we'll get started, right? Let's look to God and pray. Father, we thank you. We thank you for this day, Lord. We thank you that you give us yet another opportunity to gather together, Lord, as your followers, Lord, as disciples of the Most High God. What an awesome privilege, Lord, to gather together, to seek your face. Lord, to look into your word, to read the eternal words, the words which are spirit and life, the life-giving words and receive those words into our own lives and speak it, to declare it, to meditate upon it. Lord, what an awesome privilege you've given us, Lord. Father, at this time, we just want to commit each one into your mighty hands. Father, God, you know where each one comes from and what we face, what we struggle, what we, Lord, rejoice with God and what state of, Lord, we are in emotionally, Lord, spiritually, and Lord, I just pray and declare your shalom over each one of us God. Yes, Lord, your healing, your deliverance and Lord, your peace, your supernatural peace and prosperity over each and every person here, Father God. We pray that, yeah, you called us to be, declare, called us to be proclamers, the ones who declare and herald your truth and I just pray we will do that wherever you've placed us, God. And we thank you that you called us to be overcomers. Master, we thank you that, yeah, Father God, we thank you that you called us and you make us into vessels of honor in your hands, Father God. We thank you, even as we yield to your cleansing, even as we yield to your work of Lord's sanctification, God, we pray that each and every day God that will be vessels of honor in your hand. We thank you. We give you all praise and glory. In Jesus' matchless name, we pray. Amen. Amen. Okay, so welcome back just a minute, please. Yeah, so last class in biblical preaching, we looked at homiletics, how it's science and art, the preparation and the delivery communication of the message. And we also very briefly looked at just an overview of the basics of communication, like the communication process, the barriers and communication, what enables communication, what breaks down communication. Very quickly, we looked at that. And also, lastly, we looked at the functions of language, what language is capable of doing and how we can use language. We looked at how language can be for interrogation, how language can be informative to pass on information, and three other things. So today, we will continue with that and we look at how there is homiletics or we see the there is preaching in the Bible. Right from the Old Testament, right through the Old Testament and the New Testament, we see that there are messages that have been shared by people whom God has chosen as spokespeople. So we see prophets coming and declaring what God has put in their heart, the words that God has put in their mouths, they come and they declare and they speak it out. So in the declaration, it's amazing just to see that the infinite God puts his eternal words in the hearts and mouths of finite man, like the eternal words in the hearts and minds of finite man and he invites man. When I say man, I'm of course talking about a human being to declare, to proclaim his word, to carry out his purposes. That's the bigger picture that we as his creation have the privilege of walking hand in hand with him to carry out his purposes, his will on the earth. So that's the bigger picture really when we look at homiletics in the Bible or how people actually declare the word. When we look at that, the fact that, okay, which page, I think we're looking at chapter, yeah, page nine, Charles, page nine, homiletics in the Bible. Yeah, so we're looking at how people are used by God. So we see that God being infinite and God being this eternal God, he chooses to, one, he chooses us to partner with him and secondly, he gives us of himself really. He gives us his word, he comes and dwells with us, indwells us and empowers us to actually go and carry out the tasks that he has for each one of us. And so we fulfill the purpose that he has for us, we fulfill the life that he has for and we live a life that is enriching, that is content, full of contentment and it's not devoid of danger, it's not devoid of hardships, but it is the life in the center of God's will. So we see homiletics in the Bible, we see God using man to declare his word. But the beautiful thing is that even though God uses man to declare his word, it is still his word. Yes, sometimes it is tainted by human personality, sometimes it is, the flesh comes in the way and sometimes the delivery is in our own lives, we have our limitations, but God's word still is communicated and delivered and then God's word when it is received still has best fruit, that's the power of his word. So let's look at some of these instances in the Bible where we see homiletics being there or where sermons are preached and we see that it is yes it is on one side it is inspirational, in the sense we know that 7 Timothy 3 and verses 16 to 17, let's quickly just look at that scripture. 3 verses 16, all scripture is given by inspiration of God and is profitable for He lists down few things here for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness that the man of God may be complete, thoroughly equipped for every good work. So you see that all scripture is given by inspiration of God which means that it is God breathed and the Greek word is theoteo pneumatos meaning it is literally God breathed, it's by the Spirit of God inspired by God and another place we see that men of God wrote, no like Peter writes, he says, no prophecies of private interpretation but men of God wrote even as they were moved as they were conveyed by the Holy Spirit. So we see that this is what God's word is and the ministry of God's word through human vessels, it is God breathed, it is inspired by God and it is used for all these things. So it involves the human element of arranging, preparing, declaring. So God inspires, it is God gives me, God gives us the message, He quickens the word for us in this dispensation, He quickens the word to us and we have the privilege of communicating it and arranging it and illustrating it and communicating in the best way possible. So let's look at a few instances in the Bible. So we look at the prophetic writings, the prophets we see that whenever they spoke, like some of the things were very dramatic and the Bible scholars say that they used homilical methods in their communication. Many of the books like Psalms, the Proverbs, we see again language being used, like metaphors are used. I'm sure you would have noticed in the book of Psalms where his love endures forever. It comes as a refrain over and over and over again. We know these are prophetic, we know they're inspired by the Spirit of God and through the human vessel it is communicated and we see all these elements of language like metaphors are used, homilies are used, figures of speech are used and it is communicated. So we see that in the Bible and in Proverbs also we see the same thing. I'm just trying to think of that reference where it says six things are an abomination, no seven things are an abomination. So that is again a usage of language, six things but then goes on to say no six things, seven things are an abomination. It's a usage of language to say that these are the list of things that are an abomination to the Lord. These are things that are too wonderful for me to understand and so on. So we see that in the book of Proverbs. In the preaching of the Lord Jesus, in his messages, well it came with so much authority, it came with so much wisdom. Proverbs 6, thanks for that. Proverbs 6, maybe we should just look at that before we go forward. Proverbs 6 and yeah, Proverbs 6, 16 to 19, these six things the Lord hates, yes seven are an abomination to him. It's a way of saying that these are things, this is a list and of course we don't use it in our culture but in that time it was a usage. These are six things, seven are an abomination and so on. So we see the Lord Jesus using several methods of sharing. It came with the authority because he was the Word himself, came with infinite wisdom and knowledge and also we see that it came with the Lord used parables, everyday examples. One of the methods that he used to teach was through parables. So parables being one way of saying it, one way of explaining parables or defining parables is that these were earthly stories. These were everyday accounts, what people would see around him. These were earthly stories that he used but these connected and conveyed a heavenly meaning, a deeper spiritual truth and these were stories that people could relate to because they had seen. One day a man went out to sow, Mark chapter 4, we read about the parable of the sow. He went out to sow and he sowed and he sowed on different lands. So these were things that people could see, people were able to relate to and people could, every time I'm sure that after that message, when they went out and they saw a land or saw a field, they were reminded of the Word of God and the impact of the Word of God and what one needs to do in order to have that 30, 60 and 100 fold harvest or the benefit of the Word of God in their lives. So I'm sure they never forgot that lesson. So every time they saw a shepherd or the sheep or every time I'm sure that they would have thought of that or if they lost something, I'm sure that they would have connected. So he used parables and he shared, he preached everywhere he went. And we come to the book of Acts and the book of Acts also, we see a couple of or maybe three sermons which are really in challenging settings and we see that the kind of message that was preached. So let's look at that sermon, those sermons, maybe the first one can be Acts chapter 2 where Peter is preaching and Acts chapter 2. So this starts from verse 14. This is immediately after the outpouring of the Holy Spirit. Right? There is the outpouring of the Holy Spirit. There is a supernatural manifestation and people are amazed, people are confused, people are perplexed, people are mocking and all these kinds of reactions. And in fact, it's right after people were mocking that Peter, he stands up and he shares his Word.  He's experienced something that he's never experienced before, something supernatural and he's filled with the Spirit. He has just prayed out in tongues, spoken out in tongues and he speaks out, he stands and then raised his voice and he says, verse 14, men of Judea and all who dwell in Jerusalem, let this be known and heed my words. So you must understand that this is a fisherman. Right? Yes, he was outspoken. Yes, he was very impulsive and here he is filled with the Spirit. He is also a fisherman who let down the Lord a few times, right?  Even after the Lord warned him, he said, you will actually deny me thrice and he did so. Right? And he did so vehemently. The Bible records and says that he went to the extent of cursing and speaking offensive words and saying just to prove the point that to create a scene and say, no, I don't know this man. So this is the same man. He's filled with the Spirit. He's had something supernatural and here he is quoting from the book of Joel, from Prophet Joel and he shares a message, a prophetic word and he connects what has happened with what was prophesied. The Holy Spirit bearing witness and he says, you know, this is what was spoken by the Prophet Joel. And then he goes on, verse 22, men of Israel hear these words. He goes on to talk about Jesus, Jesus of Nazareth, a man attested by God to you by miracles, wonders and signs, which God did so much of confidence and so much of authority. Then he quotes, he draws from the book of Psalms and then he comes to the conclusion. You know, it's interesting, you can just go through it later at leisure now. And then he goes on to end the message with an altar call. How do you want to apply this sermon? He goes on to say, repent and let every one of you be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit for the promise is to you and to those who are far off as many as our Lord our God will call and this he says and responds to the question, men and brethren, what shall we do? And verse 36 is where he actually ends this message. He says, you know, therefore let all the house of Israel know surely that God has made this Jesus whom you crucified both Lord and Christ. And he starts by refuting that these are not full of new wine. These are not the people who are drunk. And then he goes on to talk about the prophecy and prophecy, which was declared by Prophet Joel. And then he goes on to declare about the Messiah. And then in response to the question, what must we do? So that message moved them to action by the Holy Work of the Holy Spirit and their hearts. So they said, you know, we need to do something now. In their hearts it was like, I've heard the truth. We need to do something. And then he gives the altar call. And this is the move. This is the call to action. You've heard the word. Now, this is what you do in response to the word. So we see this. Anything else that you notice in this sermon? We are in Acts chapter two and, you know, versus 14 onwards to about 36 or maybe 39. Anything else that you notice from this sermon? Like would be interesting to hear, right? Anything else that you notice as you go through? Anything else that you can infer? When I just see this, I'm like, wow, what a wonderful message. And what a wonderful spontaneous message, right? No notes, no preparation. The only preparation was that he was filled with the Spirit. Of course, he has been listening to the word. He walked with the word and talked with the word. And now the word, whatever the word promised, the living word promised. And he said, I will send the helper. And everything is just connecting now. Everything is making sense now. Yes, I've experienced the helper. He has come and he has moved me, pushed me into another realm. I've experienced the powers of the age to come. And I can't help but speak. And the outcome is a message connecting the old and the new. Really wonderful, right? Yes, it speaks with authority. Yeah, it speaks with authority using scripture. We cannot imagine that this is the same man. This is the same person who denied Jesus twice. Yeah, anything else that you notice? Yeah, the fact that he drew from the old. So which means that they were studying the scriptures, right? They were reading the scriptures. They were studying the scriptures. The Lord was teaching them. Yeah, Kennedy says boldness. Yes, boldness. Okay, so several other things, right? We can maybe the fact that he also moved them to action. He said, okay, this is what you need to do. No holding back anything. He just proclaimed it, declared it as it is. And he said, this is what you need to do. You need to repent, right? It's not like verse 40 says with many more scriptures, meaning much more than what we have read was 40. And with many other words, he testified and exorted them. Yeah, saying be saved from this perverse generation. Then those who gladly received his word were baptized and that day about 3000 souls were added to them. Yeah, that's an amazing thing that we noticed again. Thank you, Avni. What do you say about Hannah's song and Israelite's song after crossing the Red Sea? Okay, so that about Moses declaring that. Is that what you're referring to, Charles? Yeah, I guess you're referring to what Moses declared. So that's again something that we see and as a message in song. And let me just see if you actually put down the reference here. Yeah, I'm not sure about the question, Charles. Definitely it is a song, again a spontaneous song, which was declared, that is Israelite's and then Hannah's song as she was moved by the spirit and when she received the word. So is your question that are these also messages or are these also having homolytics in them? Is that your question? I am trying to ask about language. I am looking at the language that is used in both scripture, referring to how the things are being spoken in the book of Proverbs. And I'm looking at how the languages are used. They are like all that of poetic things like that. I was trying to see when you were explaining about the language, the use of language and I was looking at the way the words are expressed. Hannah is talking about he lifts you from the dust, he puts you somewhere, he does this, he does this, then when you go to the Israelite's crossing the Red Sea, he has done this, he has done this, we are no longer seeing this. So that's what I was trying to see whether I am understanding the usage of language in homolytics. That is the question. Right. Okay. Thank you for sharing that. Yeah, so the use of the language and I think the word is, the thing is to be relevant, of course, we'll come to that a little later, the use of language and also the use of the metaphors and so on in order to be relevant to that culture, to be relevant to that audience. So yeah, it would depend on that also. So they actually did that. They spoke in those ways like the Proverbs and especially that kind of usage in Proverbs and in Psalms as well. Anyway, we'll come to that again when it comes to the different modes of delivery of the message. Like even here in India, in rural India, you see different ways in which messages are communicated to a formal congregation gathered around them in song and the whole story shared in song and so on. So we'll look at that. Okay. So we see here, we see this wonderful message that is declared, that is spoken about the Messiah. We see that in Acts chapter 2. Then we move on to Acts chapter 7. Here is another message shared by Stephen, preached by Stephen. And what really catches our attention is the fact that it was a very hostile audience. It was a very hostile congregation that was listening to Stephen. If you read about Stephen, if you go back, you see that in chapter 6, where the disciples are saying, the 12 are saying, you need to seek out men from among you, seven men of good reputation, full of the Holy Spirit and wisdom, whom we may appoint over this business of distribution and administrative task. And then they say, we will give ourselves continually to prayer and to the ministry of the Word. And then we see Stephen mentioned there, verse 5, Acts chapter 6 and verse 5.  And then others are listed, Philip, Prochorus, Nikkei and so on. And then we move down. We see that Stephen is full of faith and power, verse 8. And he did great wonders and signs among the people. They tried to dispute with Stephen, but they couldn't resist the Holy Spirit, wisdom, and really the anointing with which he spoke, they couldn't refute it. And they brought charges of blasphemy and they set up some false witnesses. They arrest him. He's standing there before the council. And verse 15 also records that they saw his face as the face of an angel. It was like something very different about him, even when things were so hostile. Then the chief, the high priest said, are these things so? All these charges, all these accusations. And Stephen starts from verse 2. And he says, it starts with Abraham. He talks about how Abraham was called. He talks about the journey in Egypt, what happened in Egypt, how the Lord sustained them in famine in Egypt. Then he talks about Joseph and moves on to Moses and comes down to read verse 44 and so on. So we see that he says, you are stiff-neck people and he says, you always resist the Holy Spirit as your father did. So he talks about things that they already knew and he preached that to them. And then he says, verse 52, which of the prophets did your fathers not persecute? And they killed those who foretold the coming of the just one of whom you have now become betrayers and murderers who have received the law by direction of angels but have not kept it. And it says, they were cut to the heart. When they heard these things, they were cut to the heart and they rushed at him and he was martyred. But what really is astonishing is that even though the congregation is very hostile, he goes on to preach this amazing message starting from Abraham all the way to Moses. And when he finishes, the scripture records that they were cut to the heart, which means that they realized, they were convinced they were cut to the heart. It pierced their heart, literally. The words they could not refute, the words they could not in any way put that aside, it actually pierced their heart. So this is another sermon that we see here. And again, when we look at Stephen's sermon, he also draws from scripture. He shares scripture and he preaches. Right. Then we look at another place where we go to where Paul is in Athens. And this is I think Acts chapter 15 or Acts chapter 16, 17, rather, 17 and verse 16. So Paul is at Athens and he sees what is around. He sees that the city is given over to idols and so on. And he shares, it says in verse 18 that they said, you know, this is what they said. They were Epicurean and Stoic philosophers and encountered him. And what does this Babylon want to say? Others said, he seems to be a proclaimer of foreign gods because he preached to them Jesus and the resurrection. So Paul was very clear. He preached to them about the Lord Jesus. He preached to them about the resurrection from the dead. And then they invite him. He stands in at Mars Hill, which is Ariopagus, and he shares the word. He says he preaches to them. And he talks to them about that altar, which has the inscription to the unknown God. He refers to that. He also talks about some of the, sorry, yeah, he talks about that. And then he talks about the resurrection of the dead. And it is when they hear about the resurrection of the dead that they mock. But then he has, there are varied reactions, some are mocking. And while others are saying, you know, we want to hear again about this matter. But the fact is then here, you have a curious audience, and you also have, you know, you have that it's a totally different culture from what Paul is used to. He sees all these things. And then he actually uses an object lesson in preaching. They look at that altar. They know that there is this altar with the inscription. The place is, in fact, full of idols and altars. And so he refers to that. And he says, it's wonderful, you know, the way he starts, I was passing through and considered the objects of your worship. I even found an altar with his inscription to the unknown God. Therefore, the one whom you worship without knowing him, I proclaimed to you verse 23. And then he goes on to share. And here he talks about God, who created the Lord of heaven and earth. And so on. It's wonderful, you know, the message that he shares here. So we see all these sermons, which are, which are there. And well, the scholars say that there is, well, Paul specifically was not speaking with the oratorial eloquence of those times, like of the Greek philosophers. And they would, they had a certain style of speaking, which is highly theatrical. And Paul actually refrained from using that kind of method. But also we see that these kinds of things which Paul employs in order to share the word. Then let's, if you look at his writings to Timothy, Paul talks about character. Paul talks about the centrality of character, the foundation of character in a person, in a person who is serving God, who wants to serve God, you know, it's like the qualifications. He says the same, but also talks about the ability to teach. He says, able to teach. And this is one of the things he mentions that. But he also gives Timothy personal instruction. And we saw that in the other class.  And then he goes on to say, you rightly divide the word and give careful, careful attention to the pattern of sound words that you heard from me, knowing from whom you have received and so on. So again, the importance of, you know, receiving the word, importance of rightly dividing the word.    So we see that in scripture, we see that the preparation and the presentation of the message is there. Some, sometimes, you know, in the, in some of the things that we saw, we saw that they were spontaneous. But the preparation, you know, was much earlier to that particular event, right? We know, we, when we, when we look at people, we see that, okay, this is how they live their lives.  And they, God used them at these times to proclaim the word, right? And we see the same thing in Paul's message and this is what we see also. So Paul, looking around, looking at the situation, looking at what is there and looking at what people could connect to and see and using that in his message. Okay, so, so the thing is that, you know, as God has called us to communicate the message, to communicate the word. So we can do this without compromising the message. We can be relevant to the culture that we are without compromising them because nowhere did these people compromise the message. You know, they, like Paul, he spoke about the resurrection. He spoke about the death and the resurrection of the Lord. He spoke about salvation and there's no holding back. It was not about just living a good life. It was not about living a life with high good morals. It was about the cross. It was about Jesus. And of course, these were all the ones which we see are all evangelistic in nature. But, you know, that Paul's writings are also, there were many teachings and about living the life of a born again person and living a life of disciple and so on.  So we see messages of that nature also that Paul writes. Paul communicates. So for those of us who think, okay, preaching is not my thing. The word that will be helpful for us is, you know, the fact that God has called us to be communicators of the gospel. Well, preaching, like we said, preaching in this kind of maybe a formal context like a church, you know, pulpit. Well, that's a big part of it. But also, you see that that environment is, you know, it keeps changing and the call of God is unique for each person. And we are called to, you know, be proclaimers in those different settings. Okay, so let's look at, you know, is preaching the question is, you know, because of changing scenario, because of technology, you know, because of so many things that are shifting. The question could be, you know, is preaching necessary, is communicating the gospel in this manner, is it necessary or is it relevant? Okay, if you look at the notes, you can actually read through this section, which is in on page 10, the case for preaching, it's actually from a book called biblical preaching by this person, Haddon Robinson. And he actually writes about the case of preaching, you know, in today's time. So he actually portrays a scenario where everybody is, it's an over communicated society.  And if you're, you open up, excuse me, social media, and if you're on Instagram, Facebook, of any other thing, there's so much that is coming your way, you know, so many messages, so many ads that is coming your way. And also, the way things are, like people also, you know, the credibility of people, right.  But then you hear about the life, and then you begin to doubt the message. The message could be, you know, it's sincere. It is real, it accords with the word of God, and then we see the life, and then, well, it casts a shadow of doubt on the credibility of the message, right, because of the life of the messenger. So all these things are happening. And so, so it's so challenging to the whole aspect of preaching, right. So I remember just walking, this was not in the context of preaching, but really sharing the gospel, but so walking, you know, doing some street evangelism, so in a part of Bangalore, so going there, and what we used to do was give people a promise card, right, it says a promise for the season, or it says a reason, a promise for the season, and then there's a scripture there, and it just says the Bible, right. So it could be scripture could be like, I will be with you, I will never leave you nor forsake you, and a promise from the word of God. So you give, so we used to give them, read it out to them, this is a promise, and from there share the gospel, you know, this is about Jesus, and Jesus cares for you, and this is what he did, and so on. So just using it according to the need, according to the context there. But what I, you know, personal experience is that people are very hesitant to take it, right. So even as you approach, they know that, okay, maybe this person is trying to sell something, maybe this person is trying to, you know, get something out of me, maybe wants me to sign up for some club, sign up for something. So there's a lot of, there's a lot of doubt, there's a lot of suspicion. What do you want from me now, do you want me to buy something, do you want me to, so there's a lot of suspicion, there's a lot of distrust, and on top of it, a lot of messages, a lot of communication so to cut through this, we really need to depend on the Holy Spirit and for the words to find their mark, right, to cut through all this. And so yeah, so Heron Robinson talks about that and talks about how it's an over-preached society, over-communicated society, and in the midst of that, you know, we have been called to preach, okay, especially in today, it is challenging. So just because the scenario is challenging, just because the scenario is difficult, does not mean that our call to preach the gospel, our call to share the gospel, you know, it is different. Maybe we can employ different ways of doing it and be creative about it, but the call is the same, that we are called to preach, we are called to communicate the gospel, right. Okay, so let's look at a few, okay, we're almost out of time, let's look at a few reasons here. One thing is that God is a God who speaks, God is a God who speaks, and this is how we instituted, he laid down, he spoke through the prophets, he spoke through his son, and he speaks through us, right, he has called us, he has invited us and commissioned us, right, to share, to preach, to represent him, to be his ambassador, right, to represent the kingdom and the king, so he has called us to do this. If you look at the word of, and we looked at several examples, we looked at the Old Testament, we looked at how the, you know, the prophets were filled with the word and asked to go and commission to preach the word. We see the Lord's ministry, earthly ministry, right, there was, he went about preaching, he went about teaching, he went about demonstrating, he went about healing people who were sick, right, so there was preaching, there was teaching, there was demonstration, so we find that example in the Lord Jesus himself. John the Baptist, he came preaching, announcing about the Messiah, and he did that, and his method was again preaching, you know, reaching out, communicating to warning people to repent. The apostles, you know, when we look at the book of Acts, when we look at the New Testament, we see, the book of Acts specifically, we see that the apostles did exactly that, they were filled with the Spirit, the Lord Jesus told them that, you know, you will receive power when the Holy Spirit comes upon you, and you will be my witnesses, and he went on to describe that it is going to be an ever expanding and a global kind of ministry, that you will be my witnesses, and he commissioned them, he said, go preach, go do this, and he said, you will be, Acts 1 and verse 8, that you will be my witnesses, and he talks about, you know, you start from Jerusalem, yes, you will be starting in Jerusalem, but Judea, Samaria, and even to the uttermost parts of the earth, right, it is going to be a global thing, and this is how I've instituted it, that you will go, that you will communicate, preach the gospel, okay, so we can say that God has ordained this, and Paul, he says, you know, warn to me if I do not preach the gospel, okay, he commissioned Timothy, he charged Timothy, preach the word, okay, do the work of an evangelist, preach the word, and we see this in the early church, we see this in the early church fathers like Augustine and Irenaeus and so on, so I'm sorry, there's a typo in point 8, this is page 12, Irenaeus, so we see that preaching is very much part, it has been part of the Christian faith, and it is very much, you know, part of today, it's just that we can be and we need to be relevant, right, we need to be relevant in the way we communicate the gospel without diluting, without compromising the message, right, okay, so when we come back next class, I just want to probably, you know, talk about, before we go to the fourth chapter, talk about, you know, your scenario, right, your situation, maybe look at our own lives and see how did the gospel come to us, you know, how was it preached, and I'm sure, you know, all of us are different ages and different nations, and so it's been interesting to learn, so we'll just be ready to, you know, share two, three things, quick things, how did it happen, and, you know, how was it preached, and how did you get to hear it, was it something written, was it something spoken, was it, you know, something which came in the form of a song, and so on, right, so it'll be interesting for us to just to hear from each other, so just, you know, very briefly, right, one line, two lines, if you can just point that out, probably I might ask a couple of questions after you share that, so we'll do that, we'll try and see how many others can actually share in tomorrow's class, okay, so with that, we'll end today's session, thank you so much, I think I've already taken three minutes more, and you need to get back to your other class, thank you so much, God bless you. Thank you pastor.


This video is brought to you by CuriosityStream. If you sign up to CuriosityStream with the link in the description, you'll also get free access to Nebula where you can watch all sorts of exclusive content from some of the best creators on the web. For as long as humans have existed, we've made music. Archaeologists have uncovered bone flutes that they believe to be somewhere between 35,000 and 40,000 years old, and even before that, proto-humans were likely making music with their voice. Fast forward a few thousand decades, and basically every culture that's ever existed has had some sort of a musical tradition. But unlike other artistic mediums, we don't actually really know what most of these looked like. Recording technology is little more than a century old, and our understanding of a lot of historic notation systems are based on educated guesses. That's not even to mention the countless musical traditions that didn't use notation. The upshot of all of this is that a significant amount of all the music ever made has been completely lost to time. I've been thinking on this reality a lot lately, and it's led me to a question that really hasn't left my head. What is the oldest song that is still regularly heard today in a form that might be recognizable to someone listening to it when it was made? Or in simpler terms, what is the oldest song that you know? Now the answer to this question obviously depends on who you are. If like me you've had the question of oldest music before, there's a good chance you've come across something talking about the Hurrian hymns. These Bronze Age hymns were carved in clay tablets that have been dated as far back as 1400 BCE. They were written in an ancient form of writing called cuneiform and meant to be played on an early form of a liar. What you're hearing right now is a modern interpretation of one of these hymns as performed by Brayden Olson on YouTube. As incredible as this piece is, it's not exactly one that's made its way into a lot of modern listening. And on top of that, there's no real way of knowing how accurate the modern interpretations of the song are. Of course that's a problem that kind of plagues this entire endeavor. While we can have educated guesses at ancient pieces like this, we're often missing aspects like tempo, dynamics, and sometimes even key. And then of course there's the problem of straight up missing parts of the song, as is the case for the Delphic hymns, a set of Greek compositions dated back to 138 and 128 BC. As you're probably noticing, hymns make up a lot of the earliest music that we're aware of. Religion and music have always been intrinsically tied. The Hindu Vedas, which are some of the oldest pieces of literature in existence, formed the basis for Indian classical music. And the five classics of Confucianism laid the basis for Chinese classical music. So if you're familiar with some of these musical traditions, you've likely heard and picked up on musical ideas that are centuries old. And if you're Jewish, you might recognize a hymn written sometime between the years of 1500 C. But as you'll notice, that's a pretty broad range of dates. A lot of these religious hymns have gone through a number of modifications and variations, so it's difficult to pin down exactly where they came from. To find some songs that we can draw a more direct lineage from, we need to look at the Middle Ages. If you watch movies at all, there's a very good chance that you might recognize a phrase from a 13th century song called D.S.E. Ray. D.S.E. Ray or Day of Wrath is a Gregorian chant about the apocalypse. That opening run of notes has become one of the most cited pieces of music in all of pop culture. It's particularly common in film scores. References to this chant have appeared in movies like It's a Wonderful Life, Home Alone, The Lion King, and Even the Lord of the Rings. But it's unclear who wrote this and when. There's some that will say it's been around as early as the 600s, but more likely it was written sometime in the mid-13th century by one of Thomas of Solano or Latino Malabrasco or Sini. If you want the oldest piece of music you know, this might just be it. Except chances are you probably don't really know the whole song. You probably just know the opening notes. To find a song that you might know more than a handful of notes from, we need to look away from religious songs and towards secular folk music. There was an early English folk song from around the same time as D.S.E. Ray called Sumer is a Kuminin. As per usual, we don't really know when it was first written, but we do have a manuscript showing the song's lyrics and melody that was compiled sometime in the early 1260s.  Like the D.S.E. Ray, this piece survives today partially through popular culture. 1938's The Adventures of Robin Hood used the song, and then in 1973 a version of it was used as the climax for the horror movie The Wicker Man. So for some of you, this may be the oldest song you recognize, but honestly I don't think that there's that many people prancing around singing Sumer is a Kuminin these days. For the song that I think has most clearly permeated modern western culture, we still need to jump ahead a few centuries. As is so often the case, musical history is intrinsically tied to technology, and in the case of our quest today, the piece of technology that most helped the preservation of musics was the printing press. In the 1500s, printing presses completely changed the way that music, and especially folk music, was distributed. Prior to the printing press, folk songs spread through wandering minstrels, but once printing technology became available, we started to see the widespread distribution of music for the first time. The lyrics to folk songs would be printed on single pieces of broadside paper and sold at markets and fairs. These so-called broadsides generally only indicated a title and lyrics, but below the title they tell you a commonly known tune that you could sing the lyrics to, and broadsides became an absolute phenomenon. So much so that the stationers company in London created a system of registration for these broadsides, and it's from this registration system that we find what I can very in confidently say is probably the oldest song you know. On September 3rd, 1580, Richard Jones registered a song called A New Northern Diddy of Ye Lady Green Sleeves. It's doubtful that Jones himself wrote the song as a number of similar ballads were registered within the year. One was even recorded the same day by Edward White under the title Ye Lady Green Sleeves' Answer to Duncan Her Friend. Today, there's a good chance you'll recognize the tune as simply Green Sleeves. In its day, Green Sleeves might have been something comparable to a chart-topping pop hit. In fact, it even made its way into the pop culture of the day with a reference in Shakespeare's Mary Wives of Windsor. For me, Green Sleeves was a staple of piano lessons as a kid, and my wife has told me that she most recognizes the melody as the Christmas Carol, what child is this. Now, once again, there's no way of actually knowing if this melody is exactly what was being played or sung in the 1500s, but there's a lot clearer of a lineage here than older songs. So is this a definitive answer to the question I posed in the beginning? Not even close. But I hope that, at the very least, you enjoyed the exploration. Are there any songs that I missed? Do you know an older song that you want to share that you think has permeated pop culture today? If so, let me know in the comments. This question has really captured my attention the last few weeks, so I would love more potential answers. If weird music histories are thing, have I got a documentary for you. Rad Elvis, the Cold War cowboy, tells the incredible story of an American musician who defected to the Soviet Union in the Cold War and became a Soviet pop star. It's honestly the exact sort of musical ephemera that I live for. And if you want to check it out, you can do so by following the link in the description. That link will get you 26% off an annual subscription to CuriosityStream, the best place online for documentary content. And of course, following that link also gets you access to Nebula, the streaming service created by and for creators. That means you'll be able to watch thousands of documentaries and you'll be able to watch all of my videos early and ad free. It also means you'll have access to a whole host of originals by some of the best creators on the entire internet. And right now, I've got a new original series in the works that should be launching sometime in the coming months. So if you follow the link in the description, you can be the first to see that and the first to see all of my videos when they go up early on Nebula. Following that link is also just a great way of supporting my channel and supporting independent content on the internet in general. So thank you all so much for watching.


فشرف بالاشتغالي بالعلم ولا تبغي به ما عشت يا دا دا دا لا وياله من شراف عظيم الحمد لله رب العالمين والصلاة والسلام على سيدنا على سيد المرسلين وإمام المتقين ورحمة الله للعالمين نبينا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين وعلى كل من صار على نهجه وقتفا أتاره إلى يوم الدين وبعد إن شاء الله تعالى today we're going to be starting with the permission of Allah سبحانه وتعالى the biography of the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم and there is no biography greater to be spoken about than the biography of the prophet عليه الصلاة والسلام my beloved brothers and sisters the prophet عليه الصلاة والسلام his biography has a great importance to every muslim he is a role model in which we were commanded to follow عليه الصلاة والسلام and he's evidence for us a proof but as you all are aware of the biography of the prophet عليه الصلاة والسلام is like history it's a portion of history and history is something that the people pass onto each other statements and speeches they tell each other and sometimes they add things to it that are not part of it so the prophet عليه الصلاة والسلام's biography has endured some false accusations and lies people have added to the prophet's biography that which is not from it and that which the prophet didn't say nor did he come into contact with عليه الصلاة عليه الصلاة والسلام علماء محافظ العراقي and he said in his نظم السيرة فليعلم الطالب أن السيرة let the student of knowledge know that the biography of the prophet تجمعو ما صح وما قد انكرا it has gathered false information that have been added to it and things are true so إن شاء الله تعالى I as an individual would try my best everything I say about the prophet's biography it's something that's authentic and nothing that is false and that has no evidence إن شاء الله تعالى before we start the biography we will take a couple of points point number one the importance of the prophet's biography زين العابدين علي ابن الحسين ابن علي ابن أبي طالب رضي الله تعالى عنه this is Ali's grandson so he's Ali ابن الحسين ابن علي ابن أبي طالب he said كنا نعلم مغازية رسول الله عليه وسلم we were taught the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم biography we were taught it وصراياه and the process of the expeditions كما نعلم صورة من القرآن the way that we will be taught a sura from the Quran we would study the prophet's biography just like we would study a sura in the Quran and the companions are comparing the Quran to the prophet's biography because the Quran was something that you all know how you should be memorizing it and learning it that's how the prophet's biography was we would study it and we would learn it like a sura from the Quran اسمعيل ابن محمد ابن سعد ابن أبي وقاص it was the grandson of سعد ابن أبي وقاص he said كنا أبي يعلمنا my father محمد ابن سعد ابن أبي وقاص he used to teach us مغازية رسول الله about the prophet's biography ويقولوا and he would say to us when he tells us about the biography يا بني يا مايس children هذه مأثل أبائكم this is the footprints and the footsteps of your forefathers فلا تضيعوا ذكرها don't forsake the mentioning of it these are your role models these are the people you need to tread on their paths don't forsake it and don't dismiss it and today because youngsters and many Muslims are ignorant about the prophet's biography they've taken other people as their role model they've taken other people singers rappers artists and etc they've taken them as role models الإمام خطيب البغدادي and he said تتعلق بمغازية رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أحكام كثيرة فيجيبوا كتبها والحفظ لها الإمام الخطيب البغدادي and he said بأنه بيجيبه لديه الكثير من تلقائياته فقط بقصر بيجيبه كما سترى إمان إذا كنت ترون كالعادة ستعرف كيف تطلق كالعادة إذا كنت ترون كالدار ستعرف كيف ترون كالدار إذا كنت تريد أن أصبب كل مجال كل شيء تريد أن تكون صلى الله عليه وسلم يتعلق بك في راومو دورك بأنه بجيبه في كيف انتعلم في how he dealt with those who are around him عليه الصلاة والسلام how he dealt with his wives and how he treated them how he صلى الله عليه وسلم he dealt with the disbelievers and etc this will give you an understanding by studying the prophet's biography you will learn all of that and you will come to know all of that ألمام أبل الجوزي رحمه الله he said the fundamental foundation of knowledge is وأنفع العلوم and from one of the greatest knowledge to study أنظر في سير الرسولي looking at the prophet's biography وأصحابه and his companions قال الله تعالى الله سنة القرآن أولائك الذين these are the ones هدى الله الله guided them فبهداه مقتده follow them in their footsteps so you can all see how important it is انه يُنطلح لست فتر فضل before it was a Quran when it was a Quran before it was a Quran when it was a Quran when it was a Quran when it was a Quran when it was a Quran when it was a Quran when it was a Quran لذلك يمكنك أن ترى كيف مهمة it is to study the Messenger ﷺ's biography وعلى هذه العلماء لقد قمت بعملها كبيراً كبيراً كبيراً أنا سأمر إلى الأشياء الأساسية الأشياء الأساسية التي لدينا أشياء كبيراً على كل أشياء أخرى نبي الله محمد إِهِسْ بَيُغْفِيهِ sِيُنِيكْ there is no one like it نبي الله محمد his biography is unique and it's unique in the following it is the most authentic biography of any prophet that has ever been sent his biography is the most authentic it's been transmitted with the authentic chains of narrations الزواء الأولى لن يتم تحديث عن تحديث عن المتحدة. وذلك عندما يتخلص شيء عن مثل العيس بن مريم يخبرونكم ما يعتقدون. وما يخبرونهم اموه اموه اموه اموه اموه اموه اموه اموه اموه اموه اموه اموه اموه لا يتم تحديث عنه. Our Prophet ﷺه's biography is authentically transmitted to us. صلى الله عليه وسلمه عليه. Number two. The Prophet ﷺ's biography is the most clearest biography in regards to any prophet. Even those prophets, we don't have every stage of their lives. Our Messenger ﷺ's biography is clear in every stage. We know him ﷺ, the day he was born. Where he was born. The women who breastfed him. His parents' names, his mother's name and his father's name, we know it. We know him ﷺ his dad and his father's name and where his father was born. We know his mother and where she was born. We know about him ﷺ, his childhood and how he grew up. We know him ﷺ as a youth. As a Shab in Makkah and how he was. We know that. We even know how his income was and what his income was. What he made money from before Islam. We know it. Brothers, if you can sit here, insha'Allah. Brothers, you just came to sit here, insha'Allah. We know what he made money from before Islam. Before he got money, before he became a Prophet. How was his income and where was he making money from? We know it. We know what he traveled to when he left Makkah. عليه الصلاة والسلام. Until Allah ﷺ sent him as a Messenger and as a Prophet. My beloved brothers and sisters, we even know how he ate. What did Imam Muslim narrating in Sahih? That Ibn Ka'b ibn Marekin. From his father Ka'b ibn Marekin, what did he say? رأيت النبي. I saw the Prophet of Allah. يلعق أصابعه. I saw the Prophet.  We know how he ate. We know he ate three fingers. عليه الصلاة والسلام. أبي جحيفه. He said, I saw the Prophet of Allah. صلى الله عليه وسلم وعليم. And the Prophet said to him, إني لا أكل متكئة. I never eat lying down. So we know how he ate. We even know about him. He how he stood and how he sat. When he sat عليه الصلاة والسلام. He would cross his feet. عليه الصلاة والسلام. And he would face towards the Qiblah. Generally when he spoke. We know about him. He's clothing and the clothes that he wore. We even know how he spoke. عيشة رضي الله تعالى عنها. She saw some people talking. And then she said, إن رسول الله. لم يكن يسرد الحديثك سردكم. The Prophet's speech was not like your speech. Where you just go on. He was إذا تكلم بكلمة. And if he spoke a speech. أعادها ثلاثا. And he would repeat himself three times. عليه الصلاة والسلام. حتى تفهم عنه. So the people can understand him. We know how he dealt with his family. And his wives. عيشة said. I went with the Prophet of Allah. صلى الله عليه وسلم. One day. In one of his traveling. وانا جارية. When I was very young in age. لم أحمل اللحمة. And I wasn't waited. Nor was I chubby of fat. So the Prophet's. الله عليه وسلم. He said to the people. تقدم. He said to the army go forward. Go move.  So the army left. And so the Prophet's left with his wife. عيشة. And then he said to her. عيشة. تعالي حتى أسابقك. Come let's race. Let's who's faster. Me or you. You have to imagine. He صلى الله عليه وسلم. Has a whole army of men. With their food in the middle of nowhere. And he tells all of them move. All of you go. Just to put happiness in our heart. He said عيشة let me race with you. So عيشة رضي الله تعالى. And she said. فَسَابَقْتُهُ I raised him. فَسَابَقْتُهُ I beat him. I won. He lost. عليه الصلاة والسلام. فَسَكَتَ عَنْيهُ He went quiet. He didn't say anything to me. He just went quiet. She was happy because she won. So the Prophet's. الله عليه وسلم. He looks for the right time. حتى إذا حملت اللحمة. Until she became chubby. وابدونت. And she was waited. ونسيت. And she forgot. So رضي الله تعالى عنها. She said خرجت معه. I came out with him. في بعض أسفاري. In one of his travels. Yeah. My beloved brothers and sisters. This is a man. Who is going through the hardest time in his life. He's going through the most serious matters. He's the one who has to run the Muslim affairs. He has to convey message of Islam. And everything. And he still doesn't remember a race. It says a lot. صلى الله عليه وسلم. So he said to Aisha. Come. Let me raise you after he told the army to move forward. And then. He said تعالى أسابقك. فسابقته فسابقني. This time he won. فجعل يضحك. The Prophet started to laugh at Aisha. And then he said to her. ها فيه بتلك. This is for the previous one. And he never raised with her again. Not to hurt her. To make it for her to feel is equal. صلى الله عليه وسلم. He didn't give her another challenge. And this shows you. What he was. And no Prophet. Has been brought to us. His life like this. We also even know. His عباد and his prayer. مغيره تبني شعبة نريتد. That the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم. He prayed حتى تفخت قدمه until his legs swollen. He became very very swollen. Aisha then said to him. Oh Messenger of Allah. Are you going to burden yourself to this extent? That you're going to pray at night until your legs are swollen this much. And Allah has forgiven you for your past sins.  You're free. There's no mistakes and no sins on your scale. And the Prophet said. أفلا أكون عبد شكورا. I am an M.Y. Shin Aibi. A slave who shows gratitude to his Lord. الله سبحانه وتعالى. So we know his prayer. We even know how he dealt with his companions. رضي الله تعالى عنهم. And how he was towards them. The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم. He would mix with his companions. And he would sit. And the سبحانه وتعالى he said. إن كان النبي لا يخالطنا. The Prophet will sit with us on the floor. And he would mix with us. حتى يقول لأخي. لأخي لي صغير. That the Prophet said to one of my young brothers. يا أبا عمير ما فعلن غير. يا أبا عمير. What did your bird نغير do? He was laughing من باب المدعبة. And this hadith alone. One of the great imams. He extracted a hundred benefits from it. Just that statement of the Prophet. يا أبا عمير ما فعلن نغير. ولي ذلك the Prophet. He would joke with the companions. And even then when he would joke. He said about himself. إني لا أقول إلا حقا. When I'm joking I don't say except the truth. Everything I'm uttering is the truth. When he would even joke with his companions and his wife. My beloved brothers and sisters. We have reached the level of knowing the Prophet ﷺ. That we even know how many white hair was in his beard. And in his hair. And Imam أحمد narrated in his Musnad. ابن حباني للصحيح. On the authority of Anas and Malika. رضي الله تعالى عنهم. He said. ما عددت في رأس رسولي لي صلى الله عليه وسلم والحياتي. I counted the Prophet's hair. And his beard. The number of white hair that was in it. إلا أربعة عشرة شعرة بيضاء. He only had 14 white hair. صلى الله عليه وسلم. So our messenger of Allah. Our messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم. We know everything about him. We know everything. There is to know. About a Prophet. When he did a summary of what can be said about him. Is that he was born under the scope. He was born as though a camera was 24 hours watching him. The way his life was documented to document to us. And brought forward. The third unique thing that we have in the Prophet's biography. And the studying of the Prophet's biography is. The biography of the Prophet. It informs us. Of a individual who Allah honored him. Allah honored him. صلى الله عليه وسلم. This honoring that he has been given. It has not taken him out of being a human being. He's been honored with a message and a prophecy. But it hasn't taken him out from being a human being. He married. صلى الله عليه وسلم عليه. He even divorced. He got pleased and he got angry. He bought and he sold. He is a human being. ما في هذه الكلمة من معنى.  He is a human being. Not like how the Christians make their. Prophet. إي سبن مريم. If he is an إله. How can he be a role model to you. And how can you follow him. But our Prophet. He is a human being. He would be happy. And he would be angry. He would buy. And he would sell. عليه الصلاة وسلم. He also. He also is a role model for us. And we were told to follow him. لقد كان لكم في رسول الله. أصوة حسنة. لمن كان يرجو الله. واليوم الآخرة. وذكر الله كثيرا. The fourth. Unique. Beauty in the Prophet's biography is. His biography. Is what allows us to understand. That he truly is a messenger sent from Allah. And a Prophet. By studying a Prophet's biography. عليه الصلاة وسلم. Looking at what he accomplished in 23 years. يا إخوة 23 years. What he accomplished. And what he gained. Could not have been attained. And he could not have been gained. Except. From a person who is directly been helped and aided. By Allah سبحانه وتعالى. 10 years he was in Makkah. Only 13 years he did what he did. That's when he actually became a leader. And he was in charge of somewhere. 13 years. 13 years عليه الصلاة وسلم. What he accomplished. And the things that he came forward with. How he صلى الله عليه وسلم. He sat his companions down. And that he they would listen to him attentively. They wouldn't disobey him.   Not because they feared him. Not because they were scared of him. Not because he had an army. Because they loved him عليه الصلاة وسلم. Because they admired him عليه الصلاة وسلم. His Da'wah reached the outskirts of Makkah. The outskirts of Medina. It went to the neighboring countries. عليه الصلاة وسلم. The patience which he endured عليه الصلاة وسلم. Shows that the issue was bigger for him than himself. It was bigger to him than Muhammad alone. But that this for him was prophesy and a message. That he had to convey عليه الصلاة وسلم. إنه والله نبي الله محمد is. A true prophet sent from Allah سبحانه وتعالى. And Allah aided him سبحانه وتعالى. Allah physically aided him. And Allah سبحانه وتعالى. He aided him with the Quran and the evidences that he gave him سبحانه وتعالى. Now إن شاء الله وتعالى. Let's talk about جزيرة العربية في العصر الجاهلي. Before the prophet came. How was the Arabian Peninsula? How was it like? And how did it look? The Arabs before Islam came to them. Their morality and their etiquettes was downhill. They were indulged into khamr, alcohol and gambling. And it reached a level of Qaswa and evilness. It reached to the extent that they buried their daughters alive. إلا وقدي البنات. Adultery and fornication was on the rise. People's safety was on the line. You would take a path and a road. And you were 90% your caravan. And whatever you're carrying would be taken. And it would be robbed from you. A highway robber would take it from you. This was the situation of the Arabs. Let's take an example for them. For example شوب الخمر. Drinking alcohol. It was spread to the extent that a person wouldn't sit on a table. Or a food would not be served on a table unless خمر was there. And alcohol was there. It was rooted in the community. They used to just come together just to have alcohol. If they ate, they would have the alcohol as the starters. And when they left the gathering, they would drink alcohol to leave the gathering. They even spoke about alcohol in their poetry. لبيد من الربيعة العامي. He's from the إحدى المعلقات السبعة. From one of the seven whose poetry was connected to the كعبة. How much they respected it. And it was written in ink of gold. They respected it. These are called المعلقات السبعة. The seven poets. He says قد بتسامرها وغاية تاجرين. وافيت إضرفعت وعزم دامها. He refers to the alcohol as trading. Like all of business. And money making is alcohol. If alcohol is not business, then what is business? That's how much alcohol was for them. قتادة بالدعمة السدوسي. He said كان الرجل في الجاهلية. Which is the second thing. قمار. Which is gambling. They used to gamble. They would gamble their cars. Sorry, they're riding beasts. Their horses and their camels. Their properties. Their children and their wives was part of the gambling. ولي ذلك قتادة said كان الرجل في الجاهلية. That a man before Islam يقامر على أهله ومالي. He would bring his children and his family and his wife forward. فيقعد حريبا سليبا. And if he lost the gambling, his wife and children. Everything would be taken from him and his wealth. ينظروا إلى مالي. He would see his whole wealth and everything he owned. He would take it away from him. فكانتوريث بينهم عداوة وبغضة. And this is what placed in their hearts. Hate and enmity towards one another. That's why they fought and they fought. Somebody just took your children and your wealth. This is where it reached. The reason I'm telling you all of this, my beloved brothers and sisters is. The argument that many used the Quran cannot relate to me. The religion cannot relate to the problems that our community are facing.  Exactly what they are going through is what we are going through today. Maybe because we have technology. But the reality is the same problems and the same Shaytan that was sending revelation on those ones is the same one that's sending revelation on these ones today. ريبا spread. The people of the Arabian Peninsula they used to trade in ريبا. And it was very well spread. That it was excessive and it was exaggerated. And Imam ابن جنير الطبري said كان ريبا في الجاهلية ريبا before Islam it was في تضعيف وفي السنيني. It was on multiplying it and doubling it. If a person was given debt it would be multiplied. If the time comes and you don't pay it was multiplied. And it was multiplied. And it was multiplied.  أو تزيدني Are you going to increase it? And if he says okay I'll increase it. If he has it he'll give it. And if he doesn't he'll say next year I'll come to you إن شاء الله تعالى this time. If what he took from him was مثلا ابنة مخاذ. ابنة مخاذ is a goat that's two years. If it's two years he would come and he would want from him the next year ابنة لبونن. One that's three years. And then it would go on it would become a جذع then it would turn into a رباعين. It would just grow. It would be a camel now. And then it would go the camel would be four years and it would etc. It would just multiply. If it was gold that he gave you then that same gold would multiply. So it would become two. And then you didn't bring it it would become four. And then it becomes eight. And then it becomes sixty and it goes on. It would just multiply until you pay it. It was their trading and this was what their life was like. That a person years would go by and he has no way to pay. زينة سبرد. It was one of the most prominent things in the community. And rather it was غير مستنكرين. No one's out there to stop them from doing it. It was part of their nooms. Rather they used to have boyfriend and girlfriends. They had boyfriends and girlfriends. And the Quran mentions it which is الخليلات. The person has as Allah mentions in the Quran ولا متخيدات أخذان. ولا متخيدات أخذان. Girlfriends they had it. Not only that the women also had boyfriends. It was normal. It was common.  They will make them do prostitution and bring that money.  It's a pimp right? So he pimps the slave and he wants money from her. So she has to go and she has to bring money. And أمام البخارين are written in الصحيح on the authority of Aisha رضي الله تعالى عنهم. She said أن النكاحة في الجاهلية that the نكاحية means the intimacy not their marriage. But intimacy before Islam was four and she mentions one the last four with the last one which is the one that concerns us. She says يجتمع الناس الكثير فيتخلون على المرأة لا تمنع من جاءها.  And Aisha said وهم وهم and they are the bagaya these women were prostitutes. And no one would stop her. No one would say what you're doing is wrong. ولي ذلك الله سرين القرآن ولا تكره فتاياتكم على البغاء. Do not force your daughters and your women into prostitutions in Aradna if they wish and they want تحصنن if they want to be chast لتبتغو عرض الحياة الدنيا. Don't force them into it. ولي ذلك لما مالك narrated in his مواطع بسلاد صحيح in an authentic chain of narration that Uthman used to say لا تكلف الأمتة Don't force a woman غير ذات الصنعة الكتبة A woman don't force her in a profession that she doesn't know very well don't force her into doing it. فإنك متاك كلافتموها whenever you burden a woman in going out to look for money ذلك ككسمت بفرجها she might go and do prostitution. It might force her to do prostitution and make money from Zina. She might think okay this is the easiest way to make it. So don't burden the women. Don't burden ولي ذلك Islam doesn't request money from women.  A woman is always like that. And the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم الحديث which Imam Ahmad narrated is Muslim and the Hadith is على شرط الشيخين that the Prophet prohibited three types of income. The first one is كسب الحجام the money that is made by the person who does hijama. The second one is وكسب البغي and the money that's made from a prostitute. The third one is وطمان تلبي the money that's made from dogs selling and buying dogs. So it's prohibited. So these were things that were very common. Also ودولباناتي that girls will be buried alive. That was common. That the Arabs would do that. They would bury their daughters alive. And the women were the lowest looked at as Allah said in the Quran وإذا بشر أحدهم بالأولسة if one of them his wife she gives birth to a girl the minute the news is given to him ظل وجهو مسودا وهو كظيم his face will become darkened. The first thing that he thinks about is where am I going to bury her? How am I going to face the community? What am I going to say to the people? That my wife after nine months of pregnancy she gave birth to a girl? ظل وجهو مسودا وهو كظيم يتوارى من القوم من سوء ما بشر به أن يمسكوا على هون أم يدسوا في الطراب ألا سأما يحكمون. That's what he's thinking about. Not the name that he's going to give his daughter and her clothing is worrying about how he's going to get rid of her and destroy her. So this was very common.  Some of them would take their daughters while their daddy they would bury them alive and put them in their graves. أبو ساد brings it in his طبقات many stories because they're not authentic we're not going to mention it but the reality is that they did do that. They also killed their children out of poverty if they had no money they would kill their children and if they were able to sell them they will also sell them and sometimes they would even make a promise to Allah if their children become 10 they would slaughter one of them and that's what was done to the Prophet's father عبد الله عبد الله we're going to see that later إن شاء الله و تعالى the Prophet's father عبد المطالب what did he want to do? عبد المطالب 102 he wanted he had 10 boys and he promised Allah if you give me 10 I will slaughter one for you and so he took the and then he placed a قرع he threw a lot and he kept coming out from the Prophet's father he didn't like that but it happened to the Prophet's father because the Prophet's father was most beloved to him عبد المطالب are you there? و لذلك العلمة they say and the Prophet's parcel came from the two individuals who were going to be slotted اسمعيل his lineage is from and that's the they were very very very excessive in their killing Why was the Prophet ﷺ sent in the Arabian Peninsula? Why was he sent amongst the Arabs? A people like this that you mentioned. Why them? Why out of all people was it them? Number one. The Arabs, they were upon the fitrah though. They were upon the fitrah. Meaning the basic instinct. They were not a people who the philosophy of the philosophers entered them. All of this which they were doing was out of ignorance. And if anything came to them, they were willing to accept it. Whereas the other civilizations, they were full of themselves and they believed knowledge has come to them. So which one is easier? To empty a cup and then pour something into it. Or to just get an empty cup and pour something in there. So the Arabs were like that. And the evidence for that is when Sahel Ibn Amrin pay attention to this. Who was Sahel Ibn Amr? In Hudaybiyah, the treaty of Hudaybiyah. We're going to take that in details insha'Allah. Sahel Ibn Amrin was the man who signed the treaty with the Prophet when the Prophet was stopped from entering Makkah. And don't worry, we're going to come to that incident very well insha'Allah. Sahel Ibn Amrin, when the Prophet wrote بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم من محمد رسول الله. He said to him. Don't write that. The Prophet wrote, هذا ما قضى به محمد رسول الله. So he said to him. Sahel Ibn Amrin said to him. والله بي الله. لو كنا نعلم أنك رسول الله if we believed you were a messenger from Allah ما صددناك عن البيت ولا قاتلناك. We will not have stopped you from entering Makkah. No one we have fought against you all this time.  This is Sahel Ibn Amrin, right? When Sahel Ibn Amrin took Islam. Just to show you the fitrah. When Sahel Ibn Amrin took Islam. The one who said to the Prophet فأول أمان وخاصيم وكبي. The first person I'm going to judge with you on the treaty of Hudaybiyah is my son Abujan. They'll give him to me. And he signed a hard contract with the Prophet. When he took Islam. What did he become? كان كثير الصلاة. His Salah was excessive. He used to fast Mondays and Thursdays. والصدقة. He would give charity excessively. وكان كثير البكاء. He used to cry excessively. Whenever he would hear the Quran. And he used to say. والله بي الله. والله. There's never going to come a position where the Muslims need me to stand harsh against the disbelievers. Except I will stand shoulder to shoulder with my brothers from the Muslims against the disbelievers. I promise you. ولان فقط. And I've never ever given charity before Islam. In support of the disbelievers. I'm going to give the same for Islam and the Muslims now. Why? لعل أمري أن يتلوا بعضه بعضا. Just hope insha'Allah تعالى that the wrong that I've done this would overcome it. And this would insha'Allah تعالى allow me to get a high place in Jannah. So this is what they were their hearts. And that's why the Prophet came from these people. The second thing is their hearts were pure. The Arabs. They had a very pure heart. These. They were upon the fitrah. A slight difference. Which is their problem was shahawat. Desires is what they had. They weren't a people who suffered from shubu hat. Doubts. In the sense where they knew nothing. ولي دالكة. No one from the civilizations of that time ever wanted to invade the Arab world. They were barbaric. They weren't seen as anything. They had no form of تقدم. They were just nothing. There was nothing to be said about them. And that's why a lot of these countries of that time the Persian and the Romans they couldn't accept these Bedouins. Like we were there. How did this happen? And these civilizations are talking about Christianity time. And how that works. So this is how they were. جهل was جهل which is بصيد. The arguments were very simple. The arguments were very very simple. And it was very easy. The third one was that the Arabs were very direct people. They want people to be behind bushes. And they will never deceive.  And if they didn't, they didn't love you. That was their characteristics. And you will all know the position the مهاجرين took. Sorry. The Ansar took when they gave the Prophet the Bay'a. And they أوسن خزرج were the two biggest tribes from Ansar, right? They met the Prophet عسلمين عقبة. And they gave the Prophet bay'a. العباس ابن عبادة ابن النظلة الخزرج. Look what he said to them before the bay'a. He said, يا معشرة الخزرج. All people of Khazraj. هل تدرون علىها يعون هذر رجل. Do you guys know what Muhammad is asking for as a bay'a? He loves the Prophet. But he really wants them to know what they're getting themselves into. So they don't get co-feeted later. And they get worried and scared. He said, are you guys fully aware of the pledge of allegiance that you're taking with the Prophet? What it entails? What is it going to lead to? Do you know? قالون عم. They said yes. He said, إنكم تبايعونه محمد سبيع that you're giving him this pledge of allegiance. إذا على حرب الأحمر والأسود بل الناس that you're going to fight every nation out there that's going to fight you guys. The minute you proclaim the message he's calling to, the world is your enemy. And you're going to be fighting with those people. Then they responded. قالوا فما لنا بذلك يا رسول الله إن نحن وافينا. And he said, يا رسول الله إذا كانت ذلك المتحدة نحن تفعيلها ونحن تبايعها ونحن تبايعها معك. What do we receive? The Prophet said, أل جنة. الله will give you guys جنة. And then they said to the Prophet أبصط يدك يدك يدك فبصط يده يدك يدك يدك يدك فبايعوه they gave him a pledge of allegiance. One after the other. One man comes and he moves on. And guess what? When the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم the battle of bedar and we're going to talk about that in details. The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم who did he consult? The battle of bedar didn't happen in a planned way. It wasn't organized. It wasn't prepared. But the Prophet knew that the greatest casualty are going to be who? Ansar. Ansar are the people of Medina. And if the bloodshed takes place, who are going to have the most casualties are the Ansar. So the Prophet kept asking what do you guys think we should do here in this situation? And then the Muhajirin were talking and then the Prophet kept looking at the Ansar like can you guys talk? It's you guys. And so then Sa'ad Mu'bad stood up I think it was him. He stood up. He said, يا رسول الله. We're not going to say to you what Musa people said to him. إنها هونا قاعدون. You and your people fight and we wait here for the results. We won't say that to you. You know what we're going to say to you? إنها هونا قاعدون. You and your Lord go and fight. فإنها معكم ما مقاتلون. We're going to fight shoulder to shoulder with you. Like today Muhammad were with you. Wherever you want to go and whatever you want to do. We're with you. And they fulfilled that covenant and that promise that they made with him. عليه الصلاة و السلام. ساعد من العبادة و المعاذ. ربي الله تعالى عنه. He said. I swear by the Lord. This is his speech. He's still carrying on. لو استعرضت بنا البحر. If you tell us. Walk in that ocean. All of you guys. Walk. Just walk inside the ocean. لا خدنا معك. We're going to cut it with you. لا تخلف مننا رجل و رجل و رجل واحد. Not one man from amongst us is going to hold back. We promise you that. And was it just a speech or did they really do that? They really really did that. And that is a distinct characteristic that the Arabs were known for. They were a people. They gave you their words. You never have to come back to them on that again. That's it. The other reason why they were chosen was because the Arabs were a people who grew up in hard life. They were not. They weren't like the Persians and the Romans who were born in castles and palaces. They were people who were born under trees. Livestock and camels was their life. They were strong type of people. They didn't grow up on chicken and chips. Yeah? They were strong people. They were courageous. The professor Asalib's armor. Do you know how much one armor weighed? He had two armors put together. You know that, right? How much was one? Yeah, it was 50 kg. 50. His armor weighed عليه الصلاة والسلام. Are you with me brothers? We sword. حديث و الحرج. Something else. So the issue is also the Arabs were truthful people. They were truthful and they were people who could be trusted and they were very courageous, brave people. نفاق and hypocrisy was not in their list. If they were going to kill a tribe, they would tell that tribe.  We're coming for you. We broke the covenant. We're coming for you. Deception wasn't part of the deal. They used to have, before Islam, they had a characteristic which was within the year there was a period of time in which there was no fight that was meant to happen. And Islam adopted that from them. And he took it on. أشهر الحرم is taken from them. They just used to play around with it. They used to sometimes push it forward and backwards. But those months were there. If it entered and it happened that the month entered and they all knew it was the time, guess what they would do?  You just killed his father. And the أشهر الحرم just came in. You walk in front of him and he cannot say a thing to you. He won't touch you. He will wait for the time to come back. For what? That's how they were. أهل سطق و أمانة. They had these characteristics. They were very brave. Disception was not part of their characteristics. The sixth thing that they were very well known is they were people who knew how to fight. They knew what? They knew very, very well how to fight. Fighting was their characteristics, their norms. And that's what they talk about. Riding horses for instance. Archery. And all of this was their norms. The other characteristics that the Arabs had was that they were a people who did not like to be subjugated. An oppression, a vulm. They accepted that. They were people who love to live free. And Islam is compatible with people like that. People who want to live freedom because Islam brings you out of the shackles of slavery for people. They ran away from what was created for them. So tell them to run away from what was created for them. Islam came to take you out of the shackles of slavery for the human beings. To become a slave of who? Allah سبحانه وتعالى. إن شاء الله وتعالى It's nine o'clock now. Five past nine. We will conclude there إن شاء الله وتعالى. And we'll carry on next Saturday بإبن الله الكريم. The time is going to be moved إن شاء الله وتعالى at 7.30 so it's going to move forward so we can start the class straight away after it. Anything which I have said that was wrong or incorrect is from me and Shaytan and Allah and his messenger are free from it. سبحانك اللهم وبحمدك أشد بالله إله إلا الله استغفروا قاتوب إليه.


On Tuesday, we found out that the US presidential nominee, Joe Biden, announced Kamala Harris as his running mate, which will make her the first black woman and the first woman of Asian descent, nominated for the vice president by a major party in the US. In the UK, the job's picture remains bleak with a low unemployment rate masking a sharp drop in employment and a record fall in hours worked. Welcome to the Tick-Mill Update, I'm Canada and you're the founder of the Investee of a Movement. Make sure to subscribe to the Tick-Mill YouTube channel and support us by liking and sharing this video with your forex trading friends. On Wednesday, we'll be eyeing the UK GDP, the US inflation rate and Australia's employment and unemployment rate among other risk events. Today, I'm looking at the Euro-dollar pair, which has just broken below the HMCL on the four-hour chart after forming a double-top bearish reversal chart pattern. The neckline of this chart pattern is at the 23% of national retracement level of 1.17. The future cloud up here is bearish and although we could see a temporary correction towards the upper part of the HMCL, we could see the pair dropping to key support levels around 1.16 and 1.15 in the medium term, respectively. Now, do you think the bullish run has officially ended for the Euro-dollar pair? Head over to the comment section and let me know. Of course, trading in the financial markets involves a risk of loss and you should only trade the money that you can afford to lose. If you like this video, give it a thumbs up and subscribe to the Tick-Mill YouTube channel. I'll get back to you with more updates tomorrow.


Natural fibers are increasingly being used as reinforcements in polymer composites due to their abundance, low cost, light weight, renewability, biodegradability, and high specific properties. This paper reviews the different sources of natural fibers, their properties, modifications, and effects of treatments on natural fibers. It also summarizes the major applications of natural fibers and their effective use as reinforcement for polymer composite materials. This article was authored by Yesha Skoda, Thayavi Halli, Jiri Hapa, Sanjay Mavinkara Rangappa, Jyotishkumar Paramezware and Pillai, and others.


Okay, we're going to build the pH scale. And this is actually an interactive thing. So I'm going to be asking you questions and giving you jobs. And if you need to pause me, by all means, pause away any other time you're not allowed to pause me. But this time you are. So let's go ahead and take a look at this activity. The first thing, let's see if I'm all, is this going to work? The first thing that we're going to do is draw a scale.  You can draw it up and down, you can draw it in like a diagonal from left to right from right to left. It doesn't matter. But we're going to add labels to our scale. You can do it the same as I do it, which is going to let you follow along with me. But the way I'm doing it is just one way to do it. So the way I'm going to label this image or this, this, whatever that thing is, the scale down the bottom is I'm going to label the left side acidic. And then I'm going to label the right side basic. This is easy so far, huh? What do you think I'm going to label the middle? Maybe you should put neutral in the middle. You now have labels on your scale. Take a look at that thing. That's exactly the way I labeled it in the lecture previously. So we're looking at it the same way and in all actuality, most scales label it in this order. So that makes it easier for our brains. Next, we're going to add relative hydrogen ion concentration. So now what I want you to add in here is where do you expect a high hydrogen ion concentration and where do you expect a low hydrogen ion concentration? And I gave you the little symbols to add. Now you're going to add it somewhere. I think I have a box for each of them to go into. So take a minute and figure out which end of the scale, the acidic end or the basic end gets this low hydrogen ion concentration symbol box right here. And which one gets the high hydrogen ion concentration? And let's see. Let's just do the low first. You have a guess for where you're going to put the low hydrogen ion concentration. Okay, let's see if you agree with me, except in order for this to work. Don't worry, I can't see over my notebook thing holder. My holder of my notebook is like over my keyboard, so I can't see. That's what we're moving first. And is that where you put the low hydrogen ion concentration? I hope so, because that's where it goes. It goes on the basic side, which means where does the high hydrogen ion concentration go? It goes into the acidic side. Okay, so far this is an easy game, isn't it? Well step three, I want you to add some actual hydrogen ion concentrations and watch what we're going to do. I'm going to give you three actual concentrations. And I want you to look at what these actually are. So this first one is, we'll deal with the first one first. And this is actually one-tenth, one-tenth molar solution. So this, we're looking at molarity. We have a one-tenth to the negative one, which is a one-tenth molar solution. We have a one-tenth to the negative seven, and we have a one-tenth to the negative 14. So if you look at this first one, it's actually a point one molar solution. We're good with that? If you look at the second one, what is that actually? If you had to look at that number, how would you write that number out? I'm going to go ahead and do it for you. If negative one made a point, like it moved the decimal point. We had a one, and we moved the decimal point one place. Then a negative seven, a tenth of the negative seven, we're going to move the decimal point from the one back seven places so that you end up with this. That's actually one-tenth millionth of a mole. That's a smaller number, wouldn't you say? And how about this one? What do you think this one is? It's 14. We're going to move the decimal point 14 places, and we're going to end up with all those zeros in front of the one, and that's one-hundred trillionth of a mole. So look at what these things mean now. We have three different concentrations. We have a tenth of a mole, something else of a mole, and a hundred trillionth of a mole of hydrogen ions in a liter of water. Are you getting a sense of where the biggest concentrations are? I hope so. Okay, so now I want you to add the actual hydrogen ion concentrations, those molar numbers to your chart. I'm going to tell you that one is going to fit on each one of these lines that we've got created here. So let's go ahead and start here with this first arrow. Which one of these concentrations do you think is going to fit in a place where we want a higher concentration of hydrogen ions? Did you take a wild guess? Okay, I'm going to move this one. Did you take the first one because it has more hydrogen ions? One times ten to the negative one, there's a tenth molar solution, and that's more hydrogen ions than any of the other ones, which is why it goes on the acidic side. Where do you think? I think I'm doing the basic one next. Which one do you think is the most basic? Which one of those that's left has the fewest number of hydrogen ions in it? Did you pick one times ten to the negative fourteen? I hope you did because that is indeed the most basic solution that has the fewest hydrogen ions in that concentration. And what does that mean about one times ten to the seven? Where would you put it? Okay, this is awesome. I give you three options. You can either put it right in the middle at neutral, or you can put it between neutral and acidic, or between neutral and basic. Where do you think that seven is actually going to end up fitting? I mean the one times ten to the negative seven. That was a gigantic hint for you all. It does indeed go at the seven. Now what do you notice? Neutral is in the middle. We definitely, our numbers actually do tell us some information about the number of hydrogen ions, and we have a fourth step. Now we're going to add actual pH values to our scale. Are you getting an idea of where those pH values are actually going to come from? Well here are a pile of pH values, and I think I want us to start, let's go ahead and start with number fourteen, because why would you start with zero or one? If you had to take a wild guess, where is something that sort of might make you think fourteen could go? How about in the zone where the concentration of hydrogen ions is one times ten to the negative fourteen? Where would you put the seven? Where you have one times ten to the negative seven? Hydrogen ions in a liter of solution, moles of hydrogen ions in a liter of solution. Where are you going to put the one? Where you have one times ten to the negative one? Moles of hydrogen ions in a liter of solution. Where are you going to put four? Now we don't have a number to match. Now we have to estimate, are we going to put this on the acidic side of things or are we going to put it on the basic side of things? It's definitely going to be on the acidic side. How about your nine on the basic side and what about the zero? Yeah, totally on the acidic side. One times ten to the zero power is one and that means there's one mole of hydrogen ions in one liter of solution and the pH is zero. Okay, what started as like, dude, how is this even possible? This doesn't make any sense. It's counterintuitive. Now goes, oh, it's because and my kid was just in here, I think today telling me that he just learned that the pH scale is logarithmic. This is a logarithmic scale. Each number is actually increasing by powers of ten instead of just by powers of one. So the concentrations are vastly different on this scale, but also the numbers are related to the exponents and not the one doesn't mean only one hydrogen ion and the fourteen means well there's fourteen hydrogen ions, it's actually to the power of negative one and to the power of negative fourteen and you can see why to the power of negative fourteen is a much smaller number. Okay, let's go ahead and check ourselves. So we've got this information up here. Take a look at this guy. If you had a solution with one times ten to the negative, a one times ten to the negative four molar solution of an acid, where's it going to go on the pH scale? It's easy. Once you've got this pattern, once you see the pattern, it becomes easy. What about this one? One times ten to the negative twelve. Where would you put this one? We don't have a box already in place for that, but it's got to be somewhere on the basic side of things, wouldn't you say? And what's the pH of that one times ten to the negative twelve? What would you say the pH of that is? Easy. It's twelve. Let's put it as twelve. Okay, hopefully this activity that you just did helps you understand why the pH scale acidic pHs are low numbers, but they indicate high concentrations of hydrogen ions. I'm not kidding. How long have I been teaching and how many times have I taught this right here? Many, many, many and long, long, long. I have to think it through every time. I do and I often draw myself a picture. I'll draw like, oh, high hydrogen ions in acid. Yes. Okay. Because it's hydrogen ions are what causes it to be acidic and I walk myself through it and then I can match up the numbers, the pH numbers with what I would be expecting. So this is a counterintuitive thing, but hopefully this little activity assisted you. Now where are we going next? Biomolecules. It's time for us to look at biomolecules, which is great because pH changes the shape and function of biomolecules.


Did you know players have discovered an insane way to clone certain Pokemon in Scarlet and Violet? There are a few rules to this clone method. Step one, make sure auto-save is off. Step two, you have to find a Shiny Pokemon outside of a town or city that despawns Pokemon. Step three, catch that Shiny Pokemon but don't save there. Step four, run back to the town until you see the name of the town load in. Make sure to save here. Step five, close your game and reopen the game. Step six, run back to the same spot where you saw that Shiny Pokemon and catch it. Step seven, repeat this until you are happy and content. Remember Pokemon clones might not be able to be sent to the same Pokemon home account. Subscribe and share this so you can say