The craft foods company presents the Great Gildersleeve It's the Great Gildersleeve starring Harold Perry brought to you by the craft foods company makers of Parquet, Margeron and a complete line of famous quality food products It's been a bad week for Gildersleeve a bad week. It was one thing after another first. They took the ceilings off meat Then they started taking the ceilings off other things Already overdrawn at the bank Gildersleeve could see that the wolf would be at his door long before supply caught up with demand So he has pulled himself together and rallied his little family for a last-ditch fight Children the time has come. I mean the time is really tough. We've got to cut down We've got to cut expenses to the bone Bertie. Yes, sir here after Bertie no more expensive cuts of meat You mean no more meat if necessary There are other things beans and so on yes, sir I don't You can put up a lunch for me when you make Leroy's I'll eat it at my desk save a little that way Cold I'm starting the furnace late this year might save a ton or so the goodness knows we could use it right now I'll say if anybody's cold wear a sweater. I haven't got a sweater. You had a sweater Leroy What did you do with it? I went through the elbows stuffed paper in them We're buying no more sweaters Another thing and this means you Marjorie no more movies movies are out. No movies. No furnace What do we do in the evening? You'll go to bed early and keep warm Young man, this is serious your uncle had to go to the bank last week on bended knee and apply for a loan Your uncle is a debt early Roy. Do you know what that means? Means you're in debt. That's right Hadn't meant to bring this up Bertie. You needn't mention it around the neighborhood. No, sir. Not me I don't mention nothing. It's temporary, of course, but nevertheless folks ask me anything. I tell them nothing None of my own business.  Don't come stick your nose in here. I don't know nothing.  I don't tell him nothing. I'm sure you don't nothing.  I only wish I could depend on everybody the way I do on you Mr. Gilseep, I know how it is. It's been nipping tough between me and the finance company ever since I can remember I'll tell you what I'll do. I'll say you ain't home if you say I Well, it's not quite as bad with me as all that Bertie Just a small sum to tide me over. I got a little overdrawn there somehow, but these are strenuous times We've all got to pull in our horns, honky. I'm sorry. I said anything about the movies I'll gladly give them up me too. They don't mean anything to me really well I'm sorry to have to ask it of you children, but it's nothing forget it. Well, thanks After all I've given up a few things to you know, I know you have haven't had a cigar now in a week Miss driving me crazy Unki there's one in your humidor. I know because I saw it when I was looking for my rubbers Why don't you smoke it now? No, my dear. I'm saving that one for Christmas Poor on key I know what I'm gonna do. I'm gonna make some money how People wouldn't buy lemonade in the winter Come here my boy what? This is life Lee Roy too bad you have to learn about it. So young That's what happens.  I Guess there's nothing to do but batten down the hatches and sit tight here till this thing blows over I must say birdie. That wasn't a very big lunch you put up for me today That's as much as I give me Roy and you know Leroy. Yeah, but I guess you don't know me Darn it. Where is Leroy?  Well, I'm hungry But dinner's already just as soon as Leroy gets here. I'm home here. No lunch to speak of look at that It's 6 30 birdie. He's supposed to be home before dark and he knows it too. Yes. I'm hungry Marjorie do you know? Oh, there he is. Praise the Lord and I get on it too. Have a picture show Leave Roy uncle mortis been looking for you. Yeah. Hi uncle my lady. Leroy. Where the devil have you been? Yes? I'll play no guessing games. I want you to account for yourself young man. There's very minute We've been waiting dinner for you half an hour you keep out of this Leroy, where have you been? I was downtown. Mr. Bullard brought me home in his new car Hey, Mr. Board's a swell guy. I'm not interested. Mr. Bullard or his swell car I want to know what you were doing downtown. You really want to know that's precisely why I'm asking you. Well Just a sec. How did you get that selling papers selling papers? This well guy. He drove me home too. Gosh if I can sell him five papers Leroy, how much did Mr. Bullard pay you for those five papers three cents a piece?  I don't care. I'll not have you taking charity from the neighbors. It wasn't charity. This was business. Oh, stop it How could you do a thing like that Leroy? How could you humiliate me that way? Standing on the street corner my own nephew in that terrible-looking sweater Baking practically. What will people say? What will they think? Gosh, I'm sorry, young How does that look for me? I had to be that You never think Leroy come back here. You don't have to look at me like that. What I said to you Leroy. I sort of misunderstood. I Guess I'm a little hungry too. I'm afraid I seem very ungrateful, but I'm not believe me I think you were making a very generous effort and I'm proud of you my boy That's okay. It was splendid of you. We can't accept charity from the neighbors. Can we you wouldn't want to do that No, calm down calm down Let's go to dinner shall we Charity try to look at it this way Leroy if a man buys one newspaper It's safe to assume that he's buying it because he wants it or even two newspapers Maybe he wants to start a fire or something or wrap a fish Five newspapers Leroy. That's charity Look at it this way then we wouldn't want mr. Puller to get any wrong ideas Would we now he sees you down there on the street corner selling papers and that ragged sweater out at the elbows He might get the notion that we're hard up or something Well, not that hard you sit down enjoy your dinner. I'm just gonna run across the street to the bullets I want to give him his 15 cents. I'm sorry Leroy, but I will not be beholden to rumps and bullard Not for one minute. Oh well. You can't right now Craig. He's having a supper. Why can't he come over? I just told you he's having a supper. Tell your father. I'm here Craig. I'd like a word with him if I may Craig tell your father. I'm here. What do you want? I'll take that up with your father if you don't mind. Is it about money?  I'm here father isn't home I know perfectly well. He's home. Leroy came home with him. Now you go get him. He told you to say that didn't he? He's avoiding me. Will you tell him? Not home a It's your neighbor gillishly mr. Bullard.  How could you say such a thing you told me to upstairs? children Where do they get these notions, huh? Well gillishly what is it? Well in the first place I wanted to thank you for driving Leroy home this evening Why not at all? I saw the little tyke standing on the corner there shivering I thought he had no business down there, so I picked him up. Oh very good. I suppose you know what he was doing there Took it into his head to sell newspapers Where did children get these notions you think we were hard up or something? Here's your 15 cents or what for the papers Leroy sold you shouldn't have done it nonsense I was glad to help him out. No take it. No, I couldn't know no I insist please 15 cents It's nothing. It's nothing to me either here really. I don't see why you make such a fuss about it I saw the kid standing there.  He told me how things were a little tough and he was trying to help out I thought it's your real spunk. I was glad to contribute listen you take this 15 cents or I'll leave it on your doorstep Well, that's the way you feel about it. That's the way I feel about it. Well, thanks. Thank you Is that all that's all Well Good night then good night And don't leave everything you hear from Leroy. I think I'd gone over there to make a touch not be humiliated this way Gotta have more money. That's all Gotta have more money Money only one thing to do I'm going in there to the mayor tomorrow, and I'm gonna tell him tell him what never mind, but I'm gonna tell him No doubt what he's going to tell him in just a minute. I Wonder how many of us men really appreciate the problem our wives have in doing the family marketing these days Well, I didn't mr. Lang until I went shopping with my wife last weekend with all these shortages She's had to get her shopping down to a regular science She even jot things down on her grocery list in the order of their importance By the way, I noticed she had park a margin right on top Says she always looks first for park a and she got her to good for her That's what we said because our whole family goes for that's well park a flavor unrolled waffles are just plain slices of bread Yes, millions prefer park a margarine's fresh country sweet flavor and you'll find it the same fine quality today As always craft is making all the park a possible with available supplies And your dealer is continuing to get his fair share so he can supply you from time to time So take a tip from wise shoppers and always look first for delicious nourishing park a par k a y Park a margarine the quality spread for bread made by craft Let's get back to the great gilder sleeve who has spent a restless night in imaginary struggle with the mayor Now in cold daylight with all his arguments assembled. He is advancing upon the mayor's office I'm going in there to the mayor and tell him I want more money Go ahead and tell him you might And on the other hand you might not How can you refuse where can he get a man to run the water department on the salary? I'm getting I wouldn't advise you to bring that up Is that so how many water commissioners do you know around here all right all right you're the indispensable man Yes, I am and I'm gonna tell him go ahead and tell him What if he says no that's up to you You present your arguments. He considers them in the light of the city's budget. He presents his point of view you consider You present further arguments, then he presents his further argument.  I'm gonna tell him all right. Go ahead and tell him all right I gotta go down the hall and see the mayor police department gates talking Cat on the roof fire department takes care of that lady No, not at all They're not a break up that pinnacle game at the firehouse Well, commissioner you going down to see the mayor you say yes Did he send for you send for me? No. No, he didn't send for me. I asked me if I could see him. Oh Why should he send for me? No reason. I just thought he might have sent for you. That's all Kind of nippy out today in it. Yeah nippy Say chief I'm going up there and tell the mayor I've got to have an increase in my salary. You know What do you know? I'm just gonna tell him that's all Don't you think that's the only way? Well, it's one way. It's a good way if you like that way Sure. Well, I was thinking chief. I was thinking maybe I'd have a better chance if I could get a little support from you You know we department heads have got to stick together Haven't we chief? Well Especially a couple of jolly boys after all you could use a little raise yourself. Oh sure only come on Let's go up to the mayor's office together. The two of us will scare him to death. How about it?  I wish you luck What's the matter you scared certainly not I just figured that this is no time to be rocking the boat Of all the chicken-hearted useless now commissioner. Is that a nice way to talk? Well, you are but I don't need your help I'll go see the mayor by myself and I'll tell him by George right now Speaking of pee pee a man can stand just so much Yeah, that's right There comes a time in a man's life when he's either a man or a mouse Well that time comes He's got to face it Has to face what mr. Gillisling? Has to make a decision that's what Well I've made it What did you decide? What do you think? I'm no mouse peevey.  I can handle it. Give me another coke All right, you're the customer and if you want it, I want it Yes, sir It can't push me around Yeah, yeah, mr. Gillis leave but take it a little easy.     I'm gonna tell the mayor something your man. Yes, sir the mayor my boss pee vee I'm going right in there and lay it on the line and if he doesn't like it he knows what he can do You going right over there now mr. Gillis leave right this minute No time like the present Strike while the iron is hot stitch in time save nine Right well Wish me luck pee vee. I do mr. Gillis leave. I I do That'll be 40 cents for the coat. Oh, yes 40 cents Here's a half pee vee have a coat yourself. Oh, mr. Gillis leave not doing business hours Then have a cigar pee vee have a cigar wonder where you think he is Maybe in his private office. Maybe don't want to be disturbed Maybe I should come back another day No by George. Uh, it's me. Uh, Gillis leave.  That's all right. I was just dictating to miss bine wall here. Oh, yes What's on your mind? I uh Ha it's confidential. That's all right. I don't have any secrets from miss bine wall Do I miss bine wall? No Well, this is um financial. No, that's different Why don't you go and transcribe these letters while I talk to mr. Gillis leave and then we can uh Resume yes, sir. Thank you your honor. I appreciate your thoughtfulness for the man is talking salary I'm very glad you brought it up. You'll just leave you are Yes, I am in fact if you hadn't brought it up, I would have Well by George your honor, I got a hand it to you I guess you've noticed the rising cost of living yourself certainly and there is absolutely no doubt We're going to be subjected to a great deal of pressure from all our employees to increase salaries Ha everybody will want a raise. Take miss bine wall there She's been with me six years certainly deserves more money than she's getting Very loyal. Oh, I could see that Just the same I can't give her any more money and you've got to take the same attitude with your people over in the water department But the cost of living they'll just have to pull in their belts.  Yes, sir. That's the way it's got to be all up and down the line And I'm expecting all my department heads to cooperate 100 percent Oh the employees in line That's the ticket and uh, if I have any trouble Well, the council has suggested more than once that we might arrange a merger of several departments Eliminate a couple of commissioners I'm uh Thinking that over. Well, I surely hope that won't be necessary here on her. I hope not Well, oh, well before you go. Oh, yes. I was just going before you go I don't know whether I've told you I have a pet charity. You have it's called homes for horses. I suppose you're fond of horses Horses love them my favorite animal Well, you'll be interested in the work of our society We take old horses who've devoted their lives to serving the community milk horses truck horses all kinds of horses And we put them in a nice pasture where they can spend their declining years Uh, very touching You've got a big heart your honor I can't help it Anyhow, we're having a big drive to raise funds for hfh Hf homes for horses. I just told you we need funds and I'm expecting all my department heads to make a substantial contribution That's a wonderful opportunity To a worthy cause If you have any particular amount in mind, no, no, this is purely voluntary I might mention that chief gates has volunteered a week's pay What's the matter? Oh, nothing. I'm just sitting down wrong Thank you your honor. Thanks for everything. Not at all. Drop in any time. You have a problem Yes, well, goodbye your honor. Goodbye Goodbye, miss badwill I was just going home gildy Did you tell the mayor? Why don't you mind your own thing? Am I gonna do it? Mouse, I guess a to the order of Home for Yeah I don't know whether it's the time to bring it up, but mrs. Pettybone was here today. Mrs. Pettybone. What did she want? And no hundreds. She was collecting for the community chest. Now.  Goodbye folks The music is by jack mason Included in the cast are walter tetley as lee roy louise ericsson as marjorie and lily and randolph as birdie Judge hooker is earl ross and dicklegrand plays mr. Peavy This is john lang saying good night for the craft foods company and inviting you to listen in again next wednesday For the further adventures of the great gilder slave If you're planning a halloween party next week treat your guests to a variety of Pabstett cheese food surprises Pabstett spreads like butter at room temperature for delightful sandwiches and snacks Pabstett adds rich cheddar cheese flavor to omelettes welsh rare bits and souffles And you also can slice it into neat wedges when chilled for serving with fruits and pie Party time or anytime delicious nourishing Pabstett cheese food really satisfies Get both tempting varieties pimento Pabstett in the red package and golden cheddar Pabstett in the yellow package This is mvc the national broadcasting company


Welcome traders to another tick mill chart with me Patrick Manley, I want to draw your attention to the developing opportunity in silver on the dome time frame and a nice little run up here correcting the decline that equal legs target was achieved at 26.51 since seeing some bearish reversals here. What I'm looking for now is a break of the trend line here through 2585 to set up a test of at least down to 2510 in terms of weekly range support and ideally down into 2486 where I'd be watching for bullish reversal patterns to move out of short positions into long positions, targeting a move up into the 2720 to 2750 area. As always traders, plan the trade, trade the plan, most importantly manage your risk. Until next time, thanks very much.


Dear students, today we are in the lecture number 14 of the database management system course. As you must remember that during last two lectures, we were discussing an example scenario and I was trying to explain to you how do we apply the database development process steps on the real life examples. We were studying the examination system of an educational institute. Initially, we applied the preliminary phase of the database development process. In that process, we studied the system, we studied the working of the system and then we also collected the requirements of the users of different user groups that exist in an environment, in our example environment. And then we used two tools which were the DFT and the cross reference matrix. From the basis of the interviews that we conducted with the users, we developed our DFDs and also the cross reference matrix. After that, we entered into the analysis phase and in the analysis phase, using our tools, using our diagram that we developed in the preliminary phase of the database development process, we applied the process of abstraction and through our analysis, we identified different entry types, their attributes and also we identified the relationship between different entry types. Then we completed our diagram in different steps and ultimately, we discussed our complete diagram of the system. Dear students, as we have discussed many times now that the next phase of the database development process is the logical database design. We touched the topic in the previous lecture. In this lecture, we will continue our discussion. As you know that the logical database design is generally in the relational data model. In the previous lecture, I told you that the two major strengths of the relational data model that played the basic role in the popularity of the DBA messages that are based on the relational data model and those strengths are the simplicity and the strong mathematical foundation. We have discussed this point in the previous lecture. Today, we will move on from this point. The relational data model was originally presented by a researcher named E.F. Codd. At that time, he was working in the IBM company, which is the time of 1970s. In the 1970s, he wrote a very famous paper that was published in a journal and in that paper, the Codd published the paper or Codd presented the paper of the relational data model. Initially, the idea did not get the popularity, but later, the IBM itself developed a DBMS based on the data model. Before the relational data model, there were two famous data models that were being implemented at that time. One was the hierarchical data model and other was the network data model. The first DBMS that was built by the IBM and that was based on the relational model. It was the system R. And after that, another very famous system that was a relational DBMS that was Ingress. So these two were the initial relational DBMSs. By the end of 70s, the relational DBMSs, they started getting the popularity. And the major reason, as I told you before, that the simplicity of the data model and secondly, the mathematical strength. Then as you will study further, that the relational data model and obviously, the DBMSs that were based on the relational model, the relational DBMSs, they clearly separated the three layers of the database architecture. That is, they in particular, the important thing is that they separated the conceptual and the physical layer. The advantage was that when you were designing the conceptual database design, when you were designing the middle layer, at that moment, you do not need to concern about the physical implementation of this schema or at this level. Whereas, in the previous two data models, like in the hierarchical and the network data model, you need to know the implementation of the database as well. So these were the reasons that gave a popularity to the relational DBMSs. Now we will study the basics of the relational data model. I have briefly written here RDM that means relational data model. And dear students, as I have told you before, that in order to make the proper use of the relational DBMSs that are maximum prevailing DBMSs in the market today, you have to have a very clear understanding of the concepts of the relational data model. So first we study the relational data model and then we will also use a relational DBMS to see how do we implement these concepts into the DBMSs. This relational model is used mainly for the external and conceptual and to some extent the physical level. You remember the three level schema architecture. Here we are talking about basically the layers of that database architecture. Again as I mentioned before that it separates the conceptual schema and the physical implementation of that schema. The basic structure in the relational data model is the relation. And that again as I have mentioned before that this is the simplicity of the relational data model that there is just one construct, just one structure and that is relation. If you see in the anti-relation data model, we have got anti-types, we have got relationships and then we have got different types of cornellities and different types of relationships whereas here you have got just one thing, the relation. See both things have their merits and demerits. How? When we say that the relational data model is easy to understand, it gives less structure, so on the one hand it is useful, but if you pay attention to it, then it also becomes a limitation because when you are talking about the ER data model, you have got different constructs. The advantage of that is that when you represent different situations, you have to portray them, you have to model them, you have got different tools, different constructs, different structures. So, in different situations, for different things, you use different structures or different constructs. But when you talk about the relational data model, then for every situation, you have got just one structure. So, this means that you will have a loss that the things that you are representing in the relational data model, they will not be that apparent, they will not be that much clear from the schema. So, if you feel that when we talk about the ER data model or a design that we did in the ER data model, it gives you a lot of meaning about the system. For example, when you see that there are two anti-types in the relationship, you see the carnality, you feel that there is a weak entity type, it is strong. Apart from this, when you see super-type sub-type relationship, that is also giving you some meaning. So, if you compare it with the relational data model, for all these situations, all the constructs that you have in the ER data model, when you want to implement them into a database design that you want to implement in the relational DBMS, for all those structures, you have only one structure, relation. So, you have to put an entity type builder, you have to put a ratio builder, you have to put a super-type sub-type relationship in the same way. So, when you use one structure of all the situations, that does not give you so much meaning by just looking at it. Why? Because it is used for various situations, for all the things. So, at a particular time, the relation is used for what purpose? You will have to pay attention to it. Whereas in that, you have to understand that it is sufficient to look at it. I hope you understood the difference between a semantic data model and a record-based or asset data model, which is not a semantic data model. You must have understood the difference. Now, especially, when you are looking at a record-based data model, which is not a semantic data model. Let us move forward. As I said, you have only one thing to model the entity types and relationships here, relation-getable. When you implement relations, it means that when I am talking about implementation, it means that it is on a physical layer. No. You must understand that even at the conceptual level, when we write relations, if we physically see its representation, and again, physically does not mean the practical implementation. No. Means that if we write records here, if we write relations, then we write it in the form of a table. What is a table? A table represents something in two dimensions of one time. And if you remember that in the small classes, when we specifically say tables, like mountains in Urdu, when you write mountains, then you say that you see it like this. In that, the components that are fixed, what will come in the first name, then what will you write, then what will you write, then what will you write. Similarly, when we call table here, it means that it is a two-dimensional arrangement. This is how it is arranged and this is how it is arranged. Similarly, we call a two-dimensional arrangement. So, we call this two-dimensional arrangement a table. This means that we represent the relations in the form of a table. That is, we represent them in a two-dimensional format. And as you can imagine, whenever we arrange a two-dimensional thing, then we partition it like this, then we call it columns. And if you look at it horizontally, then we call it rows. This means that when you think about a relation and if you represent it practically, then it will become a table in which columns are and rows are. For example, when you look at different tables, you will understand more. Column represents attributes and rows represents records. For example, we were talking earlier that if you make sections from the use of the table, then every section that is like this will be vertical and the section that will be representing an attribute. So, this means that if you define a table, the amount of attributes that you have defined will be as many columns as that. Because every column will represent an attribute. And the rows represent a record. If you look horizontally, then there will be a record in one row. One record, second, third. Now look, note one thing. As I just said, that a table will have as many columns as you have defined the attributes in it. What about rows? We cannot say any such thing about the rows. Because rows represent records. You are talking about records that you have a record that increases and decreases in the normal tables. When you define a table for the first time, you have defined it with attributes. If there is no data in it, then you have columns of this table but there is no row. You have added one record and one row. Second, third, fourth. Initially, there was no row. And later, a table can have a million rows. So, as far as the columns are concerned, we can count them. We can say, okay, this table has got this much columns. But as far as rows are concerned, it's a dynamic thing. It keeps on increasing and decreasing. So, when we talk about how many rows are in this table, we say that this is the day. And it is in our mind that the number of rows can be changed at any time or they can be frequently changed. Strictly speaking, the number of columns can be changed. But this is something that happens very rarely. Because, as I told you, changing the number of attributes is obvious that you have to change the definition of that table and that relation. And that is something that I have already said that there is no such frequency. Apart from this, when you use the terms from now on, when we talk about tables, the horizontal thing that we said that the row represents the record, along with it, it is also called tuples. So, from now on, if you use the term row, record or tuple, one of these three means one thing. If you are confused, it means one thing. And similarly, if we say column or attribute, both of them mean one thing. Dear students, as I just told you, if we represent the relation in the form of two dimensions, it is called a table. So, when we represent it in two dimensions, it is okay to call it relation. If we call it table, it is also okay. So, the difference in terminology is that you can put it in your mind so that you are not confused with it. Okay? Now, one thing about this is that the relation of this particular representation is called a table. Along with it, it means that any other representation of the relation is also possible. We will discuss that later. What we are going to discuss at this point is that when you represent your relation in the table, it has got certain properties. And those are six basic properties. At this point, we are going to discuss them. And again, I will declare that which is one of the basics. So, you kindly understand them. And you should always understand this. I would like to tell my students that if you have read the database course, then you should understand this. The basic properties of the relation you should understand. Now, the first property in this is that each cell of a table contains atomic or single value. Now, look at this. This is a little bit of an explanation. The first thing is who is the cell? The cell will say that whenever you talk about the table, there is an intersection of a column and a row. You will call it a particular cell. So, a particular cell will represent a value of an attribute in a particular record. We have some diagrams and tables that I will explain to you. But it is not difficult for you to understand that when you take a column like this, when you look at the column, it is going in all rows. But when you draw a row, then definitely this column and this row will intersect with you. So, where they are crossing, that particular place, that block, that house, where they are crossing, that cell will be called. And obviously, you have understood that a cell, first of all, we have a student name. So, if we look at the student name and if we cross it horizontally on row 3, then what is the student name? So, the student name is that in row 3, in row 3, in row 3, in row 3, student name's value. So, a cell shows a particular attribute, a particular record. Now, this property is the basic property of this relation. It is that a cell will have a single value. What do we mean by single or atomic value? That is treated as a single value. That is treated as a single thing, as a whole. Again, that value, which you will treat as a single thing, as a single value, you will say that this is a single or atomic value. Dear students, usually the students who have read this course for the first time take some time to understand this concept. When we say that it can contain a single value, then there is such a situation in which we can get multiple values of an attribute. For example, we talked about the multi-valued attribute that we mentioned in the ER data model reference. So, in this, the table in which you have a cell, an attribute, its value cannot be multi-valued. And look, first of all, we are talking about hobbies. If we suppose that a student or an employee has multiple hobbies, if we assume that the employee or student is representing a table or a relation, then the hobby attribute will either have a value or decide that if a student has multiple hobbies, then we will store only one of them and it is up to him to decide which hobby he wants to tell. The second situation is that in the form of a text, a particular sequence of characters, you store multiple hobbies. For example, if a student has a hobby, he is a snooker, he has a reading, and he has a gardening. Now, if his attribute is a hobby, if you place a snooker or a snooker, reading or gardening, then you can write, give space, give comma. If you even feel like that, that in your opinion, I have stored the multiple values there. But the thing is that the DBMS, it will consider it as a single value. By looking at it, you have written a letter, by looking at these three letters, by looking at it, you assume that there are three hobbies for this student's basic. But the computer, rather than your relational DBMS, it did not consider it as a multiple value. It said that there is a string, in which the string can be very long, in which you can write the entire story. So, it means that by storing multiple words, by storing a long string, it does not mean that there are multiple values. For example, if you talk about the address, we discussed this earlier, during the data model, that for example, if you store the address as a single thing, it will become a long string, like house number, street number, colony number, city number, postcode, and now it is a complete string. All the addresses of the components are present in it. One condition is that you make the address a composite attribute, which has a further component attribute. So, if you first store it as a single string, when you are composing it, then according to you, what you are seeing, what you are seeing as a user, you understand that there are multiple values here, like city number, street number, but again, computer think-set, rather your relational DBMS think-set as a single value, as a text, which has 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 15, 20, 25, these words are there, but they are not multiple things. It is still a single value, single thing. This concept, when you discuss it further, you will be clear. Each column has a district name, the name of the attribute it represents. If you are representing on the table, then the column, which is your vertical arrangement, will have a name for each column. And this name will be that is basically the name of the attribute that this particular column is representing. If we have defined student record, student ID, student name, student father name, student address, then if there are 4 columns, then each column will have a heading, on top of it. And that will represent that attribute, the name of that attribute, which this column represents. So, it means that every attribute, every column has a name. But look, again, the same thing I have discussed earlier, that we do not say such things every day. See, because you know the number of attributes in a relation or in a table, but you cannot guess the number of rows in a particular table. There can be anything, there was nothing in the beginning, it can decrease, it can decrease. So, to identify rows, generally, we use keys. In fact, not keys, we use key value. So, rows are identified by the key value individually. But when you talk about columns, in a table, then columns are identified by the name of the column. The values of the attributes come from the same domain. Keep in mind that when you talk about a column, we have discussed earlier that you attach a domain with every attribute. So, when you are representing a column with an attribute, then all the values will come in it. How will the values come in it? When you enter the record, then it is obvious that you will enter the value of every attribute. When you enter the value of every attribute, then the column is increasing, increasing. So, since one column is representing an attribute, then all the values will come in it. They will all come from the same domain. We have already read that the domain means the set of possible values. For example, if we say we have an attribute of age. In age, we have declared it as the number. You can say that the age attribute, the age column, the domain is the number. Now, all the values will come in it. They will all be of the number type. It is not possible that in one column, in the three records of the beginning, you put the value in it, that age is 20 years, 21 years, 19 years, 20 years, and after that, you start with that attribute, that its name is Ahmed Murtaza. Its name is Shumaila. No. When you say that this is a particular column, the record you want to enter in that column, the value that will come in that column will be from that domain which you have associated with the domain. The order of the columns is immaterial. When you write a table, obviously, the table arrangement is column-wise and row-wise. Now, the column is written. After that, we do the first thing that you have put some data in it. First, you have made a table, first you have defined 6 attributes in it. And first, when you started the data entry, you have put 1000 records in it. Now, first, do this table in which you said we have this attribute 1, attribute 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6 attributes, 1000 records. If you take this table and change the arrangement of the columns, what was the arrangement? Change their order. Mind it. Just the order. You are not touching the value. No. I am just talking, this property only talks about order arrangement. That is, the first thing you said that column was on the first position, first you have to do it on the 5th position. What was on the 5th position, you can do it on the 3rd position. What was on the 3rd position, you can do it on the 1st position. You can do any changes in the order of the columns. So, when you arranged the table in the new order of the columns, the first table and the second table they both feel be considered the same. By changing this order, you will not call this table different. You will not say that the table was different because it had columns but this table is different because it has columns. No. That is, if you call it formally or theoretically, you will call them the same tables. That is, by changing the order of the columns, there is no difference on the table. It still remains the same. Let us move on. The order of the rows is also immaterial. This is exactly what it means that you also have a thousand rows of the columns. If you have entered the rows on a special condition, if you change the order of the rows in this table later, you can do anything. Mind it. Don't touch the values. If one value has also changed, if one value has also changed, then it is a different thing. No. The emphasis on these properties is on the order of the things. So, here, property number 5 says that if you change the order of the rows of the table, then the table will not be different or any other table will not be called. It will still remain. It will still be considered as the same table. Each row, tuple, record is distinct. No. Two rows can be same. That is, the way you enter the rows in a relation, in a table, two rows cannot be the same. In a table, you can put one record, either one lakh, or ten lakh. It cannot be that two rows are exactly the same. And just to clear this, as a clarification, we make sure that we declare a primary in each table. When we declare a primary, the basic quality of the primary is that it is unique. This means that if you put ten lakhs or more, in each row or tuple, your primary key is very different from that of the table. So, in a table, each row or tuple your primary key is very different from that of the table. So, if you do the duty, all other attributes are exactly the same. But at least, at least your primary key cannot be the same. So, if you do the duty, we have six attributes. For example, if five, two, three, four, ten, thousand, five attributes are exactly the same. Due to any reason or any circumstances, the primary key will be different. Based on this, the rows between them will not be exactly the same. So, this property says that the number of rows and the number of tuples in a table cannot be the same. All of them will not be completely the same. Mind it. I have given you an example. I have also said that even if five attributes, six of them, even if five attributes are the same, but one of them is different. And one of them is different from the character. One is different from the alphabet. Even then, they are different. This property says that the two rows cannot be exactly the same. I hope you have understood these properties. Kindly refer your books and notes so that you can understand them. Because this is important to understand these properties. Let us go ahead.  If you see this table, this table has got one, two, three, four, and five attributes or five columns and one, two, three, four, five rows. The top page you are looking at is not considered as part of the table as such. That is considered as heading or label of the columns or attributes. That is your table. This is the first row that will not be considered from the data point of view. Now, the first thing is that you can see that each column has a name and this name is unique. This means that in one table two attributes cannot have the same name. So, all these attributes are student ID, name, class name, date of birth and sex. These columns are unique and every day one, two, three, four, five and on this if you look at it in every row the value is a single value. For example, if you look at the name it is M. So, although it consists of two words. But DBMS is considered as a single value. Another thing is that all the columns are the same domains. For example, if you look at the date declared domain all the values they are dates. If you look at sex it is declared as M or F because you cannot date or number or not even a string of two characters. If you define a single character domain relation that has been represented in a two-dimensional arrangement. Dear students when we were discussing the data models at that time I told you that generally data models have got three components but at the same time I also told you that you will be able to see these components very clearly only in the model. So the three components that we talked about and will see are the three components i.e. structures that the arrangement of data the storage of data in which format your data model supports just one structure and that is manipulation language your relational data model is manipulation language i.e. SQL has been accepted as a standard that it is a manipulation language and the third is integrity support or support for integrity constraints so the support of integrity constraints is that it is based on the mathematical theory it has strong mathematical foundation and how the database relations are related with the mathematical relations and how the database relations are related with mathematical relations among those who have studied mathematics to the BSc level or may be in FSE or in FFSE may be that you have studied about relations but if you did not study mathematics then you must have studied about sets because there will be a set with a special notation and different members even an empty set the mathematical relations that is based on the sets so let us see how it relates with the sets first we have two Cartesian products Cartesian product you may have an idea if you buy two Cartesian products then there will be a set two Cartesian products another set but the new set will denote A cross B A cross B and the members will be ordered pairs which are important so this ordered pair will be the first member will be the first set and the second member will be the second set so in Cartesian products there is a possible combination i.e. you have to mix each member of the first set with each member and when they are ordered pairs and the braces are the braces of the set so this is two Cartesian products now we are talking about this in the terminology of mathematics we are discussing mathematics here now the two Cartesian products take any subset if you know all the Cartesian products take any subset then that will be a relation so if you see what is a relation then if there are two sets then any subset of Cartesian products will be a relation for example i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. i.e. will be called the relations. This is mathematical relations. The same notion of Cartesian product and relations can be applied to more than two sets. For example, in case of three sets we will have a relation of ordered triplets. For example, in the last example you saw that in the Cartesian product you had an ordered pair. i.e. in each member there were two elements. Similarly, if you take three sets, A, B and C, when you take the Cartesian product first, then in the order triplets you will have three members. In the order triplets A, B and C, the first member will be A, the second member will be B, and the third member will be C. This will be the Cartesian product. Similarly, as we have already taken the definition of mathematical relation, the definition will be applied again in such a way that if you take any of the sets of Cartesian product, then that will be called a relation. Similarly, we can do this with four sets, with five sets, with six sets. As much as you wish, as much as you wish, you can apply the Cartesian product and the definition of relation to all of them. Now, for this mathematical relation, if we try to apply it or relate it to database relations, then how will they relate? We will take a small example of that. Just to give you the idea, just to explain you the idea. First, we have two attributes. We call them name and age. Now, the attribute we have is the set of possible values, or the domain. First, we call it four names. As you have written, Ali, Sana, Ahmad and Sara. These four names are possible as values for the attribute name. Similarly, we have another attribute, age. And its domain, the set of possible values, contains 15 to 25 numbers. That is, the age attribute value can be taken from 15 to 25. Now, if we first take the name and age attributes of Cartesian product. Then it will be a set like this. In this, I have not written all possible ordered pairs because it could have taken too much space. But look, you are getting the idea that whatever your ordered pairs are making, you can see that because the name is cross age, the first value of the ordered pair is the domain of the name. And the second value is the domain of the age. For example, the first ordered pair is Ali 15. After that, the second value of the name set is Sana. With Sana, you have mixed 15. This is another ordered pair. Similarly, the third value of the name set is Ahmad. Ahmad class is 15. Ahmad is 15. Third pair. And then Sara is 15. Fourth pair. Now, with the same value of the age attribute, you have made all the possible combinations of the name. Now you move to the next value of the age. So what will happen in that? Ali, 16. Sana, 16. Ahmad, 16. Sara, 16. This is your 16. And in the same way, the age attribute of all the domains, from 15 to 25, you will make all the combinations with all of them. And it will carry on. The last two values are written on the screen. Ahmad, 25. And Sara, 25.  So far, you have seen how our two domains of the attribute were made by the Cartesian product. Now, let's move on to the relation. Dear students, let's suppose that we have a class or many classes. And in those classes, the students we have, their names are possible from the domain of this name and their ages are possible from these names. Now if you visualize it a little, then you can very easily realize it that you can take any class of the world. If we apply these two basic conditions, their names are possible from these names and the age is possible from these names, then the situation of each class, if you want to write it, then it must be the subset of this Cartesian product. Again, if we have a class where we apply these two conditions, name is possible, age is possible. Now, the class's preferred situation, if you look at it, the combination of name and age, it must be in this Cartesian product or it must be a subset of it. If you broad this scenario a little, the example we have given here, we have said that the name is possible only in the domain of these four names. If we understand this, if we assume that we have the domain of the name, there are not just these four names, but all the names that are possible. Let's say, if we talk about Pakistan, then all the names that are possible in Pakistan, Muslims or non-Muslims, if we consider them as domains, obviously this domain will be very large, there may be millions of values. Let's suppose that we have a domain of name, all possible names, then we say age. So, the age of any possible ages, let's say in the class, it is 15 to 25, then this is the domain of age. Now, if you take the Cartesian product, it will be a very large set, there are millions of values in the domain of the name. Now, all the names are given to this age, it is 12 values, it is 15 to 15, there are 11 values. So, the history of these will be a very large set. But, if you think that if you are existing in Pakistan in any class, of this MCS-BCS level, the general class that is existing, if you look at the age of any student, if you look at the combination, then the ordered pair will be existing in the Cartesian product of this name and age. So, if you take your class, if you look at your class, and you make the name and age of all the people in it, and write it in a set. You can easily understand that in your class, the combination of the names and the age, will exist in this Cartesian product as well. Or, it will be its subset. Now, you can apply it in any class. So, in the class, the particular situation of that class, the grand set of the Cartesian product, will be present in the class or it will be its subset. I hope you have related to this, that there is a database relation, a database table, that relates to the mathematical relation. When you have an attribute and its domain, then whatever your table will be related to it, it will be the subset of the Cartesian product. This is how the database relations and mathematical relations relate to each other. As I told you before, what is the benefit of this is that you treat these database relations as mathematical relations. Now, you have to perform any operation on this. So, you can see that the question is whether we should do it or not. For that, instead of experimenting or thinking about something else, you have got the mathematical relations. You can see that the operation on the mathematical relations, we should put it there. And like that. So, it gives a whole infrastructure to the relational model. What are its liberties? What can we do in it? And what are its constraints? What are its limitations? If you put it in it, then it will always be well defined. Clearly defined. In its meaning, in its operations, in some activity, there is no confusion. There is no opinion. Because all things are mathematically proven. Let us move on. This is an example of a class given in the continuation.  Now, there is some relation to database relations. We will see that with the reference of the relational model. Let A1, A2, A3, do not confuse this. This is a notation. A1 is like a student ID. A2 is student name, A3 is student address. You relate it like this. It will be very easy to understand. And every one has its own domain. Mind it. Every attribute has its own name and its own domain. You have to associate these two things with every attribute. You have some attributes and every attribute has its own domain. This is a relation scheme. The scheme means that the structure defines a relation. A relation scheme relates certain attributes with their domain in the context of a relation. We will say that when we have to define the structure of a relation, we will collect the attributes and associate a domain with every attribute. How will the domain be associated? Depending upon the environment, the situation. What should be stored there? What is defined? For example, it is a student ID. A student ID is not defined as it should always be a number or it should always be a text. It depends on different situations. The structure of a relation can be written as R is our relation and A1 is the column D1. A1 is the name of attribute and column D1 is its domain name. A2 attribute name, D2 domain name and so on. Last attribute an and domain dn. Student ID colon text. Student ID has domain text. Student name text. Student address text, date of birth date. Can you write it like this? Or briefly, we do a relation scheme and sometimes we do not mention the domain and just mention the attributes that is also sometimes sufficient. Now, once we have defined the scheme, how will the relation be made? The relation will be that according to each attribute, for example, here we have student ID attribute name colon instead of domain a particular value. Now you are basically forming the relation itself. That was the relation scheme. The structure. According to that structure, now you will formulate your relation. Zahra said that the scheme will be made once. According to that, add as many records or rows or tuples as you like. See in front of you as student ID colon S001. This is the value of attribute student ID in a particular tuple or particular row. Similarly, ST name. In this tuple, ST name value is Ali. The same way, ST address, date of birth, is a tuple. Now, along with it, another tuple started. You saw that student ID is written as S03, student name, student address, date of birth, so this is your second tuple. Third tuple, fourth tuple, fifth tuple. You add the tuple to define the relation scheme. According to that, you add tuples. Similarly, we can write these tuples as we know the scheme. Instead of attribute name, we write this relation as it has just the value of tuples. Finally, if you represent it in two dimensions, that becomes a table. This is what we talked about, that we can have another scheme of the relation. If we write the top form, that is a relation. If we write the bottom form, that is relation and table. The top one is not table. The bottom one is relation and table. Because that is a representation of a relation in a two-dimensional arrangement. Dear students, we will conclude today's lecture here. Today, the course of our database management system is the most important thing that is our relational data model. We have started it. I hope that you have understood what is a relation and what is a table. What is a mathematical relation? How do we relate the mathematical relation with the database relations? What are the basic properties of the database? What is the meaning of every property? Finally, we were looking at how to represent a table relation scheme and relation. Until then, I wish you all the best. Allah Hafiz.


So again, welcome, welcome everyone. Thank you for joining us for this Tuesday morning edition of the Tech Deacons Roundtable. My name is Eric Ellie. I am your digital minister for the Southern New England conference. I, we created these Tech Deacon Roundtable so that we can come together and support one another. And so I'm again, as I said before before we started recording, it's nice to see everyone this morning. Let's go around really quick for just in case there's some folks who are new. And introduce yourselves, your name, where your church is, the name of your church. Also, you're the state that you're in because sometimes there's first churches and sometimes there's replicated names. So I found out in New England. So, you know, your name, your church, the state where you're at in digital ministry. And according to my screen, Rich is up first. Okay. Oh, sorry, there's two Richards. Oh, sorry, Richard, Richard Crisman. Hi, I'm Rick Crisman. I'm the interim senior minister at the Elliott Church in Newton, Massachusetts. We presently have a live online Zoom service at 10 o'clock on Sunday mornings. And we're in the process of discussing this live streaming option for when we regather and I don't think we are foreseeing regathering until Labor Day. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you for sharing. Jane, would you care to go next? Yeah, but Jane Claiborne, I'm from First Congregational Church of Gardner Mass. I'm one of the tech assistants at our church. We are doing virtual Zoom, virtual live Zoom right now, starting to investigate the possibility of hybrid but don't really have a timeframe yet for that. Thank you, Jane. Yeah, I'm Rich Connolly from First Church of Leverett, Massachusetts. And we're, we worship by Zoom, and we're, we're going to move to hybrid, the choir is already recording. That's, that's not hybrid, but that they do record and that's. And so that's where we are. And this, we'll probably follow the state guidelines closely after they allow us to open. So we're not sure when they open when we'll go hybrid. Wade, Wade, you're next. Oh, sorry. So we did Zoom for six months or so and then changed to live streaming back in November. Then maybe two months ago we started a hybrid services with 12 to 15 people in the sanctuary. Right now we're trying to, we're struggling with how to get our choir back in so they can sing or at least record something that we can play back in our live stream feed. It's the first congregational church in Bethel, Connecticut. Thank you, Wade. Thank you for sharing. Andy, you're up next. Good morning, everybody. I am Andy Burr and at the present time I am the interim pastor of North Congregational Church and Middleborough Mass. Up until February the congregation was doing Tate services and uploaded to YouTube. For people to watch at their leisure and starting in the middle of February, we started doing live Zoom broadcasts from the sanctuary. And we have set up an event bright invitation system for people for 10 people to come to the sanctuary for the service. So I'm not preaching into an iPhone camera, but there are actual people in front of me. Thank you. Thank you, Andy. Eric, you're next. We started out everything we're just doing recorded when everything had to go remote. Slowly we got the infrastructure together to go to streaming live and we were able to start doing that once. And we started with a hybrid. It was like hybrid was sort of allowed at that point. So we had a minor hybrid with like just like a sign up genius for people to come to there. When things started going, call it south again, we went just straight. We actually kind of went to a hybrid pre recorded slash live. So what happens is, you know, our pastor does live and via the OBS, I'm able to put in some pre recorded things. So the organ music. Sometimes we have the choir is able to sing where they pre recorded their segments and melded together and all that. I'm married to the choir director and office manager. So between her and I, we, we work all this stuff out from a technical perspective. She does most of the actual video editing and all that type of stuff. And I work on making sure it goes live. And we pretty much do that to Facebook like every, every week right now. So our pastor doesn't have to, you know, do thousands of takes of things. The, I think we're looking shortly after Easter to go back to a hybrid based on where things are currently going. And when we do that, the organ music will be live again. And we'll have limited people there. We're still not certain about being able to do singing and that type of stuff. But there's at least one more planned choir, you know, multi part thing and yeah, that's where we're at. Thank you. Thank you, Eric. Lorraine. Hi, I'm Lorraine Russell. Everybody calls me Lori Lori Russell. I'm a deacon at the Hope Congregational Church. That's in the Riverside section of East Providence in Rhode Island. And we were totally unprepared for the COVID shutdown. And so we kind of struggled in the beginning. We just basically went out and saw what everybody else was doing. And for a couple of weeks we had to, you know, just watch services that other churches were either live streaming or have reported. And there was an Easter service that the conference did that we had to retake in because unfortunately our pastor got struck with COVID. So once she got back though, she really got on it. She started recording and uploading her own services between her and the music director. So we were 100% recorded services. And then we planned on having an in-person outdoor service for Easter, which that plan went south. So we're stuck yet again. Right now the plan is to just record like we had been doing and this time it would be including some guest soloists. So we were planning on recording it a day or two before Easter and then uploading it again to Facebook because we do not have the capability or the equipment in order to live stream. We are looking into it. But even if we do get the equipment, I'm not sure if we have the Wi-Fi or cell coverage that we would need to do that if we were inside the sanctuary. So we were in the climate weather and we ended up having to go inside because even though we're not having the congregation there, we were still planning on being outdoors, you know, in order to have the soloists in the pastor there to do the service. So we're kind of still in flux less than two weeks before Easter. And then for a long range, we're still, we have the name of a consultant that we have to have come out and actually look at the sanctuary in the church to see what setup we would need, what estimated cost to low end estimated cost to bring us up to, you know, 21st century would be like about $8,000. So we're, we're, you know, we're still working through it, we're nowhere near ready to do anything yet but we got plans. And that's why I'm here. Thank you for sharing, Lorraine. So, I'm a pastor at a church in Western Massachusetts, St. Mark's physical church in East Lungmeadow, and we are planning to have to hold a outdoor worship service on Easter Sunday. I think that was pretty spot on and saying, and very firm to saying, you know, no, no, no in person Easter Easter services.  So, you know, I believe that we, St. Mark's will be going back into in person, I think we're going to try it maybe. So I guess it's like the common this is the common thing here. We're not quite sure but I think we're looking at Easter to the second, the second Sunday of Easter. So I offer you that we will be pre recording at the eight o'clock service, our standard live stream service on Easter morning, and then playing that, you know, and live stream that out but also go and play that back on at our normal 10am service, the time that we will be outside. Today I want to focus on something a bit different. And I'll just spotlight myself here. Today I offer the following question. In terms of ministry, and the question is what might digital ministry look like apart from the principal Sunday service. Now I asked that, and I'm going to put that also in the chat. I'm going to ask that because most of us, you know, when we when we envision what we're going, what we're doing in digital ministry what digital ministry looks like in our context. We envision, rightly so because of COVID, we envision a solution that centers around the principal Sunday service. And for many folks, that solution may or may not fit with the financial situation that your church is is currently in. So I offer this question as a as a way to get us thinking a little bit outside the box because I think if we if we imagine what we can do. On Monday through Saturday or Monday through Friday, that is that still retains the, the congregation that you've built on a, you know, on the, on the Sunday by Sunday basis, but offer short form video that would be, you know, maybe 1520 minutes long perhaps. That would be a solution to bridge the time as we're going through, you know, a transition into hybrid, or perhaps you may adopt this as your as one aspect of your digital ministry. So, so what do I mean by a service outside of your principal worship service. And for that what I'll do is I'll bring up on screen here a hybrid service snapshot a screenshot of our Facebook post from last Friday. So this is a meditation service that looks nothing like a typical Episcopal. I'm so I'm Episcopal I serve in Episcopal church, but it looks nothing like a standard Episcopal service. The liturgy is very open. It is led by one of our congregants seal who is, you know, who specializes in meditation and reiki and has a passion for it. I think that's a key there. It doesn't necessarily have to be, you know, someone who, you know, from your congregation but as you can see from the from the screenshot. The number of people reached was about 816 if I'm reading that correctly because my teleprompter is a bit away from me, and we have approximately 161 engagements. This is the key is the key metric there the 161 in terms of engagements engagements are actually the number that you would use in Facebook to count as a someone who actually participated. So what that time is in terms of, you know, the length of time they were in worship with you that'll vary greatly. But I put that up there as this so this is a 30 minute service it used to be 15 but it's kind of gotten, you know, a little, a little more lengthy as we went on. And you'll notice something about that post. And that the post has been boosted. So what we do at St. Mark's is we define a geographic area and we I think we were defining that as a geographic area that is approximately 50 miles radius of the church. So our demographics and are targeting with this, you know, with a Facebook ad, we are targeting folks who are, and I'll review some of the keywords into prayer, Christian meditation. I believe this one I believe seal talked about chakras we we included chakras in that energy centers. So again, it is something like completely, you know, completely different. That was 505050 mile. So we were reaching Worcester Hall Baron and that was a big that was for this one, but usually we would do something so I thanks for asking that way. We would do 1515 but we switched it up a little bit this time around and and actually went for a longer distance. So I offer that as a kind of a base for our discussion part of our discussion today to to imagine what would worship look like.  In westerly Rhode Island, and that that church there Christ church, they have a community leader come in. I believe it's, I think it's daily Monday through Friday. It's around 12 noon. And they have they they actually, the Sunil father Sunil will come in and interview that person, and he gets quite a, he gets a lot of a lot of interaction and a lot of engagements on that. So, like always I, you know, I step back a bit because I know I've been talking a lot. And I'd like to hear what you perhaps have to what you've been wondering, you know, and, and in this I think I have one of the key parts about this is that this doesn't have to be expensive. Okay, so this would involve a cell phone on a cell phone stand. And for some of this, I mean, usually you've heard me or other, you know, tech folks saying you must hold the phone like this. You know, hold it in, you know, in landscape or in landscape mode. But for some, depending on what your format is like if you're on tiktok. Or if you're on Instagram reels, it would be better to orient the phone in portrait mode. So you have the phone. And you have a, in this case this is like $10, I think it was $10 microphone from that I bought on Amazon. And it's in a little leatherette bag. And it's really simple it's a standard lavalier mic that you can attach to yourself and it has a, you know, like a plug that plugs directly into the cell phone, like so. It's overly complicated. And this, you know, this type of ministry model in terms of, you know, in terms of within digital ministry can provide that kind of that bridge that you that you may be looking for. Also, just a little factoid that short form video. In other words, video that is not an hour long, you know, 15 minutes, perhaps 20 minutes I know it, you know, I've said it before, you know, with our case and at Friday night we went from 15 minutes an hour at 30. So we get we got to watch a little bit. But short short form video is best because people when they're scrolling when you do the idea behind digital ministry in within the context of social media is you want to stop to scroll. And when you do stop to scroll that you want to, you know, make it as short as possible and compact as possible so that people don't scroll out. So, so with that I will unspot like myself and open up the floor to people who have some feedback. Yes, Rick. Thanks, Eric. We exchanged an email about this yesterday I just wanted to get the sense of the group to I did appreciate very much the option to do something besides the the expensive live stream, but I had a question for the other Eric Brestler was it you that said that you're in the sanctuary with someone from Bethel Connecticut first UCC they're 12 to 15 people in the sanctuary. Does that come off acceptably I mean I presume that's a very small number of people for a very large group I was only, and we would have that same situation. And I wondered how that affects the worship dynamic and if the people who are watching the live stream are affected by that. And then I want to come back to Eric ellie after that to say that we're thinking very hard about not short form video but short form audio and go a completely different direction. Anyway, so who was it that was from Bethel Connecticut. Wade would you care to speak to that I believe you're muted. Oh wait yeah there you are. Can't hear you. I don't know what what is going on with zoom these days but I find that space part on mute yourself works about a third of the time. And I didn't quite get Richard I didn't quite get the gist of your question you're talking about 15 or so people in the sanctuary but what was a concern that you had the concern is simply how does that affect the dynamics of worship. When there are so few people in a large space. Do you find that it makes any difference maybe you know you have a, you know the same performance if you will the same presentation you would anyway. Yeah, you know it's it's really hard to generalize on something like that we've got a. I hope a really different situation and that we've got a choir director music director that has got compromised immune system and can't come into the sanctuary for whatever reason. And that, that limitation probably overshadows everything else so she sends in six or seven pieces every week. They come in on an MP3 file I put some pictures behind them and put some lyrics on the hymns and make them into MP4s and we play that and it plays through a monitor in the front of the sanctuary. To get to the point of your question I think as we've got we had 19 people in the room last Sunday. They're all so glad to get out of the house to get to be able to come and see a few people. It's not a very big sanctuary it's maybe 50 feet wide and 100 feet long. It's a big old time on New England construction but that we don't fill the room up in any sense in any stretch the imagination, but people are so glad to come that they find it worthwhile. Now, that said we're probably six weeks into this so I don't know that we've got a trend established yet but it's working pretty well. That's my question I was concerned about just having an empty, almost empty sanctuary. Thank you, Wade. What about, what about the audio idea Eric, Ellie. Well let's go back to the other Eric who had his end up. I think people watched remotely for going like they liked seeing people in the building they liked you know having the option when they could so I wouldn't let it deter you as you were saying in any way to just start opening it up as comfortable and as people are comfortable being able to come there. And I did a similar thing with the audio segment where some of the stuff that I had to do was you know put out as an audio only in the sanctuary, even though we had the video available of the choir members it was the video stream live people in the building only heard the audio because I don't have a monitor in front to put it on. So, but that still was receptive, you know, very well and then when the people went home they sometimes rewatched it, so they can see all the different people's faces doing the singing at the picture so. Yeah, I just wanted you to know that there's other examples. Another example that comes to mind, pretty, pretty quick for me is a service. It's Apple only at this point. It's an app called Clubhouse. And the neat thing about it is, it is conversational. You can set it up in a way that is that will, you know, almost like a webinar where people are muted but I believe the goal of Clubhouse is to get people and bring people together, but only audio only. And it's, I've seen this, I believe about a month ago on CNET, and they were stressing the fact that folks, some folks for some, for some people, they are so kind of like burnt on, you know, going to work and working. You know, and zoom meetings and stuff and people have had it with video that some folks are appreciating audio only. Yes, from Carol it is a isn't it is a Apple, it is a Apple only product at this point they are porting over the and coding for Android. So they will be doing that. So I offer that anybody else. But yes, oh yes Carol, please. We had some conversation we've been struggling with you know we've been we've been pre recording all of our services and premiering them on Sunday mornings on YouTube. And we've been struggling with getting back into the sanctuary where we're going to have an outdoor service on Easter, whether permitting pray for good weather. But yeah, but we know we've been struggling with, you know, what do we do for live, do we live stream do we continue to have, do we have a live service and pre record another service. And, you know, we've just been struggling with that and we have a we have a group that's called the worship and music team which is part of deacons and the subject of prayer time came up in our conversation and talking about you know when you're live streaming how do you how do you make sure people's privacy isn't, you know, put out over the over on YouTube. So, from that conversation, we talked about perhaps having a weeknight prayer time, and maybe that would be a another way of having a digital ministry have a prayer group. So, just another and again that that prayer group could be, you know, again something as simple as phone. Yeah. What we do at a and there are some diocesan practices that we have to follow so we don't. And I'm speaking of my context at St. Mark's. Yeah, we do not use last names in prayer so we do we do collect prayer concerns through chat on Facebook. We do not we do not say even though somebody may say please pray for me, you know, or please pray for, you know, my, you know, my son, my daughter, whoever my friend, and may use a last name. We do not include that, you know, when we when we're at the produce and we're reading that back and as part of the joys and concerns, you know, part of the pastoral prayer. That's something we call like concluding and collect. We do not use the last names we will not include them in there, even if I'm going and nothing that boosts engagement is to welcome folks. So folks who have like said oh good morning everybody you know and they're and they're typing in the in the comments, I'll read their names off as well. But I won't include their last names. Yeah. Now, the, and that's kind of, you know, it's we so we encourage folks just use first names. The other thing you can do which a couple of our churches in our diocese do is we have a closed group. We have a prayer meeting group in the church in some of our churches.   You pointed to that group. No one it's not it's not one it's not public. And to the the cuts in in that group, and it could even be prayer prayer requests with, you know, that are just, you know, typed in in the, you know, in the in post format like you would see on, you know, any anybody's post those all that stuff that's in that group is contained in a group so nobody can see it. And for that, for that particular church I'm thinking about it's it's actually worked well for them, because they have a password protect password protected page website. And not even that it's just a Facebook group that is that it's locked.  And it says okay someone will you know the moderator of this group will you know review. Sometimes there's a question. People say okay join group and the private group please answer the following question.  I missed that you said Facebook I get that now. Yeah. Yeah. So it's a closed Facebook groups. What else has anybody tried a ministry outside of of Sunday outside the Sunday morning principal service. So we, we haven't really done as much with like per se worship things but we've had what else with the church doing so like we have a garden project where there's a spot in the church where there's a effectively a public garden and we want people to come in and help with it and that so we have effectively short go live to say here's the status of it if you want to volunteer get a hold of this person you know that type of stuff and they're able to show it and all those type of things. We've had things even like treasurers telling us how we're doing financially because of course so we're going to that's been a, you know, concern or for having a fundraising thing. We actually had to go digital with the with our, what do you call it again with our annual holiday fair type thing where we usually big fundraiser for us and we actually went with a completely digital like store front thing which, oh my God it's like, we learned all sorts of stuff and some of this will use when we can not have a be a virtual because we'll do pre orders for some things because it lets us know how much stuff we should have and things like that so there's there's a bunch of opportunities I think there for people to engage. Actually for was it ash Wednesday or whatever our priest usually is available, like at the front of the church you can come up and get your ashes, but he didn't want to encourage people to come and gather and do that so he actually did a short thing of how you create your own ashes at home and do it and and be prepared then for the service so you can do you know do this ahead of time and do things so little things like that we've been trying to do for engagement reasons and community reasons. The other thing we also do is after after Sunday church we have a coffee hour. And it's host on Google Meet. And we usually there's people who are there every week that are the runners of it but it's just a chat session just like you'd have coffee hour afterwards normally but now it's virtual and that actually has been useful as well. You know in there and we've occasionally done other ones other meetings like that where for different purposes we get people you know people are getting together, and we facilitate it. So a couple things that we've been doing last year with the riots and the demonstrations that we had. We created a Black Lives Matter prayer walk in front of our church, and we published a URL so that people could come by from the general community. They could hit the URL with their phone, and they could hear recorded prayers recorded this discussions from black community leaders and so forth in our area. And they could meditate on that particular aspect of it while they're walking in a labyrinth that we have on our property. The idea of it is you could do that from wherever we published the URL. So people could do it from home when they go on their own mock walk. So there's similar type of things with labyrinths and meditation walks, where we can publish a URL and people can do something like that. The other thing we did is at Christmas time we had a live nativity scene. Again with a URL with poems and music that people could come from the general community see the see the thing in progress, but then have the URL as an interaction behind the scenes. Nice. Thank you, James. Are any of those URLs available. Could you give us a sample. Perhaps and perhaps a timed out. I mean, because since the event is over. I'll see if I can find one and send that over. Okay. Thank you. Going back to Rick. Rick kisman, did you have a platform that you were looking into in terms of audio only. Well, no, thank you for bringing that up. We hadn't gotten that far. So far, we've only been doing one audio thing I record something I call the one minute minister every week, and we posted on the homepage of the website. It's, it's of course, truth to tell it's never one minute it's usually two to two and a half minutes. Nevertheless, some of our people are listening to it I don't we don't have any way of tracking. If it's even being listened to, but it was an attempt to experiment with this audio non Sunday morning worship to see what what it would be like. And it's, it's an interesting discipline for me to write something that's in the 200 to 300 word range and I really like doing it so I don't feel any compunctions about doing it but I don't know how effective it is what platform would you suggest use it. When we shared of sermons back about four years ago at St Andrews we use SoundCloud. And then we would share the SoundCloud file over Facebook. Yes. I would look at podcasting. If you could that may be a really good way to do it and then people basically subscribe to it too so every time it's put there they'll get a notification know all that type of stuff and it might be very useful. Yeah, Eric that's actually an excellent idea because you know with so you're you're reaching your you know you're leaving, you're leaving the realm of Facebook and YouTube and you're actually going on different other platforms. And you're when you're in, you know to Eric's point when you are podcasting you are there are people who are seeking out those podcasts and will subscribe.  There is Eric do you have a guy I could. Yeah, I was just going to try to look something up but I don't know. I like, I just haven't done it myself. Right. Oh, thank you James for the for the link. Right, thank you. So I will, what I will do in case unless Jane has something that she's going to offer. Not offer. I will, I will get those resources together for podcasting and and make them available to us. And a podcast is not necessarily inter it's not interactive is it. No, no, okay.   I mean, the things that even at the Friday night meditation and we have again, you know, we don't have to, you know, you don't have to get as fancy as, you know, we, we are at St. I mean, we were using the equipment there because it's there, you know, we don't you don't have to do, you know, all the stuff that we're doing, you know, for for meditation on a Friday night. But I often wonder like, you know, if there's video so it was and I think rich Rick may be onto this, you know, if there's video then the complexity comes up a notch, a production value comes up a notch. And, you know, if you're simply trying to offer meditation, then I always think, and you'll see this if you go to, I'll share the link in a few moments. You'll see that I'll go between the two prayer desks that, you know, myself and seal said that, and then just her, and I keep switching occasionally not like every 15 seconds or anything like that but like, maybe over the course of, you know, three or four minutes between both of them, because I'm wondering like, Okay, now that video is on. Do people does things need to change, you know, in order to keep people's attention, let's say, for example, let's say James has an organ recital.   You know, you would kind of mix it up just to keep the engagement up. But of course that adds in all the complexity, you know, so, you know, when we're talking audio only and podcasting that's, you know, you know, it kind of takes that away takes that stress and takes that kind of buy in away from it.   Be concise and be, and be right in which that I'll do that right now. I was going to say for even our Sunday services, we were down like 35 minutes is how they run, typically speaking, we try not to go much longer than that for that kind of that same engagement reason. Now it's a little easier to you don't have the interactions and the switching because it's really just like, you know, really streamlined.  But then it's more interesting because there's more people, you know, so like it's this interesting combination and balancing out. Yeah, that's true. We've found that in our services we've actually had to add points of transition. So we use pieces of artwork in between like the scripture reading and the sermon. And after the sermon, because it seemed like we were just going back and forth between things so quickly, it was disconcerting. So we had to even add some transition points for about 15 to 20 seconds, just to give a nice separation. Yeah, and that's in fact I could bring up an example of that at St. Mark's. You know, last week at the last Saturday at the Technicans Roundtable workshop for Super Saturday, we've run from one end to the of the church, clear to the other end of the church to sing. We both sing live.  Can I get back in on James's point and, and Eric Bresslers because it occurred to me when they were talking. Being in the sanctuary for service is very different than watching it on the screen and but we're doing both at once in live streaming and does that really work. I mean, you can afford in a sanctuary to have those breaks. Don't we James, you know, those transitions those cues can be a little more spaced out. But boy on screen downtime is deadly. Yeah. Yeah, let me try to pull up that. I'm not sure I'm going to tackle that once, once we're full full live. I mean, yeah, right now I've got the one camera so we just kind of pan over to like the organ and then we kind of pan back over to the pastor and then pan to the person at the other thing but when we did it for a short time but they said it's tough. I don't I don't even have the luxury of cutting between things. I also don't want to make it too difficult for the people to run because otherwise, like there's two of us who can run the system right now. And it's a little more complex because we're popping back and forth pre-recorded and non pre-recorded and all that type of stuff.  Yeah, I mean I would love to make it really complex and just have a really nice system and you know have a you know people on staff to do it but I there's no way that the church doesn't have the budget for that stuff. It's a lot of volunteers for us. Right. Well that's an interesting point both Eric's are making it reminds me of watching a mega church service you know they are a triple plus at the technical and and also at the performance and you know it's very snappy. There's no downtime, but that that requires engineers and someone who writes a script that is very tight. But we don't do that our services are just not structured like that. I'll say even for like when we were transitioning between a lot of non live when he was on when he was going to go off and so we started to have to do like I'm up there and I have to like put my hand like this towards them and he's you know he's watching for me to give him a signal that he's on or off or whatever and it was like oh right of course this makes sense right like I know this from doing this stuff in the past but like you don't think about it right and so he was sitting there and you know he might start going for his water glass or something like oh that's not good you know or or comes back he suddenly looks surprised like oh it's my time to talk again you know. Yeah exactly. So these are the fun things that you you run into and you notice and you're like, oh we can make this better and. Yeah, I think it's funny I mean I even looking back at someone we had some technical difficulties at some of them we've had Mike problems you know whatever it goes on and we can watch as our quality of certain things have improved and other things we still haven't learned. One of the things that would be helpful is if you create a plan or an actual a document if you go through your service. Take this from like a stage production or a play or you know, and so you actually have a plan for who what goes on when and when does that stop and what happens next and so this way here. You can kind of flow it a little bit easier than a sudden awkward cop. Yeah, I posted a different kind of question on the chat line. Oh let me let me check that. Oh discrete lights that pulpit. Not big box lights. Yeah we have big box lights but for in person that's that's not a good idea. Well use them probably on the side and so I'm trying to figure out how to have appropriate lighting at the pulpit. We have a quite experienced minister I've said that before who is pretty high tech to start lives a very high tech end user. But for the audience sitting in the pews the big box lights have to be can't be close to the pulpit. I'm just looking for ideas or brands or any leads you have. So the we are as good that you brought that up for sure because we are faced with that as well at St. Mark's. We have about four studio lights.  We also have cameras now we know that for this transition time back into the space. We are, we are saying, and we're kind of, you know, educating the congregation and letting them know that you will see lights. We will see cameras because our cameras are not PTZ cameras. I don't talk about PTZ cameras all the time, but these are stationary cameras on tripods. They're not moving, you know, at least not for the first, you know, a few weeks that we are in in worship together. So we have, you know, we've said to folks, you know, it's the church is not going to look like the same church that you left. And back in March, but I get your point with the box lights and I think one of the things that we went, we moved from box lights to LEDs. And what kind of LEDs. Let me bring that up. In other words, are there strings they come in a string or I just know these are these are these are studio lights. Okay, LED studio lights. Thank you. Yeah. And these LED studio lights cast more light out. Yes. And you could pull you can have them back further than so you don't have to be like right on right on the subject. Okay, but they come in the big box shape or they're now here let me just they're they are smaller they're probably I don't know what size box you're using but let me just bring that up you're really quick. I find it interesting you guys use the box lights and stuff because I, I'm just using the house lighting. I think my video suffers slightly for it but I also don't have the highest and video equipment but but I, yeah, I just, I just go the route of it looks the natural light and the natural look. Right. And I don't try for the television production quality which that's a tough call to though, you know, for things on it because you don't want the people remote to suffer too much but I guess that they never went into the higher quality. I don't have to worry about disappointing them. Right. So, what are the things I pushed.  So, one of the things you can see some relatively inexpensive lighting solutions by going to sweet water. It's a musicians clearinghouse, and they have a number of different things out there I mean you can get fog and all sorts of stuff that you want to want to do something crazy but they do have some type of lighting which is, you can put back a little bit farther, and it would add some nice overall lighting to this, this space. Thank you I've dealt with sweet water before we, we have a system installed by professionals far younger than I am. And they use the box lights that work extraordinarily well but as I've indicated, we already know that they're really intrusive and because of their size we all we already know that. In other words, telling the congregation they know they've seen pictures and they go no wait a minute it's way, way too big. It's because of the choir, because the choir records at social distancing, the attendees on zoom have already seen the box lights I mean that's not news to them. Right. Thank you. This is, this is what we're using at St. Mark's. So this is, these are lights that are placed off the side. Can you scroll that so I can get the name. Oh, sure. Yeah. Thank you. Yep. There we go. New newer newer newer newer. Advanced. Yeah, I got it. Thank you. Eric, you indicated a Super Saturday that you were going to talk to alter live this week. Yes, in fact, they're meeting with them in two hours. Okay, I mentioned because that's of interest and you're going to know whether you're going to do it next week. Tuesday or even tonight and I, in which case I would let us go over it. If I would attend, you don't have to commit to it. I'm just trying to find out where you're right. So, so what I'm meeting with them today to collect information and then what I'm going to do is I'm going to welcome them into one of our own table discussions and let them present their, their product. Okay. And we'll get a notice. What's that? Yeah, you'll get plenty. We'll schedule out a month or so. Thank you. Thank you all for your time. Yeah, no problem. I, and speaking of time, I want to be mindful of time and mindful of the time that we have together and mindful of your time it is a little past noon. So I don't want to keep you, especially as we come upon the lunch hour. So is there any other questions that we that we that you burning something you want to share with us that we didn't cover yet. Yes, Carol. I just want to jump back to our conversation about interactive kind of sharing ideas.  We left it at the church in front of the church in a bin, waterproof bin, and people could pick them up and, and we had our online, we had our online, you know, YouTube service. And people could administer their own ashes. Then also Monday Thursday. We're doing a Zoom service. Tenebrae. Typically what we do is we set up a table in the sanctuary and do a Tenebrae service around a wrong table. But this year we're going to do it all going to sit around the Zoom table and do our, our Tenebrae service. And what you said about, I think it was James said about stage directions, I'm writing the bulletin in including stage directions, especially keeping people muted during it's a more somber solemn service. So we want to make sure there's no, you know, interruption kind of things that break the mood. So I'm writing the entire service with stage directions. One of other ideas were Holy Humor Sunday, which is the Sunday after Easter we have, and last year it was online.  And so we had people send in, you know, different things about that. Also, we have, we used to have our opening gathering music, our music guy Bruce who was here once. We used to do a song called, I forget how it goes now, but there was a part in the song that went yes Lord like that. And, and we had people send in video clips, people doing little clips of people going yes Lord, and their kids and all that stuff. We had people sending in different stuff and there were families that did it and, you know, kids and it was just a way to get people involved in the service. We also did the interactive advent calendar, where every single day of Advent we had a new video. Only pay for what you need with Liberty Mutual. What? The Liberty Mutual ad is somebody's unmuted. But anyway, so we did the, the living advent calendar to where everyone sent in a little video of, you know, some something to do with that and a prayer or song or whatever. There's just some ways to, because we're not in person getting people to, to, you know, get involved. That's awesome. Thank you Carol. Anybody else? One last thing you want to share. It looks good to be with you again this week. We'll see you in in two weeks for the morning session or if you want to join us in the evening that'll be next week next Tuesday at 7pm. So then be kind to one another and most importantly be kind to yourself. Take care. Have a good one. Enjoy the warm weather. Thank you Eric. Thank you.


And then here's my new weekly Adrian Peterson is a risky play recommendation. I talked about his splits in losses last week and it didn't get much better with a 35 yard effort on the ground in week 12. He's now scored 8 or fewer PPR points and 4 of Washington's 5 losses this season. And they're decent underdogs this week against Philly. There's also a chance that Chris Thompson is back. That may not only limit AP's passing game potential, which is not a lot to begin with, but it also would hurt his overall volume as well.


Now, the Air Components of Operation Adenkai has eliminated a key Boko Ram terrorist leader Abu Asad and several others in airstrikes on their I-Doughts at Tagushe and Mandir Mountains in Boronu. The Director of Public Relations and Information, Nigerian Air Force Air Commodore Edward Gavwet, made his name in a statement on Saturday in Abuja. Gavwet said the airstrikes which was conducted on Friday was one of the most successful strikes undertaken by the Air Components of Operation Adenkai in recent time. He said the NAF discovered a massing of terrorists in an isolated location consisting of three zinst structures amid several trees. He added that it was evident from the footage that the terrorists were massing up at the location for either well-planned meetings or preparing for a major attack on troops. According to E-Move, over 100 heavily armed terrorists were observed through a banter and moving randomly across the structures which also had four troop carriers.