watching Spider-Man No Way Home last night? I wasn't. Very fun. Yeah, on Marvel, Stan Lee would be proud. Yeah. Yeah, you have to have seen the other Spider-Man films, or really appreciate it, which everybody has. So if you've seen any other Spider-Man films, I just, when it was over, I was like, Connet and Marvel just keeps telling great stories, but before it started, there was a trailer for the film, starting Kenneth Brown on a list of Gal Gadot, a bunch of other people that are big, big names. And it's called Death on the Nile. Ali Faizal. His face popped up right there. I totally had forgotten that he was in it. So yeah.  I am Rick.  Yeah! And you don't know what we're talking about, but End of an Era. Yeah. End of the Second Era, I guess. This is- You'll find out, no. End of the Second Era, yeah. This is- You'll find out a little bit. Faiz two, ending Faiz three, beginning. What happened? What did I do? Sorry, you're for- Ha, ha, ha, ha, ha. Might need to pull it back here and add what she said. Anyways, but today we're doing a movie review of your little, yes! We watched the word I was saying last night that I pronounced weird when we were walking into the theater.  It was me and Alexis and Micah. I don't know, I wasn't there. I think it was a Cresson. Cresson? Did you say Cresson? No, it was, I was in the car, but earlier I was like, it would be weird to just everywhere you go ask somebody, excuse me, and pronounce it this way. Just wherever you are, like if you're out to dinner somewhere and it doesn't matter what the cuisine is and just say, probably me, I was wondering instead of breadsticks, do you happen to have any Cresson? And just pronounce it like that. Anyway, we watched the new Malayalam film, Bousaqalalam. That's right, Bousaqalam. Bousaqalalam. Almost Corbinized. Written and directed by Rahul Sarisban, forgive me for mispronouncing that, but yeah. And starring Shane and Ravathi. We're the stars. Yep, those are our two stars. And then also we've seen him in a couple things. Yeah, we've actually, we've seen all three of the, there's the two main stars. And then the supporting investigating guy, counselor that we've seen all of them in multiple things before, Bangalore Days, Bikamalandji Night, it's a virus, but it's the drama horror mystery is how IMDb categorizes it. It was almost like people described it as Malayalam's horror film. I don't know that I describe it strictly as a horror film. I kind of describe it almost the same as I described their superhero film, a Malayalam film that has some horror. Yeah, we'll get into that anyways. Yeah, but yeah, it's a new film. So we'll go a little non-spoiler. Non-spoiler, because that's what we do. And then we'll get into spoiler. We saw it on, it's on Sony Live, which is not available here, but we got it through the app Sling and you have to, there's a whole thing. But yeah, you can, if you're here in the United States, you can get it through Sling and you have to like get a subscription to Sony L.A.V. through Sling. It's a whole thing. Which is okay. I mean, it's not expensive and it's, yeah, but yeah. So we'll go over a little non-spoiler and then we'll get into spoilers. Yeah, so Ricky, you're gonna show a non-spoiler thought. Non-spoiler thought paragraph. With a score and a cinematography and acting and directing and above all, story. As good as anything created by my favorite master of the horror genre like Flanagan, Bootha Column is, for me, one of the best horror films we've seen coming out of India and I thankfully, it seems to have set itself up nicely to be more than just a one and done experience, but maybe a full blown franchise and that is not spoiling anything.  Yeah, there's, we'll talk about this in the spoilers but the way that this film concludes, they left it open for the prospect and I hope it is. We'll talk a lot about why I liked it a lot. Okay, yeah. I really enjoyed it, but would you describe it as a full-fledged horror? That's what I wanted to get into. I would. But that's why I compare it to Flanagan because Flanagan is not full-fledged horror. This is more like a psychological and it's also a deeper meaning behind, obviously, a lot of the story and stuff like that. But so, yeah, overall, really, really enjoyed this film. I think it's definitely worth a watch for everyone. Even if you don't like horror, I think you'll be fine. I honestly think you'll be fine. If you, this is a great movie, I think, for somebody who's not a fan of the horror genre or maybe you're like me where I have grown to love the genre because I've been introduced to artists like Mike Flanagan, as well as if you haven't seen Jordan Peele's stuff of us and Get Out. The thing that I've detested about horror in the past is just it doesn't take that much to scare people so I felt it wasn't creatively challenging and I don't like Flanagan. I haven't seen a film of his. He has a film called Weegee Board. I've had personal experiences with that. I don't want to go into that. So anything that glorifies the demonic, it can include the demonic, but the glorification of the demonic and things of that nature I don't like. This is a great entry point because like a Flanagan film, this is more a story about a family and two people and the good acting and storytelling that's going on in the interest you have and you're waiting very often for the proverbial scare to drop and it just doesn't happen, but you know it's coming and even when it does come, it's just so, so well done. I'm really pleased to support this movie. I agree, this is definitely one of, it's maleelums, you know how we love maleelum cinema and the fact that they always, I think, appreciate story and acting over everything. Over everything. Not always, obviously. But it seems like that's something that is very in that whole industry. That is what drives that industry. And story, kids, while I was watching Spider-Man, I was sitting and watching the very last, I knew we were coming down to the last like 15, 20 minutes and it just was affirming in my heart. It was like, thank you, thank you, Marvel, for not just letting the juggernaut of this franchise be what you're riding on, but you guys took the time to write a good story and it's story that propels always, has been, always will. It's always story that is the paramount best part about great movies. Yeah. But yeah, from the acting to the sound mixing, sound mixing was fantastic. Just overall soundscape of the entire film, I thought, blended a lot to the core feel of it, even if there wasn't like a lot of jump scares. I thought that was fantastic. And so, this is basically your non-spoilers. Go see this film, I think you're gonna enjoy it. There's just a few little things that I personally didn't enjoy, like a part of it. Not for kids.  Teenagers would be fine. But little ones, first of all, I don't understand the story and it's gonna scare them. It's gonna scare them. So go support this film, please. It's really good. Please. Everybody did really well. So if you have watched it, please stay. Spoiler time. Go watch it and then come back and we're gonna spoil some stuff. So yeah, the, I don't know what to talk about for it, but let's talk about the acting. Yeah. Both of them. Yep. I mean, everybody did well, but both of them. And he really impressed, because obviously in Kumbala Jenae, everybody was so good, but we really rigged about obviously Fafa and Subhan. Yeah. We did, those were the ones. And we said he was solid. But he really showed me that he's a really good actor. Really good actor. And it's a very different role. There was a lot going on with this guy and his mental space during this entire film. And he kind of just, he wasn't really show it. You could tell what was going on in his brain. He really put himself, because this guy is, and that goes to the overall story, this is a story about mental illness a lot. Yeah, on the border between. The border between is what you're going, everything. This deals with the problems of alcoholism, sleep deprivation, familial challenges, generational problems. It's complex. But you saw all that going on in his face and behind his eyes. And he did so well. He was like, even in the part where like, he was just dancing like crazy. I told him he did a really good job at that point.  And I thought he pulled it off really, really well. The last time I saw a dance that impacted me that much was GGBV. Yeah, you betcha. GGBV. You betcha. Yeah, he did so well. Fantastic. They were so, so good together. Yeah. Yeah, he showed that he is a incredibly strong actor. Really looking forward to more of what he's gonna do because this role, both of these roles require you for it to be as good as it is. Require actors of really deep substance. Yeah. Really deep substance. And she seemed like she's a vet. And we've always seen her before, but she's so good. But like if, I was thinking like, if this was made like to, to comparable actors in Hollywood, and maybe like somebody like an Andrew Garfield and like Dame Judy Dencher. That's exactly who I would think of. Some like, and it's that quality of acting. Somebody of that, or Maggie Smith. Yep. Somebody of that caliber, who's an amazing legendary actor and who can pull it off. It would be those type of people. You would do that. What she gave me. A hundred percent. She gave me Dame Judy Dencher. Yep. She even gave like, Andrew Garfield's very comparison. Yeah. She gave me all those like, she's so good. She brought a lot to this role. And as strong as he was, I think she was even stronger. Even by a, by a, in the same way a Judy Dench would be about a shot ahead of an Andrew Garfield. As good as Andrew Garfield was. There's just that extra level of experience in life and nuance that she conveys that really evidence is a, this is, if you had the script and you had the story and you're making this film and you were doing it here in the States, you would say to yourself, we need to, it's not box office. It's not looking for the box office drop per se. That'll be great if we get that cause you need to make money. But in order for this movie to be believable, for people to stay caring and for them to really work this, it's why Mike Flanagan uses the same actors over and over again. Cause he knows they can carry the weight of what he wants to do. Yeah. This requires actors of substance and they both were fantastic. Yeah. Absolutely. And they had a really good gift and like it goes along to the story but of their whole complex relationship and the dialogue they had between each other and the past relationships and all that. And that goes to the overall story of it. And it was... The story is so good. It's kind of a slow moving story cause especially if you're expecting horror right off the bat. Again, that's why it's like Mike Flanagan's like that. It's all about you're building these relationships and then up to the crescendo of the end, right? And there's a couple in between parts that you'll get some suspense and scare and what you're kind of looking for. But most of it's not that. It's more psychological. What's going on in these two minds and the relationships of people. Yeah, yeah. And I don't know if you got this, like what do you think the overall message of? Like what would... I was gonna put it in my paragraph but then it would have been more of an essay. So I really felt this was, again, like Mike Flanagan. So if you haven't watched Mike Flanagan I highly, highly, highly recommend you watch both his films and his series but most especially in the series realm, Haunting of Hill House, Haunting of Bly Manor and his newest one Midnight Mass. Because what he does is the horror genre happens to be in the same way that Guillermo uses the genre that he does of specifically telling the stories of monsters or people dealing with the monstrous. He doesn't do it because that's something he gets a kick out of doing and knows it'll draw an audience. It's because he loves that and it's the best way he knows to tell the story. Flanagan does that with horror. His bigger issue isn't the genre. He just finds that genre and I agree to be the best genre to tell his stories because Haunting of Hill House is really about a haunted family. Haunting of Bly Manor is about a haunted love story but it's set in the horror genre.  So I think this had the complexity of being both a story of a haunted family with their own ghosts and skeletons in the closet and families with their own ghosts and skeletons in the closets set within the context of an actual haunted house. Yeah, I thought the house was more metaphor for people's baggage. Absolutely is. And mental. The memories we leave in the homes. Yeah, it was more representative than literal. And it was, yeah. 100%. It was kind of a, really a film about mental illness. Yeah, I agree. And how that needs to be kind of dealt with and taken seriously and treated and kind of the demons and the scary situations that these people actually go through that's real to them. Yes. But I thought it was a really good kind of without making it obvious. This is a metaphor. Right. I left it open for, what do you think this was about? Somebody could easily walk away from this and think it's just a haunted house story and that would be great. And I bet that Rahul would be cool with that. And I think he also would appreciate, and this is the same with Mike Flanagan. He'd appreciate people who recognize the deeper understanding of what he's trying to convey where he's using this as a template for a metaphor to show you that these are the kinds of things that haunt people. These are the kinds of things that possess their minds. And that's what I love about Flanagan. That's what I love about Jordan Peele. And I checked, I think this is what, his second or third film? Yeah. It was so exciting. And the ending lends itself toward, as I was watching it end, I went, please, please, I hope you had this in mind. Let's just keep making films about this house or houses like it. Where all you tell us are stories of new people that move in and they're dealing with stories of their own and their own ghosts and their own hauntings that they've got. Yeah. Yeah, absolutely. And I love the fact that it just kind of ended and it kind of just ended on the house. The empty room. There's no sound. There was no ghost. There was no nothing. It was just a room and it blacked. And if you watch it, I'm assuming you've all watched this. Should have said this probably at the front end. Obviously. You shouldn't be here if you haven't watched it. Yeah, you shouldn't be here. I'm so glad, again, like most films, you either need to watch them with full blown, great sound or put on the AirPods because I had my AirPods on watching again while I was watching here with this around. Yeah, you gotta do one or the other because the sound work on this, and yes, there was some dubbing. I've gotten used to it. One of my favorite moments was him getting scared and all you hear is his heartbeat racing. Yeah, that was great. Because it was way underneath the sound scope. You had to listen carefully. The sound that was the scratching on the wall, you heard it traveling in the wall. So the sound design on this is spectacular. One of the best, most entertaining parts of this movie is the sound design. The sound department of, I wanna give them a shout. Yes, absolutely. This is such a... Kishan Mohan, Vignesh, Radhika Rishnan, and Rahul Siam, all in their team. Yes, in their whole team because the sound was a character in itself and it lended itself to the very kind of absolutely scary vibe of the film. And the score. Yeah. I just, the moment the movie started, that was the first thing I put down on my notes was I am instantly loving the score and I looked up a Gopi Sundar. And not surprising, Gopi Sundar has a long resume of work and wouldn't surprise me. I'd really love to know how much Rahul is a lover of Flanagan because a lot of the score was reminiscent of there's these brothers that Flanagan uses for a lot of the scoring of his stuff. This was very similar to, it has what you expect in a horror film with the scary stuff, but then there's also these recurring themes that have a haunting nature to it that I think lend to that metaphor of this is more than just a ghost story, guys. This is about people being haunted. Yeah, yeah. And that scary hand at the end was cool though. It was like a really good, I don't know if they just did make up on something. They almost looked like Gollum's hand a little bit. It did. I didn't know if that was grandma or if it was just the entity of that at home. Yeah, I didn't know either, but I loved it. Me too. I thought it was really, really cool. I also love my, some of the scariest visuals ever caught on film have very little going on. And he did it, man. He just did it so often. Like when he comes out of the room, and this was many times, he comes out of the room and mom just goes like this. Yeah. And then you see the man sitting on the couch. Yeah. And then they go back to them and then the next time you see them, the man has stood. And then I don't know where a little girl goes walking by. I love scares like that. And the fact that you never, and obviously because that's the whole theme of it, it's not, they're not real. Right. Just they're in these people's minds, but the fact that they're all shadows in the distance, outside of that, at the end, when it was a hand, maybe it was a last grasp effort or something, that's the whole thing that can be debated. So the thing I didn't enjoy was the song, the one song. We didn't need it. I didn't think it was necessary. Yeah, we didn't need it. I was like, maybe this is for promotion. And that's fine if you have to do a song for promotion for to get the very well could be production company distribution said. It just felt it didn't fit. It was a nice song. It's not, it wasn't pretty. It's just, I was like, this just doesn't fit in this film to me. I agree 100%. So that's my one gripe with the film, is that? Yeah. And it's easily just, it's like, okay, forget it. It's like a forgettable page in a book. You still love the Harry Potter book, but maybe you forgot page 27. Yeah. But other than that, I thought that all the acting was great. The direction was phenomenal. The cinematographer and some of the shots that they did were excellent. Absolutely beautiful. Excellent. Excellent. The use of shadow and so yeah. And I was supporting actors did really well. I was so happy when we reached, because we weren't getting the scares and it didn't bother me because the story and the acting of our two mains were so solid. I was enjoying watching every minute of them working that when we got to what I knew was the climax and we were hitting that peak, each of the scare moments that were being done were so good. I was just really happy. Yeah. I was like, oh, this has been everything I was hoping it would be. I'd have to go back and think, but it might be the best horror we've seen in Indians. It's in a pretty darn, it's right up there.  This is probably the scariest, right? Well, at least one of the best achievements in the discipline. Yeah, like, so the ones that come to mind immediately, and I forget some of the names because they're not native language, so it's easy to lose that, but the two that come to mind, there's three that come to mind of my favorites that we've seen that were scary. And the scariest of them till this one for me would have been the one with the husband and wife in the cornfield. Yeah, the Marathi one. The Marathi one. That one I felt was one of the best we've seen in a long time, but if someone right today were to say what's the best horror film that you've seen come out of India, I would say, like as much as we love Stree and the cinematography, nothing touches the cinematography of the other one, be buh buh buh buh buh buh buh buh, buh buh, buh buh. Yeah, buh buh was just romance on celluloid. It's so gorgeous. I think overall, because this is so Jordan Peele, so my plan again, this is probably my favorite horror film in India. Yeah, and it's an exciting stepping stone, I feel, for the genre. Agreed. Especially, I don't know how many of them have been made in Malayalam in how prevalent, but I know in Indian cinema in general, it's not a category that has been delved into, and so I'm hoping they're starting to, just like they're dipping a lot of money into OTT platforms. Yeah. And the fact that this might not have done well as well on theatrical, the fact that it can just be brought out on OTT platforms is great. Yeah, the only drawback, at least here in the States, is the fact that it's on an OTT platform that isn't as accessible as others, so I'm hoping one of two things happens. I hope that, first of all, everybody in India shares it on the platforms that are somewhere accessible, and then I hope it would get a larger distribution because of its popularity on another more common platform here, because it's worthy, and it should pave the way for more of this, especially that ending. I hope we get to see more thematic things, not just this, but I hope Rahul does a lot more in the genre because it's really good. Yeah, let us know what you thought about this film and what should be the next Malayalam slash horror film that we watch down below.


In this presentation, we will take a look at how to navigate around the zero accounting software get ready because here we go with zero Here we are in our not-for-profit organization dashboard within zero the dashboard is going to be the place that will typically land that when you first Open up your zero accounting software and log back into your zero accounting software Note that if you select this drop-down if we select this drop-down here We're gonna have that the toggling between the different types of organizations that we could that we have open So we always have the demo file which you could use to practice and navigate around with and then any file that we have set up We currently have open the not-for-profit organization. Therefore those files are not Down here in the window, but rather up top So this is going to be one area that you could go for adjustments of things such as the settings That would be one of the major adjustments here as well as if you're thinking about adding a payroll You can look into this drop-down one of the major components within this drop-down Most of the actual things that you will be doing will be in the drop-downs up top Those being the dashboard the first drop-down or the first location dashboards always getting back to just this location Which does have some information on the on in the bottom of it that you will that could help you to navigate But most of the information you're going to be going into is going to be from these drop-downs for the business drop-down The accounting drop-down the projects the contacts will go into that in a little bit more detail shortly However, when you just enter data input when you're putting in data into the system The other place you will typically be going is going to be to the plus button over here This plus button will give you your normal type of data input forms such as an invoice bill Then we have the contacts quotes the purchase order spend money to receive money and transfer money So these are the your most common type data input forms just about all of these forms will be generating Actual journal entries in other words when you create these forms These are the things that are going to have an effect on the accounts that are going to be used to create and Adjust and make the financial statements that we took a lot a look at in a previous presentation So these are basically like the journal entry forms when you think about these forms We will go back and forth from them and say hey, there's the form What are the accounts that are affected what's going to be the effect on the financial statements? And we'll take a look at that in a step-by-step process Now if you if we take a look at some of these other drop-downs Note we have the business drop-down where we can also go in voices We have some of the major kind of forms here the accounting drop-downs going to be one of the major places We go because that's where we go to the reports So oftentimes we will enter data input using the little plus button in the forms Then we'll go into the reports the main reports the balance sheet and the income statement and then our alterations to those reports For the not-for-profit organization so that we can see the effect on them also note in here You have your chart of accounts that's going to be a default list of accounts That will start off with that zero will start off with so if we go into our chart of accounts in other words You will already have accounts populated You didn't make up the chart of accounts because zero puts in like a default chart of accounts here So we basically have the codes which are the numbers We've got the account names that are going to be set up and then the account type Meaning you could think about this as basically assets on top of liabilities and or the balance sheet on top of the income statement The balance sheet including assets liabilities and equity the income statement then being the revenue accounts and the expense accounts So that's one way to kind of think of it and then you can go into further detail For example the assets that then have bank accounts or asset accounts current asset accounts Inventories an asset account and so on they also break this information out by by Category here so I can say I want to just see the asset categories just those assets Like so and then the liabilities and so on and so forth so That's one of the major kind of kind of areas we have here Projects we're not going to be dealing with the projects in the not-for-profit Organization that contacts are going to be the people like your customers and vendors people that pay you money and in our case donors and Then people that we pay which we could still call vendors I was supposed for not-for-profit organization, so we've got the customers and the vendors and we can go into the detail About those items there Now note that when you when you visualize the accounting process whether it be a not-for-profit organization or a for-profit organization It can be useful to visualize in your mind Breaking out by cycle and for that I'm going to jump over to this is actually QuickBooks desktop I'm not we're not going to use QuickBooks desktop But I just they have their home page has a little flow chart Which is useful to kind of visualize that the transactions that are going to be happening So if we think about for example the whole accounting process and break it out into say the vendor cycle Which is could be called the accounts payable cycle or the purchases cycle the expenses cycle for example The customer cycle which is going to be you can call it the the donor cycle for or the accounts receivable cycle The income cycle the donation cycle or and then the employee cycle obviously the payroll cycle It's useful to break things down there and then once we think about for example the customer cycle What's going to be the normal process in our organization? We're a not-for-profit organization, so donations are probably our major our major source So in QuickBooks they we can think about that as a create Create sales receipt or we're going to say it's a receive money form in zero So this would be the form that we would then use that would create that normal transaction Then we want to think about the effect on the financial statements Once we once we have that the create the sales receipt will basically be increasing the revenue and increasing the The cash account so the equivalent form here is one of the major forms that we'll use in zero We'd like to not call it a receive money But rather like a donation type of form and we also want to be able to track Who gave us money so that that we can provide that information to the donors That's gonna be an important key Then we also might get money in a for-profit with an invoice meaning we do work and then they they're gonna pay us in the future We build them for the work that's done now We have a similar thing in a not-for-profit except we don't really do work We haven't done anything except it's there's work involved in us getting the pledge We would call that a pledge But we didn't actually give them anything in that case right They just they've pledged to give us money they promise to give us money in the in the future So someone just promises to give us money it would be similar to an invoice type of form in a for-profit We would and what would the journal entry be we could think about that invoice Well, the journal entry be would be what I need to increase the fact that they're gonna say they're gonna give us money I counts receivable and then the other side is gonna be we would call some type of revenue account typically And so this form is gonna be we're gonna alter this invoice form basically to a pledge form Which will be someone promising in essence to pay us and then at some future point they will pay us Hopefully which means we're gonna have a receive the pledge form receive the money form Which is the data input form typically which will be increasing the cash decreasing the receivable and so that's gonna be our basic flow on the Customer side so you could see these are the forms that will will actually put in and Will and we'll be able to use those to do the data input. So if I go back over into Zero then note if I select this drop down the forms. We were looking at we had an invoice That's if someone owes us money our or promises to pay us money the spend money form That's what we're gonna be using our primary form for basically donations and these forms will be then helping us to Create the financial statements that these will be creating the actual journal entry So if I was to spend money out of the checking account, let's say and say next Then we're gonna populate this data input form now part of our goal here is to make the population of this data input form as Easy as possible So it's so you can do the data input even if you even if you don't know exactly why you know What's needed to set this form up easily and then what's the effect on the financial statements? But we will consider those things. How do you set this form up to be easy to data input? What's the effect on the financial statements for inputting these types of forms? we're gonna go back over to the dashboard and Then if we if we look at the at the vendor side of things the payable side of things Things like paying the phone bill and the electric bill those type of things Well, then you could just just make a payment We could just basically write a check so we could just write a check or have an expense form write a check Or we could put things through accounts payable in other words We take the bill that's given to us we put that into the system and that increases the accounts payable So we have a bill form so a bill form to us is gonna be something that we owe to somebody else It's a bill that someone gave to us Whereas an invoice to us in terms of accounting software terminology means that we build somebody else So there notice they're the same or the opposite like if I was if I received an invoice From somebody else even though it says invoice on it. It means bill to me to me. It's my bill and on my system So just keep that keep that in mind this would increase the accounts payable and then the other side would go to an expense and Then we could pay it with basically a check that would be another data input form That we would be using in the system the check then obviously having the the journal entry of decreasing the cash account and in this case affecting the accounts payable so those are the forms we would be looking for for the That side of things now also notes that we had the added problem however with the expenses and and to some degree with the revenue of breaking this information out not only by by the Expense expense in nature normal expenses, but by category of program and then whether with general and and the fundraising So that's going to be an added challenge. So we're gonna have to Enter this data input form in such a way the the bills form and the check forms Using classes. So we'll talk about how can we use classes to input that form make the data input process as easy as possible But then zero to be able to break that out magically Into the into these other Formats to be able to make these reports. So again our objective here if I hit the plus button up top We'll be using things like a bill form. There's the bill form and then a spend spend money form So spend money form. Let's say we open up the spend money form From the checking account, I'm gonna say and then say next Once again, we want to make it as as easy as possible to enter the data input into a spend money type of form so that so that the data input Process is easy and then we also want to make it so that we can use just this form to help us to generate the Financial statements and alter those financial statements to what we need enough in a not-for-profit Organization to break out the expenses for example by nature and by class so that's that if I go then we got the the Employee cycle now. This isn't a lot different than it has the same kind of issues. It's difficult You know payroll is payroll from a for-profit But you know you got the same kind of kind of process with the payroll items You want to break that out in your mind what you know, what is the payroll? What's gonna be the payroll processing? Obviously, we're gonna process payroll We're gonna withhold the money for the payroll and then we're gonna have to pay the payroll taxes We won't be focusing a lot on the payroll here. We do have a course on on payroll It's much the same and a for-profit and not for profit if you want to learn more about payroll That's kind of a course in and of itself. We'll probably we'll touch on it here But we won't spend a lot of time on the details for payroll But again, we have a course on that and it's very similar to a for-profit organization So we're gonna go back to the dashboard here now within the dashboard notes that We do have some some nice navigation on on the right including the invoices or people that owe you money So you could track that information here and the bills or people you need to pay So if we go into for example the invoices or people that owe us money Then we have our navigation down below where we have the draft awaiting approval and then A waiting payment. So let's go into the awaiting payment item And this is basically tracking, you know, the the receivable item down here So people that that owe us money. So there's the pledge which is an essence an invoice So you can see it over here is indicated by an IMV or invoice type of number So that's one area that that we can track that it's nice to be able to go directly in From the dashboard, you'll have a similar type of activity down here for the bills You need to pay and that'll be tracking like at the accounts payable in a similar fashion But just note that when we do the data input our normal practice is going to be data input Forums over here standard forms is going to be the invoice the bill that will have spend money Receive money will be using those a lot and then we'll be jumping over to the accounting And we'll just be taking a look at standard balance sheet and income statements And then when necessary, we will then break out and start to customize Our reports so that we can see that custom information in a format necessary for the not-for-profit Organization that's going to be it for now. Let's get out of here


The minimum wage, as I mentioned on Sunday night, is a classic example of economic analysis, both for the Austrian school, even mainstream economics. And so it's pretty important. And it's an example of government intervention in the economy. So you have society as a free society with no government, and then government intervenes in the economy. It does things like regulations, price controls, which we're going to be talking about here today, taxes, subsidies, monetary policy. The list of government interventions, unfortunately, in our society is practically endless. But this is an example of where the Austrian school really is credited with developing the concept of government intervention. When Mises first started on this journey, you look at his early works, and it was about price controls, basically, and that's been expanded over time by Mises. And then in 1962, in man economy and state or power and market, Rothbard put together a complete picture of the extent and the effects of government intervention. So obviously, this is a topic of great interest to most people here. Some of your classes so far help develop the analysis of, in this case, price controls or minimum wage, subjective value and market price. We're talking about market prices here, very fundamental. Professor Rittenauer's lecture on the division of labor and social order. Obviously, that's going to play a role here as well as entrepreneurship by Professor Klein. So all of that's going to be part of the package that we'll be going to talk about today. Now, in the market economy with the absence of government intervention, you get to choose your own comparative advantage. And you choose it based on market prices. So it's not like rocket science. Market prices are your guide to things like what products you're going to buy, what type of career you're going to follow. And so that's why Austrians put a great deal of emphasis on market prices, stable market prices, not fixed market prices, nothing like that, but stable market prices where relative prices, the price of one thing versus another, gives you information about, for example, what product to buy, what automobile to buy, the difference between an expensive luxury car and a Honda Accord, for example. And it does the same thing for you in terms of jobs. You pick your majors, you pick your career area based on anticipated revenues, wages, salaries and benefits. So market prices are crucial to developing, understanding, discovering your comparative advantage. Minimum wages disrupt or intervene in that process at the low end of the labor market. Now, we want to have some understanding about what determines prices, and in this case, wages. And wages are a little bit more complicated, but basically, many people in the economy, in the country, in our society, believe that somehow businesses decide on wage rates and on prices of goods. They just get to unilaterally decide these things. Well, I teach at Auburn University and if I got to decide my wage rate, it would reflect my true ability and talents and would be millions of dollars a year.  That's the minimum right now. And if not for the minimum wage, they could pay me a dollar a semester. But of course, that's not how things work in the real world. It's the forces of supply and demand that ultimately determine prices and that determined wage rates. And in terms of wage rates for labor, what we're talking about is a factor of production. Labor, capital, land are the major forms of the factors of production. Of course, there's all sorts of labor, all sorts of land, and all sorts of capital. The wage rate is, we're going to just cover the basic factors here, is imputed back from the product that it produces. So the wage rate is highly influenced by what that specific type of labor produces, the product it produces. So an easy example is that of a petroleum engineer. A petroleum engineer is responsible for finding, drilling, discovering, and ultimately developing oil into petroleum products. So the salary of petroleum engineers is in part imputed back from the consumer good market. So the price of gasoline that you pay is going to be an important factor in determining the salary of that petroleum engineer. The example that Professor Salerno gave derived from Carl Manger's Principles of Economics is that of a cigarette rolling machine. If everyone decided to quit smoking cigarettes, and instead were vaping or chewing tobacco or whatever, or not doing it at all, then the value of a cigarette rolling machine, which might cost millions of dollars if you bought one, but if everybody stopped smoking cigarettes, the value of that machine, which is very highly specific, would be zero, unless you could find something else to roll up in paper that might be valuable on the market. Another way of looking at this is that the wage rate is going to be determined by the marginal revenue product. That's the technical term for the influence of the market on wage rates. So the marginal revenue product is what kind of quantity have you contributed to the firm's production and what can they sell that product for? So it's both price and quantity that you add to the company that makes you valuable and creates a wage that can be paid. Now to illuminate that concept, that technical concept, think of a call center that has 40 people answering calls from customers, either ordering products or checking on their orders or complaining about the product or whatever. Okay, taking those orders is a vital for the firm in terms of production, right? But what if our 40 people answering the call center, answering the calls at the center, had to dump their own garbage pail at work and clean their own area at work? Well, in that case, they would lose like 10 minutes every day from doing that particular chore. Okay, and they might lose an entire sale as a result of that of not being able to make that last call. Well, what if the firm hires a janitor to come by and to pick up the trash and sweep the floor every night so that those 40 people didn't have to do that job themselves? Well, the marginal revenue product of the janitor, he doesn't answer the phone at all. Not one call does he answer. And yet he creates 10 minutes of extra labor for all those call takers times 40, so he creates 40 new calls just by doing that job for them. So he doesn't take any calls, but the firm answers 40 more calls as a result of his work. So the marginal revenue product would be 40 times whatever the price that they were selling their product for. So it's a little bit of a technical question, but I think that example sort of illustrates what's going on. So that's the demand for labor. The supply of labor is based on the labor-leisure trade-off. How hard working are you or how lazy are you? Or do you have other aspirations other than work that may be productive, but you're not actually working at a job and earning a salary? So the labor-leisure trade-off is key. It's very important. If you don't work, if you're adverse to work, we're all adverse to work in some respects. We all like leisure, and so we have to decide, do we want to work overtime, do we want to work full-time, do we want to work part-time, do we want to be a substitute teacher rather than a full-time teacher, and on and on. Other factors that affect the decision and wages are training. The more training you have, the higher your wage, the more risk in a job. So if you're going down in the mines, coal mines, your life is at risk, and so miners get higher pay as a result of that risk. More skill is also important. So a lot of people can be trained to be a jeweler, to make fine jewelry, but on top of that, some people are going to be more skilled than others. And so skill also raises your wage. The trustworthiness, okay, some jobs are very sensitive. You might be handling money. You may be that jeweler who took in a Rolex watch and fixed it and kept it for himself and gave the customer back a fake Rolex watch. So certain jobs, we want people to be very trustworthy, so we pay them a lot of money. So if they break that trust, we take their high-paying job away. And then some jobs are just nasty. We wouldn't want to be an embalmer, for example, who drew all the liquids out of dead people. That would not be my first choice. So the minimum wage is a government intervention into this whole complex process, and it has big effects on the market, the low-end, the low-skilled labor market. And so what I'm going to cover today is the Austrian perspective on the minimum wage as well as the mainstream economic perspective on the minimum wage. Mainstream economics thinks that the minimum wage causes unemployment, and sometimes they don't. As a matter of fact, if you look at the Wikipedia article on the minimum wage, it goes through all of these things, wages, income, poverty, equality, and so on. And they put up a story that says it increases it, and then below that it decreases it. So they have no firm conclusions. I will say that most economists oppose the minimum wage, but they don't really have a clear, consistent story. Whereas Austrian economics says, yes, it is going to cause unemployment, and it's going to cause a lot of other things, a lot of negative things. So there's a great confusion on the part of mainstream economists, and I think the Austrian approach provides a great deal of clarity. And this issue is in the news again. I just read that the House of Representatives is going to consider a piece of legislation to increase the minimum wage to $15 an hour across the country by 2024. So it's going to be, if passed completely, it would be implemented over a number of years. So the minimum wage is a floor on the payment of labor. So that's the minimum employers can pay workers except for a couple of special cases. So you can pay higher, obviously, but not lower. The current rate is $7.25. So this piece of legislation would more than double the minimum wage in the United States. 31 states have higher minimum wage laws than the federal. So that's a high number. It's the highest it's ever been. I understand. And the many cities, particularly on the left coast, have even higher wages. And so cities like San Francisco, San Jose, Seattle, Portland, and so forth have higher minimum wage than state levels. And they're experiencing a lot of the negative effects of that, of course. In the Bay Area, for example, a number of mom and pop famous restaurants have closed up shop because of the minimum wage and other regulations, as well as the age of the owners themselves. This is the conventional analysis. Supply and demand. You have upward sloping supply curve as in all markets and downward sloping demand curves. And you would have an equal, uh-oh, it's running out of juice here. So the intersection creates an equilibrium wage. The minimum wage is set above that. It means that more people are going to enter the low-skill job market, and employers are going to want fewer workers. So the quantity demanded goes down. And price theory is great. It's what is very often taught by both Austrians and mainstream economists. But price theory is not everything. I learned that studying prohibition is that price really is the least significant factor of the analysis of prohibition. So there's a lot of other things that can change other than price and quantity as a result of a price floor, like here in the case of minimum wage. Okay, so on the one hand, this is the way conventional mainstream economists look at things. This one economist says there's no evidence that raising the minimum wage costs jobs, at least when the starting point is as low as it is in modern America. This apparent defiance of the laws of supply and demand occurs because the market for labor isn't like the market for, say, wheat, because workers are people. Okay, so on the other side, on the right side, you have an economist who could say, quote, any econ 101 student can tell you the answer. The higher wage reduces the quantity of labor demanded and hence leads to unemployment. Clearly these advocates of the minimum wage law very much want to believe that the price of labor, unlike the price of gasoline or Manhattan apartments, can be set on considerations of justice, not supply and demand without unpleasant side effects. So the quote on the left comes from Paul Krugman. The quote on the right comes from Paul Krugman. It took me a while to find those two quotes, but I knew he would contradict himself. Okay, and then there's a couple famous studies on the situation in Seattle. It's kind of complex, but you'll get the punchline at the end. The University of California, Berkeley, which is very left leaning, did a study of Seattle food service industry where there was an 11 to $13 increase or almost 20%. They found little or no change in wage pay and employment in full service. That is high skilled positions in restaurants of only a 1% difference. There was limited in limited services or fast food. The increase was less than expected by 4%. Hours work declined by 13%. The University of Washington study, which is more typically mainstream or more conservative, they looked at not just food service, but all industries with low wage workers. They found reduced hours by 9%, increased wages by 3%, but the monthly pay of these individuals reduced by $125 a month. There was, however, an increase in high skilled jobs of $19 an hour or more. And of course, part of that is you bring in high skilled workers in order to substitute for these low skilled workers and you save money as a result because the high skilled workers can work with more capital goods, more complex capital goods, they're better workers, they're more experienced workers and so forth. The recollection here is that both studies say about the same thing. Increase the wage or the price and you decrease the hours demanded by businesses and you get a reduction in monthly pay. So while there's a benefit in your wage rate going up, you find yourself having fewer hours and as a result your paychecks are smaller, not larger. On average, both studies find a relative substitution of high skilled workers for low skilled workers as we would expect and so businesses bring in high skilled workers and equipment in order to substitute for the higher wage rate required for the low skilled workers. And so we're starting to see this, like in McDonald's, they're substituting kiosks for actual people working in them and of course they've always been doing this, making french fry machines that cooked perfect french fries, hamburgers that cooked themselves and so forth. So the Austrian perspective on the minimum wage law is that it causes some combination of the following things. First, it's unemployment. Generally there's some agreement there with mainstream economists. Two economists, well I'll get back to that. So you get fewer hours, fewer jobs, fewer employers. This can actually drive people out of business. A decrease in job benefits. This is where the mainstream economists fall apart because benefits are subjective. They're very often not detailed. Companies don't have that data and what a mainstream economist can't measure, they ignore. But job benefits are very important. Health insurance, vacation and sick leave, clean uniforms and many other things. And also it decreases job desirability. So these are the other things other than price that are affected by the minimum wage but because they can't be counted and measured very effectively, they're ignored. But you see a higher minimum wage and the job becomes less desirable other than wage. So the employer might make you work harder instead of a four hour shift. They may give you a three hour shift so that you're working the lunch hour or the dinner hour only. And there's no downtime, there's more customers than you can handle. Less sanitary conditions, like for example, well we'll just have to fire the janitor. Less lighting and air conditioning and the list of these things can go on and on. There's an increased demand for high skilled labor and jobs are automated as I mentioned before. Now one of the reasons why Austrians have clarity here, we can tell you exactly what the picture in general is going to be and why the mainstream economists find conflicting statistical results is that we stick with the Ceteribus paribus condition. So when we make a statement about what the minimum wage would do, we're making it under conditions of Ceteribus paribus in that all other things remain the same. We know that all other things are not going to remain the same and that would explain some of the anomalies found by the mainstream. David Newmark, for example, looked at 100 studies on the minimum wage and even though he found 67 of them to show that the minimum wage caused unemployment, that's over 30 that did not show that. Well what the problem is is that if you increase the minimum wage and then it goes into effect nine months later, conditions can change. The economy can go into a recession so that the unemployment as a result of minimum wage would be much greater or the economy could go into a bubble. And so everybody's looking for workers, the minimum wage might not cause any unemployment. As a matter of fact, if you looked at the unemployment rate, it may actually go down if the change is significant enough. So two economists, pretty famous economists, Card and Kruger, came out with a study based on a 1994 increase in the minimum wage in New Jersey and they looked at New Jersey and next door in Pennsylvania and what they found was that the increase in the minimum wage did not result in any unemployment in New Jersey as a result. But again, things can change. In this case they didn't change but a better economist named David Newmark looked at the actual tax payments by fast food restaurants in New Jersey rather than just calling up the businesses and asking them, have you fired anybody as a result of the increase in the minimum wage? Well, if you're just an owner or manager on the phone you're going to say no or some of them might say we hired more. But if you're looking at income tax receipts from these places you've got better data as a result. So Card and Kruger basically fudged the result by using surveys which generally speaking shouldn't be done because survey information is just your opinion at the time. It's not a hard cold economic fact like unfortunately income taxes are. Another thing that we find with higher minimum wage is discrimination. The minimum wage opens up opportunities that wouldn't exist in an open and free market for discrimination. Specifically discrimination against minorities and the inexperienced or young people without any job experience. Those areas low-skilled labor is where you're going to see that discrimination likely to emanate from. Okay, so looking at the unemployment rate in the second quarter of 2017 you could look at any quarter and you'd see the same pattern that results. The total unemployment rate was 4.2% which is about where it is right now. Unemployment for 16 and 17 year olds was the total was 16.4%. So four times the overall unemployment rate. White teenagers ages 16, 17 the unemployment rate was 14.7%. Black teenagers 16 and 17 years old the unemployment rate was 27.8%. And for Hispanics it was 19%. So you see clearly that young people are discriminated against as a result of the minimum wage and minorities are even greater discrimination against them as a result. Now these numbers are going to be affected by other factors but the fact that they look like this and they always look like this going back to the time before the minimum wage when basically there was a free market and in a free market there is no unemployment. If you can hire yourself out for a very low wage you're going to get a job, okay? So this has been the pattern since the 1930s. In this study it looks at European countries from 2004 to 2012. The blue line are countries that have no minimum wage at all and the red line are the countries that have a minimum wage and those countries have different minimum wages but they have one that's effective and it causes a higher amount of unemployment. So the blue line is countries without minimum wage and here's countries the red line with the minimum wage. So it's pretty clear statistically that that unemployment issue is definitely a problem. I mean in a place, any place you would think they would want to maximize unemployment, minimize unemployment but this is an issue that's been around for a very long time and it's obviously hurting people. The fact that teenagers in particular are negatively affected is very problematic because getting a job when you're 16, 17 is very important for just learning the basics about showing up and following the rules and paying attention to your superiors, treating your other coworkers in a reasonable way in a reasonable fashion, treating customers in a reasonable if not deferential fashion. All of those things are very important to learn and future employers are going to want to see that as well. So again, very important, very disruptive to the whole employment process. So minority teenagers for example are very adversely affected by this and then they end up having trouble later in life in terms of developing a career and keeping jobs very, very important. Okay so this graph looks at teen employment, not unemployment but employment and the last hike which was in 2009. Okay so this is an index number of teen employment so normal would be 100, abnormally high would be 110, abnormally low would be say 90. This law was passed in October of 2007 I believe so it was passed but it was not implemented until way over here in August of 2009. So employers knew about this coming increase in their cost of production and so what happened was you have a normality here and you also have the negative influence of the financial crisis but basically things are normal way into 2008. They're cutting back but it's still normal conditions in the teen low skilled labor market and then this is the last month that you could, an employer could pay $6.55 after that the minimum wage increased to $7.20 and so employers were reworking their structure of production buying more capital and high skilled labor and getting rid of low skilled weight and then when you get over here to the final month there's an 8% drop so 8% of all teenagers basically lost their job in two months time. So again it's pretty clear evidence of the unemployment effect. So conclusions, wage rates are determined by market factors. We discussed the leisure labor trade off, we discussed the compensating differentials, we discussed marginal revenue product, all of those go into the complex mix of what a wage is going to be for a particular type of labor in a particular area. So wages in general are much lower in Alabama than say for example in New York City. So the same franchise would be paying much higher price for workers in New York City than they would in Alabama. So if that $15 an hour minimum wage is passed it's going to really hurt not just teenagers, it's going to hurt the entire Alabama economy as a result. So market factors, there is no unemployment in a pure market economy. If there's no impediments to you getting a job then there's no reason why you can't bid yourself lower in order to secure a job in the marketplace. And remember everybody's earning their marginal revenue product so it would be fairly easy to find work out there. In other words there's plenty of work out there at the right wage. Plenty of work, it's just that there are restrictions on workers. So things like plumbers and electricians, you have to have a license in order to work in that area. And so that prevents you from doing small plumbing jobs or small easy electrical jobs that you are competent to do. So it's not just the minimum wage that restricts our ability to sell our labor but there are all sorts of government interventions that protect certain jobs for certain people and keep other people from getting into those professions which would come after your experience as a teenager in a low skilled job. We didn't cover this but wage rates, increases in wage rates are driven by increases in capital. Okay so capitalism, even though it has a bad name, it's all about capital and capital is about technology. So if you have more capital and people can invest in better technologies that's going to end up increasing wage rates and skill rates in the economy because high skilled workers using technological tools can produce more product. And if you can produce more product, it's going to result in higher wages. Of course we also want to see the extension and expansion of the structure of production. So the complexity that we've talked about there with the structure of production is a main driving force. The savings, the capital, the technology is just a component of the evolution of that structure of production. Early job experience improves lifetime employment and earnings. Believe me, I worked as a teenager as a dishwasher in a hospital food facility. So you would not believe the mountains of garbage and filth that I had to deal with every day and it was one of the reasons why I decided I'm going to get an education and be a professor. And once I got into college I said, you know, that's the kind of job I want. Four classes is that it? How much money? And that's again, I mean, that's what teenagers need to experience. And it's something unfortunately, it's not just the minimum wage but other factors in modern American society that are preventing many more teenagers from not even being in the job market at all. And also one of the most important points to take away and this is something that's not unique to the Austrian school but the Chicago school, the UCLA school is that minimum wage laws hurt precisely those people that are supposedly intended to benefit from increases in the minimum wage. It doesn't benefit the people who need those jobs the most and would be willing to work for a low wage. Like for in the 1970s for example, going through the stagflation and high unemployment rate of the 1970s and early 1980s, a lot of homemakers, mothers entered the workforce in minimum wage jobs to keep their family standard of living up, going through that inflationary period and high unemployment and what that did though is it kicked minority teenagers out of the market as a result. So it didn't help the people who needed it the most. Teenagers, minorities, the disabled, the handicapped, it helped middle class housewives supplement their household budget so it hurt precisely those that it supposedly intended to help. Thank you very much.


Hello. I'm appropriate greetings to the virtual room and thanks for coming to attend my talk. Today, we're going to talk about the state of software development tools for RISC-5 architecture. I'm sure you have attended two talks on RISC-5 in this conference so far and this morning's Kerstis keynote. In this talk, we're going to cover primarily Linux-oriented tools, but I'll also cover operating systems and try to go and cover some of the hard tosses and things like that. This is the agenda. Essentially, we'll talk about tool chains, its components, and then some system tools, emulators, simulators, some new language runtimes, and the operating systems, and what's the progress in there, what's new, and what's happening right now. If you have questions, feel free to ask them. I'll give some time towards the end of the talk so we can discuss those questions. Emulators, QMU has upstream support for RISC-5 and it can emulate RISC-5 on a X86 system and vice versa too, so we can have a X86 system emulated on a RISC-5 machine. QMU 5.0 has added hypervisor extension support and the Linux Syscon drivers and the RTC support as well. There is another emulator called TinyMU and if you're interested, you can just go in there and try out a few things you want to play with a pre-existing image and without any setups. This is really handy and it runs a build root-based port of a 32-bit as well as 64-bit tool chains and it also emulates the RV128 bit ISA. Spike is the oldest available simulator. It is also available and you can try it out and there are several operating systems that deploy Spike as well for emulation purposes. Renode is essentially for virtual development tool for simulating the hardware and I've pointed out some of the documents here where you can get a lot of details what's going on there, what different devices are being emulated in Renode and how you would be able to use it for your own purposes as well. With emulators, I would also like to talk about Linux Kernel. There has been a lot happening in Linux Kernel since 4.15. That's when the 64-bit RIS 5 support landed in there with stable API and the recent versions of Kernel, we have seen there is a CanDrive K210 support that has been going in into 5.8. It started with 5.7. There is a KGTV support in progress and KVM support is also a working progress and it has been submitted upstream for review and the KExec, KDump and KRAT probes is also working under progress and similarly the UEFI support for RIS 5 has been also under review and vectorized support as well. As you can see there is a lot of work that has been in flight right now and landing in various versions of Kernel and Clang built Kernel is also in progress and it is booting on KMU. You will see a few patches in the mailing list that are specifically supporting Clang built support. A lot of activity there on the Kernel side as well and on the bootloader side, I think Codeboot, Uboot they already have upstream support, the VBL, the Berkeley bootloader that was one of the initial bootloaders when the others didn't exist but recently OpenSBI has gotten a lot of attention and the new spec has been implemented as well and most of the KMU is also supporting OpenSBI and I think it is one of the primary ways to boot even in open embedded we switched to using this as a primary payload carrier. So moving over to tool chains, GCC 10 was released a few months ago and upstream support for GCC has been there for a few years now for RISC 5 but in GCC 10 we find there is support for this new assembly instructions they have a dependency on new binitals and bitmanip extension that's very interesting. They are also supported in GCC 10 and bit manipulation instructions these are extensions that are basically going to implement common bit operations that are specific to encryption or security related algorithms and they are very useful in those and they can be emitted into code as well as they are available as intrinsics if you would like to use but I don't think that all of them are still implemented there is a subtraction that has been implemented but I think more and more will be implemented as you can see but basically the basing fry is already in there so that's a great progress for bitmanip. LLVM and Clang, so RISC 5 was added in LLVM 9 as a experimental architecture and since then it has received quite a bit of development in Clang 10 release time frame Clang 10 was released again few months back and as you can see it has added the LTO support for RISC 5 so basic LTO support is in there you will be able to build on top of that a lot of other support that will kind of use LTO effectively and compiler RT which is the runtime now supports both RV and the RISC 5 32-bit as well as 64-bit and the sanitizers are available for 64-bit RISC 5 as well so I'm hoping that there will be a 32-bit version available soon as well and bitmanip instructions are also available on Clang as well as you can see BINUTILS again support has been there for a few years what you will see in recent versions is they have added support for the privilege spec version 1.9.1 and assembler has now capability to set the instruction set versions through command line so you could use MIS a spec to specify which spec you would like to adhere to in the assembler a GDB now supports the GDB server for RISC 5 for Linux which means now you can remotely debug your applications on RISC 5 targets and it has added the support for the native target for Linux as well since 8.3 but the GDB server is relatively new in GDB 9 of course the bare metal embedded support has been in GDB for quite some time now that is already there but this is a good point now that we can do the application development and debugging using GDB jtech debuggers there is a lot of free support for OpenOCD and it does support 64-bit multi core and then of course there are some of the closed sources or commercial tools that are available in jtech field SAG Air embedded studio which basically has the 32-bit support for microcontrollers a lot to walk and I think there are a few more and micro and others that are available as well if you are using proprietary or commercial solutions system C libraries have seen quite a few developments in the past few months and muscle which is kind of an embedded C library relatively new in the space has added actually a 64-bit RISC 5 support since 1.1.23 release that was early this year and 32-bit port is not available yet but what we can see is that 64-bit supports little engine it can support hard float ABI soft ABI as well as single and soft double floating ABI and it doesn't yet have big engine support or others but I guess so far little engine is what is more important 32-bit support for G-Lib C has been submitted and it has been under review for quite some time now it might show up in 2.32 release there is a discussion around whether it should be added in there there are some dependencies on 64-bit time T being implemented fully in G-Lib C on that because I think this will be one of the architectures that will support 64-bit time T on 32-bit architectures out of box as the initial port it will not have the legacy implementations and 64-bit RISC 5 requires a minimal kernel version for the Linux Lib C headers to be 5.0 the reason there is that there are certain syscalls that stops that needs it so it was discovered and therefore this has been added in the G-Lib C documentation as well New Lib which is the embedded C library used primarily in bare metal kind of like standalone applications there have been syscall implementations there and there is a LibM support that is now available for RISC 5 called New Lib Nano and a new size optimized memory functions has been added for RISC 5 as well so if you are using New Lib in embedded targets these are great improvements to the system C library and New Lib that is Now moving on to the language runtimes Go has been added so as you can see this slide is a little probably not up to date but if you have downloaded the PDF there I have updated it so Go 1.14 has added RISC 5 64-bit as experimental architecture in 1.14 release and this support existed out of tree for some time but then 1.14 has accepted the port the CGO support is not yet accepted it is still out of tree but the implementation is available and this is required for some of the container D implementations for some plugins like SQLite and then ButterFS and Pi build mode is also added which is actually not yet upstream but I'm hoping that it will be soon accepted for maybe 1.15 release so that's a great news for the Go community and the RISC 5 community as well we have added the Go support in open embedded when it was out of tree as well which was based on 1.13 it was available in the RISC 5 layer because the main Go compiler back then didn't work but with 1.14 perhaps we will not need those out of the RISC 5 implementation that we have in there so there is bootstrap that is done and I've pointed this link here if you are interested in bootstrapping Go compiler then you could go and you can work on the compiler itself but if you are doing applications and the major distributions will have it available for you so that's really great progress and moving on to Rust Rust actually has been there for the embedded side of things for quite some time now and for bare metal so for 1.36 release onwards it was available and some of these packages like low level access for RISC 5 these were also available in recent versions however recently RISC 5 has been also added as a target to Rust and it's a tier 2 target so I think Rust has like tier 1 targets and tier 2 and tier 3 and initially it was added as a tier 3 target because it wasn't documenting how the tests are run the just tests are run, test suites and then it basically engineers from code think contributed a lot in this area where they got the tests working as well and also promote RISC 5 as a tier 2 architecture but I think it is only for cross compilation as of now I think there is work on going to make it for the host as well so I think next time when we talk perhaps we'll have RISC 5 as a tier 1 architecture for Rust community so I think this is also a great news for RISC 5 community because there are several packages in various distributions that depend on Rust and this will just make it better for we'll see that some of those packages which are probably missing in distribution because of these run times are now available the Vazem time is actually a WebAssembly implementation I found it very interesting they are supporting RISC 5 as well and so I don't have much details on what the details are in there but if you are interested in WebAssembly I think CraneLift and VazemTime they are good projects to look into so before I jump into the operating systems I also wanted to mention about Java OpenJDK they do support the 0VM backend but the hot spot perhaps is still missing in there so you can in theory get like Java applications working on RISC 5 they may not be as optimized as other architectures because the JVM that is underneath is Chastain interpreter and OCaml also has a out-of-tree support that is available and perhaps in future we'll see also submitted upstream and it will be one of the supported architectures for OCaml as well so I know that Fedora and other distributions they do have for OCaml implementations and Linux operating systems Debian is supporting the Freedom U540 as well as a QMI target and there is a nice wiki page if you are a Debian developer or user and want to participate in RISC 5 community please go read through this and to get acquainted with it and what I always follow is this graph here and as you can see the gray line is what the RISC 5 port is it started somewhere on 2018 and you can see like how steep it was and then of course now it is somewhere above 90% I believe or touching 90% in many cases so as this new language runtimes they get implemented all these tools are helping more and more packages in Debian ecosystem get compiled and be available for RISC 5 architectures so that's great and I'm hoping that one day it will be nearly 100% or some of those green lines you see on the top Fedora so in Fedora RISC 5 is called as an alternative architecture and there are like minimal developer and GNOME images that are now available and it supports GMU as well as the Sci-Fi Unleashed target that is available and I think it can also have like expansion boards for PCI graphics and some like data storage and you can have like a full experience of a desktop as well on the freedom board so that's actually really good I know that several of us use Fedora natively on this port OpenSuzi also has the implementation and Tumbleweed which is the bleeding edge and the ruling release for OpenSuzi has a RISC 5 port and also it has a RISC system DNS 1 available and if you want to look at packages the ports packages what all are available I've provided the link here Gen2 I'm not sure I couldn't find much information but I think you know there is a landing page in there for Gen2 as well and so on the embedded side I'll cover OpenEmbedded as well as some other like build routes so in OpenEmbedded we have both 32-bit RISC 5 as well as 64-bit RISC 5 support and they are available in the 3.1 release the 32-bit 64-bit QMI support is in OpenEmbedded core which is now it's upstream in OpenEmbedded and Linux Yachto which is the kernel that Yachto project uses supports RISC 5.64 as well essentially that is basically an upstream implementation but adds the configurations and other patches that OpenEmbedded and Yachto project needs for testing and the purposes so that's great because it provides mainstream experience for testing the architecture and using this kernel to run through all the existing test infrastructure that we have and it supports both muscle and glibc for 64-bit as of now and it also supports multiple ABI's so I know that the desktop distributions primarily stick to more common ABI but in embedded space you might want to choose a no-float ABI for example RB64i and there is a no-float ABI for RISC 32 as well as 64-bit and then of course you have the ABI's for the general ABI's the GC versions there is a architecture layer called meta-RISC 5 that's hosted on the RISC 5 handle it supports bare metal SDKs so you could build tool chains and SDKs that you could use to do bare metal or stand-alone application development so you can generate SDKs for both 32-bit and 64-bit they could be either using new lib or could be purely bare metal depending on your use case and it also has support for the U540 board so all the board support package is there and the 32-bit QMU machine is also part of meta-RISC 5 eventually if it gets accepted into G-Lub-C 232 you might promote it into open embedded core and thus it will be migrated from here until then it is in there it has been supporting the cross-building Go packages and as I mentioned early in the Go slide where we were able to build Go 1.13 when it was out of free there is work in progress to get that into 1.14 and perhaps we'll be able to get all the cross-build infrastructure for Go that is in open embedded onto this here as well in coming few months and this also has a client support as a system compiler for both 32-bit as well as 64-bit RISC 5 and 64-bit RISC 5 can run the P-tests which is the Yachtos automatic test framework and there has been some work in there that has been pending in the past but thankfully there were few issues we had in QMU and they have been addressed so today you could run the tests on QMU we haven't yet built root all the support is upstream and it fully supports both 32-bit and 64-bit architectures like open embedded and currently it's supporting kernel 5.4 and it's regularly tested and you can see that the auto builder I've kind of pointed here their builds for RISC 5 64-bit as well as 32-bit and much like open embedded it supports both muscle and G-Lib C and of course muscle 32-bit port is not existing there yet so therefore there is no 32-bit support for muscle but G-Lib C they should probably have both and similar to QME targets there is a RISC 5 64-bit and RISC 32-bit are available OpenWRT you can see that OpenWRT added support and it was added for Hi-5 Unleashed and there was a Vertex 7 based implementation FPGA based implementation and also could run on QMU and it does support both muscle and G-Lib C I am not sure whether it has been upstreamed yet but it is still available in the link that I pointed here and FreeBSD actually one of the oldest supported operating system for RISC 5 it similarly supports Hi-5 Unleashed as well as QMU but in addition there is a spike implementation also available so you could use spike as a emulator as well and I think there is a healthy community and they are on IRC as well for and that BST has added support for this in the 10.0 release which is a nice addition to the BST family of the operating systems and I am hoping that soon we will get like OpenBSD and others adopting RISC 5 as well pre-RTOS there was an announcement from AWS supporting RISC 5 as one of the primary architectures and they have several embedded boards that are running RISC 5 as supported and I have listed here there are demos available for the Mi5 and to GL025 and there is a RB32M1 Vega board demo and they are called the RISC 5 on the RISC core and there is a key implementation for the sci-fi e-model as well that is available so it is well supported in pre-RTOS when we consider the embedded side of the RTOS Zephyr has added the support for 1.13.0 that was few years ago and it has supported Hi-5.1 board I have seen it's 1.13.0 and there has been more board that has been added the softest is the VEX RISC eCPU and it's offered actually as part of the standard Zephyr SDK if you go download it you can find several RISC 5 boards that are now supported out of box they have also added the hard float support recently and they also exposed the compiler tunes through the Zephyr build system which means you could easily port it to a more variant of devices which might not be supporting the standard ABIs or you have different ABIs that you would like to use it's now easy to use there RTEMS has the upstream support for simulators and RISC 5 Clang and LLBM support is also available in the build system for RISC 5 in RTEMS and it has added a GDB support and tool chain support for 64 and actually the target support for both 32 bit and 64 bit is actually unified in one so there is a new board that is added called ES310RT so there is a BSB added for that as well so interesting developments in that area as well from RTEMS there are a few educational or academic RTOSSes like XV6 from MIT that does support RISC 5 as well and HELL NOS which is microkernel approach also implement 35 by SA as well so that's pretty interesting as well so help needed V8 there is no port for V8 as yet as a result there is no node jazz as well that is available so I guess those are targets that will need some help in the community and Java of course there has to be some jitted Java JVM available and that's not yet available and similarly new like Dart and these are upcoming ecosystems that will require to do and there is I think some help needed in there I have also seen that the gradual growth in the contributions for example Linux kernel but it has been steadily growing but we will probably need more contributions in that area I listed several features that are being implemented in the kernel but I guess there is a steady rise in contributions and that's a very good sign for the community growth as we can see and I'm hoping that V8 community and node jazz community will also start supporting it soon and perhaps next time when we talk about we will have some activity around those ecosystems as well so as you can see the upstream first strategy that RISC-5 community is following in general the out of tree support remains there when it is under heavy development but always effort is put in place so they show up as upstream supported targets and that's actually the mantra that the community has been always following so most of the software is upstream so if you want to participate in any of those communities we talked about you can use the projects regular communication mechanisms there is no specific RISC-5 out of tree ports or regular channels would be sufficient in some cases there are architecture specific mailing lists for example for kernel the reason being that's how the kernel is organized so there is a RISC-5 mailing list specifically for kernel but if you were to do some GCC, Clang or LLBM development or Go then you would directly participate in the upstream communities then there is specific to RISC-5 there are some mailing lists on RISC-5.org and there is a SWDAV there are a lot of software discussions that go in there and there is also a patches at groups.risc.org where all the patches for RISC-5 ports are sent and there is a channel RISC-5 on pre-node on software, hardware, other areas and there is a if you are a kernel developer there is a Linux RISC-5 specific mailing list so please subscribe to those participate there and there is a growing questions on Stack Overflow as well so if you would like to answer or learn about what has been answered Stack Overflow is also a good resource to try out various other things so RISC-5 International maintains actually a very active software status and if you know that status is not up to date for the project that you are looking at please submit pull requests and it will get updated in there it is a living document and it is always updated and the community provides that input in there so please submit any update requests or you find that it is out of is not up to date for whatever reasons and also go through that list and see where different ports are and they also have ports that are basically in there for example OpenOCD the reason is that the work for streaming it has been ongoing alright so that was all thank you for your time and I will now take few questions here I think we still have time here so we will go over questions please feel free to ask questions here alright so there is a question do you do any platform similar to the hardware support 64 bit kernel and 32 bit user space I am not aware of that is done yet but ILP32 kind of you know the ABI is under discussion there but I am not aware of whether we have that setup yet there is another question is android ported to RISV5 and the answer is no I guess it will take someone to work with the android community maybe someone from the silicon side and port it over but I guess Java support as I mentioned earlier perhaps there are few large blocks that needs to be solved first but I am hoping that we will hear some good news in future next one is what is the normal use case for 32 bit at this point 32 bit I think again there are microcontrollers that will use it and have been using it in some cases and there is perhaps going to be a Linux port as well because obviously the architecture is future looking there is also space for not only 64 bit but 128 bit as well but I guess practical purposes will still have 32 bit in the embedded space and rightly for space and memory reductions and there could be other reasons maybe you have like software that is 32 bit primarily but I think it will always exist there so is RISV5 free RTOS and Zephyr supported in Yachto answer is yes in a way that free RTOS actually there is a I think there is a meta free RTOS layer already available so I am not sure we have done specific work for RISV5 in there but I guess mostly what you can see is the TMI ports like emulator ports that are available so I am sure that it will work for RISV5 as well but there hasn't been specific PSP added I think for PR TOS in Yachto and Zephyr actually the STKs for Zephyr are built using Yachto project again Zephyr has its own build system which is CMake based but they do consume the STKs that are built using Yachto project so in that way it is supported but if you want to use Yachto as a build system for Zephyr then I guess I know that will not be there okay next question is can RISV5 be implemented in Altera FPGAs yes I guess so because there are many vendors you heard about in this morning's keynote as well that there is a polar fire I believe that is coming out and I think there are other FPGAs toolkits that are now having RISV5 in there so I guess it can be but I guess it is more of a question for Altera okay so the next question is which RISV5 boards are supported in Yachto project and in the core for the emulators primarily for QMU but if you use the architecture layer then there is support for the sci-fi freedom U540 board and as new boards come out there is support for adding that support as in when available but as of now you have the freedom board okay so there is a question on which modes used in U-boot and Linux for RISV I am not sure which modes you are talking about here but if it is related to ISA or otherwise I mean it depends upon tools more than the kernels but I guess the general support is there for the GC modes okay there is another question on should one use TileLink or AXI in a RISV SoC I think it depends upon the implementations right so RISV5 what we are talking about here is not architecture side so perhaps that will be implemented by whoever implements the RISV base SoC okay so there is one more question which approach would you currently suggest to support custom instructions on the software side generally I think if inline assembly if compiler supports that particular API and I guess adding that to the compiler would be a good approach and so you could use it as intrinsics or you could use it as inline assembly doing just it in assembly perhaps is in my mind a bit more maintenance is required so having it enabled in the compiler would be the right thing to do and given that now we have LLBM backend available for RISV5 a lot of other language runtimes that are using that as to target the compiler backend you will be able to use for example all those bits for different kind of languages so I think that's perhaps good to have that implementations in the compiler I guess I do have yeah so one of the questions that was clarified on which machine mode so basically implements the supervisory mode as well okay so I guess thanks everyone for asking good amount of questions and thank you for attending this talk I hope it was useful to you and I will be hanging out here in the virtual session so feel free to ask more questions after this talk and thank you everyone


Let's get started. Okay, so Richard Hanania, who, just the context, I praised for a long time, I thought is some of the cities were excellent and fresh and good perspective. I think he's super smart. And then the Huffington Post had the story where they revealed that he had been a, you know, real racist white supremacist that had written under pseudo name and written some horrible things about blacks, about minorities generally, and about women, and just the typical, and he did that from 2008, I think until 2012, and then went on, got a PhD, and so on. And of course now is a very successful Twitter and substack, and I have a feeling this crisis, this whole thing is going to actually increase his following and his supports and his visibility. So I think this is actually going to play well for him. Anyway, they revealed that two days later, he wrote this article, Why I Used to Suck, and Hopefully No Longer Do. And he writes, My wrote to small l liberalism and liberalism here is more of a classical liberalism than a left-wing liberalism, I think.  That's a great step forward and an important one. And I think it takes, well, he has no choice at this point. So I think it's good that he wrote it. It's good that he acknowledged, he acknowledges here that the views he held back then were wrong and bad and offensive and that they sucked and that he's now over them. And he gives an example, which I gave when I talked about him on Sunday. He's pro-immigration, he's pro-diversity of just peoples. He used to be, when he was young and a racist, he was a jerk and didn't get along with women. He's not married. He's got a life. And he's written a lot from the perspective that he used to think that women are disastrous for politics. And now he thinks, no, that sounds quite true.  He says he's learned a huge amount from Stephen Picker's books, both on violence and on kind of the value of what you'd call relatively free markets, relatively free markets that we have today, kind of the mixed economy, the value of the mixed economy. And then he considers himself today a classical liberal. So all good for what it is. I still have two qualms with him and two problems. And I don't know how this is going to play out. I don't know how serious this is. I still respect the good stuff that he's written. And I respect the fact that he's backed off the bad stuff. But I think there are two concerns that I have that are directly related. And the first is that his condemnation of himself, this idea that he sucked, is a little too soft, a little too nice. What does it mean that he sucked? Is there full acknowledgement of the horror and the evil that racism and the kind of views that he held about human beings, men and women, really mean the kind of history that is manifest from racism and this kind of view of women, the actual existential consequences of these views. These are evil views about as evil as it gets. And yeah, he was a confused kid with psychological problems. There are a lot of confused kids with psychological problems that don't go that route. And it really needs to be a lot more morally condemnatory in my view of himself. You can't just say, whoops, sorry, screwed up over something like this. And you're an intellectual. So your realm is the realm of ideas. The realm of politics, the realm of deeper ideas, particularly politics though, that's what he does. And you held ideas that are reprehensible, the evil, the disgusting, the horrific. And there has to be something that has a little bit more passion and oomph to it than I used to suck.  So there's a little bit of him being removed from his past that I don't, you know, I'm not saying he's lying. I don't think he is. I think, I think this is true. And for now, I'll take him at his word. He's doing very well for himself. So he has a strong incentive not to veer off the path that he's on. But I am, I'm going to watch him. I'm going to be careful. I'm not just going to say, okay, back to retweeting everything he says, back to, you know, just treating him like I thought he a real star. Not going to happen. Not going to happen. And the real, the real, you know, the real red flag for me. And I mentioned this on Sunday, but there's no, he has no, he has no sense of this. He has no, right. So he links to this article again. And this is, he links this article. This is an article where I don't know if it's real or not, whether it's a story, real story, a potential story, doesn't matter.  And he lists this as, see, I'm not a racist anymore. I'm in a sense on outside. But this guy, one UNTS, is a explicit uncompromising UNTS, a UNTZ, anti-Semite, kind of Holocaust denier, kind of, yeah, we should, you know, Hitler's being treated, maybe a little unjustly, we should really consider it. He didn't know about the extermination of Jews. That wasn't his intention. And we should really rethink Hitler and what he represents. And this isn't really Germany's fault. If you're really repenting, if you're really saying, I'm not a racist anymore, I really think racism is opponent. I really think it's horrible. I was dumb. I sucked when I was young. And why would you then say, okay, I'm not a racist, but I'm still an anti-Semite, or I'm saying I tolerate anti-Semites. I tolerate racist, but I'm not a racist. You don't hang out with a full, and say nice things about a full-fledged anti-Semite as you're trying to prove to the world that you are now repudiating completely, thoroughly, unequivocally, racism and your, these old views that you had. So this UNTZ stuff really bugs me. And, you know, it's a question of sanction. And that's what's missing here. It's like we should morally judge people, and we should morally judge ourselves. And when you discover that you were immoral in the past, which can happen to all of us, any of us, then that requires a certain judgment, a certain severity, depending on how immoral you are. This is pretty big. And he's not morally judging himself. He's not morally judging UNTZ. So what is he exactly? What are we talking about? What is he retracting? What is he repenting? What is this new? He's a classical liberal, but he still kind of tolerates anti-Semites when they're interesting. Like he keeps saying UNTZ is interesting. By the way, in the end of the essay, UNTZ suggests that COVID was an intentional lab leak in the United States by the US government.   But there's no judgment. Anyway, so again, I like the material he writes. I'll keep on reading it. I'm going to be retweeting him a lot less. I am going to watch what he does and watch what he says with a little suspicion. And I am going to watch the nuance. I mentioned last time IQ. I got into huge trouble. Everybody commented on how ignorant I am about IQ. But as usual, but you know, it's things like that. How he talks about these things. What he actually says about these things. I'm going to pay attention to those. I'm not just giving him a blank check. He doesn't get a blank check anyway for me. Not that he cares. But for me, and we're going to watch him. We're going to watch him.