we're going to practice raising our hand above our head, creating that trunk stability, and then getting our focus to come up. When our focus is up, we can be aware of our surroundings. Our horses are very aware of their surroundings. They're always looking around. If you look, I'm riding on a long rain. He's looking over there. And then as I come through here, he's going to look off in the distance here. And then as I make my turn, he's going to look over in here. So he's always looking around. And if I am focusing just on his head, I cannot be aware of what he's aware of. That's going to get me in trouble because I might be not seeing the dog that's about to come running out of the trees. And that dog might spook my horse. Or on the trail, I might not see the turkeys up ahead that my horse has noticed because I'm looking to


If you are new to the Mac, or maybe you've just upgraded to a new Mac, then this video is all about setting up the finder, and so I'll be sharing a few little tips and tricks for how to do that effectively. Hello and welcome to Take One Tech. My name's Alec, and this week I upgraded my computer after quite some time, and I upgraded to one of the new M1 Mac Mini, well they're not new at this point, are they? Let's face it, it's a 2020 M1 Mac Mini, but it's new to me, and it's certainly going to help me give a little performance boost. I got tired of waiting for the 16-inch M series MacBook Pro, so I just thought I'll just get the Mac Mini instead. And as it happens, my other laptop that I had been using up until this point, my mobile laptop that I can take with me on the go everywhere, has not moved from its little stand on my desk for well over 12 months now. So I think I'm safe with a desk-bound Mac Mini for the moment. So anyway, having gone through the process of upgrading and installing things, I thought what I'd do is I'd just share with you some of my little tips and tricks when setting up a new machine. Now, ordinarily, I would use migration assistant to go from either when I'm upgrading an operating system or when I'm changing a Mac. But since I've actually done that for quite a few of the past Mac upgrades that I've had, and so I've probably carried over quite a few of the different settings and apps and things like that, that I might not really be using that much anymore. So I thought it was probably worthwhile to actually do a completely fresh setup of this Mac. And then that also means that I can actually walk through some of the steps with all of you lovely people as well. And there is actually going to be quite a few videos in this series because there is at the end of the day, a lot of potential setting up to do depending on what you're going to be doing with your Mac. Now, I actually had a list of all of my sort of essential apps that I need on my Mac, but there's about 43 of them. There's exactly 43 of them that are absolutely essential to everything that I'm doing. So I'll probably need to break those down into smaller little chunks as well, like my top 10 productivity apps and all that sort of stuff. But that is for another video. Today, we're just focused on the Finder and then the next video I'm going to make is going to be all about the system preferences and the little sort of tweaks and adjustments that I make in there. So this is all basically stuff that anybody can do with their Mac without needing any special software or anything like that. And they're just little things really to make it look a little bit prettier, perhaps and hopefully run a little bit better and a little bit more logically, at least in my humble opinion. So let's start with the Finder and the first view that most people get of the Finder is actually the desktop because that is actually just the Finder. It's part of the Finder. So let's start with that, first of all, and I'm going to show you something now, which will shock you. Yes, I know. Look at that. Icons scattered over the desktop. It's terrible, isn't it? I don't know quite why that Apple made the default of view of the desktop where it had no snapping to a particular grid and people can just throw things on a mate and mess like that. I can't believe that that is the preferred method of organization. Not that you should be organizing files on your desktop in any case, but that's another story for another video. But anyway, I've just thrown some things randomly on the desktop and wherever they landed is where they stayed on the desktop. So I want to talk you through a few little steps that you can take to maybe clean this up to begin with, and then we'll go and actually look into the Finder itself and the sort of file manager. And I'll show you a few little things that I do in there to make things a little bit more manageable. Again, this is sort of tailored to my workflow. So do bear with me and you may want to do things differently. But hopefully by going through this process, I'll show you all the different options and you should be able to see how you can achieve what you want to achieve with it, whether it's the same way that I do it or not. So let's, first of all, organize these desktop icons. So if we right click on the desktop, then you can either create a new folder if you wanted to create a folder to put all of this a mess away in, then you could do that. And there you go. It's just created the folder wherever it happened to land. It's called it Untitled Folder, but if you press return on the folder, then you can just rename it. So I'm just going to call it folder because I'll be deleting it shortly anyway. But there we have a folder. And as you can see, I can move it round anywhere on the desktop and it will stay where it's put. So I want to add a bit of organization to this. You can change the desktop background in here if you want directly from the desktop. I'll be looking at how to do that in the system preferences as well. But here you just select any file. Now get info you can use on any file or folder. And it will tell you some information. Surprisingly enough, the get info function tells you some information. It'll tell you how many files that there are on it and the total file size. And then different features and things like that of the file. So that is something that you can do on any file or folder in the finder. It's just right click and go to get info. So if you want to find a file size, for example, like if I want to find the file size of this one, I can go to the get info on here. And it will tell me some information about it when it was created file size. This is actually one of my little overlays that I use for eCAM live. And there you go. You can tell when it was modified and so on and so forth. So that is the get info command. So this is all accessed again by just right clicking on the desktop. So use stacks. I'll come to that one in a minute. So let's have a look first at some of these sorting options, because these stacks is actually what I tend to use anyway. But it does all the sorting for you. But as I say, we'll come back to that. So the default, which I can't understand from Apple, sort by is non. There is no sorting whatsoever. You can have it so it snaps to grid. So in my mind, that's the next best thing. Where as you can see, as I move these round, they will sort of snap to some sort of grid pattern on the on the screen. And I'm just dragging these close to these areas. And as you can see, it's sort of pulling those in to a particular pattern. You can also do a cleanup or sorry, sort by if I select any of these ones down here. So we can either sort the files by name, by the type of file that they are, the kind of file, the date last opened and so on, or by size or tags. So if I do that, it will actually do a much better job of rearranging them. You see how now they're all listed down the side and just basically populating this grid, starting from the top right, going down. And then it would just keep filling up this grid from the top right towards the left. So that is how to sort them. And as I say, you can sort by name, sort by kind. So it's sorted by the different types of file, things like that there. There is some other view options. So let me come to that one next. So we'll leave this stack one, but that thing that I've just done there where we sorted by kind, you can also do that by looking in the view options. So let me go back to sorting them by name. You can see it's rearranged them all that way. The next one is you can change the size of the icons. So I tend to have things really small on my screen. A lot of people can't read what's on my screen when it's on there, because I do have ridiculously small text and things like that on there. The next thing you can do is you can change the grid spacing. So if you imagine the sort of imaginary grid that we've got on there, you can either have it really closely spaced or far apart. So you can see that that's changing the grid spacing now to be a really small grid. You can also change the size of the text. So if you want bigger text so that you can read it, hopefully there you can see that the text is bigger. I obviously go for the absolute smallest text. You can also have the labels for the files and folders. So at the moment, you can see that the label for the particular file is underneath. You can also change that to be at the right. So that's the way I have it, but you can have it underneath. And then you can also show item info. So that will show you, for example, there you can see that it's shown us some file information. This one has shown us for a folder, whether there are any items in it. That's no items in that one. So that is what that show item info is. Or in that case, it's shown us the size of the the image file. Next is we've got show icon preview. So as you can see, this is a file, which is my little overlay. And you can see what the image actually is in it. So if you've got larger thumbnails, then you can you can have that to be able to see. Or if you just want the little sort of PNG, you know, the file symbol or a movie, things like that, then you can have that one as well. But I personally just think it's always better to be able to get a little preview, even if you can't see it perfectly. It just gives you a little bit of an idea what it is. So I don't actually tend to have the info on because it's just a little bit too much for too much information for me. The icon size, yet you can make that bigger or smaller. It's up to you. But let me just come back to the stacks, which is this one up here. This is the other sort of view option. Now, this one will basically group all of your icons or your files, rather, that are on your desktop. It will group them all into little stacks based on whatever was a few different ways to arrange them, but based on the type of file that they are. So you can see how I've activated that now. And now I've got a little stack, which says images. I've got one that says PDF documents, one that says movies. And so if I click on that, it will expand to show me just the images down here. If I click on this one, it will show me just the PDFs underneath there. And this one will show me the movies. So that is actually the one that I use on my desktop. It keeps the desktop nice and clean. If I'm looking for a particular image or a particular document, then it will be in its little stacks. It just helps to keep it a little bit more organized. I do actually tend to only use the desktop on a sort of one or possibly two day, three day basis, where I'm working on a project and I've just got some files or folders that I'm particularly using quite actively at the time. And so I throw them onto the desktop, much like, believe it or not, an actual desktop. I have it as a temporary space where I'm doing whatever I'm doing and then I clear it all the way after and I use a little application to do all the clearing away called Hazel. But I'll do a whole other video about Hazel and how to set that up. And then I'll leave a link here when I actually get around to doing it. So that is basically the stacks. But I should point out that in the view right click again and use stacks. You can also change how to group them so you can change the stack so that at the moment I've got it grouping by kind of file, which makes sense to me, but you could also have it by group date last opened or date added date modified. So if you were keeping stuff on your desktop for several days and you wanted sort of the most recent day in a particular stack, then that would be the way that you can do it. And once again, you can get that from here as well. So this is in the get info. You can see I picked on it's not in get info. Yes, it's in show view options. Show view options. So here you can change the way these stacks are organized. So here I could change it by date added, for example. So all of these have been added today because I just literally threw them on there to give you this example. And so that's how that's how those have been sorted. So that is the I'm trying to do two things at once there. I was trying to change it back to type and I completely forgot how to speak. So that is the the sort of desktop and some of the set up things that I do on the on the desktop. We make that spacing a little bit smaller. There we go, just enough so I can see what the stacks are. So then the next thing I want to have a look at is in the actual finder itself. And here we are in the desktop view within the finder. And so what I thought I'd do is go through just some little view options, basically, that I tend to change on the finder, which I find are quite quite helpful. And perhaps some people don't necessarily all always have them on as a default. So let's just have a little look at those. So if we come up to the view menu in the top and click on that, there's a few things down here which I turn on. Well, first of all, in fact, let me step back a bit. I prefer and these this is all my personal preference. Your mileage may vary or you may prefer different ways of looking at things. But I tend to think in quite a sort of logical fashion with a folder structure and hierarchy and things like that. And think about things in terms of folder trees. There are a lot of new things built into, I say new, they've been around for a few years now. But like things like being able to sort things by tags or looking for recent items, things like that. So I know that there are different ways to manage files. And maybe I might be living a little bit in the past, but I do like these folder trees. So from the view options up at the top, here you've got, again, it's a bit like the desktop, really, a series of files and folders and things like that. And it's not necessarily easy to find what you want, especially if you've got multiple different levels of folders and if you've got lots of different types of files and things like that. So you could make it a little bit better by having a list. I think that's certainly an improvement. But I always do favor this one, which is basically it has a folder structure. So if, for example, let's just say I was to move some of these files into this folder, then you would be able to see here are the contents of the folder and you'd be able to go back up to the level and see the sort of base structure of them. So I always prefer this sort of view personally. If you're doing things with lots of images and things like that, then there's also the obviously the gallery view. And this can be quite good for just sort of browsing through different images and things like that. If you are looking through different images, then obviously this is a good a good browser view for that. But this is always my default view. So let's come back to some other view options which you may want to toggle on or off. And I've tend to just have these toggled on and then they never get switched off for me personally. One of them is the path bar. And this is coming back to wanting to know the sort of route directory that everything's in or the directory structure. And what that's done is that has put down this little. Structure at the bottom, which shows you the exact path that you've taken to get to whatever folder this is in. So this is in my odd drive, users folder, my home folder, desktop folder. And then there you go. That is the exact file root of that particular file. So I always find that that is useful just to get my head around exactly where I am in the system. And yeah, just easy to jump between things. Or if you want to hop back a couple of folders, then I can always just, for example, get back to the desktop by clicking there and so on. So it is just another little navigation tool. And I was just leave that on by default. It may be something that is useful to you. All of these are optional, obviously. The next one that I also have it on is similarly, it appears at the bottom and it is the status bar. So if I click on show status bar, you can see it's put this other thing at the bottom here. And this basically tells me how much how much space is available and how many items there are. So how many items there are in that particular folder. And if I come to this folder, then it will tell me basically some more information about the particular folder that I'm in. So now that I've selected that particular file, you can see that it says one of five selected and then again, the space. So I always just have that as another little help in terms of understanding where I am in the system, space available, all that sort of stuff. Next one is tab bar. Now you can use tabs in the finder. So if I was wanting to, for example, if I was in this folder, my desktop and I want to open this folder, I can right click on it and go open in new tab. So now I've basically got the desktop and then I've also got that folder so I can flick between them like that. So that's also good if you're sort of copying things from one to another. You can just drag it across. I'm sure most people know all of this. I'm just covering all of the bases. But if you've only got one tab open, then that tab bar doesn't appear at the top. And so but you can actually just have that so that that is always there. And again, it just just it does just tell you what's the the root folder or the folder that you're in, although that's displayed there as well. But it does just mean that when if you want to add another tab, you can click this little button over on the right hand side as well. So I can just click that and it will bring me into whatever your default folder is. So that's actually another good point to mention the default folder. So if you come into the preferences of Finder, so I'll come into here to preferences. And then there are a few different options that you can have a look at in here. So first of all, show these items on the desktop. So at the moment, any internal hard drives are not shown on there. But if you look up here where I've got this external hard drive here, that is showing up. And if I click on hard disks, then you'll see that it's now put the the main Mac hard disk up there as well. I don't tend to have that showing on there, although I do want any external disks showing up there if they happen to be connected CDs. Has anybody connected a CD player to their Mac or put one in their CD drive of late? I'm not sure, but it's still there for completeness. So if you've got an external CD drive that you put a CD in, then that would show up there. There may be some people that we need to explain what CDs are, I suppose. But anyway, so CDs, DVDs and iPods will show up there if ever they're connected. I haven't unchecked that. Do I think I'll ever need it? Probably not. You could also have connected servers on there. Again, although I do connect to some servers, sometimes I don't tend to need to have that accessible by the by the desktop. And I do incidentally click the of the external disks showing it's rare that I would plug a disk in and actually go up here to access it. But it does just show me sort of visually that it is still actually connected. So I don't go and pull it out without realizing that I haven't actually ejected the disk. And it is also a convenient way to just go up here and you can right click on a disk if the beach will stop swimming. There you go.  And then it will just eject that disk. So that's why I do leave that one showing on the on the hard drive as well. So a new tab or find a window will open in as it's set to here. Recent, but you could change that to anything else. I still haven't actually gone through on this computer and set up all of my folder structure and things like that. But you can just change that in here or you can just go to a specific file or sorry, a specific folder that you want. So I do have a specific root file folder that I will always have a new find a window open in. So that's where you would change that. Open folders in tabs instead of new windows. So yeah, the default always used to be that you'd click on a double click on a folder in the finder and it would open up a whole new window whereas here it just opens it up in a new tab. This is just the default set in, by the way, I've not changed anything in here. So that means that it will just basically open up in a completely new tab. Next is tags. So I've got to confess, although tags have been around for quite some time, I don't actually use tags a great deal. I tend to use naming conventions and have my own weird naming convention for things that helps me find things. So I don't tend to use tags so much, but you can just basically choose which ones are shown in the sidebar. So that's up to you. I don't tend to normally have those, but I've just left them in for now for completeness. So the next one is the sidebar and these are the default things that are going to appear in either your favorites down this side. You've got iCloud, you've got different locations or we've just looked at tags. And so you can choose what is going to appear in there. So recent, so recent files, airdrop applications, desktop documents and so on. These ones always used to be default, but they aren't any any longer. But if you wanted, you could toggle those ones on as well. Next is the iCloud drive. So that's this one's got its own space there you can see. And then locations. So a bit like on the desktop, it doesn't bother with the actual Mac, your own computer as a location, because you've obviously got that in the if the file manager itself or in the find it itself. But then any hard disks and things like that. And you can see that these are all currently ticked, but there's only my MacBook Pro sitting next to this computer. And then there's the network tab. But all of these others there, although they're all checked, they only actually appear there if you actually connect something. So that is the sidebar. And then next in the advanced tab. So this is something which I don't know is entirely necessary, but I always do it show or file name extensions. And this basically just puts on the file name extension. So if I come back to my little desktop view. Desktop folder, you can see how it actually shows me the the type of file that they are. And I am just so used to that now that I leave that on. But you may prefer not to have that. But I like to be able to see what kind of file it is. Show warning before changing an extension. Probably recommend that just so that you don't inadvertently change an extension from one thing to another by accident. If you're renaming a file. Show warning before removing something from iCloud Drive. I'll probably return that one off. But that is the these are just the defaults at the moment. Show warning before emptying the bin. It used to be called the trash. They've changed it to bin, not quite sure why. But there you go. It's not called the trash anymore. It's called the bin officially. And so this is show a warning before you empty it, which is possibly a good thing in case you accidentally delete things which you didn't mean to delete. Remove items from the bin after 30 days. So that's perhaps a good one so that you don't end up with a bin or trash that's got too too full over however many years if you've never actually emptied it. But again, that means that you won't ever be able to go and recover those items if you change your mind a little bit later. Next is keep folders on top in window when sorting by name. Now, this is something that I do actually do. So if I've got a series of files and folders in this particular window, I always like it to have all of the folders right at the top and then have all of the files sorted by name afterwards. But it just seems to my mind to make sense to have all of the folders at the very top sorted alphabetically and then all of the files sorted alphabetically afterwards so that you're not sort of rooting around in between folders when you're looking for a file and vice versa. So if you click this one in window when sorting by name. So there you go. It's now put that folder at the top. And if I had multiple folders with multiple different names, the folders would all come first and then the files would come afterwards. And then you can also do the same on the desktop as well. So here we've got some different files. And in fact, if I just put those other files back over there for a moment. So now we've got some different files and folders. And if I sort these don't use stacks just to give you an impression and then don't sort. So now I should if I come back here, I see what you're saying. I see what it's doing. It is it's moved these back there. So I do need to sort it by name. There we go. That's what I was trying to do. So now you can see that we've got files down here and we've got this one folder in the middle. So if I toggle this one on, then it's just going to basically do the same. The folder would be at the top. So that was the basically the settings. And when performing a search, so search this Mac, search the current folder or search the the previous search scope. So if you are doing a search in Mac, this is basically this little icon here. Then do you want it to search the current folder or the Mac? I tend to just have this search the Mac because I'm rarely searching in. I don't have folders that have got so many things in that I need to search in that way. So I just do leave that as the default. So nearly got this set up the way that I would have it set up. There is one last thing that I would do, which is a couple of different things with the actual bar at the top here. In fact, let me just double check if I've got everything in there. So there is a couple of other things in here. So show view options. So thank you, that is for the desktop. I'm getting myself all muddled up here. Do work, talk amongst yourselves. I think I've covered everything from there. I was getting confused with something else. There you go, easily done. So you can customize the toolbar in here, or you can also go and customize the toolbar in here instead in this menu. But you can just right click on and this is the same for any application. Usually you just right click in here and customize toolbar. Now, I'm all about keyboard shortcuts and I do tend to use them for most things or use the stream deck or whatever. But for some reason, I'm often moving around to find it with my mouse and I do find it handy to have the create a new folder. Icon up in the top to just be able to tap on that to create a new folder. Don't know why it's just one of those things that I use. But you've also got these other things that you can always add into the top up here. Or you can also add in things like the connect to a network, things like that. You just simply drag and drop them and click done. So that for me is now set up as I would use the folder. But hopefully they find it. Hopefully in doing that, you've seen a few of the little features that you can use when you're basically setting up your view and your sort of working environment, really. As I say, that's it for the finder. But there will be a few more videos all about setting up Max. And next one I'll do will be specifically about the system preferences. So just down here, lots of things to go through on here and get things tweaked the way the way that I like them. But hopefully in doing so, I'll show you how to get things the way that you like them as well. Speaking of liking, if you haven't already, don't forget to go and like the video and also subscribe to the channel if you haven't already. And if you've got any other things that I've missed or things that you do differently, then please do leave them in the comments. I always like hearing about these sorts of things. And it's as much a learning experience for me if people are doing things differently or pointing out things that I don't know about. I'm always learning new things every day. So do leave those comments and it will also help anybody else who is going through the process of setting up their Mac. So when I've added those other videos in, I'm going to create a whole playlist about setting up a new Mac and I'll leave a link to that over on the right hand side. Until then, check out some of these other videos and I'll catch you all later. Have a great day.


CHAPTER X The Ministry of All the Talents, Part II The Ministry of All the Talents, as that of Grenville and Fox was called by the Whits, was based upon the idea long urged by the Grenvils, that in a combination of parties alone could be found sufficient national strength to withstand Napoleon. But the nomination of Fox as Foreign Secretary, of course implied that an attempt to restore peace would at once be made. Fox had always maintained that Napoleon did not really wish for the renewal of war. His objects, Fox thought at that time were mainly to consolidate his own power in France, and had the English ministers met him straightforwardly and shown them that they had no intention of disturbing his authority at home, he would have manifested a very different disposition toward England. Napoleon, when first counsel, had either taken a great fancy to Fox, or he had thought it prudent to try and make so influential a man as friend, and Fox could not bring himself to believe that one who had treated him so courteously and so openly could really be playing a double game. He had hardly settled himself in his new office when an opportunity for opening negotiations presented itself. A man called on Fox and detailed to him a plan for the Emperor's assassination. Fox in a tempestive indignation drove him from the room and at once acquainted Napoleon with the plot. Probably he might have saved himself the trouble, as there is good reason to suppose that the whole thing was concocted by Talaron. However this may be it answered the purpose. A friendly speech of the Emperor's was forwarded to Fox and negotiations began. At first they were carried on between Fox and Talaron. A little later Lord Yarmouth, who was one of the Englishmen seized by Bonaparte on the outbreak of the war, was used as agent and eventually Lauderdale was sent as full plenty potentiary. It did not make much difference through whose hands the negotiations passed. Napoleon was at that time busily engaged in mapping out Central Europe afresh, with the double object of consolidating his own authority and of bringing the whole of Europe to bear upon England in order to crush her trade. The only question really was, how long it would take Fox to find this out? By the summer he still had hopes of an accommodation but they had become very faint, as Napoleon, in spite of his promise to the contrary, had annexed Sicily to the new Kingdom of Naples created for his brother Joseph and by the formation of the Confederation of the Rhine had broken his engagement to Yarmouth that the Constitution of Germany should not be altered. Fox whose health was beginning to break down hoped to hand over the Foreign Office to his nephew Lord Holland directly the negotiation was finished and a conversation between them which occurred at this time shows that he had practically given up all hope of peace. We can, he says, in honour do nothing without the full and bona fide consent of the Queen and Court of Naples, but even exclusive of that consideration and of the great importance of Sicily which you, young one, very much underrate, it is not so much the value of the point in dispute as the manner in which the French fly from their word that disheartens me. It is not Sicily but the shuffling insincere way in which they act that shows me that they are playing a false game and in that case it would be very imprudent to make any concessions which by any possibility could be thought inconsistent with our honour or could furnish our allies with a plausible pretense for suspecting, reproaching or deserting us. The negotiations did not actually cease till after Fox's death, but it is evident from this letter that Gray did not much misrepresent Fox's opinion when a few months later he said, there never was any opportunity of procuring any such terms as would have been adequate to the just pretensions and consistent with the honour and interests of this country. Fox had always maintained that the chances of peace and war depended entirely upon the good faith of Napoleon. He had always persuaded himself that Napoleon was actuated more by patriotism than by ambition. Seven months of negotiation disabused him of this idea and before his death he had sorrowfully reached the conclusion that war was not only unavoidable but desirable as long as Napoleon claimed the right to ride roughshod over the liberties of Europe. If Fox could not restore peace to Europe he could do something at least to remove from England the stain of an unnatural and cruel traffic. He was not the man to reckon up the magnitude of the interests affected when he was called upon to do an act of simple justice to suffering humanity. Year after year as long as he attended Parliament his voice had been raised against the detestable trade in slaves and now that he had the power he at once seized the opportunity of showing that his sympathy unlike that of Pitt was not confined to words. In June 1806 Fox pledged himself to introduce a measure of total abolition. It was his last speech in Parliament. He did not live to carry out his pledge but the bill drawn on the lines which he had sketched out was introduced by Grey in January and became law in March 1807. By it the trade in Negroes was absolutely forbidden to British subjects after January 1st 1808. Three years later it was made a felony to take part in it. So was accomplished this great act of social reform which Fox had strenuously urged for so many years an apparently hopeless opposition but which he was not permitted to see pass into law. The end came very quickly. In January 1806 he accepted office and set about the work of his department with unabated energy. But his attendance at the house and his anxiety about the peace and the abolition of the slave trade soon told on him and he determined to give up the seals to Lord Holland directly those questions were settled.  In June however came a change for the worse. His malady was now declared to be dropsy and he was obliged to give up all business. It soon became so serious that operations had to be resorted to for his relief and he as well as his wife and friends understood that the end could not be far off. At the beginning of September he rallied a little and was removed to Chiswick but on the 7th he began plainly to get weaker. Lord Holland and General Fitzpatrick who were always with him read to him constantly. It was his great delight. Virgil, Dryden and Crab were the authors he asked for oftenest and his favorite passages of Virgil were read and re-read as if he could not bring himself to part with so old a friend. At length he became too weak to understand what was read and during the morning of the 13th of September he lay motionless and almost unconscious with a sweet smile of happiness on his face. At last at six in the evening he passed away sinking to rest quite quietly and peacefully surrounded by those whom he loved best in the whole world undisturbed by anxious thought or touch of pain. Sir Walter Scott in the well-known lines of the prelude to Marmian has given lasting expression to the thought which was uppermost in the minds of most Englishmen when they heard of the death of Fox. It was that of thankfulness that one who was in so many things essentially English should at last be found acting in harmony with the bulk of his countrymen on the great subject of the day. Yet it may be questioned whether praise thus limited did not really do an injustice to Fox's memory. It implied a want of patriotism in previous years which if true would be most detrimental to his character as a statesman. It suggested a fault in his nature which his friends certainly would most energetically repudiated. Those who look upon Fox as having anything foreign in his sympathies or turn of mind totally misread his character. He was English to the backbone, a product of the England of the 18th century, just as typical as was Pitt, though representative of a different type. There was nothing in him of the finesse of a Frenchman, of the suppleness of an Italian, of the brutality of a German. His love of home, his simplicity of life, his straightforward directness of speech and thought, his stubbornness of will, his steadfastness of affection, his very indolence, and yet the sense of duty which obliged him to work against his will were all qualities essentially English. It was because he was so essentially English that he acquired the hold which he did over the country. Men recognized instinctively that he was one of themselves. They could understand him. In his good qualities and his bad qualities there was nothing outside the sphere in which they themselves moved. It was just because they knew him so well that they hated him so relentlessly or loved him so passionately. Even his worst enemies, those who really believed that he wished to establish a Republican England on the Jacobin model, never accused him of hitting below the belt. They knew perfectly well what they had to meet. The war between them was open and above board. What Fox meant, he said, and he did not mean any more than he said. As a matter of fact, he usually meant a great deal less. In the most truculent attacks which were made upon him, such as those of Gilray, there was nothing kept in reserve, no suggestion of things worse than what appeared, no illusions to dark designs which were not avowed. It was a fair stand-up fight on both sides conducted according to the most approved principles of the English prize ring. The attacks on Fox in this respect were very different to those directed against his father. Compare Gilray's caricature of Fox cutting off the head of George III with Gray's venomous lines on Lord Holland at Kingsgate. Old and abandoned by each venal friend, here Holland formed the pious resolution to smuggle a few years and strive to mend a broken character and constitution. Ah! said the sighing peer, had but been true, nor Mungo's Rigby's Bradshaw's friendship vain, far better scenes than these had blessed our view, and realized the beauties which we fain. Purged by the sword and purified by fire, then had we seen proud London's hated walls. Walls would have hooded in St. Peter's choir, and Fox's stunk and littered in St. Paul's. Or compare again the spirit which attached to Shelburne the name and characteristics of Malagrida, with the wave of popular feeling which deprived Fox of his majority in 1784. In the one there is the distrust which is born of fear, and which is all the more formidable because it cannot easily be explained because it is felt rather than expressed. The other was the distrust of a healthy moral sentiment which punished appropriately what it considered to be an obvious outrage to public morality. To most Englishmen undoubtedly the support given by Fox to the French Revolution was a severe shock. They were at that time too much under the influence of fear themselves to be able to judge impartially of the conduct of one who, on the contrary, was inspired not by fear but by sympathy, and he was too much of a partisan to make allowance for their prejudices. The judgment passed on both sides was much too harsh. Party feeling became more exacerbated than it had ever been before, and yet even in the height of the flood of public opinion which overwhelmed him, in spite of all the abuse which was showered upon him, no one really could bring himself to believe that Fox had set himself to destroy the institutions of his country. They believed him to be wrong, but they believed him to be honest, and when the time came for him to stand forward in their behalf against Napoleonic aggression they rejoiced not because the prodigal had returned home from the Jacobin swine-trops, but because the line of patriotic duty as understood by Wig and Tory had converged in common action for their country's good. The question then naturally arises. Is there in the public life of Fox any evidence that he had a distinct political ideal which he followed as consistently as his circumstances and his temperament admitted? Was this patriotism, which it is now on all hands acknowledged that he possessed, a vague sentiment or a considered policy? The circumstances of Fox's political life almost forbid a direct answer to the question. It is the business of an opposition to oppose, and no one expects that the attack will always be made from the same quarter or in the same way. By the conventions of politics a good deal of latitude is allowed to an opposition, both as to the principles they lay down and the arguments they use. It is when a statesman or a party is in office that their political ideal is seen, and Fox never while in office had any chance whatever of carrying political principles into legislation except in his India bill which did not pass. In 1782 and 1806 his time was almost entirely occupied with negotiations for peace. His political principles therefore have to be drawn mainly not from what he did do, but from what he blamed others for not doing, which is a test far more severe than that applied to any other great statesman of the century, and which if applied to modern statesmen who would escape whipping? Fox himself steadily maintained throughout his career a consistent appeal to wig principles as the kernel of his political faith. He rarely made a speech in the House of Commons in which he did not profess his intense, almost blind admiration for the British Constitution. But these were phrases which by the end of the 18th century had become little more than phrases. To a politician of Walpole's day, wig principles meant distinctly the supremacy of Parliament over the prerogative, party government, and religious toleration. It was summed up in the motto of the Revolution of 1688, Civil and Religious Liberty. The British Constitution had an equally distinct meaning. It meant a government in which political power was divided between the Crown, the Ministers, and Parliament, but in which the aristocracy had the real ascendancy. But by the end of the 18th century the phrases understood in this sense had become unreal. No Tory, however reactionary, thought of disputing the supremacy of Parliament, the necessity of party government, or the advisability of religious toleration. And although opinions differed as to the exact limits which should be placed on the influence of the Crown or of the people in the government, no one doubted that the chief controls should be vested in the aristocracy. Thirty years later on the contrary they had again become intensely real. They had acquired a new meaning. In the cold shade of opposition the Wig Party had learned the doctrines of free trade from Adam Smith and of utilitarianism from Bentham. They had seized Parliamentary reform from the nervous hands of Pitt and in the mouths of Gray and of Russell and of Valtrip, these time-honored phrases meant the ousting of the Crown from political power, the supremacy of the middle classes, the domination of commercial objects in politics, and religious equality. Fox bridges over the gulf which separates these two conceptions of Wig principles. He it is who enables the program of 1832 to be carried out by the same party which was overthrown by George III in 1770. He it is who forms the link between Rockingham and Burdett, and the very indefiniteness of his own views, the fact that sentiment, entered so largely into his political judgments, enabled him to discharge the function with the greater ease. He brought to the work of politics the talents of an orator rather than of a statesman, and he never made any definite scheme his own for placing the government of the country upon a more popular basis. He had, in fact, no enlarged conceptions of politics. He was too indolent to work out problems for posterity to settle. He was content to deal with the present, with the resources which the present supplied. He never laid before Parliament on any subject a carefully reasoned-out scheme of political conduct based upon principles and applied to the facts in question, except the India Bill, and it must always be doubtful how much of the India Bill was due to the inspiration of Burke. Hard political thinking he invariably avoided. In the American War he could denounce the folly of the ministry and demand acknowledgement of independence, but he never had any scheme of his own to propound based upon a reasonable theory of colonial politics. He could cut the Gordian knot, but not untie it. The same thing is observable in his struggle with Pitt in 1784. He could denounce in Parliament the unconstitutional appointment of the ministers. He never could outvote them on questions of confidence, but he attempted to present his case to the constituencies, who after all must be eventually the arbiters, as one between the prerogative and the independence of Parliament. The same defect is still more conspicuous in his way of dealing with the War of 1793. Again and again he attacked Pitt for not making clear the object of the war, and sought accordingly to prove that it must be either a war against opinion or a war to restore the bourbon. But he on his side never had any clear idea of the principle on which friendly relations with France could be maintained. He admitted that the violation of the Shelt was a necessary cause of war by treaty, if the Dutch chose to make it so. He allowed that the French proclamation inciting rebellion in monarchical countries could not be passed over without demanding an explanation, but he refused to face the question of what should be done if the Dutch did call upon us to act, if the French as of course they would declined to explain. It was merely his own belief in the good sense and faith of the French that he opposed to the traditional policy of civilized nations in pursuance of treaty obligations. So again in 1803 he opposed the renewal of the war because he believed in the good faith of Bonaparte, and knew that Addington was a blunderer and an incapable. But in 1806 he found that he was wrong. It was just that preference of personal conviction to the results of hard political thinking as the motive of policy, which made matter of fact Englishmen distrust Fox as a political leader, and made them sometimes think that he had no political principles. In that they did him a grievous injustice. He used the time-honored formulae of party politics so frequently at a time when to most men they had shrunk and withered into mere skeletons that people could not realize that he was re-clothing them again with flesh and blood, and inspiring them with new life for a fresh struggle under the old banners. The independence of parliament, civil and religious liberty, the glorious constitution of 1688, had got to be formulae as hollow as the immortal principle of 89 sound to us now. Their original meaning had become exhausted, and they were usually intended to mean just what anybody chose. But in Fox's mouth they had a very definite meaning. They meant the crushing of the royal influence in government, the establishment of a responsible prime ministership, the reform of parliament, and the removal of political disabilities from non-conformists. But here again, as in matters of external policy, he stopped short just where he should have gone on. He contented himself with the principle he shrunk from translating his principle into action. In all these questions he was content to play the second part, to follow where others led. The scheme for the reform of parliament belonged to Pitt, and was appropriated by Gray. That for the removal of non-conformist's disabilities, Fox inherited from Beaufoy. That for the abolition of the slave trade was Wilberforce's own. In no one of these measures, which are the best evidence of Fox's insight as a statesman, which are the great historical triumphs of the Whig party, did Fox himself take the initiative. He did not give himself the trouble to place them before parliament in reasoned and considered legislative form. It is not too much to say that at his death not one of them had definitely taken rank as essential parts of the Whig policy. Yet these are the measures upon which depends the reputation of Fox as the statesman, to whom the policy brought to such a glorious conclusion in 1829 and 1832 is mainly due. If Fox is to be considered as the author of a new departure in Whig policy, if his separation from Burke is to mean anything in the history of political principle, if in any sense whatever he is to be looked upon as the father of the Whigs of 32, these are the measures by which that claim will be judged. It is fatal to his reputation as a serious statesman that not one of them was during his lifetime permanently associated with his name. It is to his honor as a politician that they all received his support. It was to the advantage of his party that by his support he was enabled to pass them to his followers as a legacy of which they could make better use than he had done. There is in fact a real want of political ambition in Fox. It was that which made him recoil when the true test of statesmanship as of everything else great in this world presented itself to him, the imperative necessity for taking trouble. Great political successes are not one on the floor of the House of Commons amid the plaudits of an excited crowd. They are one in the office or the study amid statistics and reports. Fox never could bring himself to understand this. Eager, impulsive and impetuous he would throw himself into the fray when the debate came on and speak with a conviction all the more positive because it was born of the necessities of the moment. But when the excitement had passed it was very difficult to get him to attend to the humdrum business of preparing and arranging for the next step. Dr. Gilbert Elliott tells us that he was curiously vacillating and hesitating in making up his mind. This I fear, he says, is the habitual defect in Fox, who has a great difficulty or backwardness in resolving as if he had no interest or no judgment in the affairs that are depending, and at last lets anybody else decide for him. His indecision sprang not from want of will but from real want of interest. He could take trouble enough about a disputed reading in Homer. He would not decide whether the opposition should start a candidate for the office of speaker until the day before that on which parliament was to meet. Indolence was a fault which ran through the whole of Fox's life, political and social. Perhaps it was too much to demand of a statesman who was always in a hopeless minority, that he should master details and apply principles with the avidity of one for whom the gates of power are just opening in the distance. But the result was none the less disastrous. Fox called in sentiment to supply the place of knowledge. Sentiment it is true which sprang from a healthy and sound English heart and was checked by an eminently sensible mind. But still sentiment, which was very dangerous as an important element in a statesman's policy at the time of the French revolution. What England wanted was a leader with the political sympathies of Fox and the philosophical depth and practical mind of Burke. What she got was on the one side the conventional commonplace selfishness of Pitt, and on the other side in Fox a real zeal for liberty which was inspiring and essentially true, but which could do nothing to solve the difficulties of the hour. To tell the English nation that the revolution of 1789 was a great step on the path of liberty, at a time when it had led to the overthrow of all the institutions with which in England liberty had been bound up, was as pernicious as it was useless. It sprang from an opinion which had its root in sentiment, not in reason. It destroyed the confidence of the British nation in Fox as a practical politician, and it did much to hand England over as the only alternative a victim to the terror of the Tories. Where then is the secret of Fox's great influence over contemporaries, of his position in the page of history? It is to be found in his oratory and in his personal attractiveness, undistinguished as a statesman except in the Department of Foreign Politics, a failure as a party leader, he was unrivaled in debate. On the floor of the House of Commons he never met his match. Sheridan had more wit, Pitt more declamatory power, Erskine more elegance, Tyranny more polish. But the oratory of Fox outshone them all in the qualities which go straight to the heart. Robustness and earnestness were its two main characteristics. In the whole range of Fox's speeches there is not to be found a mean thought or an affectation. No doubt the charm of his personality greatly assisted the effect of his oratory. His speeches were rarely prepared beforehand. The words and expressions came straight out of a mind inspired by a strong masculine reason and corrected by a faultless taste. Nature and simplicity, said Sir G. Eliot, were the true characteristic qualities of his eloquence. The mannerisms and self-consciousness of a trained orator were exceedingly distasteful to him. Even Sheridan's prepared impromptu's graded against his ear. The very openness and complete absence of reserve with which he poured out his whole heart to his audience took them by storm. The presence of the reporter, the vision of next morning's paper would have been fatal to him, if he had stopped to think of them. It is the whole personality of the man, not this or that particular quality that gave him his power.  All these combined in a personality which men might fly from in questioning doubt or might worship entrusting love but could not criticize. There are but forty of them, said Thurlow of the opposition of 1793, but there is not one of them who would not be willingly hanged for Fox. A tribute such as this coming to from an enemy is not lightly to be disregarded. When the grave closed over Fox, many thousands in England who had never seen him and never heard him felt that they had lost a friend. All Englishmen knew that a light had gone from the world, and England was the deader to nature for the lone of one of those rare spirits who sum up in themselves the gifts and powers of many types of ordinary men. A power is passing from the earth to breathless natures dark abyss, but when the great and good depart, what is it more than this? That man who is by God sent forth doth yet again to God return? Such ebb and flow must ever be, then wherefore should we mourn? End of section 21, recording by Pamela Nagami in Encino, California, January 2020. End of Charles James Fox by Henry Offley-Wakeman.


Should I immerse art resin in a water bath before mixing? We do recommend using a warm water bath for your resin and hardener prior to mixing because in general art resin is easier to work with When it's warmer it will for one help get those bubbles out But you should be aware that it will decrease the pot life to some extent the ideal working temperature for art resin is about 75 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit So if you're working in the summer and you may not need that water bath if you're working in the winter You probably need that water bath just make sure that when you put those bottles in there Those lids are on tight because you don't want any water to get in there It'll make the mixture cloudy just something to be aware of


Hey guys, how are you today? Alright, so I thought I'd get on here really quick and just do a quick video about how I made this and what this is. So this is basically coffee. Don't drink it though, because I put glycerin in it. It makes it non-edible anymore. So I wanted to tell you how I made it, why I made it, and what you would use it for. So I...  Pardon my French, they're not good coffee. So I don't usually drink them unless I'm desperate, but I do bring that coffee home. And I will take two of those packets that are intended to make two pots of coffee, and I put all the grounds into a saucepan with a half a pot of coffee's worth of water, and boil it for about 20 minutes or so until that water is nice and dark like this. I'll let it reduce just a little bit, turn it down, and then I am ready.  I happen to have this out in the garage. This is actually I think for cake decorating, but it was out in my garage and my statue stuff. And then I put a little bit of glycerin in here, maybe like a tablespoon, and the glycerin will help preserve the water, keep it from evaporating and also keep it from getting moldy. And then what do you do with it? Why do you make it? Well of course it's great for the obvious, which is staining and coffee dying paper. You can also paint with it. So I'm going to put a little bit here. Now depending on how much you let it reduce will make a difference in how dark your coffee stain is. So if you want it really dark, let it reduce down, turn it down to a simmer and let it reduce by like as much as half. I didn't know if I wanted mine that dark, so I didn't let it reduce that long. You could use it with a paintbrush as I'm doing. You could probably use it with a dip fountain pen too. And you get this interesting golden brown color of essentially what's ink. And it is fun to play with to use in your art journal pages and to, I'm sorry, I'm playing with the drips, to create something interesting with something unexpected and to get a color that you're really not going to be able to get any other way. You could probably do this with tea. Coffee is the obvious one for me. And again if you want something darker, just let your coffee mixture simmer on the stove longer until your liquids are reduced by volume by maybe half if you want it really dark by half. And then put it in a bottle, put some glycerin in there, give it a good shake and you're good to go. And this is going to last me a long time. The more coffee grounds you use and the more you reduce it, the darker it's going to be. So keep that in mind. Don't put the glycerin in it until after you've already got it in the bottle and out of your saucepan. You do not want glycerin on your cooking utensils. Don't do that, that idea, okay? Alright and don't drink this, it's not drinkable now. Alright, that's it for today and I want you to go out and try making some coffee ink and see what you can create with it and do something nice for yourself because you deserve it. Alright, I'll see you all later. Bye.


And now news from outside Africa, U.S. President Joe Biden is standing squarely behind as the decision to withdraw troops from Afghanistan. He has also rejected broad criticism of the chaotic withdrawal and has instead blamed the Afghan government for the country's recent crisis. We spent over a trillion dollars. We trained and equipped an Afghan military force with some 300,000 strong, incredibly well-equipped, a force larger in size than the militaries of many of our NATO allies. We gave them every tool they could need. We paid their salaries, provided for the maintenance of their air force, something the Taliban doesn't have. Taliban does not have an air force. We provided close air support. We gave them every chance to determine their own future. But if Afghanistan is unable to mount any real resistance to the Taliban now, there is no chance that one year, one more year, five more years, or 20 more years, the U.S. military boots in the ground would have made any difference. And here's what I believe to my core. It is wrong to order American troops to step up when Afghanistan's own armed forces would not.


A group of 33 Marines, sailors, and civilians participated in a satellite Marine Corps historic half-marathon aboard forward operating base Dalaram-2 in Afghanistan on May 20th. All right, Mark, get set, go. In order to run before the midday heat this time of year in Afghanistan, runners woke up as early as 4.30 in the morning to prepare for the 13.1 miles. While it was many degrees cooler in the early morning than in the afternoon, some runners still felt the desert heat while they ran. I was thinking how dry, how dry the air was, and how thirsty, and how good some water at the end of the race, at the end of the finish line would be. It's good to go out with your friends and do something that's healthy and fun activity. The participants each received a medal and a t-shirt for running. Corporal Ed Gallo, forward operating base Dalaram-2, Afghanistan.