Brother in heaven, thank you for this wonderful day. Thank you for our lecturer. We thank you for all the students who are on the call and those who have not yet joined. But we thank you for your grace and mercy. Lord, we are here not because of our might, but we are here because of your grace. Lord, we do pray that you will bless our culture so that we do understand what she's going to preach us, not only to be hearers, but also doers of the word. I do pray for connectivity and then pray it. Amen. Thank you so much. Yeah, there have been some internet connectivity issues over here. So yeah, please keep this in prayer that today's session will go smoothly without any breaks. All right, we will get started then. So last week, we started the letter to the Thessalonians. We looked at chapter 2, most of it. We were kind of reaching the end of Thessalonians chapter 2. So we'll take it up today from 1 Thessalonians 2, 17 onwards, which is just four verses of this particular chapter. So these last four verses of chapter 2, if we could have someone read out, please. Thessalonians chapter 2, the last four verses, 17, 18, 19 and 20. Yeah, if you could all open your Bibles and keep it before you. Thessalonians chapter 2, if any one person could unmute and read out for us, verse 17 onwards. Verse 17, then we who are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air, and thus we shall always be with the Lord, therefore comfort one another with these words. Ah, yeah, first this was chapter 2. I'm so sorry. Brothers and sisters, when we were orphaned by being separated from you for a short time, in person, not in thought, out of our intense longing, we made every effort to see you, for we wanted to come to you. Certainly I, Paul, did again and again, but Satan blocked our way. For what is our hope, our joy, or the crown in which we were glory in the presence of our Lord Jesus when He comes? Is it not you? Indeed, you are our glory and joy. Yes, thank you. Yeah, when I heard the verse about the Second Coming, that's when it occurred to me that the wrong chapter was being read. So yeah, we'll come to that a little later. Right now, at the end of chapter 2, Paul is talking about how Satan has been blocking them from coming and revisiting these Thessalonian believers, and so he's basically talking about that aspect. In the previous verses, he has been speaking of these Thessalonian believers as though they are his own family. He compares himself to a nursing mother, who is willing to stay up late in the night to nurse the child, put the child to bed, to make sacrifices. He compares himself to a father, and he says that in the same way a father treats his children, that's the way he has looked upon the Thessalonians. So now over here in verse 17, this is what he says, brothers and sisters, when we were orphaned by being separated from you for a short time, out of our intense longing, we made every effort to see you. So he talks about the separation which had happened, almost like an orphaning, you know, the word being used over there. It can refer to a child losing its parents, but it can also refer to a parent having lost their child. And the emotion which a parent would feel if they lose a child, Paul is feeling that kind of an emotion, almost as though he has lost these Thessalonian believers. By the intensity of these emotions, what exactly is going on here? We look at the background in Acts chapter 17, verses 1 to 10, we understand what happened, how Paul had to very hastily, suddenly leave the Thessalonian believers and go away. We get to know a little bit about those details when we go to Acts chapter 17. So over there in Acts 17, we are told that once Paul and his team come over here to the city of Thessalonica, as usual, they first try to reach out to the Jews who are there. So they go to the Jewish synagogue on three separate Saturdays. He goes to the synagogue and tries to reason with the Jewish people about how the scriptures are talking about Jesus Christ as the Messiah. So he tries to convince them. And after he makes his efforts in Acts 17, verse 4, we are told that some of the Jews were persuaded and joined Paul and Silas. And it says a large number of God-fearing Greeks they joined. So whenever the term God-fearing Gentiles or God-fearing Greeks is used, it's referring to people who chose to become part of the Jewish faith. The Jews were sharing their faith with the people of other religions. And some of those people chose to accept Yahweh as their God. So they became known as the God-fearers. So from that community, many who have now joined the Jewish faith, some of those people, they choose to become part of the new Christian faith, which Paul and his team are introducing. So in Acts 17, verse 4, we see that some of the Jews were persuaded. And then it says a large number of God-fearing Greeks.  But we were told that the Thessalonian believers are very, very poor. We read about that in 2 Corinthians passage, even here in this letter, Paul refers to their poverty. So imagine these people who have come from rich backgrounds, these prominent women. It looks like they too lost many of their privileges. They too had to undergo a struggle because of their faith. So their faith in Jesus Christ cost them. They had to make sacrifices. So these were the people who began to place their faith in Jesus after Paul and his companions had been ministering over there for a few months. And then the Jews became very jealous when they saw a large number of God-fearing Greeks and quite a few prominent women. It says when they turned to the true gospel, the Jews were jealous. And so they cite, they try to incite rebellion. So they get hold of some, it says they rounded up some bad characters from the marketplace, formed a mob and started a riot in the city. So it's the Jews who instigate this kind of a position. And the crowd comes to Jason's house where Paul and Silas are supposed to be staying. They are not able to find Paul and Silas in the house. So they drag Jason and the other believers who are there. They drag them out into the city and they start creating trouble. And then this is what they say in Acts 17 verse 7. They make the allegation against Jason and the other believers and they say, they are all defying Caesar's decrees saying that there is another king, one called Jesus. So basically the crowd is using this allegation. It is saying that instead of being loyal to Caesar, these people who call themselves Christians, they are following another king. And so that would have been misunderstood by the authorities as these people trying to go after some other kind of political leader. So using this kind of false allegation, they try to create a riot against Paul and Silas. And so finally in verse 9, Acts 17, 9, we are told that at the end of the day, Jason and the other believers are allowed to post a bond and return to their homes. So when because of all of this which is happening in verse, then it says, as soon as it was night, the believers sent Paul and Silas away to barrier. So very hastily, all of a sudden, without any prior preparation, Paul and Silas are forced to leave. They have just started the church. People have come to the Lord in large numbers. Many Greeks and prominent women and a few Jews have all come to the Lord. But before they can really disciple them, teach them, because when Jesus gave his commission, he said, teach them all the things which I have told you. So they were in the process of doing that. They were trying to teach all that needs to be taught about Jesus and about following him. But in the middle of it, they were forced to leave. So now they are very... Paul is very, very concerned about in what condition these believers are. Before they could train them up, they were forced to leave the city. And so he says over here, we felt almost as if we were being orphaned. Like as if we had lost our spiritual children. And he says that he and his team had an intense longing to come and see them. I know that's the term that he uses in verse 17. That's supposed to be a word, the Greek word is epithomia.  So this is that kind of a very, very strong emotion. So this word epithomia, it can be used for very, very intense longing. Or it could even be used for worldly lust. So that is the kind of longing with which Paul begins to, you know, long for these believers to be able to go back to them. Make sure that they have understood the facts. Make sure that they will not drift away from the gospel. Now, I mean, this is something, you know, a level of concern, which we generally do not see in ministry nowadays, where this man has suddenly had to leave with his team. And now he has just left a bunch of, you know, very new believers and he's worried what kind of attacks they're undergoing from Satan. And whether they'll be able to withstand those kind of temptations. And so there's such a deep longing that that word epithomia is used over there, expressing the desire that these, that this team is feeling to go back and somehow, you know, work among these believers. So in the early church, they clearly did not think that just simply sharing the people, sharing the gospel with people and getting them to say the salvation prayer is enough. Because now, you know, a lot of ministries, they're able to put in their statistics, statistics saying that, okay, 100 people came to the Lord when we gave the altar call. And they leave it at that. They're very satisfied that they have done their task. But Paul and Silas do not even think that, you know, that the job is completed. The job is in fact just beginning where now those new believers would have to be trained up into people who will become disciples, who will be true followers of Jesus, who will take up their cross and follow him. So the process of training them has just started. And so he says that he's long to come back to them. But he says that on two occasions, he was stopped by Satan from returning back. That would be in verse 18. He says, we wanted to come to you. Certainly, I Paul did again and again, but Satan blocked our way. The word that is used over there, that's a Greek word, which is egg, copto, or whatever the pronunciation is, e-g-k-o-p-t-o. That is a word basically used for roads. You know, when you're going down a road and back then, if an army is going down a particular road and they are being pursued by an enemy army, what this army would do to protect themselves is that they would cut across the road and make a deep pit. So now when the enemy catches up with them, the enemy will not be able to cross, no, because there's a deep pit that has been dug right across the road. The road has been blocked. So now if the army wants, the enemy wants to pursue this army, they would have to go all the way around and use another route to come and attack this army. So that is the kind of word that is used over there. Paul had a goal. He wanted to build up the new believers. He wanted to make them strong in faith. Satan did not want them to become strong in faith. So he thought that if he can cut the road, I mean figuratively, if he can block off Paul's return, he was hoping, Satan was hoping that the believers would fall, that they would be led astray. And so Paul tries again and again to come, but he's unable to. So he was blocked from fulfilling the purpose that he had in his heart for the ministry among the Thessalonians. What do we do when we are placed in situations in our ministry or even in our personal lives where we are moving towards something that God wants for us, that is his plan and purpose for us. We are moving towards that. And then Satan comes and he egg cop to us. He literally blocks off the path so unexpectedly. You know, I mean, when you when you least expect it, there's a very, there's some, there's some circumstance which happens, which is, which seems so permanent. It just cuts off your progress. And now you have to again start all over. You know, you got to start making your attempts to move towards that thing which God has laid on your heart. You got to start doing it all over using new methods, approaching from a new way. And it's going to take a lot of time and effort. So this is what Satan tries to do. What do we do when we are faced with such circumstances? Maybe it's just, you know, God's purpose for your life. You know, whether it's in full-time ministry or whether it's in some other area of, you know, of professions that God has for you. What if Satan just suddenly blocks the way? What do we do? How would we handle that? The same in the next chapter in 1 Thessalonians chapter 3 verse 11. This is the prayer which Paul makes. 1 Thessalonians 3 11. He says, Now, may our God and Father himself and our Lord Jesus clear the way for us to come to you. So Paul didn't just give up, you know, he made, I think, two attempts to come back and both the times he was blocked. And so he doesn't just simply give up and say, Oh, okay, you know, the cause is lost. Or he doesn't say, Oh, I think some serious damage is going to take place now when we will lose these Thessalonian believers. No, he goes to the Lord in prayer and he begins to pray for this. So because Satan has made a deliberate attempt to block and cut off the roadway. Now only God can make a difference. So he says over here may our God and Father himself and our Lord Jesus clear the way for us. So whether it is in ministry that we have been blocked very deliberately by Satan from making progress or whether it is in our own personal lives where Satan has blocked us from achieving God's plans for us. We don't have to panic. We don't have to feel depressed or disappointed or even think that, you know, what God had planned for us is now gone. It is lost. No, we continue to pray that the God and Father, God and Father himself and our Lord Jesus Christ, they will clear the way for us. So in God's timing, what he has purposed will happen. Prayer is that powerful. Satan can try to create a delay, but it'll only be a delay. It cannot be a permanent thing because God will fulfill his purposes. So we can hold on in faith and say, you know, this path which has been temporarily blocked, the Lord will find a way. He will make some other, you know, route for me to reach my purposes, whether it's personally or in ministry. So Paul continues to try and then I think at some point, the Holy Spirit tells him, write a letter to them. So, you know, which is how, you know, he ends up writing a letter to them.  So the communication does not stop. The believers continue to grow in God. What Satan tried to do was defeated. His plan, his scheme, his strategy did not work. So alternate methods will be provided by the Lord. You know, the Lord would have told them, send Timothy. And the Lord would have, after Timothy comes back with this report, he would have said, now send two letters to them, you know, clearing up all the things which they have doubts about. So maybe later he went to meet them physically, but even though he could not meet them physically earlier, whatever God had planned was fulfilled. It was not obstructed. So have that full confidence in God, whether it's regarding your personal life, the God's purpose for you in your personal life or regarding ministry matters. Yes, delays may happen and yes, it may look like as if things have been lost. But no, what God has purposed, God will fulfill it from our side. He expects us to continue in prayer so that, you know, Satan's schemes would be defeated. And then from there, we let's move into verse 19 and 20. And this is what Paul says over here. He says, what is our hope, our joy, or the crown in which we will glory in the presence of our Lord Jesus when he comes? Is it not you? Indeed, you are our glory and joy. So if Paul had gone and had not received any crown, he would have been perfectly content because he was able to accomplish what was required for the Thessalonians. So he says, to see you progress, to see you having grown in God, that itself is crown enough. So the true ministers of God, the true missionaries who are serving the Lord, for them, it is more than enough if they can just see the people that are ministering to flourish spiritually, grow and become strong and be in a position to lead others. If they can achieve that, that itself is crown enough for them. You know, it's not like they're working towards any material benefits. So this is such a contrast in the days of the early church. From the, it's a contrast between the early church times and the times when Jesus was still there and the disciples had not yet received the Holy Spirit. At that time, if you look at their outlook, Paul, of course, was not part of the disciple team. But if you look at the disciples in Jesus' time, when Jesus was still alive, they were so power conscious, so materials conscious. If you remember, just to use one example, in Matthew chapter 19 verses 27 to 30, this is what Peter says to Jesus. He says, we have left everything to follow you. What then will there be for us? So he wants to know, in what way will they be rewarded? In what way will they be paid for the sacrifices they have made to leave everything to follow Jesus? And then Jesus assures them at that time.    The throne which will be closest to Jesus throne will have higher status and position. That is the kind of human thinking. So we see all of that happening in, in before the, before these disciples and the leaders receive the Holy Spirit. So this one comment which Jesus makes over there, after Peter says, you know, what then will be there for us? So after Jesus says to them that they will sit on 12 thrones, in verse 30 he says, but many who are first will be last, and many who are last will be first. So ranking is not going to be where your throne is going to be positioned or how big your crown is. Ranking in God's eyes is very different. He looks more at the matters of the heart. He's going to be looking for people like this Paul who is so concerned for these believers, Thessalonians, that he says, if you know, I can see you progressing in God, that is my crown. That is my glory. So literally he, for Paul and his team, the glory is in not sitting on a fancy throne. The glory is in having achieved the purpose for which God sent them, you know, where they were able to mentor these believers and turn them into the people that they are meant to be. So a lot of people in ministry may not be, you know, called by God to set up international organizations. Maybe you will not be the person who will plant, you know, churches throughout three, four regions. There are those who will be gifted to do that. That may not be your gifting, but in no way will your ranking or status be any lower because God is not looking at how much you accomplish. He's basically seeing whatever he has put in your hands with what passion are you doing it. So whether a person is going to be reaching three, four regions or whether a person is just going to be reaching the people in one single city, for the Lord, what God is going to be seeing is the heart with which you would be doing that ministry. So the crown for Paul and his team, you know, they felt that if they could just work among these believers and bring them to the level of spiritual maturity that is required, that itself is enough for them. That is crown enough for them. So if we have that same attitude, then God will reward us. Those who are first will be last and those who are last will be first, you know. So God, the way God ranks people is so different. And so we need to start thinking the way Paul and his team was thinking. And we need to have the same heart and the same burden in honoring the Lord and in serving people. So that's a very important point. I mean, you know, we may just very casually pass over those words which he uses over there, but he really means it when he says that. He says that for them, it's the crown in which we will glory in the presence of our Lord Jesus will be you. You know, it's what he says. Those are very significant words which he speaks. It shows the attitude of Paul's heart. It shows where his priorities lie. So we'll move into chapter three now. In chapter three, maybe we can just read one very large chunk. Maybe all the way from the first six verses. So if someone could read out for us, first Thessalonians chapter three versus one to six. First Thessalonians chapter three was one to six. Therefore, when we could no longer endure it, we thought it good to be left in Athens alone and sent Timothy, our brother and minister of God and a fellow laborer in the gospel of Christ to establish you and encourage you concerning your faith, that no one should be shaken by these afflictions. For you yourselves know that we are appointed to this. For in fact, we told you before when we were with you that we would suffer tribulation just as it happened and you know for this reason, when I could no longer endure it, I sent you know your faith. Less by some means, the tempter had tempted you and the labor might be in vain. But now that Timothy has come to us from you and brought us good news of your faith and love and that you always have good remembrance of us greatly desiring to see us as we also to see you. Do we need to continue, ma'am? Yeah, no, thank you. Yeah. So we see in these verses that Paul is saying over here that he was very, very concerned that they may step away from the faith. He says for this reason, because you see, they're going to be facing a lot of trials and a lot of persecution and because they're so young in the faith, he's worried that they will fall away. So he says in verse 3, so that no one would be unsettled by these trials. He is concerned that the temptations and the persecution that they're going to be facing, because they sent Paul and Silas away immediately. You know, but what about Jason and the other believers who are still over there, who are still looking after the church? They are going to be persecuted every day. So Paul was so worried that, you know, these believers will somehow fall away and be unsettled by these trials which they are facing.  When Timothy goes back with a good report saying, you know, he has gone and visited them and they still have pleasant memories about the missionaries. So you see, when these missionaries went over, they said we have come to give you the gospel, the good news and the Thessalonians gladly accepted it as good news. But then everything seemed to, you know, suddenly go wrong. The persecution became intense. They had to overnight send the missionaries away and then after that, they must have gone through very, very difficult times with the Jews attacking them left and right. So this good news looked as if it is bad news for them personally. You know, things did not go smoothly the way they had been hoping things would go. But now when Timothy comes back, he says that these people are still thinking of them in pleasant terms as though what they have offered is still good. As though what they had taught is something that is still reliable and they are still holding on to it. They have not fallen away. So sometimes when we are following this good news and practicing it in our lives, this gospel, it may lead to bad circumstances. Bad situations. But like the Thessalonians, we need to hold on and we need to hold on and remember that what God is offering us is valuable. So those are the pleasant memories that we hold on to. We don't become grumbly like those Israelites in the wilderness. Instead of being grateful to God that they had been delivered out of Egypt, they began to grumble. They were not grateful for the freedom which they had received. So we, just because the good news is bringing bad circumstances, we should not fall away like those people and grumble against the Lord. So the beautiful thing is that these Thessalonians when Timothy went to them, they didn't have a long list of tribes and complaints and say, this is the good news which you taught us. Now see this is the condition that we are in. There were prominent women who had come to the faith and now they were in an impoverished condition just like the rest of the believers. So because it says that the church was in a very desperate condition financially.  But when they spoke to Timothy who had gone over there, they only talked about pleasant memories. They had not been distracted away from the true gospel. So that should be our heart, that even when we are going through trying times, we hold on to the hope that we have and we still consider knowing God as something pleasant, as something to be treasured and valued. We don't in any way feel, oh, I wish I was like the world, then how easy life would be for me. No, that is simply not the desire of these Thessalonians. They are glad that they were brought the gospel. And they still have fond memories and they are longing for Paul to come back and teach them more things. So we have Christians today who are so grumbly about their faith. They say, oh, we can't do so many things that the world does. So many restrictions and limitations are there. What a empty life we lead. Look at them, they are living such full lives. If any of us has those feelings inside, then we need to recheck ourselves. Maybe we are still so worldly minded that we have not even begun to value what God has offered us. So as long as that worldly mindedness is there, yes, we will still continue to long for Egypt. But if we are like the Thessalonians who, you know, whatever they were taught, they began to renew their minds with that. They began to hold on to the new things which they had been taught. So for them, that longing to continue being part of their old life, go back, going back to the sinful ways, that was not their interest. So if, as Christians, we are feeling very dissatisfied with our Christian life and we are looking very enviously at the sinners, then it means that the work of renewal has not started. So we have to consciously make an effort not to be confirmed to the world, but to start being renewed in our minds so that we will be transformed. So here, Timothy is so happy, he talks to them. Those people say that they have pleasant memories of these missionaries and he comes back and gives this good report and Paul is very thrilled. And then in verse 7, this is what Paul says. He says, Therefore, brothers and sisters, in all our distress and persecution, we were encouraged about you because of your faith. Now he had gone to Berea from there and then from Berea, we're not sure where else he went. But wherever Paul and his team were going, they were going through a great amount of distress and persecution. So for them, the one bright spot for them is that the work which they have done in all the different places, it's not wasted. It is bearing fruit. Lives are being changed. So yes, they are still undergoing a lot of distress and persecution, but it's worth it because whatever they have sown, the seeds which they have sown, those seeds are bearing fruit. So he says, this has encouraged us and in verse 8, he makes a rather surprising statement. He says, For now we really live since you are standing firm in the Lord. It's like as if he had been holding his breath up to now and now after finding out from Timothy that they are still standing firm in the Lord, it's like now he's just taken a deep breath and he's relaxing because that's the way that word, that term translates into Greek, in the Greek language. That thing about how we are really living, it's talking about how there's a, we're able to breathe now. You can put that in a kind of rough translation would be now we can breathe. Till now we were too tensed up, but now we can breathe. That really shows the commitment and the love that these people had for the believers that they were serving, where they were so tensed up about their spiritual condition. So if we are running churches, God expects us to be very concerned about the spiritual welfare of our church members. It's not enough that they are coming on Sunday and filling the chairs. What is going on in their lives? Are they growing? Is there progress happening? That burden should be there in our hearts in the same way that Paul had that burden for the believers. Verse nine, he says, How can we thank God enough for you in return for all the joy we have in the presence of our God because of you? Verse 10, Night and day we pray most earnestly that we may see you again and supply what is lacking in your faith. So even in our congregations or in whatever ministry God has given us, the people that we are reaching out to, their faith has not been perfected. There are things which are still lacking in their faith. So a true leader would always be looking at his clock and asking himself in what areas is their faith still lacking and what can I do to fill up that area of lack? What can I teach them? What example can I set for them? What opportunities can I give them so that they can try out their wings and grow in that area and learn from God? So whatever is lacking in whatever areas their faith and their growth is still lacking, the leader tries to fill up that, tries to make, tries to come to provide opportunities to the people where they can maybe listen to a teaching or they can come and be part of some kind of ministry project. So he uses different methods to help his people grow in those areas so that their faith will become complete. So this is what Paul says, night and day we are praying earnestly that we can come back and why do we come back? Not just simply to visit, but to supply what is lacking in your faith. Okay, so it is simply not enough to bring people to salvation. We also have to disciple them and continue to see to it that they are growing in their faith and whatever is lacking, we continue to fill up those areas so that they will be complete one day in Christ. Verse 12, he says, May the Lord make your love increase and overflow for each other and for everyone else, just ask us for you. So he again comes back to this point about how they should continue to increase and overflow in love for each other and not just for each other in the Thessalonian church, but even for the churches everywhere else. Now this again is a point which places Christians very distinctly from all others. We not only care about our church and our congregation and the people whom we know, we are also people who are expected to have a deep love and commitment and burden for people of other churches in other places and maybe even in other countries, which is why we have so many people interceding for the believers in North Korea, in Pakistan, in Iraq, in places where there's a lot of persecution. Why do we intercede for them regularly in our prayers? It is because we are meant to overflow with love, not just for our own churches and our congregations, but even for everyone else. And this was something that was very, very clear in the early church times. You know, there's this person named Celsus, who was the critic of Christians. I mean, he very strongly opposed Christianity. This was in the second century AD. So this man Celsus, he writes some book called Through Discourse. Of course, there was nothing through about the discourse. It's some kind of a false teaching. But you know, in his writings, this is what the man says about believers of that time. He says, this is what he says. He says, these Christians love each other even before they get acquainted. You know, he writes it in a very mocking, sarcastic manner. They don't even know each other and already they love each other. But that is true Christianity. He regarded it as a weakness, you know, that we should be so loving and care so much about people who we have never even seen. But that is what sets us apart and marks us as true Christians. So Paul is saying of here, whether Lord make your love increase and overflow for each other and for everyone else just as ours does for you. So these early missionaries and ministers of God, they really wanted the believers to grow into the completeness of Christ. So that the believers will one day actually look like Christ, sound like Christ and have the same priorities as Christ. So whomever we are ministering to, I mean, even if it is just a small Bible study group of maybe 10 people, if you are the leader of the Bible study group, can see to it that those 10 people really become more and more Christ-like, you really are moving towards God's goal for you. So when you get to heaven, it will actually nobody is going to care which kind of a throne you're going to be sitting on or how huge your crown is going to be. What God will be looking for is with what heart did you do, what was set in your hands. And that will actually bring glory. So over there in heaven, nobody will care about things like the throne size and the mansion size. They will rather be looking for these aspects. In what way to this person really from their bottom of their heart honor the Lord, please the Lord serve the people. Those last will be the first. So you know, it's generally the ones who have international ministries whose names we know. Some person who's serving in some rural area in some village, he may never even care about their name. But in heaven, we will be told, see these people, this is what they did. They made so many of their disciples price like brought people to the level where their love was increasing and overflowing for each other and for the rest of the church worldwide. Sitting in their village, they were praying with tears and interceding for churches somewhere halfway across the world. And they fulfilled God's purpose. That will be the greatness. That is what the kingdom of God is all about. And so in his concluding remarks, he says in this chapter, may he strengthen your hearts so that you will be blameless and holy in the presence of our God and Father when our Lord Jesus comes with all his holy ones. There are three places in this Thessalonian letter where Paul talks about the importance of being blameless. That's a term which he uses very specifically in 210 here in 313 and again in 523. He talks about being blameless. So this is basically why we need to understand this point. God does not expect us to be sinless because we are still in the process of renewing our minds. We have not yet become completely Christ-like. We are still in the process. So God does not expect us to be sinless but he very much expects us to be blameless on a daily basis because that word blameless talks about going into his presence each time we do something wrong, we immediately are convicted, we humble ourselves, we respond to the conviction and we go to God and say, Yes, Lord, what you're saying about me is true. I have sinned. No, we don't make excuses. We don't compromise. The minute we are convicted, we go to the Lord and we say, Yes, Lord, what you're convicting me of is true. I humble myself and I repent. Lord, I want to change. Help me, oh Lord, give me the power I need, give me the grace I need. That is blamelessness where you're not continuing to live in sin where you're not ignoring his voice of warning but you are humbling yourself and you're accepting correction.  This is very, very important. So here Paul says, May God strengthen your hearts so that you will be blameless and holy in the presence of our God and Father when our Lord Jesus comes with all his holy ones. So Jesus is not going to tell you beforehand, one week beforehand, no, I'm going to be coming. And then, you know, that will give you time to clean up your act. No, when he comes with his holy ones, it will be very sudden. It will be very, very unexpected. So in that moment, will God find you blameless or not? That is the point. In that moment, you know, when he comes, will your hands be clean?  Have you repented? And are you now taking steps to improve yourself in those areas? So when he comes and catches you, at that moment, are you blameless? You will not be sinless because you know, you have not reached perfection but you can be blameless. So a lot of us, what we do is when we go to the Lord during our quiet time, he brings things to our mind. Things that need to be corrected. And we just push it aside because, you know, we don't really want to deal with those issues. And so those issues are still left hanging. The Holy Spirit has convicted you but you have not yet started resolving, you know, those issues. In fact, maybe you have not been repented yet of those issues. Now those will be areas where you are not blameless. So which is why when we go for, you know, to have a quiet time with the Lord, all the things that he's bringing to our minds, we may not be able to resolve all of it immediately because, you know, some of them are bigger issues but write them down. Write them down.  So, you know, write down that whatever God is bringing to your heart and mind, put down those points and then, you know, prayerfully start dealing with those issues because he wants us to be blameless before him in every single matter. So that when he suddenly comes with his holy ones, he will find you blameless. Okay, so in that sense that, that word blamelessness, it talks about that and it is God who will enable us to do that. We will not be able to do this on our own. He will strengthen our hearts. That is why Paul says over here, may he strengthen your hearts so that you will be blameless. So, when we come back from the break, we'll get into first this London's chapter 4. Thank you.


Coming to you from RGIS Studios, I am Anicia Antoine, and this is your midday news brief. Ambassador designate of the Republic of China Taiwan to St. Glutia, His Excellency Peter Chen, has presented his letters of credence to the Governor-General of St. Glutia, His Excellency Sir Emmanuel Neville Snark. In presenting his credentials, the ambassador reaffirmed his government's dedication to assisting in the development of St. Glutia. Ambassador designate of the Republic of China Taiwan to St. Glutia, His Excellency Peter Chen, expressed his hopes of strengthening the diplomatic ties between the two countries during his tenure. Highlighting the collaboration between Taiwan and St. Glutia, the Governor-General indicated that he is looking forward to working with the newly appointed Ambassador designate of the Republic of China Taiwan to St. Glutia. His Excellency Sir Neville Snark stated that St. Glutia will continue to advocate for the official recognition of Taiwan in the international community. The presentation of letters of credence by the Ambassador designate of the Republic of China Taiwan to St. Glutia to place on Monday, August 10, 2020, at the Government House. The St. Glutia Tourism Authority, SLTA, has made adjustments to the bubble countries. The Ministry of Health and Wellness continues to monitor developments as it relates to COVID-19 in the travel bubble countries in an effort to maintain the health and safety of all St. Glutians. Visitors within the bubble countries with a travel history from these areas in the last 21 days will be exempt from quarantine. However, they are required to obtain a PCR negative test result no more than 7 days prior to date of travel and are subject to mandatory screening on arrival. Bubble visitors are also subject to all applicable on-island protocols, including testing, quarantine and isolation, where necessary. Bubblecation is a marketing campaign recently launched by Kharibcation, allowing travelers from countries within the designated travel bubble to visit St. Glutia. For many years, residents of Viewfort, library and surrounding communities have had to endure an inconsistent and unreliable water supply. On August 6, 2020, the Government of St. Glutia held the sword-turning ceremony to mark the official commencement of Phase 1 of the Viewfort Water Supply Redevelopment Project. The project's scope includes construction of water production facilities, installation of new HDPE transmission mains and three new storage reservoirs among several other interventions. Phase 1 of this project is scheduled to be completed in September 2021, with Phase 2 to be completed in March of 2022. This has been your midday news brief. Thank you for watching.


could you help assist out like i will repay you you can ask for repayment you can say hey i'll repay you mess up you guys it's adana i am back with another video for you guys so i just want to say thank you to all of you for joining me on this journey really really appreciate you guys so if i haven't said it in a while this is my time saying it to you guys now thank you guys so much for joining me on this journey i really appreciate each and every one of you and and if you haven't already done so go ahead and subscribe right now and join me on this journey so you guys um for those of you who are like man you know what uh ph school is expensive it is it definitely is and some ph schools are more expensive than others so it's very very very very important that you figure out how you're going to pay for ph school so you got into ph school you're happy you're enjoyed or you're thinking about ph school now how are you going to pay for it right like what are you going to do and that is what this video is going to be about how to pay for ph school many people go the traditional route and that traditional route is through alone so you can go through um phaspha i know a lot of my cohort classmates did that um they went through phaspha to fill out that application um it's based on either your parents or yours irs and your w2 forms and it will actually like populate different scholarships and loans and and government federal loans that you can actually use to pay for ph school so i know that's like a good option for some people they choose that route because you know they don't have a hundred thousand eighty thousand dollars just laying around um waiting for them so that they can pay for ph school so that is the route that they choose and um if you haven't already thought of phaspha or if you've never filled out a phaspha um go ahead and get started on that application right now because they need like different information for you and the earlier you apply for phaspha the better because there are some government grants and loans that kind of get taken up um sooner on depending on how many people are applying and are eligible so it's important for you to actually apply and fill out your phaspha early in the year if especially you think that you're going to get into ph school this year or um within a year or um if you've already gotten into ph school so that is one route now another route is to go to the personal loan so you can do a personal loan a private loan that's not through phaspha not through federal funding you know through your local bank and i know there are some pretty like decent looking loans especially for the medical and health care field i know like discovery help has has like a health one you know for like student loans i know son trust does i think pnc does as well um the one that i was really interested in was wells fargo and i mean i know y'all i know we're feeling a little kind of shaky right now for wells fargo because of the whole thing that they were embroiled in last year with you know that little big like scandal thing i get it i get it all right i get it you guys but their student loan was like really really appealing um it was made specifically for people in like health care professions or going back to school like you know your nps your pa's your dentists your physicians and it i think their their cap is like 120 000 per year and then you don't have to start repaying it until two years after you've gotten out of like well school whatever school you're in so that was like really appealing because it gives you time to like prepare because let's say for instance you know your 23 24 25 you're still able to live at home with your family your parents you don't have like you know a wife or a husband and you're able to like save money while living with family that is big because you'll be able to now come ahead and save up from the money that you're making while you're in your respective careers and you can put that towards your loan so that is like a really really good option for many people another option is your grants and your scholarships and again i know that fast but does i think they send you some of the grants but you can also go to your financial aid counselor at your respective pa schools or whatever school you're entering into and they will have like a list of the different scholarships that the school may offer or that other people may offer you know people in the health care system that they work with i know my particular school has a health care system that they're closely related to that offers a scholarship to students in their second year and so that's really like important because you're able to now pay for the majority you know like half over 50 percent or at least 50 percent of your tuition and then that's one less burden that you have to worry about now you just have to consider yourself with okay well how do i take care of the other half and it's less money that you may have to come up with maybe you're able to actually borrow that from friends and family so you know that is an option go the scholarship and grants route it's tedious work because a lot of them require you to write essays and things like that but i mean it's essentially free money so definitely think about that you also have your loan repayment programs so i know that if you were already working some some places their jobs will pay for them to go to school in a sense through a loan repayment program but there is this thing it's kind of like teach for america i think is what it was called for the teachers where you go and kind of under serve populations and you teach kids in that area and it helps to pay for your graduate degree or your schooling that you actually took to become a teacher and we have that same thing in the medical field i think it's your like national service core i believe is what it's called i will definitely look that information up for you and just kind of leave a link in like right here link right here for you guys um so you can actually go and look into that but i know that you owe them i guess you owe them time um in an underserved area and they will pay for your schooling so that is something to look into um i'm not really sure of all the amount if it's the whole thing if it's part of it 50 but that's all information that you guys can go and find for yourself and see if that's something that you want to do if you're already gonna work in let's say a free clinic or you know an underserved populated area that's already your passion then this might be a great option for you also you know you can go we're in this age of like social media i'm here on youtube you know we have instagram and then we have like go fund me right we have all of these different kind of crowdfunding websites uh so that is an option you guys don't like don't be afraid to ask your friends and family okay you can crowdfund i know some of you are very privileged and that's okay that is okay that you have a mom who is a physician or uncle who is the CEO of Pfizer and that is all right go hit uncle Pfizer up you know go ask him uncle i'm trying to you know better the world could you help us this to out like i will repay you you can ask for repayment you can say hey i'll repay you i'll give you i'll write up a contract whatever it is you guys don't be ashamed don't be because you're bettering yourself and you're gonna in turn better the community that you're serve and so it's going to be important for you to just kind of like swallow your pride take a little bit of that humble juice and go ahead and ask ask your friends and family not everybody has uncle Pfizer but that's okay um you can just ask mom and dad and cousin and sister and brother and friend from high school you know make a nice video i did it i made a video i was like y'all i need to pay for my initial entrance into pa school could you please help me out and if i hadn't have asked i wouldn't be here right now in pa school because that is what like helped propel me and i was able to actually get somebody to help me pay for pa school so do it you guys do it okay that's an option crowdfund don't be afraid to do this okay lastly i think that um this is also important especially for those of you that are in the arm services or military and you're thinking about becoming a pa i don't know like the specific different branches but um you know you're you're trying to do the medic thing you want to be a pa in the military or in the arm services and so i know that they have routes of paying for that helping you pay for it uh i don't know exactly how much it is uh if it's again 50 percent or all of it or um you just give back time i know my friend he went to school he was in the military he's a physician he went to school and he owes nothing um he owes them nothing but his time uh and so he's out of school 300 thousand dollars debt free and that that is great so it's a great option for some of you if you're already in the military if this is something that you already have dedicated your life to or if you're thinking about it look into it look into it because that is a way to pay for pa school and um i think the just the kind of blatant just hey this is like this is something that you can do is just plan right you know save up y'all if y'all know that y'all trying to apply to pa school within the next two years go ahead and start working your behind off and save now start saving now because let's say you're able to pocket 20 000 within the next two years or 30 40 000 for a lot of pa schools that's like 50 to 60 70 of their tuition for both years because you're you're paying like 35 000 20 000 a year so that's that's a big chunk of money if you're able to get 20 000 that might be like half of your pa schooling right there so don't be afraid to just work hard and actually save uh i know that it is not necessarily what everybody wants to hear it's not the easiest route but it's definitely a practical route and it's something that everybody can do with respect to just kind of getting out there and doing as much work and as many jobs as you possibly can save up prepare yourself and um put that away in a nice little savings where it can even gain interest and then when you get into pa school you may not even have to ask anybody for help because you did it yourself so that's it those are my tips y'all i hope you guys um you know take this it's take this into consideration and take it to heart um go ahead and look at the website that i'm gonna leave for you all and um hopefully you guys find some ways to pay for pa school uh i am so excited for everybody that has gotten into pa school and that is thinking about pa school um and planning for pa school uh please do your due diligence and do your research and um i hope you guys enjoyed this video all right y'all if you haven't already done so go ahead and subscribe and follow me on instagram at adana the pa and i will talk to you guys next time bye


Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Iyer's Academy for the date 8th April 2019. Displayed are the list of news articles selected for today's analysis and their page numbers in both Chennai and Delhi edition of the newspaper. Now the first article appears on page number 7 in both the editions. The information given in the article is part of economic and social development, poverty, inclusion, social sector initiatives under the syllabus of the preliminary examination and remains examination under role of women, poverty and developmental issues in GS1 and under government interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation, welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the centre and states and the performance of these schemes, issues relating to development and management of social sector, social services relating to health in the GS2 paper. The article states that most rural households with LPG connections are still using the earthen stows. A new study was conducted by the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics, shortly called as RISE in late 2018. Now the study found that because of this Ujwala scheme, now around 76% of households in four states own LPG connection. Now the four states are Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. However, the study also found that 85% of the Ujwala beneficiaries in rural Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan still use earthen stows. Also, 53% of the Ujwala beneficiaries have exclusively used earthen stows for cooking. Now the study found the reasons for the situation which are also the challenges faced by the families in rural and poor households. Firstly, the burden of refilling cost. It is found that the cost of an LPG cylinder refill is unbearable for the poor households. Now most of the rural areas, women are not typically economic decision makers in their family or household where we can find women doing unpaid work of collecting and carrying solid fuels and making dunk cakes. Their male counterparts think that solid fuel is available without any cost and this gender inequality is hindering a shift to LPG usage. Now there were also illogical common beliefs such as eating food cooked on gas causes gas in the stomach which makes them difficult to move towards LPG. The households are also ignorant of ambient or indoor air pollution and their harmful effects such as respiratory disorders or diseases. The issue is serious because indoor air pollution accounts for nearly 10 lakh deaths in a year in our country. As suggestions are about what needs to be done, the article suggests giving high cylinder refilling subsidies, efficient monitoring of the scheme, carrying out awareness campaigns to eliminate the afforded challenges and to take any initiative that shall alter the present behaviour of resorting to the solid fuels and unhealthy cooking methods. In this context, let's now know about the Prime Minister or the Prime Minister Ujwala Yojana. See way back in 2016, it was found that around 40% of Indian households were deprived of LPG as cooking fuel. As a result, these households faced the problem of household pollution or indoor air pollution and their harmful effects such as respiratory disorders and illness. Also, women and children went through the drudgery of collecting firewood. Now with an aim to safeguard the health of women and children by providing them LPG which is a clean cooking fuel, this Yojana was launched in 2016. Now the beneficiaries of the program are being identified through socio-economic and caste census. The scheme is being implemented by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas wherein free LPG connections are provided to the women belonging to the BPL households by oil marketing companies such as Indian Oil, Bharat Petroleum, Hindustan Petroleum. Regarding the benefits of the scheme, see the BPL families receive a financial assistance of Rs. 1600 per connection. It ensures women empowerment and also women-led development as connections are issued in the name of women. It provides a great boost to the Make in India campaign as all the manufacturers of cylinders, gas stoves, regulators or domestic. It safeguards the family members from household air pollution and thus prevents adverse health effects and also women and children now need not go through the drudgery of collecting firewood. With every news article, a revision Compranctis prelims question will be displayed which will be discussed at the last part of this video. With this, let's move on to the next part. This news article appears on page number 18 in both the editions of the newspaper. The article talks about a fungus called Candida auris which preys on people with weakened immune systems and is quietly spreading across the globe. The aspects of the news article comes under current events of national and international importance and general science in the syllabus for the preliminary examination. The fungus Candida auris is immune to drugs. Over the past five years, it has hit Venezuela, Spain and has now taken root in India, Pakistan and South Africa. Very recently, this fungus has reached New York, New Jersey and Illinois of United States of America leading to Federal Center for Disease Control and Prevention to declare it as urgent threat. Now, Candida auris is so tenacious meaning it has a firm hold on the host because it is impervious to major antifungal medications leading to the rise of drug-resistant infections. Just like bacteria, the fungi are evolving to survive medicines. Now, let us know something about this Candida auris. They are classified as yeast that form a part of the fungus kingdom. They are emerging pathogens where the source of the fungus is largely associated with healthcare industry and healthcare equipments that is unhygienic healthcare equipments. These infections are highly invasive leading to fatalities meaning deaths. They are multi-drug resistant and are difficult to treat. They require specialized labs to diagnose this fungus else it might lead to misidentification. Now, this fungus is mostly misidentified with Candida hemoloni. Misidentification leads to inappropriate treatment management. The major concern is that outbreaks are largely reported in the healthcare establishments. The fungus has been known to have infected the bloodstream, wound infections and ears till date. People of all ages from preterm infants to elderly are susceptible to the infection and the patients administered with the breathing and feeding tubes and the central venous catheter have a high risk of getting infected by the fungus. The transmission modes are contaminated surfaces or equipments and person to person transmission is also found. This function has emerged independently at the same time across different countries. Now, the displayed prelims practice quest will be discussed at the end of the analysis. With this, let's move on to the next article. Now, this article appears on page number 9 in both the editions of the newspaper. The information given under this article is relevant under the subtopic of environment ecology, biodiversity and climate change under preliminary examination syllabus and also government policies, interventions for development in various sectors in GS2 and conservation, environment pollution and degradation in GS paper 3 of Mainz examination. The news talks about the issues with respect to solid waste management in the country. Let us begin the discussion with the basics of solid waste management. First, let us know about what is solid waste? Now, the solid waste includes municipal solid waste, hazardous solid waste and biomedical waste. Municipal solid waste is any household commercial institutional waste which is non-hazardous. Hazardous waste mainly includes industrial waste. Finally, this biomedical waste is infectious and it includes discarded medicines, disposable syringes, etc. Now, when we come to the statistics of solid waste generation, see the Press Information Bureau of Government of India in 2016 reported that India generates around 62 million tons of solid waste every year and the solid waste generation is growing at the rate of 4%. Of the total solid waste, only around 60% of the waste is collected and a very meagre 15% is processed in the country. Now, this shows the gap in the solid waste management practices in the country. But if we have a look at the various solid waste management techniques followed in the country, we can see some of them are least preferred and some being most preferred based on the level of environmental friendliness. While the bottom two that is landfills and incineration falls under least preferred, composting becomes more preferable while 3R that is reduce, reuse and recycle becomes most preferred techniques. Now, let us understand the policies that exist in our country. See the solid waste management rules 2016 are the present rules for the solid waste management which has replaced earlier municipal solid waste management rules of 2000. The 2016 rules are applicable beyond municipal areas while MSW rules 2000 focus only on municipal areas. In the new rules, they extend beyond municipal areas to urban agglomerations, census towns, notified industrial townships, areas under the control of Indian railways, airports, air base, port and harbor, defense establishment, special economic zones, state and central government organizations, places of pilgrims, religious and historic importance. Now, these rules mandate source segregation of waste which will help channelize the waste to wealth by 3R or recovery, reuse and recycle. Now, the responsibilities of waste generators have been introduced to segregate waste into three streams that is wet or biodegradable, dry for example, plastic, paper, metal, wood etc. and domestic hazardous waste such as diapers, napkins, empty containers of cleaning agents, mosquito repellent. See the segregated waste should be handed over to authorized rag pickers or waste collectors or local bodies. Also, integration of waste pickers or rag pickers and the waste dealers in the formal system is another key feature of the recent rules. Now, this is to be done by state governments, self-help groups or any other group to be formed. Now, the waste generator will have to pay user fee to waste collector and for spot find for littering and non-segregation. Now, the given news article states that despite these provisions in the 2016 rules, several issues still hinder effective solid waste management. They are rapid urbanization which is resulting in higher production of solid waste. The next issue is lack of strong local governance as they suffer from fund crunch and manpower crunch. One of the most important issues, the failure of waste segregation which has to happen at the source itself and this affects the recycling of the waste. Next, see the waste to energy plants even now remains non-operational. Therefore, the highly preferred way of solid waste management that is recovery from waste or processing has been accorded least importance. Even now, open dumps remain the common way of waste disposal which is polluting. Finally, see the lack of involvement from community has been a stumbling block for effective solid waste management. Now, the next article appears on page number 14 in both the editions. It discusses about issuance of non-convertible debentures of three companies which are open for subscription and it has also highlighted the advantages of non-convertible debentures against the fixed deposits in the present scenario. So, let's try to know the keywords from the news article as some of the contents of the article are not relevant for civil services exam preparation. In this context, let's discuss about debentures, securities market, the difference between bonds and debentures, difference between convertible and non-convertible debentures and the differences between debentures and fixed deposits. Also, we will know in brief about SEBI. The keywords that we are going to discuss thus becomes a part of economic and social development and current events of national and international importance. Now, the debentures are part of the securities market. Before knowing about debentures, let's discuss securities market. See, the securities market are a part of capital market. See, the securities market deals with share instruments and debt instruments. Equity shares, preference shares and derivatives all form a part of share instruments. Bonds, debentures form a part of debt instruments. Both shares and debt instruments are instruments of fundraising, but there is a clear difference if we take a closer look. In case of shares, the investors have a share in the capital and profit. In case of debt instruments, the investors do not have any share in the capital. They just lend to the company. The company is liable to pay interest on capital borrowed through bonds. Regardless of profit or loss, the debt instrument holders are entitled to receive a fixed income in the form of interest payments. We saw that bonds and debentures are debt instruments. Let's see the difference between them. See, the debentures are also like bonds, but there is a slight difference. Bonds are unsecured, meaning the lender lends money to the company without any security. But the debentures are secured, meaning the lender lends money to the company with a security which could be a manufacturing plant, machinery, buildings. And debentures and other securities markets are regulated by Securities and Exchange Board of India, shortly called as SEBI. There are two types of debentures, namely convertible debentures and non-convertible debentures. Convertible debentures are those where the debentures say which is a debt instrument can be converted into equity shares, which is a share instrument. Thus it ends up being a hybrid financial product. Non-convertible debentures are those which cannot be converted and they remain a traditional debt instrument. The interest rates for these non-convertible debentures are usually higher than that of convertible debentures in order to compensate the lack of convertibility. Convertible debentures are attractive to investors who want to convert to equity if they believe the company stock will rise in the long term. However, the ability to convert to equity comes at a price since convertible debentures pay a low interest rate compared to non-convertible debentures. Now, let us try to know the differences between debentures and fixed deposits. The first difference is that debentures usually have a long term maturity in counts of years, which could be 3 years or 5 years or 10 years. The maturity period is usually fixed by the companies who are in need of capital. In case of fixed deposits, they have short to long term maturity options. Short term here means 7 days or 15 days or 45 days and long term means 1.5 years or 5 years or 10 years. Now, the interest rates for debentures are usually fixed by companies to raise capital or fund. Whereas in case of fixed deposits, it is fixed by banks. The rates are largely dependent on RBI's directive. The next difference is that the debentures are tradable in stock markets or exchanges, whereas fixed deposits are non-tradable in India. The issuance and trading of debentures are completely digitized in the form of DMAT accounts, whereas fixed deposits are handled both conventionally and also digitally by the banks in India. Since debentures are tradable, they provide more flexibility to the investor. Whereas this flexibility is not available for a investor handling fixed deposits, thus adding rigidity. We saw that debentures and other security markets are regulated by SEBI. SEBI is Securities and Exchange Board of India, which is a statutory body established in 1992 as per Securities and Exchange Board of India Act of 1992. Now, the main objective of SEBI is to protect the interest of the investors in securities and to promote the development and regulation of securities market. The displayed practice prelims question will be discussed in the last session of the video. Now, this article appears on page number 7 in the Delhi edition of the newspaper and finds no mention in the Chennai edition. The news article discusses about the continuing trend of discoloration of the river Periyar in the state of Kerala. It also mentions about eutrophication. We shall know more about Periyar river and the phenomena of eutrophication. Now, the various aspects of this news article becomes part of Indian physical geography, environmental ecology and syllabus for preliminary examination. See, the Periyar river is the longest river of Kerala, originates in Sivagiri Hills of Kerala and flows westwards. The river drains through Kochin Backwater System of Vembonad Lake into the Arabian Sea. The major tributaries of the river are Mudirapula, Perinyankutti, Idamalaya. The major reservoirs of this Periyar river basin include Mollai Periyar Dam, Pudadan Kettu and Idamalaya Dam. And this Idaki reservoir also. This Idaki reservoir consists of three dams, namely Idaki Dam, Cherutoni Dam and Kulamavu Dam. Periyar river provides drinking water to the major towns of Kerala, including the city of Kochin. In the news article, it is reported that discoloration is due to the poor quality of the water as a result of eutrophication. See, this eutrophication is a phenomenon of excessive nutrients in the water body leading to algal bloom and excessive growth of algae. See, the subsequent death or decay, death and decay of algal bloom leads to increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the water that depletes the oxygen present in the water. This finally results in foul smell and discoloration of water. This news article tells that the possible source of excessive nutrients is contributed by the sewage water which is rich in organic load and the discoloration of water is further increased by stagnant water and reduced water flow. Let us know about the types, sources and possible effects of eutrophication now. See, there are two types of eutrophication, natural and cultural, classified based on the sources, natural sources and anthropological sources. The possible sources of cultural eutrophication largely include anthropological sources such as discharge of partially treated or untreated sewage, discharge of detergents, runoff of inorganic fertilizers, runoff of manure from farms and runoff from soil erosion induced by human factors. Whereas the natural sources include natural runoff from soil and from weathering of rocks. Eutrophication leads to killing of aquatic life present in the water body. It also leads to water-borne diseases to that population who are living near the water body. Eutrophication will lead to increased water pollution which would affect both animals and humans. The drinking water supply to the nearby population will be severely disrupted because of eutrophication. See the practice prelims question will be discussed in the last part of this video. Now this news article appears on page number 13 in both the editions. The article discusses data related to emissions based on international energy agencies, global energy and carbon dioxide status report. The information given in the article become part of current events of national and international importance and general issues on environmental ecology and climate change under the syllabus for problems examination and under conservation, environmental pollution and degradation under the main syllabus for GS3 paper. It states that China, India and the United States of America account for 85% of the net increase in carbon dioxide emissions in the year 2018. Also India's primary energy demand has risen by 4% but this demand was led by coal which is used in power generation. While China recorded the highest growth in year on year basis in renewable based electricity, India achieved 10% year on year growth which is above the worldwide growth of 7%. In the prelims perspective it is vital to know who releases this report. See this global energy and carbon dioxide status report 2018 was released recently in March 2019 by international energy agency and the report discusses the recent global trends and developments across fuels, renewable sources and energy efficiency and carbon emissions in the year 2018. This editorial news article appears on page number 8 in both the editions. The information given in the article is part of economic and social development under the prelims syllabus for the civil services examination and under effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth in the syllabus for the mains examination in GS paper 3. The article states that the inflow of foreign capital into the Indian stock market reached 4.89 billion US dollars which is the highest foreign inflow since February 2012. The article states that the inflow of foreign capital into Indian stock market reached 4.89 billion US dollars, the highest foreign capital inflow since February 2012 and as a consequence to this increase the appreciation of rupee has been seen to around 7% since October 2018. Moreover the FDI received by India last year is more than the FDI received by China. See this is special for Indian economy as this is the first time in last 20 years FDI received by India is more than that of China. Now coming to the reasons for increase see the Chinese economy has been slowing down in the last one year and India has become the fastest growing major economy which gave the investors the confidence as they expect India will become a major source for global growth. Now this is one of the reasons for the increase in foreign capital inflow. Another reason is that now the western central banks such as US Federal Reserve and European Central Bank have turned dovish meaning having the policy of low interest rates for the money lent and they have promised to stay so for a longer period. In economics if they say banks are hawkish this means banks are going for higher interest rates for the money lent. Now the challenge for policy makers in India is how to retain the investor confidence which can be done through carrying out long pending structural reforms particularly in labor and land market and by ensuring proper macroeconomic management wherein the author means containing the fiscal deficit of the center and the states. In this context let us know shortly about foreign investments. Of the current account and capital account foreign investments come under capital account. There are two types of foreign investment they are foreign direct investment foreign portfolio investment. Foreign portfolio investment is investment in shares of a company through stock exchange or secondary market wherein the investments are not exceeding 10% of the total paid up capital of the company and any investment above 10% is foreign direct investment and through FDI a foreign investor can exert control in the management of the company. Now this foreign portfolio investment is further categorized in two three. That is foreign institutional investment, depository receipts and offshore funds. Herein we have to keep in mind that the participatory notes are part of foreign institutional investment. Unlike FDI or foreign direct investment which is relatively long term investment now the foreign portfolio investments are short term investments and hence also called as hot money. It is called hot money because there is capital outflow when some problems even such as negative market sentiments are seen by the investors in the economy. With this we now come to the final session. The practice questions discussion come revision. Let us have a look at the first question. Now first question is with reference to the Prime Minister Ujbala Yojana. They have given two statements and are asking which of the above statements are correct. Now the first statement the scheme provides financial assistance to below poverty line families for LPG connections. As we saw earlier this statement is correct and the second statement states it is implemented by Ministry of New and Renewable Energy but we learn that it is not implemented by Ministry of New and Renewable Energy but is implemented by Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. Therefore the correct answer for this question is option A one only. Now let us have a look at the second question. See the second question is with reference to Candida Oris. They have given two statements and are asking which of the statements are not correct. Now the first statement Candida Oris recently seen in news is a type of fungus emerging as a drug resistant. Now we know that this statement is correct but the second statement Candida Oris is a potential pathogen caused by continuous exposure to biopesticides. Now this statement is not correct because the source of the infection is particularly the unhygiene health care systems or unhygiene health care equipments. Since the second statement is not correct and they are asking the statements which are not correct the answer would be B two only. Now let us have a look at the third question. See the third question is with reference to Dibbinger. They have given two statements and are asking which of the statements are correct. The first statement Dibbinger is a type of debt instrument that gives the investors a fixed income in the form of interest payments. Now this statement is correct. The second statement it is regulated by Rousseau Bank of India. See the second statement is wrong because Dibbinger comes under securities market which is regulated by SEBI not RBI. Therefore the answer for this question is option A one only. Now in the question four they have given the name of reservoirs on one side and the name of rivers on other side and they are asking which of the paths given above are correct. See the first pair Stanley reservoir which is also called as Maitur Dam is located in the state of Tamil Nadu on River Cauvery. Now this pair is correct. Now the second pair Idiqui reservoir is located in the state of Kerala on River Periyar so this pair is also correct. Now the third reservoir see the third pair Balimela reservoir is not located on River Krishna. Rather it is located on River Sileru which is a tributary of River Godavari. Now this Balimela reservoir is located in the state of Odisha. Therefore the third pair is incorrect. Coming to the fourth pair see the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir is located in the state of Telangana but not on River Godavari. But on River Krishna. So this pair the fourth pair is also not correct. So the third and fourth pairs are incorrect and our option should not contain the pair number three and four. The only correct answer is the correct answer is option A one and two only. With this let's move on to our next question. Now the next question is with reference to eutrophication. They have given two statements and are asking which of the statements are correct. Now the first statement eutrophication is the process when a water body becomes highly enriched with minerals and nutrients leading to excessive growth of algae and plants. Now this statement is the definition of eutrophication itself. This statement is correct and the second statement it leads to the depletion of oxygen in the water. And we saw that during the process of eutrophication the oxygen level in water is depleting or is decreasing. Therefore the second statement is also correct. Therefore the correct answer for this question is option C both one and two. With this we come to the end of today's analysis. If you like the video press the like button, share the video, comment and subscribe to our Shankaray's Academy YouTube channel to get notified about videos for civil services exam preparation.


Hello, my name is Jerry Simmons. I am one of two full-time National Archives staff who work as external agency liaisons to SNACC, which stands for Social Networks and Archival Context. My colleague, Deena Herbert, and I participated in a number of SNACC programs, but our primary focus in the cooperative is the administration of the SNACC School. You can find SNACC using any web browser and there's no need for a login or a password. The landing page is a tumbling ever-changing mosaic of sample name descriptions you can explore in SNACC. The search bar at the top of the landing page provides you a flexible keyword search and you can filter your search results to return three specific types of entity descriptions, organization names, person names, or family names. SNACC officially began its work as a fully-formed archival authority cooperative in fall 2015, though work on the concept, the data model, and the search engine started in 2010 at the Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities with support from the California Digital Library. The endowment for the humanities and the Institute for Museum and Library Services granted support for this research and development phase. It was during this phase that the National Archives staff began participating as expert advisors for name authority cataloging and cooperative description. The new cooperative phase is supported by the Andrew Mellon Foundation. 2016 saw the stand-up of SNACC's formal governance and administration guided by four working groups and a formal training program, which is administered by the National Archives and Records Administration. As of January 2023, SNACC has 450 registered editor partners, including some as far away as Brazil, Argentina, and India, who cooperatively developed descriptions for creators of a wide variety of archival and cultural heritage collections found in repositories around the world. Editors can create authority records for persons like voting rights activist, Fannie Lou Hamer. Searching for Hamer in SNACC starts with a simple keyword search of her name or parts of her name. Hamer's SNACC record includes a high-level biography note, then a list of related archival resources with a contextual descriptor. Hamer is designated as the creator of her own papers held at the Amistad Research Center at Tulane University, but is referenced as a subject in the McKissick papers at UNC Chapel Hill Wilson Library. Clicking on the title links takes you to the finding aids for those materials. SNACC also links to other types of archival descriptions. Hamer's SNACC record includes a link to a catalog description found in the National Archives Catalog it links to records described in the NARA catalog, but records themselves are held at the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library. Another unique feature of SNACC is describing contextual relationships between other entities described in SNACC. In this example, we see Hamer's SNACC record linked to the descriptions of two organizations which she helped found in the 1960s. Clicking on those names moves you to descriptions for those organizations found in SNACC. To learn more about social networks and archival context and how the National Archives leads in this global description project, visit snackcooperative.org. Thank you.


Hello everyone, myself Professor Prithish Chittay, working as an assistant professor in mechanical engineering department, Valchian Institute of Technology, Solapur. Now, this will be our fourth session. In this fourth session, we will discuss geometrical modeling. In our last sessions, we have discussed the geometrical transformation, their numericals and the concatenation method. Now, what are the learning outcomes? The students will be able to explain the different types of geometrical modeling, like the wireframe, surface and the solid modeling. Also, they can describe the different schemes of solid modeling, like constructive solid geometry, CHG and boundary representations, that is B representations. These are the contents. First, we will discuss the geometrical modeling, after that we will discuss the different types of geometrical modeling, and after that we will discuss the different schemes based on the solid model. What is meant by geometrical modeling? First we will see what is meant by model. A model is mathematical representation of different geometrical entities, where we have to store these geometrical entities in the computer memory. In earlier days, it is really difficult to represent these models manually, it will take a very much time. But with the help of these different modeling softwares like the Katia, Unigraphics or the Solidworks, we can say that there is a time saving and the accuracy is more. So geometrical modeling, what is meant by geometrical modeling? This is the computer representation of any geometrical entity of mechanical component with the help of different geometrical softwares, which is called geometrical modeling. So where we can use the geometrical modeling? For the 3D modeling or maybe the 2D modeling, before 3D modeling we have to use the 2D sketches. In the Katia we have to use the 2D sketches. After that we can provide a third dimension that is called as 3D modeling or which is also called as part designing. And after combining each and every component that is 3D component, we can provide the assembly. Also we can provide the computer added drafting. Computer added drafting means providing the front view, top view and side view and the isometric view with the help of the part list which is very important or we can call it as the build of material and which is automatic in the different modeling softwares. Manually if you are doing this drafting part which is very difficult, right? So accuracy is also very more the efficient. So we can use the computer added drafting only by clicking on the one icon or the tool we can get the maybe the front view or maybe the top view or maybe the sectional side view maybe the right hand side view or maybe the left hand side view. And also we can create the build of material. This is one simple example. This is a pipe, a 3D pipe also with the help of we are having these sections here. So we can create these types of mechanical components in the different modeling softwares like Katia. Also we can provide the different types of analysis like the kinematic analysis, the structural analysis or maybe the static or the dynamic analysis, vibrational analysis, thermal analysis. These are the different types of analysis. There are different types of analysis softwares like maybe the ANSYS hyper words after that idea, NASTRON, LSDANA these are the different analysis software. We can do the analysis in the different modeling softwares like the solid words or maybe the Katia. But these analysis softwares is having the very efficient and the modeling softwares. But before analysis we have to mesh the different components to get the discretization that is to create the nodes and the elements. For the different meshing there are the different, suppose you want to create the meshing for the different components. Suppose you want to provide the meshing on this pipe or the elbow, here you can provide the meshing with the help of different softwares like the hyper mesh or also ANSYS also you can provide the meshing. The types of geometrical modeling, as we have discussed there are the three types of geometrical modeling, wire frame modeling, surface modeling and the solid modeling. First we will discuss the wire frame modeling. So these are the some examples of the wire frame modeling. Wire frame modeling is the very least important geometrical modeling. For example application the toolpath simulation. In the CNC programming there is a toolpath simulation you can provide the wire frame modeling there. But also the advantage is that it will take very less memory to save that particular component or the wire frame model into the computer memory than the surface model and the solid model. It consists of, you can see the different edges or maybe the points, maybe the XYZ points and the edges. It doesn't consist of any skin or the surface or maybe the mass and the volume. It doesn't consist of any skin or the surface or the mass and the volume. Because you want to calculate these properties you can't calculate in the wire frame modeling. So only the advantage is you can save this file very easily with the help of very less memory and also wire frame modeling is not using for the any modeling. So we are using the surface modeling and the solid modeling for the particular applications. So these are the some examples. Surface modeling. Surface modeling is the second type of the geometrical modeling which is very important applications in the aerospace after that the turbine blades right. After that the submarine gearboxes here for example this bonnet of the particular four wheeler. Suppose you want to model this we have to use the surface model. What it consists of? It consists of the edges and the points after that it consists of the skin or the surface after that it consists of the mass but it doesn't consist of the volume only it doesn't consist of the volume the volume will be there in the solid model. The thickness is very less here you can see this is the we can call as the condition or the requirement from the customer that we we doesn't want any thickness or very less thickness in the particular model for the bonnet it is it is required to be very less thickness. So suppose you want to create the bonnet model we have to use the surface modeling. So this is the surface modeling. We can provide any analysis the types of analysis suppose you want to calculate the different properties like the mass volume or the stress on the stress strain after that the one message stresses you can calculate in the surface modeling because it consists of the mass after that different types of surface modeling. The plane surface very simple which will be moving in the only one direction here after that the second one will be over the ruled surface which is moving to the two direction that is boundary one and boundary two. So as per this curve there will be the creation of the modeling here only this one here after that the edge surface the four boundaries will be there. So this one this will be one boundary this will be our curvature as per the requirement and the second one that will be only the linear part. So we want the two suppose the surfaces so you can provide the edge surface.  Solid model. Solid model consists of everything this is the most important type of geometrical modeling and which will be used for the different applications for the mechanical components. For example this is the application of the blower suppose you want to create the model of the any machine you can use the solid modeling right this is one example solid model consists of the different edges points after that the surface after that the thickness you can create or you can calculate the different properties or the parameters like the mass volume it consists of the volume you can calculate the stress strain and the one message stress deformation you can calculate with the help of different analysis software. So the solid modeling is very important suppose you want to calculate the suppose you want to develop any solid model you can create any solid model in the cut here or maybe the solid words with the help of different the tools or the accounts like the pad pocket example or maybe the shaft let's think about this equation or maybe the question how to distinguish between the surface and the solid model think about this now what are the different schemes of solid model the first scheme is constructive solid geometry here constructive solid geometry can provide the different Boolean operations for example here we are adding the two materials first one will be the rectangle and another material is the here the circular rectangular component and the circular component we are providing the union scheme or the union bound the Boolean operation that is a plus b after that here we are subtracting the one component from the another component that is a minus b here we are subtracting the another component from the first component that is b minus a after that this will be the intersection the intersection means the similar part which is present inside the first and second component which will be there as a union part the boundary representation the constructive solid geometry is also called as the C representation the boundary representation is called as B representation the boundary representation provide you each and every views for example maybe the front view the top view the left hand side view the right hand side view also you can get the isometric view right a part by part view you can get it with the help of the boundary representation boundary the boundary itself which called as the front view top view side view maybe the left hand side view or with the right hand side view isometric view you can get it inside that right so bound and which is very easily we can done with the help of the computer added drafting these are the references thank you