it on a regular basis. Yeah. It was an extraordinary time, I remember. It was probably the most difficult, single issue I had to resolve in my military career. But it was resolved well, I thought, and I'm happy it came out the way it came out. Thank you. Yeah. Anyway, so back to Hawaii and the United States, and how all of this in Korea plays for them. As you mentioned during the break, Hawaii is a center of the Pacific in so many ways. So we are unique in the, may I say, equities that we have in this whole issue. Very much so. Hawaii is strategic in nature. I mean, this is the center of gravity of our Pacific forces, you know, not only Admiral Harris's headquarter here, but all of the component commanders from the Army, the Navy, the Air Force, and the Marines. So obviously, any conflict in Asia, in the Pacific, even actually Indo-Asia and the Pacific would essentially be coordinated from Hawaii. The second piece is that Hawaii connects to Asia. And I think everybody understands this culturally. It certainly does, you know, the diversity of our population here. Many folks that live here have their roots in Asia and not just Japan, you know, Korea, the Philippines, all of East and Southeast Asia. And certainly, you know, there is a potential threat to Hawaii. That threat is, I don't think, tremendously more significant now than it is for the West Coast of the United States since the Korean missiles, as we know in the most recent tests. North Korean missiles can range the West Coast of the United States, but at some point we need to think about it. And as you know, Admiral Davidson just testified in his confirmation hearing last week, and we talked about what we need to do to make sure that we can defend Hawaii robustly moving forward. Yeah. That would be of concern because we're so far away from anywhere else and because a nuclear attack on Hawaii would have a devastating effect, I think, if not from the immediate blast and from the fallout later. Yeah. I don't want to make it sound like that's probable. That is still a very tough task to send the Koreans to gain the capability to send a nuclear weapon that could actually hit Hawaii. I mean, that's in the very small percentiles. Well, this all reminds me of the mouse that roared with Peter Sellers about some unknown country in the South. I'm old enough to remember that. I can talk to that. At the end of the day, there was an article in The Times this morning or yesterday for the proposition that maybe the president gave up too much. It's not clear what he gave up, though, is the problem. Some people think, well, just meeting with Kim Jong-un is giving up too much. On the other hand, there must be other things in play here, and if you gauge it from the remarks made by Kim Jong-un, as you said, these are economic things. This could be the mouse that roared. They make all this noise with the specific intention of inviting investment, of inviting trade, of becoming a responsible, more responsible member of the Asia-Pacific community and getting wealthy in the process. It could be. In my heart, I believe that's his motivation, and really the question is, well, what's in your heart? Well, I mean, I think that that may be precisely his motivation, but that's not going to be given away without very, very significant concessions on his part that are a tandem amount to essentially neutering his nuclear capability. It's just, as you point out, Trump hasn't given anything away yet. And I think this is an opportunity you can't miss. I mean, I know there are folks that say, this is a waste of time. We don't know that. And frankly, nothing else has worked, right? And this is an opportunity that I think is a responsible effort. I don't know where it's going to end up. It could end up like all the rest of them in the dustbin, but I think it would be a mistake to pass it up. What's the role of the military? I mean, if you can see it from where we are, the role of the military in developing this initiative and organizing this meeting or the moves that are being made. Well, I don't think the role has really changed. I mean, we need to have a strong, resilient capability to back up the political and diplomatic efforts that are made by our government. And we do. And that comes in a lot of different forms. Missile defense is probably one that I'd put at the very top of the list, but also our ability to help defend South Korea. And we've been doing that for decades, right, 60-some odd years. And that's important, because I think what everybody needs to understand, not only the North Koreans, but everybody in Asia, is the quality of our capability as well as the quality of our relationships with the rest of these countries in Asia. Yeah, it's all about hegemony. And the United States has had tremendous influence in Asia and Asia Pacific since the war. And it's remarkable how much we have been able to do with mostly soft power and smart power rather than hard power. And a fellow by the name of Simon Winchester out of the East-West Center wrote a book. And in one of the chapters of that book, he talked about the relative decline, if you will, of the influence of the United States in Asia. And you can measure that, if you like, with the fact that China has taken over the South China seas. And his point was we have to get used to it. We have to get used to being more of an equal partner than a commanding partner in the power structure of Asia Pacific. So I guess I'm interested in your thoughts about that and how the North Korea scenario as it plays out affects our hegemony, excuse me, in Asia Pacific. Yeah, I wouldn't call it hegemony. But I do think what you said at the very start is an important point. Essentially, the economic prosperity of Asia that has developed over the past 30 to 40 years is a direct result of the stability that the United States military ensured throughout Asia. And we did so in a manner that didn't threaten anybody's sovereignty. But we did, and even China talks to this, we did provide the relative peace and stability that is always necessary for economic prosperity. And Japan prospered, South Korea prospered, and China has prospered as a result of that. And it's been really good. And I think if you look at the current situation, because of that, nobody's anxious the United States leave the Indo-Asia area. I mean, that stability that we provided remains important. And I would disagree a little bit on the South China Sea. I mean, it's very clear that China's effort to build these suburb features, in some case, into military bases. And when you look at them and you see the actual models of them, it's hard to recognize them as anything else other than certainly a potential military base. 10,000 foot runways, ports that could take an aircraft carrier, they're very significant. But in that same period of time, I mean, right now, we haven't left either. And we're not about to create a vacuum there. And we're not about to leave our allies and our friends in an uncomfortable position there. I mean, we're going to remain present. Our capabilities will do nothing but improve. Once again, we're not looking for bases. We're looking to be a good friend and ally and maintain the appropriate presence in the region. It's really important for us, I think, for all of us. China is a wonderment here. China, we always see as the one who supported North Korea and the war back when in the 50s. And China has an ongoing trade relationship, but some substance with North Korea and has supported it and maybe used it as a buffer, but it's also useful for China to have that relationship. The train comes with Kim Jong-un, and they have a meeting, and with you, I'm very curious to know what happened. I hope we find out what happened at that meeting. But if you wonder about it, you think, well, the two of them are in a league in some way. They're fashioning some kind of plan together. And then we find, most recently, an article, again in The Times, that suggested that China may be losing control of the situation, that China may not be as strong in this whole scenario as it was, or we thought it was. Where is China in this situation? China has always argued that they don't have as much influence over North Korea as we contend. But they clearly have their hand on the oil valve, and they have their hand on all the trade across that border. I do believe that China has stepped up in large measure to help with the kind of pressure the Trump administration has put on North Korea. And my personal view is the best of the sanctions have always been the financial sanctions where you can cut off foreign currency reserves and take that away from him. And it's very difficult for him to maintain the same standard of life for the elites in North Korea. Just as the best sanctions are economic, so are the best incentives are economic. Sure. And that's kind of the direction this thing is headed. But I do think that China can play a constructive role here. I think North Korea has been a pain to them in a lot of respects. And China is not anxious for North Korea to have a nuclear capability. That leads to lots of things, including our buildup of missile defense capabilities in South Korea and things like that. So the China-North Korea relationship is not all hugs and kisses by any imagination. And there's friction there, too. But they're going to be a relevant player. And so for a minute, my last question, and I apologize, it's a political question, if the president succeeds in this, I mean arguably succeeds, even close succeeds, this is going to be a huge political impact, don't you think? This is going to affect the midterms. It's going to affect his re-electability at the end of his term, don't you think? Well, you know, when you look at it over the time you and I have been talking about this, Jay, this has been the most difficult problem that we've dealt with. I mean, we've tried time and time again different approaches and have been unable to resolve it. And once again, the war, the Korean War from the 50s hasn't been resolved yet. So it's been intractable. And if this administration could pull that off, it would be hugely significant, momentous, really. And of course, in a lot of respects, it'll have huge impacts on Asia moving forward. Thank you, Admiral. Thank you. Admiral Fargo, Thomas Fargo. We know each other since 2001. Thank you so much. Thank you.


My name is Tobias, I'm the co-founder of the Blender 3D School and we also host the Blender Day every year. It's a German speaking event in Mannheim and professionally I'm a full stick developer and I also teach software architecture to students at the Corporate State University in Mannheim. Yeah, and as you guess you see is exactly my topic because there's a lot of in for me to understand and to learn about it and today I would like to give you some kind of observations that I made and I will also cover the different pieces of software that is currently available in the Blender universe. Okay, whenever you have some more background knowledge that exceeds my knowledge please just give me a hand. We have a microphone here and you can just share some knowledge so I would like to learn about it also so you are invited to have the talk together with me if you like. Okay with that being said, let's have a look to the outline. I will just give you some motivational slides, the purpose a bit, then we will go over the different software pieces of the USD Blender ecosystem. Beyond that, there is a lot of more that USD is offering and I will try to explain it with Blender terms so maybe it's easier for those of you who are already familiar with Blender internal stuff and how the stage is organized and everything. And then we will have a look how well other DCCs, so DCC is digital content creation software so as Blender, how well other DCCs are playing well with USD so if it's a pain or it's very easy to export stuff using USD to other DCCs. And finally some closing remarks on the future of USD according to my opinion. Okay, please keep in mind USD has been invented for those guys. So you have a large production crew, many departments, many artists in each department they have to talk to each other, they have to share resources, they have to share assets. So whenever you get the impression why is USD doing this and remind yourself this slide because it's not for tiny teams or small teams, it's for the really big ones and the assets somewhere are created and then start their path throughout the whole project team and this is also called an asset pipeline as you can see here. We start as an ideation board, storyboard, we do some kind of block out, we make the modeling and so on and the asset is just moving along the path and those huge teams very easily run into a lot of problems if the pipeline is not setting up very tight and efficiently. And this is where USD has been invented for and Steve May from Pixar once explained that a lot of 3D content has to be moved between different tools and in those departments artists are not only using Blender of course, they also use other DCC so that means throughout the pipeline the asset moves from one DCC to another DCC and so on. And with that we have some challenges. So if artists work on the same project, even on the same file, then you have the problem of the last update wins. If two artists open the same file at the same time and one finish earlier than the other then only the changes from the last one are saved and the changes from the first one are just lost. Then we have different DCCs that need to speak to each other and we have several levels of done in our pipeline assets. They start in the sketching phase, then they are blocked out, then they have been worked up on and then they are released version one, two, three and so forth. And of course we have so many artists and nobody should be blocked because another artist is just claiming the file for himself or herself. So this brings us to the solution to decompose the whole scene into a lot of pieces. And this is what USD is made for, to provide a rich common language for defining and assembling and editing 3D data and to support multiple digital content creation applications. So this is the opening sentence you can read if you go to openusd.org. USD also has some quite interesting features. It allows to edit other artist assets on top of those original asset values without having any loss. So it's very nice to work in a large team. And of course we have a common language, so a common file format for the DCCs that can be shared among the departments. In July 2016, after a huge success of Alembic, which has been made public by Industrial Light and Magic and Sony Pictures, in the year 2011, Pixar released USD as open USD to the public after 20 years of internal development. And with that, they also provided Hydra, I will talk a little bit about Hydra in a couple of slides, and OpenSubtive. And they also provided a reference implementation for Maya and Katana. And just two months ago, the Alliance for Open USD has been founded by some companies and fortunately we have a talk about this today at 2 o'clock hosted by Winsand. So if you are interested in what they are doing, what is their purpose, then join us in the discussion. Just to give you some glimpse why it's important to have some kind of an open USD Alliance. Even if so many different renderers are speaking the same language and importing the asset files, any single one of those renderers has its own opinion how to interpret the lighting values and in some renderers it's very bright, the scene and in others it's very dark. So we need some kind of committee who sets up those standards that were not already defined there. Okay, before we go more into detail I would like to give you the main most important difference between how Blender understands the stage and how USD is structuring the stage. So for example if I want to create a forest scene made up of single trees, I would do it like this. In the last layer I would have my materials, my library file which is just defining the shaders and then I would link those shaders to my asset file where I just have the trees, the mesh data of the trees and then I would have several types and versions and variants of those trees in my trees.blend file. Every rectangle you see here is a blend file and every arc that is connecting those blend files could be interpreted as some kind of referencing linking. And finally on top of everything I have the shot dot blend which is just assembling everything together. So this at least is the stage or the structure of the project I would start with. USD is a little bit different. USD has more pieces. As I mentioned in USD we try to decompose the whole scene in little pieces and we have one USD file here again and rectangle is a USD file it's called layer. And we have one USD file at the bottom which is for example defining the mesh data. Another file is defining the material so this is somehow similar to Blender already. Then we have an object USD file which is referencing the other two files. So it's some kind similar to Blender linking. And then the difference starts because then I have some instances files and those instance files can have overrides. So you can just say okay I will reference to another layer below but I want to change this single property and you can do it it's called over. And in order to do it you have to identify the asset that you want to overwrite and this is done using a naming system. This is identical to Blender the names must be unique and in Blender we have data blocks and in USD we call it prims for primitive. So if you know which prim you want to overwrite you can do it you can just say hey I want to overwrite the prim let's call it tree and then we can add some other colors or some other positions and transforms. And finally we have the shot USD at the top again which just sub layers so integrates and assembles all the other instances that you have in your project. So as you can see here we have more layers we have more blend files USD files they are called layers and this is not only a difference to Blender but I will come to this in a couple of slides. Okay chapter two let's talk about some software pieces that are already available and that you can use. I will talk about the USD importer exporter of course the Hydraadon and the Omniverse Connector. In 2019 Sylvain R. Stüvel makes his first steps into USD and he just tested how well you can export USD from Blender so he was about exporting Blender not already importing it to Blender and he realized even back then there is some kind of different understanding of how the scene is structured and he also had some kind of he made up some very interesting observations for example USD likes to have many different pieces the whole scene is decomposed in many different pieces so that every artist can work independent of other artists on those pieces but in his export everything is in one USD file so this is some kind of a difference and I don't know if this is a technical reason for this but even if you want to decompose the Blender scene into many different pieces you would need how to do it and so this needs some kind of architectural knowledge of the departments and this the exporter cannot have. Another problem that comes with this is supporting instancing if you instance the same asset multiple times in your scene then it would be great that you do not make them real and export them so because then you have a lot of copies of redundant data and USD supports the scheme of references as I said so it would be great to export everything as far as possible as a reference but if you do not have single USD files then it's harder to reference them and this is also quite interesting from a software architectural point of view and Siebren already discussed this back then in 2019 but the community was very happy with his first test and there were lots of very nice comments and they were very happy that he started testing USD and with that encouragement in 2020 in a version 282 Blender got its first USD exporter this exporter was somehow limited but it was working for example the hair was only exporting apparent strands and we had only perspective cameras and only alive particles but nevertheless it was the first time we could export stuff that we made in Blender as USD files and then I tested it here I have a black screen wow there's a video okay cool and this is a Amsterdam scene and this is the data from Google Maps you can nowadays import those data using the Blender OSM add-on and yeah this is the Felix Merites and I wanted to make some kind of nice smoke simulation and I decided to test USD for it because I knew from further experiences and tests that the Blender fluid simulation is a little bit slower than in Maya it's because for some reason we only use one CPU core for simulating the stuff and Maya uses all cores so it has some kind of advantage and so I just exported everything to Maya and it was working fluently it it was like a brace we had all the models I had all the camera animation I had the camera angle and everything and so I could let Maya make what it can better than Blender and then I composited it back in Blender so it was working very great okay let's go back to the timeline in the following years we have some improvements up on the exporter and in 2021 we then also got USD import before it was not possible to see USD files with Blender eyes but no it was and yeah there were some limitations of course but I was very happy that we had it here's another slide where I had another fun project I created 17 000 cubes with a note editor and what you should know about exporting a blender to blend files to USD is about the instancing USD is very much about efficiency and here please keep in mind if you want to have instancing already used in the USD files you need to instance collections and not objects now if you just duplicate link objects and you have 17 000 cubes and export it then you have a very big file because everything is written as a copy so after it made real but if you just instance collections then you will really have instances in USD so it's very nice okay let's go to the importer a remark on the importer I created a USD structure as shown here on the left and if I open it in Pixar's own tools it works like expected again we have the mesh data which is instanced in several instances with some small changes we call it overs in USD land and with the USD importer in Blender you must be aware that somehow it loses those reference I mean there's only one mesh data here but as you can see on the bottom right the blender outliner shows two different mesh data blocks so it just copies the data right now or this is the blender for importer and it also does not take the right names from the prims that I have given so my prims are called three instance one and two but for some reason the objects here in Blender they are called after the mesh data so this is something you have to keep in mind if you open very large scenes because then your memory will will be flooded very easily I think it's just a thing that they can change in the future okay what happened after 2021 we got more and more improvements in the material important export we no support uxp open vdb volumes we had we got the usd z exporter so we can export ascii data binary data as well as zipped data so our usd files become smaller we have improvements on hair and curves and we also no import primitive shapes so in usd there are some kind of classes schemes and you can call it data types and for example there is a data type sphere and you can have an instance of the data type sphere and this instance only needs to explain its name so it's identifier and for example the position and the size the diameter you do not have to make any comments on vertices edges faces normals uv layout because this is defined in the scheme file and Blender since the 3.5 is also supporting those primitive shapes so the usd files are very small and you can import also those and they are mainly used as collection volumes in for example interactive applications because they only need roughly approximations of your high level measures and then you often use very primitive shapes like a box or a sphere so next week when blender 4 is coming out then we have also skeleton and blend shape animation support and no exporters can hook in so those hooks are used if you export something to a usd file then blender just notifies your exporter hey I'm ready to write it down on disk and then your exporter can make some kind of changes for example as a reference implementation they showed how they can export material x so this is a format which also very common in our sphere and we have also the hydrostorm add-on coming to blender and hydra is a very nice thing it's an abstraction layer between the dcc game structure and the renderers so imagine if we have a lot of dcc's and a lot of renderers on the other side to make everybody of those dcc's play with each render very nicely you need a lot of software to write now if you have n dcc's and m renderers you need n times m software that does the interconnection and hydra is now put in the middle so all dcc's now talk to hydra and all renderers also talk to hydra so and instead of n times m we only have n plus m software to write and to uh yeah to use in order to make it happen and in blender 3.1 I also um tried the hydra add-on already and you can just switch to the hydra renderer and then you have a possibility to choose which render delegate you want to use so render delegate is the connector from the renderer to hydra and in 3.1 they had the pro render radion delegate shipped with the add-on and back then they also had some kind of node system for usd files directly in blender you could just import usd files and you could merge them and then you could just connect them with the hydra add-on and the hydra then tells the renderer how to render it and for example here I loaded the kitchen scene from pixar and yeah it it was working very well and it was very nice to see that if you uh switch on the statistics you see that only eight faces are in the scene yeah although I see a lot of a lot of more here because it's directly going to the renderer and this has some advantages with very large scenes because then blender doesn't need to reference them in its own memory space that's some kind faster and you have some improvements on performance okay this um usd editor is not part of blender 4.0 but the hydra software is and it's now comes with storm renderer the storm renderer is a reference renderer from pixar which they use to check for all usd stuff okay um delegates for hydra are popping up everywhere so we have delegates for arnold amry even cycles octane katana lux core moonray the omniverse ethics renderer pro render redshift render man storm and vray so it's very great and we can expect that all those renderers will play nicely in the future with blender because of hydra okay let's come to another piece of software it's the omniverse connector and the omni omniverse nucleus it's some kind of exotic software because it's not made inside blender it's made from nvidia but it deserves the right here to be named because it's great piece of software i um i have tested this and it's it's working great and if we are thinking back to the artist they have to export all their files to some storage directory right and there is where nucleus comes in so it's just a storage for usd data so in a big pipeline you can have a local server it runs the nucleus application and there you can export all your usd files and you can import from those nucleus back to blender or other dccs and what's very great about the software is that it has some kind of memory what has been exported before so two weeks ago one month ago it has some kind of registry and it knows ah okay this guy already exported this asset and it changed nothing so during export we just set a reference to a usd file that is storing the asset so it's very fast because not everything needs to be exported again it uses references all over the place and what they also did is to provide connectors for a lot of dccs um this is the omniverse launcher you can install it and then you can have connectors for your favorite dccs and so it's very easy to export to the nucleus and I just talked to Vincent they have a very nice pricing license agreement so if you are a small company very few people and only two have to work together at the same time then it's even free and for enterprises who have multiple artists working together then it costs a lot of money but for most teams it will be okay they can use it for free um for blender they are also about to provide that connector as an add-on but it's not yet completely supporting all usd features so it has some issues so if you want to export to the nucleus from blender it's currently the best way to use the blender for omniverse fork so they provide a fork of blender and there they have integrated that technology together with support for nvidia's material definition language yeah and um I was very curious how far it goes and in july machine gun studio released the persian bazaar on the unreal marketplace for free so they have some free assets every month with 250 unique assets and 40 prefabs up to 4k textures the meshes use heavily nanite and lumen for lighting and it's a very huge scene and there are some kind of statistics on the right and yet there you can see that you have 100 000 of prims which are drawn on and they also provided some cameras and the cameras has some kind of camera properties for example defocus that you can see here yeah so this is a huge thing to export and I just pressed export and was very happy what happened then that is cycles so 90 percent of the scene was brought to blender and here I could use cycles and I could render better images because of the global illumination stuff and past tracing stuff and cycles which is not provided in this fashion in unreal so I was very happy all the textures were there all the models the mesh data and even the lights the skybox was there so I could just start rendering out all the stuff in blender without having the hassle to export every tiny thing individually now I would like to come to some use the concepts which are not yet supported in blender and it's also very likely that they will never be supported in blender because they are so strange and different from how blender is organizing the scene you see here on the left side the blender outliner and you have some collections collections could link from library files into the short file and you can have collections in multiple blender files and then you can assemble all of those together in one short file and on the right side you see the layering system of gimp photoshop to the image processing applications and there we have in contrast to blender the idea of order so if you have a background layer at the bottom and the foreground layer on top in gimp or photoshop then you will see the foreground above the background in the flattened image right but if you interchange it if you have the foreground below the background then the foreground will not be visible so order suddenly matters and this is what this usd is in blender it's completely irrelevant if you have a collection on top or above in nether but in usd it is of very importance which order the layers the usd files have when you combine them together and there's something else in gimp and photoshop you have combination modes so you can combine several layers together for example you can take one layer only the colors another layer is is just multiplying their pixels to the current stack and this is also there in usd land and they call it composition arcs so the combination modes are called composition arcs and with that being said we can go to dive deeper into some concepts of usd we already know the term layer is just one usd file and it's similar to a blend file or the collection that is stored in a blend file then we have sub layers which is similar to all contributing library files that we have in a blender scene which is not very similar or there's no term in blender is a scope scope is more like a grouping of of assets and in my opinion it's it's the closest is if you have the asset manager and in the asset manager you can set up sources where you have the collections that are assets and those sources somehow group together the same kind of assets for the same topic so this is something which is induced the scope on the left we have been now and now we change to the right and talk about the composition arcs so the combination modes of different layers the usd over is something similar to the library overwrite we know in blender then we have inherits which is just using references and you can have one source and you can reference it multiple times in blender and if you change some properties via python for example of those instance then it changes in all other instances as well so this is in usd land and inherit but they have another concept it's called usd reference and here those instances doesn't know each other so you still use instancing and you have multiple instances of the same source but now you can set values for every single instance on their own and they do not share them and yeah this is a nice concept to to vary in a detailed fashion set up your scene your asset data then as there is a purpose in usd every asset can be assigned a purpose and they have three types of purpose guide proxy and render and those purposes determine what is loaded into memory so whenever you want to make animation with an asset you can switch to proxy then the high detailed measures are disappearing and they are already unloaded from the memory and if you just render you see and then you have to use the purpose render and you can choose this in edit time so during editing you can define okay from this asset I want the proxy look and from this asset I want the render look and from this I want the guide look or all together and this is what blender is not providing in this in this flexibility you have to decide during import time which purpose you want to import to blender you cannot unload them whenever you want like in usd but the importer allows it that you say hey I would like to have all assets in their rendered version then you have variant sets and this is a great great idea here I have also loaded the kitchen scene from pixel in the usd view it's an application that ships with the usd stuff from the open usd and here I zoomed into a pen and variant sets is one asset that comes in different flavors so the modeler and the shader artist they just set up one single asset in different flavors and the artist the animation artist for example can now choose which of them he wants to see in the file for example a one type or a new type of the asset or an asset in different colors and here I'm choosing just drop downs to switch the different variants of the assets and here I also do it for a can and so this is a very neat feature because then you can decide which type of look you want to have for your asset in your current stage of working with the assets okay then we have the payloads usd payloads payloads are just data which is lazy loaded so if you open the scene the usd scene then the payloads is not loaded with the scene data but you can then define hey for this asset I would like to have the whole payload all the stuff all the high quality stuff and then you can just press a button and to unload it again so it it's not only becoming invisible it's just also falling out of memory and this is important if you have very large scenes and that you have a limited amount of memory and then you need to unload stuff in order to make you a nice experience with working the assets and yeah we have also the usd stage which is somehow different to the blender scene and and stage implementation and I already mentioned that the order is no important in usd land which is not important or not considered in blender but there's something else the different compositing arcs they have different strengths so they can overwrite the values from other compositing arcs and this they call liver piece this is just an abbreviation for the order of composition arcs and L is for local stage so all values that you define in the top most shot a layer file it's called local and they overwrite all others then you have inherits then you have value sets references payloads and specializes okay let's come to chapter four we did some research how well is usd playing well with other dcc's from blender and here got read a colleague of mine did all the very difficult stuff and he loaded all those dcc's and and tried hey can they consume my blender exported usd file and yeah this is the result you can you can look it up if you use the link bit.ly slash a beacon 23 minus usd you can you can come to this presentation here yeah no i have the problem i am not able to come back to my presentation oh thanks for the help hopefully so let's continue some real closing remarks what's coming up in the future of course there is a lot of missing usd features and there's also a prioritization from the demands of the community and i'm sure they will have more and more features covered here in the important exporter in blender but of course there will be other stuff in usd that we will never see in blender because of the different types the scene is organized but it's okay i mean we can load all the usd stuff and we can write to usd and as part of a pipeline it it still works very well okay if you are interested in usd and you want to have some kind of introductory notes then you can click links on the left side it's very nice to read through it it's written in a in an easily understandable way and if you like to have the heavy technical stuff then you can switch to the right side we have remedy entertainments they wrote a book about usd because they built their own game engine completely around usd and that's it's very nice to read it's it's it has a nice flow and of course you have the terms and concepts are provided by open usd there you can read what they how they describe all the concepts that i that i have also mentioned today and if you want to look back where everything started then you can find here the link to the blog post from sybren back in 2019 i'd like to thank all the developers who are supporting usd and it was very nice i i just talked to them and they invited me to their developer meetings and they helped me out with all the stuff so they're very nice people and i learned a lot so um thank you very much and yeah if you want to hear more about usd then please join us this afternoon two o'clock in the mooting room above we will talk about the open usd alliance thank you for coming in case you have any questions thanks okay the question is what about shader conversion from blender to adini currently the best thing you can do is to export everything as baked flat maps so some shader nodes are already supported in the exporter but not all so the best thing is if you have a procedural shader tree make textures of it make only one principle psdf shader node connect the textures to the node and then you you can be certain that it's exported very well to other tccs in the coming future they will add more and more shader nodes so that will be not needed any longer but currently this is a kind of limitation yeah sorry the omniverse connectors also a lot of them have built-in distillers and converters so if you use the the houdini connector to omniverse it'll convert the materials and then use the our build of blender to import it'll also convert back so you can try the connectors if you're not getting a good good translation directly if i have a a scene or a mesh made by geometry node in blender is it keep aliving and importing into omniverse omniverse like create currently you have the limitation that if you use geometry nodes to create instances you need to make instances using collections yeah in the geometry node there's some instance point node and there you can say okay i would like to instance a collection and then you have you can use the the concept of inheritance in the use the export so it it brings the size of your files very small it makes them very small yeah and the omniverse connector as well as a blender built-in exporter is doing the same here so use collection instances and then it works thank you what about animation and deformers do do the usd exporter like supported all like lattice bonds and bend and simple deform or do we need to cache it in like like an alumbic way yeah for most tccs it it works by caching it as an as an alumbic mesh but in blender for they also support a skeleton export so you do not have to to render it out and make it flat so you can also support the skeleton so this is improving but not everything is just supported and not for any dcc yeah because i mean it's not that only blender is somehow feature incomplete also other dccs do not support all of those features yet so there is some kind of trial and error and you can check our matrix we have compiled to see which comparatively is there with with your favorite other dcc beyond blender usd editor and um usd exporter actually you said that it's not gonna be i mean blender is not going to be an editor but we're able to export usd files so what do we do in blender i mean as i said it's a simple question but yeah what's the difference it's a very good question um you have um if you have blender in the blender in the pipeline then it's very likely that blender is not for assembling all the other usd files together but it's just responsible for a single asset and then you have no problem you can just export a single asset this is how usd would do it anyway so every asset has its own file composing or respecting the structure of the department so for this application blender is working very fine but of course you will not have the support of all other usd concepts that you would have in other applications for example houdini is completely built around usd so this is a the most complex um yeah a coverage of of usd features maya is also very well doing it because when it was released by pixar they also um provided maya implementation so they had some kind of head start in comparison to other dcc's okay let me just come to you so yeah i was kind of just curious about um the possibility at the moment to introduce custom objects in usd like custom data objects or like in basically all the like the measures and cameras and stuff which they like have properties and need to be reinterpreted but like just to uh yeah just the feasibility and options around like if i just want to create my own little data structure and have that be passed around by usd and read by different dc's is that like something inbaked from the start or yeah yeah so this um usd has been invented to be extendable so you can define your own schemes and classes and then you can make instance of those classes and you have to provide of course to other dcc's also the specification so you can just make your own data types and use them which is also very nice and it's not it's not there yet in blender so you cannot have it in blender and maybe you will never have it in blender that they support custom um objects but maybe we will see just one quick thing about the question about editing and using blender um i too i'll show how we use um our drive sim team that does the autonomous uh vehicle training system uh drive sim is entirely built on omniverse the whole team has switched over to blender for all of their asset creation so we'll be showing how we use blender to create the assets then omniverse or drive sim in this case to assemble the environments and simulate the worlds uh so it's a great working pipeline between the two okay then let's rub it up and have a nice day bye bye


Mr. Duck. Yes, Cody. I can't help noticing that your title says lesson six projectile motion part two I don't really recall a projectile motion part one Maybe when I was typing them this summer. Mr. Do it got the titles mixed up and really we should be doing that, please Lesson five projectile motion part one. Let's call it that please and Then tomorrow you lesson five, which is actually going to be less than six What's a projectile a projectile is an object in free fall Dropping something is technically a projectile, but we did do that last year.  That's what we're kind of using in our minds Mathematically, but we'll be demoing off and with stuff that has air resistance. We're going to ignore the air resistance to make the math What we want you to realize is there are two things going on with any projectile a projectile is traveling in two directions It's traveling horizontally Yes, you saw it But also it's traveling vertically which you were probably able to see better because what's coming straight towards you But you saw it go up and go back down and come towards you But the only way you could tell was coming towards you was because it was getting bigger in your eyes If you were really far away, you wouldn't be able to tell Thank you for avoiding the tablet by the way Be Relax Relax Sorry for the interruptions those who that are online a projectile is launched through the air any object that's launched through the area if we ignore air resistance However, we have to get rid of some misconceptions and this is the first one This comes from the fact that you folks have watched cartoons example one says this A mass is held at shoulder level and it's fired horizontally Which curve best shows the path it follows to the ground?  I'm positive I'm pretty sure I'm only voting because mr. Dukes keeping track of the faces and if I don't vote. He'll make fit one of me Okay, so you're ready who says path a Who says path B? Who says path C? Who says path D so we're about split between C and D for the most part So you can either defend your choice or attack someone else's choice attack or defend who's right or who's wrong convince me Carson see see is because of cartoon physics As soon as you fight and see is because you guys understand how white bulls work because the movies get it wrong If you're firing a rifle for example the split second that leaves the barrel It's dropping. It's falling. It doesn't travel straight for a while because it's like going so fast that gravity doesn't defect it Some that's not how it works Okay, and again, we're not talking about something like a frisbee which has a different type of aerodynamics with the air resistance We're talking about nice round aerodynamic projectiles. Yeah, the correct answer here is Be you want to test that you say there enough?  It be sorry if see is correct. This should also travel pretty much straight But you can see it dropped about just in that short time about that much it wasn't free folks As Soon as a projectile is launched as soon as it's launched it's accelerating at negative 9.8 meters per second squared down So defend your answer. Have I convinced you that we're not good at well? a equals negative 9.8 meters per second squared down immediately Do they still show the old coyote Roadrunner cartoons? Those are the worst ones because he always runs off the cliff He hovers there for a while until he figures out that he's in free fall and then he's in free fall right through Roadrunner physics bad physics example to Suppose I had two identical objects suppose I took my Nerf dart gun and I held it horizontal and I also just held a Nerf dart in my other hand And I dropped this dart at the same time as I pulled the trigger. What would happen? Which would hit the ground first? Object one since it has a more direct path Object to since it's moving faster than object one or see they both hit at the same time What do you think Tyson? See, I'm not sure what sorry Convince me if I summarize Tyson's argument It's the answer is C because C is the right answer. I'm gonna go a little more detailed than that I know wonderfully, I'm gonna reference that. Thank you for beating me to the punch captain. Yes This is the key idea behind projectiles Shannon what we're going to do from now on whenever we think about a projectile We're gonna think of it as having two components horizontal and vertical and Vertically all projectiles fall at the same time and yes Mythbusters did a lovely episode where they took a rifle in a long long warehouse And they fired the rifle and they measured where the bullet landed And then they redid that but they put a camera right where the bullet had landed and put another bullet Just hovering on a magnet at the same height as the rifle so that when you pulled the trigger The magnet turned off and the bullet from the magnet would drop as the rifle bullet was fired And sure enough they hit the ground. I think it was in about point two of you point zero zero two of each other There is some air resistance in the real life world that Comes into effect, but all objects fall and free fall at the same rate. That's what Galileo came up with So the answer here is gonna be they both hit at the same time There is kind of mr. Kimose have that little demo thingy Where it fires the ball and drops the ball. I've tried that I can never get it to work So I'm not I didn't bother getting it out this morning I can never get a level and yeah, I got a different demo to show you guys later okay That's going to be really handy then because anytime we launch something horizontally off a cliff Mathematically Alexis we're going to pretend it's just falling straight down for a big chunk of it And it'll give us lots of ways to analyze it. What this important demonstration shows us is that the horizontal and the vertical motions or components of a projectile are Independent of each other In fact when we solve a projectile question Ashley, we're going to draw a line down the middle of the page I'm going to call one side horizontal. I'm going to call one side vertical I'm going to write down two things right away always We'll talk about what those two things are and then I'm going to just ask what information do I have that's going to determine Whether I solve or analyze this projectile horizontally or vertically If you remember the Nerf dart gun that I shot Justin if you had had a strobe light that flashed every second or every tenth of a second And you've been able to take a picture every tenth of a second I did find a great picture online But when I it was actual photo strobe But when I put it into this document and tried photocopying it just became one of those big smear black Diagram didn't it didn't translate from the internet So I found this one, which is a computer graphics one If you look at any projectile and you take a picture, let's say every tenth of a second You'll find that the horizontal distance it travels is constant But the vertical distance that it travels is increasing What this really means is now my abbreviation for vertical velocity is vy vy is Negative increasing You know what I mean by negative increasing which way is it increasing in what direction down? I just don't feel like right negative because The vertical acceleration is negative 9.8 meters per second squared We all remember that number from last year gene we called it But the horizontal velocity if we ignore air resistance and we're going to The horizontal velocity and I'm going to call that Ashley vx is Constant your horizontal acceleration is zero What that means Cody is if I was on a skateboard Or I'm just going to walk at a constant speed and I throw something straight up It'll come right back down to my hand even though I'm moving forward It won't land behind me or in front of me. It's going to keep moving at exactly the same speed That I'm moving at Is constant There's a wonderful demo We have a cheap version of a little cart that you can roll and it fires a little ball in the air It's supposed to come straight down again again. I've never been able to get that one to work out worth a dime I have a better version right now. It's a video put your pencils down, please Much better equipment than I have I would love to own some of that stuff, but that's okay. They're MIT. They got a budget turn the page Spencer catch and back Now let's suppose one third of the way towards me. We froze time And we made the ball just freeze for a split second. What are the forces acting on that ball get the obvious ones? Gravity what else? I can't hear you. Is Spencer still touching it? That he can't possibly be exerting a force on it. What are the forces acting on the ball? And the answer is if we're ignoring air resistance only gravity Only gravity what direction does gravity act in? Down so the reason vx the horizontal is constant and v y the vertical is changing is Did I turn the video back on? I think I did Yes, I did good only one force Gravity and gravity is vertical gravity can't possibly make it go faster sideways That bugs people because they're like Tyson suggests it's moving there has to be a fork Don't know if it's at a constant speed Newton's first law said an object can continue moving at a constant speed and no force is acting on it and Again in real life air resistance is technically slowing it down a bit So it's pretend we're in a vacuum or on the moon example for consider this stop action picture It says at each point along the path indicate the velocity components. Let's do vertical velocities first So we're gonna launch something up at an angle Okay Right when I pull a trigger That projectile that nerf dart is moving Horizontally and vertically and the vertical component is at its biggest You know how I know because on the way up what happens to projectiles vertical speed on the way up Slows down so Cody if I was gonna draw the vertical component right here. It'll be a shorter arrow than this one Oh, and at the very very top for a split second Cody. What's the vertical component trick question? For a split second the vertical component is zero and then on the way down It's getting bigger, but negative and not only that if we start and end at the same height You know what you can tell me about the final vertical speed It's exactly same as the initial vertical speed, but negative Ashley if it went up at 20 meters per second Coming back down at 20 minutes per second What about the horizontal velocity What about the horizontal velocity well, it turns out the horizontal velocity is constant is constant is Constant is constant. It's a vector arrow the same length as the original That was that video demo that we just showed you when you're from a cliff it gets a bit trickier And that's gonna be the toughest questions. We're going to do in this unit launching from an a cliff at an angle Says indicate velocity components in the stop action picture and then fill in the key facts at the top What do I know? Cody, I know that v y is 0 now. I would break this projectile into Vx and Vy initial Spencer, why did I put an initial on the v y but I didn't put an initial on the vx Why would I have done that? You knew I could count on you because vx isn't changing So why would I put an initial because initial is the same as final horizontally isn't going to change Vertically is going to change. In fact, you know what when you're even with launch The vertical velocity is going to be negative the initial vertical velocity When it gets back to the same height it's traveling at the same speed as it started But now it continues to fall so person if it continues to fall what's going to happen to the vertical velocity? It continues to fall. What's going to happen to its vertical velocity? Just slow down or speed up Yeah, why? Grab it. It's got a force acting on it. Okay, so the final vertical velocity Would probably look something like that. Oh and if I add My horizontal that it's been traveling the whole time The actual impact velocity Would be that vector right there if you add v y final plus Vx tip to tail There is your impact velocity magnitude and direction Now the good news here is hey, it's right angle triangle. So the trig isn't too bad Horizontal speed is blank because blank vertical speed is blank because blank horizontal speed is constant vertical speed is changing Why is horizontal speed constant? Because there's no horizontal acceleration Why is that because there's no horizontal forces once Spencer lets the ball go Tyson? He has no longer any impact on that projectile Vertical speed is changing. You know why because there is a vertical acceleration and in fact, I know what it is exactly How big is it? Yeah Because a y is negative 9.8. That's the acceleration and Kirsten which force is it that's providing the acceleration You said it gravity yep, and Then here's the final key vertical and horizontal motions are Independent what that means is they don't affect each other. Don't you dare put a 9.8 into a horizontal equation Uh-uh no, no turn the page. So the first type of projectile we're going to look at is Launched horizontally from a cliff So you're not launched from the ground you're launched from a cliff, but you're not launched at an angle You're launched horizontally And here's a specific example our horizontal velocity is 20 meters per second and the cliff is 50 meters high Lovely diagram and it says fill in the appropriate chart now if that chart wasn't there I would create it I would draw a line down the middle. I would call one side horizontal and I would call one side vertical But they've already put the chart there for me All right horizontally These are the first two things I always fill out the accelerations What's the horizontal acceleration? It's a trick question Zero what's the vertical acceleration? It's not a trick question, but it's supposed to be an easy question negative 9.8 In fact, I usually do those before I do anything else and I remember a for acceleration a is the first letter the alphabet is first thing I do a acceleration Velocities What's my initial horizontal velocity? Look at my diagram. How fast we traveling horizontally the split second. We need the cliff 20 fact I don't like the fact that they called it VI. I'm just going to call it Vx Because I suggest that it might be changing. It's not you know how I know it's not because of that Now here's we have to put our thinking caps on just a little bit The split second I leave my cliff. What's my vertical velocity? Zero you know why have it started falling yet That's only if we're firing something horizontally for a split second hasn't dropped yet. I know one more thing What's my displacement? Vertically I can get that from the diagram. I'll give you a hint. It's not 50 My distance is 50 What's my displacement? It's not 50 Why is it negative 50 am I ending up above from where I started or below from where I started Cassidy, how many different quantities do I know in my horizontal? How many do I know in my vertical? Where do you think I'm going to start solving stuff then I got more stuff to work with in the vertical? Okay, example 7 says use the values of example 5. I think it means example 6. Yes, whoops To find the flight time and the range of the projectile So really quickly. I'm just going to rewrite these values. It was 20 zero Zero negative 9.8 and negative 50. What do they want me to find first here to find the what? flight time I Only have two things. I can't find tea from here, but I have three things. I think I can find tea From here. So from your formula sheet. Can you find me an equation that has vi a D and T in it which one? Vf equals vi plus at no, I don't know the f Vf squared equals vi squared plus 2 ad. No, I don't know the yeah Alex which one? Yeah, the old favorite D is equal to vi T Plus one half a T squared.  Alex, why can I do this? Why can I do that? Vertically vi is zero which makes this an even easier equation to solve Otherwise, this would be a quadratic and I'm having to pull out the quadratic formula. Yeah Now my equation is actually just D equals a T squared over 2 Andrew the over 2 came from it's a half. I can get the T by itself pretty easy move the 2 to the top Right Rob move the a to the bottom Right and how to get rid of squared Square root fact. I'm gonna argue that T is going to be the square root of 2 D over a and now it's plug-and-chug T is equal to the square root of 2 times negative 50 All over negative 9.8 By the way Remember when I said what's the vertical distance and some of you said 50 if you didn't realize below coding means negative If you missed that you'd catch it here because if you didn't have a negative there You'd be trying to take the square root of a negative and your calculator would barf at you and you'd go something's wrong But here I have a negative divided by negative two times 50 is a hundred divided by 9.8. It's gonna be a little bit bigger than 3.3.1 or 3.2 3.2 I'm gonna Now I'm guessing 3.2 3 ish. What what is it? Sorry 3.19. Ah, it's close 3.19 Alex units careful Look at the variable. Come on. Don't let me down here 3.19 seconds I'll keep the longer number on my calculator because I'm probably going to use that but the two or three sig figs If you put one nine seconds So how long was it in free fall vertically for? Answer Alex not this Alex not that Alex, but this Alex How long was it in free fall for? 3.19 seconds Alex how long was it moving sideways for? That's the beauty see now I have time now Boom right away I can write the same time over here because the vertical time of flight has to be the horizontal time of flight Ashley, why is that so helpful? How many different quantities do I have now in my horizontal section Cassidy? Now I can work with any three I can find the fourth But we don't have any formulas that only have two and find the third So what else did the what was the second thing flight time and The range what's the range? It's a new vocabulary word. Look at your diagram. What's the range? Yeah In fact, you know how I abbreviate range DX instead of dy DX equals So I'm looking for an equation that has vi a t and d in it Is there one? Oh same one. Oh, what can I cross out? Oh, I like that Why because horizontally the acceleration is what Simran? Because now this is really plug-and-chug The horizontal distance the range is going to be vi which vi. Well, what letter is right there? Horizontal the range 20 times the time 3.19 20 times 3 is 60 60 just below 64. I'm going to say 63.9 63.8 You know what probably depends whether you use 3.19 or the full t value that's on your calculator Full one is 0.9. Then I'm going to go with that one because that's what I was doing in my head You know, right Getting old so I'm trying to keep the brain active Trying to get back to doing some arithmetic in my head I had a college prop my physics prop was amazing He would get four or five sig figs with trig functions and cube roots But he had grown up without a calculator and growing up with a calculator You learn lots of shortcuts just as a matter of survival because Oh, you don't have to be looking stuff up all the time turn the page so we just did horizontally off a cliff He idea horizontally Vx is your velocity vy initial is zero What if we're launching from the ground well horizontally from the ground it'd be boring because it hit the ground right away We're gonna add an angle from the ground What's the velocity of this particular projectile? a hundred At what angle Shannon? 35 degrees We are never going to use that hundred to actually calculate stuff We're only going to use that 100 in the very first step And our very first step as soon as they give me a projectile at an angle my very first step is to Break it into the horizontal velocity And the vertical velocity Hey, Cassidy, how come I didn't put an eye right there? Sorry, how come I didn't put an eye right there? It's never changing. Yeah, that one is always want to remind myself And let's do a little bit of trig Cassidy this vx opposite adjacent or hypotenuse This 100 which trig function? Uh, yeah Oz right? Uh Oh coast yeah So if I hear you correctly Coast of 35 Equals vx over 100. What's vx? Coast of 30 is 0.86 so that'd be 86 coast of 35 83 82 yes, I don't know Here we take 81.9. That was a fluke that I won't take credit for Cassidy it's so good, uh opposite adjacent hypotenuse Which trig function In fact call me silly. I think it would be this same equation, but instead of coast what would be there In fact the work would be uh vx 100 times sign Oh I'm not gonna write that. Well, okay fine. I will I saw somebody go glazed here Sign 35 Equals vy times 100 Justin what'd you get? 7.4. Is he right? I will use these. I will never use the 100 for the rest of this question Will not now What was vy which trig function found vy? sign vy was sign vy was sign It would be great if there was some really dumb easy way that I could just maybe memorize that vy Was sign If I was a good teacher, I'm sure I could go up with something, but I got nothing for you By the way, you don't have to memorize that because it takes all of one second to derive But you'll be doing it so often if you're looking for a dumb way to memorize it. There it is You ready? Now let's analyze this projectile We're gonna break it up into horizontal and vertical and as soon as I break it up into horizontal and vertical I say a is what a is what? Horizontally a is Too slow horizontally a is Yes vertically a is The other reason I like writing that down right away Even before I even hardly read the question is my question's no longer blank. I feel better. I've written something My stress level's gone down Oh, I know a couple of more things What's vx? 81.9 What's vy? initial 57.4 And then there is one more thing that I know which can come in handy I know my displacement vertically How high was I when I started? Zero how high was I when I finished? Zero what's my vertical displacement vertically? How far are we traveled mathematically? This sometimes comes in handy Only works tyson from ground to ground not from ground to cliff Not from ground to cliff Only from ground to ground Example nine wants us to solve or analyze the projectile So for the projectile in question eight it says solve for the time to talk Let's quickly fill in the stuff we just had we said a was zero a was negative 9.8 a was 81.9 a Sorry a v was and v was 57.4 and What does part a ask us time to the What does it want us to find time to the Top what do you think is that vertical or horizontal the word top? What would that suggest to you mission? So i'm going to solve the rest of it Part a Here vertical Okay How many pieces of information do I have right now he's under vertical? Not enough Okay at the top is there anything else I know at the top Oh, there was something actually I think kody pointed out earlier at the top What What's zero? I got to be fussy v y final Is zero at the top He should now how many things do I know? That's enough to find a fourth So if I want to find time i'm looking for an equation that has a v i v f and t in it And do me a favor when you find it Read it to me getting the t by itself in your head because Yeah, that's that one Go for it Right via equals vi plus at and rewrite By the way, if you have include in you'll find for most lessons.  Zero minus 57 is negative 57.4 divided by negative 9.8 negative 9.8 is close to 10 It's going to be close to negative it's going to be close to 5.7 a little bigger than 5.5 I'm going to go 5 9 that's a guess 5.86 okay I want to roll And I'm not even cheating often if I've done the lesson earlier. I can remember the answer for this time I can't time of flight 5.86 seconds check No, that's not time of flight. That's time to top B wants the time of flight. How can I find B fairly easily actually just Okay, now that only works because we're starting on the ground and ending up on the On the ground if we went from a cliff to the ground you can't times by two because going up is going to be shorter than going down So make sure you don't just say all right double it. No, but this one absolutely 5.86 times 2 is going to be 10 plus 11 points 11.72 That's what I said 11.71 11.7 because that's it two or three sig figs Ha, so I was right Alex, let's see asking What's part what's c want us to find? Ah, what's the ring? Oh, that's we said another Dx now. I'm going to walk over here to horizontal, but you know what before I write down dx What did I just figure out in B part B? What did I just figure out Alex? Ah, that means that's also the time of flight here because whatever it was traveling vertically That's how far it was traveling horizontally and now I can try and find the range I'm looking for an equation that has a v t and d in it One I agree. Oh, but you know what I can cancel out the half at squared again Oh, this is like Christmas in September You mean it's just v i t and the plus a half at square just cancels because there's a is zero now I can't remember. I said this already Courtney the most common error that kids do Is they say I don't know what the acceleration is they forget that at zero and so you know what they put there instead A vertical into a horizontal equation Don't do that Right the whole point of the vector math that we've done is for also us to realize Verticals can't go into horizontals and vice versa The range is going to be Initial velocity 81.9 times 11.7. Well 80 times 12 Would be eight times 12 is I don't know. What is it 958 units meters 158 meters sorry You know what it probably depends whether you use the 11.7 or whether you kept the full decimal Yep, and I when I mark these I take both By the way, yours I like yours better. I never round off you guys have can't Calculators that will store answers do that. Why round off and then use that to find an answer that's now wrong Turn the page Cliffs are where we're going to begin next class. We're going to pause here But right now here are the questions that you're capable of doing Now i'm going to be assigning more questions than just this from this exercise But for now you can do number one horizontally off a cliff There's four different questions to try with different v is and different heights And you can do At an angle from the ground to the ground Can't do number three yet four five and six are still a bit tricky as is seven and eight I haven't talked about number ten, but See if you can figure it out. If not, I'll be doing an actual example of it next lesson or the lesson after And so I assigned right now one two ten eleven Okay


Personal Finance PowerPoint Presentation Fund of Fund, F-O-F. Prepare to get financially fit by practicing personal finance. Support Accounting Instruction by clicking the link below giving you a free month membership to all of the content on our website broken out by category, further broken out by course. Each course then organized in a logical, reasonable fashion making it much more easy to find what you need than can be done on a YouTube page. We also include added resources such as Excel practice problems, PDF files and more like QuickBooks backup files when applicable. So once again click the link below for a free month membership to our website and all the content on it. Most of this information comes from Investopedia Fund of Funds, F-O-F which you can find online. Take a look at the references resources continue your research from there. This by James Chen updated April 12, 2022. In prior presentations we've been taking a look at investment goals, strategies, tools keeping in mind the major categories of investments that being the fixed income, typically the bonds, the equities, typically the common stock also thinking about other tools we might be using like mutual funds like ETFs helping us possibly to diversify with less of an initial upfront investment as opposed to investing in individual stocks and individual bonds. Keeping that in mind we're now thinking about what is a Fund of Funds F-O-F? You might think that F-O-F would stand for like something like friend of a friend or something like that but no Fund of Funds that is a Fund of Funds F-O-F also known as a multi manager investment is a pooled investment fund that invests in other types of funds. So in other words its portfolio contains different underlying portfolios of other funds. These holdings replace any investing directly in bonds stocks and other types of securities. Ok so if we're thinking about an individual investor saving say for retirement or something like that we could be buying individual stocks, individual bonds but that's often costly and difficult to diversify with. So we might be purchasing something like mutual funds or ETFs attempting to pool our investment with other money from other investors the fund manager then allocating our investments across multiple different investments in accordance with the strategy of the fund. So that's going to be a way for us to diversify but you also might have a fund that is using the capacity to diversify by investing in other things which are investments in other funds for example. So it gets a little bit complicated in terms of the layers going on but the strategy that we're thinking about as an individual investor may be similar that we're investing in say mutual funds helping us to diversify in some way. Also remember that when you're investing in a 401k plan or an IRA some kind of retirement plan then typically the tool that is being used is some kind of like mutual fund or ETF that is now under the umbrella in essence of a retirement plan like a 401k or an IRA or something like that. Ok so FOS that's not friend of a friend that's a fund of funds that's what that stands for usually invest in other mutual funds or hedge funds so they are typically classified as feathered or only able to invest in funds managed by the FOS managing company or unfettered or able to invest in funds across the market. So how a fund of funds and FOS works the fund of funds FOS strategy aims to achieve broad diversification and appropriate asset allocation with investment in a variety of fund categories that are all wrapped into one portfolio so that should be the ease for the end investor for us. That's what we like to see have it all done in some way so you got it all in one portfolio there. So there are different kinds of FOS funds of funds with each type acting in on a different investment scheme. So scheme often sounds like it's a negative term to me at least like it's like it's going to be some kind of someone scheming in some kind of negative way but it's just a strategy in essence here being used as an FOS fund of fund may be structured as a mutual fund a hedge fund a private equity fund and investment trust. The FOS may be feathered meaning it only invest in portfolios managed by one investment company. Alternatively the FOS may be unfettered letting it invest in external funds controlled by other managers from other companies. So when you're looking at you know the funds that are being managed are they only allowing the people who got funds of funds and I've got a fund that includes other funds to the other funds only include funds that are also managed by the same company or can include other funds that are outside of the funds that are managed by the current company that the fund to fund is being managed by. So fund of funds advantages typically the FOS fund of funds attract small investors who want to get better exposure with fewer risks compared to direct directly investing in securities or even in individual funds investing in an FOS gives the investor professional wealth management services and expertise investing in an FOS fund for fund also allows investors with limited capital to tap into diversified portfolios with different underlying assets which is kind of one of the keys of individual investing. We want to get that diversification possibly with a lesser of an upfront money that we are particularly investing in many of these would be out of reach for average retail investors. For example hedge funds typically require six figure minimum investments or require investors to have a minimum net worth or both. Most FOS fund of funds require a formal due diligence procedure for their fund manager both their own and those managing the underlying funds. So applying managers backgrounds are checked which ensure the portfolio handlers background and credentials in the securities industry fund of funds disadvantages. Though FOS provide diversification and less exposure to market volatility those returns may be lessened by investment fees that are typically higher than traditional investment funds. Higher fees come from compounding of fees on top of fees. So now you've got funds that are managed right and now you've got funds that are managed that are have other funds in them. So now you've got two layers of fund managers right you got the fund managers that are running the funds the original the lower level funds and then the fund managers that are compiling those funds together increase in the overall fees in essence. So the most mutual like most mutual funds FOS carry an annual operating expense known as the expense ratio. So that's the one we want to be comparing to see if it's appropriate or comparable to like type of investment. So as well as manage fees and operating costs. However FOS investors are essentially paying double because the underlying funds in the FOS all have their annual cost and fees to in the past funds of funds prospectus prospectus is didn't always include the fees of the underlying funds as of January 2007 the SEC secured an exchange government oversight board began requiring that these fees be disclosed in a line called acquired fund fees and expenses a F F E. This seems important to me that seems like a pretty good move to be more transparent in terms of the fees that are actually you know being underlined here because you got the fees of the fund manager that you're investing in and the fees of the funds that they're investing in because they're not investing in individual stocks or securities but in other funds. So a fund of funds might charge annual management fees of 0.5% to 1% to invest in funds that charge another 1% annual management fee. So the F O F investor in some is paying up to 2% small wonder that after allocating the money invested to fees and other payable taxes the returns of fund to funds investments may generally be lower compared to the profits that single manager funds can provide even if the funds perform very well. Picking good fund managers and funds can be difficult to especially if the F O F is feathered the F O F may end up owning the same stock or other security through several different funds thus reducing actual diversification. What are the pros you've got the ultimate in diversification because now we have funds that are going to be compiling other different funds and those other different funds are compiling different underlying security. So that's a huge goal that we're typically looking for professional management expertise alleviation of risk and volatility exposure to assets usually beyond small investors. What are the cons side of things. You got the additional layer of fees because now you're paying the fees to the manager to compile the funds of the funds and each of the funds of course have fees as well as they compile their underlying components and that's one of the big downsides. You got the risk of overlap in holdings. So if you have multiple funds that are holding other securities you could have some multiple funds that are holding on to the same underlying securities overlapping some of those investments difficulty in finding qualified managers funds real world example for fund of funds since they are so varied funds of funds can be hard to track as a group and to compare however and index does exist we've got the Berkeley fund of funds index sponsored by Berkeley hedge the index of course is an attempt to give us kind of an average of the performance of a particular area such as the funds of funds. So it's a provider of data on alternative investments is a measure of the average return of all F O F funds of funds that report into the company database. So through Q one quarter one two thousand twenty two for instance one hundred and fifty six funds of funds had yielded on have an average return of point three three percent year to date the S and P five hundred during the same period lost more than seven point five percent. So our funds of funds common dedicated funds of funds may be less common than standalone mutual funds or ETFs however the SEC security and exchange estimates that approximately forty percent of all registered funds hold an investment in at least one other fund. How much assets are invested in funds of funds according to the SEC security and exchange total net assets and mutual funds that invest primarily in other mutual funds reach over two point two dollars in two point five four trillion dollars in two thousand nineteen are funds of funds regulated by the SEC securities and exchange. Yes like all other pooled investment products F O F are also overseeing by the SEC security and exchange federal government entity in particular SEC rule twelve D one four updated in two thousand twenty sets out procedures that provide a consistent framework for fund of funds arrangements. The SEC also requires F O F's to disclose their fees in a transparent manner.


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