Hello and welcome back. Please join me in welcoming Philippe Lamontagne, who is a researcher at the Canada's National Research Council. He's going to be presenting on quantum cryptography at what it implies for a society. Thank you, and thank you all for coming to my talk. Fair warning, it's probably going to be the most theoretical talk of the conference, and there might be one other talk that competes me in terms of terroriticalness, and it's the 130 talk on elliptic cryptography. So I'm going to present post-quantum cryptography. My goal here today is that we get out of this talk at a high level understanding of what's post-quantum cryptography. It's better. And there's some echo. Hello, hello. So, so yeah, so my goal is that you get out of this talk a high-level understanding of what is post-quantum crypto, what are the types of problem that were interesting to solve with post-quantum crypto. So without further ado, let's jump right in. And before going into post-quantum crypto, we're going to look at pre-quantum cryptography. Basically the golden age of cryptography, which is the 1970s, with these two guys, Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman, that introduced new directions in cryptography. And for those of you who know this paper, these new directions are essentially public key cryptography or asymmetric cryptography. And the problem they introduced is basically digital signature and public key encryption. They didn't propose a real scheme that implements those ideas. They just proposed the ideas and showed that this was something interesting to do in crypto. But it's those three guys, Rivesh Amir and Adelman, that first proposed the first real scheme for public key cryptography. And we know this scheme, RSA, is based on the hard death factor in our numbers, and it's one of the most used today. And we've come a long way since then. So there's this whole field of public key cryptography that allows us to do plenty of things like online shopping or just allow us to have a trust infrastructure on the internet. So the things we can do is basically key exchange, public key encryption, digital signatures, certificates to know who you're talking to over the web. And it's based on very simple ideas, is that you have some problems that are harder to compute, that are easy to compute in one direction, but that are hard to inverse. So for example, this is the example that you take on the Wikipedia page for the Fielman Key Exchange. You have Alice and Bob that want to share a common secret. But they only know there's a public paint color, yellow, and they each have their secret colors, which is blue. So let's say red and blue. And by mixing those colors together, they first mix the yellow and their secret color, then they exchange the resulting colors, and then they mix them again. And now at the end, they get the same color, which is a common secret. And the assumption is that it's hard given this shade of blue to recover the two colors that were used to obtain that shade of blue. And so there are many ways of mixing paint that we can think of. The most popular are factoring and discrete log. Discrete log is what's used basically in a elliptic curve cryptography. And really any so-called trapdoor permutation allows us to do this kind of cryptography, these kind of tasks. And I'm going to talk a bit more about what I mean by a trapdoor permutation later in the talk. So now, fast forward today, we have plenty of devices all connected to the internet. And these devices all use cryptography in some way or in the other. If I have a smartwatch that's receiving updates from software updates from, let's say, the Apple server, then Apple has to the code that's updated to this watch is authenticated using a public key certificate. And even the server that pushes the update is authenticated using public key cryptography. So what we have essentially is a chain of trust where we have this certificate emitting authority that we all know and trust. And we trust this certificate authority to verify the identity of Apple before issuing a certificate for Apple. And then Apple can verify the identity of Facebook before issuing a certificate to Facebook. And Facebook can then sign its binaries using its certificate. But then what happens is that if you have really powerful threat actors that are capable of breaking the root of this chain, then everything collapses. And that's one of the threats of quantum computing. It would allow you to emit fake certificates and just fake essentially any identity on the web. So now a bit more about computing. Of course, I'm referring to Shor's algorithm, which we'll come to in a few slides. But beforehand, I'd like to give you a really brief overview of what quantum computing is about and what it can and cannot do. So quantum computing, really the most important aspect is that you can have a superposition of states, of quantum states. So let's say I take a photon and make it go through some kind of semi-reflective mirror. And then that mirror lets the photon through on one side if it's let's say in horizontal polarization. And it goes to the other side, to the bottom side, if it's in vertical polarization. And of course, I'm not a physicist, so I only sketch this in a very high overview. But the thing is about quantum cryptography, about quantum mechanics is that this photon can be not in either of those places, but at the two places at the same time. But another very important aspect is that you cannot see the photon at both places at the same time. You have to, as soon as you look at it, it materializes either in the right eye or in the left eye, but not in both. So why is this useful for computing? Well, you can think of those two positions as if the photon is on the upper row, it encodes a zero. If it's at the bottom, it encodes a one. And I can put those through a quantum computer, do some very intensive compute function, so function F, that's very intensive to compute an input zero and an input one. So now, because I have those two paths that are computing in parallel, I get a superposition of the two outcomes. But then again, I can only get one of the two outcomes, because as soon as I try to look at those photons, one is going to disappear, it's going to collapse on one of the two paths. But it's still useful to compute some functions in superposition. One of the things that you can do, and that's used, that the main tool behind Shor's algorithm, is that you can have this kind of state. This is a notation for saying that it's a superposition of all input A's. And here, my function is just the modular exponent modulo n, for some basis x. And I can put that through a procedure that's called quantum Fourier transform. And then I get some output. Those are probabilities of observing those values. So here you can think of it as I have a probability one half of seeing the photon here and one half of seeing the photon here. But now I have many values and I have some probabilities of observing some values. And so what QFT tells me is that these peaks in probabilities are going to be related to the structure of the function. In this case, it's going to be the period of the function. So this is a function since it's modern. It repeats itself every so often. And so the amount of steps after which it repeats itself is given by one of those peaks. And each of those peaks is a multiple of that value. So now that we have QFT, we can introduce Shor's factoring algorithm, which is conceptually really simple. So the algorithm in a nutshell is you just pick a random value lower than the one you try to factorize. So here you want to factorize n. And classically, like without the quantum computer, you know how to factor n. If you know a value r, such that you take x to the exponent r, and it's congruent to one modulo n. So this is using a classical algorithm. If you know this r, then you can factor n efficiently. So I've already briefly mentioned that this function f is a periodic function, and the quantum Fourier transform gives you essentially the period of this function. So you just apply quantum Fourier transform. It gives you the r with good probability. And then you can factor using the classical algorithm. And so we saw in the last slide that we have many peaks. And some of them are good values for r. Some of them are bad values. But the essence is that you have a good enough probability, and you can just repeat that process enough time. And you're going to find this r eventually. And the time, the amount of times that you have to repeat this process is polynomial in the number of bits of n. So it's a polynomial algorithm to factor large numbers. All right, so this breaks cryptography essentially. Once we have a quantum computer, everything that we use as cryptography on the internet is threatened. So the aftermath of this is that factoring, discrete logarithm. So I just showed you the algorithm for factoring, but it's the same essentially for discrete logarithms, except it's a bit more complicated. Actually it's a lot more complicated, so I didn't have time to present it. So those tasks are easy for a quantum computer. And we rely on the hardness of those tasks to do cryptography. So public encryption and digital signatures are broken in a world where a quantum, a scalable quantum computer exists. So this includes RSA, Diffielman, digital signatures, anything basically on elliptic curves. Symmetric cryptography is okay. So Shor's algorithm doesn't tell us anything about symmetric key crypto. And there is another algorithm that has an impact on those namely Shor's Grover's algorithm. But you can basically ignore it by just doubling the key size. So those are okay. And hash functions also are not threatened by Shor's algorithm. A bit by Grover, but it's the same story. You just have to increase the security parameter. So now we're ready to look at what we do when we can't do factoring. We can't do Diffie Hellman, discrete log. We have to propose new problems that are hard. And this is what post quantum crypto is about. So I mentioned briefly chapter permutations at the beginning. A chapter permutation is essentially a function that's easy to compute in one direction. So if I have x, I can compute f of x very easily. But it's hard to invert. So if I have an output y, and I want to know which x produced this output y, this should be hard to compute on a classical and a quantum computer. But what a trapdoor function means is that if you know some other input which we name a trapdoor, then this is easy to invert. And so one way to think of this would be if you have a Lego set, it's very easy to disassemble a Lego set to obtain the pieces. But if I have the pieces, it's very hard to reassemble that set unless I have the instructions that tell me step by step how to reconstruct it. And not all of the functions that not all of the problems that are used for post quantum crypto are of this form. But if you have a function of this form, then it's easy to do public crypto because your public key is this function. And I encrypt this way to obtain a suffer text. The crypting is hard. Unless I know the secret key, which is the trapdoor to my function. So this gives you essentially a abstraction of what we want to look for to do public key cryptography. So now the problems on which post quantum cryptography reside. So the first one is lattice based cryptography. So a lattice is basically a set of point in a vector space. And those points are specified by a basis B1 and B2. So the points are all the linear combinations of B1 and B2 and they span the whole space. So now you can think of those points as going and continuing to infinity in each direction. And of course, so this is an example in 2D, but in practice you want to have many dimensions so that the problems become big. Right? So there are two problems that are conjectured to be hard for lattices. The first one is to find the shortest vector in the lattice. So in this case, the shortest vector of my lattice starting from the origin is just this vector at this point and this is B1 minus 2B2. And the other problem is to find the closest vector problem. So I have a point that's not on the lattice, but that's between points of the lattice, let's say this green point. And I want to find the closest point, which is the red one.  But they are problems that are easy to solve if you have a good basis. So a good basis would be like the rectilinear basis that we all know like vectors that are essentially orthogonal to each other and that are pretty short. And a bad basis would be vectors that are very long and very close to each other. So if they all point in the same direction, then it's hard to know how do you combine them to obtain the shortest vector in the lattice. So how do you do encryption with that? Well, actually you can do signature also, but I'm just going to show you how to encrypt. So to encrypt the idea, there are many schemes also proposed for this problem, but I'm just going to present one to get the intuition. So the idea is your private key is a good lattice and your public key is a bad lattice for the closest vector problem. Your message is a point on the lattice, so you have to find a way to encode a specific message as a point on the lattice. To encrypt, you take that point, let's say the red point is my message. So to encrypt, I'm going to add a random noise vector that's going to push it in the direction. So now here, the green point is my ciphertext. So my ciphertext ascended over a public channel. With the public key, it's hard to decrypt because I have to find the closest point. But with the private key, which is the good basis, this problem becomes easy. I can find the red point that's closest to my ciphertext and I can decrypt the message. So this is lattice-based cryptography. The next one we're going to look at is hash-based crypto. Hash-based crypto, there's only signatures for it. And it's based on a scheme that's called Lamport one-time signatures. I'm sorry, I have to go a bit quicker because I'm running out of time. So Lamport one-time signatures are signatures that are only secure for one instantiation of the signature. They work as follows. So let's say I want to sign a message at three bits. Then my private key is going to be three pair of values. And which value I choose for the signature is going to depend on those bits. So the first bit is one. So I get to get the second value here. The first value here because the second bit is zero and the third value because the third bit, the second value of the third pair because the third bit is one. And this is my signature. So we can already see why it's called one-time signature because I leak essentially half of my key by signing a message. And to verify, well, I'm going to use the following public key in which each of those y's is a hash function applied to that x. So like this. And I'm going to take the corresponding y's and check if the x has to the same y that's in my public key. So I can verify using that public key signatures because those x's are part of the signature. But I cannot forge a signature because I don't know this other x. So I couldn't sign 001, for example, because I don't know this x unless I know the private key. And to know this x without the private key, I'd have to find a preimage to this y01. And this is a problem that's hard if you have good hash functions. Of course, you get the problem that you can only sign once with a given key. So you have many keys that you need to take care of. If you output thousands of hash per seconds, thousands of signatures per second, there's going to be a problem. There are some solutions to that, which is to use a Merkle tree structure to generate many keys from a given key. But the problem is that those schemes are stateful. So you have to remember what's, so you have a procedure to generate many keys. And you have to remember what's the key that you're going to use next. And there's also a scheme that uses a random number generator for those key generations. So this is hash-based signatures. The next one, again, sorry, I have to go quickly through those. I didn't live myself enough time. The other one are based on multivariate polynomials. So the problem is the following. I have this polynomial. So it's multivariate, quadratric polynomial. So multivariate because I have many variables, quadratric because I have at most two variables per term. Two, my power is at most two. And the assumption is that it's hard in general to inverse those polynomials. So I have a given output. It's hard to find an input x1, x2 that's going to give the specific output. And how do you base encryption on that? Are you going to choose a function that's basically a collection of polynomials? And I'm going to encrypt the message by... Well, no, I'm going too fast. So those are all polynomials that are supposed to be hard to invert in general. But I choose them so that I know how to invert them. I choose them with a specific structure that tells me how to invert them. So I take a collection of those and then to hide this structure that gives me how to efficiently invert them, I'm going to hide it with two other polynomials that are also easy to invert. And I'm going to sandwich that function between those two other functions. So this is my public key, the sandwiched function. And so this is a general instance of a problem. So this is just from the attacker's point of view, this is a random polynomial. And the goal is to invert that polynomial. But from the harness, from the person that has the private key, which is the description of those three functions, then it's easy to invert. So how do you do encryption with that? Well, to encrypt, you apply P on an input.  And to encrypt, you just apply P. And now to decrypt, given this private key, which is S, F and T, you just invert those three polynomials and you get the clear text from that procedure. So with the private key, you can invert efficiently, but without it, you cannot. And finally, the last problem, post-quantum problem that I'm going to show you is code-based cryptography. Code-based cryptography is based on a re-correcting code, and it's based more specifically on the hardness of decoding a random linear code. So I can specify a code by a matrix G. So this is an example of the Hamming code. For those of you who don't know much about a re-correcting code, so this is the Hamming code. And to encode it for this word, zero, one, one, I multiply the word times the matrix G. So the first part is the identity, so I recover my word, zero, one, one. But then the second part is what we call parity bits. So here I have one, one, zero.  So I'm going to get one. And for the other part, it's zero on one.  So I'm going to get zero. And these are my parity bits that can tell me how to detect an error. But I don't know, with this code, I cannot correct an error. I can only detect one. But in general, you know, you have this code space, and those green dots are my code words. And I take this, encrypt is not the right word. I take this word, I send it in the code space to add some redundancy to it, and then I send it over a noisy channel, which is going to introduce some noise, which is my red dot. And to recover the original message, I have to decode, so send the noisy message to the green dot, which is a code word. And then I can recover the original message. So this is not an encoding that that's secure. This is not encryption. This is adding redundancy to correct errors. But you can build a crypto system on that. Your private key is an efficient decoder for, let's say, this error correcting code. And the public key is a random generator matrix, or random matrix of this form for the same code space. So the hypothesis is that it's hard in general to recover the green dot from the red dot if you don't know, if you don't have an efficient decoder already. So to build a public key crystal system from that, you take the clear text, you send it as a code word. So you take your W, you encode it as C, and then you add errors. So adding errors is encrypting. Anybody can generate code words with the random generator matrix, the public key. Anybody can add noise, so anybody can encrypt. But only with the efficient decoder can I remove the errors and recover the original clear text. So this is the idea behind code-based cryptography. So the main takeaways of my talk is that public key, the public key infrastructure that we know and love today on the internet is threatened by quantum computing. There are alternatives for the problems that are broken. So RSA broken, discrete log is broken, but you can replace them by some of the problems that I presented, such as the lattice-based crypto, which is currently one of the most flexible alternatives. Ash-based crypto. So I indicated in parenthesis that it's old. Well, old is a good thing in cryptography. It means that it hasn't been broken since its invention in the 70s. Multivariate cryptography is pretty fast. It's useful for embedded devices. Code-based crypto, also it's pretty old. There's been schemes that have been proposed a long time ago. And there are other more recent proposals, well, recent and some other roles that I didn't have time to talk about. The other takeaway is that we have to act now to implement Postcom Tom Crypto, to standardize it, and Christian is going to talk a bit about that in the next talk. And also I'd like to finish by citing Michele Mosca from the University of Waterloo. And he uses this equation a lot of time. It says, if X plus Y is greater than Z, then we're in trouble. And what are those variables?  Y is the time that it takes to implement Postcom Tom Crypto. And Z is the time that it takes until we have a quantum computer capable of breaking RSA. So if it takes more time to replace the infrastructure and keep the data secure X years, then it takes time to build a quantum computer. Then the data that's protected by this system is going to be compromised. All right, so this is it. Thank you.


What is up you guys welcome back to another one if you are new to the channel I am GoPenny I do new car truck SUV reviews on YouTube and today we are in the new 2021 Lexus ES 250 courtesy of Bobby Ray Hall Lexus in Mechanicsburg PA for more information on their inventory please feel free to check out the link in the description box below and so I am quite excited to be in this one today. This is an incredibly reliable sedan and actually my dad's last vehicle was an ES he took it over 200,000 miles before actually trading it in so that is proof right there if you needed it but one major change for the 2021 model here I am just going to give it to you guys right now all wheel drive does now come standard on every single trim level of the ES which is a brilliant thing here in Pennsylvania because we do actually get snow quite often here so that is very much a good thing and it smells like a chlorinated hotel pole in here right now because we just took it through the car wash so for that reason alone I am quite excited to be in this one but in this video I will be testing out and going over everything about this one including acceleration, braking, steering for a ride quality sound system, exhaust club and everything else of course so having set off that what do you guys say let's just go ahead and jump right into it and as always let's start with pricing. And so there will be a few different trim levels for the 2021 Lexus ES first one being the base trim starting at $40,000 even then there is the F Sport starting at $45,800 luxury which actually is the one we have today starting at $45,200 and the Ultra luxury starting at $49,000 even but so having said that regardless of trim level that you go with a power plant on the ES250 will be the same powering this one is a 2.5 liter naturally aspirated inline 4 cylinder putting out 203 horsepower at 6,500 rpm 184 pound-feet of torque coming in at 4,000 rpm power sent to all four wheels through an 8 speed automatic with paddle shifters which you guys know we will of course be testing out a little bit here 0 to 60 time comes in at approximately 8.6 seconds top speed 131 miles per hour and MBG numbers coming in at 25 in the city 34 on the highway taking regular unleaded fuel but so now before we do this paddle shifter test I did want to mention there are of course some drive modes that come standard on the ES the drive mode button is located just above the gauges there and to the right so the way that works if you want to in sport driving mode you turn it up if you want to in eco driving mode you turn it down if you want to put it back to normal you simply just press in on that button that is how you're going to go ahead and adjust those drive modes but I will say it will adjust things like the shift points of throttle response steering sensitivity and actually the colors on the gauges as well which is my personal favorite I think that's pretty darn cool so just put it in sport mode a lot of red and white hues if you put it back to normal you got the black and then if you put it in eco you got some blue hues so that is pretty darn cool I like that but anyways now having got all of that out of the way what do you guys say let's go ahead and find a straightaway let's put the paddle shifters to the test here first I'm going to push the shifter all the way to the back and to the left that is going to give me full control over the shifting it is also going to tell me what gear I'm in up on the digital portion of the gauges and let's see how quickly these paddle shifters are going to react for us here all right you guys here is our paddle shifter test as I'm getting on to this straightaway actually not bad I mean it's not the quickest acceleration in the world but the paddle shifters are actually quite quick and they have a very high quality feel to them as well so feel aluminum actually so very nice quality on the paddle shifters also I love the fact that they do actually react quite quickly as well so Lexus well done with the paddle shifters I'm now going to get back full control to the es here I'm just going to slide the shifter back to the right and now let's go ahead and find that straightaway again let's do a quick little acceleration test here with the car having full control let's see how quickly this es here can get us up to speed off we go you know what it's not bad not the quickest thing in the world of course but it's not bad I will say that it's pretty much as expected you're not going to have any issues with merging onto the highway but would have liked to have seen a little bit more when it comes to that acceleration but then again it wouldn't be as reliable I think if they were to have turbo charged that engine configuration or something like that so we'll say the acceleration isn't bad but it's certainly not the quickest thing in the world but so anyways to go along with that acceleration as always braking is equally important so up front you will find 12 inch ventilated front discs in the back 11.1 inch solid rear discs as far as that 60 to 0 stopping distance goes they're just going to come in at 125 feet which is pretty respectable I'm certainly not bad for as much power as this thing has I will say that as far as the braking feel goes absolutely no issues there there's no dead spots in the braking or it's not squishy or spongy or anything like that so braking feel is perfectly fine here in our es touching on suspension and handling up front you're going to get an independent midfierce and strut front suspension in the back independent multi-link rear suspension gas pressure eye shock absorbers as well did what I also mentioned though if you were to go with the f sport trim level or ultra luxury trim level you will get lateral performance dampers and that is definitely something I would probably recommend because that is kind of going to give you the best of both worlds it's not only going to tighten up the suspension during heavy cornering but it is going to read the roads imperfections and give you a much smoother ride then as well so if you wanted to smooth the ride definitely go with one of those two trim levels because that is how you're going to go ahead and get it but having said that I will say the ride quality really isn't all that bad in our luxury trim level that we have today so we don't have the performance dampers but still ride quality is perfectly acceptable I haven't had any issues with the ride quality at least my short test drive here today I will say that as far as steering feel goes again I'm actually pleasantly surprised and maybe it's because I have it in sport driving mode right now but it is a much heavier feel to the steering maybe because of that but let me go ahead and put it back in normal driving mode here and it's still actually a little bit more on the heavier side so really I don't mind it either way that you go with the steering feel feels right in the ES I will say that not as heavy as the IS 350 I recently drove I loved that steering feels one of the best steering feels I've felt in a long time actually but this ES definitely does it very well as well so I will say that anyways touching on cabin noise perfectly fine this is a Lexus is to be expected there's not a whole lot of exterior wind noise at all coming into the cabin so that is definitely quite nice touching on visibility this is a very nice shaped sedan so I can see perfectly fine out the back so definitely no issues there either and for every single trim level but the base trim you will actually also get rain sensing windshield wipers as well so that means whenever the ES detects any kind of mist or rainfall it's going to automatically turn on those windshield wipers so essentially it's just one less thing you got to worry about so that's a big plus there as well and in addition to that I do want to mention there is a head up display that is optional on all trim levels it does not come standard on any particular trim level but it is an option and I wanted to mention it because we do have that here today so I'm looking at right now the speed limit of the current road I'm on I'm looking at my current speed and there is going to be some safety features displayed up on my windshield as well so it better helps me keep my eyes on the road so I can better enjoy the drive here in our ES 250 but that about rounds of the performance segment of this review guys let's now go ahead and take a look at the exterior of our brand new 2021 Lexus ES 250 all right so here she is you guys the new 2021 Lexus ES 250 finished in eminent white pearl which is an added paint option by the way but anyways let's go ahead and start up front on this one of course you have that iconic Lexus spindle front grille to the sides led headlights do come standard across the board automatic feature of course coming with that as well meaning when it starts to get dark at night those headlights are going to turn on automatically for you there led daytime running lights also coming standard to the bottom corners then below the headlights you will find front air curtains helping direct air around the wheel entire combination for a little better aerodynamics there there will be a unique gloss black front grille for the f sport trim levels specifically and since we have the luxury I can't share that to you guys right now but I did want to mention it then another feature I wanted to mention up front here because we actually have a different headlight setup this is the triple beam led headlight package just goes for $1515 and that of course will give you a little better illumination at night as well and it looks dang cool up there as well but anyways let's now go ahead and make our way to the side of the ES 250 here it's up now since we are around to the side of the ES chrome windows surrounds do come standard you will get some f sport badging if you were to go with the f sport trim level of course when it comes to the side mirrors they are power adjustable body colored side mirrors they will be heated with led integrated turd signal send as well then taking a look down at the wheel setups 17 inch 10 spoke alloys coming with the base 18 inch 10 spoke alloys coming with the luxury although we do have an optional wheel package today we actually have the 18 inch multi spoke noise reduction alloy wheels believe it or not that is a thing these wheels are actually going to reduce noise so that is pretty interesting to me 19 inch split five spoke alloys coming with the f sport and 18 inch split five spoke alloys coming with the ultra luxury then so overall a very nice side profile to this thing in my personal opinion but now let's go ahead and make our way to the back of the ES 250 so now since we are around back first thing I wanted to mention is there is a rear spoiler on our ES 250 that is an optional thing that we do have specifically for the luxury trim level here however if you were to go with f sport that actually does come standard with a rear spoiler so looking something like we have right now led tail lights do come standard back there as well and just below it all there actually is a single exhaust outlet tucked away so having said that I do believe you guys know what we have to do next as always here is that exhaust clip something else since we are around back of the ES there are a few different ways to go ahead and open that rear trunk there is a button on the key fob that is one way there is also a button on the trunk itself and there is a button by the driver side left knee as well and I did want to mention for the ultra luxury trim level and as an added option for a luxury that we have today there is a power trunk with the kick sensor that is going to be actually what we have here today so that is going to be available for you as well if you did want a power trunk but once opened up car capacity comes in at 16.7 cubic feet there was actually some tie down anchors back there as well as grocery bag hooks which you typically don't find on sedans you find them on suv so was kind of pleasantly surprised to find that they were back there also some led cargo lighting and there is a spare tire underneath the cargo floor as well but they make our way to the rear leg room that comes in at 39.2 inches so for reference I mean even six feet tall this is how much space I have back there did would also mention for the rear passengers there is rear ventilation there is a rear center armrest with cup holders and there is a power rear sun shade if you were to go with the luxury trim level and rear side windows sun shades if you were to go with the ultra luxury so we don't have any of that today but what we do have is a lot of charging ports I will say that there are actually dual usb charging ports in the back there and one 12 volt power outlet a lot of times with a lot of sedans you'll see one usb charging port sometimes you'll see two but it's very rare you're going to get two usb charging ports and a 12 volt power outlet as well so well done laxist if you got kids in the back they're definitely going to stay charged up then making our way to the front seats 10-way power adjustable front seats do come standard even with the base trim level and that is going to come with a new luxe finish f sport trim level is going to add to that heated and ventilated front seats f sport bolstered seats as well which by the way are the most comfortable seats in existence although we don't have it today but I did want to mention that to you guys these seats are plenty comfortable but the f sport goes above and beyond literally every single other vehicle I've ever tested so I wanted to mention that to you guys memory settings also come with the f sport trim level and up luxury trim is going to add to that a perforated leather which is what we have today any 14-way power adjustable driver seat as well and again seats are plenty comfortable either route you go it's just the f sports are the best but then take a look at the steering wheel this tilt and telescoping it is power adjustable for the f sport trim level and up it will be leather wrapped for every single trim level and it will be heated with some woodgrain accents if you were to go with the ultra luxury although that is an option for our luxury trim that we have today so therefore that is what you guys are looking at but now let's go ahead and make our way to the startup let me start by showing you guys the key here because it is a pretty heavy duty key I like the design here Lexus logo on the one side all of your buttons are going to be located on the flip side though lock unlock and that button to pop the hatch it is however all keyless entry with a push button starts all I'm going to do here simply put my foot on the brake and press that engine start button located just by the driver's right knee there and so once started up it is essentially all kind of a digital gauge cluster for the most part which I kind of like you kind of course adjust what is on those digital gauges by using the steering wheel mounted control on the left side as I said previously when you adjust the drive mode is going to adjust the colors of those gauges which is pretty cool you got a digital speedometer front and center you got the tachometer surrounding that of course you can check out your miles per gallon at any given time how many miles you have left until you hit empty there is a compass up there radio information safety information when you need your next oil change and the list goes on so basically everything you could possibly want up on the gauges there but now let's go ahead and make our way to overall interior quality a power moonroof is actually coming standard for every single trim level you got to love that dual zoom climate control also standard for every single trim level I got to say I like the design that they did behind the dual zoom climate control we'll say that I mean it does feel plastic of course but like I say with all of my other reviews if you're going to do plastic at least given a nice design and that is what Lexus did so that is pretty cool I like it well done Lexus for that wood trim is going to come with the luxury trim level that we of course have today ambient lighting is going to come with the luxury and ultra luxury trim level so overall it's finished pretty much like Alexis should be it's absolutely high quality materials everywhere you look there is soft touch material with contrast stitching just above the passenger side glove box like I said even with the plastics it's like high quality plastics because there's designed to it even with the center armrest you guys can see the design maybe you can't maybe you can't there is a design to the center armrest as well which is pretty cool and by the way within the center armrest there is a wireless phone charger which is an added option but we do have that as well any decent amount of storage in there and the 12 volt power outlet is actually in there as well there is an adjustable cup holder here just in front of that there is also dual usb charging ports auxiliary port and yet another cup holder as well in front of the shifter there is actually what also appears to be a cd player that's different haven't seen those in quite a while but that is available just in front of the shifter there as well and like I said overall interior quality is amazing there's an auto dimming rear view mirror here with homeland controls are up to three different garage doors don't want to forget to mention that either and I love the contrast between the light and the dark leather and the wood trim that we have here in our particular es here today but anyway so let's not go ahead and make our way to the tech display because it is going to differ depending on which configuration that you go with so there is an eight inch color touch screen display that comes standard on the base f sport and luxury trim however ultra luxury is going to bump that up to a 12.3 inch high resolution display screen it is not touch screen though so I didn't want to mention that but all of your buttons in the mouse pack controller is going to be located just to the right of the shifter that is how you're going to go ahead and control that and I say that because that is the one we have today it's actually an option here for our luxury trim but either way you can check out bluetooth and audio streaming either way you still get amazon alexa compatibility you still have android auto and apple car playing meaning if you have a smartphone just look it up to the es and you have free navigation displayed upon that tech display factory navigation system is going to come with the ultra luxury it is available for some of the other trim levels can of course check out your climate control information up there as well along with some of your driving statistics and of course your radio information and so this is one of my favorite parts because there are a couple different sound systems available for this one but the good one is the one we have today not that the other one's bad but 10 speakers actually do come standard across the board for every single trim level but there is an optional mark levenson surround sound system with 17 speakers and get ready for it 1800 watts that is insane a lot of optional sound systems will come with 1200 1400 1800 is pretty ridiculous and that is the one we have today so by the way that goes for 2900 that's a mark levenson and navigation package combined so 2900 is how much that one is going to cost but let's go ahead and turn the radio here see what we got playing today and let's test out the clarity this one i didn't want to turn it off that pretty much says it right there that sound system was amazing no matter what you listen to you can listen to the worst song with no bass with nothing in it and it would still sound amazing on this mark levenson surround sound system that is why i wanted to emphasize that because the mark levenson system with any lexus especially the es with 1800 watts it's brilliant it is brilliant it is among the best for sure that was an amazing sound system i'm just going to put it that way but last thing i wanted to mention to you guys on the entertainment screen is when you do put this one in reverse you of course will find a rear view camera with a couple different angles actually letting you know who or what is behind you and it did not also mention ultra luxury trim level is going to give you a panoramic view monitor as well which is always is going to lead us into safety and so to start iihs top safety pick plus which pretty much says it all right there that is the very highest designation given by iihs front side side current airbags do come standard driver and passenger knee airbags as well in the back you're going to have latch aka lower anchors and tether to your children for the rear car seats rear child door lock tire pressure monitoring system that's all boring at this point but also coming standard across the board will be lexus safety system 2.0 plus which includes pre-collision system with pedestrian detection lane tracing assist lane departure alert with steering assist road sign assist dynamic radar cruise control and automatic high beams as well and then if you were to go with the f sport trim level now if you're also going to get a blind spot monitoring system with rear cross traffic alert and so all in all when it comes to my final thoughts here of the es 250 i love that it now has all-wheel drive it's always a big selling point for me personally living in pennsylvania we get quite a bit of snow and if you don't have all-wheel drive inevitably at some point or another you're either going to slip end up in a ditch or end up stuck somewhere so that is why all-wheel drive is a big deal to me as sports seats are the very best seating out there right now without a doubt i've driven 550 ish cars at this point car structs suv's f sport seats are still my favorite to this day so if you have the opportunity and maybe you have a bad back those f sport seats are going to be where it's at unbeatable reliability as well you can't go wrong with really any lexus and since this is essentially the fancy version of the toyota camera you guys know this is definitely an extremely reliable vehicle stellar safety as well i mentioned to you guys iihs top safety pick plus so essentially this vehicle does everything right where it matters most like safety like reliability like seat comfort all-wheel drive so these are definitely big selling points as far as constructive criticism goes that i got i like the gauges but i think maybe a larger digital gauge cluster would be pretty cool like a 12.3 inch which is what a lot of other manufacturers are doing these days like mercedes-benz and bmw hunday misubishi probably go on and on but that is kind of the trend at this point and it is the trend because it is completely customizable you can essentially change the look or whatever to make it your own multicolor ambient lighting i think would be pretty cool in this one as well and maybe i missed it on this next one but rear heated seats i think would go pretty darn good with the es as well especially as much luxury as the es currently has here and it has a dang lot i feel like that is just one thing that's kind of missing with the es is rear heated seats correct me if i'm wrong but i don't remember seeing on lexus's website that they were available but anyways that about rounds off this review you guys thank you so much for watching for free to follow me on social media at the bottom of the screen if you wanted to see what's coming next on the channel before it actually gets to youtube be sure to hit the subscribe and the bell notification button if you're in a new car reviews that is what we do here on this channel after all do appreciate you guys watching more than you know when i will see you guys all in the next video stay gold


A very special guest with us today, Mr. Rahul Gandhi, the president of Indian National Congress. Thank you very much for speaking to Tirangha TV, Mr. Gandhi. Thank you for coming. I just wanted to start this interview by asking you, you've been touring the length and the breadth of the country, five phases of elections are over, where is Congress party placed, what is your assessment as far as elections are going? We are very well placed, we are doing very well. The main issues in the election, unemployment, massive unemployment, 45 years, highest rates of unemployment, 27,000 youngsters losing jobs every 24 hours, that's very big. That's a lot of pain in people. Questions about Mr. Narendra Modi not being able to do anything about it. Farmers really struggling, farmer suicides all across the country, that's a second pain point. Third pain point, of course, is Raphael and the whole Chaukidar issue, which is very big. And then the overall attack on our institutions, on our economy. What is Congress party's vision? How do you intend to address the issue of unemployment, the address of the agrarian crisis, if you come to power? We had a conversation with the people of India. All different stakeholders, farmers, youngsters, laborers, women, and we developed our manifesto. Mr.  We put money back into the economy and we jumpstart the system. Very simple logic, Narendra Modi pulled money out. When he pulled money out, people stopped buying, lost purchasing capacity. When they stopped buying, shops stopped selling. When shops stopped selling, factories stopped producing, factories stopped producing, youngsters got unemployed. Now we are going to inject money into the system. You are saying it's doable because BJP says it's not... Let me, let me, let me answer. So we are going to inject money into the system. Money will go in, people will start purchasing stuff, people will start purchasing, shops will start selling, shops will start selling, factories will start producing. We will hit unemployment. So we are, we realize and recognize that we are in a financial emergency. We are in similar terrain as the 90s. And India needs to now take sharp, well thought out, strategic decisions. Nya is one such example. Another very powerful thing, we've, we've said to the youngsters, we want you to be part of this nation building. We want you to be the ones to help us create jobs. Today, if you want to open your own business, you have to take permissions from every government department, go there, spend months of your time getting permission. We put in our manifesto, no permission required for three years. Forget all the permissions. Get to work, start a business, get the business rolling. Three years later, once you're done, come back and say, well, I've started a business. It's a successful business. I've created 50, 60, 100 jobs for India. Now I'm going to take permission. So we've got a whole set of ideas. We're going to be spending significantly more money in healthcare, public healthcare and public education. And we're going to create a lot of government jobs in those areas. 22, 22 lakh government jobs are lying vacant. We're needed. We're going to fill those jobs. So the point I'm trying to make to you is we have a strategy. And the strategy comes from conversation. The strategy comes from a great deal of thinking that the Congress Party has done over the last six, seven months. The Prime Minister doesn't have a strategy. When you ask the Prime Minister, tell us about how you're going to create jobs in India. They say that jobs have been created in an irregular sector. That's why you don't have a data. The single biggest, the single biggest disaster. And you can ask any shopkeeper, any small and medium business owner, the single biggest disaster in the informal economy ever created in Indian history was demonetization. Millions and millions of jobs decimated. That's not a strategy for job creation. That's a strategy for job destruction. The narrative which is seeming to be dominating the discourse, the political discourse this time around. One is of Rashwad and the other is of Rafale. Prime Minister is... Look at this. Chokhidar! Chokhidar! Chokhidar! Chokhidar! Chokhidar! That's the narrative that's dominating. The narrative that's dominating is the fact that Narendra Modi has stolen from the country. Narendra Modi has taken 30,000 crores and given them to Anil Ambani, a crony capitalist. But Prime Minister is talking about nationalism. He is saying that Congress party has been inefficient in dealing with national security issues. Is the highest unemployment rate, not a national problem, is stealing money from the air force, 30,000 crores, which the French president has said that Narendra Modi told him to give the contract to Anil Ambani. Is that not a national security problem? This is the fact that the Prime Minister has systematically, systematically weakened India's strategic position, not a national security... Are you saying that Prime Minister is talking about nationalism because he wants to divert attention from other issues? I understand the Prime Minister's situation. And frankly, I have sympathy for him. I have compassion for him. He promised certain things. He came with a lot of hope and he couldn't deliver them. He promised jobs, couldn't deliver. He promised reform and agriculture, couldn't deliver. He promised fight against corruption, actually became a symbol of corruption. So I understand his angst and his fear and his discomfort. But the fact of the matter is the Prime Minister is making excuses. He is doing the same thing he did in the Gujarat election, which is getting into a sea plane and trying to fly out. He's not going to escape. We have surrounded the Prime Minister. We have attacked the Prime Minister on issues and we have basically dismantled the concept of Mr. Narendra Modi. Today, Mr. Narendra Modi is a shadow, is a shadow of what he wants. You know, you've always been talking about spreading love. You've given that Jhappi to Prime Minister in the parliament. Today, Prime Minister spoke on that particular issue. He's saying that he's unable to understand your dictionary of love. Sometimes you call him Hitler. You call him Ghaddafi. I've never called the Prime Minister. No, no, no. The Communist Party calls him. I have never, I have never, I have never called him Ghaddafi. Please check all my speeches. I speak with great respect of the Prime Minister. I call him Mr. Prime Minister. I call him Modi Ji. I speak respectfully of him. The fact of the matter is that unfortunately the Chokidar has stolen. And the Chokidar has, is a chore. Now, what do you want me to say? Do you want me to come out with another word for it? Give me another word, give me a more polite word. For thief, I'll use it. The fact of the matter is that I don't have animosity hatred towards the Prime Minister. In fact, for me, when I gave that hug to the Prime Minister, it was a genuine sign of affection. He abused my father. He abuses my family, just recently abused my father. I wrote him a perfectly lovely tweet saying, Narendra Modi Ji, all my love and affection for you. You know, the political discourse has really gone very bitter, Mr. Gandhi, this time around. Prime Minister has been making. Not from my side. You know, Arun Jaitley said that even you are calling Prime Minister a chore and elected Prime Minister, you're calling a chore, so it's like both ways. That's what Jaitley says. But the Prime Minister, but the Prime Minister has stolen. The Defence Ministry, officers in the Defence Ministry have said that the Prime Minister has carried out a parallel negotiation with Raphael. It's on paper Defence Ministry files. They've agreed, the governments agree that they are Defence Ministry files. Parikar has said that I don't know anything about this people. The French President has said, the Indian Prime Minister told me that Anil Ambani should be given the contract. Now, the Prime Minister has stolen. What do you want me to call him? Give me another word. Let Arun Jaitley give me another word for thief. I'll use it. However, please notice that I am always being loving towards the Prime Minister. I am not being nasty to the Prime Minister. I have affection for the Prime Minister. I hugged the Prime Minister in Lok Sabha. I sent him another hug on Twitter. And I have no animosity towards him. You've talked a couple of issues. You've talked about unemployment. You've talked about the gradient crisis. And you're also, when you're addressing these rallies, you're also talking about Raphael. How to respond to Chokidal. What is the issue that is resonating more with the electorate? What is your assessment? Jobs, number one. Number two, corruption and farmers. The fact that what the people believe Narendra Modi was has turned out to be a lie. Narendra Modi has turned out to be a hot air balloon, which has nothing in it. It has no substance. It has no depth. And so there is a disappointment. I think we need to go... Two more issues, Mr. Gandhi. You know, Priyanka Gandhi, Wadra's entry into politics. Has it made a big difference as far as Congress is fortunate? 2019 Lok Sabha elections are concerned. You've always said that she's an asset to the party. What difference has she made? Well, I will not be able to comment on the difference she has made, but certainly she has her heart in the right space. And, ideologically, she is a very, very strong Congress person. And I'm sure that she's going to contribute tremendously to the politics of Congress. And the kind of hype that has been created around that she'll be fighting from Varanasi and then eventually that didn't happen? No, one second. I was very clear in interview after interview that I will keep you in suspense. Nowhere did I say Priyanka is going to fight the Varanasi election. That was an invention of the press. And my mind was, Priyanka, I had to do from day one. And that was discussed between me and my system. Any strategy that Mr. Gandhi has in his mind, if numbers are neither with NDA nor UPA, any plan B that you'll be blocking, any back channel calls? I don't make, I don't second guess the great Indian people. The great Indian people will decide on the 23rd what they want. And then I will work according to their wishes.


The two-step coding method of CH3NH3PBI3 light absorber on mesoporous TiO2 layer results in higher average power conversion efficiency, 13.9%, compared to the one-step coding method, 7.5%, due to better voltage and fill factor, while coverage, poor filling, and morphology of the deposited parafskite are crucial for photovoltaic performance of mesoporous TiO2-based parafskite solar cells. This article was authored by Jong Hyak Kim, Whee Seon Kim, and Nam Gea Park.