Good day. Welcome to the third lecture, second module. The lecture title is incompressible fluids, some fundamental properties. Now, I have already mentioned that the fluids are liquid as well as gas, but if you think of the properties, they are different as well as we need different mathematical treatments, while we are formulating or modeling any engineering problem. And apart from that the pneumatics as it is a compressible, these are treated separately than liquid. Also, the oil hydraulics are more used in comparison to pneumatics particularly in outside operations. So, in this lecture, we shall discuss only about liquid unless otherwise mentioned. Now, forces that affect fluid flow are one is gravity, second bio and say third surface tension, fourth cavitation, fifth electric and magnetic fields. These are the meteor, all these are functions of inertia and viscosity. Apart from above properties and ideal fluid used in power transmission and control should be cheap. Now, why we have just mentioned it is cheap? Just for your idea, I would like to mention if you would like to use a servo oil, it costs about minimum 200 to 300 rupees per liter and usually even in a small systems, you may need 50 liters of oil. If it is a servo system in very precision machines like aircraft, machine tools, you may need to change this oil. Some cases every week, some cases in a month. Commonly, we can use such oil for 2-3 years. After that, we must reject that oil. So, we have to look into the cost that is why the first term is cheap. Then non-corrosive, most of the components are ferrous material and it should be we should look into the fact that with the oil that should not be corrosive. No rust should come over the ferrous components. Now, infinite stiffness, what it is? Infinite stiffness means we wish that fluid should be incompressible and stiff in such a way that it should behave like a solid material while it is transmitting force. Good lubrication properties. In fluid power components, most of the moving parts are in sliding contact or else rolling contact and where we expect elasto hydrodynamic lubrication. Therefore, it must have good lubrication properties. Store oil, this means that it we have to keep some oil in store for the later application. So, this we have to, this should have relatively longer life, non-toxic. This is a great problem with fluid power because when the heat is generated, it vaporizes to some extent and this gas is not good for the health. However, it should not be very harmful and it should not be toxic. The most importantly, it should be also non-inflammable because in many applications there is a possibility that it may catch fire. For example, in mining application, we have to take extra percussion so that the oil do not catch fire and it should remain stable with good properties over a wide range of temperatures. This is another important factor with the temperature many properties of oil will change and therefore, there will be change in performance particularly where we need very accurate control. There it becomes a problem. It is currently impossible to compose such an ideal fluid. However, only additives improve such qualities. Now, we will come to fluids and fluid properties. Common usable fluids are that incompressible fluid hydraulic. One is water because this fluid power started with water, but it was found it is not very suitable for the fluid power. Next, there are some vegetable oils. Those are also being used at the earlier stage, but at one point it was found the mineral oil, the petroleum based oil has very good properties for the use in fluid power systems. Now, apart from that particularly looking into the property that it should not be inflammable, synthetic and organic liquids are also being used. And last the molten metal that also can be used as a fluid for the fluid power transmission. This molten metal this is a special applications, but very rare, but still it can be used. Now, although we will come to the compressible fluids later, but here we should meant I would like to mention that compressible fluids which are used in pneumatics. One is air. Most of the cases you will find only air is being used. However, different gases particularly hot gases also can be used. Now, we are coming to the properties of fluids. Here I would like to mention it is mostly liquid unless otherwise mentioned. Now, what are the chemical properties we need to have? Number one is the thermal stability. What does it mean? That with the increase in temperature there should not have, should not change the composition of the fluid. That means what the chemical properties we have that should not change. Then oxidative stability, the oxidation of the fluid is a problem. So, we have to look into that. Number third hydrolytic stability that is from the fluidity point of view we need stability in this regard. Fourth is compatibility. It should be compatibility means in this case it should be compatible with the components what we are using in the system. Not only we are using pump we are using different components. So, we have to look into that it should be suitable for all such components as well as perhaps we can consider that if there is a slight variation from the actual requirement actual composition of the oil still we should get the performance. Now, fifth point is toxicity which I have already discussed. Then physical properties one is the surface tension. This is very important in case of the fluids we are using for fluid power. Then shear of fluid that is also important in that case it should be adhered to the components otherwise there will be problem of lubrications and obviously compressibility. If there is change in compressibility during the performance the performance of system will change. Now, I have already mentioned that properties of fluid can be improved by additives. We cannot take just the mineral oil for the application is in fluid power particularly looking into there all the properties we have I have discussed along with that life. First property antioxidant for that complex phenols and amines organic phosphorus and sulfur compounds are used. Corrosion inhibitors for that organic metallic compounds naphthin esters are used. Rust inhibitors amines, amides, soaps, phosphoric esters, organic acids and esters. Here I would like to mention if you ask me what are really these chemical compounds or chemicals are. I would say that I do not know, but if you name this it you can procure from the market. Of course, this is not a job of fluid power engineer to mix these compounds with oil rather these are who are manufacturing this fluid power oil they take care of this. Now, the antifoam, silicones, calcium source, sodium alkyl and sulfates. Now, foam what it is you will find that when any water or water any liquid that is being discharged from a pump like machines you will find that where when it is putting into the say bucket or anywhere you will find that foam will be there. Now, as such that foam may not be that harmful, but with that foam the air bubbles goes inside the oil and that creates a problem. So, it is better there should not have much foam. This can be controlled from the outside also using say buffalo and separator inside the tank, but these chemical compounds will help in better way. Now, lubricant improvers, organophosphorus, chlorine and sulfur compounds lead soaps, per point depressions. I will discuss what is per point in the next slides polyalkyl anol ethanol lengths very difficult to pronounce, but this is the compound that is used polyalkyl phenol esters poly methacrylates last property which is very important viscosity, viscosity index improver what is viscosity index that also we are coming into the next slides, but for that we use poly isoethylene poly acrylates. Now, here I would like to mention perhaps it is not required that you have to remember the name of all such chemical compounds. This is only for an idea what are the properties we need and how it can be improved. Now, along with that we must know some definitions and terminal terminology sorry there is a mistake in this spelling this is not power point it is a per point P O U R it will be per point. It indicates the temperature at which the fluid will no longer per from a beaker when tested according to a standard procedure. This means that the fluid is too viscous the this you can conduct the very simple experiment particularly at low temperature if you try to per the well from the beaker to another pot or another beaker you will find that oil is coming very slowly. It is behaving like that it is very thick and at some temperature at low temperature it will not at all per into the next one. So, that is called per point P O U R next cloud point related to per point temperature at low at which cloudy precipitate begins this means this is this must be above per point oil is being transferred from one beaker to other, but you will find there are some precipitation like cloud that is called cloud plant. Basically this will be a temperature per point cloud point these are the temperature. Now, flash point the temperature at which enough vapor is evolved to cause a transient flame is called flash point. What is transient flame you will find at a temperature suppose if you heat a well then you find at certain temperature the flash of fire is coming on the well, but again it is coming and going that is called the flash point. Now, next to that if you put more heat on that the we will reach fire point when transient flame is changed into continuous flame the temperature is called fire point. Now, there is one important factor is that at the fire point you will find that well is a flame is on the well surface top surface, but still the whole fire is not caught on the well and that point is called auto genus ignition temperature the temperature at which the liquid vapor starts burning automatically when it is come into contact with air. Possibly it will be like that after the fire point still there this vapor will come now this vapor when this vapor is coming into the contact of the air automatically it will get fire. Now, this may happen where the temperatures are very high. So, one is that we have to cool the oil what we are using as well as we have to look into that it should not reach into auto ignition point. Now, here I would like to mention that usually the mineral based oil temperature may be up to 75 degree for shape operation normally in our country the ambient temperature in summer may be 45 to 50 degree centigrade inside the say inside the factory it might be for 50 degree centigrade very hot summer. Now, at that point oil temperature may go as I at 75 degree centigrade to 80 degree centigrade which is very close to the flash point and in winter you may find that oil temperature may be as I at 65 degree centigrade whereas, your ambient temperature is may be within 20 25 degree centigrade. So, we have to maintain this temperature for the safety of the machines as well as for the performance because if the temperature changes along with that viscosity will also change where we need very accurate control that will affect the operation. Now, also to remember that slow oxidation causes the possibility of fire and explosion that we have to keep in mind. So, while we are selecting a oil and for the environment where we are using the machines we have to consider all such things. In fact, if you look into the catalogue for a oil there it is mentioned with different graphs with information. So, you can select a proper oil looking into that however, if you become an application engineer you will find normally those who are manufacturing the fluid power components they also provide the suggestion what type of oil can be used for what type of operations. Now, we will come to a very important property which is called dynamic viscosity. Now, viscosity means when we mention that viscosity of the oil we normally mention the dynamic viscosity it is denoted by mu in general it is resistance to motion offered by the fluid layer on which a body is moving. Alternatively resistance experienced by the fluid in laminar flow means flow in laminar or layers within a conduit say between two parallel plates. Even if it is moving inside a circular conduit say pipe may be flexible hose may be solid pipe like a steel pipe there will be the role of viscosity particularly at the contact and also among the layers of the oil. The force required to push a plate on another plate with fluid layer in between increases with the decrease in gap between plates or in other words the shear stress is the area of the fluid layer in touch with the plate in related to viscosity the gradient. Now, this viscosity is defined as mu is equal to F by A divided by V by H where F is the force A is the area over the area V is the velocity and H is the gap or shear stress more generally is expressed as tau is equal to F by A equal to mu into d u by d y. Here I would like to mention that what type of force is there that we have applied a force and the layers between the plates or even a inside the conduit they are sharing from each other either from the metal surface or within the fluid layers. So, we have to consider the total area which is under shear. So, F by A that will be the shear stress and V by H directly gives you the velocity gradient later when we will analyze this flow you will know more about this how the V by H can be expressed d u by d y. Now, what is the unit of viscosity in seizure system unit of shear stress is dine per centimeter and the unit of velocity gradient is 1 by second time 1 by time. Therefore, unit of viscosity is ground centimeter per second square per centimeter square divided by 1 by S that is time ultimately it becomes grams per centimeter second it is called as poise more usually we use the term centipoise you can understand meter centimeter similarly poise centipoise. In APS system it is dine in SI systems which is normally used nowadays it is poise usually and it is Newton second per meter square or simply Pascal second Newton per meter square second Pascal second. Now, the relation is that 1 poise is equal to 1.45 into 10 dine and is equal to 0.1 poise usually. Now, kinematic viscosity although viscosity means we normally mention dynamic viscosity and many or almost all calculation you will find that viscosity is being used not the kinematic viscosity. However, the kinematic viscosity is nothing but the dynamic viscosity divided by the density here rho is the density mu is the dynamic viscosity. Now, one important aspect is that with the change in temperature there will be change in viscosity, but density may not change very much. So, definitely this kinematic viscosity will change with the temperature. Now, it is meter square per second in SI units and 1 centi-stoke is equal to 10 to the power minus 6 meter square by or per second and 1 centi-stoke is equal to 10 to the power minus 2 stokes. Now, the rho is the density it is affected by variation in temperature and also pressure. For mineral oil rho can be taken approximately is equal to 830 kg per meter cube. It normally varies from 830 to 850 kg per meter cube. Measurement of kinematic viscosity say volt universal second is a time is measured by redwood viscosity. What it is? A certain amount of pressure oil is taken and we can say it is time to pass or that is usually gravity fall or a flux a certain amount of oil through and fixed orifice at certain temperature and atmospheric pressure. The time which is counted that is called say volt universal seconds. There are other instruments than the redwood viscometer which are also used. Anyway, it has been found that below 32 seconds that means where the oil is taking time 32 seconds less than 32 seconds then the results are erratic and this is an empirical relations which we can use where t is greater than 32 but less than 100 s u s. T is the time and if it is more than 100 then we should use this formula. It will directly give you the kinematic viscosity of the oil. Now effect of pressure p on viscosity mayo that is on the dynamic viscosity. This relation is given by log to the base 10 mu by mu 0 is equal to C p where the coefficient c is equal to 7 into 10 to the power minus 4 per psi which is almost equal to 0.1 per megapascal. Now here mu 0 is the reference viscosity at normal temperature and pressure. Now p is increased in pressure and one tips I would like to give you that in many cases you will find the pressure is expressed in bar or psi. If you would like to convert into megapascals or pascals then we should remember these relations and for a fluid power engineer it is very important to remember this that 1000 psi is almost equal to 70 bar is equal to 7 megapascal or 7 into 10 to the power 6 pascals. Now effect of temperature T on viscosity mu for oil the empirical relation is as follows mu T is equal to mu 0 e to the power minus lambda into T minus T 0 where lambda a constant characteristics of particular liquid. E 0 is equal to reference viscosity at a known temperature T 0. T is the temperature at which mu is being estimated. Note such estimation in case of gases will be discussed later why I have mentioned this one because many people confuses they think that this also can be used for the gases it is not there we have to use a different formula. Now one important factor is the viscosity index what it is the rate of change of viscosity with temperature is expressed by viscosity index. It is expressed as the v i s subscript s is the viscosity index is equal to v 0 minus v divided by v 0 minus v i into 100 and v 0 is equal to viscosity of Texas naphthonic at a temperature T. Now we would like to find out the viscosity of a oil used at temperature oil in use at temperature T and what we are doing we are comparing with two reference fluids. One is that Texas naphthonic and another is Pencilvinian paraffinic for which the viscosity is indicated by v i. Now what are these two these are you know the place Texas and you know the place Pencilvinian there it is the product or mind from the that places and it was found they have some differences with respect to the change in viscosity with temperature. So, these two particular if oil was kept as a reference and then how it is done it is to be noted that Texas naphthonic has the viscosity index 0 it is anti foaming very good anti foaming property. Whereas Pencilvinian paraffinic has the viscosity index of 100 it has less oxidation property whereas not the anti foaming. Now it is presented in graphical form in the next slide. Now look at this graph here is the temperature and we have say we have drawn a line at 100 degree Fahrenheit and then 210 degree Fahrenheit. What does it mean after 210 degree Fahrenheit all such oils will have almost the same viscosity, but with the lower in temperature what we find that say this viscosity we are presenting in centristoke and the red line is for the Texas naphthonic for which viscosity index is 0 and Pencilvinian paraffinic oil is having the viscosity index 100 and sample oil will be somewhere here. So, knowing this viscosity index we can easily calculate what will be the viscosity at a different temperature and definitely if you look into that if we wish if you need the thermal stability should be more it should be close to the Pencilvinian paraffinic, but again this will not have the good anti foaming property. Now another important factor we should consider which is called compressibility. In many cases the oil can be regarded as incompressible for mathematical treatment of a systems of the fluid power systems with hydraulics. In many cases it is considered the completely incompressible fluid and we develop the model in that way. However, where we need to calculate the system performance particularly let us consider the vibration or the system dynamics at transient there we need to consider the compressibility also. In many cases this compressibility is used as a lumped parameter. In some respects however the oil compressibility plays an important part especially in conjunction with dynamic conditions which I have described. Now the reduction in volume del V of the oil of volume V at an increment in pressure of del P is expressed as del V is equal to 1 by beta into V into del P where beta is the bulk modulus of liquid its unit is Pascal. Now let W 1 is mass flow in rate. Now we should consider a constant. Control volume in that control volume let us consider W 1 mass flow in rate and W 2 is the mass flow out rate. Now this is normally for an instant because if we consider in the long run then definitely it cannot conserve the flow inside. A is equal to mass content in the system of volume V then W 1 minus W 2 is equal to dm by dt this is you can easily understand. Now what is if we wish to know the compressibility then what we do we now express the mass into the density into the volume. Then W 1 minus W 2 is equal to rho dV by dt plus V d rho by dt because we have to go for the partial differentiation because of the reasons that with time both may change due to change in temperature and other. So we have to consider we have to write the equation in this form. Now again W is equal to the density into flow rate Q where Q is the flow rate. Then we can express Q 1 minus Q 2 is equal to dm by dt plus V by rho d rho by dt. The first part in right hand of equation 6 is the time rate of change of volume. Normally we will write Q 1 minus Q 2 is equal to dV by dt but there is another term which is here. This second part is due to the compressibility if we consider the fluid is 100 percent incompressible then this part will be 0. Now compressibility C is expressed as C is equal to minus 1 by V dV by dt is equal to 1 by rho d rho by dt. This can be related because this volume V is directly proportional to the density that is the rate of change of volume with pressure per unit volume or in other words the rate of change of density with pressure per unit density. Importantly the negative sign is due to the fact that volume decreases with the increase in pressure. Rearranging equation 6 we get Q minus Q 2 is equal to dV by dt plus V by rho d rho by dt is equal to dV by dt plus V by rho d rho by dP into dP by dt. Now substitute in equation 7 in 8 we get Q 1 minus Q 2 is equal to del V by dt minus V into C del P by dt. Then the bulk modulus and important parameter which I have mentioned is expressed as the beta is equal to 1 by C. This is reciprocal of compressibility unit of bulk modulus is Pascal already I have discussed same as modulus of elasticity compressibility is the fractional reduction in volume of a fluid for unit increase in applied pressure. Now this bulk modulus is affected by aeration what it is? Now before going into that I would like to mention for your reference a beta that is the bulk modulus can be taken as 1.75 into 10 to the power 9 Pascal's for mineral based oil at NTP in normal cases. However it might be slightly higher also in some cases. Now this can be calculated or usually you will find that this is provided by the manufacturers of oil. So, if you need to carry out some calculation where the bulk modulus is involved you have to either follow that reference or you have to make a experiment to find out. Now aeration it is actually air solubility in the liquid. There is a Henry's laws and according to that air solubility in any given liquid is directly proportional to absolute air pressure above it. Just try to visualize air solubility in any given liquid is directly proportional to the absolute air pressure above it. That means if you trap the oil in a vessel and pressurized it the solubility will decrease. But for a particular oil when it is exposed to the atmospheric pressure it is having own adhesion inside it. That can be controlled by additives but cannot be perhaps fully eliminated. Now it can be found by experiments. Bulb modulus is effected and the system stiffness reduces with the aeration. Mineral oils can dissolve much more air than water glycol mixture. This means that mineral oil will have more dissolved air inside. Now solubility is constant K is given by volume of air present divided by the total volume per atmosphere in percentage. Now another associated properties of fluid or the phenomena is cavitation which is very harmful for fluid drive. It is microscopic gas formation in liquid with a nucleation centre. What happens? As I have told we cannot avoid the air inside the oil. Now under pressure that air particles they form a bubble and the total energy of fluid is the same as the liquid. Summation of dynamic and static pressure hits. Then they formed cavities of gas by air bubbles or air bubbles move inside the oil in flow under high pressure. It collapses and causes dynamic imbalance in fluid. Two things will happen. One is the dynamic imbalance in fluid. But it is that immediately there will be some change in the fluid property when that bubble collapsed inside the oil. Say for example, we are using a servo mechanism for controlling some motion or position. Now while it is doing that job if this happens that will affect the performance. However, now the control can be made such that even if such dynamics can be taken care of. But always we have to reduce the bubbles as much as possible and we have to reduce this such cavitations. Now more dangerously when it collapses on a metal surface the surface may rupture. In case of say for example, gear you know the scuffing the gear surface will rupture due to this local stresses. Here also if the bubbles collapses inside the fluid there will be dynamic imbalance. But if it collapses why in a in a in a between the layer between the oil and the surface it may rupture the surface. Cavitation is reduced or eliminated by both mechanical method and adding additives to the fluid. Mechanical methods means that is we can say for example, we can use the buffels and other things. Also we can design the machine component in such a way it will have less effect due to the collapse of the bubbles. Now in epilogue I would like to say there are some more characteristics properties like stability which I have not discussed compatibility. We have not discussed separately toxicity etcetera which affect system performance and life. And while you are calculating or making some calculation for the dynamic analysis or any analysis sometimes we need to consider all such things. However for details you can follow these three books. For the properties I would like to mention this first book and the last one the Martin and McLeod and the Blackburn and Refort. However in the merit books also there is some properties but this is more useful for carrying out the calculation for valves and any systems. And thank you for listening.


Here in SA, some of our favourite fish are under pressure, but our waters have plenty of other delicious fish to cook with, so I'm taking the same dish new fish challenge and using a South Aussie sardine my recipe for, spaghetti with sardines and fennel. Just a tip when cooking sardines is once you take the fillets off, the little tiny bones that remain in here are totally fine to eat. I want to see everyone sharing their dishes using the hashtag and let's take the same dish new fish challenge today.


Atmospheric rivers, ARs, are narrow regions of intense precipitation and strong low-level winds that transport moisture from the tropics towards the poles. They play a key role in the global water cycle, but can also lead to devastating flooding if they encounter mountainous terrain. Recent research has focused on understanding the physical processes behind AR formation, their predictability, and how they may change in the future. This article was authored by Luis Ijimeno, Raquel Inieto, Marta Evazquez, and others.


Good day, fellow investors. Welcome to the stock market news with a fundamental long-term twist. The most important news stock market related news for this week were of course trade wars, Trump increasing tariffs, China opening up a little bit and the Alibaba investor conference. And in light of that, we are going to put a long-term perspective on trade wars. Are they going to hurt China, the US businesses stocks? Yes, of course, because there is no winner in a trade war. How is that going to develop? How is that going to spend out over the long-term 10, 20 years? What will the world look like in 20 years? And we're going to do that by discussing Alibaba's conference. What is Alibaba doing? How is Alibaba adapting to what's going on in the world? And that's a very interesting connection between trade wars, short-term, long-term, and that's something we investors, especially if you are business-minded, business-oriented investors, so you invest in businesses, not so much in what Trump says, tweets, and the stock market going up and down. If you invest in businesses, if you know that the business will deliver your investment return over the long-term, then this is the video to watch. Let's start with tariffs, then go to Baba, then conclude with Jacksmas' views of the world and see how that fits our portfolios. Of course, Trump is very happy because the tariffs are increasing the revenue, so that is good, 4 billion in new revenue on a trillion of deficits, no worries about that. But it is an improvement and it's not going bad with Trump's tariffs, so what he is doing has to be put into a neutral objective perspective. Further, China plans broad import tax cuts as soon as October, so that's a positive China opening up and later we'll hear about how that's the key for China to develop and grow in the next phase, thus opening up, thus more opportunity. How is China also opening up and that's something that few think about. If you look at the China construction company, CCCC, they have infrastructure projects across Asia, Africa, Latin America, Europe, they are entering the European Union, building bridges in Montenegro, building bridges in Croatia now, winning bids for construction and they are slowly spreading and really building the one belt, one road, China future plan. So, investing in Africa, Latin America, Asia, Southeast Asia, in this case we are still in the southeast of Europe, slowly spreading and going forward. China is working, working, growing, growing and if whether you like it or not, they are building their future. However, on the trade war, Jack Ma warns Alibaba China to prepare for 20 year trade war. So, even if the week was positive for stocks, the long term, this will not go away in the long term. Even if some feel now, okay, things are getting better, Trump is winning, China is a little bit lessening their grip, but they will retaliate. Maybe not, maybe yes, we will see that. However, it's a long-term process and the key is that the trade environment in the world has to change and businesses have to adapt to it, to the new environment, to the changes and that's something inevitable. When you start a war, wars are easy to start difficult, very difficult to end and impossible to win. I have lived through a real war, I know nobody ends up as a winner. That's a fact. So, when you look at what Jack Ma has to say, China needs to strengthen its economy to deal with the conflict and shift trade relations from the US to regions like Southeast Asia and Africa, what they are doing with the one road, one belt. Short-term business communities in China, US, Europe will all be in trouble. This will last long. If you want a short-term solution, there is no solution. So, putting the short-term positive week into a long-term perspective, it might be that it won't end this fast. There is populism, growing populism, growing trade wars, it's going well. It might really last long and that's something we as investors also have to prepare and take advantage because we have the global trend, long-term trend, which will dig in now when we discuss Alibaba and we have the short-term and the short-term minded investors, politicians that try to benefit for the short-term, not thinking about the long, long-term. So, in that perspective, there is a long-term structural trend, globalization and now trade wars. How will it pan out? Let's dig into what Baba has to say and what they said at their investor conference to give a better perspective and then see how best to invest and how best to position yourself. First, this is an amazing chart. This is Alibaba, Taobao, Timal, El, Mi, Hema, Light, Shotong, I know I pronounced them wrongly, Tsyanyao, Yoku and Financial, Alibaba Cloud, etc., etc., an amazing ecosystem that they are building. Taobao, Timal, huge growth and much faster growth than the China retail market. So, they have first mover advantage, they're growing, they're taking advantage of their ecosystem and really growing as crazy. Omnichanneling, e-marketing, infrastructure, distribution, whatever you want, they are there. They're going global, Timal worldwide, then they're investing in Elmi, online food delivery, which is again an interesting new business in the highly populated Chinese markets. We cannot even know what will this look like in 10-15 years, but then again, Alibaba is moving first into such a thing. Hema, the pet finder of new retail, online, offline, combining store, logistics, supermarket, restaurants, expanding through China and beating everybody else in doing such a thing. So, growing fast, again, being the first in a market. Ling, Shotong, I don't know how to pronounce that. 1 million small stores already covered, giving the infrastructure that Alibaba has two small stores connecting them, something that JD wanted to do, but we don't hear news about that anymore. Probably they have been beaten by Alibaba. Yoku, entertainment, extremely fast, paying subscriber growth, a lot of projects from Alibaba pictures, music, whatever, literature, so they're really expanding their technology into everything. Tia Niao, Logistics Network, going global. So, a lot of competitors are thinking locally China, they're already thinking ahead and going global. So, global smart logistics infrastructure. Alibaba is really thinking long term, they will be heard by the trade war, but they are preparing for what will the world look like in 10-20 years. Trade war, yes or not. Mobile internet, internet of things, big data, traffic, everything that we hear about 5G, what will 5G bring, again, they are there and they are preparing. Tim Hall, Genie, 4 cars, so a data voice recognition center, again, something that is being implemented that you hear at other parts of the world as just an idea. We don't even need to talk about end financial, credits, payment system, blockchain, artificial intelligence, internet of things, whatever, incredible how they are growing, their customers, 640 million, now bigger and bigger customer base, their customers use more and more global pay increasing, covering already half of the world. Cloud, Alibaba leading company in cloud establishment globally, they're investing 15 billion in artificial intelligence to become the global leader or to make it easy to do business anywhere in this digital era and they have their nice ecosystem to do that. Their growth engine, more consumption, as China is transitioning, as China will grow its domestic consumption, as more and more people will enter the middle class in China, that's one part of the growth, but then the second part is, of course, globalization from China to the world and from the world to the local. So, that's an integration that few think about, yes, China exporting, but China is importing and will import more and more. Of course, global delivery, they're investing in a lot of things across the world and they have the 15 billion of free cash flows to invest into such things, which is something that gives them leverage, money, and they have the capability to do so. The key also, as I said, middle class, growing middle class, spending more and more after a few years on the platform, they are spending from 3,000, remaining B to 12,000 after five years and making from 27 to 132 orders over their platforms. If they can get that first move advantage, this is what the world will look like even in our western world, but we haven't yet seen the platform so aggressive as it is in Alibaba. The goal is to reach, I think, 2 billion customers in 20 years. They have an extremely high retention rate, strong core, when you have everything, then it goes like that. So, this is the ecosystem, this is what the world will look like in the next few years, in the next few decades. I've listened to the Jack Ma talk from the investor conference. It's extremely interesting. I advise you to listen. It starts at 1.55 from the webcast and the points are that globalization is here, whether we like it or not, we can't stop the people. And here I extremely agree. You can't stop globalization. Even my book, if I would have thought 10 years ago that I will be selling something in China, I would have considered myself crazy. Now my book will be translated into Chinese and something of mine will be sold into China. So I will have revenues from China. So that's something crazy. That's something that was unbelievable to many of us 10, 20 years ago. And I cannot even imagine what will the world look like in 10, 20 years. The globalization is here. And that trend, how things move fast in this environment is something to always keep in mind when we invest. However, will the trade war hurt? Yes. Okay, how to prepare for that? Okay, what will we do if stocks fall 50%, what do you do? That's something that you have to find your answer to and then you're ready for everything when you know how to position yourself. So we have a strong long-term global growth trend that I think it's structural. Nobody can stop it because nobody could stop the cryptocurrencies exploding. Everybody can buy them. Everybody can do everything online today. And if you build an ecosystem around that, you might do very, very well. I have been really positively affected by the Baba Investors Day and what I have listened. So the bullish thesis seems smart, long-term investor, long-term exposure to China and emerging markets across Baba seems rational. However, I even made a video about Alibaba fraud and I will dig deeper into the bear thesis and then compare that to see whether it is a buy after all, if those promises are based on sound fundamentals, whether it has the potential, whether it is all a fraud and that's something I have to dig deeper in. However, for now, I'm positive. I'm looking at the complete Chinese market. Alibaba looks good, but there are a lot of question marks that I still have to answer to see, okay, is it real? Is it not real? Are they over-promising and will they over-deliver in light of what's going on and what's the risk reward? How hard will they be hit from the trade wars as Jack Ma is saying that they will be hit? So to conclude, trade wars, short-term, long-term, if you are an investor, focus on the businesses, find the best businesses, find the best businesses that will grow in this Internet of Things era, digitalization, globalization, and then you have nothing to worry about whatever happens in the stock market. If stock markets go down, if stock markets crash, that increases your long term return. That's the key. This is just the start. We'll dig deeper into Alibaba portfolio positioning risks, rewards, hedges, because that's something we have to think about, but we must not be afraid of taking action, preparing and investing for reaching highest possible returns. Thank you for watching. I'll see you tomorrow. We'll discuss a little bit about investment mindset, and then on Sunday, we'll discuss the Chinese online streaming industry with YY, Huya, Momo, YBO that I have analyzed, put into a model, and we'll see how that fits the perspective. Thank you for watching. See you in the next video. Subscribe, like, comment, please, share to help support the channel. See ya!


are narcissists evil. To determine whether or not narcissists are evil. We first need to look at how we are defining the word evil. If we are defining evil as a supernatural force referred to in certain religious contexts, then it becomes difficult to prove that narcissists are evil. But if we look at the definition of evil in a general sense, it is the opposite or absence of good. Good is usually used to indicate something that would be considered desirable. Evil is something immoral and wicked. Something which does not conform to the accepted standards of morality. Something intended to or capable of harming someone or something. In this sense, yes, narcissists most definitely are evil. Every intention, action and behavior of the narcissist could be considered harmful or unfavorable for the people around them. They hate and envy anything good that is happening for anyone else. In this sense, they are the opposite or absence of good and their actions and behaviors can be considered to be immoral and wicked. They do not conform to the accepted standards of morality. So when we look at the definition of evil in a general sense, narcissists are evil. If we look at narcissists from a spiritual perspective and my personal belief of what happens is that they entertain negativity. They entertain negative energy. This is what they give most of their attention and consideration to. It provides them with amusement and enjoyment. They can't get the same fulfillment from positivity or positive energy. They have to entertain negative energy, negative things, things like hatred, anger, envy, jealousy, discontentment, abuse, manipulation, deception, lying, cheating, stealing. These are their distinguishing qualities and characteristics. They're usual, normal and habitual behaviors. They engage in these types of behaviors every day to the point where it becomes a part of their character and personality. When you give most of your thoughts and emotions to a certain type of energy, that is what builds your dominant character and personality. They give so much of their thoughts and emotions to negative energy that it creates a negative character and personality. That is what causes them to engage in behaviors such as abuse, manipulation, deception, lying, cheating and stealing. While a person who predominantly engages in positive thinking and experiences emotions of happiness, joy, peace and love is going to have a different type of energy. They are not going to engage in those types of negative behaviors which are established from entertaining negative energy, negative thoughts and emotions. They are going to have a different attitude to particular issues. They are not going to deal with these issues in the same way. That doesn't mean that these two types of attitudes will not deal with the same or similar situations. It just means that they will handle those situations differently and have a different outcome. A person who engages in abuse, manipulation, deception, lying, cheating and stealing is one who believes that they have to trick or use other people to get their needs met. They have the belief that the situation they are dealing with cannot be resolved in an honest or positive way. This belief is created from them entertaining negative thoughts and emotions which creates a hopeless mentality and a hopeless situation where they feel that they have to resort to negative behaviors to get their needs met. While a person who entertains positive thoughts and emotions who might be dealing with the same or a similar situation will have the belief that the situation can be resolved in an honest or positive way. Again, this belief is created from the thoughts and emotions that they are entertaining. But in this case, the thoughts and emotions are more positive. The person who entertains the positive thoughts and emotions is more likely to deal with the situation in an honest or positive way and therefore is more likely to have a positive outcome. These attitudes and beliefs are established from the thoughts that they are consistently thinking and their emotions. When a person is always thinking about something negative before anything positive, it creates a person who is constantly troubled or distracted which then leads to behaviors that are more dysfunctional and unpredictable. It creates an environment which is unpredictable, which is more likely to change or fail. It creates an environment which is likely to be more unpleasant, one which is inconsistent and not in any form of agreement because the person that is entertaining these negative thoughts and emotions is always bringing in some form of disturbance or problems which interrupt and invent activity or process. These negative thoughts and emotions lead to dysfunctional and unpredictable behaviors which disrupt the natural flow or balance of the situation. Evil energy is something that might be considered to be very low, something less than what is desired or expected. It affects the ability to move freely and easily. It prevents the process of development, growth or change. It's like being sucked into a whirlpool, a powerful circular current of water which pulls you down just by being around it.  You get pulled deeper into it and it pulls you down beneath the surface of where you might desire to be. It suffocates you. It causes you to have difficulty breathing. It causes you to feel trapped and oppressed. It causes you distress and anxiety.  The more that they entertain these negative thoughts and emotions, the more likely it is that these thoughts and emotions will then lead to actions. They begin to express these ideas, qualities and feelings which are based on that negative energy and it begins to create a lifestyle, a way in which they live. It creates a habit, a settled or regular tendency or practice which is very difficult for them to give up. It creates this low energy which affects the ability to move freely and easily and prevents the process of development, growth or change and wherever they go it causes the people around them to get pulled into it too.  It pulls them in deeper and deeper, often without them realizing until it's too late and they have begun to entertain these negative thoughts and emotions which have then led to actions. The actions then lead to habits, a settled or regular tendency or practice and from that point on it begins to control the particular way in which they work or operate. It controls the way in which they fulfill a purpose or task. Negative energy is very dense and compact. It is packed closely together which makes it very thick and heavy. It has a strong force in which it can pull you in a certain direction. It can pull you off your natural, desired or expected course or path. Even a person who is once positive can be pulled into this negative way of thinking and into having these negative emotions. Because negative energy is very dense and compact, it pulls you in and it pulls the positive energy out of you. It can cause you to feel drained of your life and energy. It can cause anxiety, stress and depression because the basic or inherent features, the character or qualities of that person causes or produces those results. They create those consequences or outcomes. The negative thoughts and emotions that you experience occur or follow as a consequence of being around them.  You become the energy that you give attention or consideration to. If the energy that you are giving your attention or consideration to is negative, that is what you will become. The negative emotions attract the negative energy. They begin to adopt the qualities or features regarded as the characteristics or inherent parts of the negative energy field that you have been pulled into by entertaining the negative thoughts and emotions by giving their attention or consideration to them. Then it creates a mindset, an established set of attitudes where they will constantly look for evidence of the negative beliefs which they possess, which have established from entertaining the negative thoughts and emotions which develop from being around that type of energy. This can cause them to develop a tendency to be easily hurt, worried or offended or even an extreme physical sensitivity to particular substances or conditions. It begins to slowly destroy or weaken them gradually while still keeping them confined to that environment and that level of vibration. It keeps them stuck, fixed in a particular position where they are unable to move. They become unable to progress with a task or find the answer or solution. They begin to accept or tolerate this unpleasant energy, this unpleasant personal situation even though it was something that would have previously found to be something difficult or disagreeable. Until they change their thoughts, feelings, emotions or behaviour, they will remain in this energy. They will remain around these unpleasant people or in these types of situations and they will contaminate anyone that they come into contact with. A positive person cannot remain in a healthy state of happiness and contentment around these types of people. It all starts in the mind and how you feel about things. It is your thoughts and emotions which then determine your behaviours and depending on whether your thoughts and emotions are negative or positive, that will determine your success. Narciss may portray an act of happiness and contentment on the surface, but inside they are very angry, hateful people. Most of the anger and hatred which they possess is towards themselves and it is these negative emotions which then lead to their behaviours. This is what causes them to abuse and manipulate people, deceive, lie, cheat, steal, for them to change their behaviours, they would have to change their thoughts and emotions, they would have to reflect things that are more pleasing and consistent, more in agreement which would then produce a most positive state of happiness and contentment. They would be more at peace, more thankful and grateful, but this doesn't happen because they entertain negative energy, they entertain negative thoughts and emotions, everywhere they go they carry this energy with them, for them to remove this energy, they would have to consistently stop what they are doing, they would have to change their behaviours, but they don't, they continue to engage in negative and dysfunctional behaviours which is what causes them to remain in this energy, this is what causes them to remain in a world which produces the hatred, anger, envy and jealousy, the negative energy causes them to experience these types of emotions and these emotions then lead to the negative and dysfunctional behaviours, wherever they choose to entertain that then becomes their reality. Thank you for watching, I hope this video resonated with you, please like, comment, share and subscribe, click the bell icon to receive notifications for my future videos, if you would like to donate, my PayPal link is in the video description, coaching inquiries can email me at Narcisfibercoaching at gmail.com, check out the new merchandise in the Narcisfiber store, where you can purchase your own Narcisfiber t-shirt, tank top or mug, the link is in the video description. Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon.