What's up everyone? It's your girl Kenzie here from Layton Sports Guards, and I'm ripping a personal for Antoine G We've got a 2020 Panini contenders optic football hobby as well as a 2021 Panini National Treasures football first off the line box All right Antoine best of luck. Thanks as always for all your support. I'm gonna start with the 2020 Good luck 2020 contenders optic Here we go. First we've got silver MVP contenders of Big Ben The banner off the springer and we've got a rookie ticket of Colcomat for the Bears We've got a base season ticket of Mike Evans bucks Nice one here blue of Tom Brady That is gonna be 99 of 99 bookend nice Brady there game 43 season ticket First hit up. We've got for the Jags on the silver rookie CJ Henderson CJ Henderson for the Jags Not numbered on that base And we've got 20 of 50 rookie auto of Kishan Vaughan on the orange for the bucks And that's gonna be your on-card auto there Kishan Vaughan orange No QB's unfortunately. All right I'll do it for the 2020 contenders optic. All right. Let's heat up here 2021 national treasures football first off the line. You see your photo sticker right there All right. Good luck Antoine. Here we go. Come on big QB hit and photo right there Good for that stars and stripes exclusive Not looking. I want to peek. I've got our base stars and stripes here 7 of 13 Debo Samuel action there to 13 We have treasured rookies one of one ps2 There you go Patrick sartain the second one of one on the rookie It's a good start you got your bottle exclusive and a one of one Nice get that in a mag free Antoine. We got 32 of 99 tremendous treasures of Devon white Bucks magnet this morning.  How about combo materials of Pat fire move and Heath Miller? That's sick 69 of 99 there They do the same chant that they did with heat they used to go heat they go That's cool in there nice dual then we've got century patch 53 of 99 Russell Wilson for the Seahawks Russell Wilson To 99 player war news material there Dual rookie a relic 33 of 35 Michael Carter Michael Carter to 35 three color and single color there on the bottom 74 of 99 rookie Otto a Caleb Farley for the Titans Caleb Farley Rookie Otto, and we've got horizontal three of ten rookie Otto of terrace Marshall, Jr terrace Marshall, Jr. Three of ten three colored patch there Panthers need a big redemption here after this one Then we've got 10 of 15 Rod Woodson another stealer hit there Rod Woodson 10 of 15 Alright, come on. We need a big hit here for you Antoine Let's see what we got Playoff and T Rookie patch autographs stars and stripes blue card 159 Justin Congratulations on that one Antoine Finally big QB hit for you have been hunting the past couple Sundays.  There you go They're saying it's already been signed. So if you do redeem that you should get it pretty quickly. Hopefully Congrats Antoine heck of a hit there. Thanks so much for your support as always. We'll get this right out to you


Imagine this. Vibrant discussions, insightful presentations, and meaningful connections all against the backdrop of beautiful St Lucia. That is the Car for Health Research conference in a nutshell. It is where public health practitioners from across the world come to the Caribbean. Discussions started here can set the stage for transformative change in public health across the region. I'm Karlyn Curtin. I'm the Communications Manager at Car for Health. Of course I'm going to the Car for Health Research conference and you should too. Register now at conference.carfor.org.


Good evening and Konbanwa from the International House of Japan. It is 5.30 in the evening here in Tokyo. A warm welcome to the very first session of the Leaders Shaping the Future of the Indo-Pacific Series. My name is Aiko Doden, special affairs commentator at NHK World TV, also the trustee member at the International House of Japan. Thank you all for registering and for joining the session. Let me speak very, very briefly about the aim of this series we are launching this year in 2021. As we live through the pandemic, we have had to respond to this unprecedented challenge in our own way, no matter where we live. This virus is such that it forces us to be physically distant from each other and it prevents us from reaching out to people, meeting people, when comfort and encouragement are most needed. There are concerns in the social and the global arena that the current situation can worsen division and give rise to anti-globalism, nationalism or racism, that would negatively impact the willingness on the part of the people to come together and to work towards a shared goal. That is precisely why at the International House of Japan we have decided to launch this webinar to provide a platform for people to get together, to share their views and insights and to demonstrate empathy and solidarity. Key figures who are making such a great difference in their own capacity in the region are invited to speak, to share with us their vision and experience. Topics will be diverse from democracy and governance, education and human rights, architecture and smart city and so on, focusing on the issues that matter to us all today. Very nice, it is sad that we won't have coffee breaks where we can continue conversation or take a walk in our beautiful Japanese garden at the International House of Japan but let's hope that we can all do that when the time is right. Our very first speaker today really requires no introduction. Audrey Tan, Taiwan's digital minister has graciously agreed to speak. Audrey Tan is, hello Audrey. Thank you very much for joining us. Thank you. Audrey Tan, as you know, is Taiwan's digital minister in charge of social innovation. She is best known as one of the central figures of Taiwan's anti-virus efforts by implementing measures that made full use of IT as well as mask she's holding in an effort to bring virus under control. When she took office at 35 she was the youngest minister in Taiwan's history and Minister Tan has come to be known as Taiwan's genius but I know that she says the active use of IT is not just to bring a virus under control but that it is also about social innovation that shapes Taiwanese democracy, the Taiwan model. So Minister Audrey Tan, delighted to have you today and great to see you again. Very nice to see you again after half a year, right? If I remember correctly. Yes. And I'm really happy to share about the Taiwan model which is after all a all of society model that stemmed from our collective memory of SARS in 2003. And as a result is a people-public-private partnership where the best idea came from the social sector such as mass-creationing visualization as well as what I call humor over rumor. A lot of very memorable memes that reminds people to wear a mask to protect ourselves from our own hands things like that. So as you say it's not just about containing the virus but it's it's also about the social fabric social cohesion would I be right in saying that? That's exactly right. Our modus operandi is to fight the pandemic with no lockdown and fight the infodemic with no takedown. Lockdown or takedown might be of course necessary if things are spirit out of control but in Taiwan in the past year we've never had to declare a constitutional state of emergency meaning that we've been operating under the normal democratic control with the parliamentary oversight interpolation and all that and because of that we must work with the people not just for the people when it comes to all the measures that we must take during the pandemic. And latest COVID-19 situation in Taiwan shows 842 confirmed cases and seven deaths. Taiwan's effort has made it one of the the safest place on earth people say. Many countries including Japan wonder what lessons can be learned from Taiwan? I think first and foremost this is all about the speed of the iteration of the measures. I call this fast, fair and fun. The fast part is built upon this daily press conferences that the central epidemic conference answers each and every of journalists questions until they run out of question of the day but even after the live streamed press conference anyone can call 192 to the toll-free number as well as chatpots and so on to ask follow-up questions and a call center in more than 95% of the cases very quickly gives a scientific explanation and in the rare case like back in April last year when a young boy called saying you're rationing out masks to me and oh I get this pink medical mask what am I to do the very next day next 2 p.m. or everybody in CEC wore pink masks regardless of gender and so this is a very fast iteration cycle that I think could be learned by pretty much any jurisdiction of course the fairness the equitable access to PPEs and the humor over rumor these are also memorable points. But how is Taiwan reacting to this recent development of COVID-19 variants and what are the measures being taken? Yeah well no matter how it mutates I'm pretty sure the physical vaccine that's to say the mask will still work so we're all still wearing masks and washing our hands that said we did decide to tighten our quarantine measures for travelers coming in from Taiwan actually starting today everyone must either go to a quarantine hotel or a group currency facility made available or if they decide to stay at their residence they must fulfill this one person per residence used to be per like flat with their own bathroom but now it's per residence other than that we've also tightened up penalties for people who get noticed that they're not wearing masks in the public crowded spaces and if they refuse to put on the mask there's now a fine so these are the two more important measures for our winter measures. But you know we've lived through this pandemic for about a year now and I've spoken to you the previous time about a half a year ago and I have felt that perhaps just you know mechanical social distancing won't be enough you know what I'm saying is that there has to be some conscious understanding that protecting yourself means protecting others you know the loved ones the society the essential worker would I be right in saying that? Definitely in Taiwan we very interestingly has a place where it's cheaper less expensive to go to a pharmacy and get a mask and then go to a nearby clinic and get a diagnosis it's even more accessible and inexpensive than the drive-through tests in other jurisdictions because of the single payer healthcare system and so we said that it's everyone's duty to take care of themselves even if they develop COVID like symptoms even if it's not COVID it's still safer to just go to a pharmacy to get a mask and go to a clinic to get a full check just to protect everyone involved. But how come how has Taiwanese people come to acquire that develop that understanding collectively? I think this is entirely almost entirely because of our experience with the SARS in 2003 everyone above 30 years old remember how bad SARS was and I remember like personally the municipal government saying different things to the central government it was quite chaotic people rushed to panic by N95 medical grade masks the barricading of the herping hospital and announced and so on and so because I guess people above 30 years are still the majority of the population people do remind each other the importance of wearing a mask and washing hands and social distancing. And vaccine obviously is good news but we will all be safe only when know that there is fair and equal distribution around the world how does Taiwan seek to ensure its people that there will be a fair access to vaccine? Well because that single pay national health ISE card covers 99.99% of citizens not just citizens actually but also residents immigrant workers in Taiwan we plan to use the same mask rationing ideas to ensure a equitable access of course that depends on the specific vaccines like the temperature the storage logistics and so on so at the moment I don't have like the algorithm details but it's very likely that it will be something like the mask distribution and it will be built upon single payer national ISE card of health care. So would you be making most of the the scheme enabled by IT? That's exactly right the especially the NHI the national health insurance app saw more than 10-fold use downloads and so on so that people understand that they can get the real-time information not only about masks and so on but actually about all their previous diagnosis their previous visits to doctors and dentists and so on all in a single app and this is a kind of new awareness enabled by the pandemic in the Taiwanese people. Now during our last conversation you have said that the IT is not a magic wand that IT alone won't provide solution to problems and if trust between the government and the people is the integral part of what you call Taiwan model how do you nurture that trust? Yeah IT only connects machines together digital connects people together and so I make the distinction because really if you look at the live stream conference or the toll-free number the call center and so on these are not very high-end IT right you only require a radio television station and a landline a phone right so this is not cutting edge on the other hand the use of these is cutting edge so when for example we first started rationing out masks in the beginning of February there's a such innovation on the civic tech side that showed the availability of masks in the form of a map on the other hand the pharmacists also innovated among themselves and invented take a number system where they collect the IC card on the morning hand them the numbers until the citizens to go back in the evening in return to your IC card back with their allotted masks so that they can process the IC card during the lunch break now individually these are great social innovations but taken together this is like Mentos plus Coca-Cola it explodes because on the mask map you will see the pharmacists that hand out take number systems like sale nothing on the morning and sales everything during the lunch break right and so for a long time it will be inaccurate so much so that there's a nearby pharmacy near my resident that simply said in the front of its window saying don't trust the app now of course we had to adjust and we did adjust by listening to the pharmacist but first we apologised like very swiftly like the next day and then show the competence of taking in the suggestion from the pharmacist namely on the map display one field for the collection of numbers and one field for the collection of the mask and we wrote out the very next Thursday and eventually a couple of Thursdays from then we started brainstorming how to make it even more accurate so that we invented a system where the pharmacy can press a button and disappear from the map soon as they hand out all their numbers for the day and so on so those two social innovations start working together so I would say that first the collective intelligence have a way to listen at scale a rapid response like oh and apologize when there's a incompetence discovered and then show the competence to remedy that within the next iteration cycle in our case within the next Thursday so social participation the civic participation sounds like the key and both the government and the the public do have to to be careful because such trust can be eroded so fast when something goes wrong that's right yes see and some people are still skeptical though with regards to the use of it they say it can work negatively in perhaps creating a further digital divide or social media can also become a tool that you know deepens polarization you know in a democracy how do you try and find the balance between reaching a consensus but also respecting the the views of the minority yeah for example when we started racial elder masks there's a lot of people's suggestion that those real name rationing can be implemented on top of mobile payment systems on the other hand because the elderly and the people who are less effective with their mobile phones probably are not going to enroll in that uh the numbers show that if we implement that instead of the national health ic conch then we will only reach about half of the population but in order for the r-value to be at their one we really need more than three-quarter of the population wearing masks and washing their hands so we did not use mobile payment as the real name rationing system but instead chose to work with the community pharmacists who do have the trust for their communities and more importantly the elderly people already know how to refill their prescriptions and so we designed the process to work exactly as the familiar process that the elderly people already had with the pharmacy so this spirit is to bring technology to the people instead of asking the people to adapt to technology this called appropriate technology and then we work also on pro-social messaging like humor over rumor so that we are not stuck with the more anti-social side of social media that can build our own pro-social side of digital public infrastructure i i sort of bundled two questions into one and and the latter part of my question about uh in the democracy system if democracy is all about consensus building a consensus how do you balance consensus and um respecting the views of the minority i think uh one key insight is that there's more than one way to do it to do digital service delivery uh when Howard Wu from China City shared the mask rationing map availability map that's one way to do it but then Fingem Kiong built another map out of open street map technology very quickly many other people such as Frank from the HTC DeepQ team built a chatbot that is more friendly for people who are more used to the line ecosystem and then people with voice assistants that speak different languages as well as so-called analysis dashboards for the planners out there and so on and so at the end there's more than 140 different applications based on the same real-time data of mask availability and so we understand that no single app can fulfill the need of every population on the other hand because the open API is there for everyone to use anyone who think of a different application can just go ahead and do it um more broadly about the system within the democracy like in Taiwan um the country Taiwan has legalized the same-sex marriage for example um how did you balance the the consensus versus the views of the minority actually there is a consensus when it comes to the one constitutional court ruling and a two referendum on this matter in that pretty much everyone is okay with marriage equality that marries the bylaw relationship that is to say individual to individuals but many people are not okay with the in-law relationship that is to say the family-to-family relationships just like in Japan right when two persons wed their families also wed and for marriage equality what we have done is innovate just like Taiwan is called between the Eurasian plate on one side and the Philippine sea plate on the other and they bump into each other and Taiwan raises like literally the top Taiwan raises two and a half centimeters every year we see the tension between the individual to individual view and the family-to-family view and when they bump together we innovate and say hey let's legalize marriage equality by saying for homosexual couples they only wed as individuals marrying the bylaws but not their families that they're not in-laws and that made everybody happier if not perfectly happy it's not like very fine consensus but it's a rough consensus that everybody can live with and so the key is to find common values that unites those different positions together but how do you balance inclusion and diversity yeah inclusion to me means making sure that the diverse values and diverse sounds and voices of the people are taken in a way as i mentioned it in a way that's taking all the sides so we personally tour around Taiwan prompted by social innovators youth advisors or reverse mentors and so on and for each of those controversial issues instead of just saying hey there's a diverse representative we make sure that each representative can actually tour around the multiple stakeholders and take all the sides and argue things from the different viewpoints of the different affected stakeholders and only then can we synthesize their views and deliver the sort of innovation that works better for everyone why is diversity and inclusion both so important to taiwan in taiwan we have more than 20 national languages that is to say we have more than 20 ways of interpreting history of interpreting the society that we all live in on the other hand all those 20 plus coaches agree on basic things such as the single payer health system the universal access to education and brabant as human right and so on and so there are a lot of work put into the transcultural point of view that is to say i'm not only bound by the culture that i'm born into but i can choose any of the other 20 or so cultures in taiwan and view the same policy making through the different lens of those cultural identities so we wouldn't make progress that only work for one single culture at the expense of the other coaches can you tell us a little about a little bit about the the teaching from your mother which you often quote that each and every culture has its own unique value one is neither superior nor inferior to others now would i be saying in understanding that in essence it is a message about creating a society that is both diverse and inclusive i think that is an excellent summary and basically the message is this what we have is a transcultural republic of citizens and by citizens i mean people actively participating in the polity so not just like people in general but people who are part of the civic or the social sector is that how civic participation is encouraged and strengthened definitely instead of saying hey you have to be 18 or 20 years old to participate in democracy actively contributing to elections and so on in taiwan actually people who are as young as 15 or 16 are actually the most active they're responsible for more than i think one quarter of all the petitions start in the join that go be the tbr national e-petition system for things like you know banning the plastic straws and things like that and so i think even for the very young people actually maybe especially the very young people they are less burdened by the business as usual the usual way of doing things and they care a lot more about the future and the sustainability and so on so they form natural alliance with people who are like 70 or 80 years old the both age groups care the most about the long-term future would you call that taiwan model as well well i would say yes definitely taiwan model is fundamentally about people public private partnership the order is important so anything that is led by the social sector that has people working with the public sector and then the public sector amplifying and then working with the private sector i would say it shines through the taiwan model for not just really pandemic or infodemic but also on climate change and other issues has the the the teaching from your mother the idea had an impact on you in encouraging civic participation and in creating a society or a system where everyone has a say yeah definitely my earliest memory was my mom like co-founding a environmental group the homemakers union and they later on formed a consumer cooperative and work a lot with participatory accountability for organic farming and other environmental friendly agricultural products and things like that so i guess i am immersed by osmosis in the cooperative now they will call it the platform cooperative infrastructure that's part of our social sector when we think about the the way forward we say you know we are all in this pandemic together but disparity and inequality still persists you know even when you know we all have to work collectively to tackle the problem what are the challenges and opportunities facing us as we live the new normal yeah we're very fortunate in that doctor simon promised and we delivered brahman as a human right in her first term as a president because if not for the fact that more than 90 percent of pharmacies have fiber optic lines to the national health insurance we will probably not be able to update the masquerading in real time or process those ic cards in such as with an efficient fashion and so brahman as a human right really is a challenge and we see during the pandemic in jurisdictions that do not have brahman as a human right and not only do the health suffers but also learning but also civic participation or really just a livability suffers so that's the main challenge and then opportunities that grows out of brahman as human right is definitely more international cross-discipline and transcultural collaboration because once you have brahman as a human right in addition to the knowledge sharing that we are now doing you can share a lot more with brahman you can share the place you live in you can co-create in virtual reality you can form long-term like relations through the virtual reality augmented reality and things like that and I become a much more regular user of VR technologies during the pandemic even co-creating art with people in the museum and so on using this XR space which has a built-in 5G chip and can be controlled by hand gesture alone without a controller and my latest art co-creation was on the virtual tip the peak of metahorn mountain in Switzerland and so that shows the possibilities of transcultural relationships across the virtual augmented realities no in spite of the fact that we have been in this pandemic for over a year now your forward-looking thinking and almost optimism where does that come from yeah I think a lot of this optimism comes from the visible impact of each and every small suggestions made by the social innovators in Taiwan it could be about pink masks about rainbow masks it could be about using traditional rice cookers to cure the virus but doesn't cure the mask and things like that and very swiftly they get amplified through the through the social sector and through everyone in collaboration even the business district in the nightlife district like the host and hostess boss were part of the counter-pandemic team by co-creating the real contact system where the patrons are still anonymous from the state from the government but still leaves a like pay sim card or a throwaway email address that allowed them to be contacted and if there's no local outbreak for weeks and it all gets shredded and so on so it's this very simple to creation with the people not just for the people that gives me the optimism the democracy is indeed deepening even during the infodemic and pandemic so do you think making a paradigm shift in the global pandemic is possible yes it is and it shows the direction of as I mentioned transcultural international and also across age groups inter-generation of solidarity thank you thank you minister Tan I think we have questions from the audience as well the the first question I have my notes here I will read it to you comes from International House Nitobe fellow Hiroyuki Yakshi director planning and t-cut process division african department jica japan international corporation agency now what role can digital technology and innovation can play in building a resilient society many people around the world have lost their jobs new educational opportunities and hopes due to this covid crisis deep backed on the poor and vulnerable groups such as women and children is particularly serious now what is your thoughts of the role that digital technology and innovation can contribute to empowering those vulnerable groups what would you say well in our experience especially on a stimulus part in the taiwan's playbook that is to say after we moved from the alleviation part to the stimulus part the very young as well as the especially women entrepreneurs of small and medium enterprises that are of course the hardest hit but they show the most resilience and are the most eager and capable in learning digital technologies the government not only provided the stipends such as the triple stimulus vouchers that encourages those face to face commerce to resume after everyone gets used to the online e-commerce and delivery we say no if you go out and shop like face to face for three thousand and eight dollars the state reimbursed two-third of that back and it's very popular almost everyone in taiwan as well as people with permanent residence certificates enjoy the use of the triple stimulus vouchers but again this is built upon our decades-long digital opportunity center programs our digital companionship programs our extent of the women entrepreneurship supports through the small and medium enterprise agency and so on so I think what really pays is to invest in such digital public infrastructures during the time before the pandemic so that people still feel that they could digitally transform during the pandemic and no already a group of people the mentors and so on that they can reach out to so such social infrastructures are also very much worth investing after all of us gets vaccinated in any jurisdiction you know our previous conversation you said that I'm sorry I don't remember it correctly but you know every every rock has a crack and that the light can shine through yes there's a crack in everything and that's how the light gets in is from Lena Cohen and can you elaborate that for us definitely so the full quote from the singer-songwriter Lena Cohen was in a quote ring the bells that still can ring forget your perfect offering there's a crack in everything and that's how the light gets in unquote now to me forget your perfect offering this stanza once I learn about it it cures my perfectionism I used to be a little bit perfectionist and I don't easily share my work until it's polished but after I learned this from Lena Cohen I'm like yeah of course I'll just publish the imperfect ideas and then of course people will offer criticism but then I would just invite people who criticize for example as I mentioned the pharmacist that criticized the mask availability mob or vice versa into our co-creation scene and that's how the light gets in because without an imperfect copy to work from there really is no way for the public to co-create thank you and the next question is from Jaideep Hardikar who is a freelance journalist in India also I house Asia leadership fellow program fellow he says in the 1960s and 1970s the developing world faced issues with regard to communication imbalances driven by control of the west over satellite technology today it is the data highways that are controlled by a few corporations which in turn virtually control a lives and privacy on all spheres and aid the regimes and the regimes in power in different countries are tinkering with the very notion of democracy do you think we need a broad global regulatory regime with nation-specific protocols to bring some semblance of rights and justice for the citizenry how are you dealing with it well we right if the question frames it as a privacy issue i'm not sure that it is truly controlled by just a few corporations i mean we are using sysco webex at the moment but we could as easily use i don't know gc meat either as meat right or microsoft teams or any of those suppliers and there's many free software open stores alternatives as well to the sysco webex technology that we are using and i say this because in taiwan for example dr lee went down from wuhan's message that there were and i quote seven sars cases discovered unquote was disseminated in taiwan not on facebook not on twitter not even online but on pt t which is the taiwanese equivalent of reddit and the pt t belongs firmly in the social sector because it's not a company it doesn't have shareholders it's literally like students pet projects that run for decades from the national taiwan university and it's all the infrastructure is essentially subsidized by the university and the ministries of education and science and technology and so what i'm trying to get at is that if we debate and deliberate in the public spaces like the hide park right or in my office the social innovation lab which is also a park then people expect to behave in a way as the public infrastructures on the other hand if people debate about public issues and deliberate in private company spaces that would be like holding a town hall in a drinking bar that sells addictive advertisements or addictive liquors and things like that and it would be a kind of misuse of the sort of the private sectors aces for public infrastructure purposes and so i think because taiwan has a very little to man very strong social sector so i'm more optimistic on this regard but i do agree in jurisdictions where the public infrastructures are essentially taken over by private institutions then we do need to think about how to expand the governing mechanisms to make for more cooperative governing as well as to make more choices based on free software movement principles um i sense that the jitip might be concerned with the the the powerful countries having certain amount of control over information or or it can often be a few just a handful number of corporations which can become an actually powerful what would you say to that the same answer i gave to the diversity and inclusion question right there is a diversity in the choices and it is the social sector as well i guess the public sector's job to contribute to them in taiwan for example the joint platform for e-petition that is entirely social sector and it's what i call pro-social media because the replies are in two columns both supporting and maybe a different opinion to the petitioner but there's no way to reply to each other in a thread or call each other names and as a result of that deliberate design there's no way for trolls to grow and if more public institutions use public infrastructure design for pro-social interaction then the corporates will also get pressured to be more publicly minded in a feature set an algorithmic accountability and transparency that they offer but if you do not have viable alternatives then of course the negotiations with those global corporations are not that easy at all so viable alternatives in the public sphere using free software principles hosted down to the metal level in the places that we trust like the national center for high-speed computation and so on that is necessary as a response to jideep's question thank you we have questions from the the audience who've registered for this event i have four questions so far with me here but i think we have time for more than four the first question would be could you elaborate on why you are interested in local initiatives and in what ways can they be connected to global initiatives yeah i think the local initiatives are the most important because just as i mentioned the pharmacists who will serve mostly their local community have the most trust they're the most trustworthy when it comes to medical advices imagine if we roll out maceration in first inconvenient stores the stuff in convenience stores are probably less trusted even if they share the same information about hesitation and appropriate mask use and so on and so a local legitimacy infrastructure built upon daily interactions with the respected experts and so on i think this is fundamental for the social sector to grow on the other hand because broadband is a human right all the pharmacists have access to the latest information by the central epitome on sensor and their counterparts in international scientific community and whenever there is a new invention happening uh they could also share it with their online like digital counterparts that connects people together regardless of their actual physical distance and so i would argue that if the social sector grows strongly locally then the activists would not feel alone in their endeavor and they are much more empowered to then connect to the global community with something to contribute and the next question is though it has created terminal and tragedies it could also be said that this pandemic has made people aware of other people's feelings i hope digital technology will be used to convey people's mind and feelings what do you think would be desirable changes in how sns will operate in the future yeah i think the pandemic really changes uh the way sns is used because showing off for example is considered inappropriate now during the pandemic and i hope for good right so the sns s status symbols is replaced by reminding each other to stay healthy to stay safe to live long and prosper and so on so the more pro-social work of the social networks i think that is definitely what we see in the zeitgeist during the pandemic now going forward i think this will also be used to bring more solidarity to for example the climate crisis and things like that to bring people who suffer the more from the climate crisis to people who maybe live in places that are less affected and so on and so i think yeah indeed this is a groundbreaking change if i were to ask a follow-up question in what way do you think the digital technology can contribute to to tackling global issues including the the climate crisis yeah as i mentioned the dashboards the maps and so what things that makes it possible for data coalitions and collaboratives to form is essential in taiwan we have a lot of primary schoolers just working on air quality measurements and so on using very inexpensive air boxes that together form a distributed ledger that forms the backbone of our sibo iot system sci.taiwan.gov.tw and when everyone is a data steward everyone can learn not just about literacy but also competence how to make use of the numbers how to tell the stories based on those numbers how to make art to from those numbers on visualization and communication and things like that which were very difficult to teach if you work in a literacy mindset but very easy actually if everyone is a producer of media and of data and the the next question is what do you think would be the hardest challenge for you to tackle in the next coming five years yeah one of the issues that is very very difficult is as i mentioned the shift from literacy which is ultimately a radio and television style one way mass media communication to competence which is listening at scale because in all the different jurisdictions there are already existing hierarchical infrastructures that's more designed in a way that's top down and of course it used to be the vertical hierarchies and communications were the most effective before the white use of mobile internet and broadband as a human right but nowadays we exist in a space where it's actually more easy to broadcast to non-specific people and then listen at scale rather than to choose specific people on your vertical report line to communicate with and so this shift from the more vertical way of intelligence and command line recommend change to work to a more broad augmented and assistive collective intelligence this is the way that the society is indeed shifting but the larger institutions such as the government if they do not make the digital transformation this way then they may be rendered less relevant than if they were before talking about the hierarchy within the system I understand you have introduced the the reverse mentor system can you elaborate yes exactly so yeah for I think we are at the third assembly of the youth advisors the reverse mentors to the cabinet now and each reverse mentor is mentoring one or more of our cabinet ministers they are always under 35 years old and they point the new directions for the ministry to work with it could be for example reviving cooperative structures in the time of social innovation and platform economy it could be for example for the world skills competition champions to enjoy the same national day celebration as well as the integration to the university courses and also basic education as the olympic athletes and things like that and once they point out the direction we work with the ministers who are older and older than 35 right so the older ministers work with the younger reverse mentors to both learn from those new policy directions and how to engage the public and then implement using the resources that the ministries have as I think this is a great way for intergenerational solidarities to form because the young people do not just criticize right they bring viable new directions but that might be considered the revolutionary or even radical in many asian countries where a seniority or the hierarchy matter quite a bit have there been any like negative reaction from the people in the system well the trick is that in taiwan too of course we yield to seniority as a norm but we yield also actually more to written regulations so the point is that we need to institutionalize it and write a very formal regulation that costs the reverse mentors not any informal names but they are actually cabinet advisors right so people yield to their institutionalized position once they are known as cabinet advisors then of course we yield to their position and the seniority is a second concern but if we do not have a very solid regulation to enable them in their position then of course seniority and other characteristics enter the picture that does that also mean that the conventional wisdom will not provide all of the solutions in the new normal I think conventional wisdom is very important in making sure that the inclusion part that is to say this idea will be integrated into the social norm but we also need radical social innovations in both the of course more visible natural science and applied technology for industry but also for the social sciences and novel ways to organize people together I think these two are like the you know right and the left wing of an airplane and that's together it balances the need for conserving the conventional wisdom as well as the need to react to emergent phenomena and then another another question from the viewers how do you keep your calm posture in the midst of turmoil I sleep for eight hours or more every night and that's it and that's it but but your work must keep you terribly busy though that's right but after work I don't bring my laptop or my iPad to the residence in my day-to-day work and so I am not captured by the touchscreen I'm not a perma work person and so if I don't have time to sleep for eight hours that night maybe I sleep only seven and then I make sure that I sleep for one hour during the lunch nap but most of the time I think six days out of seven a week I do sleep for more than eight hours and that ensures a calm integration of the various positions that I hear during the day into a cohesive integrated value when I wake up okay another question with various information at hand how do you select the right ones and make a decision yeah I think the most important thing here is to crowdsource the intelligence we make sure that people crowd moderate similar to the join petition system where people can out-vote and down-vote any ideas we use polis which is also out-voting and down-voting P-O-L-I-S the GOV.TW is now part of our government public infrastructure but it's also a free software project that's freely available to any social sector organizations so using polis the best ideas are not the one that get most votes but rather the best idea are the one that resonates with the most diverse groups of people and if you design the algorithm to reflect this rough consensus only people who propose ideas that work across aisles will be highlighted and that is how we solved for example the uber-x regulatory dilemma back in 2015 and also how we worked to open up our mountains open up our oceans and so on all thanks to this listen skill AI assistive intelligence conversation tool another question what would you do if you would like to make amends with people who are hostile or aggressive to you yeah I thank them for their contribution I appreciate their novel and creative use of language and then I invite them to co-create the most likely question I will ask to actually a upset pharmacist at the beginning of masquerading is what would you do if you are the digital minister and then they actually offer some really good ideas another question which is quite long as one of the world's greatest thinkers in STEM and a person who identifies on the non-normative gender and sexuality spectrum how do you see the relationship between personal identity and science given that conventional wisdom seems to regard science as neutral and value free can you please comment on the role of a future of diversity on the part of science as you see it yeah I get asked this a lot like you're a digital minister how can you to be non-binary so I often remind people that digital comes from digits and I have 10 digits right it's decimal it's definitely not binary being a digital minister I see digital which in Mandarin is the same as plural is more than one there's more than one way to do it there's more than two possibilities when it comes to gender and there's more than 10 I guess different cultures and national languages in Taiwan so my main approach to STEAM because I add art also the creative field to it which England also designed to it I approach STEAM with the idea of taking all the science again I think STEAM is this great canvas on top of which that everybody held a piece of the puzzle and only by completing each other's puzzle can we actually have a overview of the actual picture in science technology engineering art and also in mathematics I see I think time is almost up I'd like to ask one question to you Minister Tan people say this pandemic has been a wake-up call in many ways what what do you think we are waking up to I think we are waking up to a planetary solidarity that is to say for the first time we are facing this same issue that is of common urgency regardless of where you are on the planet no one is left behind no one is exempted from this issue not even the Antarctica evidently and so because of that now that we form a planetary workforce to tackle a common issue we can extend that to tackle infodemic to tackle climate change to tackle the digital governance issues that people brought up and we will work on that with renewed solidarity across cultures and nations and generations one follow-up question from the audience your your idea it's a very practical question minister's idea fast, fair, fun is what I think Japan needs to know needs now how do you make your citizens understand it and change their behavior in Taiwan we make sure that it's not just me who spread those ideas we have people responsible for engagement of participation officers in each and every ministry and maybe the questioner already know the answer but I will secret anyway the participation officer of the Ministry of Health and Welfare lives with the dog Shiba Inu and so instead of the PL themselves making the public speeches it is the very cute Shiba Inu then the Song Chai making such announcements such as when you're indoor keep three Shiba Inu is away and out are two Shiba Inu is away wear a mask to protect yourself against your own and wash hands and things like that and so work with humor making sure that the humor has a higher r-value above rumor and before long the citizens will start remixing those ideas in the commas and the ideas were spreading with blood faster thank you that that would be something that we should remember as we fight through this pandemic I have nothing more to add than to thank Minister Tan for generously making the time for this webinar and to all the participants for for joining this webinar our conversation reminds us that neither IT nor vaccination alone can put an end to the spread of the virus the pandemic no doubt will continue to be a challenge for all of us but as Minister Tan elaborated we can turn this into an opportunity perhaps to work towards a more resilient and caring world where no one is left behind and I do hope that we will make some progress into that direction this year in year 2021 so please give a big virtual round of applause to Minister Audrey Tan thank you very much thank you thank you and live long and prospering thank you that would bring us to the end of the conversation with Minister Audrey Tan and we've covered quite a bit and there's so much to take away from this conversation today I'd like to thank the co-organizers and sponsors I would like to thank the series is made possible by Asia Society Japan Center Mitsubishi UFJ research and consulting shahani associates the Japan Foundation Asia Center MRA Foundation Tanaka UK Japan Educational Foundation and our next session is scheduled for next week on January the 21st 22nd from 6 o'clock to 7 o'clock Japan Standard Time and the topic will be on education in the COVID-19 world we will have a video message from Nobel Peace Prize laureate Malala Yusuf Azai and speakers include Ms Ling Kobayashi who is co-founder and chair of the board United World College Isaac Japan and Ms Kathy Matsui board member of Asian University for Women Support Foundation so thank you all for joining the session please stay safe and healthy I hope that you will join us again next week thank you and goodbye from Tokyo


Going on everyone Sam here late in sports car dripping two boxes a 22 it tops tier one baseball hobby for Peter M It's good luck here, Peter. It's been a long time since I've ripped one of these. So how we get to Good luck Peter. See a trout or something to Austin Riley 308 out of 349 for the Braves Followed by a Miguel Sanchez 60 out of 299 rookie auto for the Brewers nice one there And nice one here. We got silver ink 9 of 10 Anthony Rizzo for the Yanks. There we go Peter.  Why is he what does that come from? Yeah, yeah, whatever. I don't know Lars Newport 54 out of 299 rookie auto for the Cardinals Congrats St. Louis or not St. Louis Congrats Peter and Then nice one here. We got a Hall of Fame hit Paul Molliter 76 out of 125 Blue Jays Congrats on that Peter I'm doing for your break there Peter. Thanks again as always for the support man. We do appreciate it get those right out to you buddy


So, what you would like to do today is to look back at what we have done so far and then apply it for different applications. Specific example I would like to take today is oxygen sag in river systems. We have spoken about it at an earlier stage, but today we thought we look at you know how various numbers come together in trying to understand what happens to oxygen in a river and how the pollution load that we introduce into the river due to variety of reasons. Either man made or natural whatever that how it affects the rivers, oxygen supply and how we can restore things like that. This is what we would like to do in this exercise. So, let us quickly recall what we have done before. So, we have a river system going this is and you have let us say sewage enters the river. Now, this river may have a certain velocity and as this river flows and as this sewage gets mixed with this river and therefore, the sewage oxygen or what is called the oxygen demand oxygen demand of the waste. So, this oxygen demand of the waste will start to utilize whatever oxygen that is present in the water and whatever oxygen that diffuses from the atmosphere into the water. And therefore, you will find the oxygen availability would be different from what it was previously. We would like to of course, see how this oxygen levels deplete and how the oxygen levels restore itself and so on. So, let us write our to just to recap let us write our equations once again. So, we have we are writing a balance for oxygen say input of oxygen minus output of oxygen plus generation of oxygen equal to accumulation of oxygen. So, let us write it for steady state by steady state we mean that there is no change with respect to time as you go along the river. So, this is not there. So, let us say the velocity of the river velocity of the river is u. So, u and cross section area is v s a. So, at any position x minus of u a c at any position x plus delta x and then you have oxygen supply because of oxygen transfer. So, I will call that as some k 2 times c s minus of c some a delta x this is the amount of oxygen that is coming in from the atmosphere oxygen. And now you have the oxygen present in the river which is consumed by the pollution. So, let us say in due to our sewage input the sewage is whatever is in this region. So, you are putting the sewage.  So, this is the the oxygen consumed by the sewage plus you have of course, what is called as r r p minus of r s. So, these are this is photosynthetic oxygen production this is photos this is the respiratory oxygen demand and sediment oxygen demand times a delta x equal to 0. Now, this is something we have done I am just doing it once again just to recap what we have done before. So, you have the material flowing into this control volume let us say this is the control volume. So, much is coming in let me so much of oxygen is coming in so much of oxygen is going out. And then so much of oxygen is supplied during in this this is oxygen supply k 2 times you know multiplied by a delta x and then some amount of oxygen that is used up because of the pollution load which is this quantity. And then naturally you we have photosynthetic oxygen production you have oxygen consumption because of respiration the oxygen consumption in the sediments all that is taken into account and we call this as minus beta we call this as minus beta. So, let us just simplify this this please simplify this please help me so that we can put all these numbers. So, what I am going to do now is divide throughout by a delta x and take the limit as x tends to 0 and so on. So, when you do that you get minus u d c d x the first term can see here please see here divide throughout by a delta x. So, it becomes minus u a cancels of d c d x plus k 2 times c s minus of c minus of k 1 s minus of beta equal to 0 please make sure that our numbers our equations are proper you can see here. So, I have let me run through this once again.  So, this becomes no change in sign this is a minus sign and this is a minus sign nothing has been nothing nothing new has been done all right. Now, we have to solve these equations and we have done this before and we recognize here this s this s is s is pollution load pollution load and this pollution load we assume that it is d k s therefore, s at any time is some s naught e to the power of minus of k 1 times tau where tau equal to residence time residence time of pollution load load. Now, what we are trying to say is that if k 1 is a rate constant for the removal of the pollution that we put into the water and tau is the residence time therefore, any instant at any position after a time of residence you will find that the value of s would be this. So, that means s naught minus of s would have been the consumption of oxygen of the river. Now, we have done all these things if you recall we had defined a term called this is what is called oxygen sag this called oxygen sag. Why is it called oxygen sag you would generally expect the river to be at near saturation, but at the moment it is different from saturation. So, it is this difference which is called oxygen sag what is important for us is to recognize that the oxygen sag should be a small as possible showing that the oxygen level in the river must be close to saturation. So, that aquatic life is able to perform its natural functions. So, we have solved this problem we have solved this problem for the situations of our interest and I just write down the solution because we have done this before. So, we will not do this again because it is already well known to us. So, we will not do this again I just write down the solutions that we know. So, what we have shown before this is what we have shown before that psi equal to k 1 s naught divided by k 2 minus of k 1 e raised to the power of minus of k 1 tau e raised to the power of minus of k 2 tau plus beta divided by k 2 1 minus e raised to the minus of k 2 tau plus some this is the initial k 2 tau. So, this is the solution that we have already gotten now here k 1 k 1 is pollution removal removal rate constant and k 2 is re aeration rate constant. And psi i is initial sag what is initial sag it is C s minus whatever is the oxygen at the suppose we have this river like this. So, you have pollution coming in. So, as soon as you mix the two and whatever is the initial level of oxygen in the river as soon as it is gets mixed up with the pollution that is called initial sag called initial often it is called as initial deficit. Now, the problem that we would like to solve let me just quickly explain the problem that we want to solve. See the problem we want to solve is the following you have a river then you have it is coming in at thousand cubic meters per day. You are putting in 100 cubic meters per day of pollution containing C O D equal to 500 milligrams per liter. It does not seem to have much B O D and sense that this is an industrial pollution which is C O D B O D has been removed in the treatment what is left behind is only C O D. So, it is going into the river now it is coming with D O or oxygen as nil. That means, there is no oxygen in this water and while the river the oxygen is coming in at it is oxygen solubility is given as 6 milligrams per liter it is 90 percent saturated 90 percent saturation. So, it is here is C equal to 5.4 milligrams per liter is that clear. So, river velocity is 0.1 is not flowing velocity is low per river 0.1. Now, this these numbers are chosen just to sort of come as close as possible to some of the problems that we may encounter in tropical region such as ours. Because, particularly the decant rivers for example, there is in much water for much of the year excepting during the monsoons and whatever river flows it will be largely due to a dam which holds the water and then releases the water as per the requirements of the downstream population. Therefore, the river flows may not be very large. So, keeping that in mind the velocities mentioned here are very low. So, the question is let me just state the questions. So, you want to k 1 k 1 is given as 0.3 per day and k 2 which is rearation rate constant is given as 0.7 per day k 2 equal to 0.7 per day this is what is given. So, we have to find out max sag number 1 and number 2 where max sag occurs and 3 where downstream where downstream d o reaches 90 percent saturation and then where downstream and 4 what is the c o d when max sag occurs. Some usual questions these are all usual questions that we would like to know about a river when it is affected by human interference. So, some of these things of course, we have done. So, this is not new to us. So, let us look at this whole situation one by one and then try to. So, our equation please recall here that this is the equation that tells us what is the sag at for different residence times. Now, what is psi is defined as saturation minus of c i. So, first to start with we have to find out what is the initial state. So, let us find the initial state and then once you know the initial state we can do all the rest. So, what is the initial state the initial state is now let us say we have 6 into 0.9. So, this is 5.4 into 1000 cubic meter divided by total flow is 1000 plus 100. So, this is the d o in the river. So, is it correct. So, the multiplied by 100 multiplied by 0. So, what is the d o in the river now let us calculate this calculate what is the d o in the river as soon as the pollution reaches. So, we have calculate d o in river equal to 0.9 multiplied by 0.6 multiplied by 1000 this is what is coming in plus from sewage there is nothing is coming divided by 1000 plus 100. So, that you can do this simple calculation that comes out to 4.9 milligrams per liter is the oxygen. Now similarly, c o d in river c o d in river is how much you are coming up 500 multiplied by 1000 correct sorry c o d this means 500 multiplied by 100 100 is the sewage that is coming in and then you have 1000 cubic meters into it is coming in at what is mentioned let me just please check this what is coming at 5 milligrams per liter c o d of the incoming water is 5 milligrams per liter. So, divided by 1100 that is it is 1000 plus 100 is 1100. So, when you do this calculation it comes out to be 50 milligrams per liter. What are we saying now we have a river into which sewage has entered and then as a result of that we have c o d here is 50 milligrams per liter oxygen which is c i equal to 4.9. So, that is the state at the point where the sewage has entered and this is the state of the river at the time where we enter this. Our intention is what happens as it goes along how long what is the time it what is the residence time or what is the length of the river that it takes for it to restore itself and so on. This is the questions that you want to answer, but we have solved this kind of problems before. So, we can very quickly find out what is what is psi i by definition it is c s minus of c i which is 0.9 multiplied by 6 minus of 4.9 that becomes 0.5 milligrams per liter we start like this is that clear. So, our equation is here. So, you want to know when this how low this can become of course, we do some trial calculation etcetera. So, let us put psi equal to 0 and find out where this becomes at what residence time this psi becomes 0. So, when you put that when we put psi when you put c equal to 0 or psi equal to 5.4 milligrams per liter what is meant by that when you put c equal to 0. That means, at any position psi equal to c s minus of c correct. So, if you put c equal to 0 then psi becomes c s correct that is the highest sag that we can have. So, we can see at what position it this very poor very bad situation arises. So, when you put psi equal to that corresponding to 5.4 equal to what is the what is tau which means what we will have to put psi equal to 5.4 here you know k 1 you know k 2 you know s naught s naught is 50 you know all that beta we generally take beta as 0 because saying that basically this oxygen is not available for our purpose. So, we take beta as 0. So, only thing is that we have to take this term and this term. So, we can solve for given psi equal to 5.4 we can find what is tau it is a fairly not a difficult calculation I am not saying it simple we can do it graphically what is tau. So, we get solving I have done this for you solving we get tau equal to when you do this I get of tau about 0.4 per day 0.4 0.4 days is that clear what are we saying now what we saying is that that after putting this up to about after about 0.4 days our velocity is 1 kilometers per hour. So, which means that after distance of about 0.4 kilometers you will find that the oxygen has become 0 oxygen in the river has become 0. So, it is a point we are trying to say. So, which means that oxygen level in river becomes equal to 0 at tau equal to 0.4 days or distance d equal to 0.4 multiplied by 0.1 multiplied by 0.4 that is equal to 0.04 kilometers at this distance it has become very quickly it goes to very small value. So, this is the first question the second question is I mean it becomes 0 all right what happens to COD at this point what is the value COD at this point if I ask you what will you say. So, we can calculate that also. So, what is the COD at this point COD at this point is s equal to s naught e raised to the power of minus of k 1 times tau. So, s naught is 50. So, e raised to the power of exponential of k 1 is 0.3 with a minus sign multiplied by tau which is 0.04. So, this turns out to be that is about 44 milligrams per liter. Now, the point of interest to us is I mean what distance after which you know the systems start to improve itself. Now, in other words I mean we want this value 44 to become 5 because that is what the river was when it this way is entering. So, in other words what is tau when s equal to 5 milligrams per liter. So, how do we calculate that we put s as 5 and s naught as 50. So, we can calculate therefore, we can do the calculation. So, 5 equal to 50 exponential of minus of k 1 is 0.3 times tau. So, we can do this calculation 5 by 50 is 0.1 ln of 0.1 is 2.303. So, becomes 2.303 minus divided by 0.3 how much is this 2.303 divided by 0.3 equal to 7.67. So, tau equal to 7.67 days or implying the velocity is fairly low is 0.1 kilometers per hour. So, 7.67 multiplied by 0.1 multiplied by 24 equal to 18 kilometers. C O D level reaches the initial the earlier point at 18 kilometers. Small error here just correct this for you have to multiply this by 24 as I forgot. So, when I multiply this by 24 this becomes 24 is about 0.96 kilometers. So, let us just cut the long story short that. So, if I ask you what is the level of oxygen level let me write this here because it is taking too much space. So, if I ask you what is d o at tau equal to 7.67 days which means at after 18 kilometers. So, you can calculate that once again our equations are all with us. So, you have to once I say that tau is 7.67 you can find out what is the d o at that point. So, that means psi is known means d o is known because it is simply if you put psi c s is 6 or 5.4 you can find out what is d o. So, what we are trying to say here is that I mean that point is not to be forgotten that if you have an industrial ways coming into water. Our solution suggest that you know the river requires sufficient distance before it restores itself very clearly showing that you know our river systems really do not have the oxygen capacity to manage industrial pollution. So, we need to look at this problem seriously and see that you know we do not allow our waters to be interfered by you know COD kind of pollution. So, you must treat them prior to it. So, that what you put into the river is not COD of 150 and 300 and 500, but something like less than 5 less than so that you know the river has the ability to manage the pollution that is entry. So, what in other words you are trying to say that the natural aeration capacity of the river is really meant for the natural biology of the river and not for human generated pollution. So, human generated pollution must find its mechanisms of treatment and not be dependent on the river systems that is the point we are trying to put across. So, this one example is to illustrate how fundamentals of reaction engineering come together and to solve or to explain how we can manage our river systems and how we can keep it in good shape and ensure that our biology of the river is in good health and so that our dependence on the river systems for our health etcetera are ensured. Let us go to the next example. The next example we would like to look at is something which all of us have encountered that we want to see how we can use population balance modeling to understand a forest. We are still in the general area of environment see our forests are source of water, source of raw materials, source of food, source of fruits, source of timber you name it you know it is forest that really sustains human populations and unless we know how to look after our forest we will have problems in future and let us remember forest is not just you know greenery forest as animals and it is these animals and whose independence ensure that the forest is in good health. So, this particular exercise which you would like to do it read something like this it says we have a forest there are animals in this forest it says what does it say animals are born continuously at the rate of s minus of 0. So, s s is the age of the age of the animals, age of animals animals are born at a rate which is given and animals die at a constant rate animals die at a constant rate d which is given alpha times s where beta and alpha are constants. So, what happened you have you have a forest which is not there is no interference there is no there is there is no such movement out to the forest there is nothing coming in there is nothing going out. What we are saying is that this is it is a close system he is a close system in which animals are born animals grow animals die. Now, it is reasonably well known there is plenty of data that is exist around the world that a forest left to itself is at steady state by steady state what we mean is that if you take a sample of population wherever it may be that population does not change with time. On other words the birth and death process that is taking going on inside this environment called forest remains reasonably well balanced. Now, it is when only when we interfere that these things seem to go out of control. On other words of course, we all require forest for our dependence. So, we require to harvest various products of the forest as all this is well understood, but perhaps what is important is that whatever we interfere or whatever we take out of the forest must be. So, small compared to its internal regeneration capacity. So, that the health of the forest remains essentially unaffected and this situation of forest around the world is precarious as you all know whether it is Indonesian forest whether it is Amazonian forest or forest in the Indian some continent you name it all over the world it is in back shape and the more we can understand the fundamentals of this the better it is for us. So, this particular exercise is just to give you a feel for you know how things might happen just a model it does not mean that it is the best way to understand what is going on it is a very very simple way of understanding a very very complex phenomena that might be in front of us. So, what is it that we want to do what we want to do now is to write our number balance about what is happening in this forest. So, we have let us say let us out the balance is some input output generation equal to accumulation. This is our balance that we have been writing for a long time we must adapt this for our forest let us adapt this now. So, I will still carry on with our forest. So, input output plus generation or birth minus death both are there equal to accumulation. Now, we say that it does not change this is the most important point that we want to recognize understand and carry home in our message that forest is essentially at steady state and if we must understand the fundamentals of how it keeps itself at steady state. So, that when we intervene if at all we intervene we would like to intervene minimally. So, that this is not disturbed too much after all we require the forest for our timber we require the forest for our for our fruits you know we require it for our firewood may be and we require it for you know managing the carbon dioxide oxygen balance. So, that you know the in the aerobic processes of this environment and the photosynthetic processes are all in balance. So, many issues are connected with a healthy forest. So, we are only looking at a very small aspects of what is going on. So, let us say our balances if you recall when we wrote our balance at an earlier stage it looked like this. So, that is when we wrote it for a process continuous where it is coming in and going out this is f naught this is f 1. So, this is the balance that we have been writing for a long time if you recall. Now, we want to write this for the case of a batch process that is what we want to write this for. So, let us learn to write this let us learn to write since there are no inflows and outflows. So, these terms must be deleted these terms must be deleted we know that, but we must add to this because add to this the birth and death terms the birth term which is beta times delta of s minus of 0 and then you have the other term which is alpha s. So, this is the birth term this is the death term correct equal to 0. So, what is it that we have done what we have done is that we have written the material balance we have derived all this therefore, I am not going through this once again we have derived all this. So, we have the population balance in which we have deleted the input term we have deleted the output term because there is there is no input there is no input there is no output in the sense that there is no flow out of out of the forest we have removed those two terms. So, this is the term which is what we call as the change in age and so on and this is the birth term this is the death term. So, what do we have beta beta delta of s s minus 0 I have not written minus alpha of s equal to d by d s of f 1 r 1 b is it alright what we are saying. Now, when we talked about this is what this is rate of change of property, what is our property this property is age. So, it is in a sense it is time. So, our this r 1 by definition is what I will call this property as s. So, we have d by d t of our property which is s which is age and age is time. So, here s equal to t and therefore, it is equal to 1 something that we have said when we talked about residence time distribution in a stirred tank if you recall we did say this at an earlier stage when we talked about residence time distribution in a stirred tank and there we said that. So, there we said that if you want to find out the residence time distribution why I am doing to do this again and again is that if you learn how to apply population balance where we are talking about numbers then we can deal with variety of situations of daily life this might be what movement of shares in a market this might be you know how you know population of a town village etcetera changes variety of things that we would like to know in daily life. So, I am just thought it is important that we try to understand this that it is a closed system there is no input there is no output. Therefore, remove the first two terms generation is because of birth and then death there is a continuous it can happen at all time. So, we have taken both these terms and therefore, this particular term which talks about what happens inside the forest that effect is also taken into account. So, birth and death how they affect how the population changes that effects are shown here. So, we have our equation I will put r 1 equal to 1 here minus minus equal to 0.   So, that now we have I can I mean for the moment I denote beta by v as beta alpha by v as alpha for our for the sake of this one. So, I will retain this as beta maybe I will can call this as beta dash. So, that you know this becomes beta by v is beta dash by v is beta alpha dash by v is alpha. So, it becomes alpha s equal to d by d s of f 1. So, minus minus all minus equal to 0 equal to 0 now. So, delta of s delta of s delta of s delta of s. So, our equation. So, what is it that we have now what we have now is beta times delta of s minus 0 minus of alpha times s minus of d by d s of f 1 equal to 0 this is the equation that we have to solve is it. Now, just want to spend a few minutes here and go through the whole thing once again please bear with me I will put a dash here. So, we have a forest where the birth rate is given as beta delta s minus 0 death rate is given as alpha dash s minus of 0 this is our equation that describe the number density. Now, we said that you know this input output this how we started our population balance, but there is no input there is no output that is how this equation looks like this birth and death and so on. So, then we said that we can write this as beta dash and then so that when you put this rate of rate of change of property r 1 as 1 because we said s refers to age really s refers to time basically therefore, d by d t is equal to 1 that is how we substituted r 1 as 1 then we said r 1 is 1 then beta dash by v we said beta and therefore, we got this equation therefore, we have this equation which will tell us this is the equation which will tell us how the what is f 1 it is the age distribution age distribution in forest how the age distribution in forest and how this age distribution is affected by beta and alpha. On other words how birth and death process adjust themselves to keep the age distribution unchanged in a forest this is what we are trying to say. Now, to solve this equation we said that we will remove the unbounded term and solve the homogenous equation and then to get the constant of integration will generate a boundary condition. Therefore, solve this to first solve homogenous equation what is the homogenous equation d f 1 by d s minus of s equal to 0. So, what is the solution what is the solution we can say f of s equal to minus of alpha s square by 2 plus c it is a very elementary thing you will there is nothing to there is nothing much here I called f 1. So, solution is f 1 of s is alpha s square by 2 plus c this is the solution. So, how do you find constant of integration how do you find constant of integration. So, to find constant of integration to find to find constant of integration for that what we do is that we take balance take balance between s minus of d s and s as s tends to 0 d s tends to 0. So, we write all the inputs all the outputs all the generations and then birth death and so on equal to 0. So, there is no input there is no output.   This is all right with everybody what we have said we are writing we are writing balance between s minus d s and s. Therefore, this is material generated at s contributing to s minus s minus d s to s and then s to outside. Therefore, this is the difference that accumulates in the interval this is due to birth and this is due to death and there is no generation this is clear what we are saying. Now, we have to do a limit at s tends to 0 d s tends to 0 d s tends to 0 this goes away there is no element that belongs to less than 0 it goes away and then beta delta s d s this whole thing becomes.  Is that clear what we are saying see how beautifully the material balances come together. So, what we have said here I mean this is common sense this is also common sense. So, what we got we have got here please notice. So, our solution. So, our f 1 of s we said is minus of alpha s square by 2 plus constant and that constant of integration and what we have said f of 0 equal to beta. So, you put here beta here this gives you c equal to beta. So, our solution is equal to minus of r square by 2 plus beta. Now, we should have integral f 1 d s equal to 1. That means of all ages all ages when we integrate over all ages this equal to 1 by definition. Therefore, that implies let me just do this once again. So, f 1 of s equal to minus of alpha s square by 2 plus beta. Then integral if it takes integrating please help me integrating over all ages all ages assuming s 0 to 1 normal as all I will call it normalized age you know when I say normalized age. So, this becomes 1 equal to minus of alpha s cube by 6 plus beta this is all right beta shall we say beta is that correct beta s going from 0 to 1. So, this becomes 1 equal to beta minus alpha by 6 or we get beta equal to 6 minus of alpha by 6 or we get beta equal to 6 minus of alpha by 6. So, this is the kind of relationship that exist between alpha s and beta s. Let us just quickly review this what we have said what we have said is that if you have a forest if you have a forest and then there is birth and death process in the forest. Then you will I mean in order that steady state is established we must have that the birth and death process are just themselves. Otherwise the forest will not be a steady state and this is. So, if there is no external interference there is an interference clearly these problems are for more serious. So, the point of this exercise is that we must appreciate and we must design our approach. Our inroads into forest with an appreciation of the fact that alpha and beta are related and we must not disturb that relationships. That is the fundamental message that this kind of problems that bring it to us if to our daily life. So, let us go to the third exercise a relatively simpler kind of exercise which we want to look at now which is what we call as the third exercise we want to look at of course, it is a very big industry steel making is a huge industry in this world and steel making comes from blast furnace as you all know. Now, then you must start asking you know why is it that sponge iron which is a more recent kind of technology and why is it is gaining more and more popularity the reasons are many. Now, the reasons are that blast furnace technology is suitable for very very large scale productions. Now, and therefore, huge investments and then huge interference in the environment and so on. But, sponge iron is more expensive technology, but it is suitable for much smaller scale operation. See that is the most important part of sponge iron technology and I thought we should spend some time and more importantly that you know should appreciate some of the chemical reactions that are so central to the sponge iron technology. So, that we appreciate how you can also make sponge iron for various purposes because once you make sponge iron it is then used for steel making and this is the next part of the process. So, we are looking at sponge iron what is the technology is Fe 2 let us say Fe 2 O 3 plus thrice H 2 use it twice Fe plus 3 H 2 O. Now, notice this K p for this reaction at 25 C is very small. The heat of reaction heat of reaction turns out to be 7 kilo cal per mole it is endothermic you need to supply heat energy to be able to conduct this reaction. Now, let us just look at so you have a solid this is you have hydrogen diffusing as hydrogen goes inside goes inside and then it starts to react and then we say that you know the core keeps on keeps on drifting inside. So, it is a shrinking core we have done that shrinking core. So, if you look at a model is assuming that it is a spherical particle. So, as reaction proceeds we would expect that the this is the reacted layer this is the unreacted layer. So, some other time if you look at another time. So, may be it is like this this is the reacted layer. So, what we have we have external diffusion external diffusion of hydrogen what is meant by external diffusion that means there is a layer through which the diffusion of hydrogen occurs. So, there could be a resistance to external diffusion then there is internal diffusion this could there could be a resistance because of internal diffusion which is the product layer. And then there could be a what is called resistance due to chemical reaction that means the chemical reaction also there is certain amount of resistance. So, essentially in any of these reactions you should expect that external diffusion internal diffusion and chemical reaction all three of them could be important. On other words we must be able to calculate what is the resistance due to each of these controlling steps. Let us quickly calculate these controlling steps. So, that we have an idea of the the resistances if we do a quick calculation a quick calculation for you one minute and just write the equations down and then. Now, we have if you recall if you recall that we have shown we have shown if you have a single pellet. See we have done this we have done this before we have taken spherical pellets and then we have shown that the time for certain extent of reaction is given by r c by r. Let me explain this give me a minute and then I will be back with you r c cube by r cube plus 1 minus thrice r c by r whole squared twice r c by r whole cube where we know that r c by r equal to r c by i equal to 1 minus of x b to the power of 1 by 3. So, I am just saying a gas plus let us say b b solid equal to product types. So, if you have this kind of reaction. So, we have the time that is required for the reaction. Suppose r c by r can be put in terms of x b therefore, let us say we want 50 percent conversion. Therefore, if you replace r c by r like this we can calculate what is the time that is required for 50 percent conversion 60 percent conversion 80 percent conversion and so on. On other words what we are trying to say here is that we can calculate the time for given extent of reaction.    Is equal to rho b r square divided by 6 b d c a g what we are trying to say here now is that since these are all known quantities because we know the concentration we know the rate constants will tell you how to calculate all this in this particular example. So, what we are trying to say is that if you have sponge ion to be to be manufactured then if you know all these numbers for this reaction which we will do shortly then we can calculate the time that is required for this reaction to go to a different extent. So, we will look at this in greater detail we will meet next time. So, what I am trying to put across to you is that sponge ion technology essentially is an example of reaction between ferric oxide or it is called hematite with hydrogen to give you ion and this is what goes to steel making this goes to steel making. Thank you very much.


Hello and welcome to this session in which we would look at an example that deals with dividend income, specifically how to compute the taxes when we receive dividend. In the prior session we looked at what is dividend, where does dividend comes out of, earnings and profit, what are the special rules for dividend. In this session we would look at the actual tax computation. So remember dividend is subject to a preferential tax treatment same as the long-term capital gains. Simply put, dividend income is subject to a lower taxes than ordinary income. So what are the dividend tax rate? What are the different tax rates? Well one, we could have a zero tax rate for dividend. How? Well depending on your filing status and your income. If you happen to be filing a single and this is for year 2022, this could change if you're looking at another year.  What does that mean? It means you don't pay any dividend, you don't pay any taxes on dividend. However if you're married, filing jointly, they give you more room. Your taxable income could be up to 83,350 and you pay zero taxes. Well that's not always going to be the same. Once your income exceeds for a single individual, 41,675, once it exceeds this amount, well guess what? Now your tax rate is 15% on dividend and that tax rate would apply until you reach 459,750 for married filing jointly. It goes from 83,351 to 85,17,200 and there are different ranges for different filing status such as married filing separately and head of a household. And notice the highest tax rate as of now for dividend is 20% which is this is if you are earnings, if your income is more than 459,751, well that's if you are single, if you are married filing jointly, 517,201. Now that's still lower than your ordinary rate because at this point your rate is approximately 37%. Before we proceed any further, I have a public announcement about my company farhatlectures.com. Farhat accounting lectures is a supplemental educational tool that's going to help you with your CPA exam preparation as well as your accounting courses. My CPA material is aligned with your CPA review course such as Becker, Roger, Wiley, Gleam, Miles. My accounting courses are aligned with your accounting courses broken down by chapter and topics. My resources consist of lectures, multiple choice questions, true-false questions as well as exercises. Go ahead start your free trial today. So let's take a look at this example to illustrate the concept. We have a single taxpayer with taxable income of 110,000 and $1,000 in dividend and that dividend is separate than the 110,000. So we're going to compute the taxes for this individual. How do we compute the taxes? First, we look at the regular taxable income separate from dividend. Well, this taxpayer has a taxable income of 110. It means, and we did learn how to compute the taxes, if not go to the prior session where we learned how to compute the taxes, this individual falls within this range, 89,075 to 170,050. Again, this is for year 2022 single. Well, what are the taxes? The taxes are 15,213.50 plus 24% of the amount above $89,075. So this is the formula. It's 15,213 plus the amount above 89,075. You multiply it by 24%. And that's going to give us 15,213 plus 20,925. This is the amount and access of the 89,075. We're going to multiply this by 24%. And that's going to give us 15,213 plus 5022, a total taxable of 20,235 and 50 cent. Now, we cannot forget about the dividend because we have $1,000 in dividend. How do we compute the taxes on the dividend? Well, we have to go back to the dividend tax rate for 2022. This individual taxable income is between 41,676 and 459,750. What does that mean? The tax rate is 15%. Therefore, we'll take $1,000 times 15%. And it's going to give us 150. Total tax is obviously 150 plus the 20,235.50. Now, let's take a look at another example with merit filing generally, taxable income of 145, including 5,489 in dividend. Now, what's the difference between this exercise and the prior one? Well, it's how the information is giving to you. In the prior session for this single individual, I said you have taxable income of 110 and a separate $1,000 in dividend. In this example, I said the total 145, including 5,489 in dividend. So what do I have to do? The first thing I have to do is back out the dividend from the regular taxable income. Why? Again, as we started to say, dividend is subject to a preferential tax treatment. Therefore, take it out. What's left is $139,511. Now $139,511 falls in this range from $83,550 to $178,150. Well, what is the tax bill? It's going to be $9,615 plus the amount and access of $83,550 multiplied by 22%, not 24, 22. What's that going to give us? It's going to give us $55,961 times 22%, which is the amount and access. That's going to give us $12,311.42 plus $9,615. The total tax is $21,926.92, and that's on the amount only of $139,511. What do we say? We say this is a 22% marginal tax rate individual. Here, this was, again, not 24, 22. Now, don't forget about the dividend, because we have $5,489 in dividend. Well, that dividend is subject to a preferential tax treatment. What is the preferential tax treatment? Well, this individual taxable income falls in this tax bracket. Therefore, it's subject to 15%. We're going to take $5,489 times 15%, and that's going to give us $823. If you are asked, what is the total tax? It's $21,926.92 plus $823.35. That's the total. Now, let's go ahead and compute the total, $823.35, and that's going to give us, if my math is right, $22,750.27. This is the total tax. We would say the marginal tax rate for this individual is, the marginal tax rate is 22%. Well, what is the average tax rate? Well, the average tax rate, how much did you pay taxes in total is $22,750, based on total income of $145. That's going to be obviously less than 22%, right? $22,750 minus $145,000, and that's going to give us what? $22,750 minus $145,000. Let me reset my calculator here. $22,750 divided by $145,000, and that's going to be $15.68. That's the average. Well, it's going to be, again, as I said, less than $22, because it's going to be less than $22, because that's your highest bracket, and also you paid only 15% on this additional $54.98. So $15.68, not bad at all. What should you do now? Go to the FARHAT lectures and look at additional resources, lectures, MCQs, true-false. That's going to help you understand your income tax scores, your CPA exam material, as well as your enrolled agent. I'm here to help you. Good luck, study hard, and of course, stay safe.