Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to a new Zor education. We continue talking about waves. We have learned about longitudinal waves, which basically are like waves of the sound in the air, when the molecules of air are moving in the same direction where the waves are propagated. So the waves are actually the differences in pressure of air in this particular case. So the molecules are going this way back and forth and the sound is propagating the same way. So the movements of carriers of the oscillations are exactly in the same direction as oscillations themselves. Today we will learn about different kinds of waves, maybe the waves which you're kind of more accustomed to. These are waves when the molecules of the carrier of the waves are moving not in the direction but perpendicular to the direction. So it's like a rope and you are shaking up and down one of the ends of the rope. The waves are going along the rope and the movements of the molecules of the rope are across that direction. So this is called the transverse waves. So today we will talk about transverse waves. That's the waves when the carrier is moving perpendicular to the direction of the waves. Okay, now the usual introduction. This lecture is part of the course called Physics for Teens presented at Unisor.com. I would suggest you to watch this lecture from the website. So you go to Unisor.com, there is a menu, you choose Physics for Teens, that's the course. And within that course there is a rather large chapter waves and you click the waves and then you will get again the next menu where you will find transverse waves and this is the first lecture in that particular chapter. There is also a prerequisite course called Mass for Teens on the same website, which I suggest you to be familiar with because physics without mass, basically it's not really the real physics. Now the website is completely free. There are no advertisements, there are no strings attached, you don't have to pay anything. You don't even have to sign on if you don't want to. For self-study without any kind of supervision, et cetera, you don't really have to sign in. There are exams on the site which you can just test yourself or your supervisors can test you. Back to business. So again, we know about longitudinal waves and again the best example is sound waves in the air when the molecules are oscillating along the direction where the propagation of the waves is. And now we will talk about a typical example is a rope. So let's just consider what happens if you have a rope and then somebody takes this particular end of the rope and starts moving it up and down. Well, again, we know from experience that the rope will take something like this shape and the waves will go that way. This will be the direction of the propagation of waves. What my purpose in this lecture is to explain why it happens. It's not easy. I was myself actually struggling with understanding why the waves are actually propagating. And today we will talk about a qualitative picture, so to speak. We don't really go too much into any kind of formulas. We will try to explain how the propagation of waves actually is happening based on certain model. So the first thing which we need, we have to model this rope in such a way that we can later on apply certain mathematical foundation to this. So what comes to mind? Well, we know that rope contains little pieces.  So something probably is related to molecules and relationship between molecules, etc. So I'm suggesting as a model actually to consider the rope as consisting of small objects. Maybe it's molecules. Maybe it's just small segments of the rope connected with certain rods. So every piece has certain mass. There is a certain distance, let's call it r. This is also m, this is also m. So this is like a necklace, basically. Necklace of beads which are connected with, let's consider weightless but rigid rods, diamond necklace. So these are diamonds and they have certain weight. And these are connection between these diamonds which we consider to be weightless. But they are rigid so they can actually go up and down independently from each other but they are at fixed lengths from each other. All this. So how can we analyze analytically this particular necklace? Well, it's not easy. Let's simplify it even more. Here is the simplification which I suggest. That's it. Just two beads of certain mass connected with a rigid rod but they can actually change the direction relative to each other. Okay, now the bead on the left would be the beginning of my rope. That's where I'm actually moving, forcing this particular left bead to move up and down. Now what I would like to see is how my bead on the right would actually move in this particular case. And again, this is not easy. Okay, now before going into these analytics I would like to finish something which is really a formal part which everybody, all the textbooks and all the teachers are basically explaining as the most important part of the transverse waves which I don't consider to be the most important. It's basically a terminology. So this is called a crest of the wave and this is a crest and this is a crest. This is the part where the wave goes to the uppermost level. This is a trough. This is a trough. Now this is distance from this to this. It's amplitude. I will use letter A for amplitude. The distance between one crest and another is wavelengths, usually Greek letter lambda. Well, the whole thing resembles a sinusoid, right? Well, it's not really a sinusoid, but very close to it. It's obviously periodic and it's kind of moving up and down so it really looks like a sinusoid. That's all right. Now, if you measure the time between one particular piece of the rope, this one moves, let's say, from the top position down to the bottom position and then to the top, that is called period. It's a time period. Time between the same particle or the same little piece of the rope makes the full cycle from top to top or from bottom to bottom from middle point to middle point, whatever you want to do. So this is the period. Well, basically that's it about terminology. So we've finished this and this is as much as everybody knows about the waves. Whatever I'm talking about right now is much more involved and in my particular viewpoint it's more important because I would like to analyze the forces which are acting in this kind of a movement. So let me get rid of this. So we've finished this formal part of this lecture. Now it's more involved, I would say. So we are talking about a movement of two particles, one and two. This is my vertical direction and this is the rod between them. Let's call this alpha and this is beta. Both have mass, m and m and there is a fixed distance between them, r. We are forcing moving alpha up and down from minus a to plus a. This is amplitude, right? Remember this amplitude. Now initially, let me put this a little higher. Okay, initially let's consider we start from this position and this will be alpha and this will be beta. So they are lying down. What kind of forces are basically acting? Well, let's just think about the movement. As I'm moving alpha from position minus a to plus a through the zero what actually happens with alpha? Well, if I'm doing movements like that that means that I'm speeding up first and then slowing down to speed zero, right? And then go back again, speeding up and slowing down. That's basically my movement. Otherwise I will not be able to stop here and here. So I begin my movement and I end my movement which means I have to speed up and then slow down. As alpha is moving this way how is beta moving? Well, let's just think about it. From this position to this position this is my rod. I'm moving only this part. What happens with beta? Well, if I'm moving to this position, let's say well, beta is supposed to move this direction because this is supposed to be the same length as this one. Not that, something like this. So this length is supposed to be equal to this length. This length is the distance R between these two particles, these two objects. And this moves up and this still here which means this is kind of delaying movement and that's why it will not move vertically up because we don't have any force which moves up. We have the force only here which means that basically stretching the rod. The rod becomes tense and it's a tension force which in the beginning it always acting along the rod because we are basically pulling by this rod. So the tension begins here but as this thing is going up the tension becomes... the tension is at angle and there is a vertical and horizontal component. Vertical is very small in the beginning mostly it's horizontal. That's why it's moving this way. But movement again, as I'm moving upwards my position is something like this. So my beta object, this is beta is moving closer and closer to the vertical along which alpha is moving and it also goes upwards following the alpha because alpha is basically hooked to it by the fixed rod. So as alpha moves this way beta moves this way. So this is just qualitative picture. Now I would like to analyze all the forces which are acting in this particular case. So, getting back to our picture level, bigger scale. So this is alpha, this is beta. So what kind of forces? Well, obviously there is a fixed force which is not very interesting. That's the weight. Since we have a mass, we have p alpha equals to mg. We are assuming that masses are the same, right? So this is the rod between them. Now, the only force besides the weight which acts on the beta object is whenever we are pulling up, we are talking about the movements up the first quarter, let's say from the bottom minus a level to zero when we are speeding up. So we are speeding up the alpha which goes to zero. This is zero level and this is minus alpha level. So from here we are moving to this. We are speeding up alpha. There is an acceleration which means there is a force, obviously. So there is something which drives alpha upwards. Now the force, the only force which acts on beta is tension of the rod which pulls beta basically along the direction. So the force of tension always directed along the rod itself. So the tension should be here. This is function, tension, beta of time. Oh, it depends on time, obviously. Well, first of all, direction depends because in the beginning these two were in this position, horizontal position. So the tension force was horizontal. Then as alpha moves up, beta is supposed to follow it so the tension force changes direction and most likely changes the value as well. Now, the same tension force acts on alpha but in a different direction. So the force of the tension which acts on alpha should be directed opposite. So if alpha pulls beta, the way how tension force pulls beta up, it pulls alpha along the same direction, along the same rod but in opposite direction and they are actually equal to each other in absolute value at any given moment of time. So this is how rod pulls beta up and kind of holds down alpha and that's basically the function of the rod to keep the distance the same. Now, we are moving alpha straight up and we have to have some kind of force and there is an acceleration. I mean, we can always just think about movement of alpha as being sinusoidal up and down. So the y coordinate of alpha can be something like minus a cosine omega t. y I put minus a, so at t is equal to 0, this would be 1 and would be coordinate minus a. So at time t is equal to 0, y coordinate would be at minus a. Then at certain moment of time, t which is equal to t over 4, my coordinate would be 0. Then at time t is equal to t by 2, my coordinate would be a. It goes to the top level, a. This is 0. So from 0 to t over 4, I am going from minus a to 0. Then from t 4 to t 2 to t over 2, I will go to plus a. Then from t over 2 to 3 quarters of a t, I go back to 0. At moment t is equal to t, 3 quarters of a t, my coordinate would be again 0 and t is equal to t, my coordinate would be as before minus a. That's what we started. It would be minus a if t is equal to 0. So this is what this formula gives me. So I know the movement of alpha. I would like to know what would be the movement of beta. And again, right now we are talking about only from here to here. So from t is equal to 0 to t is equal to t over 4, where my coordinate would be 0. This is acceleration. Then would be deceleration. Okay, so acceleration. What must be my force acting on alpha to give the straight up acceleration? Well, I cannot really put this force straight up. Why? Well, because this is at angle, right? Which means there is a horizontal and vertical composition of this, right? This is vertical, which actually pulls down, and this is horizontal, which moves to the right. Which means my force should neutralize this horizontal component and this vertical component and add something more to accelerate the movement up. So the force should be something like this. Now, when we are moving a rope up and down, well, we do not think about this. We think about we are moving only vertically. But we are not thinking that we actually have to have some kind of angle because we are pulling the rope, well, the next bead, let's put it this way, we are pulling the next bead up and it moves towards the vertical direction. It's a minor movement. Don't take me wrong. Most important movement, major movement is obviously up and down. But there must be some because if this is the distance between two molecules, obviously it's a small distance, but it's supposed to be from this to this, which means we are moving to the left. And that's what actually makes the force, if we are moving strictly vertical, the alpha bead, then the force must have certain angle. Now, what we can do actually, we can put some kind of a railing here. We will move it up and down, but we have to really think about that the result is the reaction of the railing which doesn't let the alpha to move left or right. So we will move it up and down, but there is also some kind of a reaction of the railing which keeps it on this vertical direction. So the resulting force in this particular quarter of a period, the resulting force will be at slight angle. That's very important actually. It's not very important to really shape the rope, but it's very important to understand all the forces which are acting in this particular case. It's an extremely complex movement, by the way. We just think about this, we are making waves in the rope and it's really simple. It's not simple. And don't forget that all these forces are changing with time. Primarily the direction is changing. The rope used to be this way and at the end of this it will be almost vertical, right? So it changes. Okay, now, will beta ever reach the same vertical where alpha is moving? No, it will move closer. But as soon as alpha reaches the level zero, which means that's the maximum speed of alpha, then it will start decelerate. Alpha will start decelerate. Now beta is moving in both directions, vertical and horizontal, vertical here and horizontal here as a result of this tension force. And though it will not move in a vertical direction with the same speed as alpha, but it will follow. So it will also increase its vertical component. Let's not talk about how fast it will go towards the left, towards this vertical. It will go with certain speed. But since most important direction of the alpha is vertical, the beta will also increase its speed vertically to a certain degree. Okay, so that's what happens during the first quarter of a period. I would say that the direction, the trajectory, let's put this, the trajectory from this level would be something like this. It would be closer to, if I will continue with movement of alpha indefinitely up with a constant speed or accelerating, it doesn't really matter, what's important is we do not decelerate if I'm just moving up all the time. The beta would move closer and closer to the vertical so that would be some kind of asymptotic movement of beta. As alpha moves up, beta would move closer and closer and follow alpha. Eventually it will be very, very close and vertical component of beta will be almost the same as vertical component of alpha. But also it will have always horizontal, weaker and weaker, so it's slower and slower moving towards vertical. The horizontal movement would be faster here and much slower here, and again it's asymptotic movement. There is a curve called tractrice, which actually resembles this. That's when you're just pulling with a constant speed you're pulling on a chord some kind of an object, you're going this way and the object is going this way. So this is called tractrice. So it resembles it, but not exactly. And in our case our movement is much more complex. We are not moving up with a constant speed, we are accelerating and then we're decelerating. And now we are approaching the second quarter of the movement from 0 to up, to the top amplitude, to the A. Okay, what happens there? Okay, let's draw another picture. Again, I'm talking today only about pictures of how basically the whole thing might move almost without any quantitative characteristics. Well, except I just had a formula for movement of the alpha. I assume this is the formula, but again it's just a model. Okay, now we're talking about from 0, somewhere here is minus A, but this is plus A. Now in the beginning of this second quarter my, by the way, in this particular case t period is equal to 2 pi over omega. Omega is angular speed or angular frequency. So now we're talking about the second quarter from c over 4 to c over 2. Now at this moment, since we are accelerating all the time my beta object is moving up and closer. So probably it's somewhere here, approximately. And this is my alpha. And again, let's talk about forces which are acting on this. Alpha stopped accelerating. It starts decelerating. So alpha is decelerating. Now beta, what kind of forces are acting right now? Well, beta continues moving with the speed alpha has reached at this particular moment. Up and horizontally. Now it will probably be faster now than alpha. So alpha is breaking down the speed, but beta is still moving with the same speed alpha was at point 0. So what does it mean? It means that the tension would be different instead of rod pulling beta up. Now beta would push the rod up. So the tension would be directed this way. So this object would push the rod. Instead of rod pulling the object, object would push the rod. So that would be my t beta of t of time. Well, obviously there is a weight. So these are basically interesting forces. Now onto beta would only, its weight would actually do. And then the beta would actually push the rod. And this pressure would be applied to alpha. Now alpha is still supposed to move on this particular distance. So what actually would be forces which are acting in this particular case in this subject? Well, my force obviously should be independent of this, but let's talk about what kind of force I should really. Since our force should actually break down the whole system, it should resist. So the alpha would push the rod in opposite direction. Because the rod is supposed to be rigid, right? Now obviously there is a weight. And then what does it mean that what kind of force should be actually acting on alpha? Well, we have to break it down. So the force should be down. But again, not exactly vertically down. Since this force will have horizontal and vertical composition, now we should really somehow neutralize. So the force would be at this particular angle. Not exactly vertical. So what's interesting is that again, the force which we are applying onto the object whenever we are pulling it, we are thinking we are pulling it up and down, the real force would be again at slight angle from the vertical. On the way up it was angle towards this direction, on the acceleration, on the deceleration, the force should really be directed against the movement, right? To decelerate. So whenever we are moving up, we are accelerating and then decelerating. So decelerating means we are applying the force, which actually going back in an opposite direction to a movement, which means down. And again, at slight angle, because we really have to apply some kind of a pressure onto the road. Now, what happens in this particular case? Well, if I am applying this pressure towards the road, this pressure also has certain force applied against these beta, because the length is supposed to be the same. And what does it mean? What happens with beta when alpha is decelerating? Beta is trying to move as it was because of inertia, but the fixed length of the road prevents it. If this goes down, down, down, this is also supposed to decelerate somehow. But since the road is the same, it will start moving this direction, slightly outside. So the angle, this angle would be smaller, I mean bigger, sorry, bigger here, and then bigger again here, because the beta would go with the same, the beta will have certain inertia. We are breaking down on the alpha movement, but the beta will continue moving with the same inertia as before, but its direction is restricted because we have the fixed length. If all of a sudden I just momentarily stop alpha, what would be with the beta? Well, since it was moving up in this direction, now we are stopping alpha, it would continue, upwards movement will give you, basically, it will go on the circle, but it doesn't go on the circle because alpha is not stopping, alpha is just slowing down, which means the beta will start also moving slower, but again it will be on the further and further distance. So if before my movement was like this, now my movement would be like this, and eventually almost horizontal. Now I'm kind of extrapolating these thoughts, so as alpha is moving vertically up and down, beta is supposed to move on some kind of a curve, it would be further in the beginning and at the very end of this half a period and closer somewhere in the middle. Now what happens somewhere here? Well, it depends, for instance, if the speed is not very high at this middle point, which means it will reach certain position like this one, and then we are decelerating. Well, what happens, it might actually go this way and then go this way along the same trajectory, or it might actually make some kind of a little loop, what if the speed is so significant for whatever reason, that after this position it will go even more around, this will stop, and this will go even by inertia a little bit more, then goes down and that's supposed to follow, so maybe it will be something like this direction. I'm not sure myself, it depends actually on many different things. The length of the road, the masses of these, and on the amplitude, so these and the speed of movement up and down, or if you wish, the angular speed of this movement. These are all analytical things which we will explain in some details, not in all details, because it's a very complicated movement actually. But my purpose was to basically talk about forces which are acting and the direction, the trajectory of the second bead, second bead on this necklace, if the first bead is going vertically up and down, so this direction would be again kind of a very complicated curve, and then add to this the third bead, for instance, the third bead would follow the second one, right, also in the same length, and it would be even more complicated curve. Well, again, the most important is obviously direction up and down. The direction left and right would not be as visible as in this particular case, but you should understand that this is complicated and this kind of a movement would be definitely not exactly straightforward. And just imagine it's quite simple if you have a rope of certain lengths and then you convert it into this type of things. This is a curve which is more, which is lengthier, so it cannot really be that every particle would move only vertically up and down. The length of the rope is fixed, it's this one, horizontally, so it should really compress a little bit, so the true picture would be the same rope. If this is the original length, then the length when it's actually moving up and down would end somewhere before that, because the length of this should be equal to this, which means that every particle of this rope actually moves left whenever we are making this type of things. And that's what this particular curve represents. It's squeezing, basically, and it's squeezing because this length is the same as this length, so the movement from here to here is not vertical, it's at the angle. And then, again, it goes here, not along the straight line, it will go along this curve. So, this is all the complications which are related to transverse movement, which means that transverse movement is not really up and down for every particular particle, as usually simplified in most of the textbooks. It's much more complicated. And whenever you are talking about, for instance, a string instrument like a violin, it's a perfect example of the waves, which are usually qualified as transverse. But if you think about it, this is your string, and then you're stretching the string. Now, what happens, actually? Well, you're stretching, which means you're stretching every rod, which connects two molecules, right? Every little rod has become... The story is even more complicated, because in this case, I was considering that the rod is actually a fixed length. In this case, to enable the vertical movement of each component of a string, we have to have these rods stretchable, so it's like a spring now. So every rod is a spring. And this gives me a new model of our transverse oscillations. The model, when this rod is not a fixed length, which gives this type of a wave, but the rod is stretchable, like a spring. So every rod between two molecules, every connection is a little spring. And another example, you have waves on the surface of the water. It's the same thing. It's much more complicated. It's not up and down, obviously. These are more like this one. So every molecule of the water goes along some kind of an ellipsoidal wave and then transfers to a different one. And what's most important is the purpose I wanted to explain all this is for you to understand why we have the propagation of waves. Very simply, because the maximum of the alpha point in this particular case is prior to the maximum of this one, because when alpha has already stopped, this one, the beta is still continuing to move up. And only at the very end, when it's already started moving down, only then the beta will finish this cycle and then it continues to follow. So alpha is always ahead of beta. And if it's always ahead of beta, it means there is a time difference between alpha reaching its crest at the top position and beta reaching its top. Because whenever alpha is here, beta is still here and then it goes around some circle or whatever it is, a curve, basically, which resembles a circle. And only then, when alpha starts moving down, only then beta reaches the top and then goes around the top and follows alpha. That's the delay between these two molecules, alpha and beta. And since there is a delay, that's basically what makes waves propagating. The alpha is reaching a certain maximum, a little bit later beta is reaching the same, let's say, maximum. And then the next object connected to beta, let's call it gamma, then gamma. So there is always a time delay, which depends on many different factors. As I was saying, it depends on the angular speed of the alpha oscillation, its amplitude, the weight and all other lengths of the rod and other physical quantities. But there is always a delay. And since there is a delay, we have this difference in time between alpha reaching the maximum and a little bit later beta reaching the maximum, then gamma reaching the maximum. And that's what makes the propagation of the wave. After reaching the maximum, they obviously follow the same direction. So again, it goes down and this goes down, but later on because it's on certain fixed lengths and then it only follows. Well, I think that's all I wanted to talk about today. No calculations, no big formulas, etc. It's a qualitative explanation of what kind of forces are acting on different beads, if you wish, to use this model, beads of necklace or every molecule of a rope, whenever the rope actually making these oscillations. And I was trying to explain that because of the time delay between alpha reaching the crest and beta reaching the crest, that's what actually makes the wave propagation. So that was the purpose of today's lecture. And I also hope that you understand how complex these things are. So whenever we are talking about certain relatively simple calculations which usually are presented in the textbook, it's a simplification. Reality is much more complex. And obviously we are researching our nature using the model. So we are simplifying the model, we are having a simplified view, which is not exactly what's going on, but to a certain degree it explains certain things. And during the next lecture, too, I will probably try to do the same. I will simplify as much as I can just to reach certain relatively simple formulas which assume, assumingly represent the reality to a certain degree. Okay? I suggest you to read the explanation which I have on the website. Every lecture has notes and the notes are basically the same thing as I am saying, plus a little bit better pictures maybe. So I do suggest you to go to Unisor.com, choose the physics routines, waves partition, waves part of this course, and the transverse waves as the topic we are talking about. Okay, that's it. Thank you very much and good luck.


Oh my god.  Oh god. I'm Dr. Grant and today may be the final episode. Oh, hold on.  Yesh, we are back in the Biosyn Forest. Um, I have had a check just to see what the heck is going on with this. Of course, we want to do the missions, but there are main missions that you get by powering up the, uh, the different sort of areas. So we haven't done all of six, haven't done all of five, but this is the main one Then there is another main mission that is over there somewhere Not exactly too sure, but there should be I think it's that way actually if we look at our map It's Here there it is. So once we do this one I think it might unlock the final mission Which is crazy to think so I've done all the other ones as the final one and then it I think it's gonna Take us into the after we may even go abroad Lovely also this thing. Yeah, I had no idea. This is actually to sedate dinosaurs When you hit them with arrows and other stuff you hurt them You don't actually you know, you're not nice to them the the herty things are for what do we call it for the humans? I do hear something outside. I am a bit worried I heard it's like breathing and stuff. Oh God. It's raptors. It's always the raptors Okay, okay. We've got me out. Oh, let me kind of load it up. No, okay. Got you right right, right? I was like wait, why is my crossbow not working? Can I pick it up give me Okay, crossbows not working not exactly too sure why that that's the case, but hey, I've still got this We're gonna make our way over. I do also want to try and get some more dinosaurs out of to the list We don't see what we don't have obviously Let's have a look Triceratops. Oh God. Oh God. Is that raptor? Oh, it's the sleepy raptor Okay, okay, it's always the sleepy raptor We'll just get a get a move on seeing as he's still apparently glitched well and truly Is he not? Okay, he's not following me. Oh, that's good. I've also heard rumors. There may be a t-rex in here So that would be quite interesting to find so I want to just go a little bit more south and all the way you wheeze So a little bit more south Wait, actually do I want to go across this river? Yes, I do. Yes, I do. Okay. Oh, hold on. Hold on. I have explosive arrows. Hell. Yeah. Oh, what's that? Oh It's copies chasing it here. Oh, that's fine Don't care about those. Ah Oh God. Oh God. Really hard dude. He doesn't know what he's doing. Oh No now he's coming for me What Let me take you didn't give me good things. I don't know. I don't know why you gave me Triceratops.   Not me. Don't go for me I still have yet to see a gig in all the source. This is Crazy. Oh God, oh, that's a t-rex.  It killed it. Oh, is it eating it? Oh my god, do you think we can sneak up to it and scan it? Oh my god. Yes. Yes. Yes Just think it it must it must be stuck right scanning scanning scanning come on t-rex, please Yes, we have a t-rex. Look at you. Oh, no, that's the one I want to click. Yeah, look at that.   Oh God. Don't go for me. Don't go for me. Oh, it's going for me, isn't it? Okay. Oh Okay, just go go go That's the most peaceful t-rex. I think I've ever encountered the most peaceful carnival and we got a parasol stuck in the ground Hello Paris Right, I think I still want to go west so we'll follow this way. Oh a helicopter. Oh, that's not good. I mean there'd be baddies here Okay, okay, are there baddies? Oh, they've all just spawned. Oh god. Oh god. They weren't there a second ago.  Okay, nothing. Oh God. Oh God. Oh God. Oh That this is this is really really bad. Oh God. Oh God. This is I did not see these guys. Oh God. Oh God. This is my best bet dude We're gonna be rushing to the second come on. There we go. Okay. Okay. Okay. Yeah, I haven't used the health kit I haven't used the health kit guys guys guys you see this you see that. Oh, yes That's brilliant. Yep. Yeah. Oh my god. Why they still go for me There we go that that should that should put an end to it. They're joining forces. Oh Well frog be friends.  Oh my god Actually quite surprised I survived that I was like hold on a minute. Where is it? Oh, no, I was just gonna look at my map I was like I'm gonna be vulnerable for a second. Let's look at the map Also, I've got this set as day like I was sick.  So I was like nope. Sorry. I'm going day Oh my god That was lucky Jesus. Oh, yes. I made it. I'm here. I'm here. Yes. Oh Brilliant. Oh, thank God. Okay That one yeah, it's the final whoa to run it on hello up we go Let me in yeah Okay, let's put the power on then. Oh this one has lots of sticky notes They might have always had stick it up raised the deck. Oh my god. This is the last one. Yes All right, okay, and then the final one gets the missions. I don't know why they separate them into two, but hey, oh they do Hello, oh well, hopefully they heard me. Okay. We're gonna get a voice in a bit Travel to Africa unlocked. I'm glad to see you're still alive and well There are reports of um Highly trained atrosser afters brought in by Ali poachers. So keep focused And if you haven't come across any poachers yet, you're lucky. They also shouldn't be underestimated Well, keep up the good work Wait a minute. What do you mean? Oh, oh, I get it. Okay. So I need to go back I need to go if so. I'm so used to clicking M for map if I go back to the helipad Is there not another helipad somewhere like surely this that looks like a helipad up there We've got to get somewhere across this damn to do the sign that has to be a helipad Rather than going all the way back down here. Surely. Are you kidding me? There's a ladder here this whole time Oh, this could be good though, I think I think this might lead me to to a doorway Surely over here. This looks like Oh getting yeah Unless this is just gonna take me down Is this where I was supposed to go to start with? Oh god, I bet it was Just climb me in time out. It's gonna take me all the way. Yeah. Yeah. I thought so. Damn it All right, I guess we're going to the other helicopter then. Oh, maybe we fly from that helicopter to over there possibly Once we get to Africa maybe oh here the raptors Yes Yes, there they are Still losing it suckers Let me on Can I get on let me on thank you. Oh wait.   Oh, you're a sino. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. I haven't seen you Heck yeah Don't hit me. Please. Oh, why I did nothing.  There's no pressures about it.  Go explode Okay, fine webs.  I got stuck straight up for god's sake minecraft. Guess what?  Let's go to Africa then Jesus I don't like the the sound of things behind me. Let's go Into the helicopter Oh, there we are. Yes beautiful Oh boy, it's it's hot in here.    Ah, the lovely sub-saharan heat It's dry Practically parched. I could go for a soda pop Um, I don't really see anything else here. I assume I assume this is right What number is this number nine? Is that right? I don't even know if that's right anymore Oh, you got quad bikes and stuff. Oh, can we check the map actually while we're here? Does it look any different? It does there's like a site. There's other things. I don't know. I don't know where I am I'm just you know, I don't know. That's that's gonna question. I'm just gonna go along with it Um, uh, can I can you climb please? Thank you I'll take that crossbow still not working. That's brilliant. All right Let's go. This should be the final tower or the second last tower number nine I don't I'd assume that maybe nine isn't the last one. Maybe 10 is You know got a rounded out on a and a nice lovely even round number Activate the scanner.  Now post nine is now fully powered on I'm I'm impressed actually looks like the heat didn't even slow you down But there's no time to rest now. There's more work to do. Let's get to it. Fly me to the moon where I Up there All right, I think I found it. It's bloody. Oh god.  Oh Just gotta quickly get through get through the snow There it is. Number three Where even was this? I was wondering for ages. It's over here. Jesus I would never have seen it in the white snow, but here we are. Would you believe? Oh, we've got a van as well Nice and there's a local bear Brilliant There you go. I'll tell him that'll teach him. Yes I think so. Yeah, like I did all of them except for this one for some reason now we're going here and go task It's still not there. I'm I missing one. Yes All right, I figured it out guys. Do you know where it is? It's in freaking Canada We never went to Canada. No. No, it was there all along. We've been africa now.  I do not like the look of that. I do not like the look of this Oh god already taking damage. I'm gonna run. Oh, there it is. There it is We must go to it quickly. Wait if I jump on the ice do I go faster? Oh That would be cool. Oh, oh lordy coming Oh lordy really coming Uh, uh, bracka saw. I know you're attacking me, but please please be nice. Oh jeez. Why? Oh my god, we got bison get on it Oh, there we go. They're attacking each other. That's good. That's good. Allosaurus. Allosaurus and bison Just gonna go like there's nothing here. Nothing wrong But oh god. Okay. Okay. We made it guys. Oh Yeah, again another one, please Let me in. I don't know why you need me to do this. Can you not station somebody here? We've got a geological tower there No, we have to put me through this I love you all for this Don't know why you can't get somebody else to do it Oh There you go scan completed tasks updated Ah, the voices of my head stop Oh, thank you No, I will I most certainly will hold on. I need I need to take all your medical supplies because they're amazing. Thank you Uh, do I need field kits? Ah, I think I'm good. I've got plenty of stuff. Whoo. All right. So Hold on. What was it? There was one more mission we got left. I think it's apex. That's the one We have intercepted some poacher communications that mentioned the capture of some high value dinosaurs Seems to be coming from above the dam Head over and investigate but be prepared the high value dinosaurs are likely to be dangerous apex predators And won't be different. Well, sorry won't differentiate between you and the poachers Okay, so we got to the helicopter back and once we do that Yeah We I think this is the final mission. Maybe all right We've made it good god and I think this is it This is the uh the start to the dam the start of our mission the final mission head towards marked area Well, there we go. We're heading towards we've got our rations. We've got our medikits We've even got our dart gun fully loaded I think I've selected noble darts. Maybe we'll need that because these are poachers You're gonna be careful of these pouches Never know what kind of wily things will come.  Oh, no They've seen me. Oh god. These are these are good guys though. Like they're tough Oh god.  Is she gonna keep coming this way? Ha ha. Oh my god.  Yes I know if I went the right way, but I feel like I'm going the right way Yeah, if I do one by one I'm good with that. Here we go. Ha ha Oh, whoa Friggin explosive arrows much That is not cool. That that is cheating my friend. There we go. I'm gonna take you.  Peer up that guys. I'm gonna go over there and we're gonna get some stuff All right. Well, you know what it was. I have one bow Only one So, you know what? I've got other things like stunners and stuff like that. So Who knows? Guys got no idea He has a bow himself. So I hope they don't get lucky and maybe there's some treasure here, too That's it. That's it. Uh, I don't know who else I killed here though. Did you drop anything good? Ah, you dropped a cam. What is bow? Hopefully one of these give me bow Uh, what the heck? Is that a battery? What did I just pull from him? A toolkit. Oh, I think that's the repair stuff Also, there's another dude here Who has a bow? Um What are the chances do you think he's gonna he's gonna be able to give me something There we go. That's how we do it. Uh, okay. Uh, did I get a bow from him? No brilliant, but I've got toolkits. So it's it, you know, it could be worse. It could be worse I could have no bows. That would be terrible All right. He's like stop.  So maybe maybe they're trying to warn me I'm just gonna go around them Okay, okay. Do you want to go in here scan and repair the door controller? Okay. I got this I've trained my whole life for this scan it Is that all we need to do? Uh repair Uh scanner repair the door control inside the facility. How do I repair it though? Is that what I need a toolkit for? Nice Look at that. Can I repair? There we go. I did it guys. We're in we're in hold on. I feel like I need I need stun baton stun baton Oh, okay. You know, I'll take them Did I just hear delofficials in here? Uh-oh.  Oh, that's a delofficial Oh, this is cool spooky Uh-oh, I hear that I'm gonna bump. Oh god. Um, there we go. That's one. Uh, how many is it gonna take? You know, this is this is homage to the snaz game where the dinosaurs would just stand plays Like yeah, I got him. Is there another one? Okay, okay, we got this guy. We got this guy quickly quickly. I'll I'll take that but let's scan them I don't think I've got one of these before Are we like one dinosaur away? Hold on. Hold on dinosaur data bank. Okay four away. Okay Oh, this might be it this might be it Okay, oh a lag I hear something big Oh, it's an eye-cancel Oh god camera. Oh gotta be careful. Give me a head towards the dam. Oh, ah, me legs. Me old man legs Is it this way? Oh, this must be it. Ah, me legs again Okay, good job. Okay, let's see some rations. Gotta get the num-nums Perfect. I've only got one ration. So let's make this quick head towards dam There is anisaurus. Where's dam? Dam's this way apparently Oh god. Oh god. Can I get me through a fence? Oh, this not looking good. Oh god the therra guys guys get past the therra's anisaurus and continue down the dam Okay I don't know why I'm I'm doing that I could be leading them to you. Hey guys. Look big therra. Oh god not so good Okay, please Is this all you is all you could muster sorrow man. Oh god. Let's try Saratops Jesus how much does it take You is it this once we go this way. Okay. Did I take the wrong path? I might have Oh, yes, I did. Come with me. Continue down the dam. Yes I took a wrong turn Oh, look at it. It's helms deep. I have yet to see a single giganotisaurus Maybe that's because it died. Oh, is it the trailer though? What we're gonna find here? I've got four dinosaurs. I haven't even scanned. I didn't even know what that could be Okay, here we go Continue down past the dam. Do you think there'll be pyro raptors here? I'd hope there'd be pyro raptors here You never can tell Um, does it oh my god, does it want me to go on the ice? Descend to the ice lake. Oh cross the other side. Okay Oh, there's dudes here. He's the biggest threat is this guy. We'll take him out Because he's got explosive arrows these ones Um boost. Oh the other one's just drowned himself He just walked off. Oh god the right pyro raptors here. Okay, I'm gonna do one of these Uh, that's not so good Okay, um There we go, that'll do that'll do they seem to be okay with that. Ha ha they got distracted Take that. Thank you. All right Descend to the lake Why don't we just get a descent to the ice lake and cross the other side? Oh, yeah jumping jumping is good Although man, I'm down to my last fraction Surely I've got more in my pocket Damn it. Oh no, I have coke. Yes. Oh, sorry. Ko la la la Brilliant. Okay. I'm assuming maybe there. Is that it? Right jumping's good jumping gets speed I think that's the oh did I do it? Okay, I see subdued the two apex predators subdued. Oh What do you mean subdued them?  Not good.  I've got a subdued. Oh my god. Are you kidding me? You kidding me, right? All right. Well with one dart gun Let's give it a shot I mean, oh god. No. Oh, yeah. Yeah. Yeah, uh-huh.  Yeah There we go. There we go This is my last one Oh, no, it's not good. Good. I got I got another shot on this. That's it. Now it's gone. Oh now i'm done Ha ha ha ha Just dance dance along it. That's good. That's good. You can't touch this you can't touch this I don't know the gig is kind of uh, you know looking at other guys. That's good. That's good Oh god into the icy water like chris pratt. There we go. Okay. Is there anything I can do here? Do I have a single dot? I've crossbows, but the crossbows don't do anything Maybe I'm just running it with a stun baton. Do you think that's a thing? I think I should do that Tranquilizing arrow. Yes Brilliant come on then this t-rex Tranque arrows There we go. Come on. Come on now I can sedate you. You got this My name is determined. Thank god. He can't swim Yes Oh, we got it. Oh brilliant. Oh my god. Okay. Okay. The other one's distracted by this guy And oh this guy's now after me. Could you not? Could you not for two seconds? Yes, got the gig on his horrors. Woohoo Right. Okay. Tranque arrows it is now.  And the bow's broken right off to hit you in the shins with me stun baton Okay, that's broken another one Okay, that's also broken. Uh, hold on. Let me just uh drink me can of coke And we've got I've got what I got two more you best bet your bottom dollar.  What's this way? I did it. I did it. Where are they? I what do you mean?  It's like they had an idea But then they just didn't really execute it properly dodged Right. Okay. Where is it? Is this it? Oh, this must be it. Yes. There it is. Oh, it's the one from the movie Get me out of here Yes I did it. I did it. No No No That's all I get for all my hard work I literally get one voice And he says wow excellent job. That's it. You couldn't think of a better like he's he's been talking to me so many other times I've just done everything And what does he say? Wow excellent job, you know It was all right if it came out when the movie came out I I could see it, you know working However, this came out a year after the movie and it it really does feel so unorganized everything to do a Jurassic world like the movie when the first movie came out Jurassic world in 2015 No one thought it was going to be good No one thought it was going to be a success because they had no idea what to do with the toy line They had no idea what to do with the future of the franchise They thought it was going to be a cash grab and done and then it was successful And it just feels like the whole franchise from here on out has just been putting down the tracks As the rest of the you know, you know as the trains coming up behind them They have no time and nothing's been planned It's um, it's a shame really because it could have been an interesting middle, you know Content. Oh, thanks. We hope you enjoyed the game Why did I just get zoomed in tell the crowd? Is that it? It's on switch. Oh, I bet it is on switch. Well, they have it guys We did we didn't do all the missions because pretty much the missions are just busy work There's a lot of the same thing. It's like release dinosaur capture dinosaur release. Although Maybe some of these have the other dinosaurs that I haven't collected yet because I'm missing three and If I'm honest, I'm I'm really struggling to figure out what they could be because a lot of the A lot of the ones in the movies are kind of here Maybe Caritas or I don't know some other ones some seratopsids or I mean, there could be I I feel like we've knocked off all the big ones. You got allosaur conitoris baryonyx Spinosaur, maybe I don't even know. Well, anyway guys, that has been Jurassic World Old logo game and if you enjoyed this video live like until next time. Well I'll see you later. Bye. Bye


In other news now, the Secretary to the Government of the Federation, bus Mostafa has threatened that the contract for the rehabilitation of the Yola Mobi Road in Ademoa State might be revoked as he gave a one-week-old to meet up the contractor, AG Vision, to return to site. The obviously displaced SGF expressed his pleasure over the contractor's handling of the project, despite the huge amount collected so far. For the movement of even the produce of man-made NPCs, we know the part of Ademoa all the way to Boma because we have a major depot here in Yola and we need to get this done quickly. So I'm giving you the assurance that we are taking special interest to ensure that this road is done. And that's why I'm urging the contractor. I promise that they are going to put two guns at the, I mean, immediately after the sale of hostilities. One started from a song area going back to Yola and the other one starting from where? From Kala. From Kala all the way to Boma. So we believe that we will see action. But when I return in the next one week or two, you will all be here. We will follow the road again in the same manner we do today so that we will put all the necessary pressure. It is not only for Government. You, as members of the Fourth Rim, have a responsibility to ensure accountability. Not only accountability, but when the project is on, it must be completed for the good of the people. So when I return again, we will come up. We will stop here in the quarry. We will ask you what you are being able to achieve. We will go with you and see what you are being able to achieve. I'm assuring the people of Bada Mada that this road, within the shortest possible time, will see visible and meaningful progress. Most of our further assures that the Federal Government remains committed to giving Nigerians good roads and other infrastructure. Stressing that the NNPC will inject funds into the project because of its strategic importance, Lincoln, Borneo and Adamawa State. Speaking in the same vein, the Minister of Transportation who oversees the Ministry of Works will also, some will argue, tell the contractor that the company is exhibiting incompetence. This is the meaning of this. We cannot talk about the quality. We have worked for billions and has not paid. Then you will say there is a problem of quality. But here, we are only with him. He has not delivered as much as we are giving him. However, the side engineer Francis Moser argued that works stopped because of the solar break and would resume this week. Thank you.


Hello everyone. So I have been working as a Ruby developer and last year I decided to quit and move to North and Sweden to study human computer interaction and During my studies. I have got to play around with a technology called beacons And I thought that would be interesting to share today So let's imagine we are at a large and much larger Multitrack conference and I can think of a couple of questions. I would be asking myself during the day Like for example, I would be wondering is the next talk in the room I'm currently sitting in interesting for me or not and I might decide I want to go somewhere else look and other talk But then I need to find another room. So I need some sort of map navigation system or As an organizer, I might have some scheduled changes and I want to inform everybody that is currently at the conference It also might be that I want to make my talk a little bit more interactive and do some sort of group voting with the people in the room All of this is of course Possible today, but it's a hassle to navigate through the web page to find the information that is currently important for me so beacons can help improve these scenarios and What are beacons and how do they work? I? Have some beacons here those are like little tiny devices battery-powered and What they do is they constantly send out a signal and that is just like a lighthouse so it it pretty much works the same so That beacons constantly sends out the signal and if you walk past it as soon as you are within range You can see the signal and then decide if you want to interact with it or not If you don't want to interact with it, you can just walk past it and nothing happens But if you do need local information You can look on your smartphone and then find whatever information is available there So you might wonder location-based services. We already have GPS but if you have it on switched on on your smartphone all the time it drains your battery and also it doesn't work indoors and It is also for some cases not precise enough. So if you have a Bus stop timetable prototype that I will show later It might be important to know on which side of the street is the person currently standing at Okay, but what about QR codes QR codes are a nice way to Like that you don't have to type a URL in your smartphone but also it's quite a hassle to scan the QR code you have to be really close and also You have to focus the camera and also I have never met anyone who likes QR code yet So technical facts in Beacons are based on the Bluetooth standard More precisely on Bluetooth low energy. So what that means is that In it has a lower range then classical blue Bluetooth and also lower throughput So it's not for sending data back and forth, but it's just good for triggering notifications and A beacon costs around 10 to 50 dollars and the range is 10 to 30 depending on what kind of beacon you have up to 50 meters and It doesn't rain your smartphone battery if you have it switched on all the time So there are currently two major players on the market The I beacon standard has been around since 2013 It's controlled by Apple and it targets iOS devices and The Eddy stone standard which has been released only three weeks ago is From Google it's so open source code and it targets all operating systems and When we look at the beacon payload, so what kind of signal the beacon sends out then It's I beacon from a broader perspective. It's a UU ID that's been send out and the Eddy stone beacons They send out UU ID a URL and telemetry data Telemetry data is for example for if you want to check the status of your beacon like how much battery power is left on it and What else that means? I will show on the next slide. So if you have an I beacon it will Broadcast UU ID and that UU ID is programmed to open up an app on your smartphone So as soon as you have within range of an I beacon it opens up an app That's been programmed for and then there is some sort of interaction that is meant to happen then and If you have an Eddy stone beacon It will also be possible. It is also possible to wake up an app on iOS devices but also on Android and The scenario that I have been working with and that has been available Earlier not just three weeks ago is that beacons broadcast the URL so Basically any smartphone can receive in a URL and then it just opens up in your browser That's the vision for now And you have to have an app installed that scans The environment for the beacon signal, but it's meant to be built into a browser So how does that look like in my studies that build a Bus stop prototype, so it's pretty simple scenario It just imagine you're standing at a bus stop where there's no digital information displays We have this this information displays we see in how many minutes the next bus leaves, but it's not there every at every bus stop so I Had a beacon like this You can push a button on it and then you can save a URL with your smartphone on it and Then it Yeah, and Then You will as soon as you are within range of the bus stop you can switch on your smartphone screen and Then you will see a notification like this one saying departures from the bus stop that you are currently at and this is the physical web app or some sort of other app that is Scanning the environment and that now shows up this notification, but it's a silent notification So you don't see it unless you switch on your screen and Then you can click on it and Then you end up Within the app that just shows the URL again like I said in the future. It's supposed to open up directly in the browser and Then you just see a very simple web app That's just a normal web app like any else Sinatra app that pulls some information from public API about When the next bus will will leave So what I have here is like a make use of the current time and the current Place I'm at and show the the information that is that could be Important at that moment at that place Okay, so bus stop seems to be a good case to use beacons for what else is there? So first of retail is of course interested in it. They want to send you discounts as soon as you enter their store Also museums you can make Some sort of game like indoor navigation thing to make the whole museum experience much more fun and Also make information more accessible of course Airports I built another prototype That as soon as you enter an airport you see a list of all all the parting flights And then you can click on it and then you can subscribe to updates on your flight So you get a push notification as soon as the status of your flight changes then restaurants, so You could walk into a restaurant then have the menu on your smartphone immediately you can click on it order your food Get enough notification as soon as it's it's ready instead of having these physical buzzers that you know Also Guiding so you could walk up to a hiking trail and then just have the map available for the trail you want to hike on and also bike or car rental for example When you're in a foreign city you could just walk up to a car to go or bike Subscribe to the service and off you go So for my master thesis I did some user experience evaluation with these prototypes and so What I did was I had the two prototypes that I talked about the bus stop and the airport and I also had another video of someone that Was buying a snack from a vending machine by like the same technology clicking on the phone ordering a snack so what my participants did was they compared it to other things that are already available like for example a bus app or Printed timetabled brochure or airport information displays and what they came up with was that they described the prototypes as Very up-to-date personal working instantly and easy to use But they also noticed of course that they were highly dependent on their devices and They did the energy and they were also quite Skeptical when payment was involved So is this all relevant today, or what's the status of it? so it's pretty much prototyping status, I would say and I found some numbers sweet southern beacons at the end of 2014 and 4.5 million by the end of 2018 but if that's gonna happen nobody knows and And But what I can say is that The Edison standard is only available for three weeks now And now it's possible to target all operating system and not just IOS devices And also the chrome team have sneaked their way into iOS. So if you have the Chrome today widget You can activate it that it scans for beacons So it's one step towards not having an app installed and making it available for everyone So that has been released a week ago. So there's a lot of movement in it and Excited to see what's gonna happen in the future So 50 minutes on our match So if you have any more questions, you're welcome to ask me and I also carry some beacons with me So if you want to if you can install an app and then find out what's there Thank you So my question is do you think that like beacons really are a web technology or not? Sorry Well, it depends You can have beacons to open up apps then it is just not web development obviously But the Eddystone beacons they just send out the URL and what you build with it is totally just web technology so and I think that's the more exciting Thing about beacons because that's gonna work with everything and you don't need to have an app installed and Like you don't have to you probably don't have an app installed of your airport or something And you still might too want to use some services like get updates on your flight Yeah, and I understand The one thing that I've been wondering about is like beacons are really good because they're like personal and instant but The average load time of like a mobile web page is anywhere between five seconds and eight seconds so Do you feel that like the future of beacons is and like the worldwide web or like more in integrating them into apps Well, I can't say in which direction if it's gonna be more popular in combination with apps or with the web I don't really know so We'll see what's gonna happen. I suppose Okay, cool. Thank you Hi, I have the impression that we will have a similar problem to fishing males with beacons So if there's an official Vending machine or bus stop beacon and I put my rogue beacon Close to it. I can make people believe that they're talking to the bus company. Have you looked into that? No, not yet I'm wondering if beacons take off and they're very popular and you're at a shopping mall and there's like 200 beacons within 50 meters Um, how does that work from a HCI standpoint? I haven't tried it out yet. So It will be interesting to study and For us like if everybody installs his or her own app then Google has some some sort of Sorting already so it sorts up the the thing that is most closed source it on top so you have some sort of Yeah sorting already. So Yeah, that's all I can say So For the the ones that interact with apps you actually have to install an app before your phone will kind of like contact a beacon, right? Because like I was wondering how does it work when you have the URL thing like do you actually have to Allow it to contact your phone and open a website or something or will it just do it on its own because like Well for now you have to have an app installed or you have the Chrome today widget on iOS and it also You have to actively click on it So it it it if you have the app installed it scans the environment But it doesn't doesn't notify you actively It just shows that there is some information and if you decide not to click on it You don't do it and it's also it's made secure At least the Eddy stone from what I have read and then it doesn't track you so Yeah, and did I answer the question? Yeah, so is there do you already know or have you tried that like if you if it contacts you by sending you in URL URL, how does that work? Like is it just gonna give you a notification of what I would like and I would like to open this website or Does it just open the browser or? Or do you just need this Google today? You have to click on it and to actively open it and the browser All right, and it is meant to to be that it is built into Chrome So that if you have Chrome installed it would start showing this notification But I'm sure you would also be able to switch that off like on the Chrome today widget you have to have you have to confirm that you want to have this this physical web thing Active so you have to actively say yes, I want my phone to scan the environment. Okay. Thank you So what's the payload that can go into the URL so how large can the URL be? For now the URL needs to be really short and So what I did was I had pretty long URL and then I also had the parameter which said that what location I'm currently at and then I just put it into a URL shortener and then saved it on the beacon so it is limited Thank you, and thank you Micah


And I'm very excited to talk about DeFi with the industry leaders like you. So when we talk about DeFi, the evolution, we are talking about traditional finance going towards peer-to-peer. And then right now we are talking about ReFi or the regenerative finance. So let us hear from each of you on how the rise of DeFi and the context of your industry is changed. So myself Shashi, so I'm representing anterior here.  DeFi comes with two words, one is decentralized and second is finance. Finance, anything, everything that we can think in the finance industry. So that is moved to the finance. And when we say D, D means decentralized. Decentralized means everything, it's a trustless application that moves to the smart contracts. So smart contract is nothing but a set of rules, set of conditions, set of algorithms that is automatically being executed without involving of anybody, right? So and smart contract is moving to the second layer, that is fractionalizing of the assets. So when we say fractionalizing of the assets, so any asset that be at infrastructure level, be at any commodity, anything that can be fractionalized. And third step that is coming to that, it reduces the gap between demand and supply. So when it's reducing that gap between demand and supply, so it's coming with a better price discovery. So everything when I was discussing around the table with everybody, so everybody's talking it's a boring lending, it's yield finance, these things only. But it's actually meant for getting the better price discovery. Wherein we will be moving from monolithic market to a perfect market, right? So wherein the economy will grow. So this is how the DeFi system is getting grown. Absolutely, yeah. So even the ownership and direct peer to peer, when you remove that intermediary, so there's more trust in the system. So let's go to Vikram. You have a very interesting background on entertainment and media. I think you have worked with Disney, Discovery, and now with Eros. So can you explain your industry's background and how DeFi sits on it? So it's pretty interesting in terms of how various industries evolve and how DeFi applications are going to play a key role. That I'm going to zoom into media and entertainment and content ecosystem. From my perspective, DeFi applications will only accelerate the process where it is required to really in this universe, to drive equitable distribution of value creation. It is really going to be important in terms of how we use DeFi applications to trigger and disrupt industries where power will actually move back to 99% of the population from 1% of the population. This will lead from a DeFi application perspective to new incentive structures for the users, new incentive structures for the creators, new monetization structures for the creators, getting fans and creators closer and actually build new models where all the middlemen will kind of eventually get eliminated. And blockchain will be the foundation where transparency, data privacy, and really create a situation where you have everyone who's putting in efforts get back their value creation. So content will really get disrupted at the back of blockchain. And AI is actually a major catalyst here. When you look at the content ecosystem, it will give wings to the creator to say that, hey, I've got video content. Can I create video to video to give more power, more wings? It could go on social. It could actually have a narrative from a user participation where you end the story differentially. And that, again, is provided by the creator because from video, you can convert video to image. And the user can actually create a differential storytelling by just adding text, using images, and create a different version of the video. But the epicenter of all this is gonna be IP. Today, the IP ownership is not sitting with the creator. For example, if you're a music artist, it is sitting with the music label. They are making money. That's the 1% population. Yes. It'll move back to the fans and the creators. So what about you? How does your DeFi sit on your industry, and how does it help? Well, talking about DeFi, we are building a futures trading platform. Not like decentralized platforms like FTX or other centralized platforms. So the key point of DeFi, as you said, DeFi must be decentralized, permissionless, trustless. So if we are building, I'm sure there are lots of other features. But for the trading platform, it must be trustless. So in the future, we are seeing the product shift where people don't want to actually deposit their tokens in a particular platform. Just in case that they go bust, and we can't actually get our tokens back. And in that case, we are trusting the founders of the platform. But for a trading platform like us, we are building it so that people don't need to trust me. People don't need to trust my team. We go to technical audits, like three of them, to make sure that it's trustless, it's permissionless. And that is the meaning of DeFi. And on top of that, it must be simple as well. The simplicity is what people in this industry, like our builders, like us, don't put much of the focus on. So we have time, right? The market is like this, we don't need to actually be in a hurry. So it's better to actually make the platform simpler, remove the entry barrier for people who want to actually get into DeFi. I believe that lots of you guys are crypto traders. But then a few people actually go to decentralized platforms. So that's the context. Absolutely. So the trust or the consensus happens to the smart contracts. And so that is the main context of DeFi. There is no intermediaries who is verifying it. So in my case, I work for DTCC and we are transforming the entire Wall Street using blockchain. So it is like, we are taking that intermediary out of that transaction. And peers, the brokers, or the accounts like Citibank or Wells Fargo, they go directly between those two parties. It's a peer-to-peer DeFi system there. So it's all about distributed ledger, right? All the nodes who are participating will have the consistent information there. So that's the main context of DeFi, how do you have a trustless peer-to-peer protocol? So what about you? Can you explain your context for the industry? Am I audible? Hi, I'm Swapnil. I'm the founder of Neural, a layer one blockchain focused on real world applications. One of the areas we're focusing particularly sharply on is financial inclusion, bringing credit, insurance, and other financial services to the people left out by conventional banks, insurers, and the likes. Now, our journey in DeFi started with a little bit of a maximalist position. I remember in 2020, I had a slide in a PPT which said, banks will become redundant in 10 years. And mind you, the technology for that exists. Especially in the blockchain-enabled trust infrastructure, you can actually make banks redundant in 10 years. But the problem isn't about technology. Problem is about the transition. And the regulatory comfort along the way. So we've been trying to get farmers to have better access to credit, lesser rates, and better LTVs, and so on. And we realized that we could actually get a bunch of people to lend to them instead of banks. And that can become a competitive market, reducing their rates, and so on. But if you, the technology for that, as I said, exists. But if you do that, you're breaking almost like a dozen laws, whether in India, Mexico, US, wherever. Now how do we go from here to the North Star where banks are redundant? And financial inclusion is not even a buzzword because everybody's included. So that path for us is essentially like saying that banks did not go to internet banking when internet first came about. We went through websites. The banks first had websites, talked about the products on the site, and they felt comfortable with it. Then they went to internet banking. Likewise, for DeFi 2, for me, actually it's not more technologically advanced. It's actually technologically a little bit less than DeFi 1. But it is regulatory more savvy. So that's what we're working on right now. Thank you so much, sir. And first of all, thank you so much for having me. And congratulations to everyone who's building path-breaking products in this space. And thank you so much for taking out the time to attend this. You guys are the people who are building Web 3, whether you're curious about it, passively engaging in it or actively engaging in it. Decentralization is about all of us working together. And just kind of segueing off the point that sir was talking about earlier. One of the reasons why adoption was becoming challenging is the current incentive economic structures which have been built around solving for inefficiencies in the financial market are so strong today, trying to unroot them by just showing technology as a beneficiary, as a beneficial transition towards financial utopia is just not enough. You need to be able to align everyone's economic incentives towards that. You need to be able to align regulation towards that. And we at Ruba Finance truly believe that it's not about just disintermediation, but it's also about optimization of processes. Ma'am over here works for DTCC. So DTCC is actually working on integrating into the blockchain. So disintermediation of clearing corporations isn't necessarily happening. But can you optimize their processes? Can you bring down settlement clearing times down to zero? We believe that the technology like sir pointed out is there for that. And we need to take along all of the participants. So that because DeFi is currently changing that very economic incentive structures that traditional finance operates on. So if you want to be a part of this new future, you need to find a place where you fit in and optimize those services.  And that's what we're seeing happening. And that's why a lot of institutions are actually talking to us about tokenization and how a full stack tokenization could actually help them in aiding that solution. Because we do the valuation, the custody, the tokenization and the trade. And we believe that's where the power will come integrating real world assets into DeFi and that is essentially what we see as DeFi 2.0. Not what happened with Olympus and the bonding, but this is the new DeFi 2.0 where real world assets will provide a stable collateral and stable fuel to the future of decentralized finance. That's why we at least stand today. Hi everyone, good morning. So DeFi is the real and the in crypto actually. If you want to generate pure yield, if you want to make profit, then you can directly come to DeFi applications you can use and you can make profit. Even DeFi is one of the best use case in the crypto currently. Because there are like multiple protocols who are earning money actually. There are BioFi, he's making $100 million per year. There are many other protocols. Even you can apply real world strategies in the DeFi. You can calculate price per sales ratio and many more things. You can give a valuation to a protocol. You can calculate the valuation on the basis of transaction fee and revenue. So DeFi protocol are making actually real revenue, right? So what is basically DeFi in the simple term? We are connecting the whole world. Like you assume money market in India, right? Money market for the whole world, just think about it. So using DeFi, we are trying to connecting the whole world. Like if you want to borrow some funds in the midnight, right? You can just go to the Aave then you can borrow. You don't need to go to the bank. Yeah, you don't need to bid for the queue. Yeah, you don't need a verification. You will have the credibility on that platform and you can get funds easily anytime anywhere across the globe, right? You can borrow if someone is in US. You can borrow just within minutes, right? So that's the best use case. Like we are like shifting from the currently financial system to DeFi. It will take time. There are few challenges. Regulatory concerns are there and security concerns as well. And for security concerns, we are trying to do something. Like we are building tools to provide the security at CoalOdds. And many more things here to come. There are many applications where you can just start using the DeFi applications. Where you can actually find the gap in the DeFi market. Then you can also build the protocol. There are DeFi banks, curve. Like there is a curve war happening in the DeFi world. Like where people are multiple protocols. Like are trying to get the best yield from that protocol. There is a mechanism like CVX. Like there is FXS, they are fighting to each other to get the real world yield. To maximize the real world yield, YFI is also trying. There are many protocols like who are trying to give you the best yield. But I'm pointing out here, you can just build a protocol. What is CVS? These are just fund managers who are trying to maximize the yield, right? Using other protocols, like curve. So there are, I think, we are at a point where I think DeFi is getting momentum. And other problems also will be, I hope, will be solved with the time. Like majorly regulatory concern and security concern. Yeah, thank you. So what do you feel about moving towards ReFi, like more sustainable financial solutions? Like there is, like sustainable, in terms of sustainable solution, like there is multiple platform, like who are operating normally since five years. There is YFI, they are making real revenue. Last year revenue was $100 million, right? There is CVX, who is operating normally since two, three years. There is like curve, like this is a DeFi bank, right? First ReFi bank in the crypto. So there are many things like people are trying to solve. I think DeFi future is bright. We will connect the whole world one day, force you. Yes, what about you? Yeah, so before I get into talking about DeFi, I just want to maybe like ask a question from the audience. So how many of you actually ever traded on a decentralized exchange? So we can see like there's few hands over here. How many of you actually exchanged on a centralized exchange before? Here we can see more hands. How many of you have ever exchanged or traded crypto? You can still see there's a large majority of the room. Might be quite blur with what we're trying to say over here, what we're really talking about, right? So let me get to the concept of DeFi itself, right? So if you look into DeFi, it's not emergence of DeFi or new creation is actually re-emergence of DeFi. So before central banking got famous right after the world war, we always used to do decentralized financing. If you go down and see how financing used to work across history from the Chettiar systems, from how farmers used to get money, how families used to make money, how loan system used to work, it always used to be decentralized. We used to call it more kind of social financing, right? Community-based financing. So it is kind of a re-emergence of that same concept of financing by using new technologies because we can do that now. Because when you talk about centralized financing, put a computer, put a server, put everybody's accounts there, you can make financing work, right? And you can control the money, you can control and regulate it. But when you talk about decentralized financing, thousands of people are giving loans to each other, how do you regulate it? How do you govern it, right? When you talk about decentralized financing, is decentralized governance or financing, right? It's not just the technology that is decentralized, the governance is decentralized, community-based, incentive-based and protected with the technology that secures it, blockchain at the back, right? So you can trust that the technology will do its part and you can just do the use case a little bit. So you mean like the trust is through smart contracts and the governance is through DAOs or things like that? So I mean, in this case today, the concepts are all reliant on smart contracts, but it's actually way more than just having a smart contract. You can build DeFi directly into a chain, you can have a DeFi chain itself, right? The most important thing in having a technology that secures it, it might be a hash graph, it might be a blockchain, it might be any kind of DLT solution. As long as there's enough amount of consensus, there's enough amount of trust, there's enough amount of technology to back it and secure it, DeFi will work in it, right? So coming to this concept here, today when we look into DeFi, I actually, to give you a bit of context, I've spent 10 years in the space, right? I've seen it going in from the days where we were stealing crypto as a scam and you're like, scams used to be prevalent, right? To the days where we say that crypto is everything and you're like, you don't get on board with it and you're losing out, right? And I've seen bursts and booms across the years and then basically every time I'm getting more and more excited because I see more and more use cases forming out, right? So when you talk about DeFi today, you cannot see from the lens of how bankers are doing it, how enterprise are doing it today because that's where the inefficiencies are, right? That's where the problems are. We still have billions of people unbank in the world because over the years, we can actually get rockets to the moon but we can't get bank accounts in Africa, right? We can get your internet messages across the world in seconds but I want to send money, it takes me days, right? So it shows you there's inefficiencies, there's challenges, there's problems and there is a new technology, there's a new way to pick it up and say, hey, can we actually look into this new technology, this new way or this new concept and maybe re-imagine finance, right? So when you look into, hey, Kai, I want to, I have problems, I want to send money from Malaysia to my developers here in India. It takes me three days and tons of documents. A lot of it is of course security reasons but then I also pay a hefty fees because I'd have to go through three banks or four banks just to get my money across. Can I actually use something like crypto and just transfer it, right? Get it in seconds, get it withdrawn in seconds, right? So those are use cases that will disrupt, those are use cases that will go far, those are use cases that will actually bring decentralized finance to mainstream, focus on solving challenges, right? Outside there, what are the problems of the farmers out there, what are the problems on the street, what are the problems of people, of what are the daily challenges and struggles and how can you use blockchain as a technology, DeFi as a technology to then solve those challenges, right? I think that's a mindset we gotta sit into and slowly kind of evolve in the Indian market as well. I think it's already happening quite a lot in the West and even if you look today in DeFi, it looks all just kind of a crypto money-making machine, but I think the fundamentals of the technology is quite rooted here in India. If you look into India in history, if you're looking from an outside route, although I have an Indian origin, I'm actually a Malaysian, I'm born from Malaysia, but I've seen the Indian history. You, India used to export its financing concept all the way in Southeast Asia. The financiers back in the day in Singapore used to be all the way from India, right? All those concepts used to be there, but I think it's just time for us to go back in history, look into those concepts and see how can we bring back for the benefits of the people with a new technology. That's it. That's great insight, you know, and I loved how you touched like unbanked people in Africa and we were talking about satellite and all that advanced technologies while we don't have the basic global needs which is not taken care of. Yeah, in addition to the same, you know, what he said like, you know, it's more over advanced version of the banking system. We are still, you know, kind of struggling with KYC, you know, AML, all these things. So it will be moving to KYT, know your transaction. Basically, it's not stick with like, you know, still we are struggling that, you know, we need to move, we need to get the KYC of individuals only then we can, if we want to move to DeFi, it's no more about KYC, you know, or any other AML stuff. It will be more on to the KYT. So more than the customers, it is more on the transaction. Yeah, there will be a tools already getting built, already R&D is getting done on to that tools, wherein you can get a fraud or information done from the transaction itself, like from where that transaction is started, where it will be going to end. There is, I think there is no need to move to, you know, on to KYC, AML stuff. It's more over in terms of DeFi, things will move to the KYT. Yeah. Know your transactions. Just let me add on to that. So I mean, like, we can see that these are the consents of today, right? That we need to know who are doing the transaction so we can actually verify and protect the ecosystem.  But it's a small factor of it.  Just open up the blockchain, put your address, I can trace back all those transactions you did, which exchanges you hit, and where actually the money flew in. Just open up chain analysis, I get the whole mind map of your transactions and your habits, right? So, but it has been used for that, so there's a consents of today. I think what we need to make DeFi mainstream, right, to solve the challenges on the street, we need digital identities, right? If you look into, like, Adarkart, you know, like, there's like a good step forward. I mean, like, how can we actually make that better, right? How can we actually take up identities? You know, like, digitize them, have digital fingerprints, right, and you know, like, fingerprints of people's transactions, their history, and make it much simpler for people to get onboarded. So I do not want to go up and teach people how to install MetaMask, how to go up and do swaps, right?  You wanna transfer money, two clicks away, you're transferring money. I don't wanna transfer more documents, right? You already know me, you're connected, basically I go to 10 different banks, they keep asking me the same document, right, for 10 different bank account. Why can't I just have one account, right, and I can just click two buttons and have a new bank account, right? So in this case, experience is something that I think DeFi can elevate, right? So today we have challenges, of course, I mean, we spoke about futures on DeFi, that's gonna be a challenge, right? Transaction speeds are not there, right? Smart contracts have challenges, enterprise adoption not really happening, right? So when you look into that and be honest, yes, we have a lot of challenges, but in challenges is where the opportunity lies, and I think that's where everybody should be looking at. Absolutely. Yeah, I just wanted to add, and you know, this may sound philosophical, but it's a fact, you know, DeFi applications actually need a marathon approach. If we keep sprinting, it's gonna end soon, and you're not gonna innovate further. So rightly mentioned, you know, it's new, we need to reinvent itself. So just imagine a simple scenario over here, just answer it to yourselves here, right? In the last one week, how many of you all opened and checked your equity portfolio if you have one? Then think about it, did you trade about it in the last one week? Now let's shift the focus and say, did you trade anything by yourself, anything from your mutual fund portfolio? Now, not just one week, let's talk about this for last 48 hours. Did you consume content, which was either short form, which was either mid form or long form? You guys have the answer to yourselves, but the fact of the matter is the consumer took time.  It's called Mutual Fund Sahihai in this country, right? And that's a separate association, body running it, mind you, today no mutual fund company can actually say, I'm right. And it comes with great data of our documents before it leaves with subject to terms and conditions. You don't understand, but you still invest, right? So the fact of the matter is now, let's come back to DeFi, the stage is ready. Stage is ready, let's not get impatient. If you watched your content in the last 48 hours, you actually consumed it, you know it much better than how to invest in an equity or a mutual fund. And if that's the case, if that's the case, the user can take a more measured decision in investing in a content ecosystem of the format that you watched for the next project that that content creator is creating. Whether it's short form, somebody's just kind of taking a selfie and talking to the camera, that person needs funding. Can build a small studio. And whom are they going to raise funding from? From their social media fans. What are the fans getting? The fans are getting good ROI and royalty every single year. That content makes money through the distributor. What is the creator getting? Something which they never get. They get money without any middleman. Most importantly, you are the creator. You get to keep your own IP.  So just coming back to the point, we all need to believe in marathons. Sprints are not going to be good enough. That's a great point. So I think we will go to the last question. What is the future of DeFi? And how can we make an impactful solution to the world using DeFi? So if we can all take 30 seconds to answer it? So real world assets coming on and plugging into DeFi is definitely one of the biggest catalysts that we're going to see. And an educated institutional user or an educated retail user is the next generation of adoption that we see coming. Where people understand how the yield actually functions because if you don't know where the yield in DeFi is coming from, you are the yield. So that's just for posterity's sake over here because I'm sure all of the users here are power users in their own respect in DeFi. But yeah, do understand where the yield is coming from and we see real world assets being brought into DeFi in a safe, regulatory compliant manner through companies like Ruba, through companies like Neural, being supported by companies like Quill Audits, Anteer, and everyone on this panel for that matter. I would just add one thing that the path of adoption needs quick wins. And so for me, the quick wins are the two or three that stand out in a big way. One is registry of novel assets like carbon credits, music videos, content, IP, so brands. And that's a, it's like think of it as a DMAT for all of this. And we don't need to do an NSDL for it. We already can go to the decentralized version of it. Second is fraud reduction in lending. And that's a problem that banks face as well. So we can even serve them using blockchains saying you can avoid identity fraud, collateral mismanagement, and even checking land records, for example. And third is immediate settlement of rates, which can help even the current securities market, but also future securities market or future novel assets market. We don't need to keep any collateral or margin. And everything is settled immediately without counterparty risk. And that is feasible in a Web3 world. Absolutely. So no collateral and it increases the liquidity as well? Absolutely. Yeah. What about you? Well, making defy mainstream, making to get to broader users. First, they would need to be, they need simplicity. It needs to be a lot easier for users to actually enter the space. Second, they need the security as well. These days, we are not asking banks, even if we have the problem of the Silicon Valley banks, right? We are not asking banks like where our money go to. So we need to make sure that users trust what we are building. So we need to ensure the security, the audits, and that kind of thing. And the last thing would be the sustainability. We should build defy so that it's sustainable enough. We don't do inflating tokens. We don't give away tokens for more yield. We don't do that kind of thing. We need to make sure that the defy that we are building in the future, it would be more sustainable. The business model should be sensible. We are not giving away things for free anymore. And this is just to be real yield. So this is going to be to make sure that people are going to come to defy and trust defy and make defy more mainstream. Absolutely. Yeah, sustainable solutions and defy, moving towards defy is the way, yeah. So my concluding thoughts on that will be, I think today why defy works in crypto is because the groundwork in crypto is done. You can just open up a wallet and you can start trading. And you can just directly go on an exchange, swap it. If you have money, put it on to and earn some yield, and it works. But to make it mainstream, we need to do the groundwork. You need to go up and actually digitize identities, digitize platforms, digitize the financial markets, and then slowly start to onboard them into the defy ecosystem. And start working on use cases that are not there yet. So as I was talking about in the talk earlier, there's a lot of ways of doing financing that we do not use anymore from history, which actually was more effective in terms of making sure, correct financial inclusion. So if you just go back and start looking into these concepts everywhere from local Indian financing, Islamic financing, Huala systems, Chatira systems, there's actually quite a lot of good systems over there that actually can reemerge in defy. That's one. Number two, when looking into today, what are the challenges that has to be solved? One is, of course, transactions, gas pieces. Futures and options markets are not really there. Dep markets, we don't have depth market trading platforms among the crypto space. We need all of those. We need better liquidity management across platforms. We need better security to ensure that the smart contracts are properly audited. So the auditing companies in the state actually can do that. So I think that's the bell telling me to stop talking. And with that, I'll pass it back to you. Thank you. Do you want to add anything? Well, I think you rightly said, to move into the mainstream, I was just envisioning if we can have a stable coin backed by IANA. So we are the biggest country, biggest industry that is not in comparison to the US or any other country. I would say, if we can get a stable coin backed by IANA, and then on top of that, there is the regulations or Tao system that implemented this industry going to thrive. Great session, guys. Thank you so much for the insight.