I would like to welcome this opportunity to say a few words on the relationship between internal displacement and the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights in the fight against poverty. My name is Olivier Deschuter, I am the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights and I am particularly interested in this topic since I was the rapporteur on the Central African Republic when that country was reviewed by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 2015. The Central African Republic is a country that since 2012 is going through a security crisis, an internal conflict leading some 700,000 people to be internally displaced in that country and some 500,000 having fled to neighbouring countries. So it is a country in which that question of which economic, social and cultural rights are enjoyed or should be enjoyed by the internally displaced is particularly important. I also note that in more and more world regions people are being displaced as a result of climate disasters, droughts, floods, landslides that in 2020 led some 30 million people to be displaced moving away from their homes and the regions in which they resided and that is a major challenge that we are facing today. So let me summarize perhaps in four basic principles what international human rights law has to say on this issue. Firstly, we must identify as calling for specific answers the question of internal displacement resulting from a situation of conflict. We know that even where government does not control all the national territory because of guerrilla movements occupying part of the territory and making it difficult for the government to exercise effective control, nevertheless, the government has a duty to do all it can reasonably do in order to protect the human rights of the population on the national territory. The government must deploy its best efforts to protect economic, social and cultural rights in particular. In addition, certain violations of such rights can be war crimes if they are committed in times of conflict. For example, the attacks against hospitals and schools, rape or sexual slavery, the use of children to participate in hostilities are all violations of economic, social and cultural rights that may be denounced as war crimes in times of conflict. So those are specific situations in which economic, social and cultural rights apply in times of conflict with those specific consequences that I've indicated. A second principle is that economic, social and cultural rights should be taken into account both to protect people who are displaced and to ensure that people can return to their place of origin. Return shall be facilitated if people have access to productive resources such as land and water, if they have access to housing, if they have access to education. And so obviously, the protection of economic, social and cultural rights is one way to avoid any displacement becoming permanent and to facilitate return in addition to adequate mechanisms of restitution. But economic, social and cultural rights are equally important for those who have been displaced and cannot immediately return to their homes. In that case, humanitarian aid should be provided without discrimination to ensure that everyone has access to water and sanitation, to food, to healthcare, to education, for example. Indeed, the guiding principles on internal displacement adopted in 1998 states that where the displacement cannot be avoided, it should be ensured to the greatest practicable extent, and I quote here from the guiding principles, that proper accommodation is provided to the displaced persons, that such displacements are affected in satisfactory conditions of safety, nutrition, health and hygiene. And this is what principle 7 paragraph 2 of the guiding principles on internal displacement enunciates in 1998. Principle 18 of the guiding principles add that internally displaced persons have the right to an adequate standard of living, including essential food and drinking water, basic shelter and housing, adequate clothing, adequate medicine and sanitation. So that is the second important principle. However, it is a principle that is not always easy to apply, particularly when people have migrated and are grouped in refugee camps. One of the challenges here is that in many cases children will not be registered at birth, despite the admonition to this effect contained in principle 20 of the guiding principles. And as a result, these children may be denied access to education or to healthcare. So it's really important that through awareness campaigns or by establishing mobile units for the issuance of certificates, we ensure that all children born from displaced parents or born in refugee camps be adequately registered at birth.  The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has adopted in 2016 a declaration on the rights of migrants and refugees, emphasizing that migrants and refugees had a


Oh, let's Hey guys, welcome. It's a new intro. We have to talk semi-respectful. We can yell. We're in the middle of the lobby checking out Okay, we um here, I'll just I'll show you I don't have to explain. I'll show you. No. No. No. I'm sure what I'm real funny So we're in a putacana as you saw from that I'm gonna show you real quick a 60-second vlog. Good morning vlog. Welcome to putacana. Will you open that? Oh my god, it's my vacation. We got here yesterday got here yesterday at five Oh, we have a dinner reservation at 7 30. Yeah, I'm talking 7 p.m. And Kelly goes hey, I gotta take like a 20-minute nap. Okay, I'm just gonna go lay down And it's like six we slept until now and it is 6 30 in the morning. Yeah Check out my outfit though. This outfit is actually so sick. So I have this shirt I got in Budapest you guys remember this regular shorts, right? But I got these flip-flops for specifically for Budacana and it's this cat and it's telling you It's so badass. This is pretty awesome outfit Kayley looks like a little Sunshine girl. I were to wake up in Michigan right now. What would the temperature be? Probably like 30. Not no Right now at 7 a.m. It'd be like 20 There's just a flamingo. We're at the zoo It's just me and a flamingo no big deal. There's Michigan And we're in here Hello beach girl. Hi Beach boy. It legs a little further apart It'd be like that say look at look at the camera and go it really do be like that sometimes No, it really do be like that. No, it really do be like that. So no way Okay, we got Davis and Dylan and Dylan. Oh, I like a Nice to meet you guys. Let's see you guys around right? All right. That was adorable because the mom said MMG Like she's a mil So today's our last day we're checking out. We have a flight in like three hours So we're just chilling in the lobby until our taxi gets here. So I know right it's like And all these people are like just getting here. Yeah, and they have their seven days left We met two fans. I'll be in the 60 second vlog as you guys are cool Oh, yeah, and the mom the mom might have been a fan. No, seriously. She was okay.   We have Instagram DMs One of the many ones that I received are You know regarding that you have a sister or a relative. Yeah, no, we have to okay. We're exposing okay You have to expose the name young zoop. Oh, I don't know. I didn't Sorry English. I didn't on how Papa had a sister Oh, I'm JK, please please don't hurt me. Yeah, so first of all don't back out Name one similarity between me and Kaylee Okay, I won't count that I'll go to I'll go to my last By the way, my most ever likes on a picture 25,000 no big deal. Also, I'm about to be 100,000 followers on Instagram I know this will definitely vote me up to it. So not a big deal Hilarious caption by the way. Sorry thoughts. I'm cuffed.   Yeah, that's a good one But no, I know before me and Kaylee started dating I told it that I was gonna friends owner So then I put a picture on my Instagram in the caption was friends owned her ha ha ha correct That's a classic however, but then someone but then she got out of the room someone said Jared my man Jared my man Jared said like this like this If you think papa was the one that got friend zone with over 1700 likes on that comment Thank you Some of you will never in your whole lives get 1700 likes on a picture and this comment and this comment that Says I'm the one in the friends almost as many likes as the picture Someone commented this guys you have to understand Connor is literally obsessed with tiktok My little brother will not stop making tiktoks. He tells me he goes dude literally all I do is go to school Come on and make tiktoks. No, they're just there. Oh, they're not oh, but he makes one. They're ironic They're all ironic tiktoks. You have to know okay I'm gonna make a whole video where I just watch Connors tiktok here this comment says okay So we kind of just discovered Connors tiktok if you guys find it. Let me know why did someone comment Connors? Just cuz Someone said bro she went to my school Did you go to AC I don't know who that is someone said Liam Connolly hmm has said shake my head Matt gave his sister a hickey first of all There's a lot wrong with this comment. Where's the hickey? I got hit with a branch. I Was at a bonfire in Come on, I'd like to hear the rest of this in August or November Sounds all right. So maybe October who knows that's when that's when you would do a Bonfire correct.  I did it back to you. That's why I end up story Okay, I have to show you this picture. This is so offbeat, but you ready? The guy that took that photo. Yeah, we were so funny We weren't even gonna do it. No, we don't even like it. I don't remember to do a dab This concept and we're getting raised up in the air on the Paris Hill and this guy's standing with the camera and he goes We're like cringe like he's like 40 like not a good Why do you look like you're a freshman in high school? That's actually like the best roast I've seen yeah, that's a good one actually When December first has come and gone and Papa still hasn't uploaded it looks like Belsky come back to the channel Yeah, let this be a notice to you. She's never coming back. So get over it.  Look at that's what he does I think this comment is funny Shane Shane get exposed ready. I said stop clout rejecting us, please Speaking for just him, but he's speaking on everyone's behalf Who my clout rejecting? Oh cuz I won't tag anyone yet.  Oh my god. Thank you for the followers.  Look at the zoom. Oh Whoa, oh my god. This is a tail of Captain Jack Sparrow A pirate so brave. I think that's it. That's enough, right? Posted today. You can't tell me I didn't I hope you enjoyed this video. This was actually really fun We're sad to be back off vacation, but that means that All of my wheel of mutt content will be fully updated. So I'll have all the presents and all the new stuff I'm so excited No, wait, I'm gonna watch your video She likes these videos, I think you guys see that's why I do stuff like this because for Kayla's I love logging Thanks for watching always bye


This video is brought to you in part by TrueTech Tools quality tools essential support All right guys, we are on a walk-in freezer. It's not working, right? Just got here never been to this place before So we got a beacon system. They're getting some codes on it. So we're gonna figure out what's going on here E3 and See if we can figure out where that code things at if not I've got one out in my truck That's what we got going on starters coil Is clean which is good so we're not a freeze-up. I think we got a sensor bad, but let's figure it out here All right, I got two different books here These things are kind of old but they're for the 79 a and I think 80 a or something. So E3 is a suction temp sensor This is check sensor and word connection. So let's check the resistance see where we're at problem Is that suction temperature sensor? If they don't have the suction temperature sensor can't do super heat and since it's an electronic expansion valve It doesn't want to flood the coil. So you can see the suction sensor comes right there on the suction line Comes up and buck connected to there and there's the suction temp right on the board So we can also go in there and could read temperature that it's reading and see what it's doing Just by scrolling around through there Monitor probably would work Let's go ahead and check. I don't know if this meter's got high enough resistance compete capacity to do it or not Let's see what we get. So with this meter. I have nothing. I don't necessarily trust that Let's go ahead and check the frost tip sensor and see if it shows on the meter And the defrost sensor comes in at 36,000 so I think this meter will go up to maybe 60,000 That's the only thing bad about some of these flukes. They just don't go real high in the some of the resistance ranges when they're Clamp meter I'm gonna say chances are that some of our issue there. We'll go ahead and just get a new sensor on there and see how it works See if we can dig that out. They kind of got ice all back in here on that, which is great That's kind of stuck on there We'll see if any pull that thing out. Oh, that's really in there tight We'll see if we can get it out of there. That's in a copper Well there so I'm gonna get my hand torch out a little warmth on there Was able to break off some of that ice All right, looks like I've got one here And So yeah, we'll get that on there Get a couple more buck connectors because we don't have the exact fitting there Actually be better to use some of those Get her juiced up. All right didn't record it because it's just hard to do with both hands, but just use the torch there Kept it away from it. Just let the radiant heat get over there to it was able to pull it right out So we got that out Go ahead and get our new one here in While it's still fairly warm. Hopefully you know maybe Yep, went right in the hole. There you go We'll make sure we put a wire tie around that so it can't pop right back out That will potentially condensate and the ice could shove it out. It's usually with these clines. They do a really good job You're supposed to use the oval not the puncture. It shouldn't be able to pull it out I'll just go ahead and crimp that onto the new sensor here Try your luck Let's feed that through in advance because that may not get through there That thing through there. There we go.  Get my buck connector lined up with the edge of my Crimpler so I know that it's right the very end of the metal Really matter clarity on these. We're going to do white to white. Get the black one there and we will see if this works Okay, so we got a gutter on there Get it plugged back in See if the E3 goes away There we go, defrost. Look at that. As soon as I plugged it in Look at that So we'll get a wire tie like I said on there because I don't want that thing moving It's already frozen to place, but let's see if we can monitor And we'll scroll through here suction temp 30 so it is major now All right, let's make sure I didn't make a mistake here suction temperature SCT. Is that what I had? SCT There we go 32 yeah, that must have been it And I think yeah your adjustment thing there that's for when you're actually Selecting things, you know whether it be your what super heat things like that Just for giggles. Let's make sure everything's still set up correctly I'm going to say I think this is 404 So let's check our refrigerant. So program review We want to go program review try to remember. I don't do these very often By the time you get done you get really good at it, and then you forget monitor super heat soup SUP 37 yeah Just least that it's calculating and now that means it's got a suction pressure. So that's the only other thing We want to make sure it works So let's go for suction pressure scp Let's go to scp There we go suction pressure 31 so it is measuring that that's kind of interesting that it's that high and a pump down state When it's running, we'll check to see what our super heat and stuff like that is let's look to see where our valve Steps ESP Atronic step, I believe zero. So it's all the way closed That's pretty much where we wanted it There was talk about it later that they really prefer a solenoid valve on these now instead of just that Val there as you can see it thinks made America. I think that was probably really cheap not There's your section transducer Just where you would expect it to be at box temperature right there See what our box temperatures. Let's go to Outdoor temperature. That's useful. I would say they don't have that hooked up about barren to get Well, not a surprise. This is a pretty big restaurant chain Well, this gives us a chance to see our coil. Our coil is clear and The heaters are working. I can feel them plain as day Don't see any water building up on my drain, which that's a really nice drain Let me see what our defrost temperature if I can get into the review, which I don't want it Don't want to kill the defrost. I'm gonna let it terminate on its own. So I'm just clicked Yeah, the monitor last defrost laps time DFE. How long did it take last time? Eight minutes So, I mean, it's obviously calculating the advance That way it's not Wasting time building up heat in the box AC power voltage AC just for giggles Let's see what the AC is 26 volts. So whatever's going in must be accurate Here's your defrost heaters relays fans. I really like these. I mean, they're old But I really like them as long as you got the parts for it. It's not bad But we could review it or what defrost type air electric I mean, honestly, it's pretty much all set up right there. You really would think box temperature would be in here Superheat export expansion valve suction temperature suction saturation Fever temperature suction pressure outdoor temperature defrost temp at defrost in DFT See what our DFT is. I see what temperature it is. I bet it's about 60 maybe where it's gonna trigger. I know you guys are where I like well It's this it takes it off of that defrost temperatures probably what they're gonna use I bet Because I don't think they've got a dedicated sensor just for that and you can see the heat It's radiating off of the wall Which is probably why you've got This happening back here. Yeah, see that's That's generating that much heat that that's I had a chisel that off earlier. Yeah, there's massive heat there It really could terminate sooner, but this is not usually one of our stores.  They've got parameters. They want things done at yeah, it's 61 still not terminating Notice they use the metal All thread we use plastic bolts that way they don't transfer Through the temperature and they don't rust All right It was about 62 degrees that it terminated and then Fandalay was very short Because like I said, it's definitely getting a little warmer that it needs to almost see if we can review There I had a hit clear test So A&E is electric that is your defrost type next one's gonna be refrigerant type 404 that's correct box temperature. See what that's set for Negative 10 it sounds about right SUP superheat set for eight little on the higher side, but I'm not gonna change it SLA slave operating mode. No because it doesn't have another one DFA DDF I do frost feel safe time. No, I should have one D-Frost 6 That's quite a few of them And then DFF You'll save time 35 minutes. Okay How did that get out of it defrost in temperature, which is the next one? 60 which I went above it, but who knows it was a delay DFS Which do first start time offset hours no offset ALA she's gonna be alarm high five degrees alarm low temperature negative 15 a LT is Minutes And Fahrenheit or Celsius. So for the most part everything looks like it's set pretty normal I don't want to change anything major on it because like I said places like where I'm working at have Exact ways they want it done because every one of their thousands and thousands of stores are gonna be exactly the same Anyhow that's pretty much about it other than going up on the roof and don't check the yet to insert Took me a second to find it. It's like a regular package unit, but There it is Well looks clean Both fans feel like they're running That one actually is running reverse I believe Wow look at this mess Y'all the dark oil That's the problems in here before That's creative Wiretide to wiretide. I guess at least it's wiretide, right? There's your outdoor sensor right here remote fan shutdown Cyclist somewhere in here. There we go. Looks clear to me Clear side glass definitely not clean This thing's been running on prayer for quite a while You've got your cooler and your freezer in here. So Freezer probably bigger that's a hundred or no 13k Versus 10k So this is gonna be your cooler most likely they got the wrong dedicated maintenance people So again, and then you can also tell it's freezer because of the liquid injection So cooling so I Did my part made sure it wasn't nothing else besides just the obvious Get out and pick things up I've got it back on cool and It's 21 in here. You can see That it's feeding tubes The super heat is reading a little high under the circumstances I don't want to dig in too deep on this because like I said to get their own maintenance guys And you could change it to many things And it's like we've never worked here before so it's kind of one of the things where you just Fix it and get out and build a relationship later type thing 34 degrees, but we're only at 21 degrees in the box. So it's going to be high at this kind of temperature in the box Suction pressure is kind of low Which looking at the refrigeration system up there. It doesn't surprise me a suction pressure scp Which could be off 18 anyhow Put it back to cool breeze box temperature. We're just gonna go ahead and wrap this thing up All right, so 317 there Good deal


You're very welcome to MPS Ghosts 2 here at Fantastical. I'm sitting here with the wonderful John Sbalan. John, cynnwys y taw. I mean, harb o'r ffordd y fawr yn ni'n sfer ar y rhiwf. I'n tawch, i'n tawch John. I'n sfa'r gwno hwp, you're a busy man. John, tell us about that. Oh, yeah. Yes, full on at the moment, Padra. I was gigging up in Belfast last night with Bray Oak, the only Irish language reggae band in the world with the Alabama 3, Keelah and myself. I celebrated 20 years of Bray Oak. I was done in Dublin this morning, but myrdiw mwch allan yn rhaidio, singing my song about the cherry blossom trees. I know I find myself in the middle of the most beautiful place on earth, under trumpet hill, the lovely wooded forest of Vantastavall. It's lovely here. Vantastical, magical, but unpronosable. Vantastavall. Well, that's a good way to put it.  No, I've never been here before, but I'm glad I came. I love it. I love these trees. It's beautiful. It's a special time of the year, really, in the first few days of May. That hill, that wooded forest is lovely. I could sit there all day looking at us, or any drugs. One thing actually that everybody is saying is that they love Vantastavall because it kick-starts the summer. You said that they kind of kick-starts the summer of festivals basically. Have you got any more festivals lined up for the summer after this? I haven't. I don't know, have I? Because you see they don't really do festivals normally, because what I do is such a kind of a delicate thing, really, that the bang bang bang from the tent next door doesn't suit me at all. Yeah, I know what you mean. I'm not inclined to do festivals, but last year I did a lovely festival called the Spirit of Folk in Dunderry County, Meath, and I went on a bomb. I think that I got this festival as a result. Because of that? Okay, well, that's lovely. I did a gig in the tent earlier on at the Spirit Store tent, and that went fantastic. I got some musicians with me tonight, four top-class musicians, so I think I can pull it off. You do a lot of television work, don't you? Well, I have been doing a lot. Lately I got my own series in TG Carr, Ireland's Irish language television station last year. It was called Splann en Faune, meaning Splann the Wanderer. It was me wandering around Ireland, like a rover, and travelling minstrel, a wandering bird. Actually, I got a review in a French magazine, and it called me a vagabond.  The musical vagabond. So that's what I've been doing, going to small Irish towns, working behind the bar, pulling points, and meeting the locals, learning about local legends, folklor, music, and writing a song about the town. That's a lovely concept. I'm writing a lot of songs at the moment. So thanks a million, John, you've been great, and I look forward to seeing you later on. Lovely to meet you later, and lovely to meet you on the mainland. You're far from your home, you're only anishmo. I am indeed, yeah. So, thanks a million, John. This is MPS Goes to Vantastil, with John Splann. Woo, woo!


Ready for more shortcuts? Well, we will give you five more. This is the second part of Microsoft Word Shortcuts. Arlene here, welcome to Burn to Learn. How do you quickly select text in a document? Well, let's begin with shortcut number one. Double-click on a word to automatically select the word itself. Now, click on it three times and you'll select the whole paragraph that the word belongs to. How to do a quick zoom in or out? Shortcut number two is the key. If you use a scroll mouse, just hold down the control key while you scroll up or down your mouse with the scroll button.  And your document will be zoomed in or out as you wish. How about quickly changing a word or a selected text to upper or lower case? Shortcut number three is the one. Place yourself at the beginning of the word or selected text to be modified and press down the Shift plus F3 keys. Every time you do so, the caps of the text will change, either the first letter of it to upper or lower case or the whole text to upper or lower case. So handy, huh? Laptops and computer keyboards tend to be slightly different, so if the Shift key doesn't work for you, try the Function button and the shortcut for it would be Shift plus Function plus F3. Want more handy shortcuts? Please take a second after watching this video to subscribe to our channel. Let's quickly delete whole words using shortcut number four.  This is very useful when we want to eliminate whole words instead of deleting them letter by letter. And today's final shortcut number five is to change the spacing between lines format. So by pressing down Ctrl plus one, we set single spacing. Ctrl plus two sets double spacing and Ctrl plus five sets 1.5 spacing between lines. Such handy shortcuts when using Microsoft Word, right? Now you know five more to add to your knowledge list. Stick around for more handy shortcuts in future videos.


Hey everyone, I'm Bianca Renee and you're watching Bianca Renee Today and ta-da! I have gone back to black. You know, it's just fun to change up your look. And I actually did it without any dye or hair color. Yeah, it's true. This is a wig. That's right, I have created my very own curly wig with RPG show. RPG show makes like the top wigs, everyone's always wearing them on Instagram and I've always wanted to get one. And now I have my very own. So if you ever wanted to rock the Bianca Renee curly look, but your curls aren't really there yet or maybe you're not at this length, you could have this look right now. Now I personally love wigs because it's an easy way to switch up your look. I'm actually deep conditioning under this wig right now. So if you don't have time to maybe deal with detangling or refreshing, you need a quick look and go. You could still rock a natural curly look without having to deal with your own hair. But without further ado, let me show you exactly how this wig will arrive and how you could style it to make it look as big and volumized as this. All right, so here's the box. It actually says Merry Christmas because I got this back in December. Sorry for the late video, but let's go ahead and open this up. So it comes in this cute little plastic bag says RPG show at the top. And this is a great way to store your wigs, travel with them, keep them safe from harm. Here we go. My very first time seeing it. I'm so excited. So it has the normal bounce, just like real curls should. I mean, this is human hair, but been deep conditioning or something. You got some diva curl products. Look at these curls. These are so print perfectly defined ringlets and they feel super soft, silky. This is a really nice curly wig. It has a middle part and it has light brown lace. So the brown is already a good color to match with our scalp. And I'm just gonna have to cut off the lace to try it on. And then on the inside of the cap, it has these little clips. So these clips will help secure it to your actual hair. There's two on the side and one also on the back.   So I'm gonna grab some scissors and carefully cut along this hairline to make it look as natural as possible. So as of right now, I'm actually deep conditioning. I put deep conditioner into my hair and I put it into two braids. So now I'm gonna grab some bobby pins. I absolutely love this bag. It says I've got 99 bobby pins, but can't find one. So true, except this is now my bobby pin bag. So there should be some in here. This wig does come with a wig cap, but because the lace on this wig is so nice, it's really nice and see-through. I don't really want to see the wig cap. So I'm gonna see how it looks without one for starters. So here we go. Let me give you a close-up of how amazing this hairline looks. You really cannot tell. It's a wig. It just blends in perfectly right where my middle part is. Very natural looking. So here's a full view of the wig straight out the box, without any manipulation. This is feeling like, you know, day one curls and you're at your flattest, but I actually want to pick this out and see how big it can get.  You're gonna be very gentle, finger-detangling, separating the curls one at a time and trying to avoid as much frizz as possible. For all my curly girls watching, yes, you can use your styling products. Yes, you can use your co-wash and you also can be finished.  That means detangling very gentle, washing it with some good conditioner. You can do deep conditioning treatments. But if you're new to the curly world, never brush your curly hair wig while it's dry or with a brush. It's always gonna be best just to use your fingers to finger-detangle, especially while it's soaking wet with conditioner. That is going to be the easiest way to get rid of all the tangles and maintain this beautiful curl pattern. So how easy is that? I'm really getting like some twist-out results without actually having to do a twist-out. RPG show has very high quality wigs. Everybody wears them. They're like top notch in the wig world. And if you wanna get this curly wig specifically, I will put the link below and there's also a promo code so you guys can save some money. If you guys are looking to buy this exact wig, I will put all the information below in the description box. You guys can get one for yourself. And if you do, please take a picture and send it to me. I'd love to see you rock. These other new curls. If you enjoyed this video, hope you give me a thumbs up and subscribe. I post two new videos every week. And let's become real curl friends. Follow me on Instagram, Twitter and Snapchat at Ms. Bianca Renee. I'll see you guys next time. Thanks for watching Bianca Renee today.


Hi, from San Francisco, it's theCUBE, covering Red Hat Summit 2016. Brought to you by Red Hat. Now, here are your hosts, Stu Miniman and Brian Gracely. Welcome back to day three coverage of Red Hat Summit 2016. You're watching theCUBE, this SiliconANGLE Media flagship program. Go out to all the shows, help extract the signal from the noise. Here at Red Hat Summit, over 5,300 people from around the globe and the keynote this morning, happy to have on the speaker, Tom Sodastrom, who's the IT Chief Technology and Innovation Officer from the Jet Propulsion Lab or JPL. Talked about open source even, beyond the terra firmer here on Earth. So, Tom, thanks so much for joining us and thanks for a great keynote this morning. Thank you, thank you for caring about space and that's really what this is all about, us working together to advance humanity's journey into space. Those of us in the technology industry, it's something I think we all roll around, it's something that if you're excited about technology, NASA, Jet Propulsion Lab, there's so much innovation over the decades that come there. Explain to our audience kind of your role there and what your work does. So, I'm in IT. Our role really is to make, give the tools, the latest tools, the latest capability to the smart engineers and scientists who put rovers on Mars, who finds Earth 2.0, who discovers life out there, who helps us one day redirect an asteroid from not hitting us, that type of thing. So, we want them to have their really information workers so they should have access to the latest information at any time, which often starts as toys. So, where are the disruptors coming? And then we prototype them. We figured out here is the next IT disruptor for the next IT decade. So, how long is an IT decade? About three years. Three years, you did listen. Three years, we can get our arms around, right? So, cloud computing eight years ago was an experiment. And we saw it as a disruptor. It was a disruptor. But if you can see a disruptor coming early, you can get advantage of using those toys. Cloud was somewhere you backed up your music to eight years ago. Now, it's where we put all of our data, most of our data and processing. And also, if we're early, this is the key, we can work with the innovative vendors and other innovators to shape it in such a way that we can use it. And if we can use it at JPL and NASA, then the government can use it. So, everybody wins. Yeah, can you speak to kind of the partnership you have between what technologies created in-house versus your private industry and the vendor ecosystem? Sure. And we're learning as we go. One of the key things that we are all about is rapid experimentation.  So, we are, for instance, we were very early with Cloud Brokering. We wanted to have multiple clouds and wanted to go between them. So, it didn't exist. So, we wrote software to do Cloud Brokering. After a few years, we said, you know, this is not really the software we should be writing. Surely industry is doing it by now. But it wasn't there yet. So, we pulled the trigger a little too early. So, what we wanna do is partner with industry and say, okay, here's the capabilities that we care about. So, we prototyped with our data. So, I demonstrated some internet of things. Is it a toy? Absolutely. Is it a security problem? Yeah. Is it insurmountable? No, not at all. Because is it valuable? We believe it is. We believe it's extremely valuable. So, here's an opportunity. We have written some software. You can talk to your systems. We used Amazon's Alexa because that's what's available now at Go. We use Samsung lights. We use Intel RealSense. Anything that's inexpensive and consumer grade, can we use it in our environment? And we write software to fit the use case. Then we hope that everybody else will innovate and take that software and make it better so that we can use it to put more rovers on Mars and do all those other things. So, that's really, it's this open power of participation. We wanna get our use case out there. If we could put all of our data in the cloud, where, and we're talking lots of data, what everybody could participate on it, and not just a single hackathon, but an ongoing open source type development, that would help everybody. Yeah, I have to imagine, you know, let's say go back eight years when you said cloud was sort of a toy and you mentioned a lot of what you do. You kind of have to start by considering it a toy because you don't know if it's gonna be. That's right. But it sounds like the entry point has come down so much more because of open source software, because of the functionality in consumer grade things. That's got to help as you're going to your management and saying like, look, we're spending tax dollars, people are conscious about that, we've got budgets, we're conscious about that. How much has that changed in terms of an experiment or a toy being cost effective and you having to justify it and going, you know what, there really aren't huge barriers. It's more a barrier of what's possible, what you can think about. It's a very perceptive question because the barrier has come down. But the barrier to cloud at the time really wasn't money. It didn't cost much to experiment. The barrier was what data can we put out there? And realizing that one size does not fit all, Jim Rinaldi is the CIOH APL, my boss. He coined the term chaotic architecture and it sounds controversial and hopefully it is. Because the enterprise architecture, you think of the box and how do you fit in it? Chaotic architecture, you know all the pieces will move and change and you got to experiment your way through it. But you know it will change. So you have an architecture for that. So as the, we have something we call an IT petting zoom. So the idea is that people can try it in their own use case and evolve it. We have an innovation experience center where we can take these use cases. It's got to start with something that's going to add value or problem to solve. We put it up in on the walls or gestures or lights or speak to it. And then people come in and look at it. So it's where you go in to experience the future today. And if it matters, we continue. If it doesn't, we drop it. So it's all about people adopting it and trying it. Again, if they don't see any value, we'll discover it real fast. The other thing we know is if we can even dream of it, they will improve the heck out of it. And that's the point. Both at JPL at NASA, but also the world now. The NASA, the recent NASA space app challenge hackathon. Over 15,000 people working on NASA problems over one weekend. It was fantastic.  I know you've got a data science team. How do you look at kind of the sharing of information and accessing both your data and other sources of data and mash all those together? So I think I'm going to tie the two questions together. Because how do you experiment with big data? Does big data mean big budgets? No. Was big data overhyped? Oh, yeah. Which is a good thing. For us, the more hyped, the better. Because it means venture capital will flow into it. People will care. We saw big data coming about five years ago. Realized that we really needed our data scientists to do something with it. And we came up with an approach we called question farming, where you take very low hanging tree approach. What could you solve? What could you visualize? So visual analytics. So you just kind of ask the question, visualize that result, iterate on it until you get to the real question. And then you can continue on that. So big data is really not just huge amounts of data, but it's the different types of unstructured data. Now video is data, audio is data, pictures are data. So in the end, we, for instance, all the videos we take inside JPL, something called JPL2, we transcribe automatically in the cloud. So that you can just search for the words and it finds it in whatever media it is. Whether pictures, PowerPoints, web pages, et cetera. That's big data. The way we did that was to use open source technology and cloud computing to iterate very quickly, very inexpensively. And we don't have to invent all of it anymore. On the contrary, we'd much rather just be smart users than smart creators of consumer technology. JPL obviously has a mission, explore space, but there was a whole generation of kids that got inspired by the Moon launch, by the space shuttle, and now by the Mars rover. Do you guys wake up in the morning sometimes and feel like you've got a second mission, which is to inspire that next generation of engineers, that next generation of curiosity, because you can sort of showcase a lighthouse of what's possible? We wake up every morning thinking of that because it is about inspiring. Because really, in the end, it's about all of humanity. Should we one day have to vacate Earth, be a nice place to have somewhere to go to, and that's what Kepler is all about, finding exoplanets, and on and on and on. So the next generation of explorers, they're really smart kids. We have something like 700 interns coming in every summer at JPL, and they do amazing things. So if we can mentor them with the more experienced engineers, and it's actually two-way mentoring. The more experienced engineers see the new ways of working, and the kids, if I can call them that, and I can't because I'm old, see what they do and can apply it as quickly as possible to a real space mission, then we are where we need to be. Now, inspiring the kids to come and work at JPL and NASA is one thing. Inspiring the rest of the world to participate in that journey is really key, and that's what I think the next generation is. Whitehurst called it the fourth industrial revolution of the openness and sharing. I think he's right, and that's how do we participate in that journey? So what kind of connections do you have with some of the private space organizations, like SpaceX, Blue Origin, and the like? I'm often asked, is it competition? No, it's great. It generates the commercial space industry, generates more interest in space. More interest in space, it generates more investment in space. And the Martian movie has been great for us, where it generates interest, and interest is something that is going to help us in our mission, because we are taxpayer funded, so it's got to be used that money wisely and spend more money on science and engineering, less on IT, and that's still enabled those people, and that's what it's all about. You have to save that money in case you need a billion dollars to save Matt Damon as well. Exactly. Again, what a great movie. You talked about a project about exploring Jupiter at the end of the keynote. Give us a little bit of detail around that, and you said there's going to be an event and a hackathon around trying to collaborate. Yeah, tell us about that. Amazingly, happens, statistically, a scientist has to look into it, happens on 4th of July. Don't know how that happens. But on 4th of July at 8.53 p.m. Pacific time, Juno, which is a big spacecraft, launched five years ago, it takes that long to get to Jupiter, it's going to go into orbit around Jupiter, and to do that, it needs to slow itself down by 1200 miles per hour in 35 minutes. At that point, it's slow enough to be grabbed by Jupiter's gravity, which is pretty immense gravity.   So, how can the public participate? Certainly watch NASA TV, JPL website, NASA website. Also, there will be a way of participating. So if you search for JunoCam on the web, you'll find a way where the public can pick which pictures to see, which should be, how do they process, and participate, become citizen scientists. There's also a way of riding along with Juno on a game, as it approaches this, hopefully, very successful event. But it's not easy, it's a scary time. Anytime we do something like that, it's scary, because it's never been done before, every time. Are there many of the kind of crowd sourcing engagements that you leverage, to kind of leverage technology and the masses to solve problems? We will do more and more of that. We do a lot of hackathons, and we do hackathons internally now, to get the power of participation from our internal members. We share code just the way open source does, inside and outside. I think we've been very successful with hackathons. It's a one-time event. You create something, you have a problem, you solve it. I don't think, and this is my opinion, maybe wrong, that we're very successful in having an ongoing hackathon that keeps solving a problem. Kind of like local motors did, when they actually crowdsourced the car and the car is out there driving. Somebody did the steering wheel, somebody did the wheels, et cetera, et cetera. And it all came together. I think that's the next barrier for us. And I think the cloud will have everything to do with it, because there will be a place to play. Yeah. You mentioned gaming. Everybody sort of loves gaming. They're now fascinated by virtual reality. We were talking off camera. You said you've got a part of what you're doing that's experimenting with virtual reality. How are people gonna be able to experience space through virtual reality? There's a lot. I would say the easiest, when you don't know what you do, you search. So search for JPL and gaming. Search for JPL and HoloLens in particular. Search for NASA and those same things. And you see lots and lots of games. One of the more exciting ones now is virtual reality. Augmented reality where you can have Microsoft's HoloLens and you can participate in the JPLers are exploring Mars using worth augmented reality or immersive reality. So they are actually on Mars looking at these rocks because we have the pictures and they can see how is the rover gonna go around it and it's like being there. It was an excellent TED talk on that. Guy named Jeff Norris at JPL was part of it, came in virtually. That's a fun one. You'll see that and you go, really? But it works. And then of course all the games that you can run download at home. One is called Spacecraft 3D where you can just use your Android or iPhone and look at follow along with I think there's like 20 spacecraft there now and you can take pictures with them. It's great for kids, great for education and outreach. Then the next generation is the maker movement. That's really exciting because we have software and hardware playing together, building things, driving them. It's Raspberry Pi's, it's Arduino's, it's little bits, it's all of those things together. We're experimenting a lot with that and driving them by speaking to them. You can ask questions about them, that's coming soon. We'll just be able to send a 3D printer into space and it'll take care of everything. So actually we looked at that. How do you prepare Mars for humans? Maybe you send a 3D printer and the 3D printer could then take the regolith of the soil and build bricks out of it, build a home that protects them from solar radiation. Will that happen? I don't know, but it's doable. They'll be in Martian too. Matt Damon will be there to save the 3D printer. Absolutely, we'll send Ben Affleck with him this time. So Tom, I want to give you the last word. We covered a lot of pieces. What are some of those, as you say, toys today that you think hold a great promise to be the tools for innovation in the future? I think if you think about how we interact with computing, so you can use to be able to click it, you use to be able to type it, now you can swipe it, you can approach it, you can blink it, soon we'll be able to think it. So the brain wave, there's a lot of things coming there. Multiple senses interacting with it. If you could look at a display and say, zoom in on this, or how am I trending? All of that is within our fingertips. I think the augmented reality, I think the cloud computing next generation, especially serverless computing that's coming, is interesting. IoT, absolutely, very interesting. Where you have sensors, very inexpensive sensors, and you can interact with them to sense anything. And of course, it generates big data, so analytics is the other one. We're very good at visual analytics, and we are getting good at machine learning and things like that. So it's the predictive analytics and prescriptive analytics that's coming next. I think those are probably the key, and also evolving to how we work. So we work more like a startup in the future. That's my opinion. Tom Soderstrom with Jet Propulsion Lab. Really appreciate you sharing with our audience everything that's happening. Really exciting stuff. We'll be back with lots more coverage here for Red Hat Summit 2016. You're watching theCUBE. Thank you.


A friend who's in liquor production has a still of astounding construction. The alcohol boils through magnetic coils. He says that it's proof by induction. Human beings are, for better or worse, stuck in a subjective experience of the world that can vary in important ways from person to person. We all generally agree that there's something out there that we can all touch and experience in our own unique ways. But how much of that experience is us, and how much of it is actually out there? Accessing truth is something that we all do, or think that we do, all the time, using all sorts of different methods that we can choose to trust more or less than the others. There's philosophical rationalism, where the truth is revealed if you reason hard enough. There's religious faith, where the truth is revealed through revelation, dogma, or holy texts. There's intuition, or trusting your gut. If you're watching thunk, you probably trust the claims of science and scientists a great deal, even knowing that the romanticized ideal of SCIENCE conflicts with the mundane reality of spending years staring at columns of data in Excel while worrying about funding. But in some debates, where somebody is disagreeing with scientific consensus, whether they're anti-vaxxers, or creationists, or climate change deniers, I have heard some proponents of science assert that it's 100% objective, that unlike other methods of accessing truth, it's a perfect abstraction of logic and evidence that's totally free of any bias or subjectivity. Well, not really. Most implementations of the modern scientific method make a number of important assumptions that are, on some level, arbitrary. Whether or not they're as arbitrary as assuming that your gut is never wrong is up for debate. But they are still assumptions, and they are still arbitrary, and knowing what they are is an important part of understanding science and its operation. For example, in order to do science, one has to make an implicit assumption of naturalism. That is to say that all phenomena are caused by natural causes, not supernatural ones. This is why papers entitled thermal fluctuation in transport in type 2 superconductors, or maybe fairies are playing with our gauges, don't get published. That assumption isn't logically bulletproof, but it is necessitated by science's requirement of experimental repeatability. If the data that you're collecting today is subject to the whims of some supernatural entity, which you can't measure or control for, who's to say they won't be totally different tomorrow? That's not to say that someone can't be a good scientist and still believe in the supernatural outside of the lab. It's just that when they're doing science, they generally must make the assumption of purely natural causes. There's also a general assumption of the universal homogeneity of physical laws, that the rules which govern the things in your experiment are just as applicable outside the lab, that they're relatively unchanged by time or space. I mean, science would be pretty unremarkable if all it did was tell you things that happened in labs, and that's not just because a full day of pipetting is really boring. There's another assumption that science makes which isn't really intuitively obvious just because we take it for granted so often in our lives, induction. Induction is the process of recognizing patterns and then generalizing those patterns into rules and is generally considered to be a foundational component of scientific research. It's also a problem, so much so that there is a capitalized problem of induction.  You roll the first one into the second one a hundred times and each time the first one stops and the second one starts moving. You'd probably say that the first ball's motion starts the second ball rolling and that other billiard balls will behave in the same fashion. You might even write an equation to describe how the second ball will move. The capital P problem, most notably raised by David Hume, is that no matter how many times we see that same sequence of events, there's no concrete reason to expect it to repeat. You've probably heard that correlation doesn't imply causation, but unfortunately nothing necessitates it. We can't see causation. It isn't some substance that we can interact with. We can only see one event followed by another event and hope that they keep on happening in that sequence in the future. Maybe on the hundred and first trial, the first ball reverses direction or vanishes all together. There's no guarantee that those things won't happen, we're just guessing that they won't. And unfortunately we can't say that induction just happens to be right a lot of the time and justify it that way because that's using induction to justify induction. That's a problem, at least for philosophers and especially for philosophers of science. Without a concrete justification for induction, all of the capital T truths that we think we know due to science are really just hypotheses waiting to get knocked over by one contrary observation. And that's kind of the reality of the situation. When CERN announced the existence of the Higgs boson, some people celebrated the discovery as though somebody at CERN had grabbed one with a pair of really good tweezers and held it under a microscope. But in reality, in order to establish the existence of the Higgs, CERN had to use some very sensitive equipment and in the paper announcing the discovery, there was a value, the same value that's in many modern scientific papers, which stated the odds that the data that they hoped represented the Higgs was just a fluke. I mean this is one of the most significant discoveries in physics to date and it's got this asterisk attached to it that says there's still a 1 in 3.5 million chance that if there were no Higgs, we'd still have gotten these results. It's not a certainty, it's still just a guess. So science makes a number of arbitrary assumptions not unlike other methods for accessing truth. And because of the problem of induction, we can't even be sure that the things that we supposedly know due to science are actually true, they're just more probable than not. Why is it so popular? Well, because it's remarkably successful, despite the fact that science isn't some perfect objective entity abstract from human thought, despite the fact that scientists aren't any less prone to bias than anybody else, despite the fact that scientific discoveries are just statistical likelihoods, not necessarily true, science is still way better than any contender at making very accurate, very specific, and very risky predictions. Out of all the methods which people use to access truth, science isn't different because it's perfectly objective or free from assumptions, there's just as many assumptions in science as anything else. But those arbitrary assumptions still seem to be the best ones that we have for saying there will be an eclipse at this time, or if you smash these particles together at this speed, then you'll see an energy spike at this frequency and that's the Higgs boson, probably. Whether that's because they're more accurate than other assumptions about the universe, or because they're just better suited for making accurate predictions, that's a different question. Whether someone wants to accept those assumptions as actually true, or just necessary for getting stuff like medicine and computers, that's their call. But I've at least got to respect the fact that out of all the methods of accessing truth available to me, only scientists can even venture a guess at how many inches of snow I'm going to have to shovel off of my driveway. Do you think that the assumptions inherent to science are true, or just necessary? Do you live on Long Island and want to lend me a snowblower? Please leave a comment and let me know what you think. Thank you very much for watching. Don't forget to blah blah subscribe, blah share, and don't stop thunking.