How are you guys? Okay. So, quiz five is Friday. It's mainly going to focus on the stuff that we've done in the last two lectures, including today. And that turns out to be stuff that's in these two sections mainly in chapter 16. All right? We're going to jump around a little bit because we're trying to condense this material into the smallest number of lectures possible without throwing out too much stuff that's important. And we're really only being partially successful. We are throwing out stuff that's important constantly. But we've got to talk about kinetics and chemical dynamics, and so we've got to leave some stuff out. And so if it feels like I'm jumping around and skipping stuff as I go forward, I am. A lot of stuff is getting left behind. Okay? I can only apologize for that. If we had 15 weeks, we would still probably not have enough time to do everything. Okay? So, if you look back at the last two lectures, you'll do a pretty good job, I think, of answering the problems on quiz five. I'm going to pull the questions right out of the last couple of lectures. So what we're going to do today is review some of the key concepts from Monday. We're going to talk about this thing called the chemical potential for the first time. And I am really not happy with how I explain this. I've been working on this for the last two days. I still don't like the way this is getting explained. You're the victims. We're going to talk about the Gibbs-Duhem equation. We're going to explain the bow. I'll show you what I mean by that in a minute. Okay? And that'll sort of be the end of chapter 16. We're leaving out a whole bunch of stuff in chapter 16. That's really important. Okay? But we're just going to leave it out. So it's mainly sections 16-3 and 16-4. Okay. So we're going to call this lecture the chemical potential, but we're really not doing such a good job of explaining this concept, I'm afraid. So the first time I put this table up, I think, was last Friday. We were trying to show that these state functions, the internal energy, the enthalpy, the Helmholtz energy, the Gibbs energy can be used to tell us whether a chemical process is spontaneous or not. When that chemical process is governed by these constraints, constant temperature and pressure, constant temperature and volume, constant pressure and entropy, all right? And what we concluded is that, you know, we can derive all of these things for these constraints, but this guy right here and this guy right here aren't super useful to us because in the laboratory, we can't control the entropy. These two guys are more useful to us because we can carry out an experiment under conditions of constant temperature and volume. We can constrain the volume using one of these fancy par bombs, okay? And we can do an experiment in here and that's not a difficult thing to do. So as chemists, the Helmholtz energy tends to be a useful thermodynamic marker for us. But even more useful is the Gibbs energy because the Gibbs energy assumes constant temperature and pressure and constant pressure is enormously convenient for us because we live in constant pressure. And so if we do an experiment that's open to the atmosphere, the pressure will stay constant automatically, okay, and we can watch chemistry occur at a particular temperature and we can predict whether it's spontaneous or not based on the Gibbs energy. Do calculations that pertain to chemistry under these conditions, okay? So what does DG of P and T, what was P and T held constant less than zero mean? It means typically we're going to have a profile for the Gibbs energy that looks like this qualitatively, of course, all right? The position of these two end points is going to be higher or lower. The depth of this well is going to be higher or lower but qualitatively it's going to look like this. So we sort of want to try and understand the qualitative features of this plot. That's sort of what this lecture is supposed to be about today, okay? So we've got reactants on this side, pure reactants, pure products, and in the middle we have a mixture of reactants and products, and there's a preferred mixture, right, a preferred number of products compared to reactants, right, and if you have any other mixture of reactants and products along this green curve, they will spontaneously evolve in the direction of this, of these blue arrows, because the Gibbs energy gets smaller in that direction, and the Gibbs energy tells us what direction things are spontaneous in. So things, you roll downhill in this direction until you get here, you roll downhill in this direction until you get here, and at that point there's no further change in the system. You're at equilibrium, and this derivative, right, the change in the Gibbs energy with this reaction coordinate here is equal to zero at that point. Okay, so the Gibbs energy is special. We're going to pay more attention to it. We want to think about how it varies with temperature, how it varies with pressure. We want to be able to calculate how the Gibbs energy varies with temperature and pressure. We've got this equality that we defined weeks ago. The Gibbs energy is equal to the enthalpy minus temperature times the entropy from this equation. It is apparent if I just take the derivative of G with respect to T in this equation, I get minus S immediately, and that's the temperature dependence of the Gibbs energy at constant pressure, full stop, right? It's minus the entropy. So immediately we can conclude since we know that the entropy is always positive, G decreases with increasing temperature. The Gibbs energy goes down with increasing temperature, and that's odd. We don't expect energies to go down with increasing temperature. Energy's always seem to go up with temperature, but this is an exception to that rule, one of the things that makes this a little counterintuitive. And the rate of change of G with T, the size of this differential here is going to be greatest for systems having high S, right? And that's gases. Now, this first statement, you know, I say it like it's a foregone conclusion that we all understand that the entropy is positive, but we haven't really explicitly said what the third law of thermodynamics is. The third law of thermodynamics, the first law of thermodynamics is conservation of energy. The second law of thermodynamics is the direction of spontaneity increases entropy in the system and the surroundings combined, right? So the first law is about energy. The second law is about entropy and the spontaneity of a process. And the third law simply says that the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is zero. In other words, if you make the system cold enough so that it can only occupy one state, the atoms are locked into the positions defined by a crystalline lattice, right? The entropy of that system is zero by definition. That's what the third law of thermodynamics says. So now we know all three. Gibbs postulated this, but we can also derive it using statistical mechanics. Remember S equals K log W. Well, if W is one, in other words, if there is only one thermally accessible state for the system, right? And at a temperature that's low enough, that's always going to be a crystalline state, right? All the atoms are occupying positions in a crystal. Y log of one is zero, right? So the entropy is zero once you get down to a temperature where there are no more excited states of the system that are accessible thermally. You've only got the ground state, that's it. And so the entropy of that ground state is zero. We never said this, but now we've said it. Okay? So we said that the temperature dependence of the Gibbs energy is just minus the entropy. So for gases, the entropy is large. And so this is minus S, right? Okay? And so we've got a large negative slope here. For liquids, we've got a negative slope that is not quite as large as for gases and for solids. We have a negative slope that is even less large than it is for liquids. Okay? And so qualitatively, this is what we expect the Gibbs energy to do as a function of temperature. Completely counterintuitive because it's going down. Now, we can also think about the temperature dependence of this quotient, the Gibbs energy divided by the temperature. And the reason people do that is because there's a compact mathematical form for what that temperature dependence is, all right? And so if we take the derivative of this quotient now, we have to use the quotient rule to do that. And we walk through these, this algebra on Monday, all right? But we get down to here, so what are we doing? We've got 1 over T times the derivative of G with respect to T and then G times the derivative of T with respect to T. And after we do all the algebra, we make some substitutions, we get this equation right here. The derivative of this quotient with respect to the temperature is given by minus H over T squared. And that's a very simple mathematical form that ends up being useful to us, all right? It allows us to make a measurement of H and derive information about G from that, all right? And in the laboratory, that turns out to be a convenient way to make this measurement. So, this equation is an important one. It's called the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation. So, there's really two equations that pertain to the temperature dependence of the Gibbs energy. There's DGDT, which is just minus S. And there's the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, two equations that talk about the temperature dependence of G. This can also be Delta G and Delta H, Gibbs-Helmholtz equation also works in that form. We don't need to know the absolute Gibbs energy, the absolute enthalpy. Okay. So, what about pressure? Well, if we start with this expression for DG. And we said DT equal to zero, all right? We want to know what happens, how G depends on the pressure at constant temperature. So, we get rid of this term. We just have DG equals VDP. And we can integrate that from some initial pressure to some final pressure. And this is the whole story in terms of the temperature dependence, a pressure dependence, all right? This is the only thing that we need to know, all right? And the question is, how do we evaluate this integral? It depends on whether the molar volume or the volume is constant as a function of pressure or not. All right? It's quasi-constant as a function of pressure for liquids and solids because they're virtually incompressible. So, it takes enormous pressures to change the volume of a liquid or solid. And so, under those conditions, we can get a really good idea of how the free energy is going to change, the Gibbs energy. By just moving this V out front, we know what the molar volume of the liquid or the solid is. And we can just treat this as a delta temperature, all right? We move the molar volume out front. These are now molar quantities. We just attached an M to everything, okay? And if it's a liquid or a solid, this is going to give us an excellent approximation to what the Gibbs energy change is that we're looking at as a function of pressure. Really simple. If we're talking about a gas, we can just make a substitution for this molar volume from the ideal gas equation, move the RT out front, and we've got log Pf over Pi. And that's the equation that we're going to use, all right? So, we can calculate the change in the Gibbs function just by substituting the initial pressure and the final pressure into this equation. Pretty easy. Okay? So, there's hardly any change in the Gibbs energy for liquids and solids as a function of pressure. That's what this plot is supposed to show. You see how flat these lines are? The Gibbs energy is not changing. But for gases, there's a pronounced increase in the Gibbs energy as you increase the pressure. And that, the equation for that purple line there is right there, all right? We can calculate what the Gibbs energy is as a function of that final pressure if we know what the initial pressure is. Okay. Yes. So, this is what I just said. The temperature dependence of the Gibbs function, there's really two equations that we want to know about. One is just the simple derivative of the Gibbs function with temperature. That's minus the entropy if we evaluate that derivative of constant pressure. And then there's the Gibbs-Hemholz equation. All right? The temperature dependence of the Gibbs, the pressure dependence of the Gibbs function is always given by this integral right here. And we just evaluate the integral differently if we're talking about liquids and solids. Now, we might know in detail what the volume dependence of a liquid or a solid is. Right? There are equations that describe that. And if we know that, we can just substitute those equations for this VM, leave it inside this derivative, leave it inside this integral rather, and evaluate the integral and get the exact change in the Gibbs energy. But the rest of the time, if we don't know what the change in the volume is for a liquid or solid, we can use this simple equation to tell us how the Gibbs energy changes and for gas is it's this guy. All right? Pretty simple equations. Okay. Now, as we transition how we're briefly into Chapter 16, we seek answers to two nagging issues. The first is, we haven't really said anything about how individual chemical species contribute to G. Right? We said the Gibbs energy is very important. It allows us to predict the spontaneity of a reaction under conditions of constant temperature and pressure. But we haven't said how individual chemical species factor into the Gibbs function. We haven't explained how to do that. So how do individual reactant and product species contribute to the Gibbs function? Can we calculate the Gibbs function and DG from their concentrations? And the second thing is, doesn't matter, matter. In other words, we haven't said much about open systems and an open system, not only energy can be exchanged but matter can be exchanged. All right? So when there are matter fluxes in and out of the system, how does that affect the Gibbs function? We haven't said anything about that. Okay. So how do individual reactant and product species contribute to G? We know we have pure reactants here, pure products here. How does this work? And how is G affected by transfers of matter in and out of the system? We're talking specifically about open systems now. All right? This problem only exists with open systems. There are no exchanges of matter possible here or certainly here. All right? So we haven't said anything about this stuff. How does that, how is the Gibbs energy affected by matter fluxes? Okay. So let's do an experiment. And before we do this experiment, I'm just going to admit I think pedagogically what I'm about to do is completely useless. What we're trying to do here is derive the chemical potential. All right? And if you don't like this derivation, I don't blame you. I don't like it either. All right? And you don't need to know it. But I'm going to show it to you anyway for purposes of completeness. It makes me feel better. What's that? I don't know if tradition is the right word. I mean there's got to be a better explanation for the chemical potential than what I'm about to show you but this is what, this is what you're going to get. Two bulbs. One contains hydrogen, one contains deuterium. These are just two isotopes of the same element for goodness sakes. All right? We'll call this one container one and this one container two. This process that we're about to do, this valve is now closed. All right? The process that we're about to do is going to occur at conditions of constant temperature and pressure. All right? For that to be true, the pressure of these two things and these two bulbs has to be identical. Since G is an extensive variable, what does that mean? What's an extensive variable? What's an example of an intensive variable? Yes, temperature. All right? Is temperature additive? I mean if I take a solution that's room temperature and another solution that's room temperature and I mix them together, do I get a solution that's 600 degrees Kelvin? No. Temperature's not an extensive variable. Mass is an extensive variable. All right? And the Gibbs energy is an extensive variable. In other words, I can think about the Gibbs energy in container one, the Gibbs energy in container two. The total Gibbs energy between container one and container two is the sum. That's not true of the temperature, is it? Okay. So it's an extensive variable. That means I can write the total Gibbs energy in terms of the Gibbs energy of container one, Gibbs energy of container two. Yes, this G1 represents the Gibbs energy of all the D2 and H2 in container one and this G2, you get the idea. Okay, we understand the temperature and pressure dependencies of G already but we should also expect a concentration dependence. So the Gibbs energy in container one, once I open this valve, see how it's open now? And these two gases can mix. I have to consider moles of H2 and moles of D2. This notation is confusing. N1 refers to H2, N2 refers to D2. I need to fix this and likewise, the free energy in the second container also contains contributions from these two gases, all right? We can expect it to be a function of the two gases. We know after we open the valve, the two isotopes will spontaneously mix. That means that the total Gibbs energy must be going down because if it's a spontaneous process, we know that the Gibbs energy is a marker for that process, Gibbs energy will be minimized for any spontaneous process. It will go down. Okay, so we know after we open the valve, the two isotopes will spontaneously mix. DGs are the sum of H2 and D2, all right? So these are expressions for the left side and the right side, the left bulb and the right bulb, container one and container two. In the left bulb, how much is the free energy going to change? Well, it's going to, as N1 flows out and N2 flows in, all right? There's going to be the rate of change per unit of change in the number of moles of N1 multiplied by the number of moles of N1 that flows in. And then there's going to be the change, this is the rate of change of the Gibbs energy with the number of moles of N2 multiplied by the total number of moles of N2 that flows in or out. Okay, we've got an expression that's down here for the right-hand side that's analogous, all right? It considers the change in the number of moles of 1 and the change in the number of moles of 2, hydrogen and deuterium, hydrogen and deuterium. Now, the other equation that we can write is simply that there's a relationship between Dn1 and minus, in other words, if hydrogen flows from bulb 1 to bulb 2, all right, we're going to have minus dehydrogen from bulb 1 and plus dehydrogen in bulb 2, aren't we? All right, and so there's a mathematical relationship between Dn1 in bulb 1 and Dn1 in bulb 2, right? They have to be related to this equation right here. All right, so for component 1, Dn1 equals minus Dn1. For component 2, Dn2 equals minus Dn2, I mean it's intuitively obvious that that would have to be true, but if I now combine these equations with these equations, I get these equations right here. What are these? All right, this is everything pertaining to component 1, everything pertaining to hydrogen and this is everything pertaining to deuterium, all right? Here I've taken, here's a hydrogen term and here's a deuterium term, all right, and here's a term for Dg1 and Dg2, all right, I've added these two things together and I've reorganized these two terms so that I've got only hydrogen terms in that first thing. Let me show it to you again. These are only hydrogen terms and these are only deuterium terms. I've just done a little algebra. If you sit down with a piece of paper, you'll see this is actually pretty straightforward to do this, all right? This equation I submit to you as counterintuitive as it is, is important. Why? The mixing of H2 and D2 is kind of, I wanted to, okay. So we know that if we open this valve, these two gases are going to mix and when they stop mixing, Dg equals 0, right? We're at equilibrium, right? How can Dg equals 0? Look at this thing, all right? When is Dg going to be equal to 0? Well, there's only two ways that can happen, right? One way is if Dn1 and Dn2 are both 0. In other words, nobody ever opened the valve. The valve stayed closed. There's no change in the number of moles flowing between these two bulbs, all right? All the hydrogen stays on one side, all the deuterium stays on the other side and under those conditions, you're at equilibrium with the valve closed. Nobody ever opened the valve. Well, that's not the case that we care about. We want to open the valve, all right? The other possibility is that this difference and this difference are both 0, all right? If that's 0 and that's 0, I think you'll agree that Dg will equal 0, so that has to equal that and that has to equal that. Now, that's profound, although it's not obvious that it would be. So, what we just said, if that has to equal that and that has to equal that, these two things have to be equal to one another and these two things have to be equal to one another. What is this, all right? This is the rate of change of the Gibbs energy with respect to the moles of hydrogen in the left bulb and this is the analogous thing in the right bulb. The derivative of the Gibbs function with respect to hydrogen has to be the same on the two sides, all right? The derivative of the Gibbs energy with respect to this component hydrogen and the same thing has to be true for deuterium, right, before we're at equilibrium, all right? So, this thing is somehow important. It's a partial molar quantity, that's what we call it, all right, that's what it's, and so if we take the derivative of any thermodynamic function with respect to the number of moles is called a partial molar quantity. It's a partial derivative of this thermodynamic function, the Gibbs function with respect to the number of moles of some component, that's what a partial molar quantity is, all right? So, this is obviously a partial molar quantity. I'm not telling you anything if I tell you that, all right? But it's important enough that we give it a special name. We call it the chemical potential. And so, instead of saying the partial derivative of the Gibbs function with respect to hydrogen at constant temperature pressure and all the other components in the system, all right, we just write mu sub 1, all right? And what has to be true then in order to be at equilibrium is that the chemical potential of hydrogen on the left side and the right side of that bulb have to be equal to one another. Otherwise, this equality will not be satisfied and we will not be at equilibrium. Do you feel enlightened now about the chemical potential? No, that's why I think this is probably not terribly useful to do, but so we have just demonstrated that the spontaneous mixing of hydrogen and deuterium will continue until the chemical potential of either isotope and container one is equal to the chemical potential that isotope and container two. It's this thing, this chemical potential that has to be the same on both sides before we're at equilibrium, right? The uniform chemical potential of each component of a multi-component system is a requirement of equilibrium. In other words, you could think about this room as being in equilibrium. And you could ask yourself, you know, in this room, where is the water? Well, there's water everywhere. There are waters in these polyester fibers on this chair and there's water inside this plastic that makes up the back of your chair. Believe it or not, there's water in the plastic. It's between the polymer fibers. And there's water in the air that we're breathing and there's water in those acoustic tiles, all right? And if we're in equilibrium in this room, the chemical potential of the water in those tiles and in this polyester and in that plastic and in the air has to all be equal, right? The chemical potential of the water everywhere in this heterogeneous system has to be equal to one another. Otherwise, we're not in equilibrium with the water. The water, if the chemical potential of the water is higher in these polyester fibers, the polyester fibers will be outgassing water because DG will go down if that's the case, all right? So if you've got a heterogeneous chemical system that has different phases, different chemical compounds in it, all right, if it's at equilibrium, the chemical potential of each component has to be the same everywhere in that heterogeneous system. That's a very important thing to understand, all right? The chemical potential is the thing that has to be the same everywhere in this heterogeneous chemical system. This room is just an example of that. So your book shows this diagram. This is meant to represent two phases, all right? Let's say ice and water or liquid water and gaseous water, all right? It turns out that if you're at equilibrium, right, the chemical potential of water in ice is exactly the same as the chemical potential of the water in liquid water, all right, at equilibrium, that has to be true, not only that, but the chemical potential over here in the liquid water has to be the same as the chemical potential over here and the chemical potential here in the ice has to be the same as the chemical potential here. The chemical potential has to be the same everywhere, even though there's two different phases here, liquid and solid, yes. Well, in that example, we're maintaining temperature and pressure constant, okay? So is it independent of the kinetic energy? No, because the chemical, the kinetic energy, the temperature is a marker of the kinetic energy and we know that for a gas, the Gibbs function is not independent of the temperature, right? Eight and no, the chemical potential also depends on the temperature in exactly the same way that the Gibbs function does, yeah, right. Yes, okay, so we use the Gibbs function here, we express the chemical potential in terms of the Gibbs function, it turns out that there's, you could equally well express this chemical potential in terms of the enthalpy, the Helmholtz energy or the internal energy, right, it can be defined with respect to any of those parameters if you satisfy these conditions of constant volume and temperature, entropy and pressure and so on and so forth. The other, the number of moles of the other components in the system other than I are also held constant when you evaluate this partial derivative, okay? Now, our expression for these, okay, so we've encountered this expression for the Gibbs energy before but it turns out to generalize this for open systems we have to include the possibility of fluxes of material in and out of the system and that's what this term right here does. What is this? This is the sum of the chemical potential times the change in the number of moles of whatever component it is that's leaving or being added to the system. If it's added, that's a summation, if it's subtracted, it's a subtraction. All right, we add rather the chemical potential times the number of moles for each species that's being added or subtracted from the system, that is an additional term in terms of understanding what the Gibbs energy is, right? So we simply can add, we just use the chemical potential to add to the Gibbs energy for each chemical component that we're talking about. It's part of why the chemical potential is so convenient. So under these conditions of constant temperature and pressure this equation becomes, if temperature and pressure are constant then the change in the Gibbs energy is just given by these fluxes of material in and out of the system, right? Okay, now, so we said, can we calculate G and DG from the concentrations of individual chemical species? That's what we're doing here, okay? And can we compensate for the addition to subtraction of material from the system in terms of understanding what happens to G? Yes, we just have to include this term right here and we can figure out if G is getting larger or smaller based on whether we're adding or subtracting material from the system if we know what the chemical potential is. Okay, yes, yes, yes, okay. Now, if this equation is true, we know at equilibrium DG is equal to zero, right? If DG is equal to zero then this thing has to be equal to zero, all right, at equilibrium. And so it seems intuitively obvious that that would have to be the case, but that's given its own name. That's called the Gibbs-Duhem equation, all right? So this equality has to be satisfied at equilibrium. All right, in other words, things can move around in a system at equilibrium, but this equality has to be satisfied. In other words, this summation cannot change. It's got to be equal to zero. This equation just says that the chemical potential summed over all the moles of products and reactants is a conserved quantity at equilibrium. Yes, that's all that says. So we're going to do an example of what that means. For example, if you have A getting converted into B, let's say this is a nice summarization reaction. The Gibbs-Duhem equation says that at equilibrium that plus that has to equal zero because the summation only contains two terms. There's only two chemical species, A and B, all right? And so this equality has to be satisfied, right? So a mixture of ethanol water is prepared with a mole fraction of water of 0.4. Ethanol water mixture. If a small change in the mixture composition results in an increase in the chemical potential of ethanol by 0.35 joules per mole, I don't know how that would have been accomplished, but hypothetically, if you could increase the chemical potential of ethanol by 0.35 joules per mole by how much will the chemical potential of the water change? Or if we change the chemical potential of one component of this two component systems, how will the chemical potential of the other component respond? All right? We know this is a Gibbs-Duhem problem because we're at equilibrium. Does it say that anywhere? A mixture of ethanol water at equilibrium, okay? So we're going to use the Gibbs-Duhem equation. It's a two component system, so we've got two components. We've got an ethanol component and a water component. We just solve for the change in the chemical potential of the water, all right? And if these derivatives are small, the first assumption to make is that they are small, all right? Then we can just treat this as the change in the chemical potential of the water. That's the change in the chemical potential of the ethanol. Oh, we're told what that is, all right? Now we need to know this mole fraction. These two moles, all right? What I've written here is the mole fraction. Everybody understand what the mole fraction is? It's the moles of component one divided by the total moles of all of the components in the system. And so in this case, that would be the mole fraction of ethanol, all right? That's not the mole fraction. That's the number of moles of ethanol. But the mole fraction is just the number of moles of ethanol divided by the total moles in the system. So we usually call that X sub-ethanol, all right? And I think you can see that if I take the quotient of the two mole fractions, the total number of moles will cancel and I just get moles ethanol divided by moles water, okay? And so this 0.6 over 0.4, that's just these two mole fractions. That's the change in the chemical potential of the ethanol. And so I can calculate what the chemical potential of the water is going to do. It's going to go down by minus 0.53 joules per mole. That's just the Gibbs-Duhem equation. Very simple. Okay. So once we understand about the chemical potential, that the equilibrium is determined by the system looking for the, oh, sorry. You're right. This should be mu dn. This is the, yeah, you're right, sorry. Yeah, this should be mu dn. This should be mu dn. You're absolutely right. Oh, sorry. Yes. All right? So you can actually recast this equation in either of two forms or it can be mu dn or nd mu, right? And so how you want to use it depends on the information that you're given. Yes. So one of the consequences of the chemical potential is in understanding this diagram right here, all right? So once again, this is the Gibbs energy on this axis and this is the temperature on this axis and we're talking about three phases of a particular component, let's say water. Okay? And this, the slope of these lines is going to be dictated by these derivatives. In other words, the slope of this line is going to be equal to minus the entropy for vapor phase water. This is minus the entropy of liquid water and this is minus the entropy of solid ice. Now, in principle, the system can choose three different Gibbs energies at any temperature that you choose on this axis, all right, except where there's a phase transition or the system can choose any one of three energies. It always chooses the lowest of these three energies. It minimizes the chemical potential. Okay? The chemical potential of liquid water is actually equal to its Gibbs energy, all right? And its lowest for the solid at a temperature that is below the melting point of ice. So at 253 degrees Kelvin, we're 20 degrees below the melting point of ice, water chooses to exist in a solid state and the reason is that the chemical potential of the solid is less than the chemical potential, the liquid or the gas. That's why from a thermodynamic standpoint, water as ice at temperature is below 273 degrees Kelvin. All right? If we go up to 273, the chemical potential of liquid water and ice are equal to one another. And at that point, if we stay in the solid state, the chemical potential of ice will be higher than that in water, all right? And that's thermodynamically unfavorable. The system can evolve towards a new equilibrium by melting the ice to form water, okay? And so the system now follows this new equilibrium line, which is the liquid phase line. And so if we heat the system up to 330 degrees Kelvin, that's above the melting point of ice. We're tracking now the liquid phase. The system stays in the liquid phase because everywhere along this line, it is the minimum Gibbs energy that's possible for the system, all right? When we arrive at the boiling point of water, 373.16 degrees Kelvin, the chemical potentials of liquid and gas, phase, water are equal to one another. And only at that point can you have the coexistence of these two phases, all right? Steam and liquid water. In this case, liquid and solid ice, all right? This phase coexistence can only happen at equilibrium at this phase transition temperature. And then if you go to still higher temperatures above the boiling point, only gas phase water is possible at, for example, 390 degrees Kelvin. And so the way the system evolves is shown by this red line because the red line indicates the minimal chemical potential of the water at each one of these temperatures. At these phase transitions, the chemical potential of two phases are equal to one another. And in principle, they can coexist in the chemical potential across the phase boundary for steam at the boiling point in the liquid and in the gas phase is exactly the same. By definition, it has to be. And the same thing is true for liquid water, the chemical potential of the water in the liquid and in the solid. At that point, at 273.16 degrees Kelvin, the chemical potential is the same in the ice and in the water. That's why you can have coexistence of those two phases. Yes, we're just tracking the lowest chemical potential for the system as we track along this red line. Okay. Finally, I want to talk about this. We're going to call this the bulb. So I think this plot is actually very counterintuitive. All right, why do I say that? Look, if you've got reactants here and you've got products here, right, the shortest distance between two points is a straight line, if this is the Gibbs energy of the products and this is the Gibbs energy of the reactants, why would the Gibbs energy of the mixture of the reactants of the products ever be less than this? In other words, if this is the Gibbs energy of the products and this is the Gibbs energy of the reactants, why wouldn't the Gibbs energy of some mixture of the reactants of the products just lie somewhere along this dashed line, right? Isn't it intuitively obvious that that should be the case, of course if it was, there would be no equilibrium in chemistry because the equilibrium is defined as dG equals zero, all right, and there's no minimum in this plot. It's a straight line. And so the reaction would just go boom, wouldn't it? Or if products had a higher G function than reactants, there would be no reaction, all right? There would be no equilibrium possible. You would either be fully in the product state or fully in the reactant state, and if they had exactly the same Gibbs energy, you'd have sort of a pseudo equilibrium where you could have any composition. But no composition would be preferred. So let's go back to this equation here, this experiment rather. We've got oxygen and nitrogen. We've got half a mole of each. The valve is closed. Now we open the valve, all right? Here's, are we out of time? Welcome back to this on Friday. Thank you.


Yes, always fun to go get some old buddies and old pals, you know, so I'll always be fun.  No, no I don't. What's this cold dawn that's battered out in the last time you faced it? Just running the ball. It was running the ball a little bit better. What's the challenge of tackling Jonathan Taylor and how similar maybe it seems to Terry Cameron? I think just getting him before he gets going would be a good thing. And the thing with him and Terry, he does good out of contact. These last couple of games, maybe it's really stretched as you've had? Yeah, yeah, just getting back in the groove of things, getting back in the rhythm. And it's always good to get going this time of the year. Oh yeah, that's what we do. We go out every day and play for each other. Yeah, it was good to see those guys. You know, we had a couple of conversations after the game, talked about how things used to be and how things are now. You know, it's just good to still see those guys doing good. Oh, that's the memories they had with those guys over there. You know, over those guys every day for three years. So just the emotions behind that, seeing those guys, thinking the memories and good times we had together. Yeah, that was the whole goal to get somewhere where I felt like I was appreciated and it was just good to be here and making plays for these guys.


for children under 13 years of age. Viewer discretion is advised. What's going on guys? Patriot Prime here once again with another live stream and this one is going to be a little bit different. I am going to toy hacks a figure for you live. I know I've done these a couple of times, you know, where I pre-record it so I can edit out my screw ups, but I thought this would be fun where, you know, I can do this. A lot of people always ask, what do you do? How do you get these on so good and so on and so forth? So now I can do toy hacks and you're here to ask me questions or get ideas or just hang out. I mean, it's Friday night. What else are you going to do? But watch a 48 year old transformer nerd apply decals. So welcome everybody to the chat. Yeah, Burt. Hey, Burt. Hey, everybody. Now these here, I've mentioned before, these are my main tool for applying toy hacks decals. I mean, I have to get close with some of these. Some of them are really tiny. I was actually talking to toy hacks today and we were bragging about how tiny he makes some of the decals for the sets. He has a Micro Master set and if you're familiar how small the Micro Masters are, he actually had IDcals made for the Micro Master figures. So that's where it comes in too, that you need a very, very nice pair of fine tip tweezers. Now for years, I have used this set of tweezers that I got from toy hacks themselves. I got these tweezers in 2012 and over the years, I've dropped them and dinged them and they've lost some of their point, some of their tip. So the other day, I found this set and these are awesome. These are a fine tip curb set of tweezers that I'm really wanting to look forward to trying out tonight on this decal set. So as you probably saw from the thumbnail, the decals or the set or the figure, excuse me, that I am going to be decaling is main frame here in TeleTran 1 mode. So I figured this is a pretty easy one to do. I don't want to bore you guys, so I'll probably keep this live stream to about an hour long or to win to where I finish this figure. Now of course, main frames decals set is sold separately from, oh my god, this thing's heavy from the arc here. And to be honest, this is a figure I was not going to get because I really don't have anywhere to display him and I still don't. But when I saw the toy hacks decal sets for this guy, I was like, man, I have got to get this figure and I'll figure out somewhere to put it. Maybe I'll hang him and fly him from the ceiling or something.  If you look behind me, you never see this angle. Normally, I have two monitors. So my main monitor is this one right here. This is the one you normally see me on. So for tonight, I had to hook up on this monitor, which is facing this way. It's right below my lamp. So you can see if I get myself shaded here, whatever it looks better. But that's okay. You're not going to be looking at me a lot because right here in front of me is my toy hacks area. So I'll be switching cameras when I go over those. So here's the arc and the arc decal sets arrived with the main frame set. And I just got to show you guys these. This is going to take a while. These are the arc decals. They're a dropped one, nine sticker sheets. So that's going to be fun. That's going to be probably about a week or a week or two, about two or three days right there, maybe a week. Don't want to drop, don't want to drop a nice combination of foil and vinyl decals. I love toy hacks as vinyl decals. Those are my favorites. So yeah, I think I forget what the exact number of decals are, but I know there are a lot of individual decals for the windows. And there are a lot of windows there on the arc. Let's see, we got 29 people watching. Before we get started, I do want to show you something really cool I got in a mail Monday, or no, it wasn't Monday, Thursday. Yesterday, something I have been wanting for a long time. And thanks to my buddy, Bert the Stormtrooper, I picked it up. This is a reproduction of generation one browning. This is another transformer that turns into a gun, but this one did not make it here to the States. Megatron's cousin, if you will, came in Styrofoam, a beautiful chrome looking bot. And I cannot wait to get this guy in front of the camera to show off to you guys. It is awesome, another very, very realistic looking gun transformer that doesn't have an orange tip. So let's, I think we got enough people here. Let's see if I'm missing anything in the chat. Oh yeah, I do notice the Haslab Unicron back here. See, he's been sitting in that box for a long time. All right, so what I'm going to do, and we'll go ahead, I'm going to get bright again, and we'll turn on all the lights for my toy hacks area. And then we'll get to Haxing. So let me switch cameras. If this works right, you should still hear me fine. And we're going to be taking a look at the toy hacks area. So there we go. Everybody still hear me okay. Want to make sure my microphone didn't switch. So I'm going to be looking straight ahead. And then every now and then I'm going to have to turn back and see what's going on with the chat. Now, something I wanted to show off in my last toy hacks video when I did, I'm sorry, I'm probably bumping this so many times, is the Galvatron cannon right here. The way I applied this and the way these decals are, you needed to stick this on and then heat it up with a hairdryer to get it to curve a little bit around the barrel. And unfortunately, on my desk here, I have four lamps, two monitors, the computer, a stereo system, and my camera equipment. Now when I plugged up my hairdryer to warm this thing up, I blew a breaker. So I couldn't really film what I wanted to show you guys. But how this works, if you get this set, here is the decal that you'll see right there for the cannon. This square section pops out. And the best way to do this is here is the generation selects Galvatron. You'll see that square right there. So it'll line up with that opening. You put the tip of the decal here, line the other section around that square. And once you get that lined up just right, that's where you're going to take the hairdryer, warm that up, and then just press it around. And you get a great fit. So I was really wanting to show you guys how that works. But unfortunately, my setup, my shoddy elect, what do you got? Shoddy wiring in this old house just didn't allow it. All right. So what we've got here, the Toy Hacks decal set for mainframe. You get this large decal sheet right here on foil backing and two smaller decal sheets on vinyl. And what was I going to say? The decals also go on for the golden discs here and Sky Spy. And there's a lot of different options. So we'll play around and see what the best look we can get for Teletran 1 here. So let's see. Let's do the easy thing first. Let's do the golden discs. You look on the back of them. Each golden disc is different. We've got those decals or etchings right there. And these, I think these are the ones from Voyager, the satellite or whatever. And of course, they're the Beast Wars ones, the alien ones. So you got the earth ones and the aliens. And what we have here on the back is they look like records and they both say the sounds of earth. So now with some magic of toy hacks, let me find my tweezers.  We are going to turn these into actual records. And I'm going to take the weird looking one right here. And let's see. See, here's the two albums we're going to have.  So of course the weird golden disc is going to get weird owl. So the first decal we're going to take off is this circle decal right here. These fine tip tweezers, you look, I always bend the sheet slightly just so you can get a seam to grab that decal with. And then just peel nice and slow. And there we go. So we got our circle. And this is going to line up right along that edge. Actually, I probably should have put the center decal in first. And we'll challenge myself already. Get that in, get that attached. Smooth it down. So there's that. Now let's get weird owl here.  And I guess it really doesn't matter how you line this up as long as it's centered. And there we go. So there is our first album.  Now I will let you know that I am going to do a normal toy hacks video for mainframe. I've already filmed my intros. So even after I do all this, I can film the outros later. Let's see any comments going on. Valk golden disc and Voyager golden disc. Thank you, elites. I knew you come to the rescue. And toy hacks may hop into this chat later on. So hopefully we'll see some of the fine folks from toy hacks. Let's actually do, let's do the center first. This is the stand bush, the touch album. Nice and slow. I'm trying to look over the camera while doing this at the same time. All right, get that on there just right. There we go. So there we have the touch. Now I'll get the black ring.  But all part of the challenge, I did not get that one on there straight. So one of the things I do too is I make sure not to press the decal firmly in place until it is exactly, whoops, exactly where I want it to be. And I am my own worst judge with making sure I get these just right. Come on. And I think that'll do it. So there we have the two records. So those are done. We'll put those out of the way. And the next thing we'll work on is the sky spy. Now with him, I don't know if there are some indentations here in the wings, like right there. So it's not, it's not a real flat surface. I'm trying to see if I can find the other one. I know there's one right there.  And the other monitor has the sticker map. So that way I can double check which one. So let me pull up sky spy so I can find out where the indentations are. So looking at the wing once again, let's turn it this way. Still not seeing it good. Maybe it's on this side. And that's got to be up here on the top. So we got one indentation right here in the middle. And there's another one up here in the corner. So what toy hacks has done is you have these filler decals right here. So you use these filler decals to put in the indentations to make it flat for the main decal to hop to pop on. It's not going to hop on. So let me show you how that works. Now these are your filler decals, these chrome ones right here. So let me go ahead and we'll take this long one off and try to find where it goes again. Keep losing it. Getting quiet on you guys. I'm thinking maybe it's on the front. There it is. So this is going to go right here. You want to line that up. It's going to go right in that indentation. Go ahead and press that down. And now what we're going to do is take another chrome piece. Where are they right there? And then this one is going to lay right over top of the other one. This is hard to do around the camera. The things I do for you guys. A sticker on top of a sticker can sometimes be a little challenging. But there we go. Press that in place nice and hard. So now that's even. And there's another section right here. I mean it's tiny. See how big that one is? So you have some more decals. Where are you? There you go.  That's why you want those fine tip tweezers. Now the problem with the chrome is if you flip it upside down it's hard to tell which ends the sticky end, which ends the regular. Now another thing you want to make sure you do when you're doing these decals. Make sure your hands are washed. That's very important.  Let me check something out. Look at this other side. This is hard. You can't really tell. Right there. Okay. That one goes there. I think I pulled the wrong sticker off. And that can happen. Let me get that one in place. So each one of these wings are just a little bit different. So this one here I'm going to peel off. Once again good thing to have these fine tip tweezers. We'll look at the chat here in a second.  All right so that one's on there good. So now we just got to line up these other ones. Let's go ahead and get the long ones first and get this boring stuff over with so we can get the wing decals on. Yes do not stick her while eating a bucket of wings. That is not recommended. So where is the indentation on this one? I don't think there is another one on this wing because I can look at these different angles and I'm just not seeing it. So maybe these are just extra. So what I do if I can't find a decal I find one where I've already peeled it off and I'll put that on for later. So I still need to get the little ones right there. What I'm going to do here because this one is a little smaller than the decal. The filler piece.  Here's a little stick and usually if these don't stick and I got pieces sticking out I do have a very very tiny pair of stickers or not stickers scissors where I clip these edges off. So let me get this other one and then we'll go ahead and put the wing decal on. This I knew I was going to do this but turned out a little bit longer than I anticipated. Let's get this one on. So that is sticking out just a little farther than I wanted to but I will take care of that here in a moment. So there's the filler decals. So now we're going to find the wing decal for the satellite which is these right here. So let's go ahead and get that one wing on. So there we go and now bend this down where I can get a hold of it. We're just going to line it up. Make sure it's in place. Press it down and there you go. So those filler decals that I put in you don't have an indentation in your sticker now. Pull that away if you guys can see a little better. So there is the wing on Sky Spy. So right there I have this little piece sticking out. Explore, explore. And now I'm going to trim that section off. I may have to pull out the exacto knife on this one but in my finished review it'll be perfect. So there is one wing, yeah show it off by dropping it, one wing of Sky Spy. So that took a lot longer than I thought and I am not going to do the other Sky Spy wing. We'll worry about that later on. So let's now move into TeleTran 1. Now I thought these were stickers. These are actually tampographed on. If you can see, you can see the lines of the mold right there behind the tampograph. It is not a sticker at all.  So this is going to be pretty easy to fix. Who's gun did Sky Spy scan for Megatron? Ah, was never answered. So let's see what we have for options for TeleTran 1. I know there's a lot of different screen options here. Alright so our main screen. We've got the arc here. Main screen, I can do another arc. I can do Optimus Prime or I can do a map of the earth and I think we're going to do map of the earth. So let's go ahead and peel this. You know I actually prefer doing the smaller decals opposed to these big ones. So peel that off. Make sure and get this lined up just right. It's all about the edge. Get that edge laid in there in place. That fell right into place. Boom. So there we go. There's our new center monitor for Sky Spy. Not Sky Spy. What it tells us is called TeleTran 1. So there's one down and we have options. Let's see two other monitors here. You've got Cybertron, a space vortex of some sort, and a cracked screen. That's pretty cool because it shows the innards there of the computer. And if you remember from the G1 cartoon, there was a cracked screen on one of the far monitors of TeleTran 1. You also have Primus's face there and that's Primus from the G1 comics. So all right in the chat, what goes here? What do you want? I got, I think the broken monitor is on this side in the G1 cartoon. So we can do the vortex or Cybertron. First person to comment is what I stick on there. Watching them. Reading the comments now. See who I missed. Patriot Prime, are you going to talk about Action Masters? I guess I can. I reviewed one Cybertron. Okay, Cybertron is what we will put on. Get that in the corner, peel it back. Now let's line it up. These are easy. Almost. And there we go. We got Cybertron in. Get that edge pushed down a little bit. All right. So now, as much as I like the cracked screen, I think I'm going to go, you know what? I am going to do the cracked screen. I'm a G1er. Let's go full G1 on this. And we'll try putting that at this angle, see if it's any easier. And there we go. So there is your improved Teletran one with the new screens. So now, we have a lot of details that need to come up here. And I think one of them is right there, this gold Autobot logo. Trying to make sure Elite didn't hit me with a Super Chat and I miss it. He loves his Berts. So this one goes, notice I like how Toy Hacks can always cut these in the shape that's needed. Now this is going to be the problem with Teletran here is he blends into the light. Let's see. I'm holding my breath. All right. So there we go. There we got our center decal. All right. Next up, let's see. Nothing there. I need to get a bigger image of the screen. Okay. So we've got right here where the matrix is. We've got some other little options. Let's say it looks like Daniel in his Exosuit maybe. There's Krim Zeke. Looks like another Vortex or looks like the old 1980s spools. I got to go with the 80s. I'll take those spools out. Let me double check, make sure I'm not putting the wrong decal in because I've done that before. Glad I checked. The spools are supposed to go here. I have done that many times where I'll think a decal goes in one place and I just slap it on another and then later on, of course, after I've already heated the figure up to really lock it in place, that's when I realized how I screwed up. Let's see. We've got one. It's a big gold one right here. So let me see if I can find that and get that one on there. Usually try to match up what kind of cut they got and this looks like it right here. I got 51 people watching. Hello everybody. Welcome to my wild Friday night. I hate these long ones. Especially when they got the holes cut in them because sometimes, well, sometimes it makes it easier to install. Now, if you'll notice, see how I'm running the decal up along to where it needs to be with the tweezers. The decal itself is really not touching until I can get it lined up just right. So I've got it matched up there in the center here, here, and there we go. So there is the gold trim for the edge of TeleTran. So I might as well do the other gold trim here. There's really no rhyme or reason how I put my decals on. I just throw them on and keep placing decals on until I am finished. Now, that has got a real thin edge right there. So that's why you really don't want to pull these decals off too hard, too fast, because you can rip them. I've done that quite a few times. Unfortunately, if you rip it in the right place, you can just stick it together and nobody's going to notice.  So let's get this one lined up and installed. And normally also when I'm doing these decals, I'm up here. I got a beer and I got my 80s music playing. All right. So you got both gold edges on TeleTran one. So he is coming along splendidly. Now, what goes over the matrix? Okay. Toyhacks is showing this decal right here. I bet all these can go to these sections here.  And I get that lined up. I don't know. That fits a little better than the spools I had earlier. So there's our vortex. And now we've got, let's throw a Krim Zeke on here. Krim Zeke doesn't get enough love. We'll put him right here. Well, no, that's too big. See, like I said, you got to watch for these things. So I'll put him right here to probably use later. And it's this one right here. And now I can tell the difference with the sizes. See, these right here were fatter than these there, which indicates that they went here. So like I said, you really got to watch what goes where, with these Toyhacks decals. All right. All right. So there we are. I think that's it for the screens. I have a couple left over. Next up is this long one with a bunch of words on it that goes right there on that readout. What are we at? 31 minutes. You guys bored yet? Now, Sunday night, we are going to do a live show with all of us who were at TFCon together. And we're going to be talking to the individual. We almost killed with the Pocky One Ship Challenge. So now there's something about the camera. Let me match this up. Got these Cybertron, Cybertronic Cybertronian glyphs right here. These are the vinyl decals I've been applying the foil. These are the vinyl and this one goes right here. Now, like the vinyl, you can position them a little bit better. So there we go. We've got that on. Let's see. Let me go. There is a big area that I can't find where this goes. Oh, never mind. I'm looking at the wrong ones. I'm trying to find what goes in that space right there. And that is this little wavy readout. All right. That's going to be hard when to put in. So I'm going to adjust that so I can grab it from the top. Then, so there we go. Looking better. And now you've got these little gold triangles that are going to go right there. Let me see if I can find them. Ah, I see where I screwed up. These little chrome decals. There's the smaller ones that fit on Sky Spy. So like I said, you just really got to pay attention to these. That happens more times than I'd like to admit. But that's why they give you extras. So I cannot find those gold triangles unless they're on this decal sheet. I don't see them. We'll come to those later. Let's see what else I can put on now for you guys. Well, I'm going to stick to this end right here.  We've got more of that Cybertronian writing that's going to go right there. Now there is a G1 Marvel comic Easter egg that they've hidden this set that I really appreciate. So right there, that's the advantage of the vinyl. You slide it around, but you want to be careful if you've got these really pointy tweezers because you can poke a hole or cause an indentation in the vinyl. So that's there. Now we got these little readouts right there to cover. Here they are. You always get these little strips of sticker that come off with the decal sometimes. There we go. I was surprised when I was a TF Con, how many people came up to me and said that they appreciated my toy hex videos more than my other my regular videos. I was kind of in shock, but you know, I love doing these. I've been doing toy hex reviews way before toy hacks even approached me. I just, to me, this is like model building. It's like my Zen. I come up here, I'm by myself, got my music playing, and it's just, it's very relaxing to me. This is a little bit different because I'm trying to entertain you guys too. All right. What's next? You got a little sensor right there to cover. Looks like this one. Now what's bad a lot of these times is I'm putting so much effort into the decals. I can tell right now that TeleTran 1 is where this set is going to shine. This is where all of the decals are going, yet I'll be displaying probably in robot mode. So hopefully robot mode will look good too. All right. So that's done. All right. We got these little readouts. Now we're getting into some tiny stickers. It's like a temperature gauge or something right here. I was bragging to toy hacks earlier when I was on the phone with them. I am always amazed at how good I can get this in. How good they cut these stickers to fit like these molded details. I mean, that thing went in there perfect. So now you got this little readout. All right. What's next? Looks like you got a little three light decal, four light decal. I think that's this one right here. Let's see if that fits. That is a perfect fit. Now I have actually had to use a magnifying glass before to get some of those fine details in on here. Elites, it was good meeting you too. I got so many messages from people. They're like, we saw you but I didn't want to come up and talk to you. I was like, why not? I'm your average Joe. All right. What next? All right. I got a little thing with three, three dots, three, oh there it is, right here. There's even a decal that shows like a typewriter, like a laptop or a keyboard typewriter showing my age there. That goes there. There we go. Got some readouts here up top. And the first one is a colorful readout here. Trying to keep everything in screen for you guys. I tried to invite some of the other fellows to hop on the chat with me just in case you guys get here tired of me talking to myself more or less. That's going to line up. But the key to toy hacks or toy haxing is take your time. You rush it. You're not going to be happy with your results. I forgot where I just peeled that one off. What goes beside it? It's a deep sticker with a lot of words. I see the size of it. Okay. It's this one right here. Now these are pretty easy to put on because all you're doing is matching them up to the molded detail and where they would fit in. But when you get decals that go on like a smooth area, that's a challenge, especially like Autobot or Decepticon logos. Those are so hard to get perfectly centered. And I think I'm looking at my picture. No, I still got something that goes right there. That's a colorful one too. I think I saw it just a second ago. It's this one. This one looks very 1980s computer screen right there. Now here's where we run into a problem. See how I'm not catching that one? So you just bend from different angles, get your tweezer in there and you won't work it to make sure it did get cut because every now and then you'll get a toy hex decal that has not been cut. And if you're not careful, you can tear them and just ruin the set. Of course, toy hex is really good.  Now with my other, I ran into a problem here. I can't get in there. With my other tweezers, I have this plastic tip. I use that, get in there. And now I believe that side is complete. I wonder how tall PPR and Kato are. Did you not see her pictures? Did we not post her pictures here on YouTube? Kato, he comes up to my shoulder, John, John Doe 480. There was one guy that came up to me, pointed at my shirt and asked, he says, is he here? I'd love to meet him. I took my mask off, I said, yeah, he's right here. That was funny. Burt was with me, got kicked out of it. So this section here, at least according to the picture I'm looking at, is not finished. There is a gold sticker right there. I need to find another gold trim. So we got two gold trim stickers right here. And let me take a look. It is this one, sticker fuzzies, sticker pubes. We'll copy right that one. Now elites, I believe Dylan and I are going to go to Big Lit Comic Con in Roanoke. All right. So now we got a gold edge there. Let's go ahead and put the other one on since I know where it's at. Right there. See how that wasn't cut? Right there. That's just a little, so here's where your stick scissors come in. Because you don't want to pull it, pull it. You could actually tear the decal. There we go. So this is kind of neat that you're seeing some of the issues I run into, like I get the wrong sticker, the ones that aren't cut right. You can see how I deal with it. Get that lined up there. All right. So there we have our gold trim around Teletran one. And this side, at least the top section, is complete. I think there is something I'm missing right there that I'll find that. All right. So now what? Let's see. It looks like we're going to have some decals right here in these square areas. Let me see what they are. Okay. Now these have some shapes to them because you're going to have these decals that actually go around the hinges. So it's these decals right here. And every now and then, toy hacks will actually print them in the way that they go. So you have this one here, goes here, here, so on and so forth. So we'll just start and we'll work from right to left. Because that's the easiest way to do it with my camera right here. We'll peel this one off. And that's a nice deep indentation. Just line it up on the edges. Make sure it goes over. There's a problem. Every now and then I stuck to the tweezers. Say right there, that's why you go real easy in case that happens. So there's that one. Next up, nice and slow. So this one here, this one, you want to make sure it goes around the hinge and also over that little opening right there, all the way over to the fill in as much space. Damn it. These are, these are stickier than the other ones. They're sticking to the tweezers. There we go. So that's done. 40 people, a board 10, board 10 people to death. Still appreciate you stopping by, giving the channel some love. That moves a lot easier. It just calls the angle. Got that on. And our last one here, I felt my hand catch a decal. I need to double check something. So now we've got that. Now what did I catch? Okay, right there. I didn't get that pressed down. When I'm done with the decals, after I get everything on, I have a little space heater plugged up on the other end of the room.  So it is coming along. Let's go ahead. I was telling you about the keyboard. Let's put the keyboard on next. Let me find the picture of it so I know exactly how it goes on. Here we go. So it's going to fit around all that molding detail there. I can't tell if that's one decal or three. Sometimes toy hacks will mess with you. Oh, that's one, one decal. Good. So there's your Cybertronian keyboard. And that's going to go right here. Get that on the edge. I didn't get it straight. I try. Let's see. Let me go in. Let me attack it from another angle. I do like these angled tweezers. They're kind of weird at first. But now I can line up the edge here, the edge here. And there we go. There's one part of the keyboard attached. Now we have two other little sections. Where did it go? Right here. Two little yellow squares that are going to go right over the molded end keyboard. There's one, the other. So right here we'll take a look. The sticker sheet is coming along quite nicely. So I've got a few decals here. Let's try to work on this side some. Actually, I think there's a lot that needs to go up top. Oh, yes. It looks like I need to fill all these up. And these have these. Yep. Very, look like skittles. Skittle stickers. Okay. This one. Now this one's cut different. See, there's two different cuts or styles right here. This one is rounded, has rounded edges. That one's more than angle. So I was trying to put the angled one in the rounded molded sections. Once again, got to pay attention to what you got. No thumbnails. Now this, here's one of those instances where I just slapped the sticker on. And then we'll try to work it into place. Come on, baby. And there we go. That tampograph that was underneath here, it's not, well, I still didn't get it part. It's a little slicker than the regular plastic. So it's hard to get these to catch, which is where that heat is really won't come into play later on. This does not want to come in or go in rather. Get in your hole. And there we go.  All right, let's get this one. Hey, Rodimus.  But big shout out to the 45 people that are hanging out and watching, watching me sticker up. TeleTran one. So there is that coming along. What goes up here? Another Skittle sticker. And I believe that's my last Skittle sticker. So we've got Skittle stickers tonight. We've got sticker pubes. I'm so creative. Okay, so now let's go ahead and, oops, he popped apart. This is a very odd looking transformer. I don't know if you guys have seen this. It's just, it's weird how he transforms. He looks great from the front. Do not look behind the curtain. What goes? Okay, here's the last two that go up top. What do you like the vortexes? This is another sticker with a vortex on it. That popped right into place. Love when that happens. And last one for the top should be this one right here. Just judging by the size. And it fell right into place. So there we go. I'm surprised there's nothing that goes in those sections there, unless I'm missing something more soothing than a Bob Ross video. Rico, I may invite you to a stream Sunday night because you took part of that, took part in that glorious hot chip challenge. Okay, we got something that goes right here. It is a weird looking sticker. That looks like this. Antonio, the gentleman we almost killed, is going to join us for a chat. He said it'll be, it's a TF con. He will never forget. All right, so that's in there. These, let's see, well, 54 minutes. We're about ready to call it a night. Now, if you guys want, I mean, I can keep going because I plan on finishing this tonight, no matter what. Dylan and my wife are downstairs watching Nickelodeon. At least they were when I came up here. So you got that on. Uh-oh. See, that is not cut all the way. So let me work it just right there on that edge. Oh, hopped right off, lucked out. Every now and then it's just hanging on by a hair, not a sticker cube, a hair. All right, so there's that. Got that on, that on, double checking, still missing these little tiny decals and I got that one on crooked. I might, there we go. I thought I was going to have to live with that, but you know, I guarantee nobody else would have noticed. That would have drove me nuts. Burt, I don't think I'll be able to make TF con Chicago. There is stuff that goes on next October with my job that I may not be able to leave, but we'll see. It's still kind of up in the air right now. Okay, we got to find those little yellow decals. They're like little yellow triangles that may, how many sheets he come with? He came with three of three. Those are blue, missing something. Now that's happened before too. I'll see certain, certain decals that just don't exist. They're not on the sheet. And to be honest, I think, let's see, I got a blue one that needs to go right here. I think we're almost done folks. There we go. There should be another one on the other side. Oh, there's my yellow triangles. They just magically appeared. Sticker pewed. I think something's supposed to go there. If I can get a good angle. Yep. There's some decals. It's these. And I'll show you that Marvel, Marvel Comics Easter egg. So, who in the chat used to read the old G1 Marvel Comics? Numbering would be nice. Fire Talks, they are numbered on their site. Well, you know that you decal. You toy hacks. No, I didn't. Cybertronian smog. I just, he just didn't interest me. All right, the Easter egg, let me find it is on this other sheet. It's right here. And right after Optimus Prime's death in the Marvel Comics series, the Autobots, the Ark was raided by a car thief. He called himself the mechanic and ratchet left this tool laying on Teletran one. That was like a power converter or some kind of strength enhancer. And toy hacks has a little decal that they can put right there. Or it may be a wrench. I want to think that it's a throwback to the Marvel Comics series and that little power converter that power amplifier. So toy hacks, if that's what you did, awesome. If it's just a wrench, cool. It's a wrench. All right, where are we at now? What am I messing? All the little triangles. Let's do those since I finally found them. 47 people in the chat. Thanks for hanging out. I appreciate it. Appreciate your support. Now, another issue with these real shiny stickers is it's hard to apply them when you got so much light blasting down on your table. You get that glare and I lost them again. And one thing I never do is even when I'm done with this sticker sheet, I will not throw it away because you can always keep these for scraps, especially like chrome pieces. So there's those two and there was somewhere where that third one went right up here at the top. Lost it again. I swear. Are you going to toy hacks the Ark? Yes, Jason, you missed the very beginning. I have those nine sheets of decals to toy hacks on the Ark. Ark's right here, showing up fashionably late. That's all right.  That's got to count for something. All right. What am I missing? What needs? What am I missing on the front of this thing? I think there's decals right here. See, sometimes you have to really study the pictures that toy hacks has on their site because I think the ones I'm looking at right now are not labeled. Yes, they are. I'll take that back. I found them. So it's these gold vent looking decals right here. Man, I got that one on crooked. A lot of breath holding. I don't know if it helps or not. That makes me feel good here on the other side. Thanks, David. We are here for you. Appreciate it. Now that may be it. Let me do a quick scan on these pictures. I'm showing. I can't tell if that's in the picture itself or the light, but it looks like there's red decals inside here. But that may be the shadow on the picture. Only one way to tell if there's red decals. Well, there's some right there, but I think yeah, those are too big. Oh yeah, okay. I'm missing right up here two decals. Almost done. We're almost there, folks. Almost there. It's which ones? This one here kind of looks like the V Visitor logo. There's that one. And then we have another one. That's this one. We'll have to go turn that heater on and cold up here. I have a really old house and my office up here does not have any heat in the wintertime nor air conditioning in the summer. All right, so maybe that's it now. Jay Rod, how are you, buddy? Let me do a quick sticker count here. Got this one, this one, blues, the golds up here on the top, here, here. You usually always discover you miss one. Got all those here. That's that's one of my favorite ones. I like that dial. I really shock I didn't put anything in these empty spots here. Of course, we got more empty spots there, but still. There you go, guys. There is TeleTran 1 completed. Then we'll work on get Sky Spy finished up. So yeah, that is it. Hey, Beastman, there is your TeleTran 1 after. So yeah, pretty cool. I dig it. It really, really improves his looks. Now, considering why I've spent an hour and seven minutes, well, I talked to you guys about 10 minutes. I spent about 50 minutes putting these on, and that's about the average time it does take me when I'm toyhacking something. Granted, for you guys, I was talking, but still I was doing it the whole time. So we've got the TeleTran 1, we've got our two records, and we got half of a Sky Spy. I'm going to finish him up when we're done. So let me switch over here. Ah, and there we are. My eyes are crossed now. Let me turn on some of these lights. So that's it. That's pretty much how I toyhack something. What light's going on? Oh, this one. Ring light. There we go. So hey, Alexander, how are you, sir? Yeah, he looks sharp. I really like that. So I'll work on, I think the deck mode, or the bridge mode, there's really not much to that. I'm going to spruce up robot mode here after a while. So that's it. That's toyhacking TeleTran 1.  So greetings from Mexico, Patriot Prime. Hey, Dorian, welcome to the channel. Welcome to the chat. Think we'll get a toyhacks for Ravage? Which Ravage? You're talking about the covert Ravage? Ravage? Possible. Sky Spy is the real hero. If it wasn't for Sky Spy, the Transformers would still be deactivated. Was it Sky Spy, or no, it was TeleTran 1 because it's when Skywarp rolled over. No, you're right. You're right. It's been a long time as I watched that first episode. I did not pick up Kingdom Ravage. Reason being is, one, not a huge fan of that Cheetor mold, and, well, at least, thank you so much for the Super Chat. I don't know if this is the first Super Chat or not for tonight, but if so, any time, if you're new to the chat, any time somebody gives me a Super Chat, I have a special reward for them. I give them a dancing Bert. You're welcome. It was Nick in here. Nick hates those. Oh, where was it? Where was it? Never seen you without your hat. I always thought you were bald. No, I actually hate wearing hats. Wow. Look at the difference in the lighting now. I started doing this when I first started doing my channel. I thought, okay, I need some kind of gimmick. You want to make yourself stand out in the YouTube community? So I thought, okay, I'm sticking with Patriot Prime, which is, you know, my tattoo here, Prime with the American flag. I'm a military vet. Let's wear a veteran hat. And I have done that since day one, and I just, I hate wearing hats. And I was walking around TF Con and a lot of people were like, I didn't recognize you at all without your hat on. And then, of course, put my glasses on, too, is Xmas Bert. Christmas Bert going to be a thing. He is. I've already added some special effects. So come closer to the holidays. We're going to have another extra special Bert for you guys in the chat. Now, I'm not sure if Toy Hacks is still in the chat or not. If you want to give them a shout out and give them a big who off for their fantastic work on these, our favorite Transformer figures, including Teletran 1 here. I would say that 80% of my collection behind me has been Toy Hacks, all the way from Generation 1 Repro labels to a lot of the new modern figures. And I can't rave enough about them. They have fantastic products, fantastic customer service. And I've been buying Toy Hacks probably since 2011 or 2012. I remember my very first Toy Hacks set was for Generation 1 6 shot. And then the next one I got was their upgrade set for Generation 1 Metroplex. So that they hooked me in early on and I'll be there however long they want to continue. Crew cut. I used to always rock the crew cut. Now I kind of keep it military short with a little bit of topping here. Well, I got back from Iraq. That's when I kind of brought back my 80s style for a while. Let's see. Thank you, Beastman. I appreciate it. I want to see if I can get my G1 combaticons reviewed in time for Veterans Day. I took them down. I transformed them. Make sure they still transform right. And that's another thing I'll brag about Toy Hacks. I've got them right here. Is Toy Hacks did a set, an upgrade set, which really changed the looks of the combaticons. There is a G1 blast off with vinyl Toy Hacks decals on him to make him look more cartoon accurate. So another great set. I know everybody's seen those in Walmart.  All right. Buddy, you deserve every bit of praise I can give you. You got a fantastic company and you put out some fantastic products and hoist. Did you get your arc set today? We were talking about the sometimes the shipping delay. You can get Toy Hacks two weeks on the dot or three or four, but usually it always shows up right on time. I still have. I've got Starscream here to Toy Hacks. I've got Rat Trap to Toy Hacks. It looks like we're getting a special guest. Come in here, special guest. We see you. He does. You get ready to get him in? Want to say hi to everybody? Hi. I was showing them how to put those stickers stickers on one of my figures. I don't know. That's a that's their Micro Master sets were amazing. I love those. Jayrod, I had him. I bought him. I ended up selling him off because I thought he looked good, but still I've always thought this is G1. Blast off does not fit with the combata cons. Mr. Kato says hi. Rodimus says hi. Oh, Rico says he loves your Ghostbuster Juan. He found that Wal-Mart yesterday. Oh, this is Mr. Fire Tox. He's the one that made you that big Dylan's Toy Box sticker. Dylan, make sure your dad gave you the big sticker. Remember the big Dylan's Toy Box sticker I gave you? It's in the kitchen still laying where you left it. Oh, yeah. Yeah. Okay. Everybody's seeing hi Dylan. Hi Dylan. Hi Dylan. Oh, this guy says, Hey Dylan, props to you for donating the toys for Tots. I told you people saw that. All right, so you're getting ready to go to bed and I got dipper? Yeah. What? Uh-oh. Boy. What's this? That's something kids don't, when I was your age, I got to play with that. That's Megatron. Is that a real gun? That's not a real gun. That's mega. You think I'd leave a real gun up here? That is Megatron. See, except to come logo. It's pretty sweet. It is sweet. It's very sweet. All right. Well, you better get to bed. See you guys. Yeah, I know. It's Friday. You can sleep in. Yeah, there's a nice cold momma. Come here, dipper. I'm babysitting you now. No. Okay. Well, exactly. Channel subscribe.  Yes, I had to pull Megatron out so I can compare him to Browning when I transform him. Actually, if you guys want to see, I'll give you a sneak peek of Browning in his robot mode or gun mode. Because it just amazes me. You know, when I was a kid, toy guns that looked real was no biggie whatsoever. But here, I can't wait to review this guy. There he is. Megatron's cousin. Look at that shiny chrome. Even has a rocket fist here. I can get it to work. He's really tight. So I'm going to take, there is parts forming. So we're going to take the fists off first. All right, goodness, that's tight. So now we'll try to transform him for you on camera. We're going to push this section in here, bring these up. Like so, they're all twisted around. So now we have the top of the gun done. Bring the legs out. They're scary tight too. Transforming G1 figures always gives me anxiety. So we got that lined up. Hold on. Don't bump me right now. All right, the legs are really tight. I want to do those individually. Okay. So I got the legs transformed. This is transformed. We're going to bring this up, bring this down, bring this up here. Now there's a little hook right there. So we're going to break this down enough and then slide the rear over. Let me bring him down a little bit. So there we go. There is browning in gun mode. Little small. It's like one of those little pocketbook guns that the mobsters used to have. So there you got browning and there you've got Megatron. I cannot wait to give this guy a full review for you guys. Do not have the Magnum Megatron. He is next on my list. Okay, you want to show them your shirt? Yeah, look. Turn around this way slightly. Other way, other this way. There we go. You want to tell them about your channel? Some of these guys might have kids. They won't watch your channel. Yeah, watch my channel. But what's the name of your channel? Dylan's Toybox. You can see on the shirt. I couldn't get my favorite one. That's green. Um, but this one was easier to get. But yeah, I wish I didn't wear the green one, but I couldn't find the green one. Well, it's dirty. It's in the laundry. You wore it yesterday, remember?  So if you got kids, he does Pokemon, pops, toys he finds at Ollie's. He wants to do your, what's his thing? Whoops. Puts my kid in the eye. John, he doesn't even want to watch the old Ghostbusters movie. He knows all about Ghostbusters. I asked him yesterday, so he won't watch Ghostbusters. Well, you know a lot about it. No, I don't. Okay, well, never mind. So probably not. I want to see the new Ghostbusters movie. You underestimate how tall PPR is. Yes. Hey, yo, I mean, hey guys, we're also going to be doing a review on this. So make sure you watch that. I carried around every day. This morning when I went to school, it was in my hands when I was driving in the Jeep. You were driving the Jeep? No, when I was in the Jeep, it was in my hands. I can't stop bringing it places. I'm pulling up stairs. Yeah. All right. Well, you need to get to bed. I'm going to close out and I'll be downstairs in a second. I'm done. I'm done doing what I'm going to do. I'm so peace out. Peace out. Well, you're about my size, boys. You, you, me and Rodimus about the same size. I need to rewatch Transformers Prime again. All right, guys, let's spend an hour and 20 minutes. I hope you enjoyed my toy hacks, toy haxing of Teletran one. As I said earlier, this set is sold separately from the Ark. And you can see a lot of the decals go on Teletran. And I think it's going to look really good, you know, posed with a core class or deluxe figure. I mean, I really dig this. See, he may stay in Teletran one mode on my display. So toy hacks, another fantastic sticker set. Like I said, I will have a regular toy hacks video with the before and afters for this guy as well. I've already shot the befores. So we'll get that set up. Probably have that out tomorrow night or Sunday afternoon. Are you back? You bringing the dog? Yeah. Bring the dog. Yeah, they got good beds at the dog. I get the baby set the dog for a while. This is Dipper. He is our floppy ear French bulldog. All right, you get there in your bed. All right, now you get out of the room and I'll keep him here. My little pony fan, Jason. Hello, Beastman. I have to agree with you. I love the YouTuber transformer community. It's heads and tails above any other community. All right, you need to go to bed. I'm going. All right, see ya.  Okay, bye guys. I'll be in there shortly. Bye guys. Watch my channel. Subscribe to me. Put all likes, put all likes on my videos.  Not with you in here. Bye. That's why I have such a hard time getting reviews out constantly. Did you ever get the Generation Select C cons? I did not. That was a little bit out of my price range at the time. Now that TF cons over and done with, I'm going to start stockpile them again, get some money saved up. I still want to get a G1 overlord. It's going on eBay the other day for 600 bucks. I was like, man, if I just didn't spend so much at TF con, I would have got him right there in there. But I got to build back, pay back up on that credit card, get some money saved up for Big Lit Comic Con in February. And then who knows, he would be a great promoter. Get making a show. Hello, Caesar. Well, hoist, we'll get y'all live show. You can sit on my lap too and we'll talk. We'll get you promoted. You are in a Transformers community. You're in one right now. All right. Well, like I said, it has been an hour and 24 minutes. My heart felt gratitude to each and every one of you. I appreciate the support. Without you, I wouldn't be doing this. Another big shout out to Toyhacks. Toyhacks.com for not only providing outstanding product for us Transformer collectors but reaching out to me and wanting to sponsor my channel. I still, two years later, have a hard time wrapping my head around that. So thank you. Thank you so much. And that's pretty much it, guys. I will call it a night. I am going to finish up TeleTrain 1. Well, TeleTrain is done. It's time to do a mainframe and look for that video coming up real soon. Don't forget to like. Don't forget to subscribe. This is Patriot Prime signing out.