Christmas 1979. Soviet Spetsnaz forces, Russian counterpart of American Green Berets, have infiltrated the country of Afghanistan through the Russian embassy at the Afghan capital of Kabul. The Soviet Spetsnaz are dressed in Afghan army uniforms and utilize vehicles with Afghan army markings. They approach the palace of President Amin and they attack. The President and everyone inside the palace was killed. Immediately President Kamal was installed. Immediately he called for Soviet aid. Immediately Soviet armor moved into Afghanistan. Immediately Soviet paratroopers landed at the airport. Afghanistan was no longer free. Albania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, North Korea, China, North Vietnam, Guinea, Republic of Congo, Algeria, Tanzania, Central African Republic, South Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Cuba, Afghanistan. Never has a nation under communist rule become a free democracy. There are many kinds of war. The total war, which most Americans know as World War II, is but an almost pleasant memory. It was clear. The enemy was open. The issues were precise. The issues were firm. Today there are police actions and conflicts. There are acts of terrorism. There are peaceful wars for the minds of men. Instead of information, there is disinformation. A world of evolving nations, each with its political and economic power struggles, has created a constant stream of special situations. For a general war, for an unconventional war, for special situations, the United States Army has developed the Special Operations Forces. I'm Captain Kaufman assigned to the Fifth Special Forces Group and I command the basic unit of Special Forces, the aid attachment. Fifty-four aid attachments comprise a Special Forces Group, an authorized strength of 1,200 officers and men. Special Forces Group consists of a headquarters and headquarters company, service company, military intelligence company, signal company, and three operational C detachments, also known as Special Forces Battalions. Then each Special Forces Battalion, there are three operational B detachments, also known as Special Forces Companies, with six aid attachments apiece. The missions of Special Forces are to conduct foreign internal defense, unconventional warfare operations, strategic reconnaissance and strike operations in support of U.S. national objectives, military strategy in times of peace or war. Special Forces aid attachments also conduct joint operations with our Allied military units, whom we refer to as our counterpart forces. In order to accomplish these highly sensitive and important missions, Special Forces aid attachments are language trained and area oriented. This means that all detachments are targeted against specific areas of the world required to learn the language, geography, customs, traditions, and social mores of its people in order to work more cohesively with the local populace. This time, I'd like to introduce my detachment. It's been specially formed to show its composite language capability, military occupational skills. Each individual explained his duties and responsibilities, both in his foreign language specialty and in English. I am the commander of the Special Forces Battalion, and I am the commander of the Special Forces Battalion. As the detachment commander, I am responsible for training and control the detachment. We are trained to work with foreign forces. However, we also have the capability of conducting unilateral strategic special operations. And I speak Chinese. I am Lieutenant Sauter, the officer in charge and the commander in charge of detachment. I am Lieutenant Sauter, the detachment executive officer and second in command. My duties include supervision of all administrative and logistical matters of the detachment and our counterpart forces. We are prepared to provide advisory assistance in one or all of the following areas. Tactical operations, intelligence, psychological operations, and population and resource control. An inherent capability of this detachment is to split into two elements or strategic reconnaissance teams. I would command one of these teams. I speak French and Greek. Capone, J-P-Set, Chan. I am Sergeant Chan, the operation sergeant and the senior non-commissioned officer in the detachment. I advise the detachment commander and his counterpart on planning, operation and training. I can advise them presenting instruction in small unit tactics such as raids, ambushes and patrolling. I receive advanced training and parachute packing and light weapons. I'm cross-training demolition and communication and I speak Thai and Laos. I am Sergeant Borsche the intelligence sergeant. I am trained in intelligence and counterintelligence operations. My responsibilities include a continuous analysis of the enemy, terrain and local population. During low intensity insurgencies, I advise the detachment commander and his counterpart on methods of conducting denial operations, border surveillance, identification and interrogation procedures. In the unconventional warfare mode, I advise the detachment commander and his counterpart on planning, training and organizing clandestine intelligence operations to include escape and evasion nets. I'm cross-training light and heavy infantry weapons. I receive advanced training in arctic, mountain and pathfinder operations. I speak Italian and French. I am Sergeant Lozano, the medical detachment commander. I provide training and support to our forces and their allies. I am Sergeant Lozano, the medical supervisor. I train and support our counterpart forces. I am responsible for the health and welfare of the men of this detachment and to those indigenous personnel with whom we operate. I am proficient in all aspects of emergency medical care to include first aid, minor surgery, evacuation, sanitation, hospital administration and medical supply procedures. I can organize and supervise first aid stations, field hospitals and dental clinics. I have received advanced training in underwater operations, desert, jungle and mountain operations. Additionally, I have been cross-training heavy weapons and communications. I speak Spanish. I am Sergeant Calero, the assistant medic. I have the same qualifications as the medical supervisor. We both participate in all patrols and special operations. Having worked in hospitals, we are prepared to provide outpatient care. I receive advanced training in military operations in the desert, mountain, arctic, jungle and close quarters combat. I'm cross-training light and heavy weapons. I speak Spanish. I am Sergeant Stewart, the engineer sergeant. I am responsible for all engineer training, construction projects and demolition conducted by our detachment to our counterpart forces. I am training both American and foreign mines, booby traps and explosives. I have received advanced training in mountain, desert, arctic, urban and ranger operations. I am cross-training light and heavy weapons. I speak Arabic. I am Sergeant Dekumar, the engineer specialist. I have the same basic skills as the engineer sergeant. With the eight explosives, we can destroy both natural man-made obstacles. I have received advanced training in jungle operations. I am cross-training light weapons. I speak Lingala, French, Flemish and Africans. I have a basic working knowledge in English language. I am Sergeant Irvin, the heavy weapons leader. I am responsible for all crew-served weapons training conducted by our detachment to counterpart forces. I am trained in both American and foreign crew-served weapons. I am also prepared to present instruction in small unit tactics. During peacetime, I assist in training civil disturbance and disaster relief forces. My cross-training and other skills permit me to work with local police and other security forces. I have received advanced training in military operations in the mountains, jungles, desert, ranger and special operations. I am cross-trained in demolitions. I speak Urdu. I am Sergeant Gregory, the light weapons leader. I am responsible for all individual light weapons training conducted within this detachment and to our counterpart forces. My duties and responsibilities are similar to those of the heavy weapons leader. In a military assistance role, I can provide training in survival, methods of instruction and small unit tactics. I have received advanced training in military free-fall parachuting and special operations and tactics. I am cross-trained as a medic and in communications. I speak Arabic. I am Sergeant Bonkayo, supervisor to Radio Operador. I am Sergeant Bonkayo, the radio operator supervisor. My duties include maintaining a secure communications link from my detachment in the field to higher headquarters. I am also trained to maintain my own radio net plus advise counterpart forces in radio, wire, visual communications and crypto systems. I have received advanced training in ranger and mountain operations. I am cross-trained in light and heavy weapons. I speak Arabic. I am in light and heavy weapons. I speak Elocano and German. I am Sergeant McGinnis, Gloundary Redist. I am Sergeant McGinnis, the chief radio operator. I have the same basic skills as a radio operator supervisor. I operate the detachment radios during scheduled contacts to higher headquarters. I can train counterpart radio operators in radio telephone procedures and continuous wave transmissions. I have received advanced training in desert, mountain and winter operations and have been trained as a sniper in special operations. I am cross-trained in demolitions and I speak Russian. Special Forces A detachments have been employed on numerous operations throughout the world. Since 1975, nearly 500 mobile training teams from Fort Bragg and other commands have been employed in 58 different countries. We are prepared to accomplish these in any assigned mission at any time. Herrington Special Forces Training is basic self-defense. Techniques we will demonstrate here this morning may be used against small arms and improvised weapons. During the demonstration, pay particular attention to the knife edge of the hand, the elbows, knees, heel and toe of the boot. Demonstration will consist of escapes from the front and rear, the knife, pistol and bayonet disarm. Aid detachments are highly skilled, intensively trained teams. Aid detachment is innovative and often the success of the mission depends on flexibility. Aid detachment never stops learning. Underwater operations is one method of water infiltration. The Special Forces diver may be equipped with either the wet suit or the DUI dry suit to protect him from the cold. This jumper is rigged with a rough terrain suit which is utilized should it be necessary to insert into an unapproved drop zone such as mountainous terrain or in trees. Notice the special helmet with full face mask and the special padded areas to protect critical portions of the body. This is the P-7 pistol. Fires a 9mm Parabellum round made in Germany. This is the P-35 Browning high-powered pistol. Fires a 9mm Parabellum made in Belgium. The dental set and the mobile laboratory set which enables the medic to perform basic laboratory skills in the field. Aid detachment medical personnel are trained in hospital operating room procedures. These items are of the demolitions kit which affords the detachment with electrical as well as non-electrical firing capabilities of high explosives. This is the MP5 A3. This is the MP5 Kilo. Both weapons are similar and fire a 9mm Parabellum round. Weapons are submachine guns and are made in Germany. The equipment you see displayed may be worn or carried into the operational area by individual detachment members. More equipment might be carried as dictated by the mission however in special forces emphasis is placed on highly trained individuals operating with a minimum amount of equipment. This jumper is rigged for standard static line parachute insertion. Along with his individual weapon and equipment he is equipped with the T-10 reserve and the MC1-1 Bravo main parachute. Many special forces missions require entry into and exit out of places without discovery by local authorities or military forces. Waterborne operations include underwater demolitions, navigation and swimming with open and closed breathing apparatus. Small boat skills are also used. Aid attachments are highly experienced in air operations whether it be a normal helicopter move forward, a clandestine insertion or a sudden extraction. The United States Air Force provides aircraft for special operations forces. The jumps may be a normal static line jump or it may be halo, high altitude low opening jump. A halo jump often is employed on clandestine missions. The team exits at high altitude wearing oxygen mask and cold weather gear. Free fall to low altitude then maneuver with directional steering chutes to the specific small target rendezvous. Unconventional warfare is one mission of special forces. It may be conducted in remote, urban or rural environments in times of peace or war. Special forces are also prepared to accomplish other missions such as survival, evasion, resistance, escape, strike, subversion, economy of force, recovery operations and air interdiction missions in support of United States national objectives. Foreign internal defense, unconventional warfare, strategic reconnaissance, strike operations. We are ready. Special operations forces consist of five elements. Special forces, civil affairs, psychological operations, special operations aviation and rangers. And now civil affairs. Members of the United States Armed Forces must comply with the provisions of international agreements and law when dealing with the people and governmental agencies of a host or liberated territory. The United States Armed Forces must also comply with the provisions of United States national law. There are four basic missions of civil affairs. United States Army civil affairs soldiers support general purpose forces missions in wartime by identifying for the tactical commander local civilian resources, facilities and support for U.S. forces through area studies and on the ground area surveys. Civil affairs soldiers also assist in minimizing local population interference with U.S. military operations. An example of this is refugee or displaced persons evacuation and care. United States Army civil affairs soldiers support special operations forces including foreign internal defense missions during peacetime and pre-prices by training, advising and assisting host nation military forces in mobilizing and motivating its citizens to assist their government in military forces. An example would be teaching host nation military forces how to plan, train for and conduct civic action projects such as digging wells, road construction and other such projects that will enhance the host nation government and military forces in the eyes of the local citizens. United States Army civil affairs soldiers support special operations forces in unconventional warfare missions by providing civil affairs analysis of the political, economic and social vulnerabilities of the area of operations and by giving training in this analysis to unconventional warfare units. An example of this assistance is a civil affairs EEI or essential elements of information briefing prior to a special operations forces mission. I'm here to give you your CA portion of a brief urgent fury. In this AO the language will generally not be a problem. A majority of the population speaks English even though they speak a Creole English which is a French based English or you may hear some speaking with a Australian accent or a heavy British accent. United States Army civil affairs soldiers also support civil administration missions directed by the National Command Authority. These civil administration missions include assisting a host government to improve or maintain a stable and viable civil government or establishing a temporary civil administration in friendly territory where US forces are located in order to maintain order and temporarily provide life sustaining services until the host government can be reestablished. Additionally civil affairs forces can establish a civil administration in enemy territory occupied by US forces to provide for life sustaining services such as water, electricity to maintain order and to control the distribution of goods and services within the occupied territory until autonomy is restored to civil authorities as directed by the National Command Authority. Civil affairs operations are activities conducted in peace and in war which facilitate the relationship among US military forces, civil authorities and people in a nation in which those military forces are operating. In a free country these activities are accomplished through coordination with local officials when possible. They are covered by a treaty or an agreement such as a status of forces agreement. Civil affairs personnel require language proficiency in their area of operation. Now psychological operations. The purpose of all psychological operations is to create in foreign groups the emotions, the attitudes and the behavior to support the achievement of national objectives. Psychological operations, SIOP, will influence policy and decisions, the ability to govern, the ability to command, the will to fight, the will to support, the will to win. Psychological operations can increase the combat power of friendly forces and adversely affect the combat power of the enemy. This is accomplished basically by attacking the identified weaknesses of the opposing forces through a planned and coordinated SIOP campaign. The SIOP tools are radio, television, leaflets, newspapers. Let's get that to the press as soon as you can. Loudspeakers and face-to-face communication. The recent grenade action provided a classic example of psychological operations. SIOP teams went in with the first combat troops and they stayed after the troops were gone. Television was not used in Grenada. There were very few sets in the country. But in another situation where those few TVs were owned by key government personnel or other leaders, television would have been an ideal medium to use. United States Army SIOP personnel are trained and prepared to support in these actions. In many times, there are peacetime SIOP needs before armed conflict breaks out. SIOP effectively builds combat power, both strategically and tactically. When combat units are required to adopt a defensive posture, SIOP can remain on the offense. In retrograde operations, SIOP provides civilian control measures and can support counterattacks. In relief operations, SIOP can remain to support the incoming unit. In consolidation operations, SIOP will reorient and educate the civilian population in liberated or occupied areas. The United States Army SIOP mission is to support U.S. national policy, to support military operations and to be prepared to conduct SIOP unilaterally or in support of other military services and United States government agencies. We also give SIOP training, advice and assistance to other U.S. armed forces and friendly nations. Psychological operations create a favorable image, gain popular support, and weaken enemy forces. SIOP is now a major weapon in 20th century warfare. Now, Special Operations Aviation. Special Operations Forces Aviation basically turns on two things. They are the different aircraft available, as well as the tactics to be used. Naturally, both are determined by the mission. We may use the UH-60 Black Hawk or the UH-1H Huey helicopter to complete the assigned mission. Most of the Special Operations Forces missions are clandestine and high risk. Therefore, we will use many tactics and seldom do we fly in a straight line. As well, we are trained in techniques and procedures for our operations in support of unconventional warfare, which may be applied to other Special Operations missions. Special Operations Forces Aviation is prepared to fly on short notice anywhere in the world. The primary mission of the Military Early If Command Special Operations Units is to support the Army's Special Operations Forces. Our support consists of infiltration behind enemy lines, resupply of food, munitions and equipment, exfiltration from the objective areas after mission completion, firepower and supportive ground forces and leaflet dissemination and radio TV broadcast missions which enhance the overall PSYOP campaign. The commander of the recently formed 23rd Air Force directs the USAF Special Operations efforts through the 2nd Air Division located at Herbert Field, Florida. The Air Division's subordinate units consist of the 1st Special Operations Wing with three Special Operations Squadrons. Other units include the 1st Special Operations Squadron, Clark Air Base Philippines, the 7th Special Operations Squadron, Rhein-Main Air Base Germany, Detachment 1, Howard Air Force Base Panama and the Special Operations School, also at Herbert. Let's examine our Special Operations aircraft. This is the MC-130E model aircraft which is commonly known as the Combat Talon or Blackbird. Its special features include a terrain following and terrain avoidance radar system which permits low-level penetration of enemy territory so as to avoid radar detection. Its sophisticated navigational package allows it to pinpoint hard-to-find drop zones and landing areas. The Combat Talon can also exfiltrate forces from unimproved landing zones when they are available. However, when these landing zones are not available, one of the rotary wing members of the Special Operations family provides the greatest capability. The HH-53H Pavello III helicopter also possesses special equipment that gives it unique capabilities. Its terrain following terrain avoidance radar provides a night all-weather capability for long-range infiltration and exfiltration missions. The best source of firepower is the AC-130 gunship. The H-models are flown by the active force and the older A-models are manned by the Air Force Reserves. The AC-130's ability to support ground units with surgical and timely firepower was well demonstrated in the recent actions in Grenada. The gunship can attack critical enemy positions without jeopardizing nearby civilians or causing unnecessary collateral damage. The gunship's infrared and low-light-level television systems allow it to search for and acquire targets at night. Once the target is acquired, one of four weapons systems can be used. The two 7.62 miniguns are effective against personnel in the open. The two 20-millimeter Vulcan cannons can be used against light trucks and personnel. The 40-millimeter cannon proved itself as a truck killer during the war in Vietnam, and the H-models 105-millimeter cannon is effective against enemy bunkers, lightly armored vehicles, and personnel. Both the gunship and the combat talon are equipped with in-flight refueling capability to provide for longer range and increased station time. The United States Air Force Special Operations personnel and equipment can provide the support needed to get the job done. And now, Rangers. The primary mission of Ranger units is strike operations. This includes raids against high-value targets, interdiction of lines of communications, recovery operations of sensitive equipment or personnel, and any mission assigned by higher authority. Rangers are the primary light infantry ground force available to U.S. planners for the conduct and support of special operations. They can be deployed anywhere in the world on short notice by land, air, or sea supporting United States resolve or support of allied nations or host countries. The employment of such a force provides a clear signature of our readiness to commit combat forces to protect U.S. interests abroad. Rangers are elite forces composed of highly trained and motivated soldiers. All are airborne qualified, and most are Ranger qualified. The unique thing about Rangers is that they are four-time volunteers. They volunteer for the Army, they volunteer for airborne training, and then they volunteer to serve in one of the Ranger battalions. After serving in a rifle squad for a reasonable amount of time and being selected by their chain of command, finally they volunteer for attendance at the United States Army Ranger School. Rangers are highly trained in light infantry tactics. They receive extensive training in patrolling techniques, airborne, and air mobile operations. To enhance their capabilities, Rangers conduct off-post deployments to include jungle, desert, and arctic environments each year. Selecting members of each battalion conduct special skills training in advanced demolitions, SCUBA, and halo insertion techniques. Special Forces, Civil Affairs, Psychological Operations, Special Operations Aviation, Rangers. Those are the five components of the Special Operations Forces. The fifth Special Forces group is stationed at Fort Bragg, North Carolina with three battalions. The seventh Special Forces group is also stationed at Fort Bragg, North Carolina with two battalions, while its third battalion is in Panama and under the operational control of Southcom or Southern Command. The tenth Special Forces group is stationed at Fort Devens, Massachusetts with two battalions and one battalion deployed to Germany and under the operational control of UCOM or the European Command. The first Special Forces group will be reactivated soon. It should be noted that 58% of the Army's Special Forces strength rests in reserve units. There are two U.S. Army reserve Special Forces groups, the 11th and the 12th, and two Army National Guard Special Forces groups, the 19th and the 20th. The 96th Civil Affairs Battalion and the 4th Psychological Group are the only units of their kind in the active Army structure. Both are stationed at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. About 99% of our Civil Affairs assets and about 80% of our SIOP assets are in reserve components. Currently, there are two U.S. Army Ranger battalions. One is stationed at Fort Lewis, Washington and the other at Fort Stewart, Georgia. They too are a part of the Special Operations Command. Plans are currently underway to expand Ranger forces. Special Operations forces function under many varied command and control arrangements. The exact structure is determined by the assigned mission, tasks, and the requirements of the commander. Let me show you some fairly typical SOF command and control situations. Usually, there is a Special Operations Command headquarters. The SOC is a joint headquarters with staff representatives from all U.S. unconventional warfare forces as well as non-military agencies and includes its own combat service support elements. An SOC may be formed to satisfy UW requirements. It is subordinate to an area unified command and usually it is a semi-permanent arrangement. The Special Forces Operating Base is a command post type arrangement formed and operated by the Special Forces groups from organic and attached resources. It is the focal point for operational, administrative, logistical, and communication support functions. To extend the span of control of the SFOB when distances involved preclude effective command or support of deployed operational elements, a forward operating base may be deployed. The organization and function of the SFOB will vary with the mission, duration, and scope of operations, and security, communication, administrative, and logistical support requirements. For example, it may operate as an intermediate command and control base, a forward launch recovery site, or a radio relay site. The unconventional warfare operating area is where the Special Operations Forces perform their mission. Now, let me put them all together in seven of the most common relationships for Special Operations Forces. The most common relationship for the Special Forces Operating Base is to direct all operations in the UWOA. It provides command, control, administrative, and logistical support for all its detachments in the UWOA, as well as those awaiting deployment at the SFOB. In this situation, the SOC exercises command and control over Special Forces detachments in the UWOA. This may be for sensitive missions where positive control and maximum security measures are required. Those detachments awaiting deployment remain under the command and control of the SFOB. Deployed detachments may communicate directly with the SFOB for administrative and logistical support. Theater UW missions may require the establishment of an FOB as a separate control headquarters reporting to a command other than the main SFOB. In this situation, the FOB provides direct command, control, administrative, and logistical support for all of its detachments. The FOB coordinates with the SFOB for operational, administrative, and logistical support as required. An FOB may be established as an intermediate control headquarters to extend the span of control, support, or communications of the SFOB. The Special Forces group has the organic assets to establish two forward operating bases. In this situation, the FOB may be employed using a subordinate FOB to further extend its span of control, support, or communication. In this situation, a core area of intelligence interest encompasses the UWOA, although UW operations are beyond the core areas of influence. US UW forces are intended primarily to support the theater or unified command, and the majority of intelligence information provided by UW forces is of interest to and for use by these commands. The sensitive nature of UW operations requires adherence to principles of compartmentation and strict security. Intelligence flow would follow existing lines of command and control with appropriate information being passed to the core commander by the theater or unified commander. The SF liaison party may be provided by the SFOB to support the core headquarters at this time. The SF liaison party stays abreast of activities within the UWOA and informs the core commander and staff. It makes continuing reports on matters within the scope of its mission, keeps appropriate records, and advises the core commander of reports sent back to the SFOB. In particular, it ensures the timely flow of intelligence from the UWOA through the SFOB to the liaison party at core headquarters. Communications and operational security are essential to the survivability of UW forces in the UWOA, and therefore, only critical essential elements of information or EEI requirements should be selected for collection by special forces elements. The SFOB retains command and control and provides administrative and logistical support to the operational detachments in the UWOA. During this situation, a core area of influence closes on the UWOA and operations of either conventional ground forces or UW forces impact directly on the other. This may dictate passage of operational control of appropriate UW forces to the conventional commander. Close coordination and a rapid, timely flow of intelligence information must be maintained between UW and conventional forces. At this time, a special forces liaison party is normally provided by the SFOB to the core headquarters. The liaison party can provide the conventional commander with intelligence of interest, assistance in link-up planning and passage of operational control of UW forces and advice on special forces employment during and after link-up. The mission, the size, the composition of resistance forces, the enemy situation, and the political situation are some of the factors influencing the selection of special operations forces which may deploy into an unconventional warfare operating area. The same factors influence command and control. The terms war and warfare have acquired different meanings over the years. Today there is little probability that a formal declaration of war by one nation upon another will occur, except in conflict situations at the higher end of the conflict spectrum or as a last desperate measure to ensure the survival of a nation. The conflict spectrum ranges from high probability low-risk situations such as terrorism and unconventional warfare to low-probability high-risk situations including nuclear war. How does such a spectrum apply to special operations forces? The National Command Authority needs forces which have a capacity to work and win in the twilight and fuzzy gray areas between general peace and general war. Special operations forces specifically possess that capability. We define a low-intensity conflict as the limited use of force for political purposes by nations or organizations in order to coerce, control, or defend a population or territory or certain rights. It includes military operations by or against irregular forces, peacekeeping operations, terrorism, counterterrorism, and rescues, and military assistance under conditions of armed conflict. This level of conflict does not include protracted engagement of opposing regular forces. We define a mid-intensity conflict as a limited use of force for political purposes by nations or organizations in order to gain permanent or temporary control of territory through the use of regular armed forces. This form of conflict does not include the use of nuclear weapons. Mid-intensity conflict may include some or all of the techniques and characteristics of low-intensity conflict. We define high-intensity conflict as the unlimited use of force by one or more nations to gain or protect territory. This form of conflict includes the use of nuclear weapons and may include some or all of the techniques and characteristics of low and mid-intensity conflict. At the lower end of the conflict spectrum, special operations forces can perform several missions, the two most significant being unconventional warfare and foreign internal defense. Pre-crisis operations allow United States decision-makers to become involved in foreign areas of national interest while their range of policy options is still wide open. These operations enable the United States to assist countries in maintaining and improving their own security before a situation has deteriorated to the extent that conventional forces are required. Thus, the potential for intensified higher-risk, higher-visibility conflict is decreased. Special operations forces give the National Command Authority needed flexibility in responding to threats at levels below conventional war and in a form and fashion appropriate to the challenge. Military operations conducted by these special operations forces utilize highly trained, equipped, and organized DOD resources against strategic or tactical targets in pursuit of national, military, political, economic or psychological objectives. They may support conventional military operations or they may be committed independently when the use of conventional forces is either inappropriate or unfeasible. Sensitive peacetime operations are normally authorized and conducted under the direction of the NCA or the designated commander. Special operations may include unconventional warfare, counter-terrorist operations, collective security, psychological operations, and civil affairs measures. Special operations forces' unified commands are committed to specific areas of the world. The European area is designated as Sock-Ur. The Atlantic area is designated as Sock-Lant. The Pacific area is Sock-Pak. And the Latin American area is designated as Sock-South. All other special operations forces are commanded by Sock-Sent. For Foreign Internal Defense These soldiers are in the first phase of military training in their home countries by one of the special forces groups. They're being introduced into new equipment and training techniques that will allow them to eventually maintain the peace and security for an internal defense of their own country. For unconventional warfare These soldiers are undergoing training in unconventional warfare using U.S. furnished equipment. Training consists of weapons proficiency, communications, medical, and operational techniques. Our leader here right now, our advisor, Tops, as he's known, he's great to me. And he's going to guide us and as I will guide my men in the future. And I want to say a praise to them and to the American government and especially the members of the Fort Brab in North Carolina for the training I received from them. Thanks. For strategic or tactical reconnaissance For strike For strategic and tactical psychological operations For civil affairs operations Including civil administration Well, we are hoping to not rebuild it up there We are hoping to rebuild it For rescue For evacuation For humanitarian operations Kind of get them in a position or a line We'll take the youngest first Don't work up to the oldest I want you to put this in your mouth and chew it up, okay? You do that for me? I chew it up For special aviation missions For sabotage, terrorism counteraction Special operation forces are ready.


Alright so today start with kinematics of the rigid body, fine? Please write down and change its volume. Is water the rigid body? It's all basically, okay? A rigid body is a hypothetical object, right? Such object do not exist but approximately we can say that any solid behaves like a rigid body, right? Please write down in a rigid body, a rigid body is an object, a rigid body is an object which do not get deformed, right? Which do not get deformed. Now in reality every solid if you apply some force will have a stress because of that strain will be produced and there is a deformation, alright? But we will assume that the forces are so less, so little that the deformation is needed. For example if I stress this television from left hand side there is slight deformation but that is negligible. We is so less that we can ignore it, alright? Now this is what the rigid body is, whatever you have written, okay? But mathematically how can you, a rigid body is something which do not get deformed, alright? Say this in a mathematical way. Suppose I take two points on the rigid body, the attention infinity but again I am telling you the way you should tell me, okay? Tell me with respect to the two points on the rigid body. What should happen between the two points on the rigid body for it to be a rigid body? What? The distance between any two points on the rigid body is fixed. This right now, distance between any two points on the rigid body is fixed. Distance between them neither increase nor decrease, alright? So suppose you have point A and this is point B. Distance between them is suppose 20 centimeter. It will remain 20 centimeter no matter what the rigid body does. If it changes then essentially rigid body is getting deformed and then you can't call it a rigid body, right? Is this a rigid body, this pen? Is it? The distance between the points are changing. Take a point over here on the cap and take a point over here. These two points, when I rotate that point goes backwards, so distance is changing. So as I know, if distance between the two points is fixed, can one point move relative to the other point? Is it possible? What are you doing here? I am saying that if distance between the two points is fixed, like the case in the rigid body, can they move relative to each other? They can move. Isn't the tip that distance should remain same? So what is the possible path of relative velocity? It should move in a circle so it will move in a circle like this. Keeping the distance fixed all the time. Same way all the points on the fan. So please write down the rigid body every circle with respect to every other point. And center is also moving in a circle with respect to center. All are relatively simpler if it is not random shape and size of a rigid body. And suppose this rigid body rotates. If this rigid body rotates, let's observe what are the points doing. I am taking point 1, point 2 and point 3. So this line represents the axis of rotation. About this axis, this object is spinning. Find just like fan is spinning. That's all. Now can you tell what is happening with the point number 1 when it rotates? It is moving in a circle. So this point number 1 moves in a circle like this. What is happening with point number 3? This is also describing a circle. Point number 2 also moves in a circle like this. So basically the axis is got locus of all the centers. As you know, all the circle motions center lie on the axis. Now tell me one thing. If this point 1 completes one full circle in 2 seconds. How much time point 3 will take to complete the full circle? 2 seconds only? If it takes less or more time, what will happen? Then the twisting will happen. Twisting happens for rigid body. So it will get deformed. So all the points should move by same angle at same time. Please write down all the points on the rigid body. The body should rotate by same angle at the same time. It is a rigid body. If it is not a rigid body, all of these are not valid. So all the points rotate by same angle at the same time. All of you understood this? Now tell me the speed of point 1 is more or point 3 is more? What is more reason? It has to travel a bigger distance. Same amount of time. Getting it? So because very difficult to in terms of distance, speed and acceleration. Because there are infinite points. All those infinite points will have infinite velocity and acceleration. Distance travel. Getting it? So that is the reason why we do not use distance, velocity and acceleration when we are analyzing a rigid body. But the property of rigid body that they will all move same angle at the same time makes variables handy when you analyze the rigid body.  It will be same for all particles. Rather than velocity, you are tracking what is the rate at which angle is changing. Which is angular velocity and angular acceleration. So we are tracking angular acceleration when we are dealing with rigid body. But finally I should know that if I know what is the angular velocity. I must know what is the relation between angular velocity and the linear velocity or the actual velocity. Because ultimately kinetic energy when you write it is half MV square. But ultimately all the formulas are in terms of velocity, acceleration and displacement. So let us first see what is the relation between the angular variables. What are the angular variables? Angle, angular velocity and angular acceleration. And what is the relation between the angular variable? Now tell me if this point 1 has 7 at angle of delta theta. How much distance the point 1 has moved? Let us say this radius is r1. How much distance? Take a circle like this. If point 1 has gone from this point to that point. This angle is delta theta. This is angle is r1 delta theta and divided by radius is angle. So I will take this. Theta angle corresponds to r1 delta theta distance. What is the assumption here? The assumption is that the rigid body is staying at one place and rotating. If it starts moving and rotating. If it starts to move as well as rotate. Then this is not a tangent angle. Are you getting it? Right now we are dealing with fixed axis. The axis is fixed. Or you can say that it is spinning. This is angular variable. This is not distance term. Delta s you can say. If at which angle is changing. It is referred as angular velocity omega. We have done this in several motions. Yes or no? Something similar we have done already. Distance changes. Whatever. So this is angular velocity to differentiate this. Won't you get ds by dt? Differentiate distance you will get. Spin. Yes or no? So differentiate it r1 is constant. So r1 comes out. So it is d theta y. This is my velocity at any point in time. Which is r1 into omega. We have done this earlier also. And there is something called angular acceleration. d omega by dt is alpha. So this is my velocity. So if I differentiate velocity I will get acceleration. d by dt is r1 into d omega by dt. Which is r1 alpha. So if I know omega at any point in time. If I know the distance from the axis. If I know angular time I will get. The interaction of a point whose distance from the axis is r1. What is this r1? r1 r2 r3 are the perpendicular distance from the axis. There are not any distances. You should find out the perpendicular distance. So if I know the angular variable at any point in time. If I know theta. I can easily know what is the distance favorite. What is the velocity and what is the acceleration. Yes or no? Distance velocity and angular acceleration. I will keep a track of angle, angle velocity and alpha. Because it is easier to keep track of these. There will be final point of the rigid body. I will keep track of all of their velocity. All of their acceleration and distance. Are you getting the point?


This is a Shiny Pokemon. They sparkle when you encounter them and are very rare because, well, they are a different color than other Pokemon and only show up once in a while. Today, I'll be hunting three of the hardest Shiny Pokemon to get in Generation 9. They kind of have multiple forms, so it might be more than three Pokemon, more like seven. Let's head over to Lake Kassaroya for our first hunt. This is Tatsugiri and it actually has three forms, orange, yellow, and pink. And you won't believe this, but each of its forms also have their own Shinies. So if you want to catch a Shiny Tatsugiri, you're going to need all three of them, and if you want to collect the whole group, you need six. The pink one Shiny is white, the orange Shiny is orange with a little bit of brown on top, and the yellow Shiny is, wait for it, orange with some stripes on it. The problem with Shiny hunting is that these Tatsugiris are so small that the only Shiny you can possibly see is the white one from a distance. Now, for clarity in this video, the chances of getting a Shiny Pokemon are one out of 4,096. I have a Shiny Charm, which increases my Shiny odds to one out of 2,048. I made myself a sparkling sandwich using an avocado and salty herbomistica, which will increase my Shiny chances even more of getting a dragon-type Pokemon to show up, which Tatsugiri is. A sparkling sandwich by itself gives you a one out of 1,024 chance, but combined with the Shiny Charm, that puts it at a one out of 683 chance. So I began my hunt. I had to make sure to start paying attention to every single orange Tatsugiri I found while looking for a white one. The Tatsugiris were roaming around everywhere. They were swimming around in the lake, sunbathing on the little islands, and running around on the larger patches of grass. Now, obviously it's really hard to distinguish all the orange Tatsugiri from one another, so we will be introducing the Zoomin strategy. This will allow you to zoom in on the Pokemon so you can see the Shiny better. To do this, you have to open up your settings on your Switch, go into System, scroll down to Zoom, and turn it on. Then when you double tap the home button, it shows up and you can use X to zoom in and Y to zoom out. Double tapping home will exit you out of this menu. This is really useful for this specific hunt, since there are two orange Shiny Tatsugiris I had to be on the lookout for. Every single time I saw an orange color in the water, I zoomed in. When I saw the orange on the grass, I zoomed in. It was driving me insane, but this was the only way to be sure. While I was in the water, I noticed a Shiny, but it wasn't what I was looking for. It was Dratini. Oh my gosh, is that actually a Dratini? I wasn't even looking for this. I caught it in a heel ball to match it. Is it me or do other Shiny Pokemon you are not looking for always show up in the hunt? Comment down below and let me know. I continued my search in the water and then I saw something white. I immediately swam towards it and was able to find my first Tatsugiri. I checked it to see if I had any premiere balls on me, but I didn't. So I did the most controversial thing and threw a quick ball at it and got it. First try. With one Tatsugiri down, I only had two more to go. However, I did not want to encounter the white one first because now I'm gonna be even more paranoid about every little orange dot I see. I began my search again and bumped into another Shiny. This time it was Dragonair. Pretty cool to find a second Evolution Shiny. I now need a Dragonite to complete this collection. Now, if you're wondering the reason why all these other Shiny Dragon Pokemon are showing up is because the sandwich I ate increases all Dragon spawns in the area. So while hunting for Tatsugiri, we could bump into more Dratini, Dragonair, possibly a Shiny from the Alteria family when they spawn or a Gumi or Sligu. And look, I'm definitely not complaining about these bonus Shinies we're gonna be getting. Time was passing by as I continued to hunt for Shinies. Now the time reached midnight, which in Pokemon Scarlet and Violet, for those that don't know, changed the mass outbreaks for certain Pokemon. Now, if you eat a specific sandwich that boosts a specific type of Pokemon and are in that area where those Pokemon spawn, you have a high chance of getting a mass outbreak for that exact Pokemon you want. Now, while I was Shiny hunting, I noticed I was bumping into an insane amount of orange Tatsugiri. When I looked at my minimap, it was confirmed right there. The Shiny chances of a Shiny Charm sparkling power and an outbreak combined, put you at a one out of 585 chance of getting a Shiny if you knock out 30. So that's what I started to exactly do, is start knocking them out. If you knock out 60 or more, that chance goes up to a one out of 512 chance. So after having the highest chance as possible in this game, I was finally able to spot the odd looking Tatsugiri with a little brown on its back, that would secure our second Shiny Tatsugiri. And this leaves us finding the yellow Shiny Tatsugiri, which is also orange like I mentioned before, with the stripes on its back. This one was gonna be a lot harder. I continued searching for hours and hours. I then bumped into another Shiny Dratini and then a Shiny Gumi. Nice, a Gumi in my collection. So not bad, but not what we're looking for. The sun continued for so long that new paradox Pokemon were released. Walking Wake and Iron Leaves. I put it up a livestream real quick on YouTube to quickly catch both of these Pokemon and return back to my hunt. Because Walking Wake is also a dragon type, I thought I would use it as a good luck charm to summon the last Shiny Tatsugiri. The reason why Walking Wake is also really cool and a good Pokemon to use during this hunt is because when you auto battle, it can run on the water and it can run everywhere. Basically just jumping from grass to water. How cool is that? Just as cool as if you hit that subscribe button so we can get to one million subscribers. And because you hit that subscribe button, I finally noticed an orange Tatsugiri that looked a little different from all the other ones I was hunting. It had stripes. I ran into it as fast as I could through a quick ball at it. And with that, I successfully collected all three Shiny Tatsugiris. Shout out to Walking Wake. But our celebration is far from over because now we must head over to a much more difficult hunt. Welcome to the Pokemon League area. Kinda sucks that there isn't really a victory road or anything intense to get here, but we are here for Tandem Mouse and this is my favorite location to hunt it. I consider this to be one of the hardest hunts of the game because you can barely even tell the difference between a Shiny and a non Shiny. So we are gonna be relying a lot on the auto battling technique for the Shiny hunt. In Pokemon Scarlet and Violet, you can never knock out a Shiny Pokemon. When you try to do it, your Pokemon will hesitate and refuse to attack it. So you never have to worry about knocking out a Shiny and that is exactly what we're going to do with this hunt. I popped a sparkling normal sandwich, which is just using tofu and salty herbah to enhance the chance of getting a normal Shiny Pokemon. So I began my hunt. For this hunt, we are gonna be using Iron Leaves since it's really fast and I just wanted to show off another new paradox Pokemon. I kept auto battling over and over again until my Iron Leaves didn't want to attack a Tandem Mouse. That's when I realized I finally got a Shiny. Woo, yes! And this was pretty quick. So I caught my Tandem Mouse, but let me introduce you to the next problem. Tandem Mouse, when it evolves into a Mouse Hold has two forms, a family of three and a family of four. Can you guess which one is the rare one? It's the family of three and it's very hard to get. Tandem Mouse has a one out of 100 chance of evolving into this three family Mouse Hold while the four family Mouse Hold is super common. When the Tandem Mouse reaches level 25 or above, when it's not the first slot in your party, it'll just show up as a Mouse Hold in the party after you're done with your fight. But when it's the first Pokemon in your party and you level up in a fight, you will get an evolution screen. So let's test our luck with my first Shiny because it's so low leveled I decided to battle wild Chansies and then it finally randomly involved into my party into a family of four. Not what I was looking for. While I was upset about it, just look how cute they are. Two parent mice and their little babies. I can't really hate this thing. Back to the hunt. So I went back to the Pokemon League and caught a bunch which actually took a very, very long time.  I took a very powerful Pokemon to lead my party and started beating down on Chansies. This was a great way to evolve five at a time and skip the evolution screen. The anticipation for one at a time was just too much for me and I couldn't handle that. I caught 15 Shiny Tandem Mouse in total. So it was now time to evolve them in batches. The first five were all four family mouseholds. The next five were also four family mouseholds. I was getting really nervous because the next five were my last ones. And if I didn't get it in the last five, I would have to catch more Shiny Tandem Mouse and trust me, it's a very tedious process. Finally in this batch, I was able to get a three family mousehold, bringing the mousehold hunt to an end and getting the one out of a hundred Shiny Mousehold. I never wanna see that mouse ever again after this hunt but we have one more hunt to do. Welcome to Area Zero, a fitting end location for our final hunt and the Pokemon I'm hunting is Dunsparse. But mostly it's rare three segmented evolution form the Dunsparse. Unfortunately, the odds are against us as there is only a one out of a hundred chance of evolving a Dunsparse into a three segmented form the Dunsparse. Pair that with the Shiny odds and that one out of a hundred chance and that's gonna make this a lot harder. Once the Dunsparse learns to move Hyper Jill and gains one level, it can either involve into a two segmented form or a three segmented form. The two segmented forms can be found in the wild but unfortunately the three segmented form cannot be found anywhere in the game, not even in raid dens. So it's time to get into this challenge. Now Hunter Kashani Dunsparse is actually simple. Before entering Area Zero, eat a normal sparkling sandwich. Tofu and Salty Herba will do the trick. Now at Research Lab Station Four, also known as the bottom part of Area Zero with all the nice crystals, the only Pokemon that spawns here when you eat a normal sandwich is Dunsparse and sometimes the two segmented to Dunsparse runs around or squirms around. So there are actually two ways to hunting down all these Dunspars or going for a Shiny one. One is starting off from this Research Station Lab Four and the general thing to do is start moving in this pathway towards the right. Now once you start doing this, you're gonna climb up this little hill here. Make sure to slow down because these are single spawns and it takes a bit but this is initially the pathway you'll be going. Ba da bing, ba da boom, look at the crystals. There you go, there's your two segmented form to Dunsparse that shows up. They won't always be there but they do show up, just not the triple form.  So you're gonna see right at this edge. Make sure to turn around, spot any Dunsparse that could be behind you, could be a Shiny, could not be.   And this is pretty much what people do to move around to get a bunch of different spawns in the area. Now the second method for this hunt is basically right from the research station lab is to come over here, see this waterfall and you're gonna just jump. That's it, just jump. And you see those crystals right below you? We're gonna head down towards them ASAP. Then once you get to that crystal, right in front of you is going to be this rock. And when you approach the rock, you can see all these Dunspars starting to show up. And as soon as you back away from it, they all start to despawn. And when you go back, hey, look at that. They show up again, pretty cool. I did this a few times and just like that, right before my eyes was my very first Shiny Dunsparse. I ran quickly towards it, dodging all the other Pokémon there and then I finally caught it in a quick ball. Luckily in area zero, when you catch a Dunsparse and go into its moves, you can hit relearn. These Dunspars are high level enough that it'll have Hyper Joe ready to go as soon as you enter that menu. I put it on Dunspars as well as adding some experienced candies that I had and it immediately evolved into a Dunsparse. But it was the second form, indicated by the two parts between the head and the tail just so you don't get confused and count different parts of the body. I did this over and over again, catching one Shiny Dunsparse after another Shiny Dunsparse with the hope of it evolving into the three segmented Shiny Dunspars but it did not and it kept evolving into the two segmented Dunspars. Again and again, I caught more and more and they just kept evolving into the two segmented form. Look at my Pokémon box. It's just full of Dunspars, the two segmented ones. And if you subscribe to the channel, I'll be giving you one of these Dunspars and maybe it might help us get a third one in this video. After catching a couple more Shiny Dunspars, it finally happened. Wait, no ways! Yes! Oh my gosh! It's a three segmented form! I was finally able to get my Shiny three segmented Dunspars and just like that, I caught all three of the hardest Gen 9 Pokémon in the game.


But I thought of speaking on this topic today because one of my cousins shared on Instagram a point of view regarding too much of importance having been attached to our happiness. That we should always be happy, we should always remain happy and what all should we do to remain happy all the time. The quote she shared on Instagram basically emphasized that it is quite normal not to be happy at times as you have those low or sad moments. I basically want to amplify my thought process around that theme. I completely agree that happiness is fundamental to mental and physical health but that should not become our crutches for performance or lack of it must not become an excuse for our mistakes and blunders. There is no universally accepted definition for happiness, I have analyzed it. According to one school of thought it is the real and present experience of feeling of emotion like pleasure or joy, basically an emotional condition at a given point in time. Obviously it is momentary and has no permanency attached to it, that school of thought. For example Daniel Kahneman an Israeli American psychologist and economist notable for his work on the psychology of judgment and decision making as well as behavioral economics for which he was even awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in economic sciences has defined happiness as what I experience here and now. Though later he did realize that happiness has a wider undertone and connotation but most dictionaries also support this narrower meaning of happiness. The second school of thought places emphasis on evaluation of life satisfaction such as the quality of life. Ruth Winhoven a Dutch sociologist and pioneer and world authority I would say on the scientific study of happiness has defined happiness broadly in the sense of subjective enjoyment of life as you know overall appreciation of one's life as a whole. You have read so many quotes of life coaches, psychologists, philosophers and spiritual leaders where some have propagated happiness being state of mind and you know subjective well-being including measures of current experience like emotions mood and feelings that is you know momentary state of mind while others have said that it is all about life satisfaction holistically so there are two schools of thoughts primarily but my research demonstrates that happiness is not one size which fits all it has a philosophical part of it and also a neurological part. For some happiness could be tiny activities of the day like doing yoga in the morning or feeding the birds or doing gardening or even having conversation with their potted plants in the garden or having a you know couple of drinks in the evening that also gives happiness while for others happiness could be bigger things like you know getting richer by material gains, honor in the form of high position in the government or in some company you know best of health or big social friendship circle and then there are people who are not conscious of this emotion and for them happiness comes and goes and they do not even realize it they are immune to it traditional Greek and Christian societies I mean if you will read often linked happiness with morality and ethics but the rise up of individualism due to capitalistic era the the links between duty in society and happiness were gradually broken and people moved in the direction of correlating happiness unfortunately with material gains that phase we are living in today name and fame if one was to look at all the religious and faith scriptures and teachings there is an element of consensus that ultimate happiness is only achieved by overcoming cravings, wantings in all forms but all that has to be considered in light of our brain mapping the human brain brain has four major chemicals that impact our happiness first is dopamine a chemical which raises hope and pleasure seeking emotion second oxytocin the the neuro chemical that makes us emotional you know sensitive compassionate a harm owned you know directly linked to human bonding and enhancing trust and loyalty third serotonin is a regulator of moods good and bad finally and orphans are responsible for an enduring pain or discomfort if one is able to balance the secretion of these chemicals by engaging in certain activities each day not leaning on medicines there is a high probability of attaining optimum levels of joy and happiness though it is a myth that one can attain perpetuity or durability in happiness I agree to that fact the one thing you can possibly ensure is controlling the high and erratic fluctuations of high and low emotions moods and feelings that is possible believe me