This is what he's going to lecture about. Thank you so much, please go ahead. Yeah, thank you for the invitation. And hopefully, I can give you some introduction, some useful introduction to trapped ions, atomic trapped ions, when they are used for quantum information science. So quantum information science is a very wide field. It ranges from quantum simulations to quantum computation, quantum sensing, and fundamental investigations into entanglement, for instance, and stuff like that. And for all these purposes, atomic trapped ions have been used. And certainly for quantum computation, they have been the gold standard for a long time, and they probably still are. So it's useful to learn something about atomic trapped ions, even if you do not work yourself with them. OK, now let's see if this turning it on helps. Yep. OK, so the program for today is, first, I'll show you where we want to go eventually. What do we want to understand? Some recent up-to-date experiments using trapped ions. And you will not understand what I'm saying here, but the goal is that after the lecture series, you do understand what I show you now. The first few slides are just there to impress you about the state of the art of quantum optics experiments with trapped ions. And then I will start with the proper talk. So I'll give you introductory material about atoms and ions and stuff like that. And I'll show you how we trap ions, how they can create qubits, and how they can mate to interact these qubits. OK, so in this prelude, like I said, I just show you some rather spectacular recent results using trapped ions. So this is a result from the INSPRO group where they implemented the Schor algorithm on a five qubit trapped ion quantum computer to compute. So when you do the Schor algorithm to factorize numbers, the basic task for the quantum computer is basically to calculate a period of a function. So that's the basic task. And that's what you see here in these. So they factorized the number 15. And yes, I am not going to go into details now. As I said, they factorized 15. And then they have to find a certain period of a function. And for different cases of this algorithm, you find this period 2, or you find the period 4. And when you repeat this algorithm a few times, you can, with 99% fidelity confidence, you can make a statement about the factors of 15. So you can do this with 100% fidelity, but a quantum computer. I mean, that's the beginning of the quantum computing age, maybe not the beginning. It's the beginning was much earlier, of course. So this is another example, a very nice experiment from the group of Chris Monroe in Maryland where they used trapped ions to simulate the, not to simulate actually to observe the propagation of entanglement along a chain of ions. So you have a chain of ions, a spin chain. And then you do something to one ion. And then the entanglement propagates between those. So what you see here is basically the separation between the ions and then the time it takes for correlations to spread. And then this alpha here, that's the exponent with which the interaction scales. So they can vary this exponent and then look at how entanglement spreads through a spin chain. OK, like I said, that's only a teaser. I'm not going to go into details now. I just want to show you where we are going to go. And this is one recent result from our lab in Ziegen where we use a particular method of manipulating ions. Magic sounds good, doesn't it? So magic stands for magnetic gradient-induced coupling. So that's a different way of coupling spins in an ion trap quantum compute. And one of the interesting things here is that this was done with long-range interaction, a coherent QFT quantum Fourier transform, where the whole quantum algorithm takes just the time you usually need for one two-qubit CNOT gate. So that's one of the features of this experiment besides the fact that it's using this magic stuff. OK, I'll explain this to you later on also. OK, so that's just some state of the art experiments more or less randomly picked from current literature, but rather impressive results I find. OK, and now let's go back 2,000 years and think about the notion of single atoms for a while. So just to put things in a historical perspective. So you know there was for a long time this discussion between people who thought atoms exist, so the smallest thing you can have, there is some indivisible atom when you chop up this desk here into smaller and smaller pieces, you end up with the smallest pieces and then you cannot chop it up anymore. So that's a view many ancient Greeks had, and but there was the opposing view where people thought space is uniformly filled with metal. So if you chop up this desk, it will always give you smaller pieces of the desk, but there's never a smallest thing. So like I said, at about this time there were very smart people adhering to either of these views. And then in a very simplified picture, 2,000 years nothing happened, and so we make a large jump in time. And then you see all these familiar names from physics basically. And there were two different views into the 1900s, certainly. But one thing changed decidedly. So these people were not only thinking about what metal is constructed of, but they did experiments. So you certainly know about these experiments of these people on thermodynamics and chemistry. So they worked with the assumption or they came to the conclusion that metal is made up of atoms, but there were also very prominent and smart people still adhering to this view here. And so Leibniz is in gray and Planck was in gray because they changed their mind later on. But there were people who did not change their mind. And one of them was Ernst Mach, a very prominent physicist. And he was a real skeptic. And he said, atoms, that's just a thing of your thoughts. You just think atoms exist, but you can explain everything also in a different way. And so he said, basically his argument condensed was, have you ever seen a single atom? Have you seen one? And people could only answer, of course, no, we have not. So still after 2,000 years, this was going on, this discussion. And for those of you who speak Austrian, that's the original quote. OK. And then Alvin Schrödinger, one of the founding fathers of quantum mechanics, even in the 1950s, he doubted that it will ever be possible to see individual atoms. So there are these two quotes from this article here. And the emphasis is by Schrödinger himself. So he said, we never experiment with just one electron or atom. So he also thought, atoms are a convenient thing and electrons to think about. But we can never do experiments about it. And then he quoted, he liked Zeus. You all know Schrödinger cats and stuff like that. So here he's talking about certain dinosaurs. So he just made this very statement to make clear that he did not believe in observing individual atoms or ions or anything. OK. And so history decidedly changed when this person, Werner Neuhauser, observed for the first time in mankind's history a single atom with his own eyes. And you can see a picture of this single atom here. So that's right here, this little spot here. Oops. And it's gone. No. OK, it's back. OK, so what you see is scattered laser light by a single atom. And so this is all garbage, basically. This is scattered laser light of some experimental apparatus. The interesting thing is this little faint spot. And so that's an original entry from the lab notebook of Werner Neuhauser, where he observed this for the first time. So this was work in the lab of Peter Toschek and initiated by Hans Dehmich, basically. And it was published in fifth ref A. This was the very first time. I mean, I'll show you in a minute all samples have been observed. But you never could see a single individual. Of course, later, then you also have these scanning false microscopes and stuff where you, but this is really seeing, because we see it with our eyes. We can, it's conceivable. I don't know of any realization, but that's conceivable. Yeah, so a little bit of sociology and science. So this was submitted to physical review letters at the time, the only, no, not the only, but one of the most respected physics journals, as you know, of course. And it was rejected because the referee said a single atom, so who cares? So later, Hans Dehmich received the Nobel Prize for this and also Wolfgang Paul, who I'll come back to in a minute. OK, so this was definitely changed history. And so this was a single atom, but actually a little bit before, earlier clouds of atoms have been observed by Peter Toschek and Hans Dehmich and Werner Neuhauser, as I showed. And at the same time, so look at the received date here, basically at the same time, one day later, the group from around Dave Weynand, who recently received the Nobel Prize for his pioneering work, also observed these trapped ions. So, and Dave Weynand, as you all know, did spectacular work at the time and ever since. And just to show you the ultimate control what we have today over individual atoms, I want to point out recent experiments by the Weynand group, where they use individual ions as a frequency standard. So when you trap your ions, you get rid of Doppler shifts because your ion is basically at rest, so no more moving around in Doppler shifts. If you laser cool them, time dilation basically goes to zero, very close to zero, very small. And you trap them at ultra high vacuum, for instance, typically, and you laser cool them. And so you don't have any perturbations. And so this is a table from a paper from the Weynand group where they have an error budget. And I don't want to go through this error budget. I just want to draw your attention to the uncertainties that we have here. So this is a rather unbelievably uncertainty in the 10 to the minus 18 range. So that's how well these individual atoms are under control. So that's OK. And of course, all this work relied on the seminal work of Wolfgang Paul, who invented these Paul traps that were used for the experiments that I showed you. OK, so that's now today. Now we are at today's state of the art, basically. So individual trapped ions, they are, like I said, they are very well localized in space. So they don't move around anymore. You can, typical localization is a few nanometers. You can laser cool them. So they are at milli micro-kelding temperatures typically. And you can prepare them individually. You can let them interact in a deterministic fashion. And you can store them for a long time. So what is long? Long can be anything between minutes and years. So there have been incidences reported where a single ion has been stored at least over many months, possibly over more than a year.  And it's still there, your single atom. So months, I know of single ions. When you have more ions, it reduces, typically, your storage time. But still, it can be days. Yeah, right, of course. So that's an interesting question. When you have a single particle or a few particles and you talk about a temperature. So what is really meant here is the root mean square of the velocity and then equal to kT, Boltzmann's constant times T. And then you say that's the temperature. Oh, yes, but the trap is always on. So you keep it actively trapped. And the trapping forces are much larger than any gravitational forces. OK, and yes, today, these trapped ions, as I already mentioned, they are used for some of the most accurate clocks that we have around. And using this high precision, we can now look to experiments and see if fundamental constants, like the fine structure constant, is this really a constant or is it changing in time? So instead of waiting billions of years and observing distant stars, you can go to the lab and wait just for an hour or a day or so, or maybe a year. And then because you have this high accuracy here in precision, you can then look for these fundamental things. You can, there are experiments going on making anti-hydrogen. You can, of course, do molecular spectroscopy. You can investigate chemical reactions between individual atoms, molecules. But what we are interested in here is quantum information science, as I already said. So that's the focus of this presentation here. And quantum information science to make this a bit more precise, like I said, it's fundamental questions of quantum physics that we're interested in. We are interested in ways to universal quantum computation. We're interested in quantum simulations and precision measurements. So that's what trapped ions are currently being used for. And the goal of this talk is to give you a basic physical picture of the necessary ingredients to do such experiments. OK, so that's now the introductory part. And now we'll start with the real stuff. And my emphasis will be in this first presentation, in any case, to not use any or hardly any formulas, but to give you a physical picture of what's happening in and with trapped ions. So that's the goal of this first lecture to give you a good, as Martin already said, intuition about how these things work. And then later on, we go into more detail and try to better understand what's going on. OK, so that's a generic Paul Trap who has seen a Paul Trap before, who has not seen a Paul Trap before, who is undecided. OK, so there was only one person who admitted to have seen a Paul Trap before. So I'll say a few more words about this. So this is just four electrodes. Let's consider these four electrodes, just four rods made out of metal, typically. And now we cut them in this direction. So we look along this direction. So we see these four rods cut. And now we have a positively charged ion sitting here. And we apply voltages to these four electrodes such that these two electrodes are positive and these two electrodes are negative. And now you see the field lines here. So you have a quadrupole potential. And of course, your positively charged ion wants to move away from the positive electrode towards the negative electrode. And if we look at the coordinate system, so this is the x and y direction, this is the potential and ion sees under these circumstances. If you have a fixed potential fixed in time, then if you go along the y direction, you see a binding potential. So that's the y direction. The positive charge wants to stay away from these electrodes. And in the x direction, you see an anti-binding potential. So in the x direction, the ion wants to move towards this electrode. So this does not trap, obviously. So this is not a trap. And actually, you can show in very simple terms using Ernst's theorem that you cannot make any static potential such that a single charge can be confined. But what Wolfgang Paul realized is that you can make a dynamic potential. And that's what I'll show you now. So now we apply these voltages alternately, positive here, then positive here, and so on. So that's the potential that you get then. And then if you do this fast enough, your ion just sits in the middle and doesn't know where to go anymore. And you can show that on time average, you get actually a harmonic potential here. So you have now trapped your ion in an effective harmonic potential. And so we have talked about the x-y direction. But now you also have the z direction. And you simply apply a static voltage along the z direction. And then you can confine one ion or more ions along this axis here. If you have more ions, they keep each other at a distance because of the Coulomb repouch. OK, so people from the first row were asking questions. But everybody is, of course, invited to interrupt me at any time and ask questions. OK, so now we can trap our ions. So this was a very generic trap. A trap that is not used in this way, or it is still used for several purposes, for mass spectrometers and stuff like that. Such an arrangement is actually used. But for most modern experiments, the traps look very different. You wouldn't recognize them at first sight. But the basic principle is still what I explained to you. OK, so you have your ions. But nowadays, of course, they move around your trap at high temperatures, typically. And then you need to cool them down. So you use laser light to cool them. You use a fast dipole transition on your scatter laser light and cool your ion down. And then they form such a crystal here. And at the same time, you can look, you can detect the scattered light and see the ion. So that's a picture taken of three ions, three individual ions. OK, a Doppler cooling. Who knows Doppler cooling? Who does not know Doppler cooling? OK, so it's 50-50. So I'm not sure how fundamental I should be here. But this will take two minutes anyway, only so. So let's look at a two-level atom. You have some laser light. And the two-level atom is moving at velocity v. And then you have, because it's moving, you have some Doppler shift. And so when your laser light is detuned by about Doppler shift, the atom sees in its rest frame actually resonant excitation. So it's very efficient to excite a moving atom. If the atom would be at rest, then you would be red detuned here. And it would not be as efficient as if the atom is moving towards your laser light. So you use the Doppler shift to make this resonant. OK, so then this photon comes along. It carries some linear momentum. And then this is absorbed by the atom. So the atom gets a momentum kick and slows down. So it changes its velocity by this momentum divided by the mass of the atom. And then at some later time, it emits radiation in an arbitrary direction. So you always get kicks in one direction, but you emit in arbitrary 3D directions.  OK, and if you do this often enough, so one photon momentum is by far not enough. But then you do this often enough. So n times, you absorb this linear momentum h bar k. And then you change the momentum of your atom by this. But then the atom emits, like I said, randomly. And you have to, so it diffuses in phase space. Not only in phase space, it's like a Brownian motion. It just moves randomly around. So you cannot cool it to zero temperature using this method. But to a final temperature that's determined by the spontaneous decay rate that you have here. So this determines the width of your absorption line. And you can show that the final temperature is given basically by this expression here. OK, so that's basically Doppler cooling in a trap. You don't need to cool from all three dimensions. You don't need six laser beams. You just need one laser beam that has a projection onto all three spatial axes. So one laser beam is enough in a trap to cool. And to come to give you some numbers here, if your trap frequency is about 1 megahertz and your transition frequency here is about 20 megahertz, then you end up at a mean occupation of your vibrational states around 10. So this is already pretty close to the ground state. Depends how you define close. But OK, so and this is now an example for one of the traps that we use in our lab now. So they are microstructured. So as a size reference, we have the Italian one cent coin here. So this is a microstructured trap, like I said. And also the vacuum recipient is very small. So the whole thing is about the size of my fist. And what I'll show you now is a live movie of filling this trap. If I manage for some reason this cursor disappeared. Why does this work now? It's a nice little movie just to show you what we see in the lab basically every day. Let's see if this works. Pretends to play a movie, but it doesn't. Oh, there it is. OK, so this is now a live view into this trap. And you see how you can deterministically trap a chain of ions, so first one, then two. So this is up to 10 ions. So this is stand out in many labs now, not with this trap that I showed you, but with other traps. OK, and anything? Nope, strange. And this is just an example, maybe this time. This is again trapping ions. Now they are green. They come in all colors. And just to show you that they also form very interesting spatial structure. So if you trap more and more, you have seen this transition from a linear chain to a zigzag chain. And here you see a three-dimensional crystal actually, so there's also very interesting physics hidden in these structures. OK, so that's just the movies. Now we want to come to quantum information science. And so we have our ions trapped. And we can cool them. We can detect them. And now we want to have qubits. So we choose two internal states of each ion as a qubit. So we want a long-lived state. For instance, a meta-stable state that doesn't decay spontaneously using this as a qubit would not be a good idea, because it would disappear within nanoseconds. So you choose a long-lived state and some other long-lived states as a qubit. And then you can state-selectively detect them by scattering light. For instance, you scatter light of this state. So if you shine in light, you see something. If you shine in light here, you don't see anything. So by the state-selective scattering of resonance fluorescence, you actually do a projective measurement of each individual qubit. So that's OK. And to show you a bit more how this works, so this is a concrete example. Those are now barium ions. And to make them fluoresce, you need this green-blue laser here on this fast dipole transition. But then this state might also decay into this meta-stable state. So meta-stable, because a transition from a D state to a S state is not a dipole transition. So it's forbidden. So this state has a long lifetime. And whenever your atom decays into this state, you have to re-pump it. You have to bring it back into the fluorescing cycle. So if you apply these two laser beams, then you see fluorescence. And that's what these people observed here. But then they all of a sudden see these instances where the fluorescence essentially drops to zero. So this was the famous observation of quantum jumps. So this was simultaneously observed in different labs, one of them in Hamburg by the same people who trapped this single ion, which also was a barium ion, by the way. OK, so what happens when you're here?  And if it's in this state, you don't see any fluorescence. So you really see these quantum jumps. The ion is jumping between two possible states that you can choose as qubit states. So this can be your state zero. This can be your state one. And if you're in state one, in this case, you don't see any light. And if you're in state zero, you see light scattering. So that's the basics. But this is a very important aspect of quantum information science. How well can you detect your individual qubit? So I'll say a few more words about this. So when you're in the bright state, as you've seen already, you don't observe a fixed number of photons. You observe typically a Poissonian distribution of photon counts if you wait for prescribed time. And then if you're in the zero state that does not scatter light, you typically still see some light, some background that you cannot avoid. And then you need to choose a threshold where you say, this one is in zero and this one is in one. And of course, if you choose this threshold, you notice that you always have some wrong assignments. So this Poissonian distribution extends below the threshold. And this one above the threshold, so your detection efficiency is limited by this overlap, typically by this overlap of the Poissonian distributions. But fortunately, this limit can be a very high limit. So detection efficiencies of better than 99.9% have been achieved. So this works quite well, but you have to be careful. And now we have our ions in the trap. We can cool them, we can detect them, we have qubits. And now we want to talk to them individually. That's one of the prerequisites for quantum computation. You need to be able to talk to each ion individually. And if you look at the typical distance of ions, that's a few micrometers. So you have to focus your radiation that you use to drive the qubit to a spot size that is much smaller than the distance between the ions. And because of the diffraction limit, you need a wavelength that is much smaller than this distance between the ions. So that's one of the reasons why people use laser light in the optical range for doing such experiments. OK, and so now let's assume we are able to address individual ions. And now we want to do single qubit rotations. We want to be able to prepare qubits in an arbitrary state. So what you need, you have your two levels, your two qubit levels, and you have your electromagnetic radiation at frequency omega L. And you have your transition. So in general, this is slightly detuned. And you have your splitting of your qubit at frequency omega. And then you have some coupling between them. So you have some dipole moment or quadrupole moment times your field.  That's a measure for the coupling strength. And this thing d here, that can be an electric quadrupole moment, typically, or a magnetic dipole moment between hyperfine states. And correspondingly, this f can be an electric field or a magnetic field strength. And then if you go through the mathematics, you find this Hamiltonian here in the resonant case. So when you tune your radiation to resonance, so this is the Rabi frequency that I just indicated here. And in the rotating frame, so you do some transformations and go to the rotating frame of your radiation, then you find this Hamiltonian here. So sigma plus is just the Pauli matrix, the raising operator, and sigma minus is the lowering operator. And phi is the phase of your radiation.  Then it has some amplitude. Then it's typically a harmonic perturbation. And then you have a phase phi. So in what theorists often do, when they do all kinds of calculations, they never care about this phase phi here. But that's very important for experimentalists, because you don't pay attention. You never get any useful result from your experiment. So when you look at theory papers, people often say, OK, so now I said phi equal to 0. And I forget about it, because it's arbitrary in the beginning. And then I forget about it. And then they do complicated calculations. And in the end, there's no more phi. But for the experimentalists, it's very important to know where phi appears. And because, yeah, otherwise, your coherence is gone when you don't keep track of the phase of this phase. OK, so this is then the Hamiltonian that allows you to do basically arbitrary rotations of your qubit. And so that's the time evolution operator. And so I'm not going into the mathematics, OK? But it's just a 2 by 2 rotation matrix then. So if you have a spinor notation for your two states, if you write them just as 1, let's say, corresponds to 1, 0. And 0 corresponds to 0, 1. And then your Hamiltonian, your time evolution Hamiltonian, is just a 2 by 2 matrix acting on these spinors here. So it's just a rotation of your spinor. And you probably all know this. So you can represent your qubit on a Bloch sphere. And then you can do rotations on your Bloch sphere using this Hamiltonian. So you can prepare arbitrary states. OK, so you need an electric field that keeps its face stable for a long time, or a magnetic field that keeps its face stable. And you typically have an electric quadrupole moment here, or a magnetic dipole moment. So that's typical cases. OK, yeah. And just to show you how well this works, some recent, or maybe not so recent, results from single qubit operations in trapped ions. So that's, again, a more or less random selection of some outstanding results. So the single shot read out fidelity. So single shot means you do the measurement once, and you know exactly what it is. So it's not, you don't have to repeat it. It typically can reach this range here, 99.9%. The preparation of single qubits, there's even one nine more, or sometimes even two nines, depends. And the coherence time can be very long. So you can keep the coherence of your qubits even for 10 seconds, or 50 seconds, or minutes. So this is, yeah. OK, so this works very well. And now we have, according to my watch, three minutes left. Is this true? Six, seven minutes. OK, so yeah, I showed you the basic physics principles without going into computational details or experimental details yet. This will come later. I just want to give you an overview of some important things. And the second important thing is, of course, individual qubit rotations are nice to have, but you have to let them interact your qubits. Otherwise, you will not have a quantum simulation or entanglement or anything interesting. So the question is, how do they interact? And now, let's see, they have electric fields, like electric dipole moments, magnetic dipole moments. And yeah, let's look at the magnetic dipole moment, for instance. So you have your magnetic dipole moment of one ion. And then this influences the field at the position of the second ion, the magnetic field. And so you could think, for instance, that you have a magnetic dipole interaction between these ions and entangle them in that way. But that does not work simply because they are too far apart. If you do a calculation for typical atomic dipoles and typical distances, you end up with an interaction strength in the range of millihertz. So that's not really useful. But in recent experiments, people are preparing Rittberg states of atoms that can have a huge dipole moment, three orders of magnitude more typically than in the ground state. And then you can use such things. But so far, this has not really been used for quantum computation or simulation or anything. OK, then you can think about the exchange interaction. So you have two particles, but to calculate the exchange integral and for the exchange integral to be appreciably different from 0, you need overlap between your spatial wave functions. So and if you do a calculation here, you find that's essentially 0. So there's no exchange interaction either. So you can forget about this also.  So that's bad news. But of course, there's a remedy for that. And this was realized by Ignacio Zirac and Peter Zoller. How you can use the common vibrational motion of your ions as a quantum bus to mediate an interaction. And that's what I want to show you again in pictures. So you have your radiation that is absorbed by one of your qubits. And then you also impart linear momentum again to your ion. And because they are all coupled by a Coulomb repulsion, so you give one ion a kick and all the others also move. And now if you do this in the proper way, you can do a conditional quantum gate. Because this ion will now know if something has happened to the first ion or not. Because it's moving or not moving. So this is the basic physics. And the strength of the coupling is measured typically by this so-called lamp-dickey parameter, which is essentially the linear momentum of the photon that is absorbed by the ion in the natural units of your harmonic oscillator potentially. So p0 is the extension of the ground state wave function in momentum space of your harmonic oscillator. OK, so eta needs to be large enough in order to enable this transmission of, in the end, quantum information between different ions. And if you do calculations, then you also find h bar k, in order for this to be large enough, you need an optical photon to give it enough momentum that the ion starts to move. OK, and yes, I think so in the next part is now a more detailed explanation of how a conditional quantum gate works with trapped ions according to the recipe of Sirak and Zoller. And then, so the next slides are also nice picture slides, three. But then it will become a bit more involved and I use the blackboard tomorrow to give you some more details about how things work. And then at some point, we come back to the picture book. OK, so hopefully you got some. Actually, I'll show you what your summary. OK, so this I'll show you tomorrow how this works and summary for today. Yeah, that's the summary for today. So we talked about the history of thousands of years discussion about single atoms. I introduced to you the research fields of trapped ions. I showed you how the Paul trap works and I showed you the physics principles of these things. This one not really yet. OK, our chairman wants to keep you here. So I'll do that. Yes, so that would be in that's what we had. OK, so now let's look at the C0 quantum gate. So a controlled not gate, which means one ion change flips its state depending on the state of the other ion. And this is the truth table here. So we're looking at I and A and I and B. So if I and A is in state zero, then the truth table of the C0 gate says nothing happens to I and B. And I and A stays in zero anyway. So that's what truth table says. And now let's prepare both ions in their ground state zero. And now we simply try to excite this ion. But we're not on the resonance of the internal transition. We are missing a bit of energy. And this bit of energy is exactly what we will have later from the vibrational motion here. So this truth table is very easy. You try to excite I and B when I and A is in zero and you're not successful, so everything stays as it was. So that's the simple part. But now I and A is in state one. And now you want to flip I and B, the state of I and B. And this works by having laser pulse on I and A and de-exciting I and A and writing this excitation into your vibrational motion. So now you have one quantum of vibrational motion excited. And I and B will notice, of course, so that's now our new level structure here. The whole string is moving. And I and B is also moving. So the whole thing is in a vibrational, excited state. And now you do the same thing that you did before. You apply a pulse to I and B. And now this missing gap here is bridged. So you are successful in exciting I and B. And that's what is mirrored in this truth table. So if I and A was in state one, and I and B was in state zero, then I and B, A is still in state one, so nothing happens to A. But the state of B is flipped. And exactly the same thing happens. If I and B was in state one, you're successful in de-exciting it into state zero. So you see, by using the vibrational motion, you can realize the truth table of a controlled not gate. So this is the basic principle in the first proposal for conditional quantum gates with trapped ions. OK, so now I'm done. OK, so the final. Thank you very much. Thank you.


Hey Donnie. This is Megan with Oxmore Toyota. I just want to send this quick video greeting just to personally introduce myself. It has come to my attention through one of our business partners that you're in the market for a new 2016 Toyota RAV4. In this email, you actually find a link to all our new and pre-owned inventory. I will be giving you a call here shortly to discuss a good time for you to come out. If you do have any questions in the meantime, you can either reply to this email or contact me at<PHONE_NUMBER> and I'll talk to you soon. Bye!


Putin could test NATO by invading a small Baltic country. Former Russia Prime Minister warns. The former Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Kasyanov says the war in Ukraine has changed the public's attitude to Putin, but warned there is no chance for opposition to rise in Russia according to GB news. Kasyanov also warned that Putin could try to test article V of the NATO charter by invading one of the smaller Baltic states. Speaking on GB news, Mikhail Kasyanov said Putin still has support and the report from Putin's propaganda and Putin's agencies say 85% of us support him in the country, but in fact, I think it's always more like 40%. Putin's people managed to find a way to overcome sanctions and he managed to stabilize the budget. There should be pressure inside Russia and outside to remove Putin. Inside Russia, right now is impossible because Putin puts all leaders in jail. Some of us who are abroad have already been killed. Boris Nemtsov, my friend, my collaborator was killed on the words of the Kremlin. Alexei Navalny was killed in jail in the camp. People live in fear and the fear to identify themselves as against Putin's regime. That means today there is no chance for opposition to rise inside Russia. But outside, of course, this war against Ukraine, that is the fundamental issue for all foreign leaders. Ukraine is the important issue because Ukraine is not just fighting for their territorial integrity, but fighting for all European countries. Putin could easily try to test article V of the NATO charter. It could be one of the small countries of the Baltic states.


Ministers, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, good morning. On behalf of the International Telecommunication Union and the Government of Georgia, it is my great pleasure to welcome you at the World Telecommunication Night City Indicator Symposium 2014, here in the wonderful city of Tbilisi. We have 312 guest delegates assembled here from 94 countries. You are all very welcome. Honourable Ministers, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, I am now pleased to play a short documentary produced by ITU, showing some of the human stories behind numbers and statistics. Honourable Ministers, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, I would now like to invite His Excellency, Mr. Redakli Radevashvili, Prime Minister of Georgia, to deliver his welcome remarks. Thank you, everyone. I would like to introduce Mr. Redakli Radevashvili to the world. This one for you, this one. I would like to congratulate the esteemed gentlemen, we know that the information sector, the information sector of technology and communication is an important sector. That meta-vital requires the stadium to implement a large number of reforms for the government of Georgia and for me personally. The new technologies and innovations have to support the development of the economy of the country. These plans contribute to the future of economic, social and cultural development of Georgia and will guarantee the formation of a society of information through the implementation of knowledge based on well-developed ethics. That is why we collaborate with the International Bank to develop policies for the values of policies. We have created an economic party and we are also creating the laboratories at a regional level. This year we have approved the internet plan for all citizens, which represents the introduction of these structures, which contributes to the development of communications in all regions. One of the objectives of these innovations is the establishment of the society with high speed internet. The government of Georgia contributes to investors to implement adequate policies in this sector. In Georgia until June 17, 2015, I would like to note that Georgia has achieved significant advances in this sector. The implementation of technologies with the implementation of technological systems has facilitated the development of the economy of Georgia. We have achieved and facilitated public services that require only 15 minutes. I would like to thank Mr. Garibashvili for his remarks. And next, I would like to invite Mr. Holin Jau, Deputy Secretary General of ITU to deliver his welcome notes. Your Excellency, irakli Garibashvili, Prime Minister Georgia. Excellency Mr. George Kwiwi-Kachvili, Vice Prime Minister and Minister of Economy and Sustainable Development. First Deputy Minister of Economy and Sustainable Development, WITIS 2014. Excellencies, distinguished colleagues, ladies and gentlemen, good morning. It's a real pleasure for me and a great honor for me to be here with you today at this opening ceremony of the World Telecommunication and ICT Indicators 6th Symposium 2014. On behalf of Dr. Amaran Tui, Secretary General of ITU and other elected officials, we are very grateful to the government of Georgia for hosting this symposium. On behalf of the International Telecommunications Union, we would like to thank the government of Georgia for sponsoring this World Symposium of the Telecommunications Indicators. We have been able to visit historical monuments considered by UNESCO. I would also like to point out that Tbilisi is a very interesting city. This World Symposium is very important for the development of many sectors. We are very happy that the government of Georgia participates and contributes in this field. We want the World Telecommunications Indicators to reach the maximum level. I would like to tell you that according to the statistics published recently, Georgia is one of the countries that has gained progress in the development of many fields and of course in the development of technologies, information and communications. We want to answer two questions. If we know how many people on our planet are connected to contemporary telecommunications, if they have access to the internet, mobile phones and daily, more people start using new technologies of communication. I would like to address all the representatives of the WIT to help and facilitate these people who have access to new technologies. All governments of the countries will also have to facilitate the development of this process. Our organization, the WIT, is collecting statistics in the field of communications and that is why we want to thank the countries that contribute in this field. The International Union of Telecommunications is trying to facilitate the information and data obtained, statistics, to all countries so that governments of these countries can use these data in the development of other fields, let's say the main ones, such as the economy, health, education and other fields. I would like to congratulate Mr. Brachimasano, who was elected as a director of the International Union of Telecommunications. At the beginning we started with a small meeting, but we have already arrived to celebrate the big events as it is today. Here in this room we see many international organizations, we see many office workers. Here is the Prime Minister of Georgia. It should be noted that the number of tourists visiting Georgia reaches up to 5 million people annually. It is necessary a lot of knowledge and experience to continue to develop the process. It is very important of course to know the existing situation well. Our organization will continue to carry out the measurement of the use of new communication technologies, and it is no longer necessary to sign. What matters is the development of communication technologies. I wish you many interesting conferences. Next I would like to call his Excellency, Mr. George Quiricashvili, Minister of Economy and Sustainable Development, Vice Prime Minister of Georgia. For me it is a great honor to welcome here in our city the 12th Symposium of Telecommunications and TIGs and greet all of you. I want to congratulate all of you for participating in this symposium and wish you all a great job. The technologies represent a strong remedy for the development of communication that helps the economic and political development of all countries. The government of Georgia pays special attention to the development of TIGs. In the country the activities are carried out for the development of this sector, to improve this existing sector and to implement new technologies. Recently in the country many reforms have been carried out which facilitated the development of technologies in universities and schools. The new technologies are implemented and the development of telecommunications and communications technologies are carried out. The new program is carried out to test the improvement of existing technologies in the state and the use and management of existing resources. The portal is provided to citizens and public services. Thanks to the work carried out during the last few years Georgia achieved great advances in the field of technology development of information and communication. It helps the economic advances of our country. However, we have to make sure that our country does not stop advancing and has to aspire to achieve more achievements in this area. This is a vital issue for the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development. This can be achieved thanks to the strict collaboration with international organizations and the appropriate sectors that work in this area. High technologies must support and help to contribute to the development and improvement of Payer and its integration in the space of the Atlantic and European to help the implementation of the policies directed to this sector. The Georgia Telecommunications Agency must facilitate the development of the future development of the country based on the modern technologies of information and communication. This is the introduction of all these technologies in all areas of the country. We created the Digital Data Center and the Ministry of Labor to create a space between Asia and Europe. Europe will help and be a bridge in the energy and economic processes which will also be the economic transition. This will be the new route of CEDA in the technologies between Europe and Asia. According to the European Union, until June 17, 2017, the process must be carried out and the system must be changed to the digital system. With this, the corresponding work is carried out. In the field of ICT, the implementation of the objectives of the Georgia Government, marked by the Prime Minister of Georgia, regarding the work of the international organizations of the public and private sector, it must be extended even more. And for this, our Ministry is open. Georgia has ambitious objectives in this direction. We would like to congratulate you again for attending this symposium. Thank you very much for your presence. Thank you very much. I want to invite Mr. Brahmasano to deliver his welcome remarks. I want to invite Mr. Brahmasano, the director of the OIT. Ladies and gentlemen, your Excellency, Prime Minister of Georgia, Excellency George Quirica Shouili, Vice Prime Minister, Minister of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia. I would like to greet the Minister of Economy and Sustainable Development, Dimitri Koumsi-Shouili. I would like to greet the director of the National Geology Communication Commission. Ladies and gentlemen, for me it is an honour to greet you here in the symposium of Simo Segundo. I am Dimitri Koumsi-Shouili, Vice Prime Minister of Economy and Sustainable Development, Dimitri Koumsi-Shouili. I would like to greet the government of Georgia. Excuse me, I have problems here with the technologies. I would like to greet the government of Georgia. I would like to greet the government of Georgia. This year, the health sector has shown us positive changes. We have evaluated the statistics obtained by the WHO. It has been noted that the index of information and communication technologies is quite good. I have published the research, the elaboration of the statistics that will be presented here during the day. Well, the technologies of information and communication are an important part of the revolution that will take place in this field. We will give you the statistics later. The mechanisms of the TIC evaluation were defined by the resolution. We hope to continue to have their support and collaboration in the development of the technologies of information and communication. I would like to thank all members of the WHO that are supporting us and collaborating with us. There are around 500 members. I would like to thank them for their hard work. In terms of sustainability, the technologies revolve, particularly in terms of the role of the latest Secretary General of the Union. I would like to remind you that our Prime Minister and the Minister of Economy have a vision of the priorities we have in Georgia. I would like to remind you that we have a plan based on the development of the Internet. We want to advance and achieve 30 megabytes for the half of the Georgian population. We understand that Georgia is a very ambitious area, but today in Georgia we have approximately 3,000 Internet users. I would like to remind you that all of us in the world, whether in the field or in the field, are very busy with the development of the Internet. 60% use the Internet, but in Bangladesh only, especially with employment. As the representative said, 25% have the government role of the last week. I would like to remind you that Georgia is a very ambitious area, but today in Georgia we have approximately 30 megabytes for the half of the Georgian population. I would like to remind you that Georgia is a very ambitious area, but today in Georgia we have approximately 30 megabytes for the half of the Georgian population. This is how we have to get the donations and funding. The agenda we have in Afro-Dolecumbre, in which we determine how we have to carry out these issues. For the continent, today the development is very important. The development is not as important as the introduction of the new technologies that determine this development. Therefore, the agenda is based on the issues. Thank you very much for the inclusion of the population in these processes. Thank you very much, Nahuatl. Inclusion of the population so that they have the accessibility to the technologies. I would like to talk to our colleagues from South Africa about the moments that happen in the Middle East. In the tech sector, there was a sector that absorbed the advances negatively. I think that not only in Egypt, but in other countries as well. I would like to highlight the fact that 50% of the population uses the internet. However, not all people use the wide band. The percentage is much lower than the numbers we have. Therefore, we plan the media plans to create access to the wide band. Lastly, the government has declared that it will create adequate mechanisms for the population to have accessibility to the wide band. Finally, I would like to highlight the equality between politics and accessibility. There is an important connection for the leaders and politicians to take the opportunity decisions about the economic and political issues. Thank you very much. The approach based on the rights in the tech sector gives us the responsibility to be more responsible. In the context of the data revolution we live in, it will be much easier. However, today we have a very important influence in the data revolution. The study and inclusion are very important. When we talk about inclusion, we have the possibility of access to technologies. I think we have to work more to push and determine a new role of the TICS. In the 2015 agenda, we have determined the principles that we have to take into account in each country. We have to pay attention to how to take into account the adoption process, the introduction of its objectives, marked in our agenda in each country. In the agenda, we do not have it defined in the agenda, but we have to try to apply it in reality. In terms of negotiations after the post-2015 agenda, I think we must start the process from January 2015. I think we must pay more attention to these issues, to these issues, because the technologies of information and communication create various possibilities. It is a strong statement determined in our agenda. It will end in the assembly that will take place in 2015. Thank you very much. We have to add everything that has been said. I will tell you in 30 seconds to present my opinion. The recovery of the massive data is sustainable. We have to make the economy of resources. We have to present sustainable statistics. I would like to give His Excellency the minister as a sign that the Bank of the World has changed the methodology. Georgia occupies the 14th place in the ranking. I would like to say that you are the ones who change and influence politics. I want to thank all of you. I want to greet the panelists. With that, I want to end this session. I would like to ask the First Minister to finish the session and then continue with the agenda marked in our agenda. Mr. Minister, thank you very much. I would like to thank all of you. I would also like to invite all of you to move. Thank you very much.


Hello everybody, Ian here. Welcome back to another Stephen King review. This is not a Thursday Theorist. The Thursday Theorist should be after this video. But this is a spoiler-free review of Stephen King's new book, Elevation. If you follow me on Goodreads or Twitter or just about anywhere, even Instagram, you know I hated this book. It has the same exact problem that Sleeping Beauties did in that at some point in time he gets lost in his message and forgets to entertain. There's not one point part in this book that I liked. I didn't like the writing. I didn't like the characters. I didn't like anything about it. I am on the same political spectrum side of things as Stephen King. And also, I'm going to go ahead and tell you right now if there's any discussion whatsoever about politics down in the in the comment section of this. I'm just going to delete you. I don't want to start any kind of political debate. That's not what this channel is about. So please either don't comment this one time. Don't comment because I can care less about your political views. I want to know if you liked the book for what it was. If you didn't like the book because of the politics, just simply say I didn't like the book because of the politics. But the problem here is I didn't like the book because of where it goes. I will go into more detail in the spoiler review or the Thursday theorist video. But this book just isn't any fun. Stephen King supposedly wanted to write this to try and make people happy. The thing about it is he's only going to make a certain subset of people happy.  And that's all this book is. On the same side, if you're the type of person who likes skipping Christmas and you know you like John Grisham stuff and you like skipping Christmas, you'll probably like this because it's more the same. It's basically an author trying to say okay I usually talk about the worst things in life but here's me trying to do a positive thing. That's fine.  There is nothing in this book that says all people should get along. There's nothing in this book that says that. This book's message is everybody needs to be accepted. Everybody needs to see the error of their ways and come on to this side. Now while I might agree with that, go ahead, rage down there in the comment section. Like I said, you make it political, I'm gonna delete you. But I am on that side of things. I don't like that side of things in my art or my literature or whatever you want to call it. I don't like that direct approach. A long time ago in one of my written reviews, in fact somebody brought this up on my review of Elevation on Goodreads. I said in a review that I would never ever give a Stephen King book one star. That's because they're usually well written. There's usually something entertaining about it. But this, this is a complete toss away. This is something that I read and I was like, I actually hate this. Which is funny, again, because I'm on the same side as Stephen King. I am, if you want to label me anything, I am a liberal. This book is garbage and I'm a liberal. Now another problem with this book is it's 146 pages. You see how small this is? I'm gonna hold up a full size Stephen King book. You see the difference, the size difference? This book right here, I just grabbed the first one I had over here for the next video I'm gonna be shooting, is 368 pages. The price of this book is $27.99. This book is 146 pages. Huge margins, big font. This book is $20. If you went down to Barnes Noble, Books a Million, whatever and bought this, this book is $20. Luckily, I bought this book on Amazon. I got it for $11, but that's still overpriced for what is essentially a padded short story. Now the book is broken up into shorter, shorter, well one chapter's really long and then there's a bunch of shorter chapters. The audiobook literally comes with extra short stories because there's no short stories in here, but the audiobook comes with extra short stories because without them the book would only be three hours long. Anyways, there's so much wrong with this. I could go on forever, but I'm trying to keep this as a spoiler free review. I'm trying my best here. I didn't like a single thing about it. If you'd like to talk about the book without bringing politics into this nonsense, please comment down below. I'd love to hear from you even if you liked it. That's fine, but once again, don't go off on a tangent about politics even if you are on the same side as Stephen King and myself. I just don't want to hear it or I don't want to read it anyways. So until next time, I have been E, you have been U. This has been another book review. I'll talk to you guys later. Bye bye!


session and as you know this session we will have three speakers and each talk will be 30 minutes and after these three talks we will have also a discussion time for 30 minutes so you can keep to ask your question or discuss your question in this next discussion ground and after that we will have 15 minute breaks then the second session will start okay the first speaker it was from University of Tokyo hi Soseko you can share your thoughts okay so can I could you see my screen is it okay could you see my pointer yes yes yeah okay so so thank organizers for inviting me and organizing a very exciting workshop I'm Sosuke Ito from the University of Tokyo Japan and today I would like to explain a new decomposition of the entropy production rate okay so let's start so this is a list of the collaborators Andrea, Shinichi, Kohei, Artemis and Muka and several papers in these topics have been published okay so at first I would like to introduce conventionally the composition of the entropy production rate this is well known as the Hata no Sasa decomposition or adiabatic no adiabatic decomposition so entropy production rate is decomposed into the two non-negative parts excess entropy production rate and housekeeping entropy production rate and in a no equipment steady state excess entropy production rate is zero and housekeeping entropy production rate is given by the entropy production rate in a steady state and this quantity is characterized by the cycle flow in a shiitake back network theory so this is the example of the Hata no Sasa decomposition for the Fokapran equations so we consider the non-equivalent steady states and excess entropy production rates and housekeeping entropy production rate are defined by using the steady state probability distributions so yeah it could be okay for the Fokapran equations because we can assume the existence of the unique and asymptotic stable non-equivalent steady state but it could be a problem in chemical thermodynamics dynamics is given by the non-linear rate equation in chemical thermodynamics because we have a multiple non-equivalent steady states and these non-equivalent steady states can be unstable so in a chemical thermodynamics such kind of the decomposition is only defined for a very special case where the asymptotic stable non-equivalent steady state exists okay so now I would like to propose another decomposition of the entropy production rate namely the geometric composition without considering a non-equivalent steady state so in our decomposition excess entropy production rate means dissipation by the same type of evolution driven by a potential and housekeeping entropy production rate means dissipation by a cycle flow which does not affect the time evolution so this idea of the decomposition is originated from the geometry in optimal transport theory so I would like to briefly explain the optimal transport theory and this is a very old-story in mathematics and optimal transport problem is the following so we would like to transport a probability distribution from p to q by using the map t and the transport cost for each point depends on the distance between x and y for example and what is the map t to minimize the all the cost if we consider this optimization problem we can define the distance in the probability space that is a washerstein distance so this is a solution of the optimization problem and this quantity is very interesting in some dynamics because this quantity is strongly related to the free energy for the Fokker-Planck equation okay so next I would like to explain the optimal transport based on the dynamics continuity equations so we consider the following continuity equations and at washerstein distance is given by this optimization problem and with a fixed initial and final distributions and this optimization problem can be solved and the solution is given by this velocity fields velocity fields is given by the gradient of the potential and we can yeah obtain this equation that is related to the pressureless Euler equation in fluid mechanics without velocity so intuitively speaking optimal transport is a kind of the transport without velocity okay now we'd like to consider the binomial formula for the Fokker-Planck equation so if we consider the definition of the entropy production rates then we can obtain the lower band on entropy production that is given by the washerstein distance so nowadays this band is known as the kind of the sum of the speed limit and we have revisited this expression from the viewpoint of the geometry if we consider the infinitesimal time evolution then we can obtain the lower band on an entropy production rate so and this equality was when yeah velocity fields is given by the gradient of the potential and we now identify these washerstein parts with excess entropy production rates and this difference with housekeeping entropy production rate okay so this is a key figure in this talk so we now consider the Fokker-Planck dynamics and the dynamics is driven by the non-conservative force so then it is not optimal but now we consider the optimal transport driven by the gradient of the potential and which gives a same time evolution and we consider the difference and the difference is given by the cycle flow because by by using two inequality we can obtain this equation so then yeah we can consider the dissipation for optimal transport and dissipation for this both this is cycle flows okay and this decomposition is strongly related to the geometry so if we introduce a inner product then this decomposition is a kind of the pitabary and theorem for this right triangle and this equation was because of this orthogonality and I would like to remark that the mathematical is the same the composition has been proposed by mass and netoteny based on the this equation and this equation corresponds to this equation and this orthogonality is originated from the orthogonality of the two spaces kernel of the minus type versions and the image of the gradient so this quantity is in the image of the gradient and this quantity is in the kernel of the minus type versions because we can obtain this equation right and by using this orthogonality we also can obtain the orthogonal decomposition for the Karibach-Ribera divergence that is a orthogonality in information geometry so now we consider the path probability distribution for the modified dynamics the meaning of the modified dynamics is given by the velocity field but new prime and if we consider the Karibach-Ribera divergence for two path probabilities and then this orthogonality provides this equation this is a kind of the generalization of the pitabary and theorem in the information geometry and this equation gives the same decomposition of the entropy production rate okay this is the story for the Fokker-Planck equation next I would like to consider the generalization for the rate equation in chemical sum dynamics uh in chemical sum dynamics we consider the following rate equation this is a generalization of the continuity equations because this matrix S stoichiometric matrix is a kind of the differential operator so which corresponds to the minus divergence minus divergence and I would like to remark that yeah we this rate equation is a kind of the generalization of the master equation because yeah if we consider the instance matrix as a stoichiometric matrix then mathematically we can obtain the master equation okay anyway so now we consider the entropy production rate in a chemical sum dynamics yeah define this and now we consider the orthogonality of the two spaces kernel of S and the image of the S transpose and in this S corresponds to the minus divergence and S transpose corresponds to the gradient and now we consider two generalizations of the geometric decomposition for the rate equations first we consider the geometry of the inner product and next I would like to consider the geometry of the carbacrylate divergence okay this is the first geometry so now we consider the inner product given by the onsite matrix and the entropy production rate is given by the square of the norm norm f and we consider the optimal transport for the rate equations that means that this j star gives the same time evolution and j star is given by the kind of the gradient potential right if we consider this optimal transport based on this orthogonality we can obtain the geometric decomposition right because this orthogonality corresponds to this orthogonality so then we can obtain this Pythagorean theorem and we yeah define the excess entropy production rate and the housekeeping entropy production rate for the rate equation I think that this definition of the entropy production rate excess entropy production rate is good compared to the Hatano-Sasa's excess entropy production rate for example if we consider the brass letter we only have one unstable non-equivalent steady states so if we consider the Hatano-Sasa's excess entropy production rate this quantity can be negative but if we consider our geometric decomposition and if we consider the excess entropy production in our way then this quantity cannot be negative and yeah this excess entropy excess entropy production rate reflects the behavior of the dynamics okay finally I would like to and yeah explain the another decomposition information geometric decomposition so yeah if we consider chemical rate equation we cannot define the pass probability distributions but now we consider the unidirectional flow and consider the generalized carbacryber divergence in this way so then we can prove that entropy production rate is given by the generalized carbacryber divergence for one way flux by way of flow and so then we can also consider the optimal transport problem for this carbacryber divergence now this is a we consider this rate equation as we yeah redefined we define the stoichiometric matrix for the one way or unidirectional flow and then we now consider the this flow there which is given by the kind of the gradient of the potential right so if we consider the this also monarities also monarity of the two spaces kernel of the s-childer and the image of s-childer transpose then we can obtain the this generalization of the Pythagorean theorem so then yeah the entropy production rate is decomposed into two non-negative paths and this quantity can be a housekeeping entropy production rate and I would like to remark that yeah the two generalizations of the excess and housekeeping entropy production rate are not equivalent but numerically we can see that there is some inequality between them and the information geometric excess entropy production rate is always less than the on saga projective excess entropy production but it's just a numerical yeah evidence so we cannot prove it okay so finally I would like to uh uh say the application of the geometric composition to the study of TURS yeah we believe that such kind of the decomposition it might be useful to study lower bound on the entropy production rate so examples for the four-cup rank equations this excess entropy production rate gives a good upper band on the speed of the observable and if we consider the rate equations we also can obtain the good upper tighter upper band on the this speed and we also can ensure that if we consider the information geometric entropy production rates uh excess entropy production rate which provides a TUR for highly irreversible process that is uh inequality and this is a TUR for the highly irreversible process okay that's all so in our talk in my talk uh I proposed we proposed a geometric decomposition of the entropy production rate and in our decomposition uh the excess entropy production rate means dissipation by the same time revolution driven by a potential and housekeeping entropy production rate means that dissipation by a cycle flow which is not affected time revolution and we generalize the geometric decomposition for non-linear related equation where unique uh unstable non-equivalent theory says does not exist generally and geometric decomposition may be useful at least to derive the TURS thank you thank you sasuke for this nice talk and uh yeah there are labs also so are there any question I think I saw some question in chat yeah maybe we start from chat there's a can can you see the question in chat that's now I do not know the steepest entropy assent formalism uh but uh our decomposition is based on the sorry um my sorry I here shows this right okay ah sorry can I could you see my yes yes we see your presentation yeah so yeah my decomposition is based on the um minimization of the entropy production rates so then yeah we can obtain a kind of the variational formula and in this um we obtained this triangle right triangle so then we can obtain a uh kind of the variational formula for excess under housekeeping entropy production rates so we can obtain the excess under housekeeping entropy production rates by using the projection theorem in geometry um so is it okay for you so is it yeah yeah Rohit do you want to add anything to your question because I see your hand yeah yeah thank you thank you for the answer yeah that will do for the moment I have another question though it is that in the excess entropy production rate you said that it can be sometimes negative so how do you explain that given that it is a ratio of a square and some inner product so you mean that uh negative means that this result yeah yeah the Hatano-Sasa excess yeah yeah for example uh the Hatano-Sasa excess entropy production rate is given by the uh uh the Carbacriber divergence between the non-equivalent steady state and the current probability distribution or current states and the excess entropy production rate is given by the time derivative of this quantity so then for example the distance between the yeah non-equivalent steady states and this current value can be changed and it can be positive and it can be negative that is why yeah Hatano-Sasa excess entropy production rate is not so useful in this system but in our form formulations uh we do not uh consider the this non-equivalent steady states so then yeah it could be always positive okay thank you very much yeah okay there's another question in the chat John from John Sautamba are there any specific considerations or challenges when applying geometric decomposition to non-linear or non-equilibrium systems uh so for example this is a kind of the non-linear program and yeah we also consider the another uh applications that are now uh yeah I'm preparing um but anyways uh in my understanding um we can obtain the good decomposition of the entropy production rates in terms of the geometry and this yeah strategy might be useful for the several systems for example the non-linear program yeah but anyway this is a kind of the non-linear program so okay thank you are there any other question check there is one more I think and on I see you Lou on this page how would other definitions of excess heat behave on this page how would uh so what do you mean by other definitions uh so for example uh you mean that's uh information geometric uh excess entropy production rates for anyway so yeah if we consider the yeah excess information geometric excess entropy production rates uh for this raster systems the behavior is very similar uh okay I see like defined by mona and panic point okay I got this uh so now uh I do not have any answer now but uh in my understanding uh it might be difficult to generalize such kind of the excess entropy production rates uh for the non-linear uh dynamics uh um because uh we do not assume the existence of the uh unique and uh asymptotically stable yeah no equipment still is that's now I don't have any actually okay thank you okay I think we can continue also questions in discussion time so now um we can go to next speaker I think


G'day, welcome back. This is my Bhut Lossofi Channel and my name is Tech. I acknowledge the traditional custodians of the lands that I live and work on, the Wajik people of Nungabuja. Today, I'm taking a look at this RM Williams boot. Only, it's not a Chelsea boot. This is the RM Williams Riccabee boot. I'm not quite sure why it's called the Riccabee and I think it may be named after Port Riccabee on the western coast of York Peninsula in South Australia. Of course, if you know your RM Williams, you know that they are based in and made in South Australia. If you know your RM Williams, you'll also know that they're famous for their Chelsea boots and you can see my review up here. But yes, they also make lace-up boots. This Riccabee model as well as the new Rizden model and while I can't find them on the website at the moment, they also make or made other lace-up styles like the Randwick and a chucker called the Sturt Desert Boot. The Riccabee was available in a number of leathers but whether due to supply or if they're rationalizing their range, this black newbuck or Kip Leather Boot is no longer shown on the website. I have noticed this before with RM Williams. They are a company that spends money on keeping their website totally up to date and styles and leather selections will change from time to time, get taken off, put back on, it can be quite dizzying. I'll go into the construction later but I'll just mention here that this leather has been variously described by RM Williams or their partner retailer as an overseas stockist as Newbuck or Kip Leather or Oily Furn Leather. RM Williams described these three leathers differently but reading between the lines I suspect that they are basically the same leather but treat it slightly differently in the finish. I think it starts basically with a newbuck leather. Newbuck is corrected, mostly chrome tanned top grain leather and it's not a suede split. Top grain leather is sanded on the grain side not only to remove imperfections and pores and so on but also to slightly raise the nap in the fibres. This treatment makes it more resilient than lightly sanded smooth top grain. The most famous example is I guess Timberlands yellow boot that's Newbuck quite clearly. Then the basic Newbuck hide is retanned I think in this case with oils to infuse the leather with oils and make it more water resistant. From what I can gather this is the same treatment for Oily Furn Leather and to me if this is Oily Furn Leather then it's exactly the same as Kip Leather. It feels exactly the same. It has a smooth down nap and feels slightly waxy or oily to the touch. It's used to make a dressy shaped six inch open odabi style lace-up plain toe boot. The natural colored welt especially around the black leather frames it quite nicely. The toe box is almond shaped but reasonably high wall to create more of a toe puff than a very dressy service boot like a Viberg or some of Parkhurst models are like the Ellenboot which sharpens down and sleeps down. In this oiled Newbuck leather and honestly with with this toe puff reminiscent of the Wolverine thousand mile boot while it does lean to the dressy it also looks firmy like a work boot or at least as much of a work boot style as the Wolverine thousand mile boots. So in this particular makeup I class it as casual no suits but possibly a business casual. In the winter I have worn it with gray jeans and a business cut blazer over a turtleneck and in greys and blacks it works quite well. I've also worn it with dark jeans a button down and a vest for a more relaxed look in the office. The matte black look will also go with pretty much any earth tones or neutral colors like greens or blacks again in a relaxed style or alternately for a very relaxed out bush kind of style in jeans and a fleece shirt. The maker RM Williams is known for their more casual styles but nowadays their Chelsea's can be seen in the boardroom under suits and ties. Started in the 1930s by Reginald Murray or RM Williams he first started making saddles but then found that his most popular product was his Chelsea riding and work boots for station hands and riders. Over the 60s and 70s the company grew on its quality in the outback and in the 80s started to take over in the city full of stockbrokers and lawyers and it became the iconic sought-after Australian boot. It made RM a rich man and he sold the company in the late 1980s and ownership then moved between various private equity firms and at one time the Louis Vuitton Group treating the boots as a luxury item. In my work I meet a lot of station owners and station hands, Raster Bouts and Jackaroos and Gillaroos all of who still lust after their craftsman Chelsea boot but find it beyond their price range. Amongst the Aboriginal people who own cattle stations that I work with they rigorously protect and care for their craftsman boots bought decades ago and bemoan the fact that when they eventually wear out they can't afford the new prices. Throughout their history RM Williams were always made in Australia. It's true some of their accessories like belts and bags and clothing were made overseas but they've always maintained that they needed the experience of their craftspeople in the Adelaide factory to hold standards up in their boots. In the last few years people have noticed standards drop under private equity ownership. I guess you expect cuts when you're chasing the holy dollar but recently they were brought back into Australian private ownership when the RM Williams company was bought by mining magnet Andrew Forrest. Not that he is a romantic he has had a checkered career and reputation in his mining career and he is a businessman after all. At any rate he seems to have for whatever reason patriotic or economic he has returned to sourcing levers from Australia where earlier they had come from France and New Zealand but life is never uncomplicated. The return to Aussie source leather is likely to be more about supply chains than quality or patriotism and it is reported that he is using leather from Harvey beef that's a meat company that he owns. Now that's a very neat circle of economics and vertical integration. Now let's take a look at how these boots are put together. I've already spoken about the leather. The thing about newbuck or oiled kip leather is it takes knocks and scratches. The clicking or leather selection is good but in this leather you don't see massive problems with creases anyway. It should wear well and patina is likely to consist of oily patches being worn here and there and moved around rather than any change in shade or color. It should wear evenly. It's a simple boot pattern of basically three main pieces the vamp and the two quarters. There is no backstay just a neatly stitched seam up the back. Stitching on the hole is pretty neat. There are a few loose ends that could be burned off from here and there but I don't see any particularly wayward stitching or any wheel marks on this pretty soft leather. It is mainly single stitching everywhere including this cosmetic stitch along the quarters which you will find impossible to see being black on black. The quarters are double stitched for strength down here. Now I can't measure the the uppers leather on its own because it's lined but combined with the lining leather it's about four millimeters thick which is average for this kind of boot. The boot is fully lined with a tanned not particularly soft but durable looking leather. It's quite wrinkly. Even the tongue is lined again quite wrinkly. Now the tongue is not gusseted at all but it is quite firm and with a lacing loop sewn into the tongue to lace through it stays in place and it doesn't slip. The heel is slightly stiffened. I think the heel counter is slastic and not leather and so is the toe box which feels just a little bit firmer than the heel. I think the heel counter is sandwiched between the uppers leather and the lining leather but they also I don't know if you can see it they also add a patch of suede inside so that the heel pocket grips to your heel or sock. There are seven antique eyelets no speed hooks but honestly the lacing opens up wide enough that I don't think you need any special hooks to get your feet through. The lace facings and running up to the top of the shaft is just cut leather unfinished. At the top of the shaft is a cloth pull loop at the back same as those you get on the Chelsea boots with the RM Williams name and made in Australia embroidery. These pull loops don't have the address of the headquarters and prospects sewn into them like they do on the Craftsman boots. Inside the boot is a veg tanned leather insole and a leather heel protector for comfort. Going further down into the boot this is constructed using a 270 degree Goodyear welter form of construction. If you want the 101 and Goodyear welts check out my video on the subject. Basically the uppers are turned inwards and on the inside of the boot they're sewn to the inside edge of a leather strip is called the welt. On the outside the outside edge of the welt is sewn through the welt into the midsole and in this case also into the rubber outsole. This means that the boot is recraftable. You can replace the outsole or in fact the entire sole construction by saying it to RM Williams themselves or by using a good cobbler. It also means that the boot is reasonably water resistant because there are no stitches that go from the outside directly into the inside of the boot. There is no midsole as far as I can see except in the back one quarter of the boot. It looks to me like the welt is sewn directly to the eight or nine millimeter thick rubber outsole except the back where I can see a three millimeter leather heel rand acting as the midsole. However, despite the lack of midsole the welt still creates a cavity as it is a three or four mil thick welt around the outside edge though in inside it is a cavity.  This should and to me it does give you a lot of comfort as a cork filling moles of the shape of your foot with enough wear and pressure. It's worth noting that this three quarter leather welt is a storm welt. There is a lip that rises above the welt and that's pressed against the side of the uppers to enhance water resistance. Right at the bottom is a rubber outsole. It looks like the Vibram V700 V bar outsole, but I don't think it is. I don't know who makes it for I'm Williams. Maybe Vibram, but it is stamped long horn brand. So I assume that it is proprietary. The heel is a rubber top lift on top of a stack of leather. The rubber top lift also has the long horn logo stamped in it, which I assume again means it's proprietary. By the way, researching for this video was a bit of a pain. RM Williams is fantastic for media appeal and marketing websites and social media posts, but it is very short on facts and information like who supplies what. I don't think that's trying to hide something. I think that just shows where their focus is as a deemed luxury item. It's all about the item as finished rather than where things come off from. So let's talk about leather care. Whether it's new buck or kip or oily fern, the instructions from RM Williams are roughly the same. Keep the boots clean by wiping over with a damp cloth. If necessary, use a leather cleaner. They sell their own spray on leather cleaner and being this new bucky dry matte kind of look, I'd stay away from saddle silk. Maybe, maybe you can use a suede shampoo. As for conditioning, they do mention saddle dressing or leather conditioner. There's of course, but because both can be quite waxy, if you want to preserve this matte look, I think I'd look at a new buck or suede conditioner. Maybe the spray on type that you can get from Sophia Terago or a Timbaland new buck product. I have some listed in the description below. Scroll down to the bottom of the description if you want to have a look at some of these. As for sizing, if you've watched my reviews of the craftsman and the comfort craftsman, you know that I struggled with sizing those Chelsea's right. These, however, are a half size down from true to size with one caviar. But first to set the parameters, I size in UK or Aussie sizing true to size at seven and a half in a medium width. Now that's true to size on a brand new device, not on a sneaker. That equates to a US 8D and then European 41.5 medium. But I'll talk UK sizing from here on. Just add one number up for US sizes. So true to size at seven and a half, but usually in Americana type boots, I'm a half size down. In English, Australian and European boots, I could be true to size or a half size down depending on which last they are. In these, unlike the craftsman Chelsea boots where I had to go a half size up, I am a half size down and it is a pretty good fit except for some tightness in the toes. While they may look like the same last, I'm convinced that this last is different from the craftsman, which runs narrow and long. In these, at a half size down, the length is right, the heels are locked in and the knuckles at the balls of the feet are okay. They're quite comfortable. But as you can see, this is an almond shaped toe, quite sharply cutting in from the widest part of the ball of the feet. When I first put them on, breaking them in was a nightmare on the toes. Everything else was all right. No heel slip, there was no blisters anywhere, but that toe box really squeezed both my big toe and my little toe side of my feet. After a reasonable breaking period, like I'm talking a month, these were not my favorite pair of boots because the toes kept hurting. Anyway, after a few months on the shelf with a shoe tree shoved in them, I took them out one day to wear them and wonder of wonders, they felt a little stretched. Then after a couple of days wear, they stretched even more and not the roomiest of toe boxes, but they fit me and no more pain. So the caveat about them fitting me a half down from true to size is this. In the RM Williams sizing convention, these are a seven in G width that's equal to a US eight in D width. If you have wider feet, go true to size in their G width or get a half size down but go up in width to an H. As for comfort, apart from my early battles with that toe box they are actually quite comfy. It does feel like my feet are well locked in, the leather and lining is supple so there's no cutting in anywhere and the shock absorption from the rubber heels and the sole and all that cork and leather inside are better even than my craftsman Chelsea boots. As for value, I admit to struggling a bit with the price of RM Williams boots today, they seem to go up with every change of ownership. On the website, these list at Aussie $649. Okay, if you compare them with well made American boots like say whites or with well made English boots like say trickers, they compare well to those. But I honestly don't think they are as well made as trickers or whites. Nothing I can put my finger on just the feel of the heft and the solidity on my feet in comparison to my whites MP boots or my Truman boots even. I have to unenthusiastically say that they are of that value when you compare those prices. Then I look at brands like Grant Stone and Parkhurst from the States. They are considered mid-range but by the time they land in Auss they're about the same price, they're in the mid 600s. When I look at my collection to choose what to wear my mind runs through outfits, comfort, uniqueness and Grant Stone and Parkhurst win out over these in that quick millisecond of subjective consideration. If they weren't Australian they wouldn't be in my collection at that price. So there you go. On the one hand quite an attractive boot from a historic Aussie brand. The manufacturing quality it's pretty good. They are made well and they're comfortable. I can honestly say that I think they are durable and they are going to last me for a lifetime. The only thing against it in my opinion is the current price when new. If you want them maybe it's better to check eBay. And now don't forget to click on the like button and if you're not already a subscriber don't forget to click on the subscribe button as well because I still have a ton of boot reviews to bring to you and as requested I'm also going to do some boot comparisons like I'm going to do a series on Aussie Chelsea work boots. I'm going to do something on my Red Wing Heritage boots and also something for my best boots for date night those sort of things. So stay tuned by subscribing until then everyone take care and I'll see you again soon.