Okay, so very good morning. Hope everyone had a great weekend Monday the 28th of October So as per usual look ahead, not just for today, but for the week as a whole So as you can see to the side of me a very busy calendar. Actually, it's an interesting week ahead We've got different central bank decisions coming from of course the Federal Reserve But we've got the Bank of Japan and the Bank of Canada We've also got lots of corporate earnings in fact thing 156 More S&P 500 companies including some big guns like Apple Facebook and alphabet or Google Lots of economic data as well of significance culminating in US non-farm payrolls and that's going to come on Friday And then just to give you an early heads up and the team here will be covering the US Central Bank decision live on our YouTube channel So don't forget to subscribe to the channel if you're not already have done so And click the bell icon to get notified when we do go live remember Straight up just a reminder the clocks changed in the UK at the weekend But the American clocks have not yet changed. They don't do so until this coming weekend And so there is a shortened time zone four hours between London and New York or five between London and Chicago at the moment So for anyone in London do remember then that major US economic data is going to come out an hour earlier than normal That does mean all the respective opens of course an hour earlier than normal And the Fed decision will be at 6 not 7 p.m. For this week So do bear that in mind don't get caught short In a sticky situation by those timings But before we go into the calendar line by line and more details and get you up to speed with some of their headlines Quick look at the charts this morning and overall relatively positive start to proceedings And one thing you'll recognize here equities up T-notes down already about nine ticks having broken through the low print on Friday So it's in relative risk on and just having a look here. This is the S&P 500 Transitioning this to a daily chart so that I can encapsulate a couple of markups here that I've had from previous conversations This is from what you can see from the kind of camera showing me at the moment on the left hand side on your screen This encapsulates then the EU referendum surprise result and Trump winning the election to where we are at the moment So just actually come to come to just say it now Well, how much has the market rallied since Trump became president? Well, we're up 43% so Donald Trump obviously getting the job done as far as he will be concerned I would suggest tweets will be forthcoming later on today as we trade up here a record territory once again And you know the kind of key area of price activity, of course in the long term really this fluctuation of prices that we had remember last this time last year we were in the midst of a Quite severe correction in global markets on fears of policy tightening and escalating trade war but take those two Significant catalysts and this morning. What do we have partial trade deal and the Fed cutting rates this week? The absolute opposite of what was creating the meaningful sell-off that we had in that era And so here we are once again up here in the right-hand corner testing the all-time highs seen in the summer and In September as well of this year So obviously Sam will go through these charts from a much more practical kind of intraday point of view But just to get it into perspective from a long term Comes as well with earnings as I said lots more earnings to come But despite what you might have thought was a relative negative economic setup in terms of the outlook for the future I was reading at the weekend of all the companies that have reported I think it's we've had about 40% of the S&P now 80% of those companies have exceeded expectations on the EPS And so perhaps then set more support stronger than some were expecting on that front Otherwise, I'm going to leave it at that with the charts for the moment. I can see equity index futures already off to a solid start One thing I wanted to mention is a pretty big Potential M&A news this morning that's helping lift the luxury names Across Europe comes after LVMH is looking at a potential takeover of the US firm Tiffany That whole sector responding quite positive on the back of that But Let's jump into one of the main headlines. That's that's also helping assist sentiment this morning. It's this one China says part of phase one trade deal text is quote basically complete So to give you a bit of an idea these comments came out on Saturday This followed high-level talks between the trade and Treasury Secretaries of the US meeting with the vice premier on Friday Well, they spoke on the phone I should say and the comments came out Saturday saying then that parts of the text for the first phase of the trade deal are Basically completed the two sides reached a consensus in areas including standards used by agricultural regulators And so this that did come after it looked like potentially you remember when vice president Mike Pence I think it was what Thursday going into Friday made some fairly dubious comments about how China is dealing with the unrest Unfolding in Hong Kong and it almost felt like here we go again Putting their foot in it just before these top-level talks But in fact they actually made some distinct progress at least with this existing phase and that's been met With a positive response in markets this morning because those comments came over the weekend when markets were closed Sticking with the US theme I did mention The fact that the Fed are expected to cut rates today before I show you this graphic Let me just jump to this one. This is the federal funds rate futures According to the CME Fed watch tool and the probability of a 25 basis point rate cut from the Fed stands at 94.1% so it's not really a case of are they gonna cut Because they will cut the Fed have never disappointed when the markets have been priced in at more than 50% plus never mind 94.1% there's also a couple of Fed speakers just before the blackout period last week which had Opportunities to kind of reset the needle if they wanted to and they chose not to so our expectation is as per everyone in the market Barring 6% is that they're gonna cut what we are looking out for is really and this is this Graphic which encapsulates here on the axis at the bottom going back US interest rates from the late 80s To where we are looking forward until 2022 and the idea here is we've had what the Fed Classified the moment as a mid-cycle adjustment the question mark is well last time that they did do that You've got to go back to the mid 90s late 90s Is they or are they going to signal as per the quote here time for patience? And I actually think that that will be the case We'll obviously get much more into the language and how they're going to telegraph that message and of course with every meeting now Jerome Powell hosts a press conference So very much that would be key for the forward guidance beyond the execution of the third in this current phase of rate cuts That we're expecting So that'd be a big deal and obviously the markets this morning already kind of responding to that I think that's a lot of this is just pricing in for that that fact I think markets have known for quite a while now that this was going to be the case Does come though with big data coming. Let me just bounce back to the the actual Calendar just give you a couple of highlights. I think really two major coming out US data today But Tuesday you get US consumer confidence pending home sales and then on Wednesday you get ADP Employment change you get the advanced Q3 GDP number and of course this is showing a slight weakening Comparative to what we were seeing in the last quarter or so also PC prices Real consumer spending then you get the Fed decision Thursday looking out for Chicago PMI and then Friday you get the lights of non-farm payrolls with the usual focus on Not just the headline reading but the average hourly earnings and we also get ISM manufacturing PMI And then we get a couple of Fed speakers looking to come in post blackout period to sweep up any misinterpretation of the announcement on Wednesday night There's Williams, Clareedah and Kuala speaking as well to finish the session so lots to come From a US perspective in terms of non-farm payrolls where the consensus estimate for something Relatively similar to what we saw last time which was a head headline change in non-farm payrolls But 136,000 that did miss expectations of 145 last time out But as you can see has shown just a very slight pattern of weakness in the top line Job creation figure Jumping then to something else obviously the main Narrative in the UK not that it's moving sterling a great deal this morning I'd say you're a dollar and cable on the major pairs more influenced by slightly Weakening dollar which has just backed off some of its overnight Asia Pacific high is moving into site negative territory So running into a bit of resistance near term the euro pivot And in cable at the R1 and what would have been Friday mornings high looks like in terms of the future setup But having a look then what is the latest status with Brexit? Well today is going to be Boris Johnson As you can see depicted here He's going to be bringing forward His motion to call for a snap general election on the 12th of December and This comes as we await then confirmation of the European Union who have been considering the length of time to grant the UK as an extension In regards to Fixing and sorting out the process forward for Brexit now talks among you diplomats in Brussels Where the option of a three-month brexit extension from the end of this month exit date may be approved? According to Politico at the weekend The French are ready to drop now their opposition to the plan if you remember it was Macron As we were talking at the end of last week who was looking to potentially speed up the timetable because he doesn't want this to drag out It was believed at the time as we said in the briefings that it's unlikely that Macron would Stick with that line because he said this before just a bit of political posturing and now it appears that he's fallen back in line So the most favored seems to be still That European Union will delay up to three months a draft proposal under consideration No, by you diplomats would delay that Brexit till the end of Jan of 2020 with an option for the UK to leave earlier So it's a slight tweak on the dates of that flex tension idea That was doing the rounds last week if they were to leave earlier the dates being tabled now on November 30th So effectively an extra month or an extra two months that being December 31st the end of the calendar year That's only contingent that both sides ratify the divorce deal in time Of course and just so you're aware in terms of any forthcoming headlines You diplomats are due to meet local time at 10 so 9 a.m London time in about 40 minutes or so to discuss the proposal So do be mindful of looking out for any comments or tweets that come out over the next course of a few hours before then Boris Heads to Parliament later on this afternoon. I would imagine giving nor proceedings will be kicking off at around 230 onwards It's a probably late afternoon the baseline expectation here is that he does not and will not have Enough votes to support his motion for an early general election. Why? Well, Jeremy Corbyn reiterated on Sunday that he would not support the government's bid for an early election on December 12th Unless a no-deal Brexit is completely ruled out and that's not going to happen as far as Boris's current stance The other thing that you might have read at the weekend was that the Lib Dems and the SNP the Scottish National Party Presented a proposal to secure an early election via an amendment to the fixed term law Which could be passed by a simple majority the two parties both strongly of course in favour of staying in the EU Offer to back the bill Ie give Boris his request of an early election But only if the date was set for the 9th of December, which would be three days before Johnson's pervert date And that also one interesting part there particularly given the demographic Kind of composition that it's generally younger people that would support this notion of revoking Brexit That December 9th would then allow students Obviously that demographic key of 18 to 24 of being able to vote whilst they're still at university Which is likelihood where they're registered rather than when they've left Which would be when Boris is tabled for December 12th I could obviously have a meaningful shift on the end result if that was the case The idea though is that already that Lib Dem and SNP proposal has been pushed back already by labor without labor It's unlikely that that's going to go ahead either So that's kind of where we're at at the moment with with this As I said keep an eye out for any commentary out of Brussels on their draft proposal And then you've got the House of Commons vote on an early election later on today Moving on then a couple of other headlines to be aware of if you're looking at the FTSE 100 HSBC shares opening down about 3% this morning This was the general takeaway. They posted a profit that missed analysts expectations They abandoned a key target for returns and flagged a significant restructuring charge as it contends with the worst in global outlook So HSBC shares down at the open and this was the other one That's probably gonna get a lot of airplay if you're watching US televised financial channels later on when when the Americans come in that's because Louis Vuitton owner LVMH is to bid 14.5 billion dollars for Tiffany Would work out about 120 bucks a share and this is lifting all luxury names across the board So Burberry getting a bit of a lift this morning Another names associated Pandora or so up about two and a half percent this morning Talking of earnings reports. Here's the main companies reporting just to give you a Broad brush assessment of the top names to look out for if you're looking at index futures There are 156 S&P companies reporting six out of the 30 down Components so pre-market today the main ones to look out for AT&T after mark you've got alphabet I also would be quite interested to just see just given some of the recent Focus with IPOs what beyond meat earnings come out as given they were such an awesome performance when they first Started trading however, they pulled back quite violently since that time So from a sentiment point of view and recent IPOs and particularly interested in beyond meat after the close today in pinterest Also reports after the close on Thursday The other bigger market cap names pre-market Tuesday Merck Pfizer general motors Aftermarket go lights of Amgen and AMD pre-market Wednesday general electric aftermarket the big tech guns then Apple and Facebook pre-market Thursday Altria, what one of the main names with Kraft Heinz And then on Friday, you've got the oil majors Exxon mobile and Chevron all coming ahead of the opening belt This was one of the other things just quickly wanted to share I did tweet this so it's available on my Twitter handle below here that you can see if you'd like to see it in more more detail I'm only sharing it because Very rare really you get a news agency update their Hawk dove kind of matrix And this does come with the Bank of Japan interest rate decision Which we're gonna get in the very early hours of Thursday the Bank of Japan Some outside expectations that they could cut rates further into negative territory But the baseline is that they're set to lower its forecast for economic growth and inflation this year in a quarterly Outlook report that will be released at the end of their policy meeting on Thursday So we are expecting more dovish signals coming from them in their assessment about the forward-looking future So that's that's pretty much it from my side In terms of European and UK earnings to be aware of aside from HSBC you've got BP on Tuesday You've also got Glaxo Smith Klein Bayer Volkswagen total to some of the biggest European listed names on Wednesday You've also got the French farmer Sinoffi reporting on Thursday. So yeah lots to go out in the calendar From an economics point of view from earnings point of view from a rate decision point of view And politics with Brexit front-loaded with the PM Motion for an early election later this afternoon with looking for confirmation extension But all looking but inevitable that will roll on. I must mention that of course This Thursday is this symbolic technical expiration of article 50, but I can tell you now there will not be no deal Disorderly Brexit as I've said all the way from the beginning I've never thought that was going to happen and we're likely to see that become reality with the can kicked again down the road Going forward. All right, that is it from me for now I wish you all great week ahead gonna hand you over Sam and you can look over the charts from a technical perspective Thanks very much Yeah, good morning guys. Well, I have a quick look over the S&P to begin with as a course you can see when I put this on The Daily chart we're gonna see All-time highs have been reached yet again and incredible market Just to continue pushing up and up and up And of course with an interesting week ahead certainly data-wise and feathers and so on Very worth bringing on the trend channel again Just to see if we were to have a positive week where that would come in and hear you're looking at What would be the fourth real big test of this point going back to the all-time highs originally back in January last year And then September October Before that and then again beginning of the summer This year if it was to come in this week, I mean you're looking to come in around 30 57 ish give or take a couple of points on the future So one to bear in mind that if we do get up there just the reaction every time has been Strong met with good selling good profit taking so would absolutely have that Marked up as well all-time high that we've reached is only a small one. She had a good push on Friday evening As well So looking at a potential points to get back in I mean you can see just the importance of if I draw This rectangular area around 30 15 on the pivots and the hour Chart you've got the highs from the 22nd both morning and afternoon the afternoon of the 24th And it could be a good area where it's where people would be looking at to get in However, that's 10 points away from where we're trading and it's gonna be we just have a quick flick back to The calendar is very likely to be a quiet one today as has the last three Mondays So I'm not expecting too much to really happen if we come back to that area though I'd expect a decent reaction either way to take place and could be a good area to get in Along again whether we get down there or not remains to be seen the Dax has already done a pretty much a full reversal from its push Initially at the open. We're now pretty much back to where down to where that is quite nice support you can see from The the lows on Friday was also the initial high from the 24th and the high from the 17th not far away from that as well Of course at the higher levels. We've seen for quite some time So we're keeping a watch what happens if we were to get back down to any of these the Friday evening lows act as good support this morning So obviously that's a pretty important level to have marked up but up and down as quick as you like not too much in The way of movement as has happened in terms of actual direction the Dax See we've just gone through their Eurostocks finding support on the pivot. So we keep me in line There's previous lows back above there and you'd be confident that this market could continue to drift higher But again not expecting too much here for these markets We'll work having this trend line on here in Eurostocks as a bit of a guide going forward for the day and week If you were to get another test, you know a push lower could be quite interesting the pound You can see if we put this on the 240 just up near where we're trading. It's We just removed those lines You can see the the triple top or whatever way you want to look at it From the beginning of the 17th over to the 22nd We just couldn't get above a confirm a day really breaking above 130 So since then we have drifted lower trend line work having on from the high of the 22nd to the 24 Could potentially come in today along with the highs from yesterday and the R1 of Yes, there's in Friday as well quite a good area of support Starting to form a base as well And you can see if we were to get through there Then it could sort of open the door up to a further move lower looking more intraday That trend line and where that would come in you'd imagine there would be at least a decent reaction either way because you have the Friday high You have the R1 that we've already had a bit of a test stop and of course that trend line as well So coming in on the futures around 1 28 80 a few pips either way certainly an area I would look to consider To have some sort of trade opportunity over the last couple of trading days including this morning We have just started to Trend and squig it squeezed to the upside so worth having this trend line on For a potential move lower. However, again Monday, it's likely to be pretty quiet one I wouldn't be rushing into to trade zyver direction to be honest We'll do a longer term charts as we go through Into the sort of middle part of the day when we release a strategy by not expecting too much euro You can see is found resistance or be it to just chop through a tiny bit on the low that we had on Friday Pretty decent level around there. I also like the R1 today Should we get up there whether we do or not remains to be seen you've got the low here from the 23rd Some nice decent price action from Friday and of course the R1 as well So something just to keep an eye on and the low that we had Friday Decent level from the low the 17th and actually each time we have had a leg lower in euro You can see from the the sort of last few days We've always found some nice support technically as well You see the low the 23rd also the 17th the 24th the higher the 16th and like I said Friday been the low of the 17th as well So we're acting quite nicely all around there as well quick look over at gold and oil to wrap it You can see gold this morning relatively choppy in times trying to choose a direction The the low that we had back on Friday nice sort of double bottoms an area to keep an eye on should we get a Push to the downside the pivot and some of the breakdown area from Friday also acting quite well 1510 We are just perhaps having a look at this trend line It's worth having on I would say from Friday afternoon evening low to this Asian session low and again a nice little test Just 15 minutes or so ago So I keep a watch on that for a potential push down to 1503 for gold the pivot a key level to the upside before we look at well 1513 and probably more importantly and we just get that right 1513 point nine as well Oil to wrap it you can see relatively quiet this morning as expected decent push in commodities all round last week I've seen copper silver gold loving life and pushing higher. We're now we're all well on Friday We touch 56 87. Let's get to 57 handle Pivot reacting is a bit of support this morning, but you will of course with these moves higher I have quite a lot of support in terms of Where the buyers have taken over before That I'll be keeping a watch on if we were to come back Down to any of these levels you'd expect a decent enough area to get long. I think for The commodity push I think it's you know could continue to To go higher but just with the quiet nature on Monday rather than getting too aggressive I'd look to be buying lower down I would Suggest unless you were in the afternoon right time of the day to get some decent pushes and For example for oil that could well be if we were to have some sort of trend line appear like this That you do get that kind of push like that to happen But at the moment relatively quiet not much going on Across the board your stocks and Dax is coming down a touch again keeping an eye on your stocks on that pivot As it may just help the S&P drift lower as well after hitting that all the time Any questions, please do let us know we'll get that strategy report out as well But I hope you'll have a good trading day and good week ahead


I teach at RIT, I teach graphic design there, and I'm going to be talking about actually a project that I did in my interactive media design class. Okay, so it's called Adopt-a-Font. So basically I was asked to teach an interactive media design class, and I panicked, only because I am new to coding myself and thinking about how to teach that made me, you know, filled with panic. So of course, I always, before I start teaching a class, I think about questions, or things I want to cover, so here's some of the questions I had before the class started. One was how can I help the students not be petrified by coding, because I too am petrified, so how do I get them to be comfortable? How can I get the students off the computer?  How can I make a website project defined and yet flexible without it seeming too wacky? I sometimes have a tendency to take sophomore level classes and kind of try and be a little too experimental with them, so that they don't really, you know, I kind of do the rules, but then I really want them to play. And then how can I get the students to pay attention to type on the screen? Sometimes I wonder if they've taken a type class before they get to my class, and I teach a type class, so I'm always like, didn't we go over this? So I want them to focus on type on screen as well as type, as they would when they do type in print. And then how can the students learn more typographical history? So this is always my big thing. I do teach history of graphic design at RIT, and I really want to always try and integrate history into all of my classes. I think it's important. I think it's important for the students to really research things and look beyond contemporary things. And then lastly, how am I going to make it fun for me too, because that's kind of, I think, a big point, and I think it's important to do that. So just to give you a little background, the Cary Collection is housed at RIT, and it's basically a collection of printed materials. It was started by Melbert Cary. He was the director of Continental Type Founders Association. He was interested in printing. He collected a lot of type specimen books, printer's manuals, and then also just really beautiful printed books. And the Cary Collection, it was donated to the Cary Collection at RIT, and it's grown since. So they started a program called Adopt-a-Font, and this was started by Amelia Hugo-Fontanelle, who's the associate curator at the Cary Collection. She's fantastic. She started this program. They had over 100 wood type faces in storage that were in really bad condition and they needed to be cleaned and they needed to be catalogued. And she didn't have the people power to do this, so she decided, oh, I'll do a volunteer project and let people volunteer their time, come in. They can adopt their type face, their font, wood type, clean it up using Gojo, which is a cleaning solution or substance, using towels, q-tips. They couldn't use anything pointy because that would ruin the surface of the wood type. And then when they were done cleaning it, they were able to print because there's printing presses in the Cary Collection as well. So they were able to print a type specimen, and then she could keep one so people could see what this would look like as well. So I always wanted to do this project with my type class, and I could never figure out how to integrate it into all of the other things I needed to go over and type. So when I was asked to teach this interactive class, my colleague Kelly Murdock-Kitt, who's fantastic, she's really the interactive person at RIT or my program, we were talking about ideas for projects, and she said, well, what about a final project being adopt a font? Were they adopt a font? And then they create a website based on their findings and they have to research, et cetera, et cetera. So I was like, yes, that's perfect. I can because it'll make it fun for me. And that's, you know, not to say the most important thing, but I also felt like they were going to be excited to do this as well. So I just kind of wanted to show you some of the outcomes I don't have time really to show you all of the websites that came out of it, but I will show you the two at the end so you can kind of get an idea of how it looked when it was live. But the outcomes were basically the students were paired into groups and I taught two sections of this class last spring. And so some of the groups were three to four, and some were four to five people in a group. So they were charged with going over to the Kerry Collection, picking out their font family as a group, find one that they liked, clean it, do all that thing, do all that stuff, print the type specimen, and then start document everything. I wanted them to document, take thousands and thousands of pictures, document every single step of the way. And then they started researching the typeface and then just kind of start the creative process. So this is just showing you some of like, not all of the process, but just some of the things like mood boards and sketches, images from when they were cleaning the typeface. They also had to include a video or some sort of motion component. It could be done anyway. They could do gifs, they could do after effects, they could do video animation. It was really up to them, but I wanted some sort of motion component and they could do it based on their process or based on the typeface. Again, I just wanted to keep that a bit flexible and open. So what was kind of cool was that some of the students had picked fonts, font families out, that they couldn't find a name for it. So if they didn't have it through the research, if they didn't have a name that they could find, they came up with their own. So this group came up with Hatch because they researched Hatch show print and they realized that this typeface was very similar to type that was used on those posters and they wanted to give it a name so they called it Hatch. And it's kind of funny because they came to me like, this is so cool, Hatch show print.  Like I forget that they're students and you tell them one thing and it takes like five more times to tell them the same thing and then they get it. But it was cool. I was really glad they got excited about it. And so essentially their overall look was really like posters.  Some students, oh, and also the thing about the Hatch show was with the coding. So I really wanted the students to focus on the design and learning how to design for the web and keeping the coding as simple as possible. I told them when we first started, I taught them HTML and CSS, very basic. I was lucky enough to have a GA. So he was a grad student who was big into coding. And I said, if you want to do anything above and beyond this, I'm happy to help you or give you resources, but I don't, some of the stuff I don't know as well. So some of them loved the fact that they could just be very simple with their coding. And I only really wanted them to be able to code so I could click, you know, the links worked and you could navigate through the website. So I wanted them to really focus on the research and the design and not get too wrapped up in the coding because we only had four weeks. So one week was really dedicated to them going to adopt the font and then cleaning it and researching and then three weeks to make and collect all the stuff. So it was a short period of time. So some of them found ways or were interested in how old type bases were used in contemporary ways. So a lot of like showing logos of how, you know, Cheltenham was used in LLB and that sort of thing. And some of them weren't as strong as others. Due to the group dynamic sometimes, there were some people that dropped the ball. There were, with this group, I really think they kind of tried to go a little bit above and beyond what they were capable of doing. Their video component didn't actually show up on time because the person who was in charge of it, they lost consciousness, MIA. So there was all these weird dynamics. And I didn't want to, with grading, have that go against any of the students either. So when the students were done with the projects, they were given an evaluation form to evaluate each person in the group and they sent it back. And honestly, I knew what was going on. I pretty much had a good idea of the different group dynamics and what was happening. I felt like anything was really a surprise because I did grade them kind of individually. I talked to the groups when they would present and asked each member of the group, what did you do? What did you work on? Sort of thing. And so that's kind of how I did the grading. I don't know that that's a great idea, but for this project at that time, I was like, okay, I think this will work. This is another group that, again, they kind of took on a lot and they had to name, they renamed the typeface, incandesced, which was very cute and clever, whatever. But the project itself or the website itself didn't really evolve the way it could have. So this one fell a little short. But again, I think in the end, the point of seeing these was more, I was more excited about the fact that they got so much done in so little time and that they learned kind of how to work through all of this stuff that happens along the way. So that was, you know, they learned how to problem solve in that sense. This group did really well together. The reason why I like this one was the website was very simple. They at first had the idea of doing a circus fun, you know, like house of fun kind of theme, but they decided, you know, the history of this typeface is really interesting. So they wanted to focus on that. So the page down here, you can tell it's very simple. So they just put a picture, and then the text of the history. And the other cool thing was that the students had to write all of their text. If they got text from somewhere, they had to source it obviously at the last page. But the text was really kind of cool and it was kind of fun and they were goofy about it, which was I liked seeing that too. So these last two are really the ones that I love the most. I mean, I love them all again for the same reasons that like I saw things in them that I was like, wow, that's really cool that they did that or they thought about that. But these last ones, I think, really kind of went above and beyond what they could have done. So this group was interested, again, Hatch Show print came up with them, the circus theme. What they did was they made animated gifs. So this, and I'll show you this after the next one, but this whole front screen are animations, little animations that, using French clarity and condense. So very clever, kind of fun. And then this one was antique Tuscan condense, but they called it Le Cirque and they totally took the circus theme. So they basically made it feel like it was a three-ring circus. So when we look at it, so JP if I can. Okay, so I'll show you this one first. So this is the Le Cirque and what they wanted to do is they wanted to do parallax and I was like, whoa, that's cool. But I had no idea how to do that. So you guys have to figure that out. So it was really awesome.   And the group was great because there was one guy that was so geeking out on coding. So he did the parallax. He's like, no, I want to do it. And then one person was really interested in drawing and illustration. So she did a little bit of, you know, clipped over clip art and also some of her own illustrations. But the idea was that you would keep kind of moving through it. And then the information, you would get to different, different paper information. I will say that this is a little glitchy for sure. But again, I wasn't grading them on how they're coding. Like, I didn't look at the coding. I wasn't grading. I was grading on how interactive it was, like how engaging it was, that sort of thing. So I'll just take you through this. So they just, you know, showed the history. And this is actually supposed to move as well. So it's supposed to kind of go through the alphabet of Tuscan. It doesn't work, but it worked and when they presented it. But when I got it, I was like, what's going on? And the music is so funny. So that gives you an idea. And then this is the, um, the French Clarinet, actually. I'm just, can I just open up that splash page? No, that's okay. Oh no, no, never mind. I think this will do it. Yeah, I think this will do it. I think that's where it, there. So this is the, um, the site that used all of the gifts. Um, so when I saw this, I was immediately like so excited and, you know, jumping up and down in my seat because I was like, yes, that's exact. You know, they just had fun with it. And again, each person in this group kind of took on things. There were some issues, um, you know, personality dynamics, of course, but they really, again, they worked through it and they really tried to kind of play around with this, um, and explore the typeface and explore motion and explore how to show, you know, this, and you'll notice like some of it, it's a little clunky.  But again, um, I felt, I felt really pleased with some of the outcomes. So, okay. So the answers to the questions from the beginning sort of, um, again, so students being petrified, they're always going to be petrified no matter, you know, what, because it's a new language for them. So coding is completely like, whee, you know, but, um, I realized that they have to be patient and I have to be patient with them. Um, students getting students off the computer, just I, making the students leave the classroom when I told them, I would say, okay, group one, you're being forced out, you're going to the carry collection, you're going to go clean. You know, just really pushing them outside helped a lot. I also, because it was spring and I live, we live in Rochester, New York. When spring came, I said, go outside, go to the table. So, and I would go out and do work and they would sit in groups and they really were, were good about it. They didn't take off and, you know, go home. Um, how to make website product defined and flexible. So providing the tools was helpful. Experiential components was helpful. Um, how to make them pay attention. Obviously creating a project that was type based helped them to really think about type and it just forced that onto them. And then how to integrate typographical history. When you provide them with artifacts, it forces them obviously to research history and create contemporary projects. And I know not everybody has a carry collection or an adoptive front program. But I think there's every institution has some sort of archive or library. So I think you can still go in and pull things out to have the students work on or pick a couple of things to have the students work on and you can create things from that. So I think you can look, you don't have to always have, you know, these great archives or anything like that. I think you can really figure out how to do it. And then finally, even when it's challenging, it's still kind of fun. So again, there were moments when I was like, Oh my God, what did I do?  I'm sure they hated me at times. But again, that was kind of the point of the whole thing too. So thank you. And if you want to email me with any suggestions on that project or other interactive type based projects, I'd be very happy to hear your feedback.


Okay, birthday girl. What do you got? Well, happy birthday Teresa and also Dwight and Gentry if you were here we all share the same day Yeah, I'm not sure Well happy birthday to them Mike you mentioned Figuring out where to hang the hat offensively it is it still Derek and how and if so How do you how do you run the ball better with the group of people you have? Well, I mean it's it's obviously Derek. I mean we have a lot of confidence in our run game We have a lot of confidence in In our runner, you know, we just have to make sure now that You know that we're all on the same page You know that way that we're blocking things the right way that we're getting to the right guys You know the quarterbacks getting us in the right play and then and then once we do that I think you're gonna start to you know We're all gonna start to see The plays that that can complement each other and start to work against each other way We just have to you know, you saw the a little bit of what we wanted to be there in the first drive where I thought things were You know complementing each other and you know moving the football converting You know Ryan had some good good throws Derek had some good runs guys made some good plays for us And then just kind of come back and just weren't able to sustain things Are those toss sweeps in particular swarmed like they were every time they seem they're fast You know they're fast and we thought we could get the edge. We thought we could You know those plays have helped us, you know those those plays have helped us and in the past and You know for a number of different reasons, you know those things you know when you try to Circle them up and try to pin them inside and get guys around on the edge You know everything has to has to be perfect and you know, it wasn't and it doesn't have to be perfect Excuse me, but we just have to make sure that we're getting guys around there and You know those guys running inside, you know, we have to make sure we try to get the guys inside And we've had success running those those perimeter plays No, I mean we've had plays that were you know positive I mean we gained One there nine yards later on so they weren't all all dead They weren't all for for negative gains. I think we gained one for nine yards Later in the game I think probably that's fair I think we just have to Get back and again these guys were ready to go. I've asked them to You know put this behind us as quickly as possible. It's difficult. It's it's never a Great experience losing losing on the road losing in a big game Losing in a manner in which we lost it. We have to move on I think the guys that have been in here today so far have tried to do that And get back to work and get back to work together Do it do it together with with all of us the coaching staff the players You know working together Caleb front are we still seeing some evidence maybe of his Lack of playing time for the last couple years or reduced. There's a lot of new experiences. I think there's a lot of You know things that that are coming to them and you know There's some some good plays and some plays that he'd like to have back and You know, I think it's just a continual process of playing and understanding what happens in this league Than he is at this point or is this kind of where you're expecting him at this point? Well, I don't have you know great Expectations for for anybody the expectations are the same that they come in and at work They prepare they give us everything that they have And they they try to execute, you know, they're their job and their role and so you know, I think that Seeing seeing Caleb there were some good plays and some plays that you know, I think you have to be better But that goes with a lot of guys. Sorry. That's okay You said you didn't want to be about coaching talent that don't you need more talent last night Is it Trey Avery not ready for what you asked him to do last night? I Think in when you go into games, you just try to put the guys in the best positions You know to make plays you try to Make sure that they know what to do that they're confident And again, whoever we put out there. We have confidence in there and that they're on this team for a reason We'll continue to look for for guys whether they're Here on our practice squad here on our roster or on somebody else's roster It's just a it's a long process throughout this season Well, that's you know, I mean they beat us pretty soundly we have to we have to make sure that we're doing the things that Contribute to our success and it's not, you know giving up big plays. It's not turning the football over It's not, you know mishandling Punts, you know, all those things that that showed up last night that that make things snowball You guys much of what you do is predicated off the past rush What were they doing last night in particular to kind of neutralize that rush and and and not allow you to get to You know learn the game, you know with third and nine we got to him and he was able to get out of there I felt like we we executed up until the point where he you know scrambled and gained 10 yards You know the ball ball came out quick and then you know the other times they blocked us and we're able to To move the ball down the field. They did a nice job You know on the RPOs where where he pulled it And got rid of the ball, you know efficiently and pretty quickly and You know, we just we have to make you know continue to find ways to affect the quarterback impact them We did it again. There were times where you look at the game plan talking about not letting them out Trying to affect them trying to tip some passes You know we did but then there were numerous other times where we didn't do a good enough job Yeah, I mean, I think that that's that's what we you know, we are gonna do, you know, we are we we have to To to understand who we are and what we believe in what we've had success in in the past This isn't all of a sudden the time for for wholesale changes, you know I mean this is about you know getting back to the basics and what we believe in what we've had success in and Making sure that that everybody sees it the same way that that I do You know, I think we're gonna we're gonna make sure that we we're doing less better You know instead of trying to do a whole bunch of other stuff We're gonna get back to to doing things with with fundamentals and Technique and trying to make sure that everybody understands the details The process with Tim Kelly and Todd Downing, how has that been you know the week leading up to the game Then also during the game. How is that process been? To run no process that we've had has been good enough on offense on defense or special teams So, you know, whether it's chase and awk whether it's Timmy and Todd whether it's Shane and defense of staff Jim me whoever None of it's been good enough. You know, I mean when you lose We all could do more. Everybody has to to come in here a little bit Better with our approach just kind of can continue to focus on all the little things and and just trying to bring somebody along with us You know, we all get in this mode where it's like, oh man, I feel now is not the time for self-preservation This is the time for you know rallying around each other getting You know with the people that you believe in the people that you trust So many fans they say hey, you know some of some guns goes wrong as I hate fire coast coast Downing. How do you respond to that?  That's not something that's gonna happen right now I've had confidence in our staff. I have confidence in the guys that we put out there We have to we have to continue to coach and execute better, but that's you know, that's just not where we're you know That that's I appreciate everybody's you know opinion I have to make sure that you know everybody here that players and coaches are All aligned and I know that they are and that's how you get things fixed and you win a game You know, I think that those are some decisions that'll probably You know take place As the week goes on kind of seeing you know how he feels and and what You know what Craig and I decide, but you know, we'll see where that's at. You know, that's just you know He's helped us And done a really nice job. Unfortunately Like you said, you know the two Muffs and in the last two weeks Well, I think we would consider everything at this point time Jim with with every position group Don where where are the failings specifically Mike?  And how we need to execute it. There were some some really good plays I thought that we handled the the cadence in a tough environment You know, we just couldn't sustain and get anything going there after the first drive and you know The penalties unfortunate we hit some really cool plays and then we converted a third and third next year long We're we're three guys. I thought that was a great scheme I thought a great execution the guys were all doing their job, you know helping trailing. It was well timed well Executed and well designed. So we need more plays like that Just hopefully not on third and 15 or whatever it was In terms of sticking to your identity Mike as you mentioned earlier, I mean Two weeks in the season. There's only so much you can change right can't overhaul Complete offense two weeks into the season, right? Well, that's just not you know, I mean, that's not where we're at right now We're at you know focused on on Vegas and how they You know can attack us and you know, they're their edge players and Jones and Max and you know their ability to Bring safeties and the pressure and the different looks and You know different coverages split safety post safety The versatility obviously offensively what they have the weapons that they have the skill players that they have and You know that that that's where our focus is our focus is who's available Who might be able to help us and what can we get and what can we teach them? As of now, I don't really have any updates on that. I think we're still going through some some evaluation I'm gonna try to keep you updated on that as it comes. I Don't think it's anything long-term Building a rebuilding of confidence do you have to do in there? I think confidence is something that that comes from repeated Action, you know starting with practice, you know, we believe practice is important The things that you do in practice will will lead to to game reality We just have to make sure that we're we're executing those plays in practice. So we're drilling them. We're working them And I'm then just making sure that we're showing guys We haven't lost confidence or faith in what we're doing or what we've done that that's not gonna happen or the players that we have So excited to get back to work Despite the start being underwhelming not what you had hoped for is there a sense of maybe some optimism or a little bit more confidence with Things in the division not going well for some I don't I don't want us to do that And I mean I thought about that. I don't want us to look around and anything outside this building I want us to To focus on the people that are here The people on our staff the players the coaches Because this is really what's gonna get it done This is what it's gonna turn it around not not looking around and seeing what everybody else is doing We have to we have to focus really on what we're doing I mean he did did some good things we need to continue to work on some things as well You know, I think there were there were good efforts from from pretty much Everybody but there were just not enough not enough of them You know, we just Didn't didn't get going or didn't play the game complimentary enough Obviously, they're good efforts from everybody. Does that make it more discouraging that? No, I just there weren't consistent enough, you know, they're just weren't consistent enough You know getting those stops coming back Trying to answer needing to answer, you know giving up the touchdown, you know having the penalty come back the difference in yardage and then the fourth down You know, just those are those are key plays in the game that, you know Can't can really swing it and then just the way that we weren't able to get going there in the second half coming out Maybe about Berks that you're that you're seeing some of those good things in terms of his progression I mean, he's trying to play faster. I think he's playing bigger. He's got a you know, he's got play through contact more I mean they We're on I'm pretty tight there on the backside Ryan try to come to him. So just He's playing he's trying to run.  Well, is it maybe a combination of so much youth on the roster? It just I think there were some You know you PI we grab them inside his collar and you know holding the beats us across their face You know, we grab them at the point of contact some of these things, you know, those aren't necessarily Dumb, you know, I mean I felt like if we're out there throwing punches or we're the second guy in You know those things or we're we're hitting a guy two yards out of bounds late or a quarterback. That's Already slid that we're hitting in the head or neck I would consider those things avoidable, you know, some of those things that are out there that that happened in the course of a play, you know, those those are gonna happen and we'll have to work through them and we have With the better discipline at the line of scrimmage, you know working some of the cadence when that when they're trying to You know in those situations to get us to jump You know when guys are echoing it, you know just being able to lock in and focus and concentrate You know, he can always determine the way that the game is gonna play out and what we're gonna do So what we'll see where his role is this week You know talking to stretch it looks like he you know the replay was You know that he hadn't caught I didn't think he caught it clean the first time You know so but I mean I was hoping that he called it the first time Yeah, you know, I mean go way back with Josh obviously, you know growing up in Northeast, Ohio You know, he's an excellent football coach You know somebody that I was able to to see grow as a player and then you know go on is You know his his further his coaching career as I kind of got into mine and you know He's done a fantastic job, and I'm sure he'll have his football team ready


So, as an example of access control, we will look at the Linux file system and how we can control which users can do what with different files. So, before we talk about that access control, we'll just explain what I mean by the Linux file system. Many of you have seen this in either my other courses or in my lab, but if not even if you haven't used Linux much, you'll be able to relate these concepts with what you've used in the past. We won't say what Linux is, we'll go direct to the file system. First, a Linux or a Unix-like operating system, including a Mac computer, has some file system which is organised in some hierarchy like most operating systems. We have a top level of the hierarchy and we refer to that as a root directory and under the root directory there are a number of sub-directories, so this picture just gives an example of some common directories or a common file system hierarchy. There's a root directory designated by a forward slash, under that there are sub-directories like slash bin, slash home, slash USR and so on. They have different purposes and it varies a bit across different operating systems and then maybe other sub-directories. For example, it's common that the users of the computer system will have their home directory in the directory called slash home followed by their username, so that's a common organisation. Bin usually is short for binaries, which is usually a place to store applications, so our computer system has applications and in a Unix or a Linux-based system that's usually stored in a slash bin directory, but there may be different locations for that. There's a slash bin, there's a slash USR bin. There may be differences in terms of maybe the core applications that come with the operating system are installed in slash bin, whereas other applications you install later may be installed in other sub-directories. You don't need to know the file system hierarchy, but when you do some of the tasks you may need to traverse it a little bit to move around. So we talk about directories and files, files stored within the directories. This is just some description of some of those sub-directories and there is some explanation of where applications are installed and some important ones for you. Maybe if you're looking for your home, then it's usually based in the slash home directory followed by a sub-directory with your username. Maybe you plug in a USB drive and it differs on some systems, but if you plug in a USB drive then usually there will be a sub-directory under slash media or a CD-ROM, so that's a common location. The operating system itself is usually configured by a set of text files which specify variables, the variables for the operating system and the common location for that is under the directory slash ETC or et cetera. If you're building a website on your Linux-based system then the location may be under RWWW. So these are just some examples of common directories you may see. So what we're going to focus on is, well, what do we mean by files and directories and then get to the file system access control? How do we implement an access control system on our file system? And the file system is organized with what's called inodes. The files and directories, the operating system keeps track of all the files and directories in things called inodes. An inode is a data structure, so I think it's a data structure that the operating system keeps track of and it stores some information about a file or a directory. We'll see in many cases we don't distinguish between a file or directory or that we treat them very similar from the file system perspective. So an inode will store, for a file or a directory, it will store the owner of that file or directory, so something about who owns this file or directory, the size. So if it's a file, it will store some information about how big that file is because we need to keep track of the size of files, that's a common thing. Time stamps, which may include many times, may include the time when this file was created, the time when this file was last accessed, someone looked at it and the time when this file was last modified, someone changed it. So there are three common time stamps which will be stored for each file, so that the operating system can report that information back to the users. An inode is a data structure that stores this information. The mode is really the access rights. So we talk about an access mode, we think of it as access rights. It says what particular users or classes of users can do with this file. That's what we mean by the mode here. We'll look at it in more depth soon. And of course, so this data structure stores this information about the file and then really has pointers to data blocks which contain the actual file or blocks of the file. So depending upon the size of the file, it may be split across multiple blocks on the hard disk. The inode really has pointers to those blocks. So when someone wants to read the file, they can find all the blocks of that file. So we think each file or directory, the directory is a little bit special, but each file at least has an inode associated with it which stores information about where the file is on the hard disk, who owns it, how big it is, what time it was created, modified and also the mode which is what others can do with this, what are the access rights. And what the operating system does is it maintains a list of inodes, I think one for each file in what's called the inode table. So the OS has some table which lists all the inodes. And when someone, a user wants to or a software process representing a user wants to access a file, then the operating system goes to its inode table and finds the inode information, checks maybe the permissions specified in the mode and then reads the file from the data blocks that it points to. Directories we think also as a file, but it's a file that lists the entries for each file in that directory. So think of a directory just as a file, but inside that file is information about the files which are within the directory, which includes the inode number of the file and also the length of the name of the file and the actual name of the file. So directories are treated as files as well, but they're a special type of file which says inside this directory there are these other files. And that is useful to be aware of because when it comes to permissions we usually have the same access modes on both files and directories. So this is about how an operating system stores information about files. And the reason we're introducing it is because we want to look at the mode or the permissions or the access rights in our file system. Do I have a picture? That's more detail about the actual inode contents. So the mode is 16 bits. The first 12 bits are what are called the protection bits or the permissions. Other things we're going to concentrate on. What people can do with this particular file. The other four bits indicate the file type. For example is this a regular file, a directory or something, some other type of special file. There's an owner ID, so there's a 16 bit value that specifies the owner of this file. There's a group ID which specifies what we say the group owner of the file. We can talk about that there's a user that owns a file and for that same file there's also a group that owns that file. There's a size entry which specifies the size in bytes and there's timestamps. Access time, change time. I know change so this is a bit confusing. Time when the data structure was changed and the time when the data inside the file was changed. We will usually just see when we see something about a timestamp for a file we'll usually just see the time when the file was changed, that's the main one we'll take notice of. An inode may have other fields but they're the main things of interest. There have been some extensions to add other information. Before we look at permissions, see if we can draw something just to illustrate what we mean by an inode and for files and directories. For example I think you've seen in some systems we may have a home directory and in there we may have a sub directory for a user and there that may have another sub directory and inside that sub directory maybe we have some files and a second file in the same directory called file2. Let's say we have two files they're both in the same sub directory ABC of my home directory. Then the operating system maintains an inode which is a data structure for each file and that inode would store the information, it will store the permissions more generally the mode, the owner information, the size and timestamps and it's points to where the file is stored on the hard disk. So it's a data structure, this is the inode includes what we say the mode, the size and other information and it includes pointers to say we have, how am I going to draw this, here's my hard disk. Then the inode points to different blocks on the hard disk saying that this file, file1.txt so think of this as a data structure that says this file that has some size, some mode, some owner and the file is actually stored on the hard disk in these locations and there will be an inode for file2 which would have the same information and say where it's stored on the hard disk, may be different location. Then depending upon the size of the file it may be stored across different blocks. So files store information, inode store information about files and where the files are actually on the disk and then directories. So the directory ABC, a directory is a file and that file lists the set of files inside that directory. So think of the directory ABC slash and inside that, how am I going to draw it, it's a list saying inside this directory is file1.txt and file2.txt and that would be useful when we look at permissions on directories. So a directory is really just a file but it's a special type of file. The contents of the file says something about the files inside that directory. There are two files inside our ABC directory so think of this on the file system as a file that says that the two files are file1 and file2.txt. It's useful to be aware about directories because we'll talk about permissions on directories and understanding them is easier if you understand how they are treated in the file system. So if you want to view the contents of a directory, the user wants to view the contents of a directory, what the file system actually does is it looks up, it finds where ABC is, there's an inode for ABC directory and then the file lists file1 and file2 and then the operating system will find file1 and file2 and find out the information about who owns them, what their size are and so on. So to read the contents of a directory, you actually read the special directory file. Questions? This is just setting the background a little bit for what we want to get to now, permissions. So the inode contains what we call the mode and the mode is split into two parts. The mode is 16 bits, the first 12 bits are protection bits and the next four bits indicate what type of file, is this a normal file or a directory or other special file. So we'll focus on the protection bits, the first 12 bits and in fact a subset of them. They actually specify the permissions or the access rights that users have on that file. Let's look at the access control of that file system. We talk generally about the permissions on either a file or a directory and the permissions that we have available are, or the access rights, if we talk about the terminology we used in the lecture, we said access rights but commonly just called permissions. The permissions are whether we can read a file, where read means see the contents, write to the file, modify the contents and execute the file. So run the program that's stored in that file. Any questions about the permissions on files? Read, write, execute. Any confusion about them? Maybe the only one people forget, what's delete? Is delete captured there? Can you delete a file? That's captured in write usually. If you can write to a file, you can delete the file. So think that write includes the ability to delete. If you can modify the contents then you can remove the entire contents. Now there are some exceptions or special cases when it comes to directories. So read, write, execute a file but we have also read, write, execute permissions on directories. So let's explain that. The read permission on a directory means you can see the contents of that directory. You can see what's inside it. Write permissions on a directory means you can create files in that directory and or remove files from that directory. So if I can write to a directory, I'm allowed to create a new file in that directory and I'm allowed to delete files from that directory. And execute permissions on a directory means we can access the files in the directory. So we still use read, write and execute but they have a slightly different meaning between files and directories. We also distinguish between types of users. So there's different categories of users. We talk all about the owner of the file. So again, coming back to the iNode, it specifies the owner information which is the user owner and the group owner. So we distinguish between different types of users. We can talk about the user, the one user that owns the file. There's one user on our system that owns that file. Then we can talk about the user in the file's group. So there's a group that owns the file. Any user inside that group has a certain set of permissions. And then there's the rest of the users. So with respect to one file, there's one user owner. There may be multiple users in the group owner and then there's the rest of the users on the computer system. And we'll often see abbreviations of U, G and O and another abbreviation we'll see is A means everyone. It includes those three sets of users. RWX, read, write, execute. U, G, O and A abbreviations we'll see in modifying permissions. The permissions that those three categories of users, user, group and others have are specified with a sequence of nine bits with respect to whether they have read, write or execute permission. So we have a combination of nine values. Can the user read, write or execute? So yes or no for each of them. Can the group read, write or execute that file? And can other users read, write or execute the file? So there are nine combinations there. So the file system stores nine bits. It'll be value zero if they cannot. Value one if they can do that operation. There's actually a few other bits which are used. Three more bits which are very special purposes which we're not going to talk about. So there are 12 protection bits. Only nine of them we're going to focus on now. The last three are for special cases. The first nine are of interest. And the way that we see it normally presented by the operating system is not as binary, the bits. It presents it as a set of letters to indicate which permissions we have. And I think many of you have seen it already. When you look at the contents of a directory or lists of some files, the operating system reports information such as what type of file it is and the permissions. And we'll go direct to an example to see that. We have a virtual node with a number of users. We've seen the users. Everyone has an account on this computer. We need to move it across a bit. And we have one user logged in. And let's just look at very simple examples of the permissions that he may have. An LS lists the file contents minus L to show the long output. Here's a file name. And the thing that we're looking at is these nine characters which tell us what. What can our user Nuttapong do with this file? He can read and write the file. So the way that we interpret these nine characters is that user that owns it is listed here. He's the user. And the permissions he has are read and write. He does not have the execute permission. The group that owns the file turns out to have the same name as the user, but it's a different entity, just the same name. And the permissions for that group are here. The next three characters, read, write, but not execute. And others, which are not the user and not in the group, read only permissions. They cannot write. We'll look at the directory in a moment. What can our second user do? Let's have a look. Let's change into the directory of our first user. We can change into another user's directory. It depends upon the initial permissions that are set, but in this case, we can. Cat just shows the output of a file, shows the contents of a file, which means if Cat will show us the contents of the file, it means we can read the file. Can our second user read the contents of our file? Yes or no? Why yes? Why? Why can they read the contents? So think carefully why they can. They can. No. The reason you know at this stage is that every user can read. The user can read. The group can read. Others can read. So all users can read because everyone's set to read. To be more precise, you should know whether our second user is in the group of that file. So we should really check the group. But in this case, the all users can read. So we know that we'll be able to read in this case. So we have a file. The user can read. How do we stop someone from not reading it? There are commands to change the permission. So this is discretionary access control. We can change the mode. Remember the mode is those permissions. Change the mode so the other users cannot read the file. Before we do that, can this user change the mode? Let's have a look. Let's say we want to allow us to read the file and then edit the file. If we delete something and try and save, we cannot save. We have permission denied. So we cannot modify the file because we are not in the group nut-a-pong. The group owner is nut-a-pong. Our user is not in that group and therefore is considered a other user and the other user only has read permissions. Can we change the mode so that we do have right permissions? The other user can only read. We want to give ourselves right permissions. Yes or no? Not permitted. So there's something else embedded in here that about who can change the permissions. Only the owner can change the permissions. You cannot change the permissions for other people's files. So if we want to remove the read permissions, then now we shouldn't be able to read the file. All right, so files. I think most people have seen this before with file permissions. That's not so bad. Sometimes you need to think about the cases and just check. Are you the user, the group or others? Let's look at directories then. Here's a directory. How do we know? The first character here is a D. This is a directory, Natapong's private directory. What can he do on the directory? Everything and what does everything mean? Read, write and execute. What does read mean? See the contents of the directory. Read, write means modify, think of create new files in the directory or remove files from the directory. How do we execute a directory? What's that mean? Meaning access the directory. Let's see that. Let's see what our malicious user can do. Can we change into the private directory? Can we change into the private directory? Yes or no? Why? So when we say when I ask why, think about, well what permissions apply for this current user? This current user is not the owner. We're not in the group. We saw the group before, so it's another user. With respect to the directory, the permissions, we have a read and execute. Change into a directory means the access to the directory. Yes, we can. So that's what access means. Execute, sorry. The x permission on a directory means we can CD into that directory. Let's go back. So what if Natapong wants to make that a private directory so that no one can see the contents in there? What can we do? We need to change the mode over others so that we cannot access that directory. Good. And go back to our user and see permission denied. We cannot access that directory. Can we see the contents? What happens here? Why can we see? So we cannot CD into the directory, but we can list the contents because we have read permissions on that directory. So our other user has read-only permissions on the directory so we can say that we can see what's inside it, but we cannot change into it. Okay, so you need to be careful with directories, especially if someone wants to keep a directory private. In this case, we cannot CD into it, but we can at least see the file names and that may be revealing something secret in itself. Can we see the contents of those files? They want to be private. We cannot access the contents of this directory. Let's see another thing. So we can just see the file names. So the execute means we cannot do anything internal inside that directory. We can see the file names because all the directory is a file in itself. A directory is a file. I tried to illustrate that here. The directory ABC is just a special file that lists the names of other files. So when we have read permissions on the directory, it means we can see inside here. We can see that inside this directory is file one and file two. But when we don't have execute permissions, we cannot see anything about those files other than their names. So we cannot see the details of them, including read those files. So that's why when we try to LS, we know that there are two files there, but I know nothing about them. What if we, as the user, we tried to set the permissions to be slightly different? So here we only have execute permissions on that directory for the other users. We don't have read permissions. What can our other user do? What can our other user do? Can we see the contents? Permission denied. So we cannot list the contents. But we can guess what files are in there. Maybe we could. Maybe we saw before we knew what files. Do you think we can see the contents of the files? Why? So we can access the directory and then it depends upon the permissions on those files. So we can see the contents of the files. So stop blocking. Read permissions on the directory is not enough to block someone reading the contents of that directory. So on directories, you need to be careful. If you want to set up for some level of security or confidentiality of your files in a directory, you need to be careful between read and execute permissions. Sometimes to be secure, you'd like to remove both of those permissions, read and execute. So no one can see the files inside there and no one can access the directory and see the contents of the files inside the directory. We can still cd into this directory. But we cannot see the contents. That is the list of files. But if we know the files there, we can still read them because we'll go back to our first user. The files have read permissions for other users. So just blocking access to read permissions on a directory doesn't necessarily stop people from reading the files in that directory. So it gets a little bit confusing there. Questions on that? Questions. Because this is your homework. When we remove the read permissions, what have we got? We cannot see what's inside this directory because we only have execute permissions on the directory. The other way, you mean? Okay, the question is what if we have, I think, the opposite here? We have read permissions but not execute permissions. Correct? Is that the question? This is the example we had before. We can see the files inside the directory but we cannot do anything with those files because we cannot access that directory. We don't have execute permissions. So we've tried two cases. Read only, execute only. Of course, we can have no permissions and then you'll find you can't do anything. You cannot read or execute. If you have read and execute, then you can CD into there and see the files inside there. Write adds more confusion. The write permission can add more complexity in terms of what you can delete and what you cannot delete. But we'll leave it at that point. So to finish here, I think you've seen some of the commands, LS especially, and there's a few other commands which you'll learn in the homework but some you may not have heard of. Stat shows us the details of the file and there's some others there. Change mode. And to get more details, you can list the attributes, change the attributes. So have a look at your homework which requires you to do some very basic setting up of permissions. So given some requirements, set the mode, set the permissions.


Ukrainian Defence Forces destroyed three Russian S-300 systems. The Southern Defence Forces destroyed and damaged three Russian S-300 launchers on August 23rd. This was stated by Natalya Humenyuk, head of the Joint Coordination Press Centre of the Southern Defence Forces of Ukraine. She noted that a really powerful means of defence of the Russian Federation, namely the S-400, was destroyed in Crimea. However, according to her, it should be understood that this was not the only means of defence for the Russians and that they still had many weapons that the Ukrainian military would have to destroy. But this is not the only loss in the enemy's defence system over the past day. In our area of responsibility, we also worked on air defence systems and three S-300 launchers were destroyed and damaged. That is, they can no longer be used either as a means of defence in the Kyrsten region or as a means of attack in Humenyuk. The head of the Joint Coordination Press Centre of the Defence Forces of Southern Ukraine noted that the Kotan season is ongoing and as the weather permits, the Ukrainian military will continue to sow Kotan. It should be noted that in Ukraine is called Kotan when there is an explosion somewhere in Russia. Kotan or Bavovna takes into account the explosions by Ukrainians. As reported on August 23rd, the DIU informed that a Russian S-400 triumphant missile and anti-aircraft system was destroyed in the temporarily occupied Crimea.