What's up guys rocks and 34 back with another epic video this one is gonna be insane first of all I'm gonna show you guys my legend of blue eyes graded collection a lot of you guys asked for my entire graded collection I haven't done that yet, but we're gonna do a small part of it We're gonna show you guys my first edition legend of blue eyes graded cards, then we're gonna open up this Box right here, which hopefully will add to our legend of blue eyes first edition graded collection There's some insane cards in here guys. It's gonna be pretty awesome We got this from my friend Eric who has sold me those champion pack one So here we go For the giveaway for this video Firewall XC dragon the agent of force Mars and blackwing dragon from the shining darkness All you have to do is like the video be subscribed and let me know your favorite card either from my graded collection or in the package So we're gonna start off with the graded collection I'll show you guys all of my cards that I have graded for first edition legend of blue eyes So I'd open that LLB booster box a while ago That's where a lot of these come from and I have a few other ones Also, I graded a lot of the comments and rears from that and they're still not back I sent them in March and it is September and we still don't have them. So there's that for you PSA super slow I've sent a lot of stuff PSA recently and I want to do PSA return videos Well, you guys don't even know that I do them and I've done like 15 year on this channel But you guys haven't seen them because you know, they never come back. So first card we have Mystical elf, this is a wavy print card. If you don't know what wavy print is guys It's it's just it's a lot to explain but basically there's Two prints now that people are saying there's three but from what I know there's two prints There's a wavy print. There's a glossy print and they're both first edition So there's not a huge difference, but people do a lot of people like wavy better. So there's a wavy PSA nine mystical elf That was not for my box to open a glossy box. Here is the polymerization from my box One of the two because we pulled two make sure you guys check out my lb video If you guys haven't watched it somehow and you're watching my channel A lot of you guys came from that video and then a lot of you guys came from the 10k video So maybe some of you guys from the 10k video never watched it. This is a glossy polymerization It got a mint nine pretty awesome though Then of course we have the second one these guys were way off center So this one actually wasn't as bad when it comes to the centering but also got a nine Then we got one of the best supers in the set flame swordsmen I pulled this one as well. This one got a nine. So lots of nines My set is nines and tens only tens just tens is very expensive. So I'm saying I'm in nines for now Maybe we'll upgrade to tens one day probably not but Maneater bug this one was also off center. Our centering was really bad on that box Here is a Celtic guardian. This is a PSA nine. This one is the one that You give first day collector pull out of his box a while ago. I think I think that's I think that's true Then we have trap hole Or no, actually, no, maybe maybe this is the one that uh thug noodles pulled but you go first day collector had it I can't remember but uh, it's PSA nine here are the tens. We do have a PSA 10 Trap hole. This was actually given to me by someone. It has this junk on the back So that kind of made it a little bit less desirable, but it's still a 10 So I'll take it. Unfortunately. It has that junk on the back Then we have a dark hole this one. I graded myself. I actually bought this from one of my friends and then It like I thought it was like a seven, but I sent it in anyway and it got a 10 so It was in my early days of grading. So I mean it looks okay. It has that classic PSA um scuffed up back but Overall pretty nice. Then we have my ultras. I have three ultras I have a guy of the fierce knight PSA 10 I got this one in a collection I bought and it graded a 10. This one's glossy Pretty amazing awesome card one of the worst ultras in the sebb. It's still really cool Then we have the monster reborn that I pulled PSA 10. This one was the only 10 pulled in the box. This one was pretty nice I mean really nice actually. Yeah, I need to clean these slabs off because they're a little dusty Okay, and then finally the red eyes black dragon that first got a nine at PSA Then I sent it to bgs and they got a nine I should have kept it a nine at PSA to be honest, but because the surface had these crazy crazy, uh print lines But we have a nine bgs nine red eyes. So that's my collection. That's all I have right now Now I'm going to show you guys some cards that I just bought some really cool l o b first edition So here we go. All right guys now. I'm going to show you guys What we got in here. So let's open this up There's some pretty epic cards. It's not just l o b first edition. There's also some other epic old school cards So hope you guys hope you guys are excited. Make sure you guys hit the like button This is going to be a pretty fun one Pretty epic. I haven't bought any first edition l o b in a long time in terms of singles I don't even remember the last one I bought It's been a very long time. So I'm hoping that these are in nice condition. Here we go. All right, let's see if we can pull these out Check that All right, let's grab all this stuff Interesting packaging here All right All right, guys, here we go We have some unsleeved cards. We've got stuff with no penny sleeves. So we're gonna have to be really careful here to get everything All right. So here we go. First of all, we have Giant trunet. We're gonna be adding them into penny sleeves as we go. That looks like it's in really nice shape First edition from magic ruler. That's awesome First edition black illusion ritual That is pretty sweet. There we go. I haven't checked the centering. Oh guys, here we go The one and only relinquished Near mint to mint. Wow. That is beautiful. The centering is not good on it That's okay. That is a magic ruler one not start a deck pegasus Magic rule that is the kind of the bummer about start a deck pegasus and start a joey Is they just use the same art from the uh, you know the set card. So it's kind of weird Snatch steal this card looks really nice These cards are in great condition.  So He was not lying even though he sent them to me and no sleeves.  I was like, never mind. Just don't worry about Okay, tone world Yeah, he's not he's not a huge car.  You know what I mean? He's like more of a Collectible guy in general There we go. Heavy storm that is unlimited. But still I mean, it's uh, it's not really I wouldn't call it fated That'd be kind of fake, but it is less saturated than normal slightly Here we go Spell binding circle. Wow, that's actually awesome Magic ruler, that's actually pretty decent center. We might try to grade that one I'm gonna send I might send a lot of these in we'll see we'll see what we want to send in what I want to keep raw Came black pendant Yeah, guys, this is yeah, I told you LLB. We're not even to the LLB yet. So here we go. Keep going I'm just gonna just kind of fan this stuff out for you Mahavilo Super rare and beautiful Beautiful card magic ruler still you know pretty cheap overall compared to metal raiders and LLB because you know, there's just a lot More magic ruler because they found all that recently There's a bunch of boxes hit the market just a couple of years ago So at this point it's like three or four years ago, but still there were so many that it's Just it's just not as popular That one has this tune mermaid has a little bit dimple right there That's so pretty good condition. The sintering is off. I feel like a tune mermaid It's often centered with the big part down there in the small up there. That's kind of the case a lot Here is a thousand dragon. Check that out Get a little spot right there. So that one unfortunately does have a little blemish. It is unlimited anyway, so not too big of a deal Seeker room. We have the one and only solemn judgment. Check that out Beautiful that card might be uh, Might be a deck card because it's unlimited. So I need some of those horn of heaven The classic horn of heaven guys. Yeah, I know you guys love horn of heaven for some reason I don't know why but you do Then we have twin headed thunder dragon. That's pretty cool Unlimited but still really cool. Then guys we're getting into some big stuff secret rare first edition serpent night dragon Let's see. Is it gradeable? I think it might have a ding down there in the corner Yeah, it does. So this one is nearly perfect. It does have a ding has a little spot right there Uh, yeah, it does have a ding on the corner, but overall really nice a really nice secret rare serpent night dragon. That's really cool Next we have They're gonna be shocked Another serpent night dragon. So there we go. Let's see if this one has a ding This one looks like it might be gradeable. Okay, the sintering is off. It would definitely not get a tin So that one's pretty nice Serpent night dragon. That's pretty awesome. Two of those is insane. So that one was in a sleeve. Okay, here we go Yeah, here we go guys. Oh, this one's european Celtic guardian. Okay The e Celtic guardian. So that one's european, but it's really nice actually I didn't realize that one was european Celtic guardian europe, but that's okay Not what we're looking for but overall pretty nice and look this is just thrown in here terraforming I actually do need this for uh For my gravekeeper deck for my goat gravekeepers. I have a terraforming. So this will fit perfectly Okay, let's I mean this one doesn't deserve to be on the screen right now Terraforming it's like a 50 cent card. Okay We have another Heavy storm. Oh, this one's first head. I didn't realize that This one is not not quite near mint. This one looks like more like light play. Maybe a harsh moderate play. Maybe Okay, that's cool Oh Okay, tribute to the doomed There is another near mint tribute to doom. That's pretty sweet. This is not good guys Are all these european? I think all these might be european. I didn't really realize that Another european man eater. I mean this one's incredibly nice though All right Oh, man, are all these gonna european? That's gonna be scary Could be the case because we have a european dark hole right here So far the supers are european, but of course the magic ruler and uh metal raiders are not european Here's a first edition european ride gecky. This card's really nice Super rare We've got polymerization Okay Polymerization this one is oh my goodness guys. Do you see the centering on this card? Look at this You can't make this stuff up That is terrible That's kind of awesome. Actually. I really like that card being wayo c On that's an unlimited one though. Okay guys, it's official. We have a card that is not european. I think Oh, wait, this is unlimited. That's why There we go unlimited trap hole Not european fortunately. I don't even know if they had unlimited european All right, let's check this one out We've got a ride gecky. This is a super rare Not european, which I don't know let me know guys Do you guys know if they had unlimited european? The foil a little bit of a foil shift on this one. I feel like that's kind of common right gecky I've seen that on the last one Okay, this one is tryhorn Tryhorn dragon check that out Is this normal secret or is this reverse? This one is a reverse tryhorn. It looks like so. That's pretty cool Reverse foil tryhorn unlimited That is pretty sick Check that card out secret rare All right, that's cool Next card we have Another Celtic guardian. This one looks kind of beat up.  Maybe a little bit water damage or something. I don't know More foil shift on the Celtic. That's interesting Next we have is this a wavy car. Okay time out time out time out I think we might have something pretty cool here. Maybe no it doesn't look like it That does not look wavy. Didn't it wait what it okay, this looks like something I don't know what this is. Let me know if you uh print or an expert. What card is this it looks It was darker like wavy, but it's not so You know, maybe it's that 1.5 print people talk about. I don't know. I'm not I'm not an expert when it comes to print runs Okay, guys, there's too many of them Okay, next We have flame swordsman Super rare There we go That's pretty awesome And we have finally another trap hole another european. Oh my goodness I did not realize these are european, but that is that's okay. That's just how it works sometimes european Now we have a couple more cards guys Oh man Okay We have another we have a blue eyes tune dragon. It's in here in those sleep. We got to be careful. Okay Secret rare blue eyes tune dragon Does have a little Something right there on the back That is pretty nice. That looks really good blue eyes tune dragon secret rare. That's pretty awesome. All right, we have Finally three cards and it's gonna be a little anti climactic. I didn't realize This is actually european. I did not realize this That is unfortunate. So the value is much much less than expected Trihorn dragon that is european. Oh killer Then we have Monster reborn this one's also european Man, these cards are so nice their european print Has those e basically european when you see that e that is a no-no. That's not good Yeah, so I didn't really realize that I didn't see any picks of them. Unfortunately, so um That is okay swords revealing light another european card. Unfortunately But I guess this will be the finale because we do have a nice card in here guys We do have a nice card. It is unlimited But it's not european It is blue eyes white dragon There we go LOB blue eyes. It looks pretty nice. Let's see Do we think it can get a 10? Maybe i'm not seeing anything It has a cutting issue right there. You guys see that That could maybe dock it Other than that this card looks really good. So The highlights are definitely this card and the blue eyes tune dragon because All the LOB first eds were european, which is killer Absolutely killer. So these cards are super nice. There's a foil shift on this blue eyes, which is pretty cool Um blue eyes tune dragons. It looks really good But overall still a really cool lot. So I hope you guys did enjoy it. Um, we're not going to be adding to the n a Um graded collection of unfortunately because you know, it was all european stuff But yeah, so we'll see what happens with this um Let me know if you guys are interested in european cards because I probably not gonna keep them because I thought that I was thinking they were in a but they're not so just kind of misunderstanding But we did get some really cool magic ruler metal raiders. We got a lob unlimited blue eyes That's really cool. So overall a pretty awesome buy not as cool as I thought it was gonna be but still pretty awesome So I hope you guys enjoyed the video make sure you guys subscribe for more content. I'll see you guys later Thanks for watching. Peace


CHAPTER 38. AT THE RUFUS STONE. He folded his arms as Dangle and Phipps returned towards him. Phipps was abashed by his inability to cope with the tandem, which he was now wheeling, but Dangle was inclined to be quarrelsome. Miss Milton, he said briefly, Mr. Hoopdriver bowed over his folded arms. Miss Milton within, said Dangle, and not to be disturbed, said Mr. Hoopdriver.  At your service, said Mr. Hoopdriver, she awaits her stepmother, sir. Mr. Dangle hesitated. She will be here immediately, he said. Here is her friend, Miss Murgle. Mr. Hoopdriver unfolded his arms slowly, and with an air of intense calm, thrust his hands into his breeches' pockets. Then, with one of those fatal hesitations of his, it occurred to him that this attitude was merely vulgarly defiant. He withdrew both, returned one, and pulled at the insufficient mustache with the other. Miss Murgle caught him in confusion. Is this the man, she said to Dangle, and forthwith?   You will permit me to observe, began Mr. Hoopdriver with a splendid drawl, seeing himself for the first time in all this business as a romantic villain. Ugh! said Miss Murgle, unexpectedly striking him about the mid-drip with her extended palms, and sending him staggering backward into the hall of the hotel. Let me pass, said Miss Murgle, entouring indignation.  And so swept by him and into the dining room, wherein Jesse had sought refuge. As Mr. Hoopdriver struggled for equilibrium with the umbrella stand, Dangle and Phipps, roused from their inertia by Miss Murgle's activity, came in upon her heels. Phipps, leading.  Mr. Hoopdriver looked obstinate, and to Dangle's sense dangerous, but he made no answer. A waiter in full bloom appeared at the end of the passage, gardened. It is men of your stamp, sir, said Phipps, who discredit manhood. Mr. Hoopdriver thrust his hands into his pockets. Who the juice are you? shouted Mr. Hoopdriver fiercely. Who are you, sir? retorted Phipps. Who are you? That's the question. Who are you, and what are you doing, wandering at large with a young lady under age? Don't speak to him, said Dangle. I'm not a going to tell all my seekers to anyone who comes at me, said Hoopdriver, not likely. And he added fiercely, and then I tell you, sir. He and Phipps stood, legs apart, and both looking exceedingly fierce at one another, and heaven alone knows what might not have happened if the long clergyman had not appeared in the doorway, but heeded, but deliberate. Petty-coated in acronism, said the long clergyman in the doorway, apparently still suffering from the antiquated prejudice that demanded a third wheel and a black coat from a clerical rider. He looked at Phipps and Hoopdriver for a moment, then extending his hand toward the ladder, he waved it up and down three times, saying, chack, chack, chack, very deliberately, as he did so. Then, with a concluding, and a gesture of repugnance, he passed on into the living room, from which the voice of Miss Murgle was distinctly audible, remarking that the weather was extremely hot, even for the time of year. This expression of extreme disapprobation had a very demoralizing effect upon Hoopdriver, a demoralization that was immediately completed by the advent of the massive wiggery. Is this the man, said wiggery, very grimly, and producing a special voice for the occasion from somewhere deep in his neck? Don't hurt him, said Mrs. Milton, with clasped hands. However much wrong he has done her. No violence. How many more of you, said Hoopdriver at bay before the umbrella stand? Where is she? What has he done with her, said Mrs. Milton? I'm not going to stand here and be insulted by a lot of strangers, said Mr. Hoopdriver, so you'd needn't think it. Please don't worry, Mr. Hoopdriver, said Jesse, suddenly appearing in the door of the dining room. I'm here, mother. Her face was white. Mrs. Milton said something about her child, and made an emotional charge at Jesse. The embrace vanished into the dining room. Wig removed as if to follow, and hesitated. You'd better make yourself scarce, he said to Mr. Hoopdriver. I shan't do anything of the kind, said Mr. Hoopdriver, with a catching of the breath. I'm here defending that young lady. You've done her enough, mischief, I should think, said Wigery, suddenly walking toward the dining room and closing the door behind him, leaving Dangle and Phipps with Hoopdriver. Claire, said Phipps, threateningly. I shall go and sit out in the garden, said Mr. Hoopdriver, with dignity. There I shall remain. Don't make a row with him, said Dangle. And Mr. Hoopdriver retired, unassaulted, in almost sobbing dignity. So here is the world with us again, and our sentimental excursion is over. In the front of the Rufus Stone Hotel conceive a remarkable collection of wheeled instruments, watched over by Dangle and Phipps in grave and stately attitudes. And by the driver of a stylish dog cart from Ringwood. In the garden behind, in an attitude of nervous prostration, Mr. Hoopdriver was seated on a rustic seat. Through the open window of a private sitting room came a murmur of voices, as of men and women in conference, occasionally something that might have been a girlish sob. I fail to see what status Wigery has, says Dangle, thrusting himself in there. He takes too much upon himself, said Phipps. I've been noticing little things, yesterday and today, said Dangle, and stopped. They went to the cathedral together in the afternoon. Financially it would be a good thing for her, of course, said Dangle, with a gloomy magnanimity. He felt drawn to Phipps now by the common trouble, in spite of the man's checkered legs. Financially it wouldn't be half bad. He's so dull and heavy, said Phipps. Meanwhile, within, the clergyman had, by promptitude and dexterity, taken the chair and was opening the case against the unfortunate Jesse. I regret to have to say that my heroine had been appalled by the visible array of public opinion against her excursion, to the pitch of tears. She was sitting with flushed cheeks and swimming eyes at the end of a table opposite to the clergyman. She held her handkerchief crumpled up in her extended hand. Mrs. Milton sat as near to her as possible and occasionally made little dabs with her hand at Jesse's hand, to indicate forgiveness. These advances were not reciprocated, which touched Wigery very much. The Lady in Green, Miss Mergel, B.A., sat at the opposite side near the clergyman. She was the strong-minded schoolmistress to whom Jesse had written and who had immediately precipitated the pursuit upon her. She had picked up the clergyman in Ringwood and had told him everything forthwith, having met him once at a British Association meeting. He had immediately constituted himself administrator of the entire business. Wigery, having been foiled in an attempt to conduct the proceedings, stood with his legs wide apart in front of the fireplace ornament and looked profound and sympathetic. Jesse's account of her adventures was a cherry one and given amidst frequent interruptions. She surprised herself by skilfully omitting any allusion to the Bechamel episode. She completely exonerated Hoop Driver from the charge of being more than an accessory to her escapade. But public feeling was heavy against Hoop Driver. Her narrative was inaccurate and sketchy, but happily the others were too anxious to pass opinions to pin her down to particulars. At last they had all the facts they would permit. My dear young lady, so the clergyman, I can only ascribe this extravagant and regrettable expedition of yours to the wildest misconceptions of your place in the world and of your duties and responsibilities. Even now, it seems to me, your present emotion is due not so much to a real and sincere penitence for your disobedience and folly as to a positive annoyance at our most fortunate interference. Not that, since I am a young lady, I am not sure what I should do. But why did she go off like this, said Wigery? That's what I want to know. Jesse made an attempt to speak, but Mrs. Milton said, Hush, and the ringing tenor of the clergyman rode triumphantly over the meeting. I cannot understand this spirit of unrest that has seized upon the more intelligent portion of the feminine community. You had a pleasant home, a most refined and intelligent lady in the position of your mother, to cherish and protect you. If I had a mother, gulp, Jesse, succumbing to the obvious snare of self-pity and sobbing, to cherish, protect, and advise you, and you must needs go out of it all alone into the strange world of unknown dangers. I wanted to learn, said Jesse. You wanted to learn. May you never have anything to unlearn. Ah! from Mrs. Milton, very sadly. Ah! from Mrs. Milton, very sadly. It isn't fair for all of you to argue at me at once, submitted Jesse irrelevantly.  Your proper place was surely the natural surroundings that are part of you. You have been unduly influenced, and it is only too apparent by a class of literature which, with all due respect to distinguished authorists that shall be nameless, I must call the new woman literature. In that deleterious ingredient of our book boxes. I don't altogether agree with you there, said Miss Murgle, throwing her head back and regarding him firmly through her spectacles, and Mr. Widgery coughed. What has all this to do with me? asked Jesse, availing herself of the interruption. The point is, said Mrs. Milton, on her defense, that in my books, all I want to do, said Jesse, is to go about freely by myself. Girls do so in America, why not here? Social conditions are entirely different in America, said Miss Murgle. Here we respect class distinctions. It's very unfortunate. What I want to know is why I cannot go away for a holiday if I want to. With a strange young man, socially your inferior, said Widgery, and made her flush by his tone. Why not, she said, with anybody. They don't do that, even in America, said Miss Murgle. My dear young lady, said the clergyman, the most elementary principles of decorum. A day will come when you will better understand how entirely subservient your ideas are to the very fundamentals of our present civilization. When you will better understand the harrowing anxiety you have given Mrs. Milton by this inexplicable flight of yours, we can only put things down at present in charity to your ignorance. You have to consider the general body of opinion, too, said Widgery. Precisely, said Miss Murgle. There is no such thing as conduct in the absolute. If once this most unfortunate business gets about, said the clergyman, it will do you infinite harm. But I've done nothing wrong. Why should I be responsible for other peoples? The world has no charity, said Mrs. Milton. For a girl, said Jesse, no. Now do let us stop arguing, my dear young lady, and let us listen to reason. Never mind how or why this conduct of yours will do you infinite harm. If once it is generally known, and not only that, it will cause infinite pain to those who care for you. But if you will return at once to your home, causing it to be understood that you have been with friends for these last few days, tell lies, said Jesse, certainly not. Most certainly not. But I understand that is how your absence is understood at present, and there is no reason. Jesse's grip tightened on her handkerchief. I won't go back, she said, to have it as I did before. I want a room of my own, what books I need to read, to be free to go out by myself, alone, teaching. Anything, said Mrs. Milton, anything in reason. But how will you keep your promise, said Jesse? Surely you won't dictate to your mother, said Wigery. My stepmother. I don't want to dictate. I want definite promises now. This is most unreasonable, said the clergyman. Very well, said Jesse, swallowing a sob, but with unusual resolution. Then I won't go back. My life is being frittered away. Let her have her way, said Wigery. A room, then.  My dear child, if only to save you, said Mrs. Milton, if you don't keep your promise, then I take it the matter is practically concluded, said the clergyman, and that you very properly submit to return to your proper home. And now, if I may offer a suggestion, it is that we take tea, freed of its tannin. Nothing, I think, is more refreshing and stimulating. There's a train from Lindhurst at thirteen minutes to six, said Wigery, unfolding a timetable. That gives us about half an hour, or three quarters here. If a conveyance is obtainable, that is. A gelatin lozenge dropped into the teacup precipitates the tannin in the form of tannate of gelatin, said the clergyman, to Miss Murgle in a confidential bray. Jesse stood up and saw through the window a depressed head and shoulders over the top of the back of a garden seat. She moved towards the door. While you have tea, mother, she said, I must tell Mr. Hoopdriver of our arrangements. Don't you think I began the clergyman? No, said Jesse, very rudely. I don't. But Jesse, haven't you already? You are already breaking the capitulation, said Jesse. Will you want the whole half hour? said Wigery at the bell. Every minute, said Jesse in the doorway, he's behaved very nobly to me. There's tea, said Wigery. I've had tea. He may not have behaved badly, said the clergyman, but he's certainly an astonishingly weak person to let a wrong-headed young girl Jesse closed the door into the garden. Meanwhile, Mr. Hoopdriver made a sad figure in the sunlight outside. It was over, this wonderful excursion of his, so far as she was concerned, and with the swift blow that separated them, he realized all that those days had done for him. He tried to grasp the bearings of their position. Of course they would take her away to those social altitudes of hers. She would become an inaccessible young lady again. Would they let him say goodbye to her? How extraordinary it had all been! He recalled the moment when he had first seen her riding with the sunlight behind her along the riverside road. He recalled that wonderful night at Bognor, remembering it as if everything had been done of his own initiative. Brave, brave, she had called him, and afterwards when she came down to him in the morning, kindly, quiet. But ought he to have persuaded her then to return to her home? He remembered some intention of the sort. Now these people snatched her away from him as though he was scarcely fit to live in the same world with her. No more he was. He felt he had presumed upon her worldly ignorance in traveling with her day after day. She was so dainty, so delightful, so serene. He began to recapitulate her expressions, the light of her eyes, the turn of her face. He wasn't good enough to walk in the same road with her. Nobody was. Suppose they let him say goodbye to her. What could he say? That? But they were sure not to let her talk to him alone. Her mother would be there, as what it was it? Chaperone. He'd never once had a chance of saying what he felt. Indeed, it was only now that he was beginning to realize what he felt. Love he wouldn't presume. It was worship. If only he could have one more chance. He must have one more chance, somewhere, somehow. Then he would pour out his soul to her, eloquently. He felt eloquently, and words would come. He was dust under her feet. His meditation was interrupted by the click of a door handle, and Jesse appeared in the sunlight under the veranda. Come away from here, she said to Hoop Driver, as he rose to meet her. I'm going home with them. We have to say goodbye. Mr. Hoop Driver winced. Mr. Hoop Driver winced, opened and shut his mouth, and rose without a word. Chapter 40 At first, Jesse Milton and Mr. Hoop Driver walked away from the hotel in silence. He heard a catching in her breath, and glanced at her, and saw her lips pressed tight and a tear on her cheek. Her face was hot and bright. She was looking straight before her. He could think of nothing to say, and thrust his hands into his pockets, and looked away from her intentionally. After a while, she began to talk. They dealt disjointedly with scenery first, and then with the means of self-education. She took his address at Antrobuses, and promised to send him some books. But even with that it was spiritless. Aking talk, Hoop Driver felt, for the fighting mood was over. She seemed, to him, preoccupied with the memories of her late battle, and that appearance hurt him. It's the end, he whispered to himself. It's the end. They went into a hollow and up a gentle wooded slope, and came at last to a high and open space, overlooking a wide expanse of country. There, by a common impulse, they stopped. She looked at her watch a little ostentatiously. They stared at the billows of forest, rolling away beneath them, crest beyond crest, of leafy trees, fading at last into blue. The end ran through his mind to the exclusion of all speakable thoughts, and so, she said, presently breaking the silence, it comes to goodbye. For half a minute he did not answer. Then he gathered his resolution. There is one thing I must say. Well, she said, surprised, and abruptly forgetting the reason argument. I ask no return, but then he stopped. I won't say it, it's no good. It would be rot from me, now. I wasn't going to say anything. Goodbye.  No, she said, but don't forget you are going to work. Remember, Brother Chris, you are my friend. You will work. You are not a very strong man, you know now. You will forgive me. Nor do you know all you should, but what will you be in six years' time? He stared hard in front of him still, and the lines about his weak mouth seemed to strengthen. He knew she understood what he could not say. I'll work, he said concisely. They stood side by side for a moment. Then he said, with a motion of his head, I won't come back to them. Do you mind, going back alone? She took ten seconds to think. No, she said, and held out her hand, biting her nether lip. Goodbye, she whispered. He turned with a white face, looked into her eyes, took her hand limply, and then, with a sudden impulse, lifted it up to his lips. She would have snatched it away, but his grip tightened to her movement. She felt the touch of his lips, and then he had dropped her fingers, and turned from her, and was striding down the slope. A dozen paces away his foot turned in the lip of a rabbit hole, and he stumbled forward, and almost fell. He recovered his balance and went on, not looking back. He never once looked back. She stared at his receding figure until it was small and far below her, and then, the tears running over her eyelids now, turned slowly, and walking with her hands gripped hard together behind her, towards Stony Cross again. I did not know, she whispered to herself. I did not understand. Even now. No, I do not understand. Chapter 41 The Envoy So the story ends, dear reader. Mr. Hoopdriver, sprawling down there among the bracken, must sprawl without our prying, I think, or listening to what chances to his breathing. And if what came of it all, of the six years and afterwards, this is no place to tell. In truth, there is no telling it, for the years have still to run.  If it is not attained, may heaven forgive us both. Nor will we follow this adventurous young lady of ours back to her home in Serviton. To her new struggle against Wigery and Mrs. Milton combined. For, as she will presently hear, that devoted man has got his reward, for her also your sympathies are invited. The rest of this great holiday, too, five days there are left of it, is beyond the limits of our design. You see fitfully a slender figure in a dusty brown suit, and heather mixture stockings, and brown shoes not intended to be cycled in, flitting London word through Hampshire, and Berkshire, and Surrey, going economically, for excellent reasons. Day by day he goes on, riding fitfully, and for the most part through by-roads, but getting a few miles to the north-eastward every day. He is a narrow-chested person, with a nose hot and tanned at the bridge, with unwanted exposure, and brown red-knuckled fists.  Sometimes he whistles noiselessly to himself. Sometimes he speaks aloud, a juice-good try, anyhow, you hear, and sometimes, and that is too often for my liking, he looks irritable and hopeless. I know, he says. I know, it's over and done. It isn't in me. You ain't man enough, hoop-driver.  Oh, my God! And a gust of passion comes upon him, and he rides furiously for a space. Sometimes again his face softens. Anyhow, if I'm not going to see her, she's going to lend me books, he thinks, and get such comfort as you can. Then again, books. What's books? Once or twice triumphant memories of the earlier incidents nerve his face for a while. I put the cabache on his little game, he remarks. I did that. And one might even call him happy in these phases. And by the by, the machine, you notice, has been enamel-painted gray and carries a sonorous gong.  We part from him. He is back. Tomorrow, the early rising, the dusting, and drudgery began again. But with a difference, with wonderful memories, and still more wonderful desires and ambitions, replacing those discrepant dreams, he turns out of the high street at the corner, dismounts with a sigh, and pushes his machine through the gates of the Antrobus Stableyard. As the apprentice with the high collar holds them open, there are words of greeting. South coast, you hear, and splendid weather, splendid. He sighs. Yes, swapped him off for a couple of sobs. It's a juiced good machine. The gate closes upon him with a slam, and he vanishes from our ken. End of section. Recording by Tom Watts, Peachtree City, Georgia, USA. End of The Wheels of Chance by H.G. Wells.


GeForce. It's a term we hear all the time, whether it's used from NASA to SpaceX. However, what exactly is it, and how will it help us understand the science of Infinity War better? Be sure to beta test our new search engine which allows you to easily surf all our content and much more. In honor of today's sci-fi special, type Star Wars in the search box. You can visit our search engine by clicking on the card above or the link in the description below. With that being said, let's dive right into today's lesson. Remember that cool scene from Infinity War where Thor had rockets swinging around on a small space pod before forging his hammer? Well, today, along with my good friend the roving naturalist, we'll be taking a look at the science behind this scene and determining whether or not it'd be plausible in real life. The most important factor in understanding the scene is GeForce. But what exactly is GeForce? GeForce, put simply, is the force of gravity on an object due to the acceleration of gravity, which is measured in units called Gs. Right now, here on Earth, you're experiencing a GeForce of one G due to the acceleration of gravity on Earth being 9.8 meters per second. There are certain circumstances where we can't experience more GeForce. For example, a car which gets into a collision while going at 30 miles per hour or about 48 kilometers per hour and wearing a non-stretching seat belt harness while traveling a distance of 1 foot or .0003048 kilometers while applying the brakes will experience a GeForce of about 30 Gs or 30 times the acceleration the driver would normally experience due to the force of gravity, which means in that instant the driver weighs 30 times more than what he or she normally weighs. Or let's take a look at another scenario, rocket launches. When the main engines ignite during the launch, an astronaut can experience up to three Gs. Anyways, now that we got the basics down, let's analyze the science behind the science fiction movie. Now we got to assign the numbers. Because this scene happened a little too fast for me to remember, I'm going to give myself a reasonable range for the length of the cable and the speed. For the cable, I estimate it to be anywhere from 25 to 45 feet or from my international friends, 7.62 meters to 13.716 meters. And for the speed of rocket, I'll give myself a healthy margin of error, as it appeared he was going anywhere from one to two revolutions per second. Again, this scene did kind of happen fast, so it's really hard to pinpoint the exact numbers, so we're going to have to guesstimate a reasonable range. Now here comes the fun part, plugging into our equation and solving. So our range has a high end and a low end. Let's start off with the low end of the range of possible accelerations rocket faces, because it's always good to be optimistic in life. On the low end of the acceleration range, we have rocket getting swung around at one revolution per second on a cable that's about 7.62 meters long. First, let's convert the revolutions per second into the linear velocity of rocket as he swings around, which is in meters per second. To do this, we multiply 2 pi times 7.62, which gives us 47.879 meters per second as a linear velocity. Keeping in touch with our formula v squared over r, we square 47.879 and divided by 7.62 meters, which gives us a centripetal acceleration of 300.826 meters per second squared. Compare that to the acceleration of gravity here on earth, which is 9.8 meters per second and that means rocket would be experiencing an acceleration about 31 times greater than what he normally experiences due to the force of gravity or 31 G's. Now let's take a look at the high end of the range. On the high end of the range, we have rocket getting swung around at two revolutions per second on a cable that's 13.716 meters long. And following the same path as above, we know this means he has a linear velocity of about 172.36 meters per second. And as per our equation for centripetal acceleration, if we take this 172.36 meters per second square it and then divide it by 13.716 meters, we get a centripetal acceleration of about 2,165.94 meters per second squared, which compared to the acceleration of gravity here on earth, means rocket is experiencing about 221.014 G's. Now the question is can rocket survive this? Well that's what my friend the roving naturalist will be looking at on her channel in this two-part collab, so be sure to hop on to her channel to find out and subscribe to this channel for more science videos.


Do you believe in God? Well, let me ask you a different question then. Do you think there is a God? Oh, I'm terrified that there might be. Does Jordan Peterson believe in God? As someone who's consumed a lot of his content, I would have assumed the answer would be pretty obvious. Of course he does. But in a recent interview with Piers Morgan, his answer shocked the audience. Stay tuned to the last clip where he goes deeper in on his faith and gives a sobering challenge to Christians. I wanna talk to you about your new book, We Who Wrestle With God. A lot of your fans, there's all sorts of Jordan Peterson groups that you can join who debate whether you really believe in God or not. So let's just get it on the table. Do you believe in God? I don't think that's anybody's business. I think it's the most private question you can ask someone, but then I would say also, what's the right response to that? By their fruits, you will know them. How's that? Well, let me ask you a different question then. Do you think there is a God? Terrified that there might be, Piers. How's that? Jordan says you will know them by their fruits. What does he mean? He's taking this phrase from Matthew 716 where it's talking about being aware of false prophets. It means don't just listen to what somebody's saying about themselves, but see how they act and that will reveal who they truly are and what they truly believe. So Jordan says, stop asking me this question and just see how I live my life. That will reveal the answer. And that makes sense in a lot of ways. Then he goes on to say that he's terrified that there might be a God. And while this provides a good chuckle to all those around, this is a sobering reality. And Peterson is aware of that. Think about it, if there is a God, that means he is sovereign, you're not. That means it's his story, not yours. It means it's his morality, not yours. That you're accountable to him and that we've all fallen short because none of us have kept his standard and that leaves us guilty before a good and holy God. That is a terrifying thought. The Bible does say that God will not be mocked and although he holds back his wrath for a season, one day there will be judgment. And the Bible also says that we all know God exists but we suppress that truth in our unrighteousness. The reality of God is a terrifying truth for those who have yet to know him. Before we get back into the video and get to the next clip, I just wanna encourage you to like this video and subscribe because I'm putting out new videos all the time. This channel is supported by my friends on Patreon. This is my full-time gig, guys. This is how I provide for my family. This is my heart. This is my mission to equip people to follow Jesus daily. If that's a mission you wanna get behind and support me in what I'm doing, I'd encourage you to click the link in my description and sign up to Patreon today. Now, on to the video.  Like they say it's an old testament saying I believe that the fear of God is the beginning of wisdom and that is actually about as true a statement as you could manage in such a short phrase. And you know, people have congratulated me. I was at the Buckley Institute last night.  It has nothing to do with courage. I'm just afraid of different things than the people who lie. Many people these days approach God with a consumeristic mentality. What can I get from God? How can God improve my life?  He'll make your life better. He'll give you what you truly want. He'll make your dreams come true. But Peterson comes from a very different angle. Now for us, we get nervous when people start talking about the fear of God. We like to water it down and say, no, that's just like respect. It's not like fear. We're not scared of God. It's like just respect. We respect him. But Peterson puts into words what the scripture speaks of when he talks about the fear of God.  My question for you is, do you fear God that much? I have to ask myself that, do I actually fear God? Peterson opened up further about his belief in God and I want you to pay attention to the last part of this clip, because when I saw it, I had to take a long, hard look at myself in the mirror as a Christian. Is what you believe what you say or what you act out? Now, you know, I would say to some degree it's both, but if push comes to shove, as far as I'm concerned, what you believe is what you act out, not what you say.   Because what you say and what you do are isomorphic, they're the same thing. But belief is instantiated in action. So I have also suggested that I act as if I believe in God, or to the best of my ability. And people aren't very happy with that either, but let's say you say you do believe in God. Say, I believe in God. It's like, okay, well, that's hypothetically pretty impressive, I would say. It's like, you believe that there's a divine power that oversees everything that is fundamentally ethical, that's watching everything you do, and you believe that. And so, what effect does that have on your behavior if you believe it? Are you all in on your beliefs? Are you sacrificing everything to this transcendent entity that you proclaim belief in? Have you cleansed yourself of all your sin, let's say? Are you making all the sacrifices that you need to make? Have you taken the moat out of your eye? I say I'm a Christian, but do I actually live like it? Am I all in?  You might have grown up in church, maybe your parents are Christians, maybe you walked down an aisle and said a prayer at a youth conference. I want you to be honest with yourself. Do you know God? Do you know God? Don't dismiss this. Do you know God? Knowing about him isn't the same thing as knowing him. I think of Ray Comfort's analogy. You're in a plane ready to skydive and you have a parachute right next to you. Knowing that the parachute exists and that it's there and that it has the ability to save you isn't the same thing as putting it on and jumping out. You can understand that Jesus is a savior. You can understand that God exists. You can understand that Jesus died on the cross for your sins, but until you put your faith in him, until you trust in him, you're not putting on the parachute. And this is a gift of God. You can't do this on your own. You need to cry out to God to say, God, give me faith. Have you cleansed yourself of all your sin, let's say? Are you making all the sacrifices that you need to make? Although Jordan gives a good admonition towards Christians here, he's missing a fundamental piece. He says part of being consistent with this belief in God is cleansing yourself of your sins. But the truth is none of us can do this. It's an impossible request for us to rid ourselves of all the iniquity and sinfulness within us. It is only through Jesus and his payment on our behalf that we can be saved. True consistency here is not perfection, but rather submitting ourselves wholly to the God who saved us. I pray that Jordan Peterson would come to recognize that and that you would too. God bless and I'll see you next time.


I will not pause. In the case of causation. Ok, now very briefly I want to talk about why he is so interested in the notion of causation. Why does he spend all this time getting clear on it? mae angen i gynnydd o'r bwrdd, ond mae'r cyntaf gwrsdraeth, a mae'r byw i'r bydd arall nhw'n ddechreu os byddechrau y cefnodol i'n cefnodol, mae'n g lisio ddweud yma. Ac eich ddweud o'r llw'r Sol yn ddechrau'r llw'r Lwriter i'r nhw. Hwnna, mae'n dweud yw'r cyfrannu golyw'r gweithio rifiwyd yw yng ngynhau o'r cyfrannu yn cyfrannu bobl fathau. Ond y cair hyn yn ddod o gynhyrchu fe ddim yn gwneud, yjod yn elec, yn ddiweddau yn ei gilydd y gwirol a oedd yn ei ffordd. Nid ydydd hynny'n gweld yn bwysigar drw'u dweud ar wneud y byddai. Felly, o'r rhai'r hyn sydd, rhai'r peth yn gweithlo yn y ddydd yn ddangos nhw'n ddysgu, mae hi yn rhai'r peth yn y ddangos sydd yn y ddangos neb bod y rhai'r peth hyn yn ddangos nhw'n ddangos nhw. felly hoffau rhai ar hynをetbeithio'r rhai rhai yn yn y ddangos nhw. Llyr o nodi'r gorffaeth cyfoeddion yn ei gallu son o'r 17 o'n 18 oed. Rwy'n cael y hynny oherwydd rydyn ni'n yn eyhwyd Therefore yn yn rhaid o y відgryrdd ddyn nhw. is causation just is a matter of constant conjunction. It's just a matter of what's constantly conjoined. There's no reason why motion shouldn't cause thought. Deir fin by experience that they're constantly united being all the circumstances that enter into the idea of cause and effect we may certainly conclude that motion may be and actually is the cause of thought and perception. Constant conjunction of objects constitutes the very essence of cause and effect, so matter and motion may often be regarded as the causes of thought. So he's appealing absolutely explicitly to his definition in terms of constant conjunction saying there you are, you can have constant conjunction there, that means you've got causation. Liberty and necessity, very similar in principle. Causation is just a matter of constant conjunction and the inference of the mind, the first definition and the second definition. They apply to the moral realm, that is the realm of human behaviour, just as much as they do to the physical realm, therefore causal necessity applies just as much. Now some people won't like that, some people will say no, there is a kind of necessity in the motion of billiard balls which goes beyond the necessity of human action. There's some kind of really deep metaphysical necessity, some inexorable force that makes it behave in the way that it does, in a way that doesn't imply to us. And here Hume says, sorry, you can't form any idea of such a necessity that goes beyond the two definitions. My opponents will deny that my definitions make the whole of necessity, but then they must show that we have an idea of something else in the actions of matter, which according to the foregoing reasoning is impossible. Now that's a rather pithy statement from the abstract, but you can see that similar thoughts are expressed repeatedly in the treatise and in the inquiry. And Hume is absolutely clear that it's his definitions of necessity that make the difference here. Our author pretends, in other words, claims that this reasoning puts the whole controversy in a new light by giving a new definition of necessity. And he says twice in the treatise in these sections. He also says twice in the inquiry that this argument turns on the fact that his definitions are specifying the very essence of necessity. He really does think he has defined what necessity is. So what's perhaps a bit odd here is that we have a form of anti-realism supporting a form of realism. Anti-realism in the following sense, Hume is denying that there is anything to causation beyond his two definitions. Realism in another sense, because the very fact that causation only requires the satisfaction of the two definitions, means that he can establish confidently that causation does apply in these areas. If causation requires something deeper, something metaphysically thick, then it will be very hard to establish where it applies. But if causation just is satisfaction of the two definitions, then he is able to show that they apply in the moral realm just as much in the physical realm. Now, I want to suggest that we can get an insight into Hume's overall vision here, which makes a lot of sense in terms of his philosophical development. He describes in the abstract of the treatise what he calls the chief argument of the treatise. And it's absolutely clear that the chief argument of the treatise is the argument concerning induction, belief and causation and liberty and necessity, free will. Applying the copy principle to the idea of necessary connection gives him a handle on what necessary connection is. That enables him both to apply it to the moral sphere as we've seen and to eliminate aprioristic causal metaphysics. Other people have said, I can understand the notion of matter and I can see that matter cannot cause thought. They're claiming to have some sort of apriori insight into the nature of matter. Hume's saying, forget that. All causation is is a matter of necessary connection. Therefore, the only way you can establish what causes what is experience, what things are in fact constantly conjoined. So aprioristic reasoning goes out of the window, and empirical reasoning comes in. And I shall end just with a suggestion. Hume, when he was young, was obviously very concerned about problems of religion. He said to Boswell, quite ironically on his deathbed, that he'd never entertained any belief in religion since he began to read Locke and Clarke. So he was reading Locke and Clarke who were arguing for the existence of God and that undermined Hume's belief in the existence of God, apparently. They were using the cosmological argument. If you're interested in the cosmological argument, you'll naturally be interested in the causal maxim. Everything must have a cause, therefore there must be a first cause, therefore God. So where does the causal maxim come from? I suggest that that may have been Hume's way into all this. Locke's chapter in which he talks about the origin of the idea of necessary connection also talks about free will. And there were very active debates going on in particular between Clarke and Collins on the notion of free will at the time. Indeed, he was intimately connected and very geographically close to some people who were involved in that debate. So I think that Hume's philosophy may have been very largely driven by the thought that pursuing the impression from which the idea of necessary connection is derived, that idea, which underlines both the cosmological argument and discussions of free will, can provide a wedge which enables him to get into aprioristic metaphysics, knock that out and at the same time establish empirical causal science. So we get an integrated vision with elements of anti-theology, pro-experimental science, anti-aprioristic metaphysics. Thank you.


Today, eight years ago, after serving six months in prison, I decided to go vegan. I didn't know it would take me to the places that it's taken me. I had no idea that this decision would change the whole course of my life. I'm a recovered addict. I spent 12 years of my life on some type of substance. It has been one of the greatest obstacles to me living my best life. It's what put me in prison. It's what got me involved with the gangs. It's what made me the violent person that I was. But when I entered those prison gates, I left the drugs behind and started to see my life with new eyes. Part of this variety meant analyzing my life, all of my mistakes up until this point. The victims of my crimes, the people I was hanging around with. Is this what I wanted my future to look like?  But when I left those prison gates, I had a new lease on life. I knew what it was like to have my freedom taken away from me, and I didn't want that to happen again. I'd seen a few videos about plant-based living, raw vegan lifestyle while I was on house arrest before going into prison. So I had some seeds planted. But after talking to my mum and criticizing her about smoking cigarettes, she told me there's a lot of vices people have that don't change. And when she said that, I reflected. What was it about me that I hadn't changed?  Sure, the animals I cared about were like dogs and dolphins and whales and, you know, the cool animals. The ones everyone loves. But how were they any different to that cow on my plate? How were they any different to the pig, the chicken or the fish on my plate?   I wanted to be accountable for my mistakes. And the next day, after that conversation with my mum, I said, you know what mum, you're right. I'm going vegan tomorrow. It just so happens, that decision. And when I took that course of action was actually World Vegan Day. And I didn't know I wasn't connected in any way to the vegan movement or scene or anything like that. It was a spontaneous decision where I followed my heart. Ever since I'd been sober, I always had this burning desire in my heart to inspire people. And I thought YouTube's the best platform to do that. I can reach people. After seeing what happened to the animals, seeing images from inside slaughterhouses and farms and animals suffering and being tortured, it angered me. And when I seen that, it compelled me to change. So in my heart, I knew that if other people witnessed that and if I just talked to them, they'd change too. So this is where my activism journey started. I couldn't be silent while that was happening to the animals. And video after video, chipping away, editing. I learned to edit. I had really crappy equipment when I first started, but I did have a desire. And I was dealing with social anxiety. I always used drugs and alcohol to socialize. I didn't know how to communicate with people. I'm from the gang world. I had a troubled past. I left school really early. I had learning difficulties, ADHD. I had PTSD from my past. I went into the deep end and started advocating online. And being an ex-gang member, I didn't know if it was dangerous for me to have a public profile. If people were looking for me from my past, dealing with fears and nightmares, it was a crazy time. It was difficult. It was difficult. I just kept following my heart and something in my heart just kept telling me, just keep going, just keep going. You're doing the right thing. Speak for the animals. They don't have a voice. 2017, it started to get more full on and I got invited to the UK to do a speech.  When I first got out of prison, I was working as a bricklayer for about 250 pounds a week or 500 Australian dollars a week. I quit that job and I went straight to being a traffic controller for three days a week and I was doing my YouTube and my activism and inspiring people. And then after I got back from the UK, I decided to quit my job and start a Patreon. And people supported me. I think they believed in me and believed in my work. And from that point onwards, I started to take this really seriously. And I, at this stage, was editing all of my own work.  But in 2018, I started something called the Vegan Prophecy Tour. Vegan Prophecy was like, it's going to happen. It was like a manifestation and what happened on that tour I never would have dreamed of and one thing led to the other, like all these coincidences happening I started touring around the UK and doing slaughterhouse vigils and outreach and speeches and the media found out that I was rallying and I was sort of motivating vegans to get out there and be active and they decided to make a short documentary on following me around and a bit about the vegan movement and the save movement and it was the rise of veganism. It went viral. Found myself on Radio, 7 Million Listeners with Jeremy Vine and I don't know whether you're angry today or just generally about the whole thing.  Kicked off all over the newspapers everywhere all around the world and then I was on this morning's show more newspaper articles debating farmers on the radio and it was insane. It was crazy. I didn't expect that to happen and it just threw me right into the deep end because I've got all this PTSD anxiety and it was hard for me to be attacked, attacked, attacked, attacked, attacked but I'm so grateful I did that. I nearly burned myself out in 2018 but I kept going. It's difficult to keep going especially sometimes you put a lot of work into things it doesn't always go your way. The animals are suffering. You're trying to reach people. You get tired. You get overwhelmed and why am I telling you all this? Well today's World Vegan Day and it's an important day and I want all the vegans out there to know that you can make a difference and if you're not vegan by being vegan you're actually making a difference too. To the animals that are suffering in slaughterhouses and farms all across the world the ones that you don't see. The forgotten victims, the invisible victims. I've been inside slaughterhouses in Austria and in Bali. I've been inside farms in Australia. I've been inside farms all across the UK. These places are horrible. I don't think I've ever walked into a nice looking factory farm. There's always suffering animals in there and they're horrible places and if you've got any compassion which most people watching this do like the vast majority of you do then I believe you don't want to be paying for that and that's why you should be vegan as World Vegan Day. It's an important day to do this. Why not do it today and have your vegan anniversary on World Vegan Day and all the vegans out there I know what gets tough. I've been through a very hard road and I like to reflect on that because it still gets hard and I'm still trying to navigate this world and trying to step things up and trying to be a voice for the animals and yeah sometimes it can be difficult but I'm optimistic and I'm keep moving forward of course I won't give up and never give up especially considering where I come from and how being vegan and becoming an animal rights activist gave me a purpose that I didn't have before the reason I was emboldened gangs and drugs and violence I had the bad role models around me I was easily led I had a harsh childhood and the drugs gave me solitude I developed many mental health issues from using the drugs exacerbating any trauma that I had just led me into prison and led me on a one-way street to either getting shot, having a serious drug addiction or losing the rest of my life behind bars I got a second chance I didn't waste it and I will never waste it ever again I will continue to try my best to leave a mark on this world and I encourage you guys to do the same like I have incredibly low self-esteem incredibly low confidence which is why I was lashing out at people in the gang world and I was insecure and I still am quite insecure I mean I'm an introvert I put myself in uncomfortable situations all the time that I don't really like to do but I do it because I believe the outcome is way more important than my discomfort in the moment like you might be watching this and be thinking I could never do what you do Joey I could never put myself out of my comfort zone like that you know it was a gradual process for me and I had a series of mental health difficulties after coming out of the gangs and it was one of the hardest things I ever had to do which changed my entire circle had to disconnect from all of my friends all of everyone I ever knew everything I ever knew and rebuild myself from the ground up I didn't even know who I was anymore I could still make a difference you know it's not huge what I've done but from where I was it's a big impact considering I didn't think I could really didn't know if I could do anything at the start when I first made my first video I had like 100 views on there I was like wow 100 views oh cool 1000 subs and who knows maybe we could make it a million one day but I just wanted to make this video because it's World Vegan Day to inspire those vegans who are a little bit shy to get out of their comfort zone they don't really know what to do just follow your heart start where you are with what you have don't let fear hold you back and don't let self doubt hold you back you'll be so surprised if you just let go of that fear where it can take you if you're not vegan watching this one of the main things vegans will hear vegans say is my only regret is not going vegan sooner because one day you're actually going to realize what you've been supporting all this time and you're going to kick yourself that you didn't stop supporting it earlier because this is a supply and demand system and you're part of that supply and demand system you're paying these people to do this to these animals so you can eat their body parts and their byproducts so World Vegan Day here's your chance to either get out there and start making a difference being an activist or to stop doing something that is against your nature if you enjoyed my story subscribe down below and I'll see you all in the next video no matter what you do you're going to get criticized ok so just do what's right and you know what's right because your heart tells you


So, let us come back we were working through a design procedure for the pressure swirl or simplex atomizer and we arrived at the following. We had an expression for CD which is our expression coming from the basic definition itself then we found that CD is equal to this quantity where x is a0a divided by a0 and from there we have k which is equal to ap over ds d0 being equal to pi squared over 32 1-x cubed divided by x squared r i divided by rs squared sin squared beta. So, for a given exit orifice diameter r0 if I assume r0 I can calculate CD and from the next expression I can calculate x and calculate k. So now I have some estimate of ap relation between ap ds and d0 I do not yet have unique values for those. So, let us see if we can go through an example to actually get to some unique values what do I have. Let us say I want to design a pressure swirl atomizer to operate from a supply of about 7 bar. So, just to give you some flavor for English units as well that is approximately 100 psi and I want a flow rate of 1 gallon per hour which is approximately 3.875 liters per hour of some very light weight fuel. So, that is almost like jet a essentially this is what is given to me. So, I say can you design a nozzle that will do this. So, what do I start with I start by assuming an r0 which I am going to say is about 0.5 mm for a flow like this and r0 of 0.5 mm implies a0 is pi. So, I am sorry if I choose the diameter to be 0.5 mm I am going to work this example out in metric units. So, we can all follow through q in this same units is 3.875 into 10 power minus 3 divided by 3600 meter cube per second. So, my first step was to start by assuming an r0 I have done that I have chosen a d0 of 0.5 mm I can now calculate a CD q is 3.875 into 10 power minus 3 divided by 3600 equal to CD times the supply pressure delta P is 7 bar 7 bar when converted to Pascal's is 7 times 101,325 Pascal's the density happens to be 875 and from here I can get a value of CD which will come out to 0.14. Now, if I use the expression that relates CD to x if I simplified I am trying to solve for x if I make some rearrangements I get an expression involving x alone from here I can find there is only one real root of x it happens to be 0.69 abbreviate that it is not really needed that I keep all those decimal places. So, x happens to be 0.69 now this is typical that like in this case I am finding that 70 percent of the cross sectional area is taken up by the air core and only 30 percent of the cross sectional area is available to the liquid film. So, let us make some simplifications x by definition is the cross sectional area of the air core divided by the cross sectional exact cross sectional area for the flow. So, this would be r 0 a square divided by r 0. So, r 0 a divided by r 0 is square root of x which in this case is 0.83. So, if I want to calculate the film thickness T is r 0 minus r 0 a I will just divide and multiply by r 0 and this is what I have r 0 is 0.5 mm divided by 2 I have chosen the diameter to be 0.5 mm times 1 minus 0.83. So, I end up getting film liquid film that is only 40 microns in thickness. So, the resulting drop size is also going to be much lower is going to be on the order of 40 microns at the very highest most of the drops are going to be smaller than this or on the order of 40 microns. So, here is a nice way to control the drop size where you had an orifice that was 500 microns the drop size is only on the order of 40 microns. So, that is the advantage of the basic advantage of using a simplex design. Let us continue our thought this is not you know the end of it. We have a value for x we have to find the rest of the design variables. So, if I go back to the expression I had for k which is given by this it is actually k squared is equal to this right hand side. If I substitute that I have k squared equals. So, I can take the square root of this in fact k squared if I do this computation it comes to be 0.0205 times r i over r s squared times sign squared beta. So, all I now have is I can relate this a p over d s d 0 r i over r s and sign beta all I have done is taken the square root on both sides. So, I have all of these design handles at my disposal beta r i r s a p d s d 0 etcetera. And I have one more relation between these variables you can notice that in this particular instance r s and d s cancel out to leave a factor of 2 d 0 is something we identified up front that is 0.5 mm. So, essentially I have an equation I have a way of relating r i to a p that gives me this flow rate. Then lastly if I take sign theta I can make the substitutions I know c d from the earlier calculation beta is a design variable that is still at our disposal time k that we have calculated from the previous step k is this 0.14 r i over r s sign beta. So, if I make that substitution this particular this cancelling does not happen automatically it just numerically happens to happen in this particular example. So, you will see that this gives us a value for theta that is almost 90 degrees with this particular. So, sign theta comes out to be very close to 1. I prefer using the expression for tan theta because that allows your you can without loss of ambiguity find theta that goes beyond 90 degrees. So, these are so this is how we started with the certain set of inputs in the form of the pressure the source pressure q the volume flow rate density and by assuming a certain exit or f s diameter we were able to go through the calculation to get all the way to the spray angle. So, we were able to find the sign theta or the cone angle for a given set of input conditions. Now, the we said we were also able to relate the SMD to the film thickness this can be done either through linear instability analysis we looked at ways of doing this or through empirical data. Now, the empirical data path has shown that you can find the SMD to approximately scale as t power 0.4. So, you have essentially two ways of going from the film thickness that you get from x all the way to the souter main diameter in the spray as well as the cone angle. Now, let us go back to some of these expressions that we derived actually that fell out of the analysis. If you remember this is what we had for CD and this is what we obtained from the so called principle of maximal flow maximum flow. In reality if you take a if you take experimental data measured x and CD. So, if I take a range of spray nozzles and I am able to measure CD on those spray nozzles by simply measuring delta p and q and measuring x by getting the air core diameter. And what we find is that this in fact does show a linear CD in fact does show a linear scaling with this grouping of x except it is off by about 15 percent in absolute value. So, this is the empirically corrected version from the theoretical expression. So, it is not off considering that all of what we did was starting with Bernoulli's equation and some simple physical arguments to have a design that is within 15 percent is quite remarkable. Now, another correction we need to make has to do with the fact that you have the we made the inviscid flow assumption. So, if we ask ourselves the question we will bring in the effect of viscosity, but in the form of Reynolds number mu is the liquid viscosity u is of course the speed it is not the axial velocity. There is an expression due to Jones which includes this effect of viscosity where CD is given to be 0.45. This is obtained on a wide range of atomizers mainly from the power generation sector and this is one of those correlations that has withstood the test of time.  It is in fact the smallest in magnitude of all of the different exponents in the correlation and that clearly shows that liquid viscosity has no effect on the flow rate it is quite surprising and we talked a little bit about this as to why it shows this insensitivity. One reason is that as the liquid viscosity increases you have essentially an increased fluidic resistance because of which the axial velocity decreases and your swirl velocity is effected even more than axial velocity because of which the film at the exit is now thicker. So, you have two contrast two sort of effects that are acting to oppose each other fluid viscosity like always is trying to decrease the flow rate and that same fluid viscosity is trying to increase the film thickness which effectively increases the flow rate. So, these two effects counteract to give you a very weak exponent for the viscosity. So, in fact if I write this correctly the way CD is mu power 0.2 0.02. So, it is as the viscosity increases CD increases to the power 0.2. So, if any as the viscosity increases the flow rate through the nozzle increases albeit only by about only by that power 0.02 this is observed in experiments quite a bit in fact this correlation is based on experiments. Now, there are other terms in this other dimensionless terms in this correlation let us talk a little bit about those different terms L 0 over D 0 also does not have much of an effect on the flow rate. So, what role does it play in the design itself you essentially want to have a sufficiently long orifice for a given D 0 such that memory of the slots is wiped out. So, you have the fuel coming in the form of discrete slots. So, let us say you may have 3 or 4 or 6 or like I showed in the schematic two slots that are 180 degrees apart on the page. You do not want your spray to still have remnants of the number of slots that brought the fluid into the swell chamber. If you did that you would see essentially if I had 6 slots coming in I would if I took a circumferential measurement of the fuel flux the liquid flux I would see 6 angular positions where the flow rate was higher than at the other places which is not good for uniformity of the spray. So, I want the length of the orifice to be sufficiently large that memory of these slots is wiped out other than that it really does not play much of a role and. So, just as a rule of thumb anything that is greater than about 0.5 is sufficient I will put slots in quotes. Let us look at the other one which is L S over D S. If you go back this was our length of this swell chamber divided by the diameter of that swell chamber as you can see from this correlation it really does not have much of an effect on the flow rate again, but it does have an effect again on the circumferential uniformity of the spray that you get. Now some of these exponents should not come as a surprise to us when we go back to our inviscid theory. If you just think of the nozzle as an inviscid as if you go back to your nozzle as though you are only spraying an inviscid fluid the only time pressure or velocity change is if there is a change in the area of cross section other than that length of the orifice diameter of the length of the orifice certainly has no bearing there because you do not have any pressure drop associated with a long pipe in a flow of an inviscid fluid. So, as a result what you find is that all these length involve terms involving the length really have very weak exponents and this argument is based on inviscid theory, but if you go back to the Jones correlation it shows that the effect of viscosity itself is small which means even further that an inviscid fluid approximation is sufficient for a real fluid. So, all of our logical arguments which will work for inviscid fluids will also work for real fluids. So, therefore, the length of the orifice really has no bearing as far as the flow rate is concerned it has a very weak bearing, but it does have an effect on the circumferential uniformity of the spray. So, as far as L S over D S is concerned again the idea is only sufficient to wipe out. So, just the fact that I had these discrete slots coming bringing in the fuel I do not want those discrete slots to still have an effect as the fluid goes through the nozzle and comes out in the form of a spray. So, essentially this L S over D S being greater than about 0.2 is sufficient to ensure that that effect is wiped out. Likewise again in the same distinct alpha is usually on the order of about 90 degrees to about 120 degrees alpha happens to be the convergence angle going from the swirl chamber to the exit orifice. Now, again without any surprise C D is most influenced by this ratio A P over D S D 0. So, if I want a particular C D that is the parameter that tells me what it is that that is my design group. So, I can find a value for this A P over D S D 0, but I do not still have a way of identifying individual dimensions how do I do that say A P is N times W times H we wrote this down N is the number of slots W is the width of the slot and H is the height or depth of the slot I think we said D back there. Now, you can again see the only parameter that makes a difference to the flow rate is A P which is again N times W times D fluid mechanically it makes more sense to have W approximately equal to D. So, you are bringing in the fluid without any choice of choice of an aspect ratio choice of a preferred asymmetry to the fluid flow inside the swirl chamber. So, essentially square slots are preferred N is chosen usually in the square slots based on manufacturing issues say for example, I go through this design process and I am able to identify a value for A P. So, I can now choose N let us say as a number like 4 in which case W times D becomes I can find a value for the cross sectional area and from the argument that I wanted to be square I can find individual dimensions if N instead of being 4 became 6 then W times D is now smaller which means I have to now machine smaller dimensions. So, you choose N such that those machining that your current machining practice is able to machine those dimensions not just that you also do not want very very small fuel passages inside the nozzle because most of these nozzles especially the ones that go into combustion applications could be in a high temperature environment. So, you do not want any sort of a reaction to be initiated inside the spray nozzle although that is unlikely because it is being cooled by cold fluid all the time. But what you certainly do not want is some of those slots becoming clogged with dirt coming from the coming past your fuel filter most of these spray systems have a filter on the line before you come to the spray nozzle. Now, the filter is only able to tolerate certain classes of particles and the smaller ones do get through and these smaller particles are still likely to clog up slots in your spray nozzle even though the slot is wider than any one individual particle. So, let us say I have a fuel filter that is able to keep out particles on the order of tens of microns and if the slots are now let us say hundreds of microns in size I could have these ten micron particles actually agglomerate and clog up particles even though the slot is on the order of hundreds of microns. So, essentially N is chosen from manufacturing issues having determined N I can find W and D from the fact that I need a square slot I can find R I and R S.  So, the closer you make that equal to one the more efficient the usage of energy because if I take a slot that is coming in at a certain radius R I with respect to the center, but I have a swirl chamber that is let us say much larger than this R I then R I the ratio R I to R S is essentially going to create a fluid motion inside the swirl chamber that is not useful to me. I have a swirl chamber that is much bigger, but I am bringing in the fluid at a at an intermediate radial location. If my thumb is the center line and if my index finger is the wall of the of the swirl chamber I want to be as close to the wall as possible. The only manufacturing problem with that is if I go to this very first figure that I had if this is R S if this diameter is two times R S it would be very small. So, it would be very difficult to draw a square slot where R I becomes very close to R S. So, some practical issues related to manufacturability overtake efficiency considerations and therefore, you have to live with R I over R S typically on the order of about 0.6 to 0.7 you cannot really go beyond that. Now, sin beta also has a bearing as you can see now this is the angle at which the fluid is brought into the swirl chamber I will go back to my very first sketch. If the fluid is brought in at some angle beta then the u times sin beta is equal to sin beta is the tangential velocity and u times cosine beta is the axial velocity that is coming in. So, beta is a nice direct way of independently controlling the spray angle because I can now control the swirl momentum flux to the axial momentum flux I can control the ratio of the swirl momentum flux to the axial momentum flux. So, beta gives me a direct handle on the swirl on the spray angle the cone angle much more than any of the other variables. So, that is the handle that is often used, but in reality again coming from manufacturing issues we find that there is a nice ingenious way of achieving a spray angle we will talk about that for just a moment. So, if this is my diameter d 0 let us say this is alpha. So, I have the swirl chamber upstream of the figure of the sketch that I have drawn here and the liquid is coming out let me draw this. The liquid is coming out in the form of a film and this may be the position where the air core ends. So, all of this is the air core. Now, what is usually done here at the exit is that a feature that looks like a trumpet is added on. So, it is essentially of some very large radius and axisymmetric about the center line when you add this feature smoothly to the exit orifice what you find is that this film sticks to the exit orifice. And by mass conservation constraints if you it actually becomes thinner because the cross sectional area available to the flow is now increasing the film by mass conservation becomes slightly thinner although that is not the intended effect it is a desired desirable side effect. Now, if I take these if I create a sharp edge at this corner this film is no longer able to make this sharp turn it is essentially what is called coanda effect in surface tension literature. Just as if I am trying to pour water out of a glass jug the water tries to dribble around the radius edge of the glass jug for have a sharp edge on the glass jug it is able to perfectly flow out it is entirely using surface tension. So, I can now have this liquid film depart from there and what I have what I have happening let me be more quantitatively accurate what I have happening down here is that I have I start to get a spray. So, by controlling this radius r and this depth delta you can see that if I take a certain radius the deeper I go the more radius the more of an angle I create which widens the cone angle automatically. So, by controlling delta and r there is a very nice elegant way of controlling the cone angle I can do whatever I want upstream and I can dial in a cone angle at the by controlling the exit geometry which is always good from a manufacturing perspective. Again one more little trick that is often employed which is kind of neat is that in order to further facilitate this coanda effect I can create a very sharp exit orifice. So, this is almost a sharp corner or knife edge. So, I can get a very precise spray angle for any flow rate that is upstream all I need is that I have sufficient centrifugal force and or surface tension coanda force one of the two is enough I can create if I have if I do not have enough surface enough centrifugal force upstream in this in the nozzle surface tension may be sufficient to cause this liquid film to stick to the wall as it exits the nozzle just like water being poured out of a jug. So, I can control the this is how typically the spray angle is controlled in a commercial pressure swirl atomizer. So, you design the spray nozzle for a given flow rate and film thickness. So, the one parameter that I still need control over from the geometry upstream is the film thickness which then has a role to play in the south remain diameter. So, I am able to dial in a certain flow rate south remain diameter cone angle for the spray for and then satisfy the given set of constraints. So, this is although this is how the design process for a typical pressure swirl atomizer has evolved and most of this literature goes back to at least 40 years the chew et al paper that I discussed is more recent, but it is more of a validation of the literature from back then in terms of the insensitivities of the flow rates to the parameters that we discussed, but if you were a spray applications engineer today one would suspect that you would not have to go back to the drawing board to do a design of this go through a design process such as discussed today. It would be sufficient if you go to a selection table to choose a nozzle. So, we did discuss that as well in one of the earlier classes that most of most applications today is essentially a selection not a design exercise.