Hello, my name is Swapnil and I will walk you through today with the functionalities of the Nmap tool. So Nmap is a security tool which is mainly using the reconnaissance phase of the attack. Recognize means we gather the information of the victim, what vulnerabilities are present in it, what ports are open and all such things. So Nmap is an open source tool for network exploration and security auditing. It is it can be used to rapidly scan large networks. We can give entire subnets range of IPs to the Nmap and it can scan them sequentially. The various uses of Nmap are whether we can discover which hosts are alive, we can scan the open ports services, we can know the versions of the services which are running, operating systems which are running and etcetera. Few things to keep in mind while using Nmap is like there are security devices like firewalls which can skew the result of the Nmap scan. They can interfere with the scanning packets of the Nmap and thus we cannot get the exactly correct result. And some of the functions of Nmap requires root level privileges in the machine. For example, for checking whether a host is alive using ARP, it requires a pseudo level permission. Scanning the networks or machines which you do not have permission to do can get you in the trouble with authorities and the last thing is that aggressively scanning some systems which have low resources may cause them to crash. So we have to use this tool with very caution and finally, so these are the various ways of input which we provide to Nmap. We can give a single IP, we can give multiple IPs separated by space, we can give a range using a dash, we can even give IPs from a file as we are given here. Sometimes if you are giving a range of IPs or if you are giving a subnet of IPs, you might want to exclude some of them. So we exclude those IPs using these options. The minus minus exclude option accepts all the specifications given before here and the exclude file option accepts the IPs in a text file. These are the various discovery options using which we can identify whether a host is alive or not. We will see some of these options in the demo. Like there is one option using which we can we can ARP the remote host and see whether it is alive or not. We can send at ECPC, we can use an ICMP ping and etc. These are the various scanning options which we will see. Some of these I will demonstrate in the video. When we scan the TCB ports, we may get the status of the ports as one of these four. Usually we will be interested in the ports which are open or unfiltered. So the open ports means the service is running and the port is listening and it is accepting connections. And unfiltered ports are classified as such when Nmap is able to probe them but we cannot determine whether they are open or closed. So Nmap has a help menu which will list all the options which I just showed you in the slide. You can even view the man page of Nmap using man space Nmap. Now I will log in as a route on this machine so that I can use all the features of Nmap. This minus SP options tells the Nmap to only check whether the host is alive or not and not to scan any further. So I am giving it a range of IPs. These are 11 IPs and it will scan all of them sequentially and check whether they are alive or not. This range is say in the same submit as the machine on which I am using Nmap. So it has identified that 4 hosts are up currently out of the 11 IP address and it will give MAC address and IP address of those hosts. Out of these the first host is a vulnerable machine which I have purposefully set up for us to scan. So all the commands from here on I will perform only on this machine and not all of them. We can give the range of IPs like we are given here in all the commands. So note here that the Nmap has send an ARP query which is a broadcast message. This <IP_ADDRESS> is my IP address and this <IP_ADDRESS> is the remote IP address of the vulnerable machine. So it has replied its own MAC address over here. But notice that after this ARP request and reply my machine is doing a DNS reverse query over here of that machine and the DNS server is responding that it has no such recording it. But this can be a very serious issue. I just scanned 11 IP addresses and the DNS server has received the reverse DNS query of all these 11 addresses. If someone is monitoring the DNS server or logging it then they will know that a scan is being performed. In this wire shock I will only be showing the packets which are going to the vulnerable machine.  See now the ARP request and reply has come over here but there is no reverse DNS query. I just told Nmap to do a host discovery using the minus SP option and it selected the ARP to scan whether the host is alive or not. But I can specifically give an option as minus PR. This tells Nmap to use the ARP to scan the host whether it is alive or not. So again the result here is same as before. Now I will put a minus N option and so it will not perform a reverse DNS query. So what we saw here is when the remote machine is in the same subnet as ours Nmap will by default use an ARP protocol to discover whether the machine is alive or not. If we want to use some other protocol explicitly then we have to provide other options. Again minus SP means I am only trying to discover whether the host is alive. Since PE means I am trying to use an ICMP echo protocol the ICMP ping which we use normally. But even though I have told it to use an ICMP ping it has done an ARP query over here. This is because Nmap does not take our choice into consideration when the remote host is in the same subnet. So we have to explicitly tell it not to use an ARP in case we want to use some other protocol. So now it has done an ICMP request and reply and we have come to know that one host is up. See by far the ARP is the safest method to scan whether host is alive or not. So because if there is a security device in the network may consider that ARP request and reply is something normal. But the security devices can block the ICMP request and reply. If the remote host is on some other subnet then there may be a security device in between. So it is possible that ICMP can be blocked. So there are various other ways to check whether a host is alive or not. This minus PS option will tell Nmap to do it TCP SIN scan on any port on the remote machine. We can give PS and then some port number which we want to use otherwise Nmap will use some good port on its own. So we have found that the host is up. In vireshack we can see that a TCP SIN has been sent to the HTTP port 80 and the machine has replied with a SINAC. So now we have known that the machine is up. So we immediately stop the connection by sending a reset. This is a TCP ACS scan. Instead of sending a SIN now we will send an AC packet to the remote host. When we send an AC the remote host will try to find a session based on the source and destination port and IP addresses but it won't find any such session. So it will send a reset back to us. So since it has reacted with a reset we will come to know that the host is up. But we have to note here that if there is a stateful security device in between like a firewall it will also keep a track of all the sessions which are going on. So in this case the firewall may silently drop the AC and we may not ever receive the reply. So Nmap will time out. So this method is not always useful. This is a UDP scan. The Nmap will randomly choose some UDP port and send a packet to that. So we can see here that the message is sent to the remote port 40125 and the remote host has sent us an ICMP port unreachable message. By this we come to know that the machine is alive. Since UDP is sessionless protocol there is a very low chance that some security device can stop this UDP packet. Minus PP option means ICMP timestamp protocol. The ICMP timestamp protocol is used to synchronize the clocks between two servers to measure the latency between them and such things. So when we send an ICMP timestamp the remote machine may reply and we will know whether it is alive or not. Here you can see the machine is replied with a timestamp reply message. So these were the some of the discovery options which I showed you in the slide. There are three to four more options which you can explore on your own. Now we will see how to scan for open ports on the remote machine. The minus SS option is a TCP SIN scan. So notice here that first Nmap will always do a check on whether the host is alive or not only after that it will do the port scan. If somehow we know that the machine is alive but none of the discovery options we get that the machine is alive. Always we scan for discovery and we find that the host is down. So we can use a minus PN option which was there in the slide which will directly start scanning the machine instead of checking whether it is alive or not. So these are all the open ports on that machine. These are the wireshark capture of the scan. We will see that first the Nmap will do a ARP discovery after that it will start sending SIN packets. You can see here that a SIN has been sent and the machine has replied with a SIN and immediately after the SINAC we are sending a reset to it and we know that the port is open. So in this way it will the Nmap will scan a total of 1000 ports, the well known ports if we do not provide any explicitly explicit option to it. Otherwise we can also provide a range of ports to it which can be scanned. The one we saw now was the TCP SIN scan. Now we will see a TCP connect scan. To use the TCP SIN scan we will require the root privileges of the local machine but if we do not have the root privileges we have to work with the TCP connect scan. It will make a full connection with the remote host. Again it has first discovered whether the host is up and it has found the open TCP ports. Now we will see here that a full three way handshake has been done. SINAC has been sent by the remote machine, the SIN has been sent by us, the SINAC has been sent by the host and again we send an act. So a three way handshake has been done of the TCP. So now we know that the port is open and accepting connections and after this we will do send a reset to the remote host to close the connection. If I use the follow TCP SINAC option it will show all the packets of the particular session. So it has, so we have send a reset to the remote host to close the connection. But over here if the sessions are being logged it will get recorded that a scan has been done on all the ports. So that the previous option simply the TCP SIN where we send a SIN and the remote host gives a SINAC and we immediately send a reset is a better choice. Now this is a TCP act scan. This is not used to scan whether the ports are open or not. But this is used to scan whether the ports are filtered by a firewall or not. So first it has done a host discovery and it has given the result that all 1000 ports are unfiltered. Why does it say that the ports are unfiltered? You will see in the wire shack. So we are continuously sending the AC on various remote ports and the machine is replying with RST because it does not have any such session. So this means that there is no security device which is keeping the track of all the sessions and there is no security device to stop this AC scan. So the ports are unfiltered. You can see various AC RST packets over here. First we send an AC and in reply we get an RST. Now this minus A option means the aggressive scan. We have to be very careful with this option because it performs all the tests which are there with Nmap on the remote machine. It will first perform a discovery then it will start scanning for open ports after that it will do the OS fingerprinting and thus it will bombard a lot of packets on the remote machine. So it takes a lot of time. I will just fast forwarded the video here. So it has first checked the host is up. After that it has here we have the host name of the remote machine. We have the version of the remote SMB server. These are the various fingerprints which we have received. Here we have found out which version of my SQL the machine is using. See these are very dangerous things. If we find out some version which is vulnerable then we can exploit it. Here we see that which version of VNC it is using, which version of FTP server is using. The version of open SSH it is using an Apache Tomcat 5.5. So this may also have some vulnerability if we scan if we search in some database. But it has not found any exact OS match because it may not have the fingerprint in the database. So with this I conclude the demonstration of NMAP.


I remind members of the Covid-related measures that are in place and that face coverings should be worn when moving around the chamber and across the Holyrood campus. The final item of business is a member's business debate on motion 2730, in the name of Jackie Dunbar, on My Breath is My Life. This debate will be concluded without any questions being put. I would ask those members who wish to speak in the debate to please press the request to speak button us now or to enter R in the chat function, and I call on Jackie Dunbar to open the debate. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I'm very proud to bring this member's debate forward tonight. Can I first of all thank everyone for the cross-party support that has ensured that the debate can take place this evening? In Scotland, around 368,000 people are being treated for having asthma. That includes over 72,000 children. This is not the total amount of folk suffering from asthma, as a lot of folk have this condition but are not diagnosed, as it is not an easy diagnosis to make. I myself went to the doctors about 19 years ago and was diagnosed as having borderline asthma borderline COPD. At the time, they were unable to tell me which condition it was, and I was given three different inhalers, two to be taken once a day, one for asthma symptoms and one for COPD symptoms, and the blue inhaler that most people associate with asthma for as and when needed. I'm not alone in this kind of diagnosis. Many times it is trying to see what works for the individual. I'm not proud to say that I was a smoker and quit over two years ago, and I'm very pleased to report that my lung capacity increased and, due to that, my medication strength was decreased, not something that happens if you have COPD, so I take it that I'm just borderline asthmatic now. Respiratory conditions, including asthma, account for over a third of all acute hospital admissions and are also one of the most commonly presented conditions within primary care. I was pleased to see the respiratory care action plan launched by the Scottish Government last year, which focuses on ensuring across Scotland we have a consistent approach to the management of respiratory conditions in the five key priority areas, prevention, diagnosis, management, care and supporting self-management. In 2020, there were 113 asthma-related deaths in Scotland. 90 per cent of those could have been prevented. 90 per cent could have been prevented. In the north-east, the work of the Asthma and Allergy Foundation has been transformational in increasing awareness for people living with and caring for those with asthma, and my motion lays out all the fantastic work that has been achieved so far by them. Everyone here today will know someone with asthma, but would you know how to help support someone who was having an asthma attack? I didn't. In 2021, 49 people out of every 100,000 were hospitalised for asthma at least once that year. Scotland, like other UK countries, has a high prevalence of asthma compared with the rest of the world. An asthma attack is caused by the inflammation of the breathing tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs. Asthma makes those tubes highly sensitive so that they can temporarily narrow and it is a condition that affects the airways and can affect people of all ages. Although it often starts in childhood, it can also develop for the first time in adults. The main symptoms of asthma can be wheezing, breathlessness, a tight chest and coughing. However, that does change from person to person, and it is currently incurable, but symptoms can be maintained through medicines such as inhalers and steroids. The Breath Is My Life project was launched in 2018 and has worked across Aberdeen and Aberdeenshire to provide asthma awareness and education within schools. My Breath Is My Life project, supported by national lottery funding, delivered workshops to staff, students, parents and carers to raise awareness of the condition and help people to become confident and capable of managing the illness within a school setting and recognising not only the signs of an asthma attack but also knowing how to deal with it. I was delighted to recently meet the founders of the Asthma and Allergy Foundation and hear about their most recent national lottery funding, which will allow them to expand their workshops into the greater Glasgow and Clyde health board, again delivering workshops for children and young people, but also exploring the transition into adult services and how young people can manage their condition in a range of different environments. I was advised that, on average, there are two children with asthma in every classroom, and every school. That is a lot. That is why it is so important that teachers and staff in every classroom are comfortable and confident in managing asthma in schools and having the knowledge of what to do if someone is having an asthma attack. For example, before meeting with the Asthma and Allergy Foundation, I was unaware that it should never put someone who is having an attack into the recovery position. As it constricts their airways further and they may stop breathing, I learnt a valuable lesson from our long meeting and I am positive that the foundation's expansion work will help to inform and educate many more people throughout Scotland. As many of you know in the chamber, I donate my councillor's salary to charities and good causes within my constituency of Aberdeen, Donside, and I was delighted to be able to donate my December salary to the foundation to help pay for further training for their staff and volunteers. I will finish off my contribution to this debate by thanking everyone who has supported the motion and to thank the members in advance who are speaking today. Last but not least, I will try to be helpful by explaining what to do if you or someone near you is having an asthma attack. You should always advise the person to, one, sit up straight, try to keep calm and know that that is easier said than done. Two, take one puff of your inhaler, usually the blue one, every 30 to 60 seconds up to 10 puffs. Three, if you feel worse at any point or that you do not feel better after 10 puffs, call 999 for an ambulance immediately. I now call Audrey Nicol to be followed by Tess White. I would like to congratulate my colleague and old friend, Jackie Dunbar for bringing the motion forward as the night is meant in the most respectful way. I know that this is an initiative that she has been committed to as it has been developed locally in Aberdeen City and Aberdeenshire. I refer members to my register of interests. I am a councillor in Aberdeen City Council. I thank the Asthma and Allergy Foundation for their helpful briefing ahead of this debate. I will shamefully admit that despite living in the north-east, I had not crossed paths with My Breath Is My Life initiative until Jackie Dunbar brought forward the motion. The notion of a learning resource that delivered training to children and young people on how to cope with an asthma attack seems so logical and, as Jackie Dunbar highlighted, the statistics speak for themselves. In Scotland, around 368,000 people live with asthma, around 72,000 of whom are children and, tragically, 2020 saw 113 asthma deaths. I cannot imagine the loss and sense of tragedy felt by families and friends affected by such a loss. Prevention plays a vital role in so many aspects of our lives, particularly our health and wellbeing, our daily multivitamin tablet, our free eye tests and, of course, getting jagged and boosted with the flu and Covid vaccines. We are so fortunate to be able to access a wide range of resources and educational opportunities to enhance our confidence and skills in responding to unforeseen events, who remember the recovery position from their first day training or the fact mnemonic in cases of suspected stroke. It stands to reason, therefore, given the potentially serious consequences an asthma attack can have, that education on how to respond for those living with asthma—their carers, families and teachers—could literally mean the difference between life and death. The commitment of Martina Chukwuma Ezekie in establishing the Asthma and Allogy Foundation and developing the My Breath Is My Life resource is inspiring, turning her traumatic personal experience into an opportunity to educate and empower those living with asthma. It was fantastic to learn that My Breath Is My Life workshop has been delivered to almost 15,000 pupils, just under six unto teachers, PSAs, parents and others, teaching learners to understand asthma, identify symptoms and triggers and, importantly, how to manage their condition—a truly fantastic achievement. Of course, My Breath Is My Life is not just about raising awareness. It is about supporting people to have a good life where they are in control of their asthma rather than their asthma controlling them. While currently a local initiative, My Breath Is My Life will be making its own very valid contribution to ensuring that children can stay in education, play sport, experience strong mental health and, further on in their lives, access skills development, education opportunities and positive outcomes. I note the motion calls for My Breath Is My Life to be made available nationally. Having spent many years in volunteering roles with children and young people, there is no doubt in my mind that a project such as this merits every consideration for wider roll-out across Scotland and I will do everything that I can to support that effort going forward. I am delighted to speak in this debate today and pay tribute to Jackie Dunbar for bringing our attention to the work of asthma of the Asthma and Allergy Foundation. Asthma is one of the most prevalent health conditions in Aberdeenshire. It is also the most common lung condition in children, affecting around one in 11 children across the UK. As the members have stated before, 72,000 of those children live in Scotland. However, while asthma is a widespread condition, its symptoms are not always seen or understood by others. Difficulties breathing, wheezing, coughing and tightness and pain in the chest are all commonly experienced by people with asthma. If these symptoms escalate, they can be very frightening. Fortunately, asthma can be managed effectively through the right treatment plan, but a diagnosis is nevertheless worrying for sufferers and their families. That's why the My Breath My Life project is so important. It has helped children with asthma to better manage the condition from understanding what triggers symptoms to how and when to use their inhalers. These may sound like small interventions, but the right inhaler technique is crucial for the medication to work effectively. The My Breath My Life project has also helped to empower children, parents and teachers through targeted education so that they can better support their peers who have asthma symptoms. Too few people are aware that an asthma attack can come on suddenly and can be life-threatening, yet someone in the UK has an asthma attack every 10 seconds. When a child is having an asthma attack, it's not just their breathing that's affected. Young children might report a stomach ache, they might be unusually quiet, they might look pale, they might not be able to complete sentences. Knowing how to respond in a situation like this can save lives. 90 per cent of deaths from asthma are preventable. Of course, the Covid-19 pandemic has brought respiratory illnesses into sharp focus, and I'd like to thank organisations such as Asthma UK for providing information and support to people with asthma during the coronavirus outbreak. During the pandemic, the reality for some children and young people with asthma is that wearing a mask for a prolonged period of time such as at school may be difficult. Asthma sufferers can experience anxiety and panic attacks as a result of face coverings, as they can amplify the feeling that you cannot access air. Removing them in classrooms can impact positively on the mental health of children who may already be feeling anxious wearing them. As a threat posed by Covid-19 receives, I agree with Professor Devi Shridhar who argued last week that children should be at the centre of a return to normality and the first to have measures in schools such as maths ease. Finally, Deputy Presiding Officer, as GP surgeries start to resume work that was deferred during the pandemic, I would urge patients who are due an asthma annual review to accept the invitation even if they feel that the condition is under control. The respiratory condition can be worrying for people of any age, but the work of the Asthma and Allergy Foundation has demonstrated how beneficial patient-centred education can be, and for that I sincerely commend its staff and volunteers. Thank you, Ms White. I now call Rhoda Grant to be followed by Emma Harper, who will be the last speaker before I ask the minister to respond. Ms Greta. Thank you, Presiding Officer, and can I, too, congratulate Jackie Dunbar and secure in this really important debate? Asthma is a common complaint and so common, we often take very little heed of it, but it impacts just under 10 per cent of the population. And while most people live with the condition, it can be fatal, taking the life of three people in the UK every day. As Jackie Dunbar said, most of these deaths could have been prevented with better guidance and monitoring. Nervful good management is crucial and the motion shows how this can be done. In my breath, my life project helped young people, their parents and teachers, to understand the conditions, its causes and its management. I grew up aware of Asthma because my grandmother had it, and I remember her having terrible attacks and being taken outside the house in the hope of helping her to get her breath. It was frightening to watch as a young person, but it must have been terrifying for her. Therefore, even by simply raising awareness, the project has been very worthwhile. The pandemic has been very challenging for those with Asthma, not only the fear of catching Covid-19 but having lives disrupted much more than the general population as they had to shield, and it also impacted on their families, who also had to take measures to protect them.  It is risky for them to be out and mixing with others. It is much more likely to have their mental health impacted, and it will also be a lot more difficult for them to mix again with others with any confidence. People's careers will have been affected because they were required to shield. Not every job can be done remotely, meaning that some people have lost their jobs or even given them up due to the need to shield. We need to target support towards them to bring them back into the workforce safely. There is also the argument about masks and how it makes someone with breathing difficulties fail, and to line that up against the benefits of wearing masks for the most vulnerable to Covid-19. It is a very difficult decision to take. The project also looks at triggers for asthma attacks. It is something that I think we would all benefit from understanding. Many can be triggered by atmospheric conditions and pollution, and we must cut pollution and emissions for the good of the planet to stop climate change, but we also need to do that to help people with issues with breathing such as asthma and COPD. The project should show the way on how we can build greater understanding in Scotland. Raising awareness of asthma allows us all to play our part in preventing it and supporting those who live with the condition every day. I'm still a registered nurse. I welcome the opportunity to speak in this important debate. I thank my colleague Jackie Dunbar for securing it. Ms Dunbar has covered asthma and associated treatment extremely well. I've learned a lot here myself. It's important that we raise awareness of activities in our constituencies and regions by people and charities that focus on health issues. That work, which can ultimately save lives, is really important. I thank my colleague Jackie Dunbar for highlighting the important work of asthma and allergy foundation and the My Breath Is My Life project. The project has achieved outstanding success since its inception in delivering workshops to more than 14,000 pupils and training over 700 teachers and support assistants on asthma. My Breath Is My Life has excellently demonstrated that when education is provided to persons with asthma, their parents or carers, as well as teachers in classroom assistance and the wider public, better knowledge and understanding is achieved. The workshops carried out by the project included what asthma is, how to identify symptoms and triggers, education and learning, how to manage the condition and how to manage breathing emergencies. When I watched the My Breath Is My Life video on the asthmaandallogy.org website, the clinical specialist Professor Stephen Turner said that education was extremely important and that education needed to be person-centred. Professor Turner said that the simple message that needed to be provided, such as the blue inhaler that you have been given, is only to be taken when you have asthma symptoms. The brown inhaler is to be taken all the time. To add, the blue inhaler contains the rescue medication, take it when asthma symptoms like wheeze or shortness of breath occur. It provides an immediate effect, an immediate relief and the brown inhaler contains the prevention medication. You take that inhaler every day as prescribed, which can mean more than once a day. I agree with simple messaging, and that is key. Many people do not realise that people can die from an asthma attack. I cannot imagine the grief that is suffered by those who have lost loved ones to asthma. The British Lung Foundation has created a number of lung health champions in the Scottish Parliament. MSPs from across the chamber have taken on the role as a lung health champion to help to raise awareness of many of the lung health conditions. I am the asthma champion. I have learned a lot from many people, including asthma UK, BLF and Dr Tom Fardden. Dr Tom Fardden is a respiratory and asthma consultant in NHS Tayside, and he is the lead in developing the Scottish Government's respiratory care action plan. I have had good advice and support from Damien Cromby, who, until recently, was the Government's public affairs manager for AstraZeneca. He was the AstraZeneca public affairs manager for Parliament, I should say. He has sponsored an asthma round table that I chaired prior to the pandemic. That has had particular focus on the importance of inhaler education and on the variant types of inhalers that can be used, and how we can best support people, especially to engage them with their specialists and the care and review that they need. I also acknowledge the help from respiratory nurse consultant, Dr Phyllis Murphy. Many of you will have heard me talk about her in the past, because Phyllis is my big sister. Since the inception of the lung health cross-party group, along with the great work that has been carried out by many of the people and organisations that I mentioned, great progress has been made in Scotland to improve treatment and outcomes for people with asthma. The Scottish Government is implementing the respiratory care action plan, an overarching strategy for health and social care services on respiratory conditions. The plan identifies key priorities and commitments to improve outcomes for people living with respiratory conditions in Scotland, including asthma. It will enable all health and social care to have a firm understanding of respiratory health and improve clinical and wellbeing outcomes for people in Scotland. I again want to welcome the work of my life, my breath project and the work that has been undertaken by the Scottish Government to improve asthma education. I again thank Jackie Dunbar for bringing the debate to the chamber today. I thank Jackie Dunbar for lodging the important motion and welcome the opportunity to respond on behalf of the Government this afternoon. Asthma is a very common long-term lung condition affecting all ages. It is estimated that 368,000 people are affected by the condition in Scotland. That is 296,000 adults and 72,000 children, 7 per cent of adults and 8 per cent of children. Asthma symptoms can come and go, and some people might not have symptoms for weeks or months at a time, but asthma does usually need to be treated every day, even if the person is well, to lower the risk of symptoms in asthma attacks. We recognise the difficulties experienced by those living with a respiratory condition like asthma, and that is why we remain committed to ensuring that people living with asthma and other respiratory conditions receive the best possible care and treatment to enable them to live longer, healthier and independent lives. We will do that through our priorities and our commitments set out in our first respiratory care action plan for Scotland, published in March 2021. My thanks go to all who offered invaluable contributions to the development of the plan. The plan sets out the key priority areas for driving improvement in the prevention, diagnosis, care, treatment and support for people living with a range of respiratory conditions such as asthma. A key part of the plan is ensuring early and accurate diagnosis of asthma. When people are given information about their condition early, they have more opportunity to explore self-management techniques and possibly avoid more intensive treatments. I want to thank the Asthma and Allergy Foundation for their work on the My Breath Is My Life project, which included the delivery of asthma training and awareness workshop to children, to parents and to teachers right across Aberdeenshire to help people to understand asthma, to identify symptoms and triggers and to learn how to manage the condition. The Scottish Government is committed to providing the best quality tools and support for people living with all respiratory conditions in Scotland. We will work in partnership with key stakeholders, including the third sector, to ensure that people with respiratory conditions have access to tools, resources and information that support them to manage their own condition. We will also ensure that people with lived experience of respiratory conditions are closely involved as we make progress against the commitments that are set out in the respiratory care action plan. As clinical guidelines evolve, we will also work with key partners, including NHS education, NES, to ensure that relevant training is made consistently available to a wider group of health care professionals, increasing understanding of asthma for all those involved. Education is so incredibly important for the condition. It is really important to recognise the impact of Covid-19, as a number of people around the chamber have on the delivery of care and treatment for people with asthma. It continues to be significant in terms of access to respiratory services and the longer-term impact of the pandemic on lung health could be generational. Respiratory services have continued throughout the pandemic with hospital and community respiratory teams playing a key role in the Covid-19 response. Third sector organisations have also continued to provide invaluable support and information through this difficult time to our NHS through to those living with respiratory conditions. For example, the Asthma Analogies Foundation, my breath is my life project, has helped to support people to manage their asthma during this difficult time. The Scottish respiratory advisory groups have been established to support and oversee the implementation of the respiratory care action plan. Members include clinical experts from a range of respiratory conditions, including asthma, as well as the key stakeholders from across health and social care in the third sector. We are working to develop an implementation programme, and our one-year priorities include the transition from child to adult respiratory services. We will work with key partners to understand and improve pathways for a successful transition. Alongside the Scottish respiratory advisory group, we are working with the Alliance and have established a lived experience group to ensure that people living with a respiratory condition are involved in the design, the development and the roll-out of service improvement projects. I want once again to thank Jackie Dunbar for lodging the motion for this important debate, and to thank the Asthma Analogies Foundation for the work that they do in supporting people living with conditions such as asthma. Thank you. Thank you Minister. That concludes the debate, and I close this meeting.


The increasing prevalence of kidney disease has led to a greater need for effective treatments. Gene and cell-based approaches are being explored as potential solutions, but their success depends on the ability to deliver them to the kidney. This review summarizes recent advances in this area, including the use of recombinant proteins, gene, cell, organoids, and RNA interference, RNA, technology, which have shown promise in experimental models. Research into supporting mechanisms, such as improving delivery methods, is also discussed. These developments could lead to more effective treatments for acute and chronic kidney disease. This article was authored by Peter R. Coridan, Peter R. Coridan and Peter R. Coridan.


This is Rules for Writing Braille, and Braille memory aids in one lesson. When you begin to write in Braille, there are a lot of different rules you'll want to remember. We won't go through all of them here, but we will touch on some of the more useful rules to help you get started. Probably the most important rule is that contractions should not affect the pronunciation of a word. Also, contractions generally should not overlap syllables or the prefix of a word in its base. So, if you see a word like mishandle, you would not use the SH contraction when transcribing it, because this would alter the pronunciation of the word, giving it a sh sound. Also, miss is the prefix of the word, so you would be overlapping the prefix and base word by using the SH contraction. The word standing is correctly transcribed here with the ST, A&D, and ING contractions, since these do not affect pronunciation and they do not overlap the syllables. The word pineapple uses the IN contraction, but not the EA contraction, since that contraction would overlap the syllables. The next commonly seen rule is that the contractions and for, of, the, and with should be used in preference to other contractions. One reason for this rule is because these cells do not represent anything else, so there is no chance of them being misinterpreted. So, for instance, the word office would use the OF contraction instead of the FF contraction. The word then would use the THE contraction instead of the TH and EN contractions. The next very important rule is that preference should be given to the contractions which save the greatest amount of space. In some cases, this will trump the rule above. So, the word wither would use the WITH and ER contractions instead of the THE contraction, since fewer cells would be needed. Same idea with the word bubble, using the BLE contraction instead of the VB contraction saves one cell. Our next rule is that the A cell and the contractions and for, of, the, and with should all follow one another without a space between them any time they are used together. For instance, the phrase food for the cat and the dog would not have a space in between for and the or in between and and the. This rule helps save a little space as these words are frequently seen together. Next, the contractions to, into, and by cannot be used as partial words. So, for instance, you couldn't use the TO contraction in a word like top. This part of the rule makes the next part possible, which is that these contractions should be written unspaced from the word that follows. Let's look at an example. To get into Miami by noon. You'll notice that there is not a space in between to and get, or in between into in Miami, or in between by and noon. This rule helps save a little space as these are frequently used words. The next rule relates to the words be, enough, were, his, in, and was. We'll see some different rules for a few of these contractions later when they are used as partial words. But as whole words, these contractions can have the capital sign preceding them, but they cannot touch any other words or punctuation marks. So, for instance, you can use the whole word contraction enough to start the sentence, enough is enough. But you cannot use that same contraction to end the sentence, since it would be touching the period. Instead, you have to use the EN, OU, and GH contractions the second time. Also, in the sentence that was fun, the was contraction is separated from the other words with spaces. By the way, the cell that represents the contraction was is also the cell that represents the contraction by, as we saw in the previous rule. The way you can tell these apart is if the cell is unspaced from the next word, then it represents the word by. But if there is a space after it, then it represents the word was. The partial word contractions, BE, CON, and DIS should only be used at the beginning of a word as a full syllable. So, for instance, the BE contraction can be used in the word believe because the BE is at the beginning of the word and it is the first syllable. However, it cannot be used in the word been because although the BE is at the beginning of the word, it does not take up the whole first syllable since been is a one syllable word. The rule related to the COM contraction is similar in that it must be used at the beginning of a word. However, it does not have to take up the whole first syllable as you can see in the one syllable word comb. Most of the other two letter partial word contractions such as EN, IN, CH, and so on can be used anywhere you find them in a word as you can see in these examples. Next, the BLE and ING contractions should not begin a word. So the BLE contraction does not begin the word blemish but does end the word double. One reason for this rule is the cell for the BLE contraction is the same as the numbers character as you may remember. The final rule we'll look at is that the double letter contractions BB, CC, and so on as well as the contraction EA may only be used in the middle of a word. They cannot begin or end the word. So in the examples you'll see that the EA contraction cannot be used in the word C since it would be at the end of the word but it can be used in the plural version C's since it is in the middle of the word. Now these rules should help you get started in transcribing Braille but the best way to learn the rules of writing Braille is to spend a lot of time reading Braille. Once you've been reading Braille for a while you'll be able to understand and remember these rules much more easily. In our next and final video we'll walk through a Braille example and use everything we have learned up to this point to understand what we are reading. But first to help us with that task let's quickly review some of the things we have learned in the previous videos so we can put together a cheat sheet to help us study. The first thing we'll put on that cheat sheet is the story about crossing a river that we looked at in the Grade 1 Braille video. We'll place cells A through J on top of the symbols from that story. This will be the first of our Braille memory aids. Now let's look back at the 50 out of 64 Braille cells that fit the A through J pattern. We'll take away the cells and shrink everything down to fit on our cheat sheet. But to help us remember the cells let's make a note of how the additional rows are different than the A through J row. The K row also had dot 3 raised. The U row had dots 3 and 6 raised. The CH row just had dot 6 raised. And finally the EA row has the same pattern of dots as cells A through J except they have all been dropped down one position. Now let's add the words that were represented by the Braille letters to our cheat sheet. Then we'll add the memory aids related to the 2 cell partial and whole word contractions. And finally the memory aids that helped us to remember the numbers associated with letters A through J. And that'll do it. We now have a cheat sheet that we can print and use to help us learn and remember Braille. You can find this cheat sheet along with a few other helpful images in a PDF file with this video. Next we'll wrap up our series on Braille by seeing how we can use everything we have learned to read a sample of Braille from a popular book. This has been Rules for Writing Braille and Braille Memory Aids in one lesson.


Right, this is problem 1.6. If Ms. S. Bell moves from Birmingham, Alabama to State College, how much can she expect her heating bill to increase? Birmingham, Alabama has a heating degree days of 2,800. And State College, PA, has 6,000. We need to remember the 6,000 degree days. Basically, what's happening here is she is going to be heating more her home, and it is increasing from 2,800 to 6,000. So her increase is 6,000 minus 2,800 will be 3,200 degree days. And this increase is how much compared to 2,800 what she has been paying for? So the increase is 3,200 compared to the baseline of 2,800. We need to multiply this by 100 to get the percentage. It would be an increase of 114%. She would be spending about 114% more for her heating in State College, PA.


Welcome back to the Trade Hacker Mindset. We're going to be continuing with our discussion points from the book Trading in the Zone by Mark Douglas. And in this episode, we're going to talk about working with your beliefs. Trading the markets can be difficult to master and seemingly just out of reach. Professional traders have a secret.  It requires the Trade Hacker Mindset. All right, let's jump into our discussion of working with your beliefs. So to start with, what I want to do is I want to identify the problem. So at the most fundamental level, the market is really just a series of up and down ticks that form patterns, right? And so we can define these patterns as edges. Any particular pattern defined as an edge is simply an indication that there's a higher probability that the market will move in one direction over the other. The problem is this creates a major mental paradox because a pattern implies consistency or at least a consistent outcome. But the reality is that each pattern is unique. It's a unique occurrence. They may look the same. They may measure the same. They may feel exactly the same from one occurrence to the next. But the similarities are only on the surface. The underlying force behind each pattern is the actual traders. Remember, no pattern that you see that looks exactly the same on the chart has the exact same players behind the scenes, the exact same traders making the exact same trades. Our minds have an inherent design characteristic. It's a mechanism of association that can make this paradox kind of difficult to deal with. Now, these edges or these patterns that they represent, they come in and out every single day in every single time frame, making the market a never ending stream of opportunities to get in, to get out, to scratch a trade, to take profits, to cut losses, to add to a position, to take away from a position. In other words, from the market's perspective, each moment presents each one of us traders with the opportunity to do something on our own behalf. So what's stopping us? What prevents us from perceiving this now moment as an opportunity to do something for ourselves or to act in the way that we should? Well, the answer is it's our fears. And what's the source of our fears? We know it's not the market because from the market's perspective, these up and down ticks, these up and down bars, the patterns that they create, they're neither positively or negatively charged. As a result, the up and down ticks themselves, they have no capacity to cause us to enter into any particular state of mind, negative or positive. They have no capacity to make us lose our objectivity or make errors or take us out of this opportunity flow. So if it's not the market that causes us to experience a negatively charged state of mind, then what does cause it? It's the way that we define and the way that we interpret this information and the way we perceive it. And so to take it a step further than what determines what we perceive and how we define and interpret that information. The answer is it's what we believe or what we assume to be true. So our beliefs working in conjunction with the association and these pain avoidance mechanisms that we talked about in the last episode, they act as a force on our five senses or smelling, tasting, seeing, feeling, all of our five senses causing us to perceive, define and interpret market information that in a way that's consistent with what we expect and what we expect is the same as what we believe or what we assume to be true. Remember, expectations are just beliefs that we're projecting into the future into some future moment and each moment from the market's perspective is unique. But if the information being generated by the market is similar in quality, has similar properties or characteristics to something that's already in our minds, then the two sets of information automatically become linked. And when this connection is made, it triggers a state of mind. It could be confidence. It could be euphoria, could be fear, it could be disappointment. All these different ends of the spectrum from good to bad and that corresponds to whatever belief or assumption or memory the outside information was linked to. And so this makes it seem as if what's outside is exactly the same as whatever is already inside of us. It's our state of mind that makes the truth of whatever we're perceiving outside of us seem indisputable and beyond question. Our state of mind is always the absolute truth. If I feel confident, then I'm confident. If I feel afraid, then I'm afraid. We can't dispute the quality of the energy flowing through our mind and body at any given moment. And because I know as an indisputable fact, how I feel, you could say that I also know the truth of what I'm perceiving outside of me in the same moment. So herein lies the problem and that is how we feel is always the absolute truth. But the beliefs that triggered our state of mind or feeling may or may not be true relative to the possibilities that exist in the market at any given moment. Remember the story that we talked about a couple of episodes ago about the boy who was afraid of the dog because he was was bit in the boy's mind. He knew as an absolute fact that every dog he encountered after the first one was threatening because of the way he felt when one came into his awareness or into his environment. These other dogs didn't cause this fear. His negatively charged memory working in conjunction with the association and this pain. His avoidance mechanism caused this fear. So he created this own version of his truth, although it didn't correspond with the possibility that actually exist in the outside environment. His belief about the nature of dogs in general was limited relative to the possible characteristic and traits expressed by these dogs or by the one dog. Yet the state of mind he experienced every time he encountered a dog caused him to believe that he knew without a doubt exactly what to expect from them. This same process causes us to believe that we think we know exactly what to expect from the market when the reality is there are always unknown forces operating at any given moment. So the trouble is the incident. We think that we know what to expect. We simultaneously stopped taking all the unknown forces and the various possibilities created by those forces into consideration. So one of the unknown forces are the other traders that are waiting to enter or exit trades based on their own beliefs about the future. In other words, we really don't know exactly what to expect from the market until we can read the minds of all traders who have the, you know, the potential to act as a force on the movement of price in that particular stock or vehicle that we're trading. Now, of course, this is not a very likely possibility to be able to read the minds of every trader, right? That that's impossible. But it's traders we can't afford to indulge ourselves in any form of I know what to expect from the market. Remember, we can know exactly what an edge or a pattern looks like or feels like and we can know exactly how much we want to risk to find out if that edge is going to work and we can know if we have a specific plan on how to act on that potential opportunity. But that's it. That's where the knowing in air quotes ends. If what we think we know starts expanding to what the market is going to do, that's when we're in trouble. So any time you start to be aware of getting that feeling of I know what to expect from the market, once you start having that state of mind, if you can become aware of that and you can flush that out of your system, if you can flush that out of your mind, it's really going to help you step up to become a more consistently profitable trader. All right, so let's talk about six different topics, these six different questions. Number one, what are the objectives? What are your objectives as a trader? Now, ultimately, of course, making money is everyone's objective, but if trading were only a matter of just making money, then listening to this podcast or studying mindset wouldn't even be necessary. I mean, putting on a trade or even a series, a string of winning trades requires absolutely no skill. On the other hand, creating consistent results and being able to keep what you make is what the game is all about. Making money consistently is a byproduct of acquiring and mastering these mental skills that we're talking about. The degree to which you understand this is the same degree to which you will stop focusing on the money and focus instead on how you can use your trading as a tool to master these skills. That is so important. Let me say that again. The degree to which you understand is the same degree to which you will stop focusing on the money and focus instead on how you can use your trading as a tool, as a tool to master these skills. That leads us into question number two. What are the skills? Consistency is the result of a carefree objective state of mind where we are making ourselves available to perceive and act upon whatever the market is offering us from its perspective in any given moment. In other words, you've got to keep your mind clear. You've got to take all the head trash out. You've got to have this carefree yet objective state of mind where you're just making yourself available for what the market's giving you. The market is just neutral information and it's how you perceive that that makes the biggest difference. Third question, what is a carefree state of mind? So carefree just means that you're confident, but not euphoric. Remember, we want to be confident. We want to act not out of fear when we're trading, but we also have to have restraint. So when you're carefree in your state of mind, you won't feel any fear or hesitation or compulsion to do anything because you've effectively eliminated the potential to define and interpret the market information as threatening and to remove this sense of threat, you have to completely accept the risk. Once you've accepted the risk, you'll be at peace with any outcome of the trade. It doesn't matter and to be at peace with any outcome, you have to reconcile anything in your mental environment that conflicts with the five fundamental truths about the market. Remember in the last episode, I asked you to write down the five fundamental truths of the market and keep it by your computer. This is what I do and I see it every day. So it continues to remind me over and over and over what these five fundamental truths are. And if you need me to review those, I'll do so in just a minute. But before that, let's jump to the next question, which is part of this. What is objectivity? So objectivity is a state of mind where you have to have conscious access to everything you've learned about the nature of the market movement. In other words, nothing is being blocked or altered by your pain avoidance mechanisms, which leads to the next question. What does it mean to make yourself available? So making yourself available just means trading from the perspective that you have nothing to prove. You aren't trying to win. You aren't trying to avoid losing. You're not trying to be right. You're not trying to be wrong. You aren't trying to get your money back or to take revenge on the market. In other words, you come to the market with no agenda other than to let it unfold in any way that it chooses and to be the best state of mind or recognize and take advantage of the opportunities that it makes available to you. It's about trading in the now moment. Trading in the now moment means that there's no potential to associate any opportunity to get into or out of or add to or take away from a trade with a past experience that already exists in your mental environment. It's getting away from that recency bias and only trading this unique trade in the now moment that's happening right now in the market. So how do the five fundamental truth relate to these skills? So let's review these five fundamental truths that we talked about in a previous episode. Number one, anything can happen at any time. Now, why is this and we've talked about it several times now is because there are always unknown forces operating in every market at every moment. It only takes one trader somewhere in the world to negate the positive outcome of your edge. It only takes one tweet from Donald Trump. It only takes one tweet from Elon Musk. It only takes, you know, one massive trade from Goldman Sachs to change the direction of a particular market at a particular time. That's it. Only one, regardless of how much time or effort or money you've invested in your analysis or you've drawn your support and resistance line, none of that matters because at any given time one individual or one group of individuals can change the outcome of that. So any expectations that may exist in your mind will be a source of conflict and potentially cause you to perceive the market information as threatening. So again, remember the number one fundamental truth is anything can happen at any time. Number two, you don't need to know what's going to happen in order to make money. Now, why is this? It's because there's a random distribution between wins or losses between any given set of variables that define your specific edge. In other words, based on the past performance of your edge, you may know that out of the next 20 trades, 12 will be winners and 8 will be losers. What you don't know is the sequence of these wins and losses and how much money the market is going to make available on the winning trades versus the losing trades. This is what we mean when we say that trading is based on statistics and probabilities. This is what we mean when we say that trading is a numbers game. When you really believe that trading is simply a probability game, concepts like right and wrong or wins and losses, they really have no significance anymore. As a result, your expectations will be in harmony with the possibilities. Keep in mind that nothing has more potential to cause emotional pain than our unfulfilled expectations. We talked about managing our expectations in the last episode. Emotional pain is kind of the universal response when the outside world provides an outcome that we didn't expect or when we're expecting one thing and the outside world gives us something else that we find unfavorable. The universal response is just emotional pain. Market information is only threatening if you're expecting the market to do something for you. If you don't expect the market to do something for you, then you won't perceive the market information as threatening. In other words, if you don't expect the market to make you right, you have no reason to be afraid of being wrong. If you don't expect the market to make you a winner, then you have no reason to be afraid of losing. If you don't expect the market to keep going in your direction indefinitely, then there's no reason to leave money on the on the table. And finally, if you don't expect to be able to take advantage of every opportunity just because you perceived it and presented itself, then you have no reason to be afraid of missing out. On the other hand, if you believe that all you need to know is that the odds are in your favor that you put on before you put on a trade and how much it's gonna cost you to find out if that trade is going to work and you don't need to know what's going to happen next to make money on the trade and that anything can happen when you internalize these things. Again, let me repeat those. If you put on a trade and you go into a trade and all you need to know is that the odds are in your favor, how much is it gonna cost you to find out if the trade's going to work? You don't need to know what's going to happen next to make money on that trade and that anything can happen. Okay, if you internalize those four things, then how can the market make you wrong? You know, what information could the market generate about itself that could cause these pain avoidance mechanisms to kick in so that you exclude that information from your awareness? You know, there's really none that I can think of.  And when you really believe this, your response to a losing trade will no longer take on a negative emotional quality. It'll almost make you excited because you know you're that much closer to your next winning trade. And that brings us to number three of the five fundamental truths. And that is there is a random distribution between wins and losses for any given set of variables that define an edge. If every loss puts you that much closer to a win, then you'll be looking forward to that next occurrence of your edge. You know, ready, waiting to jump in without any reservation or hesitation.  And what happens then in turn is it's gonna cause you to start trying to gather evidence or do more research for or against the trade. You'll gather this evidence for the trade if your fear of missing out is greater than your fear of losing and you'll gather information against the trade if your fear of losing is greater than your fear of missing out. In either case, you'll not be in the most conducive state of mind to produce consistent results. Fundamental truth number four, an edge is nothing more than an indication of a higher probability of one thing happening over another. Creating consistency requires that you completely accept that trading isn't about hoping, it's not about wondering, it's not about gathering evidence, it's not about analysis or anything like that. When you start to use other information outside the parameters of your specific edge to decide whether you'll take the trade, you're adding random variables to your trading regimen. Think about this. So when we are day trading live in our day trading room, there's only two things that we consider when we're taking a trade. It's price action and it's volume. If we start saying, oh yeah, but there is this news about, you know, let's say we're trading Microsoft. Oh yeah, but there's this news about Microsoft out. So, you know, I don't think I'm gonna take this trade. Well, what does that have to do with our edge? We know that if we have an edge, the way we trade price action and volume, if Microsoft is setting up and giving us that truth of that pattern that we know has an edge over time, what does this outside information, what does this other gathering of information have to do with that particular trade? If we add random variables, it makes it extremely difficult, if not impossible to determine what works and what doesn't. If you're not certain about the viability of your edge, then you won't feel confident about it. To whatever degree you lack confidence, you're going to experience fear. And the irony is you will be afraid of random inconsistent results without realizing that your random inconsistent approach is creating exactly what you're afraid of. On the other hand, if you believe that an edge is simply a higher probability of one thing happening over another, and there's a random distribution between wins and losses for any given set of variables that define that edge, then why would you gather other evidence for or against that trade? It's kind of like if you're flipping a coin and you flip the coin and the last 10 times, the coin came up as tails. And so then you start gathering information of what might affect it so that it might be heads or tails this time. You start doing this analysis, that makes no sense, right? I mean, you know that it's a 50-50 probability, the next chance will come up, heads or tails. So gathering information has nothing to do with it. All it is doing is creating distortion or distraction in your mind that takes away, takes you out of the flow of trading. All right, now the last fundamental truth of the market is number five. Every moment in the market is unique. So take a moment to think about the concept of uniqueness. What does unique mean? Unique means not like anything else that exists or has ever existed. As much as we may understand the concept of uniqueness, our minds doesn't deal with it very well on a practical level. As we've already discussed, our minds are hardwired to automatically associate anything in the external environment that's similar to anything else inside of us in the form of our memories, beliefs or attitudes. This automatically creates kind of an inherent contradiction between the way that we naturally think about the world and the way the world exists. Remember, no two moments in the external environment will ever exactly duplicate themselves. To do so every atom or every molecule or every piece of everything would have to be exactly the same and that just doesn't exist. So if each moment is like no other, then there's nothing at the level of your rational experience that can tell you for sure that you know what will happen next. So why are we always trying to know what's going to happen next? I know we crave this certainty, but when it comes to trading, you have to let that go. Trying to know what's going to happen next has nothing to do with the ability to create consistent results. And here's one of the biggest issues that I see is once somebody thinks they know, I have a good friend of mine who, he has a big ego, he thinks he's right a lot and he has a very distorted way of blocking the reality in a way that what I mean by that is when he is right, he remembers that all the time, right? If he said, I knew Microsoft was gonna go up today, I knew it, he'll say it like that with conviction, he knew it and if it happens, it just feeds his ego. And that's one of the worst things that can happen because then if you think you knew because of some outside research or outside analysis that made you think that and it comes true, oh man, now you've lost because now you think you can do it again and the reality is if you just had an edge, if you just had a pattern that you could look to make your trades instead of banking on knowing what's going to happen, that's where your trading's gonna become successful. If you let your ego get in the way of thinking you know what's going to happen and then playing those mind games in hindsight with yourself, whether you have a position on or don't have a position on, that's where the game is won and lost. It's when you completely accept the psychological realities of the market that you'll correspondingly accept the risks of trading. When you accept the risk of trading, you eliminate the potential to define market information in painful ways. When you stop defining and interpreting market information in painful ways, there's nothing for your mind to avoid. There's nothing to protect it against. When there's nothing to protect against, then you'll have access to all that you need to know about the nature of the market movement and it allows you to perceive things in a neutral way, not positive, not negative, just neutrally and let the market unfold and let you take action on what you see. When you are at peace with not knowing what's going to happen next, you can interact with the market from a perspective where you will be making yourself available to let the market tell you from its perspective what's likely to happen next. It's at that point that you're gonna be able to be in the best state of mind to spontaneously enter this zone that Mark Douglas talks about in his book, Trading in the Zone, where you're tapped into this now moment, this opportunity flow and you are going to become an unstoppable trader. I hope this episode was helpful. If you want to join our community of like-minded traders, just go to community.navigationtrading.com. We've got hundreds of traders interacting on a daily basis, not only about the mindset, but sharing trade ideas with the sole purpose of helping each other become better traders. Just go to community.navigationtrading.com. We look forward to seeing you on the inside and we'll see you in the next episode.


All right, welcome. It's the 6th of May 2022, at least in Asia. And we're grateful to have everybody here. Thanks very much. Agenda topics I've got for today. News, Google Summer of Code and Chris I think it'd probably be best if we had you be the voice on that rather than me. And then she code Africa contribute on I can talk to that one. Then other topics ongoing prep for the June LTS baseline selection I can talk to that briefly. Java 11 plan and internationalization meetup. Any other topics that anyone wants to be sure we add. Okay, alright so this one actually Chris this one is Asian language complication. That is being investigated. It'll be a fun one to discuss remind me to talk through that one because multi bite languages have an interesting twist on that one. And by way of news. We've got a new long term support release. It's out and the new weekly came out as well both looking good and running and seem well behaved. We did have a upgrade guide addition. After the release. So crow. I like that when other people propose upgrade guide changes, and in this case it was a change to a logging behavior change that was introduced related to reducing memory pressure. I want to share with us what you can publicly remember we're being recorded so no saying anything you're not allowed to say, how's Google summer of code going for you as an org admin etc where are we in the project process. Okay, so we have selected a few projects we would like to accept and we are in the process of contacting and confirming with the potential mentors that supplement mentors about mentorship. I think we are about ready to submit the names to Google. That's about it. Excellent. Thank you. Okay. Yeah, and as I understand it, it will be late May before Google announced which projects worldwide have been selected so we'll go into a quiet period once you've submitted they then have to process right. Yeah. Excellent. Well, thank you for for leading that thanks very much for being an organization admin. Okay. So the, the she called Africa contribute on the inclusive naming process project has had pull requests already merged. First pull requests have been merged. And the participants have learned more about GitHub and how to use it to search and to submit pull requests. Yeah, we did a we actually did a two I did a tutorial and showed them how to do a multi file pull request from the GitHub web UI. Wow. I know I know it was like really that's scary. Yeah, it worked. And they now have a recording of it so they can use that, and they'll be able to use it after they're done with a Jenkins project in other areas professionally and otherwise. Indeed. The screenshot updates project we've had our first pull requests merged there as well. And those those first more merged pull requests have been using Jenkins weekly to show the most recent UI. It will be included will be included in the June LTS because the June LTS baseline has not been selected yet. So for the moment there are some screenshots that are outdated or that are newer than the the LTS version that people are running. Any categorization of where they're finding the screenshots that need replacing or they just everywhere. We the things we looked the bulk of the most of them were are in the user handbook. And then a few are in tutorials. And what sort of issues are they needing to be replaced for just everything just that the menus menus look wrong. Or the plugin manager layout is incorrect. Okay. Is outdated, you know if you if you put a screenshot of the plugin manager 12 months ago, it's a completely different look now. Right, right. Okay. And we haven't I haven't seen any Java eight references at all. So, so in, at least in none of the screenshots that I've seen so far. This worry does not seem to be a significant worry. Excellent views. So on pipeline help. We today guided them to the get plug in for a very specific point of embarrassment that that I had found so there's no checkout SCM examples in the get plug in docs. So, potential use credentials in pipeline examples in the get plug in docs, it's like, oh dear shame on me. So, pointed them to those. There is still more work we need to do to find the ways to reliably add top level house help. So adding top level help to pipeline keywords. in a plugin is somewhat of black art, somewhat problematic, right? I'm not always able to find the exact place to put things to be able to add the help. And I think that's one where I may have to go begging people like Daniel Beck or Jesse Glick to give me some tutorial on how does a plugin find its associated help file so that we know where to put it. All right, okay. Now we're about one to two weeks away from the official end so and then we'll do a two-week conclusion and final reporting. And your project manager's working out well too, still? Oh my sakes, that is wonderful. Yes, she's so great. Xenob joined the Docs Office Hours for Europe earlier today, so yesterday, Asia time. And I was able to tell her, oh my sakes, yes that project manager role has been just wonderful. We must be sure we do that again next year. Wonderful. Yep. Any other questions on Shikot Africa? Okay, next topic then, ongoing prep for the June LTS baseline selection. So here the story is that I had asked for a two to four-week delay in selecting the baseline while we worked on regressions. And we're now, let's see, it was April 20th. So let me do a quick math thing here. It was calendar. So April 20th was the original baseline selection date. So we are now officially two weeks and one day delayed. So we're now inside the window, but things are looking much better. We hope it will be next week's release, next week, the next weekly that is selected, or one after that. And what that would mean is the June LTS moves from June 1 to either June 22 or June 29. Any questions on that one? The big hit there is I need time to prepare the summary of changes because there are all sorts of things that need to be highlighted and indicated to people. And glad that we care more about the quality of the release and the date. Well, that was the thing for me is we learned by heart experience that when we made a major change like tables to divs, we had an awful lot of people who struggled with it. We hope that this one will have less struggles, but it's the same kind of change. It's quite dramatic to change the UI. All right. Any other questions on the June LTS? Okay, next topic then, Java 11. So today we support Java 8 and Java 11 fully with Java 17 in preview. The proposal is that September 2022 LTS will no longer support Java 8. And that means that we'll do a drop support for Java 8 in a weekly well before September. The final date has not yet been selected, but it could be as early as June. And this is for running Jenkins. Can they still do use Java 8 agents? Well, so they don't need to use Java 8 agents. So this will drop support for the controller support would end and the agent support would end, but they can still use Java 8 tools to run Java 8 compile, build and test from inside an agent that's actually executing with the Java 11 JVM. Good. I've run into people who got confused by this in the past. Right. And that's an important point we need to note to people. Look, you can build just like you can compile C code with a Jenkins agent. You can compile Java 8 code even if the agent itself is running Java 11. All right. So date to be determined and communicated. So any questions on the require Java 11 story? All right. Next topic then, and this one is one Chris, Chris for your info. So we've got on May 12th a localization meetup that we'll have where we're going to look at and show how crowd in enterprise has donated a license to use their software there and they host the software themselves for translation support. And so what it does is it allows us to have a much better experience translators and proofreaders to have a much better experience working on Jenkins. Did I show it last week? I don't remember, Chris, if we showed you a tour last week, you say we did? Yeah. Okay, good. Then no need to show it again. We did discover last week a surprise or yeah, middle of late last week, there was a surprise detected that Asian languages naturally are written by crowd in as UTF-8. That makes sense, right? That's that's how we do it now. But the Jenkins property files assume ISO 8859.1 with encoded with backslash you encoded UTF characters UTF-8. And so right now Alex Brandus is investigating what alternatives are available to make that work better. We think there are possibilities like we write a little translator that converts UTF-8 to the encoded ISO format. The other is we could we may need we just wait until Java 8 support is dropped, then use new methods that are UTF-8 aware. Now this is only for the Asian languages that use non-Roman alphabets, right? Well, so it's not just yeah, I guess what about Cyrillic? Is that affected? They are also affected, right? So so Cyrillic is affected. The Hebrew the Hebrew characters are affected. Anybody who uses a non-ISO 8859.1 encoding and ISO 8859.1 is actually a relatively narrow set of Western European character sets. So we think there's we we can see we think we can see a solution. It's not clear which solution, but we can see a way to solve it that will let us use this tool for for Chinese language, which is simplified Chinese, traditional Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Hebrew, etc. Any questions there? Do we just for nitpicking? So do we want to call this Asian language or do we want to call it languages that use non-Roman alphabets or something? Yeah, so I'd actually call it UTF-8 because it's it's really yeah non-ISO 8859-1 if we're going to be going to be precise. It's because it's not it's not anything about the different syntax of the languages. It's just a character set. It isn't, right? And it's not about whether they read left right or right to left, right? It's be it's just if they're using something that's not an ISO 8859-1 character set, whatever that is, whether that's Greek or Karakana or the Korean Hangul, you know, any one of those, it would still have the same kind of problem. All right, those are the topics I had. Any other topics we want to bring? You're not volunteering one topic, so that's the answer, which is fine. We don't even need to mention it. I apologize, but we can talk about old PRs if you'd like. Right now I don't have any story to tell on them. And I haven't been reviewing them. I'm too buried and other stuff, so. Right, that's been my feeling is I've got projects right now that are certainly keeping me hopping. Is it like anything? Something that I wonder about is when we get through GSOCs, we've got the Shikot Africa, and then we've got GSOC. And is there ever a time like this fall where we could call a special meeting and invite a lot of people who don't normally come to this and go through? We've got an awful lot of open PRs that are very old there. Well, and see if we could get rid of some of them. Well, actually, I think that's a that's a good task, eventually, for Kevin. Kevin Martin's to take on and say, hey, help us do a triage of the triage and close or revise or close the outdated pull requests, because we've got some that are potentially useful, but haven't yet finished. And then the question is, is it easier to finish them or abandon them and close them and bring them back? The embarrassment for me is we've got one pull request that's from September of 2019. So we're I'm clearly not keeping up. We know, but under your we used to have a whole bunch that were from 2019. So we're down to just one. You've done some work. Well, we've got three still. And here again. And actually, one of those is is related internationalization. I may crack that one. That's a good one. Because it was trying to move information from international on internationalization from the wiki to Jenkins that I owe it may be worth trying to see. Hey, can I get this? And it's got some feedback. Good. Okay. Okay. Anything else? Chris, anything from you? Nope. All right, well, I'd propose, let's call it done. And I may actually take this opportunity and go through the this pending pull request, resolve the conflicts and see if I could get it over the line prior to prior to the that internationalization session. Yeah, cool. And then, oh, and then we're going to have to update it for the new tools, certainly. Well, that's that's part of the benefit here is knowing that this thing's available. It may be that the ideal thing is I use it. I've got several plugins I need to internationalize, follow the instructions here as a way to test. And then having internationalized, then we go go ahead and we've proved it works and we publish it sounds good. All right. Well, thanks, everybody. Have a great week. Yes, thank you very much. We will talk next week. See you next week.