de killer spell, so that's fine. Yeah But the silver portal is really the new action. That's interesting This is the boy if this isn't the definition of a sort of risk reward mechanic Uh, after you've deployed this unit when you would set up another friendly zinch unit that is not a monster Yeah, I realize I can't do double product. Yeah, you cannot I was going to wait to correct you, but it's fine Uh, you can say that it is in the gaunt summoner silver tower as a reserve unit Up to two units can be set up and reserved in this way at the end of your movement At the end of any of your movement phases you can set up one or more of these units on the battlefield Holy within nine of this unit and nine inches from all enemies and then as normal at the start of the fourth Blah blah blah they die, right? okay so Denial do you like the gaunt summoner question the first second. Do you like the silver portal? I think he's about 40 points too expensive. Okay He is pricey at 275. You're not wrong I think it's too risky. I might try it, but I don't think it's very good. And I he lost the important dimension He lost archonite. I think you mentioned he lost archonite key word, sir. He's um locked out of the good commandability as well, so I'm I have mixed feelings of him. I will try him out, but I I think he's like at least Fifth on like the heroes for me on the ranking Maybe seven of the nine class. Yeah, he he's uh exciting for me I think the reserves angle is the bit that really got my attention. So You know true glass cannon, but you put a true the obvious one is but shooting units in that will certainly work But the ability to put in like true glass cannon units that would otherwise just getting shot off like And potentially even enlighten on foot. I'm going to try them.  No prints. No negative modifiers to worry about they are making that charge So I really like that aspect of it. Um, and potentially other things you could hide in there You know, you've got the whole Gamma of uh coalition units that you could also put in in the ten hour. Yeah, I only agree that it is um, you know match up dependent if they've got you know, sniping of them If you're playing the mirror against sky fires and come on to that would be challenging or You know luminous potentially, uh, the seraph on and so on. Um, but at least he's you'll know that this is not before I've saved So there's there's possible ways to get him up to like plus three to save even if they go First into him and if he'd be behind a cover and so on so And you don't have to put the things in reserve. Yeah Yeah, like yeah, like so it's it is match up dependent But you like in that you don't have to bet the the the farm or Or you put something in there to bait them, you know to give them give them a reason to be a first booper Give them a reason to you know, like invite them To commit to it. Yeah Yeah, I I really love silvered portal a lot. Yes, it is risky certainly There's no doubt about it. But the fact that this guy can scoot around very fast Like that is to say, you know, he can he could just move 22 inches out and then he can That bubble's pretty big of where he could throw the people um, I I Just as a as an interesting experiment I put five cast nights in there because cast nights have a Plus wanted to charge built on the scroll. So you're you're rolling on a reroll late Um, which is fine. Um, and they're obviously like with lances. It's it's a decent Sort of 11 attacks on force 3's neg 22 Uh, it worked. I was perfectly happy with it. Like it was it was a perfectly good thing I just basically kind of held him back until he went again there I put that and I put a shooting unit in there, right? And so he just kind of floated around and dropped the shooters where I needed to be shooters And they dropped the nights where I need to be nights because he doesn't have to he doesn't have to Disgorge the silver tower all at once. It's just how long are you willing to risk him? Getting exploded Right. Yeah, which you can do based on whether you got, um, Fresh respond off right by you get to keep him alive You seem to be very inefficient to try and punch through that bounty hunter, uh dragon ogres would be another, uh, low hanging fruit that you could throw in there because they're not monsters Uh, yeah Yeah The shag off this but the normal dragon ogres aren't they could be bounty hunters And you could do six of them for 150 points, right? Uh Say what? Yeah, and so he could be their delivery mechanism to get them in um into that unit You can give him, um Afterwards next turn you can give him the fireboard as well. Here's 30 wounds with fireboard enjoy Yeah, um, I mean like I love it. I love that it gives you options More than anything else. Um, and it gives you some counterplay If I were to do it, I would have a melee unit and then I'd put like six flamers back there, you know, or something like that Um So that like you have some nice punchy hitting power popping out of the tower as well from shooting so Yeah, I think if I wanted to do like Alpha strike play so probably take bridge over him though Maybe it depends. Um Or one thing I just Yeah, maybe One thing I just figured out I just uh, it's it's kind of spraying in my brain. Um That I actually really like him not in danger No in base no in slaves darkness. I think he's nuts Because you you just uh, you take him in idolators Because all of your cultists gain the super charge Yeah, and super charge And so you can super charge some, uh, iron golems be like here's 27 iron golems. Enjoy Or in the spoilers In the spoilers, you can hide him in trees on these knives and then pop out things Out of the silver tower like marauders or charge. Yeah, great. I think that's great. And he can bring and he can bring Arcane suggestion too. So he can still bring the Uh The mind Yeah, one thing to note is that the five-up word spell doesn't work when he's an ally decreases high to your destiny Yeah, yep. Yeah, but arcane suggestion does okay The gaunt summoner on foot is the other guy I talked about but patently worse because he's on foot and only moves five inches And so hence is useless for only 40 points less. I don't understand for a guy I Was as well Yeah, so He also gets one less wound because doesn't have his disc. So like six up save worse save Lower wounds just terrible Hard skip just hard skip. Okay. Magister on disc of siege at 145 This is the is this the guy in eco. You're you're back and let's talk about this guy I'm most improved. I mean, he's not as good as yeah, either the gaunt summoner or the Um, I think he's the best here in the Wow, okay, let's just say most improved Wow, maybe maybe best Maybe maybe worse than the demagogue depending on the I think Yeah, I mean The combo with like with demagogue You know, so you when you're going to For a start, you know on that second spell, you know, you can turn off the downside if you wish There's all the incarnate stuff obviously, which you know potential Sure, I go. Yeah, so let me read the ability real quick and then we'll talk to him. Okay So he's a six wound four up save 60 inch move dude because it's the disc version of the magister This is the new guy that came out not super long ago And If the first casting attempt made by this unit in your hero phase is successful The spell is not unbound this unit can attempt to cast one extra spell in that phase now. He doesn't keep going Okay, it's just right. It's it's not like 15 casts or something. It's just once And if he does so in the casting roll for the extra spell is a double Then the casting attempt automatically fails and this unit is slain And you can either if that happens you can choose for this unit to be transformed into a spawn instead of being slain Which is funny, right? um and His spell Is a d3 mortal wounds cast value seven spell With a 18 inch range That the first enemy model slain by the spell instead of being slain is turned into a spawn Okay, so that's that's his thing. That's what he does. He's he's mr. Spawn guy Right, either he becomes one or he turns enemies into one He might be the best unit in the book Yeah, okay sell me on this guy. Yeah, look shall I start off and then i'll handle me go Yeah, tell me on the sky You can cover the incarnate aspect of it, but I will just just sort of the baseline aspects of it So because of 1.64 core rule about frigate effects on on a dice roll You can choose which one of the uh abilities that goes off on Uh a double So if you take the correct command tray, which he is eligible for unlike the gauntlet I want to outside that you can uh have when you roll that double on the second Cast you whether you do it naturally or by accident or whether you use destiny dice Um, you can select the cult demigod effect Hence the auto cast instead of being slain Uh, sorry being turned into a spawn, which is a good start. So you take take away the negative there Which is very handy Uh will come on to why you might want to actually let him be slain, etc To know at a moment. So that's really nice But the other aspect of it is he's got the spell that used to belong to kairos or the aspect of creating a spawn Which now is down to him and the sigil So the utility from that is incredibly high for pinning For pinning a shooting unit for stopping up um unleash hell and also as we touched on earlier for um stopping Abilities that happen after a unit has been slain because it's instead of that. So it will prevent Things coming back to life. It'll prevent if you do it to a um uh dorsal cane, uh blood Stalker that model will never come back with a rally So there's all kinds of little utility from the fact that that model's not slain Plus the fact you drop a spawn somewhere now. I'll hand over on the incarnate aspect. Yeah, let's the incarnate thing Let's let's talk about the incarnate nonsense. Okay, let's do it. I also want to mention that it's kudos to anyone who slays the 4 plus returning engine of the gods with this guy and turns into a spawn. I'm like, yes, please Uh, I also played in the game I played um, I've killed one of the dragon augers and he couldn't uh, couldn't uh four plus rally So that was yeah, exactly. Um, but yeah, so the incarnate thing I think the incarnate thing we need to skip to the next page for the foot one, but Either case works. They're the same one. He's just less wounds and that were safe and he's cheaper as well um, so With the incarnate when it just came out. I was like, so this guy just is Just playing better when he's wild. Cool. So How do I kill my own heroes and then I was like City's book sorceress cool Um, so this is basically the same But at any point in the hero thing so you can set up all your things and then you do Right, that's one thing. Another thing is that We have that spell set up right from um from arcane armies Um, so you have your sigil set up somewhere already and then uh, you kill your own magister Yeah, one thing to point out is You don't choose turn to a spawn because then you're not slain and for the incarnate to go wild you need to be slain So you choose for this guy to slain so you don't get a spawn Oh, no But uh, your incarnate goes wild and then charges a spell and then potentially depending on How the fifth view goes It might be able to Well, it definitely can charge Because it's now being cast by your enemy wizard. Um, but it might be able to Use its hero monster's action to yeah rampage to Uh, try to eat the spell it can't dispel it because it's undispellable But it might still be able to gain a level and not dispel a spell which is Yeah, I mean, I've seen this take I buy it about as like If you believe this take that it can certainly it can charge the thing no doubt So let me let me walk through the steps here of what's going on for a way because they might not be keeping out Arcane armies let you start with the end the spell in place. You're going to start with burning sigil basically in front of their lungs The magister is going to cast and then he's going to intentionally suicide himself on its second cast So he boom he goes wrong. You have a cross. Well, there's a cron spy in the army, right? So he goes boom and is dead and he was the owner of the cron spine. He's the guy who brought this thing, right? So now the cron spine is wild the cron spine now moves and then charges the Well, he levels up when he dies, right? No, he goes wild He just goes wild Now we get to the part of the take that will absolutely be fixed Okay, which is you can you can charge the end the spell you're that in the spell.  You can't do it. Like that's going to be how they faq it'll take five seconds for them to put that together, right? Reflex the mortal realms first tenet in the white dwarf. Yeah, even charging your own spell is still amazing Yeah, exactly And you also have that portal there, right? So you can Yeah Which is also custom value of five. So it's crazy. So that's really good. Um, the other thing is Until they fix the change cast to you can get your own change custom and gain a level that way Um, because even so that that's hilarious But uh, there is another thing of a tower though, which is sad And there is another thing why I really like a magister specifically Well, both of them really they are 145 points and 120 for the um for the garden food um You essentially get at two cast for that right? Yeah, that is incredible. I played Two magisters and a magister in in my list for the wish of the summoning and it's it's really good with the cogs It's you basically can re-roll the you roll a double. You're like It's like, yeah, it's really good They're in grace the territory of uh, efficiency for the points. You've sold me. All right.  Oh when he also has that extra 18 inch shooting attack As a double caster like I Yeah, I mean he is he is one of the most efficient units in the book Yep Okay, let's talk cursing real quick because I like this guy too Uh, cursing this new beautiful cursing Great great new model Five inch move five wounds three up save Double caster double unbinder 180 points has built-in re-roll for unbinding and dispelling Not casting Important thing to note there, but but that's cool If he successfully unbinds a spell he can immediately attempt to cast clean magic Uh, even though it's the enemy hero phase if that spell successfully cast it cannot be unbound The lean magic has a casting value of four and a range of 30 inches If successfully cast pick one enemy wizard within range invisible to the caster Pick one spell from that wizards war scroll that is possible for this unit to cast and roll a die On a two plus the caster knows that spell for the rest of the battle And then there's a designer's note about what does it mean to be able to like know a spell basically There is still a bit of a confusion that I want to mention and In the old FAQ zinxia thank you for the old book They said that you can't learn any lore spells But this version of the designer's note Doesn't say that it says that The spells require the caster cards. You are not the lore requires So I think you can learn lore spells You can't because it has to be a spell on their war scroll Oh, it's the spells that are Yeah, it's well it says spells that require the caster Yeah, you're right. Yeah, you're only feeling things that are on the scroll. Yeah. Okay. I miss that Yeah, well, hopefully not jump to the situation Where a war scroll? It's very good. It's very good. You're like techless. Thanks. I'll take the five up word for everyone Not just one you It's fine. Just thinking a laryl's war scroll says. Oh, I know every lore spell But hopefully you don't that extra jump Right because it's still not their war scroll spell. It's still it's still just referencing it back to the All right, but with all those like wizards of uh gurr battle mages running around Yeah, like just steal it plus two run in charge everybody loves it It's most but that's like the most common spell in the mortal realms apparently Um, so yeah, this guy's great. Good. He's he has a uh mortal arcanite leader. He can take Uh demagogue, you know, he's he's solid like Good and and you know relatively good save by the standards of this army too Yeah, so you you take kairos you take him or the magister on disk And you basically have your summoner engine, right?  So it's a destiny dies back. So you fuel your doubles even more, right? So that's the idea Yep, okay Speaking of fate master fate master, uh our our rare Person who doesn't have a cast Uh in this army He does Is that because you always you always take a archance one sure unless Yeah, unless you're taking the unless you're taking the Demagogues combo taking okay come on this guy So 16 inch move six wounds three up save this this sad old model. Hopefully I would love to see a redesigned fate master By the way, I think this is they should look super cool um He's the important part of this guy is again. He's Uh, he has a built-in four up spell like floating plus one And yes, he has a floating bubble of plus one to wound for all disciples of zinch units Not just demons not just anything.  He's there to be a little buff engine to be a good sport hero and that kind of thing I mean there's no he does a lot of damage Like everything is d3s like and it's and it's on average five attacks I would say everything is d3s. I would say it the other way around with a negative tone, but yes Yeah, he's in similar territory to the revenant in terms of speaking. Yeah, there's there's also there's also no No, no pesky uh melee Words there, which is great Oh, yeah, you're shooting as well Yep, it's just plus one to one for attacks I'm I mean, he's more combat efficient than uh, a storm cast hero at this level Sure, he's on threes and twos Yeah Yep totally fair Uh, the ogroid at 175 points eight wound six inch move four up save Again has a pretty like this guy actually does have a pretty decent slate of attacks single cast wizard Uh, he adds one to hit rolls and wound rolls For attacks made with melee weapons by this unit if any wounds or mortal wounds were allocated to this unit earlier in the phase She's like, okay, sure And then he has a d6 mortal wound spell he's got a big fireball It's just all all d6 mortal wound spells in my mind when I read them I read them and I just go cool It's fireball got it Um, yeah, it's perfectly fine.  Yeah I don't dislike him. He's a beautiful model I loved him when he when he used to summon the units of d6 during the crimson horrors that that was hilarious Does anything they can put you know within three inches of another unit or multiple other units can be so Infuriating very good to deal with Yep, uh Okay All right, uh, let's see so and I agree. Oh, that is a really good point autumn The like thousand sons casters would make excellent conversions. You mentioned the 40k conversion earlier Those guys would make excellent fate master conversions. Yeah Like yeah, he's good. I like both these dudes. I think they can both find a place in particular lists I think fate master fits like most lists While I'll grow it you need more specific idea I'm with that. I'm with that. Basically you're not taking a low drop Lots of utility MSU maybe toolbox Zangor shaman 16 inch six wounds four up save he has his various sundry attacks. It's fine For some reason he brought his sorceress elixir instead of his arcane book It could have literally just been the exact same rule But we decided to make it different for no reason Once for battle in your hero phase this unit can attempt to cast one extra spell if it does So you can add three to the casting rule So the key is the earlier guys were re-rolling and then getting plus three but not gaining an actual extra cast This dude does gain can gain an extra cast, but then he gets plus three that um fine uh, and uh He can add zangor if there are zangor to his d3 mortal wound spell if he kills people Which can go over the maximum size specifically. I see no reason to take him whatsoever I agree. Hey, this guy's elixir and in here for me. Like he's just not he's not he's not doing it for me We've we've mentioned too many better heroes. This guy doesn't hit for me like like I would take He doesn't He doesn't give the buff anymore No, like he used to give a buff to your sky fires, right and enlighten this one Yeah, and enlighten and he just doesn't do anything for them anymore. And so he actually doesn't have a role in the army That's the sad part His his role is to be the general in the beast army so you can take zangor to that one. That's it So But let's talk about two that i'm Absolutely in love with which is the the new two zangor versions specifically all of our disc writing zangor like i'm i'm deeply in love with these guys Uh So the sky fires first up Four wounds now a four up save they were five up saves before am I out of my mind or were they always four up saves? Yep, I don't know. No, they were five. Okay. They were five I didn't actually go look at the old book and pull it. I was doing all the comparatives off memory. So um At any rate love it love being on a four up save now still have the arrow of fate 24 inch range one attack four is threes neg one d three. So it's still the same shooting attack uh The I will state that the champion gets to add one to their attacks characteristic So if you have a unit of let's say six for example, you do get seven shots out of that unit. It's not nothing every extra shot counts But guided by the future is my favorite new rule and I wish they would just copy paste this into a lot of other armies in interesting ways Uh, I don't want to rob from zinch, but this is great Ignore negative modifiers to hit rolls or wound rolls for attacks made with missile weapons by this unit So just pause there for a second like look out sir I'm not I ain't I ain't about that right whatever whatever anything negatives to hit and wound you ignore Unleash hell Unleash hell. Yep. Absolutely cover our uh Garrison Yep, yeah Okay, so these guys are little snipers All right. No no negatives to hit or wound. You got negative a million to hit and wound They're still on fours and threes or but they can still gain bonuses by the way It's it's like neffy's save thing. So you can still all out attack them and put them on threes and threes They can only gain the positives not the negatives Yeah, okay, or say Threes and twos if there happens to be a fake master round anyways, uh Then at the same time Ignore positive modifiers to save rolls for attack made with missile weapons by this unit Hello, I love this. Let me tell you what the LRL games back in these guys were just like a plus I'm like good. Spend your penny. What are you gonna do nothing yet? Nothing from that penny. That's we call they're they're using their their gold or their tokens or whatever, right? Um, because we just literally use pennies to track which units have done it So it's been spend your penny is the joke Anyways, the point is yeah, no all out defense.  What does it say on your scroll? That's the number and by the way if I happen to have hit you with the Uh changecaster spell or with or whatever he's called the um not changecaster, sorry The little whatever the little pink boy spell I think we're spell Yes, or there's a sun around or you've been hit by the the other neg one to save Like there's just so many options where you can just be taking negatives off of whatever it says based on your scroll Right, which is amazing And then by the way, they still have the unmodified sixes do d3 mortals and it ends. So fine. Great. Okay, good These guys are awesome. I love them And then no longer an incredible melee units as well. Sorry yourself Which is I I was running them I was running 12 or 18 of them between 12 or 18 for the past couple of months and then uh in the beast With a couple of uh mind stealers and it was funny Yeah, I will still say they like they do okay ish in melee still like they're fine It's like they're they're better than most shooting units because of their little discs.  Didn't the beak used to be five and four instead of four and three. Is that right? It was four and five Okay, four and five. Oh, there you go. Okay. Got it. They bite harder now. I guess um Yeah, I love them 190. Like I said, I took a couple. I I tried out six of them. Absolutely loved it In my mind six is the number. It's a big investment in your army But god, did they did they just they made hay for me one unit? One unit or two one unit or six. Yeah, so you think having all those tack on them on 1806 is better than having I was yes, correct. I do. Yes, absolutely Yes, I was able to more efficiently buff them keep them within what I needed to have happening right with with that. Yes Yeah, yes I suppose you're not needing to fish out all that defense on one unit and then shoot a different unit because you're ignoring All that defense anyway, so yeah towards the bigger unit as well. So interesting Yep One thing that would be fun is it's fun if you can like get them to spend all out defense on something You don't actually want to shoot with anything beyond the sky fires Like you use like the lord of change sorcery attack to see if you can fish out the all out defense or something like that, right? Because you you like i'm going to target them with the the thing and then in case you're making the attack And it's fun to see if you can pull it out because they're scared of you Just like getting a bonds or series of attacks out of that staff of change Are the rawnd of sorcery or whatever the heck it's called the 2d6 shots on threes and threes, right? And if they blow it then you immediately go to the sky fires and be like way to waste it Here comes the the hurt and then you actually are just using any other shooting you have on something else Right, yeah, right and you can and you can stack the arcane suggestion minus one save on them as well Yep, I just do Yep, yeah, so i'm i'm all about these guys. I love the sky fires Uh, I'm I'm about them. I'm I'm about them I'm a little sad about the forecluster kit, but Maybe I'll come around Yeah, it honestly most of the time I found again because I was running as a single unit of six Uh, had a fate master you don't have to deal with penalties But the key is you're not worried about penalties and you're and you're gonna spend the all out All the time, you know, yeah, they were like basically my all out attacking the shooting phase every round Yeah, yeah, you're gonna be on threes permanently You'll if if you're running them with a fate master you could be on threes and twos reliably Yeah, which is one strike Yep Yeah And again, just the fact that they have a 24 inch range compared to the normal 18 inch killbox of this army I actually it's funny, but that actually mattered quite a bit And 16 inch moves so it's 14 inch. Yeah, perfect. Yeah, it's crazy crazy threat range Um I want to talk about the enlightened on discs and then I'll ask a question because these guys have sort of two new abilities as well Again four wounds four up save six inch move for the disc boys Um, still, you know, perfectly good melee profile still four to hits all over the place Which is unfortunate in their case because they don't have the same the same getting away from uh, ignoring negative Or ignoring penalties uh But babbling stream of secrets in the combat phase enemy units within three inches of any friendly units with this ability cannot receive commands Who boy that is a strong ability And then their thing is guided by the past where you can add one to wound rolls for attacks made with melee weapons By friendly units with this ability if you are taking the second turn in the current battle round Which is a very interesting trigger which will put them on fours and twos if you're in the second part of the battle All else aside I think tom tom may agree that uh babbling stream of secrets is the kind of rule that a limba should have instead of Actual one. It's incredibly. Yeah, sure I mean, it's not just about defense or attack, but also things like fires layers doing their strike first and so on And that one's on an OBR command abilities and you know Yep, and it's not just pick one unit. It's every unit Everybody in three. I know no, uh, Discorporating and night haunts. Yeah, exactly right. Yeah, it's so strong. I'm sorry. Daniel. Go ahead No, I was literally about to say this property. Oh, yeah, I think that one is literally the biggest one Um, because you can do it on so many units, right in with if you have the repeating guy Yeah, so yeah Is there a point to the people on foot that I'm missing? Are they in the silver tower because they're because they're cheap, but yeah, you could get six of them Yeah, yeah, because they get six of them for 190 Okay, sorry Yeah, yeah They've got the um with the two inch range on you know more of their attacks relative to the The disc version as a six they could be slightly more efficient is the theory But you you are gonna have to take this the um silver tower and put them reserve and use the destiny guys So it is an investment, but it's it's something I'm very keen to give give it give a try Yeah, but you can just bridge Yeah, it's just if they're on the it's they're on the table they can get shot off as a downside Yeah, but they're shooting them not you're important heroes. I would be happy with that, right? I would take two units of six and then just bridge them Want to turn that around? Yeah It's nice. I like them. I think they're they have a spot now before they didn't So now I think the foot version is useful the Disc version is very useful as well. I think the disc version I'd probably Would be tempted to run them as threes and just be annoying with it. Yep um The four plus save on them is actually pretty big because when I played the uh the practice game I played against beasts and we used the new profiles for for all the Dangers for the beasts and uh, I fought them and uh, yeah, they they're tough With uh, although defense.  Yeah, just so easily Now I agreed again the move to the four up save here I really like their new abilities the guide by the past is interesting I think oftentimes I'm trying to go second in the round, especially in the current season anyways So and then babbling stream is just so unbelievably powerful and useful for everything else you're trying to do I I think enlightened 180 I like them. I like them a lot. I I agree to me. They're three. They're they're they're bought in threes And they're weak They're because two attacks now as well. It's loads. Oh, yeah. Yeah. Yeah, I didn't catch that. I mean, what? What I'll say is that this is really they're really interesting to me in beasts now Because of the utility you're bringing and you can still bring support Like you can still bring all of this in beasts with like a fate master ally, right? Like Like are you can't can you you can't change? On this it's darkness Only what it's nice. It's darkness only nothing. No other allies That was a miss sad Yeah, because it was a zinge mortals. I I think they're amazing in um in beasts regardless I think they are just really good at 215 points, which they were in the form of box I was not sold on them at 180. Yeah, I think they're I don't think they're better than the old ones because the old ones used to be a massive hammer This is more tacky, but I think it's pretty good. Yeah Yeah, there I think one of the absolutely viable melee units and with with an interesting set of abilities again You don't you're not using them alone and just being like this is my super hammer I can just throw it anybody and crack whatever shell is out there. That's not the point You're using them in combination with other with other things you've done in other phases magic to weaken them You know through an arcane suggestion or other types of things to and then and then these guys go in and mop up Yeah, yeah, it's it's also a lot less gotcha as well because before like oh, you didn't fight first I'm gonna smash you know or you fought first here with a hero to smash Into the other side as well because it's any unit within three that fall, you know, I think this this is more neat and Useful because it's something that other things don't do and it's like automatic roar as well and how many times you fail that thing Okay Uh, and then let's go to zan gore zanny zans Uh Come in units of 10 for 175 points Two wounds five up save still have their horrendously annoying weapon profile, uh, non-sensory Um, that's fine. I it's you have to now select one But you still have then the two in every five that have the savage rate plate and stuff No, they don't exist Okay There's just paired weapons And the beak nothing else nothing else exists for this profile the other two you can just scratch out Okay, okay To walk walk me through so first of all yeah, these guys are 175 battle line walk me through why Uh, you like this particular build. Are you just like juicing or Nate totems? Is that the is that what you're taking them for or what's the um, what's the play? Yes? Yeah, so well, uh, there are two plays here, right? So One is that the pair of savage blades, right?  So It's incredible improvement In terms of number of attacks, but also And reliability of that also This is beak went from four plus five plus to four plus three plus And when you charge you get extra attack Yeah on the beak.  Because you have a champion that has plus one attack Then you have two mutants per 10 That have an extra attack, right? So you have 53 attacks for 10 dudes That are quite reliable And they cost 175 points and they can run in charge And you can destiny dice the rod and you can destiny dice the charge if you want to so it can be up to 24 inch threat range But now in the app they updated To basically give them break hurt back and beast of chaos back. So Now they can get plus three inch move from the Um charm them And Yeah, it's just incredible. But that's not all I see why I went wrong because I like I did run these guys and try them But I was like, okay. Well, I'll take the great blades because those are, you know, it seemed like the choice, right? I was like, yeah, sure. I'll take the great blades. It's got the You know, it's a 2dm Right, I was like, yeah, sure, of course I want to attack, but I hadn't you're right I hadn't thought through the math I mean 53 attacks out of a 10 man unit 475 points is a wild number of attacks. That is a lot. Yeah So they are They are gallivets. So that one inch threat range Doesn't matter because you're striking into ranks anyway. So they're always getting all their attacks They die Anyway, right there. They're not very survival But 475 points Okay, and they can be extra conquerors. So you can take the objects with them But then there is the spice of ornate totems as well So you take as many wizards as you can cram in the list And then you take as many angers as possible And then you basically have them all set up in the very awkward Los Angeles And then you basically move up into the middle of the board and you're like, okay You're gonna stay there or are you gonna move away? So you don't move away. That's uh, 36 dice and four plus more Yeah, I like I like Zanny's already. I think that Zangor are very playable in this current Tome like I've I had some decent luck with them But clearly I wasn't even taking them in their best form So I'm I'm even more excited now to get them back on the table.  I am not affirming transient form at all. Let's be very I just wanted to I just wanted to double check that Yeah, no, no still bad still by transient form still bad, but But if you're going for the tactic to maximize the Zangor, um, Like they actually are a really interesting 120 point which Okay, yeah, yeah autumn. It's not spin buddy. This is like my legitimate experiences in playing a couple games of them and having good experience And I trust an eel like you know You got you got it in the chat right above you of what's happening. Like it's these guys This is the experiences we have with them. I don't know what else to share, buddy But I thought they were crap.  But like This is just It does what it does. It's just you send it in and it just does it. It's just really nice Don't need any uh any tricks or anything here. Well, you need some magic support But it just does stuff and it's just nice to rig the round and rig the charge Yeah, but like you can layer on to it as you like or it's how it's supposed to work rather than Rather than working around something that it's just added on army like beasts Yeah, the internal balance between the demon half and the Ark and my half is is greatly improved I'd say Yeah, I do want to mention I do want to mention that these 53 attacks will have to rent turns three in beasts So that's yes, that is something Uh, yeah, I mean hey look, there's what it is um okay acolytes, um I still don't like them. I still don't think they're any good Anybody who has a different opinion? Yeah, there is one change that they made and it's so The unit is about the same that they improved the profiles a bit like the dankers one, right? So the two weapons even though There isn't really enough of them in the in the box But two weapons are better because they are extra attack and reasons, right? So that's neat um the other change they made And this is like why they increased points for them because it's like I have no idea why else if that was a mistake So they've removed the restriction for stacking rent on top of each other So before they used to say that you can't benefit from disability more than once Yeah Now you can have a unit of 30 and you can have another couple units or as many as you want really And you can all stack up to infinity rent with The unit of 30 and then you can teleport them with a bridge or if you Really want to squeeze them in? you can actually fit 30 around the law chop And then you can move them around but you need like a proper special Pray for it because yeah, there's like there's like that much space left, right? It does fit so Yeah, they they can output like In pyrophone cold or with all of the stack with fight master you have 30 attacks 3s and 2s minus a lot of rent on them Which is quite insane, but you need half of your list working for it for one turn Yeah, and then they're going to blow up when they get it charged I mean you can charge with them and they'll have like 60 attacks Okay Yeah, I mean I get it I get the idea here of like well, they can all cast Gestalt Sorcery So you can have a you know a bunch of dudes sit behind a big unit and I'm like Hi, I don't know man This one I just this seems like such a wild investment into something that is so fragile Right, I just when I think about the meta and how that the game is right now These dudes who are automatically battle line all the time on a five up save And like yeah, they can pull some it's a trap. Yeah, they're another wizard These dudes just feel like the ultimate trap to me like I I agree. Maybe you could like find some corner case we were used for them but Boy, oh boy like the zangor I buy because we that's just prima facie on the numbers like I had good experience with them already But when you kick them up to 53 attacks like they were they were doing work for me in both my games I I tended to run like some zangor battle line units and was having good luck with them But the But these guys I I can't see it.  Maybe you get like a cool turn of something happening But for the most part they just get touched by anything and they get lifted and you lose a ton of stuff I just like them in you know, it's small sprinkles of a couple of your battle line choices covered Potentially, they could be expert conquerors. They got a built-in plus one to cast on the wall scroll That could be plus two with the chicken or the other chicken um, you know farming some uh, summoning points Uh, you know, they're not lighting up the world, but you know, there's some utility there I I agree that the leading heavily into them definitely carries risks Different risks from the flame In terms of I can see a list Where you take a unit of 30 unit of 10 unit of 10 And then you take the summoning engine And then you take a magister and a cross Right and then you summon engine Blue horrors that you can't retreat from and then you cross find lock something you block something with blue horrors In the other side of the table and then you have this block of acolytes that is just blasting them, right? So that's an idea. I'm thinking of it might work might not work. It's not my favorite idea Yeah, I feel more it's there About the enlightened to be honest as there's the she's making a couple of these as a utility chaff battle line But a unit of 30 is not that expensive, right? So it's it's only 360 points And uh, it's 30 wounds 360 points is less than the six enlightened So sorry six skyfires or six like that better so yeah, it's It's not exactly what the truck. What I'd say It's gonna get so for me I'd be more inclined to run like three units of 10 zangor and three units of 10 karak Where the zangor and bounty hunters the karak are in Extra conquerors. They're behind my zangor They're triggering so they're farming summoning points and they're triggering all of the wizard buffs in addition to all my heroes And so my three zangor units are going to have to be dealt with they're all bounty hunters None of them are battle line they're, you know, so that's 60 wounds there another 30 wounds of Acolytes behind and all of its firing off mortals from the zangor and stuff like that with a hero support castle Like to me that's like if you're gonna go with karak.  Yeah, right. I agree leaving that cool Yeah, and then and then you could and if you still wanted to you could dump all all three Rens into one unit and get, you know, what 11 shots at neg three rend Like that's not terrible. Like it's not awesome, but it's not terrible It's very interesting how this only matches up into nightball because there's so much leaning into armor debuffs and extra rend for The purposes of increasing their offense and on top of that the banshees You know, potentially you're gonna be running two units and she's to protect against All those point and click debuffs that the this army is throwing at you and not gonna know six mortals here and so on and so forth So it's gonna be a really interesting job But at the same time you throw out a lot of mortal wounds and a lot of attacks with no rent So you can just be like, okay, my zangor is enlightened.  We'll survive this Yeah, something like the zangor plus the zangor enlightened combo really as scary as i'll get out to night haunt, right? Because it's just this mass weight of dice with shutting off their discorporate that does like that will get there That will do that'll do work. Yes. It'll it will let them Or 54 streamers sort of counts us to each other, which is nice Yeah, yeah, you have like 27 mortal wounds and then 27 mortal wounds. You're like, cool. That's uh, x-ray things And that brings us to the end folks. Oh, no, sorry. I got the spells. I'm sorry endless spells. I almost forgot them All right, let's move through these quickly. Okay Because I we do need to wrap this up soon.  Um, all right, so burning sigil of zinch Uh cast on five range of 18 So it's got a good range effectively the the neutral zone Of the board at the end of the movement phase roll a dice for each unit within nine inches of this end the spell On a four plus that unit suffers d3 mortal wounds Okay, so hits a bunch of units On a four up a bunch of units take d3 mortals. Cool. Okay, cool beans If any models were slain by this spell before removing the first slain model The commanding player of the model that summoned to this end the spell can add one zinch chaos Bond to their army and set up within three inches the slain models unit then remove the slain model Just to be super clear about what this doesn't do Let's say you've got like three units in range. You happen to kill people out of all three units You do not get three chaos bond I just want to be like super clear on that because it's the first model it was slain. That's where you're making the choice right Not first model out of that unit, but obviously this is a very Powerful endless spell because for the same reasons we talked about the magister earlier Putting an enemy directly into combat with enemy units is Uh, super good. It's just super good So well not only that It's a nine inch bubble of four of d3 mortals. Like yeah, yeah, it's good damage, but it's like Uh, term in excess that doesn't move. Yeah, but a larger range is what we're talking about here Also, you can put it up defensively and uh hit your own models to get chaos bond if the enemy doesn't come close If they do come close and they want to charge you just put a spawn In the middle of their units and they can't charge you Every movement phase as well. So it's taking on yours and their movement phases. Yes And no matter what if you use this with your arcane Uh, hordes or whatever a legion arcane army legion stability It's up whether you go first or not The weak spot is now is that is the casting value of five So it's even an army with no buffs to that. We'll be just doing a heroic Dispel the start of the hero phase and what you can no longer do with with either chicken Is is ready to to remove an endless spell that you cast in the same hero phase So that Prevents you generally from sort of protecting your endless spells particularly at the portal from Being dispelled later in your next Start of hero phase, which then stops you casting it later. So you can do it with incarnate though The incarnate can yeah There's always the incarnator combo is definitely Um, there's also a little bit of a thing here that you can put it inside of the ghost mystery And then they can't see it. So they can't so that's another combo. That's a good one The the other point is It'd be very nice if this hooked into the battle trait about creating spawn rather than be a sort of freestanding rule that Just isn't consistent. Yeah it is more powerful this this version of it is much more powerful because Uh, you basically can put it anywhere within range of the unit not just that one model Right. Yeah. Yeah downside is it doesn't have the instead of being slain wording. So it doesn't have Yeah advantages by stepping the rally and Come back to luck and so on so the inconsistency is quite frustrating. It's out. Yeah, I love how they redesign I think this is One of the best redesigns they've seen them do in a long time Agreed like this is great. I'm on I love burning sigil. I think it's amazing Uh, tomobies. Look it's 40 points I I understand your point early about cogs because what tomobies is doing is it saying you get to Re-roll all casting models for the model to summon the semi-spell. That's why you're taking it Like I'm not worried about its extra spell. I grant you it's a little linked thing That happens around and follows your base around and whatever, right? Like it's it's a little thing that follows you around The reason I enjoy it is because for and I get your statement about cogs but I like starting with the guaranteed re-roll on somebody and You know I and plus I'm not sure how long cogs will be whatever cogs is like cogs feels like one of those things That could be changed anytime out from under you, right? But yeah, but the tomobies is just there. You start it's in play.  Boom You've got the re-rolls out the gate. No no fuss. No must no chance to Avoid it. It just is Right, if you take the plus nine inch range of spell command trait Then that this is a much better option because you can take those re-rolls and then You'll put the sigil out at an extra nine inches instead of being 27. It's 36 threat Um, obviously you have to cast it in your first hero phase, but Um, that's a nice synergy there Yeah, it was used before it stayed exactly the same. So it will be used now. Yeah, yeah I mean at 40 points. It's not bad. That's my point. It is it also is the cheapest one Okay, and then lastly demonic simulacrum. Sure. Why not? Uh casting by of seven in a range of 12 inches Uh, it is predatory and moves nine inches. So we're talking about a 21-inch effective threat range On a relatively big base it uses like the cavalry base. Let me see it in the picture down below there After the seven the spell has moved roll nine dice for the closest unit within six So now we're up to like a 27 inch threat But you have to pick the closest unit which means you can't just like reach over their lines and pick a hero or something Uh, if more than one unit is equally close the commanding player can choose which unit to to roll for For each five plus that unit suffers one mortal wound If it's a wizard it suffers one mortal wound for each four plus instead of each five Okay Tom you want this thing 60 points, by the way, this is the one I don't really like very much I know you don't I know you don't uh for me it like what I like is that it can close off movement lanes and you know for that first term and It uh, it does damage. Um And so it can begin to eat through chaff walls And so it can open up your own charge lanes when you need it to Um, and so I only like this as part of the auto summoning I don't you know, like this is less interesting to me as a normal cast This is primarily interesting to me by me being able to choose it as the thing that I put out and then just throw across the table And and then they can't do anything about it I was hoping they would redesign it like I did with the Sigil because it just doesn't really feel very interesting. It's like Two Lot of changes heads popping out of the portal. You would think to do something cool. No, it's just just mortals Yeah, and and the problem is like to get the you know red wizard.  Which is like it's pretty easy to make sure that can't happen the downside of the bigger base is It is, you know, sure you Like you can move over them, but they can't land on you. It has to still set up somewhere Where it's legal for the thing to set up, right? Yeah, it's not like quicksilver swords in that respect where it's a perfect sense It's quite similar to the um Dreadful visage the sonesh one with that nearest unit thing It's got a even better threat range, but it doesn't have the fight lost. So it's similar points Yeah Yeah, I could see it Happening. I'm sure some people play with it just to test it, but it's it's the one that doesn't sell for me because I It's like burning sigil Toma vise Simulacrum, that's how I that's that's my my Rating of how I'd stack the three which is funny because this is the most expensive one I love how we always have the it's there's they're never pointed to their actual value and endless bells never No, but it's funny like I would consider a world where I run both this and the sigil And then just decide what's going to be most opportune At the start after setup has happened Yeah, I can I can see a world where I use either And just just run bridge portal cogs Yeah Competing with some strong options. Yeah, and I agree. I'm playing a fragile hero based army That doesn't like people alpha charging me. I'm picking sigil. Yeah, I mean that that feels like the selling point to me Yeah Exactly like being able to shut off so much stuff and against so many armies is Highly vital because again because that one doesn't use this silly other the not silly But that's very reasonable rules from the beginning and you can just like okay They remove the guy from here who cares over on this side within three inches Here's the thing and now it's blocked off multiple units in combat like it's just it's wild But it can end up okay accomplishing and and the other thing that it does is it de-incentivizes a portion of the battlefield Like don't come at me Don't come at me bro because if you do your entire army is going to be in range of the city and I'm just going to take Yeah three mortals. Yeah I've positioned it when I played it. I positioned it in the middle of the battlefield. I was like, okay I'll come near it.  I don't care.  It's value Um, if you want come near me and get lots of mortal wounds and spawns And then really good interactions with things like proving grounds and so on where you're already pushing around where the opponent needs to go She could go second in the battle round. Yep agreed All right now I couldn't can't believe I forgot the other spells but now we're at the end. There we go gentlemen So that's good stuff. I like I said, I mean overall You know some good changes. Uh, it's still got a lot of play I think it's like A lot of different options. I do think it feels more like a mixed arms list now Where you're going to want to be playing in every phase rather than just I win solely in the hero phase magic, which is good I think that's a good thing. Um still has a lot of its very powerful tools still has a lot of very Very synergistic combos for zines. You still absolutely need a plan and to be mobile and stuff like that. So Yeah All right. Well, Nico Daniel, thank you both gentlemen. Absolute pleasure Thank you. Has been great. Thank you guys so much 100% all right for all of you out there. Hey uh Thank you so much for watching. Don't forget to hit that like button It's really easy. It just takes like two seconds of your time to click click click So clicky click for me. It helps other people find the show and we really appreciate it Uh, subscribe if you haven't already, uh, if you want to support the channel There is a patreon down below where you can uh, subscribe. It's hobby focus and helps you take your next step on your hobby Let's say you're really excited about zines and you want to get a whole new arm We paint it up. Well, maybe that's the right place for you to find some inspiration in a great community to support you Uh, don't forget that there is a merch store down there where you can vote your team tom or team tyler Uh, at the end of the year, we will total up who is the winner Uh, as usual through the only way we decide all things in society, which is through capitalism. So, uh, as always Thank you so much for watching. We really appreciate it and as always We'll see you next wednesday


Now, let us complicate the thing, rate of shearing plus depositional history, the way the formation took place, how the sandy deposit was formed clear and this is where I will introduce a term which is known as k parameter and to be specific, I will say that this is k0, we write this as earth pressure at rest, alright. Truly speaking, this k is a function of sigma h upon sigma v that means sigma h is equal to k0 into sigma v. What is the meaning of at rest? I am not shearing the sample at all, at rest, no movement, no displacement clear. So, this is at rest condition, from here we will derive active and passive situations later on, kA and kP. So, kP we become passive earth pressure condition and this becomes active earth pressure. So, to begin with I will deal with only k0 condition, what is the interpretation of this? The interpretation would be the initial state of the stress in the sample is the moment I applied sigma and there is no shear, the value of sigma v is sigma and value of sigma h will be k0 sigma, before shearing process at rest condition, the sample is just static. Draw the Mohr circle for this, you can draw it easily, no issues and normally k0 is going to be a number which is less than 1. So, that means on a tau sigma plane the initial state of stress of the sample would be, this is let us say sigma value and this will become k0 times sigma, initial state of the sample, now comes the shearing part. So, when you are shearing the sample what is going to happen? Your tau is picking up, alright. So, starting from this point of sigma 3, you know if I draw a vertical line what is going to happen? I require a higher value of sigma v to fill the sample, is this okay? Is this correct? So, that means what I am going to do is if I have to increase the value of sigma, k0 sigma also changes, it is not going to be feasible. So, what should I do? That is a big question. What will be the answer now? Anybody could think of this? k cannot be changed because k is the ratio of the two states of the stress. Now please remember sigma h is going to be a sort of your shear strength or the shear stress. Now sigma v is equal to gamma times z of the material, unit rate multiplied by the depth of the point, correct? So, that gives you sigma v value and the all possibilities your sigma value is going to be constant, but now I want to shear it what is going to happen. Look at this point. As long as this situation is concerned, it is fine. Now the moment you shear it what is going to happen is this is sigma 1, this is sigma 3 and just now we have discussed that this is the Mohr-Coulomb envelope, this is the point of tendency. Point of tendency indicates that the failure has occurred, peak point. In this case it is going to be the residual value. So, this is the state of the stress where you have sigma f tau f, this is part okay, the failure. If this is the center, this becomes the radius, this is 90 degree, where is the pole? Now this state of stress you are forcing to be acting on the horizontal plane, remember and that is the biggest limitation of the whole test. That means this state of stress if it is acting on the horizontal plane what I have to do is I have to draw a horizontal line. What this is going to give me? Starting from the given state of stress you get the pole, agreed? What I have shown here? I have shown the rotation of the state of stress on the sample. Now if you draw a tangent, so not tangent sorry, if you join this point what this becomes? So passing from the pole if I connect sigma 3, this becomes the major sorry minor principal plane. If I draw sigma 1 passing through P what is going to happen? This becomes the major principal plane. This is what we call as rotation of planes. So this is where sigma 1 is acting and this is where sigma 3 is acting fine. If you have followed these concepts solving numericals is not going to be a big issue. So that part is left up to you. Please solve the problems. I think I have discussed all finer aspects over here and it should not be a difficult task. Any questions here? Hope you are enjoying the strength of the materials where the materials are soils, lot of ambiguities, lot of expert eyes are required to understand what type of interpretation we are going to do with the results. Because you have to understand the material fine. If this is clear, should I move ahead? If interlocking comes, so do one thing you please do like this. This is the interlocking effect and now try to give torque. No, this should not be slippage, interlock them. This is the interlocking and now rotate. What is happening? So it is a sort of apparent cohesion clear? Interlocking as I said would always give you apparent cohesion. Friction is because of the rubbing of the particles together. Here you have long T2 particles. They are not going to slip over each other clear? When slippage occurs then only friction develops. So we came only up to point number 1, point number 2 and k0, depositional history. Number 3, the most important thing on which the shear strength of the material would depend upon is the type of the soil and the fourth one would be moisture content. Very soon I will be introducing the concept of OCR. So depositional history is depicted mathematically as OCR. OCR is over consolidation ratio, over consolidation ratio. Another interesting way to characterize the soils which would include the type of the soil, the history of formation and history of deposition also mathematically. Very advanced way of characterizing the materials clear? So over consolidation ratio. Until now we have talked about only consolidation characteristics. Now this is the first time I am using the term how the soils are formed. So suppose if I take you to the geological journey of the soils, remember these are the Himalayas and then this is the Gangetic plane and somewhere here you have deltas alright? Bay of Bengal and these are the Himalayas. Take a point somewhere here. What is the state of stress? Something let us say sigma v and sigma h. What is happening here? Weathering process. So I will get defragmented clear? Water, very high speed of the water. So truly speaking most of the erosion takes place over here. When erosion occurs, the state of stress at this point which is today. So sigma state of stress I am writing today is always going to be less or more, less as compared to what it was in the past. The ratio of the two is OCR. So is this fine? So the state of stress acting on the sample today divided by what it was in the past is overconsolidated ratio. These materials are going to be under-consolidated. Oh sorry over-consolidated. By the time soil particle moves and comes over and gets deposited over here now what is happening? It is a reverse process. Now today's stress is going to be more than the stress in the past. Why? Because rivers are bringing continuous loads of sediments and these sediments keep on getting deposited one over the other. Consolidation process might not be over clear? So in this case the OCR value is going to be more than 1. So what we have done is, yeah this is more than 1. Today's is more than past. So OCR is greater than 1. OCR is less than 1 over here because today is less than past clear. So I have now used the state of stress to characterize the soil deposits. And I have a strategy now in my mind rather than doing all these sorts of tests which I have been talking about by using only the state of stress in the past and present I know how to characterize them and how to deal with them. So this itself is going to guide to the shear strength of the soils. Now one of the ways to depict all the results would be if I plot tau versus sigma and the way I have done over here I will be getting let us say for pure sands. When I say pure sands friction angle I am assuming to be 0. This is the coefficient of internal friction. Rubbing of particle with each other causes friction. Take a water bottle fill it up with water keep on adding drop some particles of sands clear. Close the bottle and shake it. Sound comes why? Because of friction clear. That is the easiest way to explain to you what friction is keep the particles of the soil on your hand and rub it. Now if you look at this there is enough sound coming out of it clear granular material this is the frictional mobilization friction mobilization of the soil. It may cut your pumps also why? Because all sudden done particles of the sands are quarts and the crushing strength of quarts is 2030 MPa.  A good geotechnical engineer would go to the site take a sample put beneath the pump rub it and you can tell you what is the C5 parameter but never do this. So I hope now you understand that this is what is going to be for the peak strength if this angle is 5 peak what I am doing is I am consuming this value tau peak sigma is fixed. So tau peak upon sigma is a very rough estimation this is what is going to give me the peak strength profile or envelope. However this is for the dense sands and this is for the loose sands. If I remove this effect of peak I will say 5 and then what I can do is I can subscribe this to RD relative density which is a function of white ratio. Now let us analyze a bit more on the friction angle there is something known as angle of repose alpha. What is angle of repose? If I take a funnel and if I pour sands into it and if I open the other end and let the sand fall out approximately let us say 30 centimeter distance the distance should be small whatever heap gets formed you must have seen in most of the production units this could be grains, it could be sugar, it could be rice, it could be metal slag, it could be soil or whatever. This is what is known as the hopper the slope which is formed naturally when you drop sands from a certain distance why distance is so important so that there should not be any impact of falling grains on the grains which are already sitting in the heap you are not imparting any energy. This slope is defined as alpha this is known as angle of repose. Angle of repose is approximately equal to internal friction angle of the soil coefficient of internal friction of the soils. So this concept is very useful in making you know different type of silos for storing grains or the granular material and then we can link all this information with the model which we are going to develop now on a tau sigma plane if this is the Mohr circle stop writing and please concentrate for one minute on the board your concepts will be clear forever. If this is the Mohr pull-up envelope alright this is the point of tendency which corresponds to state of material at failure fine. If I connected with the point sigma 3 which happens to be the pole of the material pole of the Mohr circle this is the failure plane this angle is theta f if I connect this point sorry if I draw a perpendicular to this Mohr pull-up envelope starting from the point of tendency it cuts the x axis at this point which is the center of the Mohr circle this is sigma 1 minus sigma 3 by 2 if you remember this is sigma 1 plus sigma 3 by 2 this we have just now defined as C the apparent cohesion and this angle is phi now if this is the theta f failure plane inclination this angle is going to be what 2 times theta f correct let us do some simple construction now and before I move on to that there is a peculiarity about this material if I draw a perpendicular from this center and extend it in such a manner that it cuts the Mohr Mohr pull-up envelope what you are observing this line cuts over at this point which is point number A the Mohr pull-up envelope says that this itself defines the state of stress of the material at failure. So theoretically state of stress at failure at point A occurs but practically before point A is reached sample has already failed why look at this before you achieve point number A the failure is already occurred at f point now this is your sigma f sorry tau f and this is sigma f so this is a fictitious point what it indicates is you have enough strength for the material even corresponding to this confining stress because the shear strength available theoretically is this much suppose if I say O so O A happens to be a theoretical strength which is available for the material but it so happens that the material fails before theoretical shear strength is achieved and hence this becomes the point of failure I can define the term factor of safety now first time I am introducing this concept so what factor of safety says the factor of safety says that you have so much of strength available but the failure is occurring at this strength only so if I say this is tau f and this is the total strength which is available theoretically the factor of safety is going to be the ratio of the two and this is the term which people utilize for designing most of the foundations and sublinging structures is this part okay there is another interesting way of defining the factor of safety there is something known as brittleness index of the soil this is normally depicted as IB if I consider this is strength as tau peak and this strength as tau residual the brittleness index is defined as tau p minus tau r divided by tau p and this becomes another way of classifying the soils when you use them as engineering material what it shows is the state of the material where the brittleness is too high then systems will always show higher brittleness as compared to loose systems fine so I have defined now factor of safety is two forms this itself is a factor of safety term how much safe I can be without you know failing the systems and another factor of safety now I have defined in this way so for all practical purposes this is your sigma 1 minus sigma 3 by 2 now if I say that this is point B and this is point P can I use simple relationship geometrical relationship sigma 1 minus sigma 3 by 2 equal to if this is the friction angle this is going to be this is C tan phi alright so sigma 1 minus sigma 3 by 2 will be equal to sigma 1 plus sigma 3 by 2 plus C tan phi okay I am sorry this will be C cot pi this is okay and then this is 90 degree so this multiplied by sin phi this is okay so solve this expression and what you will be getting is sigma 1 minus sigma 3 will be equal to sigma 1 plus sigma 3 sin phi plus 2 C cos phi I can reschedule the terms so this becomes sigma 1 minus sin phi equal to sigma 3 1 plus sin phi okay and plus 2 C cos phi this answers your question Sashankar what you are asking last time we have started from a state of stress where sigma v is equal to sigma 1 sigma v happens to be a major stress clear so this equation is valid for a condition when sigma v is sigma 1 and sigma h is sigma 3 the moment we reverse this situation the more circle will change we will discuss about this later on so now you do this analysis and what I can do is for pure frictional materials I can put C equal to 0 so phi only prevails pure frictional material so this becomes sigma 1 equal to sigma 3 1 plus sin phi over 1 minus sin phi this term is k term k parameters the way we have used k parameter now is we have to relate sigma 3 to sigma 1 clear so you have to transpose it and this will be written as sigma 3 equal to 1 minus sin phi over 1 plus sin phi into sigma 1 so this becomes k a coefficient of earth pressure at active stage fine this is part clear two more things before we disperse today if I am assuming a pure frictional material this line the Mohr Coulomb envelope is going to pass through the center and if I draw this line over here like this the point where the envelope touches the Mohr circle becomes the point of maximum obliquity this is ok so this becomes the maximum possible friction angle a system can mobilize in reality what is going to happen is some fraction of phi will be getting mobilized and the material is going to fail few limitations and strengths of direct shear box test so I am sure you must be realizing that lot of things can be obtained from a simple direct shear test the limitations are as we discussed you know drain conditions cannot be simulated not valid for fine-grained materials area of cross section changes and hence you cannot share it much the pressure keeps on changing at the interface it is not constant because area of cross section keeps on reducing alright and so on the strengths are simple test and whenever you are dealing with the field situations and suppose there is a stratified deposit alright what I can do is I can take out a sample from here capturing the stratification bring the sample put it in the box share it and obtain the shear strength along this plane that is the beauty it could be inclined plane also does not matter if the stratized like this I will still try to take out a sample from here these are the exploration techniques I will bring the sample in the lab put it in the direct shear box and I will get the shear strength at this plane so in short there are lot of beauty of doing this test though the disadvantage are many and what we will do is to overcome these disadvantages we will now switch over to triaxial testing that will be from next lecture onwards.


Welcome back to another YouTube video. So by the title you can probably tell that I am back in Toronto And guys, it's a little bit crazy because if you haven't followed me since then I used to actually live in the city I used to live in Toronto. So in many ways, this is really cool and a little bit trippy to be back here. So Yeah, it's really weird to be back. It's really cool to be back. I really loved Toronto I really loved living here. I have a lot of really Amazing friends here that was honestly the hardest part of me leaving was just like the friend group that I made here I made like a lot of really good friends. So hopefully I get to see like a handful of people while I'm here Um, but funny story. I actually was not going to vlog this tournament this tennis tournament I really felt like this summer there was like a chunk of vlogs that were like literally all tennis I feel like I've done a good job with my tennis vlogs Like I'm very proud of those vlogs and just proud of the content but I just felt like my channel was becoming like a little bit of a like Tommy like following around Tommy's life And I do travel with Tommy quite a bit But like I have so many other parts of my life like my own home in Connecticut And like a whole life of my own and I just felt like it was getting a little bit Tennessee Uh my content so I was actually like not planning on vlogging this tennis tournament in Toronto I was just gonna like enjoy being here and um Enjoy the tournament and like see people and And just not vlog. I was gonna do like an updated makeup tutorial I decided to last minute vlog like I literally just decided five minutes ago that I was going to vlog this tournament But yeah Just did my makeup just got ready For the match it is a night match I'm going with my friend Alex who I've known for a long time as long as I've lived in Toronto And we've stayed in touch and she's a really great friend. She's just a really cool Good girl. But yeah, we're gonna go to sew house and grab a drink and then go to the match Okay, just kidding. I just got a text from Tommy saying that he thinks I should head there now something that is unique in the tennis world that is very unlike other sports Is that you never know how long matches are going to take there's always an estimated time at which they think Players will go on but you really never know. So it's I'm kind of hard to plan Your nights or get drinks before matches because matches can go really fast matches can go really slow So yeah, you never know But I think Tommy is saying that the matches in front of him are going fast. So therefore he's gonna be on sooner So we might not be able to get a drink But I'm gonna figure it out with Alex and head to the site and yeah, I'm really excited to be vlogging this week I have received my 100k Subscribers plaque in the mail while I was home and it was just a really really cool Moment for me and and I know it's a little bit like cheesy to like care about something That's kind of like superficial and it's just like a plaque. It's technically my smallest platform But it's definitely my favorite platform the platform that I'm most proud of so thank you guys for helping me reach that Goal. I know I've been doing youtube for years now But I feel like my community has grown quite a bit In the last few months. So I really appreciate you guys and I appreciate you guys Watching my videos consistently. Yeah, my channel has just been like doing really well And it makes me so happy because the work I put into the videos is just worth it I just feel like I've redeveloped like a strong youtube community I just want to like thank you guys for allowing me to reach that milestone in my career. Um YouTube is a slow and steady Growth process. So that definitely took me like three years. Yeah, it's just really cool that I'm reaching it now Okay, I decided with my friend Alex that I'm going to pick her up on the way to the site because this site is not Near where we're staying. So I'm going to go pick her up and then we're going to head to the match You're not touching the AC. Okay Tommy and I are the fight guy No, actually you're not touching it and it is where it is and it's going to stay I'm uncomfortably cold It doesn't matter It doesn't matter like get under the blankets. You'll warm up. No Yeah I'm wearing shorts and like stop Stay in bed. Actually get under the cover. It's like I know it's not gonna do it. Like I I'll make it my life mission Mission to the thermostat When are we gonna film our q&a? Right now not in the mood How about you ask the questions? For me and then I'll ask the questions for you. I asked like months ago, babe. When did I ask that?  Yeah, everyone's asking how we met The answer how we met okay how we taught me and I met he liked a few of my photos on instagram and Liked a few photos of mine on instagram and then We were just talking about this the other night by the way and then didn't do anything like liked a few photos and I was like interesting tennis player Um and then a few days later He liked more of my photos like he went back for round two. Is that true? Yes Yes No, and then so he liked some of my photos and I was waiting for him to DM me And then he didn't DM me But I thought he was cute. So I DMed him Hey Hey babe I go, oh no, that's the one that did it though. If I didn't put that babe in there she would have never responded That could have been true 100 true.  So I really didn't know what what initially initially Initially What initially attracted you to page Probably your eyes I remember like the first time we met like seeing your eyes was crazy. Was it? Yeah, I couldn't break eye contact So I was like always just staring favorite thing about each other All right, you're picking the worst questions Relationship non-negotiables Okay She cooks I think being Like a gentleman. Okay, that's mine I don't know. I have so many non-negotiable.  Wait, what's your non-negotiable? Um, you picked the question. I don't know. I'm pretty Like career driven and you are too and I think that's like Like a partner that motivates is like, yeah, you need that. Agreed. That's a great It's a great one first impression of each other Am I going first? Yeah Um, I'm pretty sure she was already drunk right when I showed up I was and she like fool just gave me a kiss right away to make it not awkward for the rest of my life Okay, wait, you're literally not telling this story good at all Tommy and then you handed me a shot and Tommy that's not what happened. Oh, damn. That's literally ready to get after it. If not What was your first impression of me when like you saw me? I think You know on online, there's a lot of catfishes out there. So I was pretty pretty excited I was just excited. You were excited that I wasn't a catfish. Yeah Are we are we talking at first impression like look-wise or like personality Personality wise guys get nervous about dates too. So I got nervous like that. They were going to be awkward silences and It was like everything was flowing super easily. So it was fun. Yeah, we always got along very well My first impression of you I invited you to have a drink at my place before We met Like instead of meeting out at a bar. I invited you right to my place for a drink And I felt like it was very easy move Crazy move But I felt like it was very confident of you to be like Like you were very confident. That was my first impression I hit you with the hey babe. That's okay. Well DM's aside My first impression of you was that you were very confident And I really liked that ideal date night I feel like we like Doing stuff So like I feel like we haven't done it yet But you've like done it with girls and it always looks like fire But when you go to like the docks with pizza, yeah, that looks ideal for me Yeah, I agree like somewhere outside like the beach or a dock What are your nicknames for each other? bean beanie Yeah, a lot of people call her P or pagey My Trainer calls her pagey and I got jealous and then I started calling her pagey. That's so true. Yeah, no fully Yeah, and now I got jealous and I started calling her page.  I wouldn't say No, but like I mean we're traveling a ton and You know go to every tournament. So it's like I wouldn't consider our relationship long distance, but I could see Long distance to me is not seeing your partner for like months and you're both working in two different cities We're always together. Yeah, we're together a lot I feel like it's I would say that It would be hard I can't imagine I don't think I would or I can't imagine dating a tennis player that I wasn't Coming with you as much as I Am because I would feel like I never spent time with you like you have to be on the road If you want to spend quality time with a tennis player Because they don't have it. I like it's so crazy. Yeah, and you don't have an off season. We do Two weeks in december. Yeah That's all we need Did your relationship move slowly or fast in the beginning? What would you say? I feel like it was all very healthy in like Yeah, I would agree. I think it moved like Decently fast though, but I felt like we both knew After a week at the us open that we were gonna date. Yeah, Franco called it too. Yeah, I feel like we moved normal like normal We dated after like a month Yeah, we were like treating each other like boyfriend and girlfriend, but officially dating up. Yeah, we were talking like every day Yeah, like we haven't skipped a day of talking since we met each other. That's so true Yeah What is the biggest challenge dating an ATP pro? everything Yeah, let it fly the biggest challenge would definitely be the the amount of The lack of the amount of time at home Um, I have so many special places that are in the states like we did get to go to colorado during your off time But I love skiing and I love like Vermont in colorado and montana and nantucket And I had literally never done any of that stuff. Well, you'd never done any of that stuff But you can never just take a week off And that's not an option So vacations have to be very easy to get to and from And a lot of the places and the vacations that I took growing up were more experience vacations So You go for a ski trip for like a week, you know, or you Go to nantucket for a week. Um, but your vacations have to be very short So I think like not getting to experience those things with you, but that's fine because we can experience them later in life but yeah, like the The amount of time that he's playing tennis. I never really get him like away from your work But kind of my life. It's the schedule. Yeah, your whole life has to be tennis and if it's not you're probably not playing well Pretty much favorite thing to do together anything outside really. Yeah, I agree. We like honestly, I love riding Louis riding horses. Yeah, it's really fun Going to the barn is really fun together or like being on the atv like the side-by-side or how do you balance content creation? In tennis life while making time for one um You fit big What was the question? Sorry. I was How totally focused on your foot. How do you balance content creation in tennis life while making time for one another? I feel like I'm very efficient with my work and I'm very comfortable vlogging So I can do it throughout the days And I feel like I try to like not have it be annoying or take away from anything that you're doing Yeah, I would say my days are pretty pretty long with practice and everything Um, we're not together a lot of the day. Yeah Yeah, but then like when we are it's it's pretty easy because you would think that you'd be stopping and like You know taking pictures or vlogging and it really doesn't feel like that at all feels pretty pretty natural and easy Okay, I'm coming down now Okay, babe Tommy what was the moment you knew you were falling for page? um At your house. Yeah like by the fire out there and we were like drinking a bit and Blue was there and yeah, Tommy came back to my parents house After the u.s. Open I think that's when I really knew that we were gonna date for sure at my parents. Yeah Yeah, me too. I lived in the city But we were both like we wouldn't want to be anywhere else right now Oh, I was so dumb with the city. I was ready to go and then when I got there. I was like this is Yeah, I wouldn't rather be anywhere else. I'm gonna go get this food Okay, someone asked what's filming with Netflix like I honestly haven't talked about this Ever I think I've brought it up once On my youtube it's not something I talk about a lot But Tommy is going to be a part of next season on break point And if you didn't know it's a Netflix series on professional tennis players I think I haven't talked about it that much because It's about Tommy. It's really not about me. I am a part of it I am going to be in it and I'm a part of it And I've like spoke a bit on it It's really like Tommy's moment and it's a really cool moment for his career and I hadn't watched the previous season yet and now I have watched both of them So yeah, I didn't really know like what it was exactly but But yeah, which is going to be kind of cool because I definitely feel like Tommy and I were very just like silly and very Ourselves a really like small group of people kind of following you around and not really invasive. It's what's filming Netflix like Oh, it's been great lately. We haven't been filming at all. Yeah, they haven't been filming much lately But I would say it's like very easy. I feel like I mean obviously for you you're competing And you are having that pressure. I don't know what that's like for you, but I feel like they've been pretty good and respectful Yeah, and it's been like a positive experience. Australia was pretty good. They were Um, I'm excited to watch the episode on australia because they were filming during the australian open And you had a really amazing round at the australian open. What is something about each other that inspires you? The level of dedication and passion that goes into being an athlete at that level inspires me Just like the amount you have to work and dedicate yourself to something is very cool Yeah, I also admire you lose but then like you move on and try to be better And you're very positive like you're a very very positive person I don't know if everyone on the tennis store could say this but I would say you're like very positive But uh, I don't know. I think just your your work ethic is pretty good too. And I Pretty good Yeah, it's pretty good.  So watch out. Yeah, I gotta That's inspiring right there. Is it? Yeah, absolutely I mean honestly if you did if you became babe, I'm gonna be the breadwinner. Yeah, I mean it's not looking good for you Rock the stay at home dad Real good Yeah, I would not be mad about it. I mean you just get to fish. Yeah, exactly Good morning vlog So I'm about to run out and go meet up with my friend Alex.  You're from Toronto. You definitely know it called Soto Soto And I can't believe we got a reservation But it's so good. So I'm really excited for that. Are you excited soda soda? Are you excited? Are you excited? Okay guys, I got my nails done. They look so that place is amazing and now I'm just At lunch at my favorite lunch spot in Yorkville called Nervosa and you get like what I always used to get Um, yeah, I'm just like hanging out before Tommy's match later Just tried to take a nap and it didn't work Not sleep The best last night and I woke up pretty early Some of you might already know this about me, but I use a dove bar Of soap to wash my face and my body. It's like always what I've used or I use the first aid beauty I feel like those two products just get my face feeling really really really clean So yeah, do you guys remember in my last vlog? I said my favorite favorite nude sticks color deep maple a Finally got a new one. So I'm really really excited about this A fresh one and then I got this Other one this blush in pacante Which is like an orange-ish red. I got this like a nude blush. It's like a very natural. I don't want to try this I'm gonna wash my face anyways before I go to the match. So Might as well try Okay, that's really pretty and that's exactly what I wanted. I wanted it to look like I'm not wearing blush like um Learning your undertones and learning what blush colors look best with your skin tone is super important Then I got this face mask by dr. Jart. I love dr. Jart skincare. I love their face mask They are really hydrating and they have a lot of product on them and they don't rip super super easily Which I like I'm very picky about sheet masks and then I got this makeup by mario. I love makeup by mario um Product so I wanted to try one of their ultra suede sculpting lip pencil and when it comes with a Little sharpener. I love like a brown lip liner I feel like brown lip liners are Super natural looking love that and then I got my favorite Purple shampoo and then I got this mask which was sold out last time I was in tefora Yeah, the hydro rush by amika one of my many favorite hair Care companies. I think the olapax mask can sometimes make your hair like too White like too purple looking So I like the amika one, but it's also strong and then I got the cosas brow pop nano It's kind of silly of me to like be buying makeup products because I because I do get sent so many makeup products but like it's really fun going and buying my own stuff is that weird Not that I don't love gifting. I love gifting, but they don't always send like exactly The things I need and I like shopping in tefora. We have this little brow pencil. I've never tried this cosas one before so Oh, it's really really small. Whoa. I've never seen a Iber pencil that skinny So that's cool. So yeah, I'm really excited for tommy's match tonight And yeah, I had a lot of meetings today and to be honest guys. I'm a little bit stressed um Just like a little bit. Nah. I'm like pretty decently stressed um, so like I'm working on projects for winter spring summer and also having to focus on like That fact that we're having a pop-up very soon august 26 and 27th And we're launching denim. We're launching a a whole new us open pop-up Tennis collection. We're launching a new sweat suit. That is like our fabric Our design 100% dairy boy not wholesale. Um, we're launching two new candles Like it's just a crazy crazy time The amount of like new products like the amount of stuff that's going to be happening at the pop-up is crazy um the fact that i'm finally launching my denim Is wild after all this time I've been working on it for over a year and a half and it's like finally happening We're finally launching our first pair with many more styles in the works but one of our calls today that I had was actually with my publicist um in my pr person and I was just talking about how talking about the pop-up And talking about how excited I am i'm going to be there in person the whole time So if you come to the pop-up, you will meet me and like we will get to know each other and I want to talk to everyone and Make the time for everyone and we have like over 2000 RSVPs Which is crazy because like you don't have to RSVP to even go so that was way beyond um The number the number of RSVPs like surpassed what we thought because not many people actually RSVP So that was really cool if you RSVP'd like thank you for RSVP It's like making me really excited But anyways, what I was saying was I'm going to be there and I'm going to be in person and I want to like help You guys try on this denim and show you how I style it and show you how to wear it and show you guys like what size to get Um, I'm not going to like share anything else until like we launch the photos and like and like part of the campaign for The denim and the pop-up But yeah, just know that like I'm going to be there and it's really important to me to like show you guys The denim and be there with you and um, yeah So it's basically like first come first serve for the denim at the pop-up And I'm just so excited about it and then we're launching denim online like a month after the pop-up So the people that are going to be in new york and are going to go to the pop-up We're going to be the first ones to experience dairy boy denim and basically get it like From me and my team because we're going to be there the whole weekend. Um, so just like so So excited. I'm going to do a Q&A on my instagram For the pop-up and like share details or questions you guys have But I couldn't like not talk about it in this vlog. This vlog is a Toronto vlog but that is literally around the corner And I know that I'm going to blink and then it's going to be the pop-up I'm going to make a massive effort to continue to vlog because I know that I have So many amazing supporters Who have supported either me through my socials or supported dairy boy And I know that not everyone's going to get to go to the pop-up So I really want you guys to like experience it through my social media So we have um one of our team members who helps with the socials and like community management Her name is Shelby. She's going to be coming out to the pop-up. So she's going to be helping me create content Um, so if I'm like really busy with customers or I'm just really busy Like they're still going to be vlog content and then I got a really sick loft for The days around the pop-up. So I'm going to be staying in this really cool loft I want to vlog that I'm going to be having a party and dinners and like the whole thing So if you can't be there, I really hope that you can I know that not everyone can but um If you can't be there, I will try to like include you guys and just like create content For you guys.   I think But alex has it. But yeah, this is The outfit and then I'm gonna I think Use this black Purse kind of crazy. This is the building that I used to live in. Okay, so I did not Really vlog today much. I went for a very long walk Got an aside bowl and then I went and saw my friend Estelle really amazing makeup artist And she also does eyebrows if I got my eyebrows done one thing about Toronto and if you live here, you know Or maybe it's just like your norm But the beauty services in Toronto are next level eyebrows nails makeup artist hairstylists They have their shit together now I'm heading to Yorkville to go get a drink with my friend Hilah and taylor Hilah is actually the founder of four three seven which is an active wear brand and swimwear brand You guys definitely probably know what it is and then taylor is one of the founders of newt sticks. So yeah, they're Amazing. I admire them a lot.  It is this dress. I think it's called sunset A door I'll check on that for you guys But yeah, this little dress and then this little pink purse your rings are from heaven mayhem So yeah, I'm gonna head there now Just called my uber Getting ready to go to Tommy's match. He's in the quarter finals He's playing the number one ranked player in the world Carlos Alcarez who just won Wimbledon amazing player. It'll definitely be a good match But yeah, I'm about to head there now Today is the semifinals of the tournament But I just got all ready to go to the match trying like a simple white dress with this white Pullover and then heels. I want to show you guys like my full outfit Maybe once I'm like outside so I can like put my camera up and show you guys Earrings are heaven mayhem. I'm just like So happy. This has been such an amazing week of just like seeing friends Being in Toronto. I love this city and I'm just so happy for Tommy. He's just had an amazing tournament So I'm really excited for tonight. I'm gonna go grab a drink with my friends Before the match we're gonna go to Casa Moto, which is this really good sushi Asian spot Asian spot in Yorkville.


Indians have been living in times of transition for many years, but these are times of exceptional movement. Not only are Indians moving physically, emotionally, economically, culturally and politically, the world around them is changing. Their experience as transition, the thrust of change in all senses is being felt by Indians as persons. In fact, in India, a breed of young professionals has already emerged. Confident of their special knowledge and skills, these persons have an assured sense of power. What motivates them is a high quality of life and high-voltage professional success. Rish Khanna chooses to live in a seaside home at Juhu, away from the elite South Mumbai localities, even though he can afford it. I'm sure there are a lot of people who say that they are both Yuppie. But as far as I know, we try a lot to not to have that Yuppie image. It's interesting how some of these young professionals are making a complex transition. Many young persons have to face the contradiction between a culture at home which is essentially warm, human, peaceful and often spiritual. And a work culture of professionalism which demands impersonal objectivity and aggression. The celebrated management guru, Peter Drucker, thinks that knowledge workers will dominate today's age of information. In India, the young professionals who are most influential today are clearly knowledge workers. Like in the rest of the world, the workplace is seeing a transition in work culture. The new knowledge workers are earning the maximum and clearly enjoying real power. They mark the arrival of the individual as the fulcrum of change at the end of the millennium. A highly influential consumption culture is working its way into the contemporary Indian consciousness. The supermarket dream is the most flashy and fashionable. Consumerism is not economics. It is culture, it is psychology, it is also even an ideology. People consume not because they have to purchase something, they consume also because they have to consume. It is a perfect cure for loneliness and isolation and it also gives meaning to an otherwise meaningless life. Today, the ultimate fantasy is glamour, a ubiquitous but ephemeral something called glamour. It can be bought and importantly so, glamour myth is touching everything, the mind, body and even imagination. But make no mistake, the glamour myth isn't something trivial or to be taken lightly, it's at the centre of a lot of the transition taking place in India today. The road ahead to the emergence of a new society is difficult but possible. The success or failure to improve the quality of life in a real sense for a large mass of Indians as individuals will be the determinant of whether development in India can transcend technocratic progress and touch human welfare.