Dr Chesob Lee, director of telecommunication and standardisation bureau at ITU. Dr Sharad Sapura, director of the global innovation centre at UNICEF. Mrs Cornelia Richter, from GIZ. Dr Jim Poisant and Mrs Helen E. Gelfire from Linn Asia. Come on up. Everybody here? No. Thank you. Ah, waiting for a microphone. Lovely. Great. Okay. Well, if everybody's got their glass of water, they're all set and ready to go. Let's begin the discussion, I think, with Dr Chesob Lee. We need to talk about 5G, the internet of things. What do you think is the potential there in terms of developing this real idea of social impact? Do you think they could really make a difference? Or are we aiming too high? Or should we be going for something else instead? Can you hear me? I guess. Now, ITU, I have a responsibility in the TSB. It's a technical standard development. One of our key subject is 5G, as we said, internet of things, virtualisation, softwareisation. All this is our technology subject. At this moment, I want to say is, think about the scope of our infrastructure. We develop technology to implement our infrastructures. 5G will provide you at least one gigabit of such superband, I want to call it superband, to every people through your mobile phone. There is a very big challenge of this. Extend our capacities to get out of this connectivity, but also with connecting with IoT, extend our infrastructures to your life itself. It's a huge difference of changing our infrastructure. Through this, I believe with 5G and IoT, our life itself, is more than the connecting things. Our life is connected, so we will move forward to the connected life. This is a very big impact on our technical development, but not so much far as coming to very near soon. What do you think, when you say very soon, what do you think is the break at the moment? What is standing in the way of the acceleration of that process? That process is now at least for example the 5G we had today. One of the first sessions was 5G pavement of this 5G road. It discussed whether we have some informed some of Asian countries like Korea. They want to show this 5G at year 2018 for the Winter Olympic Games, which means January or February, not December. Japan announced the year 2020 for the commercial service of this 5G. That kind of movement is quite important for us. Even in relation to this, now most of the industry is very keen to develop IoT, so-called Internet of Things. This is another force to develop such extension of our infrastructures. I'm only from the technical side and the market side. I'd like to bring in Dr Supra. Do you actually think that we're in the right direction trying to go for those kinds of amazing whizbang technologies like 5G? What's the point of view from your side? We focus our work largely on areas of disparity and areas where the population living in remote places, etc. Our idea is that while such technologies come there, in some cases they won't reach because it doesn't make business sense, how can we create bridging technologies that would allow people who don't have access to 3G even or 4G or 5G to have the experience which might be similar to those who have access to that? How do you create enough opportunities so that it starts making business sense for business houses to actually invest in this? Right now, just with one tool, we have 1.7 million users in 15 countries, totally in remote areas where there's only 2G available, and they're increasing at the rate of about between 6,000 to 8,000 a day without any promotion word of mouth because they just see the value of it. The interesting thing is that in many of those areas, the operators, and these are mostly in Africa, have actually started putting infrastructure to provide 3G and other things, so it works both ways. There's a business case for it then? Yes, absolutely. Jim, let's bring in you. We are talking about SMEs here an awful lot. Do you think we should be talking about SMEs at this event today when we're talking about accelerating towards these goals of improving social impact and things? Do you think we're going in the right direction? Should we be talking about SMEs? Should we be talking about something else? I think there are two different subjects here, but I think when you're looking at social impact and SMEs, I'd like to look at it this way. Maybe this will help describe the situation as I see it from a personal perspective. When you look out across the globe, you find that if you look at the evolution of technology, the basic killers are already there. In other words, you have operating systems, a couple of those. You have those killer applications that are out there. What you find now is you find an inversion of applications that are occurring on the ground by young people, in some cases not so young people, but they're doing it and most of them are having social impact. If you look throughout Africa, for example, there's a tremendous amount, hundreds of thousands of applications that are coming out to help farmers and nurses in villages and things like that. It's interesting to see that the topic being SMEs and social impact is happening naturally. It's happening naturally. I think we have a tendency to look at SMEs and think of the next Bill Gates. We need to stop doing that. We need to look and empower those folks that are doing it on the ground that are helping people on a day-to-day basis. The social impact is happening. It is really happening. The challenge is to make sure that the good news about these social impact applications are getting out so that other people can replicate them on a global scale. That would be one view. If you divorce innovation for a moment and take SMEs, from an industry perspective, I represent about 90% of all the ICT companies around the globe. What do they need in order to innovate? There are some basic requirements in which the folks in this room are very, very involved in, making sure that there's enabling regulations that allow these SMEs to develop and to grow, making sure that countries invite investment by having a non-corrupt situation in their countries, because nobody is going to invest in a country that doesn't trust. The regulations are important. The financing and the partnerships are very important. Once you find that environment, then you find a nurturing and very rapid growth within those countries. I think you've got those two different topics. Heleni, what's your reaction to that? How do you feel about that? I agree that not every entrepreneur is going to go be the next Bill Gates. We study micro-entrepreneurs in South Asia, and they just want to have a normal life and have a decent income, so livelihood impact. They don't want to be in debt. They don't want to be in legal trouble. They want to be able to withstand financial weather health shocks that all people have, all of us, but poor people are particularly unable to withstand, because they're very asset poor. And connectivity has a role to play in this. The research is very clear that the biggest thing you can do is to give people a phone, be it for calling or internet connectivity, because once you do that, even without anything else, they self-coordinate, they check market prices, they call up their suppliers, they reach bigger markets, so for SMEs. So even without anything else, the access and the usage gap has to be bridged, and you'll see huge impact, and that evidence is pretty systematic and generalisable. So in that sense I'm agreeing, and that has to do a lot with regulations, market certainties and all of that. But the barriers faced certainly by micro-entrepreneurs and poor micro-entrepreneurs in South Asia and Southeast Asia have a lot to do with finances and uncertain regulation and disincentives to formalise, because the taxation is so heavy if they don't register, you cannot pay taxes, you pay bribes, so there are other things other than just the ICTs and connectivity, which have to come together really. How do you get phones into their hands though? If phones is the key, how do you make that happen? Get more phones out, they're more deployment as it were. So you do it through encouraged investment. Investment is what gets people connected. For investment, people want a return. You give regulatory certainty. Your country has to have an investment-friendly climate. However, those are all necessary conditions. That's not enough, because you could have investment and still have a monopoly. So after the regulatory actions, you need to make sure there's enough competition in the market so that the prices are actually affordable to people, because there's no point in having a great monopoly supplier. You really want differentiated service. That's a factor of competition, so all of this has to do with regulation, really. Step back and let private investment come in, because it can do a lot. Use your money for improving your governance structures, making registration for SMEs easy. All of that the government can do, because that services cannot be privately provisioned, like registering a business or paying your tax. ICTs getting people's hands on a phone can be privately provisioned, so just facilitate that, that's how you do it. Cornelia, tell us a little bit about your organisation and actually what you're doing, and then give your reaction to what's been said here. I'm representing GICEP, which is the Implementing Agency for Technical Assistance in Germany. We are working in 130 countries in all sectors, from health to private sector promotion, governance, energy, climate change, all social sectors. The main focus of our core competence is capacity development. When it comes to the topics we are here for, we have a particular perception, and we see that ICT plays a very important role as an enabler in all these social processes. It's not a mean in itself for us, so we do have a look where can we get in touch with social agents, change agents in the respective countries, and there is an abundance of creativity in almost all countries. Can you hear me? Sorry. And we are liaising up with innovation hubs. We are supporting innovation hubs in Africa, in Asia, in Latin America, and we are bringing these people together in Germany, in international conferences, in trying to exchange their ideas. And when you are mentioning the social impact of small and medium scale enterprises, our experience is that SMEs are not a guarantee in itself for creating social impact. Because social impact only is relevant if it creates a scaling up effect. And scaling up effects do not just happen. Insofar, I slightly disagree with you, Jim, because social impact is not something which easily happens. It has to be systematically conceptualised from the very beginning. It has to be accompanied in order to create quality, and it has to be monitored also in order to correct, and that's where GSAT's role comes in as a facilitator of multi-stakeholder processes as someone which, as an organisation, which provides training and which brings people together. What are the people, the clients that you're speaking to, what are the problems they're confronting, what are they coming back to and saying, we really need to fix this? The clients, well, we have different clients. Some of our clients are governments. This is the private sector itself. And in those cases with the private sector, we try to liaise them also with the private sector in Germany. That's why we have very large public-private partnerships also everywhere in the world. But when it comes to governments, I think they come with very general demands. They say bring us innovative solutions to provide better services for rural areas, for example. How can we approach our farmers? How can we speed up, how can we improve value chains? And that's where our concepts come up and where we try to liaise also with these change agents. And very often the resources are already available in the respective countries. Just looking at Africa where we have 42 innovation hubs and amazing ideas coming up from this scene. But everywhere in the world. And very often this also is a surprise to the government. And what we observe is that there is very little dialogue between the private sector scene and the government. And that's where we also try to organise multi-stakeholder fora. In those cases where it is possible, we also do involve the civil society, which plays a very important role. For example, in Rwanda, we were working together with government and transparency international. Also the government in Rwanda had a very clear articulated interest in combating corruption. And they allowed the national chapter of transparency international to come up with documentation and with platforms. You can only organise it if you have a very vivid civil society, which is encouraged and which can contribute to these platforms. These are framework conditions which are not possible in each and every country. And we also do have to respect the cultural and the political situation in each and every country. In your experience for UNICEF, are the right kinds of conversations happening now? One of our roles is to create the platform for right kind of conversations to happen. People are interested in seeing their life's change. We firmly believe that you cannot just depend on the government to do everything and no government in the world has been able to meet all the needs of people. So the whole development model has to be done upside down where people have to... If you are looking at sustainable growth, people have to take ownership. And so how can we make sure that people actually not only engage in that conversation but are involved in the designing of the solutions themselves? IT encoding is a tool. It comes in the end. It cannot be the starting point. It has to be people, what they need, what they want. How do you connect them with the government? How do you get that conversation going? And once that conversation starts going, you will be surprised on the amount of ideas and solutions that people already have, which they are practicing on a very small scale. They might not have the science and the technology and the financing backup. But if you can then facilitate that process, it's just amazing what happens and how quickly it goes to scale. What are your thoughts on that? On the bottom-up concept that he's talking about? What is the question? What were your thoughts on that? He's talking about really getting down to grassroots level and asking people what it is that they want and then building the strategies from there. Do you think that's the right way forward? Well, as mentioned, there's an enormous amount of creativity out there that's happening every day. There are wonderful ideas that are... But you need to have people nurture you. If you look at it one way, oftentimes the people who create are not the people who can market. There are two different skill sets and many of these companies fail because they can't market. They don't know finances. They'd much rather prefer to sit in a lab or sit on a computer and do what... So there's lots of different elements, but I think a good idea, nurtured, has a great opportunity to catch on. But it has to be in the right environment. These young people can't do it by themselves. Let's throw this out to some questions from the floor. We have some microphones around. If you'd like to ask some questions, please go ahead. Anybody out there? Okay. Everybody's falling asleep. And over there. Just in the case... Let me try some further explanation of this. Because of this subject itself is a social impact, specifically based on the ICT. We may think of two different views. Maybe during our talks it might be mixed together. I want to say, by ICT and for ICT, many of the cases ICT we understand very useful, very valuable to support of these social innovations, specifically for the SMEs, very helpful. That's true. But also, because of our technical development, it's going forward, specifically in the case of 5G, we have many software-based approaches. Even IOT brings this technological application to the things. Thing means very small areas. I'm not quite sure of this internal of things we will really look at. So another Bill Gates, I don't know. But at least these small groups, this IOT will give another opportunity to make our own business in these small areas. Maybe something small verticals, or regionalised, very localised, but enough to engage use of these ICT technologies. Even for the SMEs, generally SMEs have a lack of capabilities or capacities in many of areas. But this software-oriented, small devices, another opportunity to challenge from the SMEs to build up their business. Even from the regulatory policy considerations, localised areas, those small devices, is a very good subject to release of this for the market-driven or industry-driven approaches. I want to add of this point. So our technology is developed in going in that direction. What kind of specific innovations do we need in terms of regulation then? So for me, in case of this regulation, still I'm not quite sure all of I'm a technical engineer. We are still in that stage. Telecom is one part of a very strict regulatory regime. IT is another different one. For example, the financial is another different one. If in that case, we really time to think about how we can develop further in answer to this, our regulatory framework's intersectional aspect. Even ICTs already have some convergence in many areas. But to apply of this, to use of that technologies, we still have a variance of this. For example, it's health-related. Someone called health-related but something, the other sense is very emergency services. Something happening of this automatic driving, what happened, how we can resolve of this. If not the case, this technical innovation should not be happened. That kind of things will be IOTs now closed to your fingers, not on your bodies. So it's a subject for intersectional discussions. I think when you ask what regulation do we need, there's a big hole in what you can do with the streams of data that's generated by internet of things or your cell phone, for example. Who can use it, what you can use it for, who has access to it, can you sell it? Big black hole, I think we need to start the conversation about that. We were talking about e-governments earlier and your feeling was in fact that that wasn't necessarily particularly something that people wanted. Can you elaborate on that? Tell the people here your thoughts. People want to be able to do services easily, but in poorly governed countries, everything is based on a relationship. So while you in Europe may be comfortable clicking a button and sending it to the black hole of government, realising that it will get processed and you will get, let's say, an ID card at the end of it, most people in developing countries don't have that confidence and a relationship with the computer, but you have a relationship with the clock who handles it at your local office or you can find somebody who has a connection. So it's very relationship-based when governance is poor and that poses a whole level of challenges for things like e-government because people don't necessarily want to deal with this. And the way people value their time value of money is quite different when you're rich versus poor. So you may just go and stand in line and get it done. So it's going to be a tougher pitch, I think. Do you think there are some areas that basically should be left for 10 or 15 years down the line and that in talking about that, e-health or an e-government, that they should be just left aside for a while and that the goals should be on development of market services, things that are much more common, should we say, in terms of buying and selling things or services or whatever. Do you think that that should be the move that, in fact? No, I think governments need to prioritise. If they understand their role, like the provision of certain types of health services or e-government, only they can do it, cannot be privately provisioned. So they need to get really good at it. They cannot move it down the priority list. There are others who are very good at doing things like the commercial services. Let those people do it. I think the fundamental problem we have is governments trying to do too much when there are others willing to do it. I think that's a real problem. Is there enough? Go ahead. I think it's not sequential. I think it is happening simultaneously. The government priorities can often be dictated by public opinion. And so if government has a set of priorities, but there is enough public pressure, the challenge is how do you aggregate the public voice and visualise it so the decision makers can actually see what the people are talking about. In our today's connected world, we also have connected problems. And even in highly evolved societies in terms of technology, the parliamentarians are far away from what the public opinion is. All they are depending on newspaper polls and very small polls. But today it is possible with technology to actually get public opinion at a very short interval, aggregate that information and make it available. I'll give you a quick example. Four weeks back before that we were talking with a government of Liberia for three years about the fact that a lot of teachers in classrooms are actually asking for sex from the girls' students to actually give good grades. And that was a conversation and all. And then what we did was we did a quick poll three or four weeks back. And 86% of the respondents, and I'm talking about 50,000 people to whom the poll went, who are your reporters, responded that yes, it's a big issue. And then the response from the government was oh, but these are random people. So we set up five full lines and said here's the phone number, this is an issue, please call. The phones went off the hook. The result was within the next day a small group came together and the government put together a team, issued a communique and now they have people going out in the schools and actually finding out the facts. All this happened in a period of five days. Whereas for three years we have been... So there is a huge power of making visible public opinion. We've seen in the last few months when people see that the government is not living up to the aspirations that they have set up, they take charge of things. 10,000 people with their cars to move refugees from one place to the other. It's a whole different world and it makes sense to actually use the social capital that people have and actually link it with the financial and policy capital that the government has so that whatever comes out is an informed policy. It might not be the same what the people are saying but at least an informed policy and informed action. It creates the dialogue effectively. But the flip side of that is security, I suppose, and the right to not have to share your opinion. Do you think that's a genuine concern? Do you think someone's going to fade? No, it is a very genuine concern and therefore we make sure that it's anonymised all the information. So even we don't know who's saying what. But at least you can aggregate it, make it visible and certainly you will see in the most difficult countries, if I may use that word, government lessons and they are careful about what their next policy is going to be and in some countries the head of the state is now meeting these young people on a regular basis because they suddenly realise that their voice and their opinion when aggregated makes a large volume of their polling constituency. What do the other speakers think about that? What's the potential and what are the limits? Well I think each and every technology bears the opportunity of risks but also chances and looking into the potential of e-governance I think sure there are risks for the people but there are also tremendous chances in the process of democratisation also in terms of confidence building because at the very end it bolts down to improved services and if we look into the potential of providing improved services for the citizens I think even those governments who have certain barriers and you rightly described it I'm pretty much aware that in the next people are more used to face-to-face contact looking into the history of my own country you can't hear me? So okay it also took several years that people got used to to e-governance elements and sure it's not a neither nor it's a parallel system actually we are having to take into account the different illiteracy standards also in our country and in the other countries in so far I think most of the governments are well advised at least in embarking on in certain areas on elements or on procedures for e-governance same holds too looking into the potential for the commercial sector, for the banking sector look into the potentials for micro-credits and I think it wouldn't be possible if this wouldn't have been also on a by application of ICT in many countries and otherwise we wouldn't have reached this kind of scaling up effects in many countries in so far I think in order to improve government as well as commercial and social services there is no alternative to ICT but as I also said it brings risks and people in some parts of the world are very sensitive also to the control mechanisms which might go along with these kind of technologies and in these cases strong civil society can play a very important role Helani, what are your thoughts on that what's your experience? I was actually just going to comment on this citizen consultation which Dr Sapra was talking about is absolutely vital and the examples he gave are really fabulous I only just want to caution so now I'm not disagreeing with him I caution because for example things like asking people on a survey or on the internet that in itself is a group of people who are already possibly privileged not only on just this issue but other things so like in India when they were talking about net neutrality regulation they put out a consultation paper over a million responses were received and they were all pretty uniform we did word analysis on that saying we need a completely neutral internet we should ban all free services etc etc those are the people who are middle class have a computer at home or work who are able to respond to this that did not in any way represent the voice of the billions of people or millions in India who are unconnected and these decisions are directly going to effect them whether they get affordable connectivity or not so as a researcher I just draw caution I worry about things you were talking about representation of which groups who are we asking do they have a voice on this digital platform that's all thinking which voice is on digital platforms we've got five minutes and a couple of questions lady at the back behind you searched he's first tell me your name and ask you a question please one good afternoon my name is Guardo Jimenez I'm from El Salvador Central America in my country the government want to approve tax a specific tax of 10% of the telephone call internet and tv for para algunos de nosotros eso tendra un impacto negativo en los en la gente what's the tax for it's not a tax for investment into anything in particular it's just a tax right okay to go into the government coffers what is your opinion about this what's your hearing about hearing that is that shocking surprising I'll start it's not surprising many developing countries have a long rich traditions of taxing the digital media telecom IZD sectors because they have poor tax bases among citizens and it's very easy to tax the companies and pass on taxes on the mobile phone bills etc so A doesn't surprise me we have had a history of universal service funds in many countries like India being really poorly used $4 billion sitting in the government never being used and most of the citizens unconnected so in theory this is great that you have taxes maybe and use it for connectivity but if it is such a married good we should do it out of general taxation not taxing the companies that are already in the sector so it's really sort of economically stupid I think second the history of governments poorly governed countries being able to spend that money usefully in the way they say there's no track record of that happening I'm sorry so I don't think it's a good idea lady had a question back there comment and a question my name is Heather Hudson from the University of Alaska Anchorage coming back to your question a few rounds ago about regulatory what are there any regulatory changes or issues I would say that one keep in mind is regulation to make sure the networks themselves are open because to competition and resale because one of the sources of innovation is small providers they can be ISPs they can be other groups who actually could provide services if they can get access affordable access to capacity although in many countries it's just assumed that there's no market in smaller and rural communities and therefore they must be monopolies so I was wondering about your opinion about open access and dark fibres in the example resale for last and competitive last mile or first mile services who fancies answering that one let me try it in general sense I share with your views but we also think about open doesn't mean of the free if you have something to use of these resources now we are talking everybody talking based on the ICT which means ICT is now our social infrastructure social resources use of this resource we need something payment because we need a continuously improvement of our infrastructure our resources only way is during our use we need a proper payment system if not the case do not think about this improvement I agree I wasn't implying free like Nick Necroponte some opportunity for other providers and hopefully affordable or competitive pricing but the only point is having said that open of access open to the service is very imperative conditions for facilitate our innovations because previously the monopolized situation that was something controlled something limitations of this access to the service but now many many many areas is already going into the full competition still some areas have difficulties but I believe this will continue of this open but it's very important to facilitate of this innovations I believe I think this point on open is not free is really important because I hear it conflated in many many fora which is problematic openness is absolutely vital we worried you know back in the past decade about open networks and the backhaul but now we need to worry about open platforms like who can get inside the world garden who can put an app on Facebook that really has SME micro entrepreneur implications because we've got young people developing apps and if they can't get it in the right platform they're not even playing what's stopping them it could be a closed platform it may not allow them to test it in the right way there could be exclusive arrangements so streaming music provider may not allow another streaming music provider to be on that platform things like that competition issues could be payment issues they can't take international payments like in Sri Lanka PayPal doesn't work so app developers need a foreign credit card or a friend's bank account they have incredibly popular apps which they just can't get paid for so this has implications on how they make money any other questions gentlemen over here thank you thank you Mokta from Tunisia I have a couple of questions I'm sorry for that in the frame of what Mrs Eleni just said in all these SMEs getting difficulties maybe to grow up or to scale up as the lady from GZ said before can we is it convenient today to talk about protectionist measures from Governments is it a word that is acceptable in the global framework we have today I know that in Europe in western Europe there are some talks about this subjects protecting national we will be attending the welcome reception at the Palace of Arts be mindful to proceed to the registration hall and board the shuttle bus's part in the front door so my question is not convenient so I know this word is not but we maybe one day or the other we need maybe to talk to use words like that does anybody want to have a quick go answering that question now it's finished sorry does anybody want to have a quick go answering that the second one but the quick I know it's difficult to answer the first one the second one is regarding public consultations are we sure that the banner representing this answer or this contribution it is appropriate not about the what you said the community that is not connected and cannot answer but even those answer we have a secure process that make us certain that those are expressions of citizens is that an appropriate process I mean for me we have to change our thinking whether we are private sector or anything and I am going out on a limb here intellectual property would no longer be the revenue model in the next 5 to 10 years it would be intellect sharing that would develop the revenue we are already seeing it even in intelligence communities we have seen that countries have started sharing security and intelligence information even though they started with proprietary stuff that they hold close to their chest and a lot of people might kill me for this but I really believe that it is intellect sharing that would be the revenue model not the intellectual property right the second we have to stop thinking of people as passive recipients of every information and service they are the strong communities make strong citizens strong citizens make strong countries unless we have community stake ownership unless we have the communities involved in the decision making process you cannot have sustainable development because no government has the resources or the people to make it happen and it might sound like an outrageous statement but we have seen country after country after country that this is becoming true marvellous okay well it is 25 past 6 now I think we better wrap it up thanks to all the people on the panel apparently some of us might have to go and get a bus in order to go and have dinner with the Hungarian president so thanks a lot for coming and see you tomorrow thank you


Good afternoon. So, for the last few lectures, we have been discussing the chemistry part of rocket proportion that is the combustion. We have talked about how to estimate the adiabatic flame temperature, we have defined the heat of reaction, heat of formation etcetera. When we discussed the adiabatic flame temperature, we stated that the final composition of the product is very important in order to estimate the final temperature. At that time, we have said that for the time being let us assume that the composition is known and we estimated the final temperature based on that. However, we pointed out that when we have to do the actual calculations then that will also be unknown. So, we have to follow an iterative technique in order to converge on both the concentration as well as the final temperature. So, today what we are going to discuss is the how do we estimate the chemical composition of after a reaction, the chemical composition of the products. So, the topic is determination of chemical composition that is our topic of discussion today. Let us consider that we have a chemical reaction at say T naught which is 298.15 degree Kelvin. Let us consider a very simple reaction hydrocarbon, so methane burning in air. So, this is the reaction. We say that we have after the reaction we have n CO 2 moles of CO 2 being produced n H 2 O moles of water vapor is produced. Apart from that we have nitrogen which remains unburned and some oxygen may also remain unburned because this is if I look at the stoichiometric reaction then according to that this reaction is fuel lean. So, therefore, some oxidizer will remain unburned. So, let us say that this is our chemical reaction. Here in the product side we have carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen and oxygen, but we do not know the composition. We do not know how many moles of each of the species are present in the product. We want to estimate that. So, first let us use the conservation of atomic species like we have discussed earlier. So, what are the atomic species that we have? We have carbon, we have hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. So, first let us look at the carbon. In the reactant side we have one mole of or one atom of carbon. So, therefore, this is equal to n CO 2 because in the product side also we should have exactly same number of atoms of carbon. Similarly, if I look at hydrogen we have 4 hydrogen here. So, that will be equal to every molecule of water vapor contains 2 atoms of hydrogen. So, 2 times n H 2 O. That is going to be the number of atoms of hydrogen. Similarly, for oxygen in the reactant side we have 15 times 0.21 into 2 because every molecule of oxygen contains 2 atoms of oxygen. So, this is equal to our now in the product side oxygen appears in the carbon dioxide. So, for every carbon dioxide molecule we have 2 atoms of oxygen. So, we write 2 n CO 2. Similarly, every water vapor molecule has one atom of oxygen plus we have the unburned oxygen available. Similarly, for nitrogen we have in the products a reactant side we have 15 times 0.79 times 2 and in the product side we have 2 n 2. So, now if I look at this I have 4 equations 1 2 3 4 and 4 and I have 4 unknowns n CO 2 n H 2 O n n 2 n n O 2. So, 4 equations and 4 unknowns can be easily solved. So, this is quite straight forward we can solve for all the unknowns and I can get the composition final composition. So, this is something which the number of atoms and then or the primary atoms and the number of unknowns are same, but that may not be the case always. Let us look at another reaction. So, here we take a heavier hydrocarbon octane burning oxygen. For this I have all kind of products present and once again it depends on the final temperature also how much of each product will be present and what are the products present that we will discuss little later. So, let us say here I have all these products present. Now what are the primary atoms we have? Atomic species we have carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. So, essentially we have 3 atomic species, carbon we have 8, hydrogen we have 18, oxygen we have 30 atoms. Now in the product side carbon is appearing here and here and here A plus E plus F. Hydrogen is appearing here in water vapor plus in the molecular hydrogen plus as the atomic hydrogen plus as part of the OH. Similarly, oxygen is appearing in carbon dioxide. So, 2 A is appearing in water vapor, it is appearing in molecular oxygen, it is appearing in CO then as atomic oxygen and in OH. So, from the number of atomic species we can form this 3 equations. However, total number of unknowns are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. So, we have 3 equations and 9 unknowns. So, we cannot solve this and get all the unknowns. We need to have some additional equations to complete this problem. So, therefore, we need the 6 additional equations which can be obtained from chemical equilibrium theory. So, that is the justification of what we are going to discuss today. So, today we are going to discuss the chemical equilibrium theory which gives us the additional equations. So, first let us go back and start discussing chemical equilibrium theory. Now, I like to point out here one thing before we go there that this reaction is not a fundamental reaction because typically the fundamental reactions will be collision of 2 molecules giving at the most 2 or 3 products, but here in the products side we see 9. So, this cannot be a fundamental single step reaction. Actually, this involves a reaction sequence containing various reaction steps. So, the theory we are going to discuss now will also give us some indication of what will be the reaction steps. So, with that let us now look at the chemical equilibrium theory. If we consider a reacting system without any velocity, let us say it is a stationary system. So, we can neglect the potential energy and kinetic energy term. One of the energy terms which are very important for reacting systems is called Gibbs free energy. So, we define is a defined property Gibbs free energy, which is defined as G equal to enthalpy H minus T s. This is a in thermodynamics you must have seen that this Gibbs free energy is defined like this. Now, here H is the enthalpy by definition enthalpy is internal energy plus P V. So, this can be written as U plus P V minus T s, where U is the internal energy P is pressure, V is the volume of the system, T is temperature, S is entropy. So, this is Gibbs free energy. Now, the change in internal energy D U can be written as then because my U is equal to H minus P V. So, therefore D U is equal to D H minus D P V which is equal to D H minus P D V minus V D P. And in thermodynamics you have seen that T D s is equal to D H minus P D V. This is called Gibbs equation and you have seen this before in thermodynamics. So, now if I put this back into this equation D H minus P D V becomes equal to T D s minus sorry D H minus V D P minus P D V. So, T D s equal to D H minus V D P. Therefore, this is equal to D U equal to T D s minus P D V. Now, let me take this and put it back into this equation. For that first let us differentiate this expression for Gibbs free energy G. So, this will be equal to G is equal to U plus P V minus T s. So, if I expand this, this will be D U plus P D V plus V D P minus T D s minus S D T. Now, T D s minus P D V, T D s minus P D V is my D U. So, this will cancel off. So, I get D G equal to nothing but V D P minus S D T. This is the first simple expression representing the change in Gibbs free energy for a particular process. Now, how do we define our chemical reaction? We define the chemical reaction occurring in isothermal condition. The reaction was occurring in isothermal temperature was not changing. What we said is that after the reaction whatever heat of reaction is released that goes on to increase the temperature, but the reaction is isothermal. So, for isothermal reaction temperature changes 0. Therefore, this term here is 0. Therefore, now my D G is equal to V D P where V is the volume P is the pressure. Now, since we have been saying that our working fluid is a puffed gas. So, for a puffed gas we use puffed gas equation of state, which says that P V equal to N, N is the number of moles, universal gas constant R times T. So, therefore, the volume can be represented as a function of temperature and pressure like this V equal to N R T by P. Now, let us take this and put it back into this expression for Gibbs free energy change. So, my D G will be equal to then N R T D P by P. Now, this is nothing but equal to N R T D ln P log natural of P. Now, let us say that if you integrate this from some reference pressure P naught to some actual pressure P. So, now, we are bringing in the effect of pressure also. So, if we integrate it from some reference pressure P naught to some actual pressure P, then we get delta G is the change in Gibbs free energy in this process, which is equal to G at this pressure minus G at P naught standard pressure. This is equal to then N R T ln P minus ln P naught. Now, this G P naught is my standard pressure. So, instead of writing it every time as P, what I would say is that I will write for any other pressure G is G P is represented as G only, only for standard state I represent as G naught. So, then I can write it as G minus G naught, where G naught is the Gibbs free energy at the standard pressure. Previously, we had defined everything for standard temperature. Now, it is standard pressure equal to N R T ln P by P naught. Now, what is our standard pressure at S T P is 1 atmosphere. So, if I consider this as 1, then this becomes nothing but equal to ln P. So, therefore, we get G is equal to N R T ln P by P naught. So, Gibbs free energy at any pressure G, a P equal to G naught that is Gibbs free energy at the standard pressure plus N R T ln P. So, this is our expression for Gibbs free energy for any species. Now, if I go to the system, chemically reacting system, where I have i species. So, for every species i, I can define its Gibbs free energy. So, that is equal to then I write G i equal to G i naught plus N i R T ln P i, where P i is the partial pressure of that particular species. N i I can take it inside. So, I can write this as plus R T ln P i to the power N i. So, this is for species i in the system. This is my expression for Gibbs free energy at any given pressure P. Now, let us consider a chemical reaction. Let us say this is my chemical reaction A plus B giving C plus D. Some N A moles of A reacting with B moles of B giving C moles of C and D moles of D. So, for this delta G, which is the change in Gibbs free energy is nothing but Gibbs free energy of the products minus Gibbs free energy of the reactants. Now, this is equal to G C plus G D minus G A plus G B, where G C is the Gibbs free energy of the species C. Similarly, this is for D, this is for A, this is for B. Now, what I do is I use this expression here. What I will get is G C naught plus G D naught minus G A naught plus G B naught plus R T and then ln of P C to the power C, P D to the power D by P A to the power A, P B to the power B. I just combine this two, I get this. Now, what is this? Is the Gibbs free energy of C at standard pressure plus that of D minus. So, this is the total Gibbs free energy of the products at the standard state minus Gibbs free energy of the reactants at the standard pressure. Therefore, this difference is nothing but total change in the Gibbs free energy at standard pressure. So, I can write this as then that total change in Gibbs free energy is equal to change in Gibbs free energy at the standard pressure plus universal gas constant times D, then ln of P C to the power C, P D to the power D by P A to the power A, P B to the power B. Now, at the beginning what we said is that, we are interested in chemical equilibrium. We are talking about equilibrium thermodynamics. So, how much will be the change in Gibbs free energy at equilibrium? It will not change. So, at equilibrium total change in Gibbs free energy is 0. So, delta G is 0, which essentially means that minus delta G naught is equal to RT ln P C to the power C, P D to the power D by P A to the power A, P B to the power B. Now, by definition this ratio, what is this ratio? This is defined as K P, this is equilibrium constant K P. So, this is defined as P C to the power C, P D to the power D by P A to the power A, P B to the power B. Here, all these things P A, P B, P C, P D are partial spatial of different species. So, then this is a defined property. Therefore, we get minus delta G naught is equal to RT ln K P. So, now, what does this relationship give us? This relationship gives us the relation between the standard free energy change and the equilibrium constant at any arbitrary pressure and temperature. So, as you can see here, temperature is present here and K P will include pressure, because the partial pressure includes the partial pressure is mole fraction of C C i times the total pressure. So, that is how partial pressure is defined. Therefore, this total pressure information of the system is already included in the definition of K P and temperature is there. So, now, we have both pressure and temperature. That is the deviation from what we have talked about in adiabatic flame temperature, where we said it was in standard temperature. We were completely silent about pressure, but now we are bringing in the pressure term as well. So, here now that is how pressure comes in into the reaction. So, coming back to this, then let us look at it little more closely. K P here, first of all, is the equilibrium constant, is known to be a function of temperature. So, K P is a function of temperature. That is a known thermodynamic property. So, now, if we know the Gibbs free energy at standard condition minus delta G naught, then we can estimate K P for some other temperature or pressure and based on that, then we can estimate the mole fraction also as you can see here. Otherwise, if K P is known, we can get this. So, both of them can be estimated. Now, I would like to point out few properties of this, K P and delta G naught. If I look at delta G naught, what is this? This is the standard Gibbs free energy. So, it is at standard pressure, at standard temperature as well. Temperature we have not talked about, but standard temperature as well. So, this can be actually related to the standard free energy of formation. Now, in general, if I look at this term, delta G naught, more negative the value of delta G naught is. So, delta G naught, if delta G naught is negative, then this becomes positive. So, K P is positive. More negative the value of delta G naught is, K P is more positive. So, we have larger value of K P. So, I can say that, more negative delta G naught, delta G naught, delta G we get larger K P. Now, what does a larger K P represent? K P is higher, K P is more. What does that mean? Either this is large or this is small or both. So, therefore, what it says essentially is that, P c by P d, this product is more than this product, which essentially means that, the partial pressure typically for the products is more than that of the reactors. So, essentially what it means is that, we have more products in the final equilibrium mixture than the reactors, which essentially means that, this is the spontaneous direction of reaction. Because, if you recall in chemical thermodynamics, we have said that, all the reactions will have the opposing reaction as well. In equilibrium actually, the way we had defined in the previous courses, at equilibrium what we have is that, we have a forward reaction and we have a backward reaction. There is certain rate of this forward reaction given by say K f or say naught K f omega f and there is certain rate of this backward reaction given by omega b. At equilibrium, we say that, the rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction. That is what chemical equilibrium is, but now what we are saying is that, if K P is positive and more positive, then the extent at which we get this equilibrium, it will have more products than the reactors. So, the spontaneous direction is this, not this. So, this is favored, this is not favored if you have higher value of K P. So, that is what is essentially the definition of chemical equilibrium is and now, we show that, if you have higher value of K P, then we get more of the products and the rest of the reactants will remain at equilibrium. And therefore, if I plot the variation, let us say of concentration of C, initially it will be 0, it goes like this whereas, say concentration of A, it goes like this. So, this is the equilibrium. So, at equilibrium, we see that, we have more of the products and less of the reactors, just because that will be possible if delta G is negative and more negative. So, this is something that comes out from this discussion. Now, one more thing I like to point out. Here, this discussion we have is primarily based on delta G naught, which is the standard Gibbs free energy. Now, in general, we have this term delta G, which is equal to delta G naught plus R T, delta G naught plus R L N K P. That is why change in Gibbs free energy for a particular system at any arbitrary pressure and temperature. Now, when this term is 0, when delta G is 0, which means that, the Gibbs free energy for the product, total Gibbs free energy for the product is equal to the total Gibbs free energy for the reactors. In that case, the reaction will not have any tendency to proceed in any direction. So, reaction actually takes an equilibrium position. That is why we say that, at equilibrium, this is because of the fact that, this Gibbs free energy is the measure of the tendency of a reaction to proceed in particular direction. Therefore, when this is 0, then it has reached equilibrium. It will not have any spontaneous tendency to proceed in any preferred direction. Now, let us consider the general chemical reaction we have been talking about so far in this course. This is how we have represented the general chemical reaction, where we have N species and represent the general chemical represented by M i. This is the reactance. So, this is the stoichiometric coefficient for the reactance, stoichiometric coefficient for the products. So, this is our general chemical reaction that we have been describing so far. So, for this general chemical reaction, now how do we represent K P? So, K P will be equal to, we have represented it for a particular reaction A plus A A plus B B equal to is going to C C plus D D. Now, if I look at this reaction, then this will be equal to the product pi i equal to 1 to N partial pressure at equilibrium of species i given by P i e and then the difference in stoichiometric coefficients. So, the difference in stoichiometric coefficients given like this, this is the partial pressure at equilibrium of species i. The product of that gives us the value of K P. Once again you will see that when we are in the product side, mu i double prime is greater than mu i prime in the product. So, therefore, that comes in the numerator, whereas in the reactant mu i double prime is less than mu i prime. So, that is negative. Therefore, that comes in the denominator. So, it is exactly same as the definition that we have given here. So, this is how we define K P for the generic chemical reaction we have been discussing so far. So, now, this is our definition of K P. By the way, we have taken one approach to prove these things using some other thermodynamic approach also we can prove that. So, I am not going to the details of that. Various things we can use, we can use even the entropy balance and all. Now, let me point out here one more thing. How do we get this value minus delta G naught for a chemical reaction? We want to estimate the change in standard Gibbs free energy for a given chemical reaction delta G naught. How do we get this? Actually, the molar standard free energy of formation, molar standard free energy of formation, which is designated by G F naught is tabulated typically in thermo-chemical tables. Now, first of all, what is our standard free energy of formation? This is similar to our standard heat of formation. So, when we say standard, it means that the formation reaction is from its elements in their standard state at standard temperature and pressure. So, standard free energy of formation is the free energy change for a given chemical reaction when a particular molecule is formed from its elements at their standard state at standard temperature and pressure. Now, we have already incorporated the standard pressure here, P naught is already there and P naught is the standard temperature. We can assume that the reactions occurs at standard temperature. That is how we have been working out these details. So, if you consider the reaction, isothermal reaction is at standard temperature, then this definition is applicable to this case as well. Therefore, we can get now for a given reaction delta G naught. Now, this reaction actually involves i species. So, every species has its own standard free energy of formation. So, we can estimate the total standard free energy of formation for the given chemical reaction by looking at the standard free energy formation for this reaction. So, then that will be equal to sigma i equal to 1 to n. The total standard free energy of formation for the reactants, sorry products minus the total standard free energy of formation for the reactants. So, once again I have to reiterate the point that these values are typically tabulated and we can take a step forward and say that G is equal to H minus T s. This is how it is defined. This is the standard energy of formation can be tabulated. This is the standard temperature. This is the entropy of formation. So, entropy change from the absolute zero temperature is also tabulated. So, we can use this also to estimate that or directly we can look at the tables and get this. So, this is the way we get the standard free energy of formation for any, sorry the standard free energy change in any chemical reaction. Let us take an example to explain this little more. Let us consider a reaction where oxygen, which is of course, in gaseous state converts to ozone in gaseous state and this is the equilibrium reaction. That is why I have given it this kind equilibrium sign. So, for this reaction we have to find delta G naught is what. So, we can get delta G naught by using this equation. Our product is ozone. We can look up at the tables and get the molar free energy of formation of ozone. This is 39.06 kilo calorie per mole and that of the ozone oxygen. Now, what will be the free energy of formation for oxygen? Zero. So, this is zero. So, this comes out to be equal to 39.06 kilo calorie per mole. So, that is the value of delta G, which we can get by looking at the thermo chemical tables. We can take a step further and estimate the K p for this also. So, we can say what is the K p for this reaction? For that let us first define K p. K p is equal to the partial pressure of oxygen divided by partial pressure of sorry partial pressure of ozone divided by partial pressure of oxygen and from that definition of K p from here, since we are talking at equilibrium. So, this term is zero. So, we can get minus delta G naught equal to R T L N K p. Therefore, K p is equal to e to the power minus delta G naught by R T. So, from here delta G naught by R T. So, from here delta G naught I have estimated R is the universal gas constant. So, which is known for this unit is 1.982. T is the temperature in Kelvin. So, the temperature we are talking about is standard temperature. So, it is 298 Kelvin. So, I put all these values. So, I will write it here K p is equal to e to the power minus delta G naught which is equal to 39.06 kilo calorie per mole divided by 31.06 kilo calorie is 10 to the power 3 divided by 1.982 sorry 987 that is the value of universal gas constant in V P S unit F P S unit times 298. So, this gives me the value of K p to be equal to 2.25 10 to the power minus 29 that is the value of K p. So, if the value of K p were given we can estimate what is delta G naught also. So, this is the example we wanted to talk about. Once again let us go back to our discussion on large values of delta G naught. As we have said that if we have large negative values of delta G naught then K p is large.  In that case for these conditions when the value of K p is large once the reaction starts the conversion of the reactants to products in their standard state of course will be quite complete at equilibrium. So, essentially we have mostly products in the final state and very little reactants. In general for any values of delta G naught K p is typically greater than 1. So, for this cases when delta G naught is like this very large values K p is typically greater than 1. Now, let us now continue with this discussion and let us look at some examples. Look at so far we have defined K p, but what we wanted to do was to get the additional equations that we are looking for. So, now let us continue with this discussion and try and see that how do we get those additional equations because that was our initial objective. So, for that once again let us look at general chemical reaction first of all. Let us say that what we have is a chemical reaction after if I look at the product final product. Let us say that the final product is given as this is the total change in the Gibbs free energy at standard state where these are any species i. So, we are looking for the looking at the general equation. So, this is the total change in Gibbs free energy. Now, this is equal to the essentially change in the Gibbs free energy of every species. So, this is nothing but equal to let us consider first of all the reaction that we are considering. Let us say that we are considering this reaction. So, this will be S naught B and S. So, this is the chemical reaction we are considering. So, total change in Gibbs free energy at the standard standard Gibbs free energy is nothing but this. Now, in this case for the particular case that we are looking at the change in number of moles of A and B are essentially negative. So, d n A is equal to minus A d n B is equal to minus B, but for R and S these are positive because these are the products. So, therefore, in general if I generalize it total change in the Gibbs free energy is equal to the change in Gibbs free energy for the products minus the change in Gibbs free energy for the reactants that is in general. Now, we have defined all of this.  We define K p for this reaction like this. Here P naught is the pressure. We are considering it at standard state. So, that is why it is atmospheric pressure. So, therefore, this reduces to the same expression that we had earlier seen. Now, this is applicable to any reaction at equilibrium. So, let us look at some common reactions and see what happens. In general, let K p sub i is the equilibrium constant for for for for for for for for for formation of species i. That is how we are defining. So, now, if we have few reactions occurring together let us say one of them is this, other is this and other is this. These are all equilibrium reactions occurring together. Then we get K p from this reaction. K p for for for this is the formation reaction of H 2 O.   Similarly, this is the formation reaction for H. So, I can write K p H is equal to P H upon P H 2 to the power half and this is the formation reaction for O H. So, I can write this as. Now, let us consider some other reaction for which I do not know the K p. Let us consider another reaction. Let us say I consider this reaction H 2 O is equal to H plus O H. Now, what is the value of K p for this? For this reaction it is P H P O H by P H 2 O.  I can write it like this right.  Now, this term here is this. So, this is my K p H. This term here is this K p O H. This term here is this K p H 2 O H. Now, this is no longer a formation reaction. This is where formation reactions. What we have seen now is that from the formation reaction we can get these values for different species. Now, when we go to a complex reaction like this or different reaction like this, we can get the K p as equal to for this example. It is K p H times K p O H divided by P K p H 2 O right. So, just in this expression for of K p, the partial pressures appearing here are just replaced by K p right. Therefore, for this reaction we can get the expression for K p. So, that is an important tool which we can use to get the K p. And some values. So, I will stop here today. In the next class, first what we will do is we have defined here K p the equilibrium constant. There are some other definitions of equilibrium constant like for at based on concentration etcetera. These are interrelated. So, first we will give some more definitions of equilibrium constant and then continue with this discussion to show how do we get finally, the product composition. And we will also solve some problems in the next class to show how to estimate the product composition.


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Hello everyone, welcome to MSP lecture series on advanced retransfer metal chemistry. In my previous lecture I did mention about the naming of the lost element in the modern period table that is inert gas element with atomic number 118 named after again the sun. So let me continue from where I had stopped. Let us look into this slide here, chlorine bromine iodine are shown here. In fact, German chemist John Wolfgang Dobreiner had called chlorine bromine iodine triad and if you just look into the atomic weights here, the bromine atomic weight of 79.90 is halfway between chlorine 35.45 and iodine 126.9 and all react readily with metals to form salts. In fact, Dobreiner recognized such a relationship in 1817 that is almost 50 years before the modern period table was presented by Dimitriou. Another interesting thing is predicting power of Mandelieu's periodic table. So Mandelieu left blank spaces in his original table where elements were not known that time. For example, he left a gap below aluminum and silicon and called them Aka aluminum and Aka silicon and later gallium and germanium were discovered. So the star of a popular trick, the metal gallium is solid at room temperature but liquid above 29.7 Celsius. When you look at gallium, it looks almost like mercury but it has a melting point of 29.7 Celsius. It can be formed into a spoon that melts in the hand or in hot tea commonly used by magicians to show about melting spoon. And about uranium, when Henry Bacoural, a French physicist placed uranium salts at top photographic plates in 1896, he accidentally discovered radioactivity for which he won Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. Uranium is the lost element on the table that occurs in any meaningful abundance in nature. That means uranium is the last element to be found in nature and the rest must be created in the lab that is post uranium or created in the laboratory. Let us look into some interesting aspects about potassium. Bananas are very rich in potassium, faulty, a radioactive version of potassium. In a single banana, the potassium faulty produces a positron, the antimatter version of the electron, a dozen or so times a day as well as an electron about 13 times a second. You may be interested to know how the post uranium elements were generated. So that means to create a new element, a heavy element target is bombarded with highly accelerated lighter element projectiles. As early as 2007, researchers at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia and the Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research in Tramsted, Germany tried to synthesize element with atomic number 120 that with IUPAC, you can call it as Unbinilium by bombarding plutonium with iron and uranium with nickel respectively. So however, both teams only observed an assortment of lighter nuclei and particles. So that indicates how difficult it is to make heavier elements in the laboratory. In order for scientists to be confident that they really have made a new element, they must follow the new elements signature, decay chains and account for everything. James Robbeltow, associate laboratory director at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the US did open about these things and of course, you know that this is the classical periodic table we see nowadays. You can clearly see the classification of elements in this periodic table. We have 2 S block and 6 P block elements. We call S and P block elements or together we call them as main group elements and then we have here 3D, 4D, 5D series. We have 10 electrons starting from D1 S2 to D10 S2 and of course D10 S2 falls to zinc group. Since zinc group has completely deorbital, they are not considered as transfer elements. In fact, their chemistry is much similar to main group elements. As a result, most of the discussion that we are going to do on transfer elements will be confined to only these 27 elements coming from 3D, 4D and 5D series starting from ND1 N plus 1 S2 to ND9 N plus 1 S2 electronic configuration. That means having anywhere between D1 to D9 electrons in each group and each period. So this is S block, alkali metals and alkaline earth metals and then we have P block starting from P1 to P6 including hydrogen and helium and then we have this 3D, 4D, 5D series and of course we have F block elements. F block elements are about 28 and then we have 27 D block elements together 55 elements are known as transfer elements. So our attention will be focused towards these 3D, 4D, 5D series in the next lectures to come. So if you are curious to know about the number of countries that contributed in discovery of elements that you can see here, US contribution is 18 over Russia 5 and then without information 18 element that the ancient people knew about these elements and you cannot really tag these elements to any country, the world civilizations identified these 18 elements and France contributed in identifying 19 or discovering 19 and Germany 19 and Sweden 20 and Great Britain 23. That means 15 out of 180 elements have been discovered by 2 countries. Let us look into some interesting facts when G orbital filling begins. If you look into off-bow principle and off-bow diagram you can see electron filling model there we come across S orbital with 2 electron capacity P orbitals with 6 electron capacity and D orbital with 10 electron capacity and if you go further F orbitals have a capacity of 14 electrons and if you assume there is going to be a heavier element and if we have to use G orbital then the capacity of G orbital will be 9 orbitals and 18 electrons. So that means for curiosity if we ask question when G orbital filling begins let us look into this electron filling. So you can see once after 60 and 5F is completed we have to consider 5G that means for your surprise the G orbital filling may not start at all. The reason is it is not very easy to make heavier elements because they readily disintegrate into nuclei of lower atomic number and some other particles and if it starts in case if an element is made for occupying electrons in G orbital that should begin with atomic number 1 to 1 according to a UPAC the name is Un by Unium and for that one one can write electron configuration starting from Radon atomic number 86, 5 of 14, 6D10, 7S2, 7P6, 5G1 and these are all empty valence orbitals or one can write Oganison 118, 8S2, 5G1. So that means if an element with atomic number 1 to 1 is discovered it will be below scandium having one electron in G orbital. So what is the biggest concern about the periodic table and what are our responsibility? It is very very important what we should do is using new gadgets of all types sparingly and recycling them and finding environmentally benign recovery, isolation and purification methods working towards new technologies to use naturally abundant resources as alternate materials. So we should find out new technologies where we can use most abundant elements for these new devices. Encouraging proper e-waste collection method and following. So imposing some tags while buying gadgets to encourage recycling and returning policies that is independent of vendors. In this context OIL leads that means organic light emitting devices are helping greatly. So you will be surprised to know the fact that mobile phone contains at least 30 different naturally occurring elements. Natural sources of 6 of these are said to run out within next 100 years. That is a serious issue concern with several more under rising threat from increased use. Not only these elements are crucial for the technology in our everyday lives but are also used in everything from fire sprinkler systems and antibacterial clothing to solar panels and surgical implants. Also they may be needed for other technologies in the future that we have not discovered yet. For example for health, green energy, treating pollution and also life saving devices and medicines and more. So in this context we consumers should avoid accumulating more and more technology and use the existing one for a little longer time. The sad part is most of us are not recycling this technology at the end of its life and the problem could be said to grow with younger people owning more items of technology than anyone else with 52 percent of younger people in the age group of 16 to 24 having 10 or more gadgets in their home. When asked why they are not recycle old devices more than 1 in 3 that means 37 percent having unused device at home opend that data and security fears that may them uneasy while a quarter said they do not recycle them because they prefer to sell them unfortunately they never get a buyer to accept the deal that they are giving. So almost a third about 29 percent also said they do not know where to deposit old used gadgets. Just these slides will tell you how many elements are involved in devising a smartphone that we use today. You can see for various applications for example screen they are using these many and for battery they are using these many elements and electronics they are using these elements and for casing they are using these elements. That means if you just look into the number of smartphones in circulation and how many individuals have at home you can see in what magnitude we are consuming some of these resources. So what is the solution what is the remedy reduce that means postpone upgrading your phone for a year or more after it suffers and suffocates for at least 4 or more years in your hands that means try to reuse pass your old phone to a relative or donate to a charity even if it is not working. So let me show you some monuments made in memory of periodic table and also the discoverers. So in front of the faculty of chemical and food technology of Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Slovakia. So this monument honors Dimitri Mandeleev and near St. Petersburg Technological Institute where Mandeleev gained his first professorship in 1864. So they have put a statue of Mandeleev tower block decorated with Mandeleev's periodic table in Tobolask Siberia and chemistry faculty building at the University of Murcia in Spain. Monumental periodic table on the chemistry faculty University of Mexico in Mexico and Horizon Community College Bansley UK have displayed a big periodic table. It is largest periodic table on daily center in Chicago so it was built in 2006 and these are the scientists who contributed to the presentation or formation of periodic table and of course I did mention about all these people Dimitri Mandeleev, Hendry Mosley, John Newlands, Julius Lothar Meyer, Uriyogenison, Glenn T. Seber and I did not mention about Albert Gearsow. So Albert Gearsow was an American nuclear scientist and code discoverer of a record chemical elements on the periodic table. His research career spanned 6 decades from the early 1940s to the late 1990s and then if you look into this table it shows the elements found in human body by moss and of course whatever I have put here up to magnesium or in the blue color they are very essential for human beings and also I have given in what ratio they are present in our body and apart from that one we may find some of these in minute quantities in our body and of course some of these elements which are really not needed to keep up good health are also there because of environment also because of the condition in which we are living exposed to one or the other elements. So this indicates human beings are born with a periodic table and are born in organic chemistry and if you see here I have listed some elements here these are the elements we have used in our laboratory while performing in organic chemistry and out of 58 we have used 50 were found in the structure we have determined using XRX telegraphy and also we made compounds having a maximum number of elements in a molecule is 11. Hopefully we will make in the years to come some molecules having as many as 14 or 15 elements in it. I am glad to inform you that I have the collection of most of the elements in the periodic table arranged in the same way of course here I have only natural elements not the radioactive ones. You can see here for example some of those things be empty because they are all highly corrosive and alkaline metals are not there and we have this argon gases are kept here in small ampoules small ampoules and similarly oxygen and nitrogen is also there you can recognize this one this is copper and then next to that we have silver and gold and this is gallium this is selenium and this is antimony. So most of the elements I have here if you happen to be in IIT Bombay you are most welcome to come and have a look at it in my office. So that ends about the history of periodic table. In my next lecture I shall focus on chemistry of transfer elements.


Next question is from coach cure. Do you find the reverse grip bench press useful or is it just an old school overrated move? I cannot remember the last time I did. It's been a long time since I've done this exercise. So I you know when I got introduced to these there was a power lifter that was in the magazines a lot who used to do his bench press something Clark. He looked like he had the record at one point. Yeah, maybe Doug can look him up. He was like he was he was either Filipino or Hawaiian massive dude and he would bench press like 700 pounds with this reverse grip. Yeah. And I remember thinking like what like what's the advantage there what's the value right so reverse get bench presses first off. Gotta get comfortable with them. Okay because you don't want to fail on that and also racking with the reverse grip can be very scary. This is like a good partner exercise is a good partner exercise or get yourself in position and practice and learn how to do it right. Oh, and was it Anthony Clark? Yeah, show a picture of this guy. So this is the guy that if you remember that I don't know just I remember and I know I remember that guy never would never be able to wow look at you remembered all that. Yeah, he's Filipino. Yeah. So and he would bench like ridiculous amounts of weight with the with the reverse grip. But anyhow the reverse grip what it does is it forces the elbows and 805 is his bench record. Yeah. So he passed away actually 2005. So it forces the elbows in so you can use more front delt and believe it or not elbows in actual works also works the upper chest more because of the way that the fibers of the upper chest orient when your elbows are in decelerating to I mean aren't you like engaging your biceps a bit more maybe stabilizing it. Yeah, a lot of tricep though. Yeah, a lot of tricep front delt and you get that upper chest. Now I noticed when I did these and I started to practice and get good at them that I got a little carryover to my regular bench press and this is why I started doing them because back then bench press was the I liked them. I was on a kick for a while where it was I used to put it in the routine. That's why when he brought this stuff like wow I haven't even thought about that exercise in so long. Yeah. You know it's I mean here's a great part of once you've been lifting for a really long time it's a great movement and you can absolutely and you know I where would you put it though are you guys putting it in as a replacement of a chest exercise or would you put it in as a OC so I would use it more often like a like a close bench press for your triceps I would sometimes do a reverse no I would I would do it tricep thing I would do instead of a bench press or I would do it as a another press for chest right so if I did my bench press see I use it for triceps that's and by the way you can do that yes you can you can you with an exercise especially like that one you can put more emphasis on one muscle more than the other like Sal was talking about the main ones that are incorporated there if you're trying to get the chest out of it you can really focus on chest if you want triceps you can focus on using more that's what's kind of cool about compound lifts is you can mentally concentrate on a muscle that you want to take over the lift more yeah you know you know it really too what it does with the bench is you know how if you want to bench a lot of weight how you get real tight and you kind of suck in the elbows and activate the lats the reverse grip bench press really encourages that tight feeling in fact I'm surprised Justin yeah I've never yeah experiment got my brain you know going this is an exercise has your name all over I feel like if you did them you'd actually love well it's interesting because you know how the the stance I don't know if it's like taekwondo where they always have this position and they're like reminds me of that's like the power stance but yeah I've never messed with that I know would you also then experiment with doing something like if you take that and then you bring it back over your head and then you do some pullovers oh wow so you do like a pullover to a press yeah I'm wondering that's an interesting exercise yeah I don't know yeah I feel weird well the amount of weight you could probably press it not much yeah you'd have to you'd have to use lightweight or do that no I mean by itself like I would just be using yeah for for for doing that with just the reverse grip I'm just thinking about using the reverse grip I'll have to experiment well like Sal said I think I mean this this exercise I think would would be in your wheelhouse this is like place all your strength yeah it's your strengths I mean so I imagine you know as many times as I've done it we could probably do it right now you probably out outperform Sal and I both because those are your strengths