In Super Office CRM version 8.3, we give you a new contact card which will help you to align how contacts are handled in Super Office, whether you use the sales, marketing, or service plan, improve your system's data quality in general, and handle an individual's right to view and delete their data as outlined by the GDPR. Let's introduce you to the new contact card. Historically, you've gotten a 360-degree view of a particular customer from the company card. This is where you can see all the employees, as well as the interactions that anyone from your company has had with a particular business. This still remains the same. What is new is that when you double-click to view a contact, it no longer opens the small dialog box that opens a person's own contact card. This is where you can see all the information and activities related to a person. You'll see that it's similar to the company card, with information such as the name, company, who and your company owns the relationship, as well as the information on the type of relationship you have with the contact. The relevant legal basis and consent documentation is also available from this card. Here, you can log more personal information about your contact. And down here, you can log all the interactions, such as activities, projects, and sales the person is linked to. You can continue to add a contact to an appointment, selection, project, or sale in the same way that you are used to. Brand new to Superoffice Sales and Marketing users is the opportunity to create a new contact before you know what a company a person is connected to. Say for example that someone visits your website and wants to download some content. In exchange, the person will fill in a form, giving you his name and email address. You now have a new lead, but you don't know what company the person works for. The new option in 8.3 lets you add this person to your CRM database as a freestanding contact without any links to a company. This allows you to continue interacting with the person, for example by sending different mailings he or she subscribes to, and at the same time building history and knowledge about this person's preferences and interests in your company. At any time later you can link the contact to a company and Superoffice will ensure that important segmentation criteria is automatically updated so that you have a consistent view of all contacts related to a company. In those cases where you think you've linked a person to the wrong company card or you want to unlink a contact from a specific company, you can easily do so under task. Under tasks in the contact card you will also find additional privacy management features such as the privacy report and the opportunity to delete all data about a person when requested. For example say you get a question from an individual who is asking to see what personal information you have stored about them in your CRM solution. Under task you will find the personal data report which contains all the information your contact is asking for. If you get a situation where someone asks you to delete their information you can also do this under task. This was just a short introduction to the new contact card and the features available in Superoffice CRM 8.3. To learn more please visit our customer community.


Good morning. I'm Jeff Frieden and I'm reporting on the proceedings of the state-of-the-world economy and finance workshop yesterday under the able toodalige and chairmanship of Jean-Claude Trichet. We had a lively discussion. Some were reluctant to leave after the allotted three hours, covering a wide range of topics in international economic and especially financial affairs. We started by noting that there are very substantial risks in the international economic order today. The first, and perhaps the most striking and most worrisome, is continued stagnation in Europe where the crisis continues to affect both economic activity and financial stability. There is grave concern both within Europe and around the world about the near-term future of the European economy and about the long-term implications of economic difficulties in the European economic space. Second, broader concern and source of risk in international economic activity is that we see the continued potential for macroeconomic imbalances. They have not gone away. China just marked its largest single monthly current account surplus. The German surplus remains large. These macroeconomic imbalances are to some extent exacerbated by large-scale capital flows, which in certain circumstances can be destabilizing. Overall, there was a consensus that we have not really found a full range of appropriate tools to deal with the ways in which an integrated international financial system can both provide the full benefits that it offers to the world without incurring very serious risks, such as those we have observed in the last few years. It was also observed that bad behavior and unacceptably high levels of executive compensation in the financial system risk creating a backlash within the mass public, which would make even more difficult the task of stabilizing and making full use of the benefits of international financial integration. Those are some of the risks that we identified in the course of the workshop. However, we also noted that there has been serious progress on many fronts, especially with regard to the harmonization of financial regulatory standards and related issues. There has been some substantial success, both in agreeing upon and implementing Basel regulatory standards with respect to liquidity ratios and leverage. There have been similarly important achievements, such as those discussed around the recent G20 Brisbane summit, as reported by and influenced by and overseen by the Financial Stability Board, especially concerning efforts to stabilize and systematize the resolution of systemically important financial institutions. Also on a more positive note, at least one of us was waxed enthusiastic about the prospects of abonomics in Japan. We all recognize that there is further action needed in the international financial and economic space, particularly with respect to non-banks and the shadow financial institutions that have caused such great difficulty in the last few years. With respect to credit rating agencies whose role in international financial affairs still remains somewhat puzzling and on the harmonization of accounting standards. So I would say that overall the feeling of the panel, the workshop, was that the news is mixed. There have been some notable steps forward in cooperative measures among the major financial and economic centers, especially with respect to the harmonization of financial regulation. At the same time, the global macroeconomic situation remains quite troubled and quite troubling, with Europe being the most worrisome cause for concern. Good morning. My name is Marie Claire Aoun. I'm the director of the Center for Energy at E3 and I have the pleasure to report the workshop too, which was chaired by Professor Richard Cooper and which focused yesterday on the challenges related to energy, climate change and environment. The workshop was opened by a recorded speech from the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Laurent Fabules, who called for a global action from all the actors to fight climate change and for the urgent need to adopt a global agreement on climate change in Paris in 2015. The dynamics of the global energy system are changing. Of course, China is today the main engine for global energy demand growth, but tomorrow India, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Africa and Latin America will take over. So today Asia is at the heart of the energy and environmental challenges. If Asia fails to address these challenges, it will become the world main concern on the long term, but it will be also the world's saviour if it succeeds. Asia could become the world main concern because the effects of climate change are devastating. It was shown yesterday that climate change has indeed a negative impact on food security and water availability and leads to increased infection diseases. Health risks are also increased with natural disasters and with human displacements. There are also a growing number of viruses and vectors all over the world with the main channel of propagation related to deforestation. Climate change is also expected to increase concentration of air pollutants and air pollution has been identified as one of the main key risk factors for health in China. So all these facts clearly emphasize the crucial need for adaptation and mitigation strategies. There were, however, some good news yesterday in the workshop. There is a clear shift today in the way energy companies are addressing the climate change issues. Companies are taking initiatives to reduce gas flaring to improve energy efficiency and the accessibility of all to energy. There was an initiative launched by Christophe de Marjorie last year, gathering major oil and gas companies and opening the door to a new kind of cooperation between national oil companies and international oil companies to work collaboratively and share best practices and technical solutions to address climate change and energy sustainability. So there are some changes in our energy system, but this transformation is not strong and fast enough to achieve these two degree targets. CO2 emissions are still rising today, so to achieve this target, we need to clear a strong signal from Paris in 2015. The recent agreement between the US and China did send a powerful message, but there's a need for a wider policy coordination and sharing and the broader dissemination of innovative technologies. So to overcome the energy and environmental challenges, a strong focus should be put on improving energy efficiency on expanding widely smart grids and renewable energy, on developing electric vehicles, but also on reducing subsidies to fossil fuels. The workshop raised also the role of natural gas, which is considered to be as the less pollutant fuel, fossil fuel, but is it the right answer on the long term? The participants considered yesterday, most of them, that natural gas should be seen as a bridge solution, as a baseload capacity to support the development of renewable energy until long-term solutions are widely deployed, such as carbon capture sequestration. It was also highlighted yesterday that the fight towards climate change should be addressed together with the growing global energy demand with the need to provide cheap and available energy. Countries, it was mentioned that countries such as China should be provided the opportunity to grow. In this context, the expectations from the COP 21 in Paris are high, but multilateral negotiations have proven to be a difficult exercise in the UN institutions and were often dominated by geopolitical and economic concerns. Some participants considered that the Paris conference could be a successful diplomacy, but there is a risk that it may not reflect a meaningful agreement. So participants considered that to be successful, the agreement in Paris should be related to sustainable development goals, that the debate on climate change should be shifted from quantitative targets to actions, such as the implementation of adequate financing tool. The participants called also yesterday for a joint global effort to implement carbon pricing mechanisms in order to reduce carbon emissions. So as a conclusion to be successful, the fight towards climate change should reflect local, regional and global alliances, including initiatives from the private sector and from the civil society and should be driven by a strong and sustainable political will. Thank you very much. Just to start, I'd like to explain why we decided to have that discussion on cooperation between Asia and Africa in the field of agriculture. We do believe, I mean, in the small group we were there in the workshop, we did believe that increasing the production in the farm sector in Africa is one of the main challenges the world is faced for the next coming years. And we do believe that with respect to agricultural development, Asian countries have made considerable headway in many fronts that are relevant to Africa, including agro-processing, drought and famine management, water harvesting and agricultural research technology transfer, the establishment of rural and agricultural credit mechanisms, the setting up of micro-credit and financing system, farm policies, successful economies in Asia have implemented policies and strategies that boost the development of the private sector and of the farm sector. And the first part of our workshop was dedicated to the introduction of different cooperation programs that exist between Asian countries and different African countries. We all have been told, we all know that Chinese cooperation is very important in different African countries, but we add by one of the Indian speakers that we add in our workshop a very comprehensive description of the different actions and programs implemented by different Asian countries, such as Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, this is not something very well known, but Vietnam is a very active country in the agricultural sector in Africa, such as India and of course China. Dr. Surash, one of the Indian speakers, gave us a very deep description of the historical context in which that cooperation took place and helped us to understand better what are the main challenges and problems this cooperation is faced with. Then in a second part of our workshop, we focused some concrete programs that are currently being implemented by Asian stakeholders in some African countries. And because of the experience and competencies of some of our speakers, we focused mainly on the financial sector. We had a very important contribution, but by Mr. Krishan Jindal is currently the Chief Executive Officer of Napskans. Napskans is the consultancy service, a really own subsidiary of NABAR. NABAR is the National Bank for Agricultural Development in India. With more than 7.440 million groups of farmers or rural inhabitants supported by the institution and a huge experience and deep experience of microcredit financial support to rural development in India. And Mr. Jindal introduced the different programs that Napskans, these specific subsidiary, has implemented in Africa in cooperation with various local development agencies. These programs can be classified in three different groups. Napskans is providing support to African farmers for promotion of microfinance by undertaking capacity building, assessments of local banks, providing initiative loan products, conducting studies on the weaknesses and strengths of the local rural financial institutions. As a second field of action, Napskans also arranges visits of delegates, African delegates in India so that they can discover and understand the best practices that exist in the Indian farm sector in terms of financial institutions and financial support to farmers. The third activity of Napskans is a new project in some African countries, specifically in Malawi, the creation of an institute for agricultural development in that country with the support of the government of India. So from that example of Napskans, we discussed with the help of some other speakers, specifically Mr. Maxim is from Morocco. He has a wide experience of rural development in African countries. We discussed the way this financial support could be improved. Our last part, our last period in that workshop was dedicated to, I would say, I would call it a prospective approach. What could be done to improve the cooperation between Asian and African stakeholders in the field of agriculture and rural development? And we are very lucky because we had two speakers that gave us a very original approach of two different questions, two different issues. We focused our discussion on one first issue, which is the scientific cooperation between Asian and African countries in the field of plant biology and agronomy, plant quality improvement, I would say. And the second, the second topic that we decided to focus on was the question of farm policy. We are with us, Philippe Chalmain is French, is well known in French as one of the most important experts in world commodity markets. And we had a deep discussion on the question of farm policy. What could Asian countries do to help African countries implementing new farm policies? I would like to give you some details about those two very important issues because it could be, it could be also, I would say, a proposal for upcoming discussions in the future of world policy conferences. We had Professor Haudwing from the University of Arizona with us. Professor Haudwing is a geneticist, probably one of the most important experts in rice production in the world today. And he is presently appointed by the AXA Foundation, the AXA Endowed Chair of Genome Biology and Evolutionary Genomics at the International Rice Institute, Research Institute in Los Banos, the Philippines. This institute has played, as you probably know, a significant role in over 30 plant and animal genome sequencing projects, which include both Asian and African rice, maize, barley, soybean, oil, biome, and tomato. And Haudwing's research interest nowadays is the question of the use of genome biology to discover and implement sustainable solutions to help solve world anger and to feed the planet. His current focus is to understand the genome biology of the wild relatives of rice, which possesses many important biotic and stress traits that have been lost in present day cultivars as consequence of domestication. Haud has told us about a very important program, which is the International Orisa Map Alignment Project, development of a genius wide comparative genomic platform to help solve the 9 billion people question. As you know, rice is one of the most important food crops in the world and provides more than 20 percent total calories to half of the world population. And as the population increases more than 2 billion by year 2050, we must find solutions to grow enough food to feed the world in a more sustainable and environmentally sound manner. So this program is an international cooperation program that would help farm farmers in Africa and producers in Asia to cooperate in the sense to improve the quality of the different variety of rices used in the two continents. We had finally a very important discussion led by some comments done by Philippe Chalmain on farm policy. Philippe Chalmain noticed that in all Asian countries, the the growth of the local farm production has been closely linked to the fact that government implemented farm farm price policy supports a price guarantees, at least at the first period of the starting development in those countries. And he said that one of the most important contribution Asian countries could give to the the takeoff of agricultural production in different African countries could be to help African countries to implement such farm policies that would stimulate farmers to produce more and to invest in new technology. He noticed that in all Africa in all Asian countries, and it is true also in Brazil and from Brazil, the takeoff of the local agricultural production has been closely linked to some guarantees of prices provided by government. He also recognized that in African countries, the challenge is much more difficult to address that than it was the case in Europe when the common agricultural policy started by the 60s. As far as say in many African countries, most of the population is more and more urbanized and urban farmers are very low purchase power, so we have to define, we have to design a very sophisticated and a well-balanced policy that could provide farmers the stimulus to produce and that could keep the capacity of consumers to buy the food. And in that sense, an international cooperation in mention, for instance, the experience of the Bill Gates Foundation that is already provided support to such initiative in the sense of providing the financial resources local government needs if they want to build such support policy which are costly and which cannot depend only on local taxpayers and or local consumers. To sum up, I would say that with a few people, we were a small group, we were very creative and we had very interesting new proposal by the end of our discussion. Thank you. I think we can open the floor to any questions, comments, additions, subtractions from those either who were present at a workshop or who weren't. I can't see very well out there, but why don't we start over here? Is there a microphone somewhere? Thank you. Good morning. Thank you very much. That's our master from New CB Graduate School in Nagoya, Japan. I have a question to several questions, but a limited just one, to the workshop one. After hearing your report, I became a bit gloomy because the climate of economy may not be as promising as it should be. But what was the discussion on the relevance or competence of multinational organizations like IMF and World Bank in underpinning the recovery of the stagnating economy? Thank you. That's a good question. Most of our focus was on broader trends. We did talk about the role of international institutions, particularly the relative success in some of the initiatives such as harmonizing financial regulation, the role of the BIS, the Financial Stability Board under the eages of the BIS. And it was also pointed out, so I guess I would, there are two parts to it. The first is that in the financial realm, the fund has played less of a role and more of a role in the financial regulatory area has been played by the BIS and there was substantial discussion and some self-congratulation, I suppose, deservedly so, that there has been substantial progress in the harmonization of financial regulation under the eages of the BIS, the FSB, the three rounds of, four rounds of Basel Accords. With respect to other forms of international cooperation, it was pointed out, I think very correctly, that in the immediate aftermath of the onset of the crisis in 2008, there was quite a striking degree of successful coordination and cooperation among the major monetary authorities of the principal financial areas. Not so much an international institutional response, but a cooperative response that was successful at coordinating monetary policies in a way that, frankly, a lot of people would not have expected before September, October of 2008. So on the one hand, there has been progress under the, in the institutional realm in financial harmonization. On the other hand, there has been substantial and successful cooperation among major monetary authorities. Other observations, questions, comments, objections, anecdotes? My name is Yutaka from Japan and the agriculture issue, I am very interested in. You mentioned the, even Vietnamese are helping the African, the sort of agriculture products and increase of some, transfer some of their technology. What sort of background of Vietnamese to help the African? Because there's some sort of donation, sort of more benevolent activity or some strategic activity for Vietnam. I'm very surprised. I'm very happy to hear that Japan is also participating and China is so well known, but I'm first time to hear the Vietnamese are helping Africans. Well, Japan has a relatively very whole experience in Africa. As you probably know, the Japanese scientific institutions have been in charge of a very important program to improve the quality of rice produced in some African countries. Vietnam, nowadays I was mentioning in my, in my introduction yesterday, the example of Vietnam because Vietnam has launched a very interesting program to support to stimulate a corn production in some areas in Mozambique. Of course, in each of the examples that one could mention of cooperation with African countries, they always have some, I would say, strategic objectives that overpass the fact that you apparently helped local people. The well known example of Chinese cooperation has been very much discussed in the, in recent years. It has been said, for instance, that China was even buying lands or implementing land grabbing strategies in different African countries. One, we have to separate what is probably a sort of myth and what is the reality, but there's always a strategical vision. I would say that most of the Asian countries do understand, do see Africa as a continent that could provide the raw materials and food staples that the need, they will need to import in the coming future. And probably Vietnam is in such a situation. This is a case also for India. Our Indian speakers did mention that some cooperation exists between Indian companies and partners in Africa and that the final objective of that cooperation from the Indian point of view is to diversify the supplying of domestic markets. And probably it is the case also in the case of Vietnam. I do not see this as a very important problem as far as it is not implemented without taking into account the question of the supply of local market, the necessity to increase local production to supply local consumers. But we also mentioned in our discussions that before Africa to become a supplier of Asian countries, one of the most important challenge that has to be faced is the question of transports and infrastructures and communication. You cannot produce rice in Mali or in Kenya to export to Asian countries if you do not have a more efficient transport system. Over there on the slide. Thank you. Good morning. Carlos Perez-Verdia from Mexico. Muzon, I wonder if you could elaborate on what the group thought about the COP in Peru and specifically whether it is success in Peru is a prerequisite for success in Paris. And Mr. Frieden, if I may, the large flows you were talking about and you mentioned this yesterday at the workshop you see some of the trouble or the source of them coming from the large imbalances that still exist. However, five years or six years after the crisis, a huge crisis, we still see pretty much the imbalances being what they are. So I wonder if you see some kind of wedge between the real and the monetary economies that somehow we are failing to grasp and seeing how it's resolved. Thanks. Yes, thank you. We did indeed talk about international negotiations and more specifically about the COP20. But it is more seen as a sort of stepping stone towards the COP21 that the main factors should start to be discussed at the COP20 and the main decisions will be taken during the next year. But what was also interesting is that Mr. Vujérémique, who had a long experience in the UN institutions, talked and insisted about the fact that the international negotiations on the climate issues are sometimes very difficult because they are sometimes that there are more priority short-term concerns which are which are brought on the table such as geopolitical concerns or more issues related to the economic crisis. So the discussion was also around how to make the climate change issues be the priority topics because they are the priority on the long term. And clearly we then focused on the fact that if Paris is successful it will need to really move the discussions from the targets to the actions. So to work more on the financing issues, to work more on mitigation and adaptation strategies. And also there was a clear focus yesterday on the fact that we need to work on carbon pricing mechanisms and to improve the pricing of carbons globally and not only in some regions, not in order to avoid any problem in terms of competitiveness. On your point, we didn't discuss the issue in great detail. So all I can do is give you my own view. And I think my concern, and I think it was echoed by others, is that typically one would want capital flows in response to opportunities for productive activities. Capital flows to reinforce productive investment in various economies. And as we all know, that borrowing is not a bad thing if the borrowed funds are used to increase the productivity and productive capacity of the societies in question. And that happens to a very large extent. The problem that I think we see is given the size, the efficiency, the speed with which capital can move around the world, and the extraordinarily low real interest rates in the advanced industrial countries, the financial markets are exquisitely sensitive to short-term movements, even transient movements and rates of return. And so that, I think, leads to what we've observed, which is that we get massive sloshing of funds from one country to another without a real sense that this is going into productive activity. And in as much as that's the case, I think it does hold the danger of creating the kinds of boom, bust cycles in response to large-scale capital flows that we've seen over the last 10 years. I'm really, in some sense, repeating what I said yesterday, but I didn't hear anyone disagree with me, so I'll repeat it and say that it was the sense of the workshop. I don't know if Mr. Trichet agrees, but that, I think, is the kind of concern that we observe. And it's not something that's directly amenable, at least in the first instance, to financial regulatory harmonization because it's a response, it's a perfectly market-based response of financial markets to the search for yield and the existence of an extraordinary facility of moving money around the world in response to very small differences and rates of return. So I don't think we've really addressed the underlying problem, which requires both variations or innovations in national government policy and at the international level. As I said, that's my view, not necessarily. The rest of the workshop dissociates itself from my view. Other observations? There are no objections. I think we can move on to the next session, more or less on time. Thank you all. Thank you.


We're near Duluth, Minnesota. Pack those tarps tonight too, because I'm not carrying around six tarps. We got a load of steel that's going on here. It's pretty simple to tie it down, but it's gonna be heavy. So we're gonna throw it on here, tie it down, we're gonna go home. I made myself available to keep working, but we'll see, I might be going home tonight. Either way, I'm gonna bring these tarps that aren't mine, back to the yard and all that equipment that's in my truck from that other load that was tarped for me. We'll get rid of that stuff. The trailer's not gonna load itself though. Let's get moving. Looks like we're gonna be working in the snow. Why not? People working on the truck right beside me there. I just wanna be careful that I slowly roll out. That's why I tap my brakes a few times here, just to let them know, hey, something's about to happen. Pay attention. Truck behind you's gonna start moving right away. I don't know what they're doing. It almost looks like they're doing an inspection there. They got like vests and they came out with a clipboard. The driver got out of his truck and now they're like inspecting his load. I don't think they were DOT, but I don't know. I'm okay getting out of here anyway. This is a really nice little truck stop here. Serve me well, thank you very much.  It was $8. Usually I'd wait to have a free shower somewhere where I fueled up, but sometimes you just can't wait. And it's very clean, very, very nice. Had a towel in there for me. Now I can get through to West Duluth where we're picking up by going this way, but it goes through a national or a state park and it takes a lot longer than if I just go around. It looks shorter on paper, but I tried it once. Definitely not shorter. The only downside is here, I've gotta go past a scale. Here comes another one of those loads. They're gonna inspect that one too. Gale's open too, of course it is. Of course it is. Wonderful. First thing in the morning, how fat are you? Fatter than yesterday, okay, why? You don't need to ask, it's rude. So I had to scale in because I need to know how heavy I am empty. I am full of fuel, so that's good. Good thing we fueled yesterday. Now they're gonna load me up to max based off of that.  Unless you tell them, hey, like I need to add like 1500 pounds of fuel yet. Gonna be loading up some of this stuff over here, I think another two of our guys are here already. Looks like they're both loaded. Gonna need to get him to move out of the staging area though, so that I can get loaded, he's already tied down. We'll see how quick this can go. He started moving just after I finished talking to you there, so I didn't get to go and say hi. But that's okay, I'll probably see him on the road, probably I'll go one in the same place. So just getting my Sunday dress shirts on here.  I need that, I know my jokes are old, right? I need to get some new material. But I have this argument, dad jokes never get old, never. I gotta bring in my scale ticket here, let him know I'm here so we can go home or go back to Manitoba. I might do a turn and burn and go right back out, I don't know, might be going home tonight. That would be nice, I'd like to go home but I'd also like to make some money. So we'll see what fate has in store for us. Can't wait to get rid of those tarps. Just have mine on there again. Here's a load, I'm just tying it down right now. I've gotta throw four more straps. I'll winch them into these, these slide, unless if somebody went and put in a screw, like this right there, that one can't slide any further that way, that's to protect the tire. There's too many times guys will use like these ratchets right over the tire. And then as the tire goes down the road and comes closer and closer, eats up the tire. So two ratchets on this side here. And there's two ratchets on the other side that I'm gonna use on this side. We've got lots that ratchets along both sides of the trailer here. Those two for that. So I'm gonna quickly throw these over and tighten her down, we'll be off. I've made myself available to turn and burn tonight when we get to the yard. We'll see if they have anything for me. Maybe I'll be leaving tomorrow. Tomorrow is a Saturday, so it's a Friday today. So they may not have anything for me until maybe Sunday to get Head Start on Monday. I'm hoping I can just turn and burn and hit the road right away. But I don't know where I'd be going because nobody's gonna receive me until Monday. Probably going home tonight, but we'll see what happens. I'll chase the nickels wherever they lead me. You gotta be careful walking in the grass around here. Our Canadian Air Force, the great Canadian geese have left landmines everywhere. Goose poop everywhere. Careful. I'll give myself a haircut yesterday, but short, close razor. So I couldn't get right down. That was disappointing. Always forget something, always. Let's get all my paperwork organized here, fill out some other stuff. We'll be headed back. I still don't know what I'm doing. I'm gonna get back.  Light a fire under them a little bit. Hey, work, send me some nickels. A few dimes maybe. Please. Got any of the loonies lying around? We'll see how quickly we can get there. 676 kilometers to the border at Emerson, Manitoba and Pembina, North Dakota. 77,000 pounds. The last time I pulled this freight, I blew a coolant line, and this was the truck stop that we had made it to just down the road from where it actually happened. This is where we double checked everything. Memories, memories. So far this trip is going better. Knock on wood, let's hope it keeps that way. Get into a spot here, run in, I need a coffee. Until you get into western North Dakota. Look up here and no one told me anything. I would assume I was in Manitoba. Speak the same language. Until you start seeing speed limit signs in miles an hour. Look like them, that's probably more accurate, right? America sort of sets the culture and Canada follows along. That's sort of how it goes. Because America has a lot of exports, but its greatest export is its culture. It spreads its culture far and wide through entertainment, through media, through people, and sometimes through military. I mean, you can go into any region of the world you want to and you'll find Mickey Mouse and Disney. You can't get much more American than that. They're definitely the most powerful nation, not just military might. They're the most powerful culture-wise as well. That's why I feel so at home here, I guess, because the culture's so similar. So similar. Because we're completely influenced by American TV, American politics, American media. In one kilometer, slide right on, University Avenue, U.S. too.  We're still very similar. Sometimes I wonder, like, kind of surprised that we're not just one big North American America, you know, like Canada and the U.S. Still purple over here. I mean, I'm beginning to wonder, are they supposed to be like that? Because I always don't be able to send them back because they're supposed to be blowing. Okay, so we're here. There's some snow. Look at this, they've actually pushed quite a bit out of the way already. Pavement is pretty dry here. This is why I parked here. I've gotta get this load cleaned up. I'm ready for the next guy. Gotta go and drop those tarps off where they need to be and then take all blue home. Good smooth ride. Nothing to report, which is good. It's exactly the kind of trip you want. It was a nice load. Little heavy, but nice. Can't complain. Let's hurry up, I wanna go home. A lot more space in here now. You get a wide angle. One sec, there. See, all of this was boxes. Now I just have to arrange this all a little bit better here and then start hanging up my flags and banners again. I got a banner right in here from Houzz as well. Gotta set that up. My Kenworth banner. And then, yeah, oh, you're dirty. That's okay, it's that time of year. I'm buying two new steers for the truck soon. I ordered them today. They're Firestones. The steers I have in here now are Michelins and Michelins are the best from what I've heard. Firestones are right up there with them. But the Firestones were a lot cheaper. I asked their advice, because I went with Black Hawk drives, right? These are offshore tires. And they're still doing pretty good, I think. I'm happy with them, wearing pretty evenly, except for this one that was messed up a little bit, but it's catching up. It's evening out. I went with Black Hawks on my drives, right? And I'll top you with that. So I asked them, should I go with an offshore tire for my steers? And the guy I was talking to at KK Panner in Blumenort said, no, no, no, no, no. You stick with either Michelin or Firestone or a nice good American brand from here for your steer tires. They'll just last a lot longer. The offshore tires seem to cup a lot. They also have some issues with the vibrations. They haven't quite gotten the steer tires up to the level that we expect here. So the Michelins were with tax and everything, almost $1,000 Canadian attire. I need two of them. And with taxes and everything, an installation, the Firestones were about 750. So I went with the Firestones. We'll see how they do. I don't have them yet. I'm gonna install them next weekend. So in a week from now, tomorrow is Remembrance Day when I'm filming this on Veterans Day. So no one's working and I don't expect anybody to work. You shouldn't be working on Remembrance Day. You should be doing something to remember the sacrifices that were made so that you can be watching this video right now and that I can be free to make this video for you right now. Because the world could be very different. You know, there are places in this world that want to make this world very different. And so I don't wanna do that. I want the freedom to be who I wanna be. So I'm thankful for the people who go out there and fight and defend our continent here, North America. We have a very good defense system thanks to our neighbors next door in the US. I'm very thankful for our soldiers here in Canada and for our American friends next door who do, let's admit it, the bulk of the defenses here. But we are also a much smaller population. So remember that, so cut us some slack. I'm very proud of our military and the men and women in service that serve Canada. They do an absolutely phenomenal job with the numbers that we have. They do amazing. So thanks everybody. If you're in the military right now or if you are a veteran, thank you. Honestly, thank you. I'm just gonna move my food from my fridge and my truck to my fridge in here, hopefully it'll fit. First time coming home to this house. Feels good. So first thing was first when I get home. I gotta be quiet. Theo's sleeping already. So I'm gonna clean myself up, shower, put my laundry in the washer, because I hang dry a lot of my clothes and stuff. So I have to wash it as soon as I get home so it has all day tomorrow to dry yet. Because the next day I have to have everything ready so that I can hit the road again. So the next couple of days we'll be at home here. One of the next day or so, day or day and a half, we're getting a good reset here at home. I know quite 48 hours. I've probably got 40 hours or so at home. I'm gonna be back in the truck. That carpet feels nice. I think I told you guys in the past video, right? I've never had carpet. You said I don't think I have. Wait, that first house I bought from my sister, that was a, well, it was a house trailer. I think that one had carpet in some of the rooms? No. No. Who are you? Forgot I had a mirror there. Distract, sorry, squirrel. So what was I saying? Yeah, I don't think I had any carpets in our houses before. And we did that on purpose. We don't really want to have carpets in our house because we have dogs. And carpets trap a lot of the dander and allergens, right? We're gonna give it a shot. We bought the house with the carpet in it and I really like the way it feels under my feet. It's easier on the feet, the knees, and the dogs really like it. They really like to lay on the soft carpet. So we'll give it a shot. We got a new vacuum cleaner, which is a pet-specific carpet vacuum cleaner from a shark, I believe it is. I'll have to show you yet sometime. And we got a new one and apparently it works. Man, fantastic. So as long as we keep up with it, we should be okay. If it doesn't work out, if we just don't like the carpets, well then eventually what we're gonna do, down the road, we'll tear them out and we'll put down a laminate or something. But I don't know, so far I think we're okay with the car. I think it's nice. Anyway, time to get going here. Thanks for watching today, everybody. Oh, this is where she put this. I got this Wi-Fi booster so that I can get absolutely phenomenal Wi-Fi down here in my office. Because it's pretty good, but it's not a full signal. I don't give this a shot. We'll see. I'll tell you more about this in the future. I'm not doing a review for them or anything, man. Take care, everybody. Thanks for watching. Thanks for following along. There'll be another video tomorrow from here at home. So please, when you're out there on the highways, you know the drill. Please drive safe out there.  Keep your stick on the ice. And we'll see you tomorrow. Stay safe.


So I finished up yesterday's video already, so I'll let you know today That this was last night Tonight for me, you know, it's a little bit confusing But the service truck has come around here to fix up the trailer We should be fixed up soon. This was Best case scenario the brake pot went bad right here in my parking spot at the truck stop and there was a repair shop on site The best scenario we could have asked for so everything turned out really well. We'll get this fixed up. I'm gonna head to bed See you in a bit. I will check out this new brake pot that they put on last night I still couldn't have happened to add a better time in place It got fixed right at the shop right here at the truck stop Didn't break down the side of the road the guy had explained it to you yesterday, right? But I had just stopped here for night Pulled the brakes and like wait. No, I want to go park over there instead So I wanted to move spots so I released the brakes and realized that my trailer brakes wouldn't release Came back here, and I heard the air leak I thought huh no way But a bad break pot So I'm grateful that it broke in a place where I had a safe place to go inside eat its showers here And it didn't even take that long it was about a couple hours. I had to wait and They were able to fix me right here right in the lot so Rachel for that today We begin our journey home. We got to go pick up our 28th youth of freight in Montreal just down the road and Point our nose towards home. We might be able to grab some other freight on the way back Just to fill up the rest of the trailer. I'm not too sure yet. It might just be this We had some freight in Quebec City yesterday that I was going to pick up that fell through I went all the way there and there was a good reason though the place where we were picking up at they had there was some kind of accident there, so what they told us and They had to shut down all of operations and I was about ten minutes away, so I hope everyone there is okay but I lost out on that freight But at least I got something right let's go grab this and let's start heading home been away from home for a little bit too long again Let's get out of here Test these trailer breaks wasn't easy fix just off to the left here. You'll see the doors That's where they fixed me. There's no problems on the truck and trailer all day And I parked hold the brakes no problem Let's move so I go to release the brakes suddenly the brake pot Just gushing air just ready like just on the you could say that you broke down at the exact perfect time at the exact perfect place 200 meters turn left on the industry Approaching destination on the left side 300 meters, so I've got this one big giant crate here on the front I've got them to load it right up against the front here as close as we could and One more crate back here Just two And back here. I've got another reload plan. They did find me some more freight I got a skid steer that I got to pick up in Kingston, Ontario Both three and a half hours from here I'm gonna put it on back here And we'll see if we have any more space for maybe two more skids maybe four more skids at the back Maybe they'll find me something more to throw on here yet the more the better Fill me up, so I know I've talked about this before but now I can show you on this trailer These straps require D-rings And that goes I Like trailers that have that that makes it extra secure and you can also Hook it on here and not worry about it unhooking while you go around to the other side To hook it into the winch on the other side. I really like that Continue getting these straps on here. It's not gonna take long. I'm actually very happy with this This is two crates how much easier of a load can you ask for? And I'm super excited right now that I got a skid steer to go pick up to fill up some of the back So this has turned out to be a good I told you today was gonna be a good day yesterday was not so good of a day But you know when you have a bad day usually the next day is a good day Not too often you have two bad days in a row, right? It happens, but I told you today was gonna be a good day We're gonna make it a good day. You know what you speak it into existence. What do they call that you manifested into existence? I'm getting all weird with you now Your words have more power than you think and I'm not saying that because I said it was a good day It's a good day It's a mindset If you convince yourself that you're gonna have a good day and that you're gonna make it a good day It's much easier to convince yourself as the day goes along that It's a good day That made no sense, but I'm gonna leave it in there. Anyway, just for you. That was a nugget of knowledge from trucker Josh I'm here all day. So those two crates all together Are supposed to be 11,000 pounds. It doesn't feel like 11,000 pounds. That's a good thing feels a lot lighter So we're gonna have to run down to Ontario. I have to get over to the other side of the river. I Think that bridge is a toll bridge It is what it is head on down there load up I should be there between one and 130 They are expecting me for two o'clock. So I think I might have enough time to stop for a coffee Just to grab one to go Fix this steering wheel. It's been bugging me. I've had this on here for over a year already, right? When I installed it, I installed it. I thought the tires were straight, right? So I installed it just a little You can see right? That's my fault.  Haunt, A, Mercy, here, Vaughn, Ferdil, Dorian, what? Haunt, A, Mercy, A, Vaughn, Ferdil, my French is awful. I know. I try No easy pass in Quebec. I've got to pay with Credit card. There is some kind of pass. Look at these guys on the right. They have a pass, but whatever that is, I don't have that $14.50 is what they're telling me here. I understand why they make those Toe boots like everywhere. It's the same everywhere. Why they all make them so narrow? The only theory is that that's to force people to slow down, but isn't that what the gates are for? For skid steer. Leaders, turn left on. John counter Boulevard. Hopefully it won't take too long If they're ready for me, we should just be able to throw it on there Chain it down pretty quick and be on our way. Here we go Nice little baby skid steer along with my crates. Ready to go. I can now take my traffic cone uniform off Safety of my truck. I'm gonna put that away properly because I don't think there's anything else We're gonna fit on the back of this trailer. I four feet of space left. We could technically fit two more skids back there But it doesn't look like it's very unlikely that we'll find this I'm gonna start heading back if we find something on the way. Great. If not I'm gonna start going home. Petropas Cheapest juice on my road. If I can get in here, man, this looks tight. How am I supposed to get in there? Six You have arrived at your destination on the left side. 190 Wentworth Street East. This will be interesting Of course, of course, of course Let's see if I can do this Of course, they make these fuel lanes like as narrow as possible too, right? I made this card lock really hard for Trucks to get in there. It's funny because they these card locks are specifically four trucks 128 liters 139 US gallons. So my research the price on my fuel card was cheapest here today February 2024 the price was a dollar 46.9 per liter Everywhere else seemed to be hovering more around a dollar fifty to a dollar fifty five per liter per diesel fuel in Canadian I Can't do the conversions right now to get it into US gallons, but It's more expensive than the US. We'll say that Probably around like five bucks a gallon While I was there, I did a load check made sure everything was still tight Straps and chains were still doing what they're supposed to do. I've got to make it around this corner to the right How tight is this corner? It looks pretty tight. I can do it. I can do it Stay in this lane. I thought that was an interesting name because it's close to my name Joshua Joshua I was just talking about that Karen. We're gonna get ourselves back on to 401 and then take What is it again? Not the 403 the 400 right up through Barry and we're gonna take highway 17 Highway 401 West I have another six hours available for me to drive tonight How high is that bridge? Better be of height because there's no warnings until we got here 4.2 oh Lovely my truck is 4.2. So through this red light Through the red light and then at the left and they make this so confusing Get into the lane take the next left on to Spencer Street Spencer Lane South then your destination will be on the right Nairn Center, Ontario. We're gonna spend the night Over the 35 minutes left on my clock. I was expecting this parking lot to be packed full It's practically empty So I parked all the way at the back a little walk around check the tires Before I go to bed make sure everything is as it should be. Can you hear my bunk heater running? It's been running good this whole trip. Hopefully that keeps going Thanks for watching today everybody if you made it this far The best way you can help me out at this point is by subscribing down below It's free hitting the thumbs up button is free as well and both of those help with the algorithm as long as well as Leaving a comment down below if you want to go the next step further to help me out You can join the channel as a member You'll then get early access to all my videos and access to members only content and also a fancy little badge beside your Comments in the comment section. So myself and everyone else Know as you remember and your comments actually get sent to me in a separate folder as well. So thanks everybody. I appreciate it. I Appreciate you watching this far. I'm tired. I'm gonna run back there. We're gonna stop for the minimum time that we have to I Want to get home. I'm gonna be driving all day tomorrow tomorrow is gonna be a really long day It'd be great if you'd come hang out with me. I'll try to have it posted at about 4 p.m. Central time here in North America It's gonna be a long day See how far we can get I'd like to get near Dryden, Ontario I wonder if that's asking too much See what we can do See what we can do I'll look at it more in the morning Pay attention when you're out there on the roads keep your head up keep your stick on the ice. I'll see you tomorrow


Justice is a really important theme that runs throughout Frankenstein. Indeed when it comes to the notion of justice there are different ideas related to justice that are explored within this narrative and this story and different characters who are affected by acts of injustice. On the one hand you have of course the creature itself who is affected by the injustice of his creator Victor Frankenstein running away from him okay. So remember Victor Frankenstein is both the creature's mother and father it's like a mom or a dad running away from their child never raising them and this is a very unjust act okay. So the creature feels really hard done by really mistreated of course also the creature suffers injustice in the hands of human beings so humans they judge him based on his appearance and they mistreat him they attack him they run away from him based on his appearance okay. So he really experiences strong injustice also at the hands of humans and as a result he believes that he should at least have a female companion created by his creator so Victor Frankenstein. At least to give him some companionship however Victor Frankenstein even denies him this okay. So firstly on the one hand the creature does not experience any justice or any kindness from anyone and that's what causes the creature to become very resentful very hateful and ultimately murderous. However we also see justice is only served to people of the upper classes and this is shown through the experience of Justine so the creature does kill William this is Victor Frankenstein's younger brother however he does it in a way that leads Justine the servant of the Frankenstein household to be judged as guilty of killing William even if she is completely innocent and this is because she is working class so the judges and the jury decide that she is guilty based on her being working class and so she suffers injustice and she is executed for this death incorrectly okay so she's unfairly executed and even if at one point she does confess to being guilty it's because she wanted to get absolution for all her past sins in God's eyes she mistakenly thought okay if I confess I'm guilty for this maybe God will forgive me for all of my past sins okay but then obviously she regrets doing this however in spite of that and in spite of even the Frankenstein family trying to convince the judges hey look like you know she's innocent because she's working class the judges and the jury believe that she must be guilty due to her working class status so we can also see that people who were part of the working classes especially in Victorian England really did not ever have justice served to them especially in the courts the other element of justice is shown through obviously the experience that Elizabeth witnesses so this is the cousin of Victor Frankenstein who ends up marrying him so of course she witnesses the difference in treatment between classes but also of course she ends up being killed by the creature okay so the creature also ends up you know doing a very unjust act by killing her in order to punish Victor Frankenstein and finally of course Victor Frankenstein himself does a very unjust act towards the creature by running away from the creature and never giving it a chance to really flourish okay and even at the end Victor Frankenstein still harbors this hatred for the creature based on its appearance okay not based on reflecting whether his actions could have caused this creature to become so harmful and hateful okay so there's loads of different elements to do with justice that are explored within Frankenstein which you have to be familiar with especially if you're writing about Frankenstein other for your course of her exams so as you can see behind me I have selected all the main quotations you can bear in mind when it comes to the theme of justice and the word level analysis you can do okay so let's begin with the first quotation related to the theme of justice now the quotation is what Elizabeth says when she realizes how Justine is treated so badly based on her class okay so she ends up losing her life and being mistakenly accused of killing William purely because she's working class okay and once Justine is killed Elizabeth in her letter to Victor Frankenstein states misery has come home and men appear to be as monsters so she's so horrified at how unjust people are towards the working class especially towards Justine and she just sees men and people and human beings as in general especially the upper class human beings as monsters as being so cruel to somebody based on their class they don't even give her the dignity of having a fair trial just because she's working class this is Justine okay now the word level analysis you want to do here which obviously shows how unjust especially the legal system was towards working class people is firstly the personification of come home okay so Elizabeth is really really sad she's mourning this idea that you know Justine has been killed just because she's working class because if she maybe she was middle or upper class perhaps the judges would have been fairer to her they would have maybe not seen her as guilty also you want to focus on the literation of M and men and monsters and of course the metaphor monsters again this idea of men being monsters this notion that men you know and judges and so on the legal system was really monstrous in this treatment of the working classes okay it was very unjust and justice was not served to Justine okay now the next quotation relating to the theme of justice is the this is how Victor Frankenstein feels okay so here he's witnessing Justine being accused he feels so terrible because he knows who the royal killer is he knows in his heart that the killer of William his brother was the creature and he just cannot bear seeing Justine going through all of this and all of this torture and ultimately losing her life when he knows he's the one that created this creature however of course what this is also illustrating is that Victor Frankenstein was a bit of a coward because if he really wanted to see justice served he would have stepped up spoken out about it and said hey guys okay actually I'll be really honest guys I've created this creature I think it's the monster it's this creature that killed William he keeps quiet his mute okay so of course also we can see here that there's a little bit of selfishness from Victor Frankenstein's perspective and this is what causes injustice towards Justine okay he states the tortures of the accused did not equal mine she was sustained by innocence but the fans of remorse taught at my bosom so here of course we can see that Justine is about to lose her life based on an action by Victor Frankenstein okay so she's about to lose her life based on what Victor Frankenstein did and of course we can reflect on the unfairness of this okay now the word love analysis you want to focus on here and what Victor Frankenstein says is alliteration of tea in the tortures of the accused okay so the tortures there okay also the other word love analysis you want to focus on is the sibilance in she and sustained the case of Victor Frankenstein is saying oh you know Justine even if she was going to die at least she knew that she was innocent but i'm not innocent okay and again here we can see that Justine obviously faces a lot of injustice just because she's working class but on the other side we become critical of Victor Frankenstein he's been a coward here he should have spoken out about this and been taking a really clear stand and also confessed to what he had done okay but he didn't so then obviously that led to the death of Justine and also you want to focus on this idea of the fangs of remorse so he feels really guilty at the creature that he's created and fangs is a metaphor and finally you want to focus on the hyperbole this idea that Victor Frankenstein was really torn up by his feelings of intense guilt at having created this creature okay and this is showing through the hyperbole tour okay so again here Victor Frankenstein feels really terrible that Justine is dying she'll rather she's going to be killed she's going to be executed which she was for a crime she never committed okay so again here we can see this deep injustice towards Justine purely because of her working class status okay and we know who is guilty but Victor Frankenstein doesn't speak out the third quotation I want to focus on and this is to do with justice and how unjust society is towards the creature just purely because of how it looks is the creature states to Victor Frankenstein so Victor Frankenstein obviously is furious at it Victor Frankenstein is saying oh you're a murderous creature you're a murderous creature you've you know you've caused all of this havoc but the creature returns back to him and says no you accuse me of murder and yet you would destroy ellipsis your own creature okay so the creature states you accuse me of murder and yet you would ellipsis destroy your own creature so what the creature is saying here is no actually your one that's been unfair it's me that has had an injustice against me okay and we agree okay so when we're reading this story as we develop as we go deeper and deeper into Frankenstein we start to really empathize with the creature and we realize actually the creatures had a very deep sense of injustice against him okay it's his mom and dad Victor Frankenstein not only did he run away from his creation but then the he then turned around after the creature became really angry ended up going on this killing spree and then accuse the creature of not being more you know not having good morals but Victor Frankenstein sets the scene for that okay by running away and again here what we can see is that the creature is correct in accusing Victor Frankenstein of being unjust towards him and that's what caused the creature to become so hateful and murderous the word of analysis you want to do here which illustrates the lack of justice towards the creature based purely on its physical appearance is the litteration of M in me and murder and also the violent verb destroy this idea that Victor Frankenstein the creature says if you even had a chance you would kill me that's not fair okay the next quotation related to the theme of justice is when the creature stated here again we can see that human beings are very cruel towards him it states i desired love and fellowship okay so i desired love and fellowship and i will still spend was there no injustice in this okay so the creature is saying look all i simply wanted was just to have a father a mother that cared for me and i only wanted to have companionship from other human beings okay i just wanted love and fellowship from other human beings however everybody hated me just based on my appearance and again here we can see that there's a deep sense of injustice that the creature feels towards human beings who just basically reject him based on his appearance okay so of course here we can see that it's really unfair how human beings treat the creature now the word of analysis which shows that injustice towards the creature based on how humans treat him is firstly the words love and fellowship which belongs to the mantic field of kindness also we have sibilance instill and sponge showing that human beings rejected the creature based on his appearance and finally he asks a rhetorical question okay was there no injustice in this and again this rhetorical question makes us realize that actually it's human beings that have turned this creature into a terrible person it's human beings unjust actions towards the creature that has turned him into an evil creature the next quotation relating to the theme of justice is obviously the creature realizes human beings will never accept him so he decides i will revenge my injuries he decides to seek vengeance now here again this is his way of seeking out his own form of justice by getting vengeance on humans and of course vengeance on his own creator victor frankenstein this is shown through firstly the pronouns i and my okay we're sure you're seeing here that the creature wants to right a wrong against him and also he says this declarative sentence okay remember declarative sentence is a sentence that states a fact feeling or mood okay so here we can see the feeling that the creature is articulating is making clear that because there's been no justice towards me purely based on my appearance i will now find revenge and i will seek revenge the other quotation relating to the theme of justice is when justine okay so this is during her trial she states and she does say that she confessed to killing william and of course then she regretted doing so she states i did confess but i confess to lie i confess that i might obtain absolution so hear what she's basically saying is yes yes yes i confess to you know killing william because i thought maybe if i did confess you know god would forgive me of all my previous crimes okay because i'm sure i've committed sins in the past i have committed sins in the past so me confess into this one particular sin even if i didn't do it would be my way of showing god that i want to be cleared of all my previous sins of course then she regrets this but she does this too late and obviously the court is biased against her and she ends up being executed anyway now here of course we can see that justine is actually really innocent she wants to be pure she wants to be good she wants to do good even in god's sight okay which emphasizes the lack of justice that she faces okay so she's actually a really virtuous person the person who was not virtuous was victor frankenstein but because he was upper class he was protected from this okay he didn't face the same consequences that she faced now the word of analysis which shows the lack of justice that justine experiences firstly the repetition of the the pronoun i okay and of course also the repetition of the word confessed okay so she is really really regretful of confessing to something that she never actually did and then obviously she's treated really harshly by the courts and finally the abstract noun absolution okay this is relating to this idea that god can basically forgive you if you basically confess to your crimes and you'll pass sins okay the final quotation which illustrates the lack of justice that justine faced but also the guilt that victor frankenstein feels as a result of her death is when he reflects justine died she rested i was alive okay now here the word of analysis you want to focus on is the words died and alive which are oxymoron so it's opposite words and here we can see that firstly victor frankenstein feels really guilty at the fact that justine needlessly lost her life when as a result of the way her class led people to assume that she was guilty of committing this crime when really it was the creature but also we can see here that victor frankenstein feels really guilty in his role in creating the creature okay so he realizes that what he's done is wrong but again as i've mentioned before he genuinely would have saved justine's life had he been more courageous to speak out when he decided not to because he was looking out for his own interests okay so of course also it's because the people like victor frankenstein looking out for their own interests that injustice was perpetuated injustice continued okay so that's really it when it comes to the main quotations relating to the theme of justice in frankenstein thanks so much for listening


Suppose we have a vector y that lives inside of our vector space fn for some field f, and we have a subspace w inside of fn, and then consider the orthogonal basis u1, u2 up to ur right here. Again, this is orthogonal basis for w. Then we say that the orthogonal projection of y onto w is given by the following. We'll call this projw of y, so p-r-o-j, short for projection there. We're projecting the vector y onto the subspace w here. Now projw of y is somewhat of a mouthful, so when the subspace w is clear from context, we'll just abbreviate this as y hat. The definition of y hat is going to be we're going to take the linear combination of the vectors u1 up to ur, right? So we take the basis for w. We're going to take a combination, a linear combination of these vectors. So this will belong to w. That's important to realize there. And then the coefficients are going to be the foyer coefficients. So ui dot y over ui dot ui. So those are going to be those foyer coefficients right there. In which case, then if you write that in more compact form, we would take the sum where i ranges from 1 to r, and we take the combination, we take all of the basis elements with the corresponding foyer coefficients. And so let me give you, and so this is called the orthogonal projection onto the subspace. Now in the very special case where w is just the span of a single non-zero vector, this would give you a one-dimensional subspace. We can talk about the projection of a vector onto a line. And so oftentimes in that situation, we'll call it projw of y as opposed to projw of w. And so you can do this, you can put like a spanning set for your space right down there. And so if it's just a single vector, we'll talk about the projection of a vector onto another vector. And this is a common occurrence here. And intuitively the idea is the following. You have some vector y right here, u, excuse me, and then you have your other vector y. In which case, then y casts a shadow on the direction of u. And the orthogonal projection is going to be that shadow. It's the vector that goes in the direction of u. That's the shadow cast here. And the reason why I call it orthogonal projection, we'll see very shortly that the angles between these vectors here is in fact a right angle. So let's see a quick example of this. Let's take y to be 173 and u to be the vector 211. So let's compute the orthogonal projection of y onto the vector u. Or we'll call it y hat for short. So the formula, since there's just a single vector here, the formula is we take the foyer coefficient u.y over u.u and times it by u. So the projection of y onto u will be a scalar multiple of u. It will be in the same direction that u is. So that sounds like horrible grammar, but let's go on anyways. So doing this calculation, we have to do u.y. So we get 2 plus 7 plus 3. And for the denominator, we're going to do u.u, which is going to be 4 plus 1 plus 1. Times that by u, which is 211. Like so.  And then we times that by 211. Like so. Well, 6 goes into 12 two times. So we get 2 times 211. And so the orthogonal projection y hat is going to look like the vector 4, 2, and 2. And so this gives us the projection of the vector right there. Again, drawing our picture. It's like we have our vector y right here. We had our vector u a little bit shorter. Like this, we had u. And then y hat would be this vector that's twice as long. So this is our y hat, which turned out to be 2 times u. What about this vector right here? I claim this is a right triangle after all. So what would this other vector be? So if I draw it so that the arrowhead is pointing up, this should be the vector y minus y hat. So let's quickly compute what that's going to look like. Y is off the screen right now. But if we take y minus y hat, y remember was 173. And then we're going to subtract from the vector we just found, which before 2 and 2. So this ends up giving us negative 3, 5, and 1. So let's consider this vector for a moment. It's very clear to see that if I take y hat and I add to it y minus y hat, clearly this is going to add up back to y, right? So you take your 4, 2, 2 plus negative 3, 5, 1. Again, that goes back to 173. That should be no surprise here, right? Because I mean, that's not for all how we computed y minus y hat. We subtracted. So if you put it back, the inverse operations and play here. But look at these two vectors. If I take y hat and I take the dot product with this y minus y hat. This is where it gets interesting. We get negative 3, 5, 1 dot the other vector. Oh, I wrote that. I wrote in the wrong order. Again, this doesn't make much of a difference for real vectors. But with complex vectors, you should be much more careful. So I do want to make sure I put this in the right order 4, 2, 2 dot negative 3, 5, 1. And I should also mention that for complex vectors, even if you switch the order around, if they were orthogonal, you'll get zero in both situations. So the dot product, we get a negative 12 plus two times five, which is a 10 plus two times one, which is a two. So we do in fact see we get a zero right here. So what this tells us is that if w is equal to the span of this vector you, then clearly our vector y hat was inside of w. I mean, remember, we noticed that y hat was just two times you. That's pretty clear. But to add to that, we see the following y minus y hat. This vector negative 3, 5, and 1, this belongs to the orthogonal complement of w because this vector was in fact, it was orthogonal to y hat, which also implies it'll be orthogonal to you. So when we found this orthogonal projection, this actually verifies the picture we had in mind right here that these two vectors y hat and y minus y hat are perpendicular to each other because their dot product turns out to be zero. It turns out that this principle is generally true. I mean, this is true all the time. If we have some vector y inside of vector space fn, and you take any subspace w of fn, then the orthogonal complement of y onto w, if you subtract it from the original vector y, this will always produce something in the orthogonal complement. In particular, the orthogonal projection of y is orthogonal to the difference of y with its orthogonal projection. These two vectors will always be perpendicular with each other.


Hello, everyone. Today I'll present you a work related to virtual interrupts on the RISC-5 architecture. Virtual interrupts are an integral component of a virtualization solution. However, since the capability of directly delivering interrupts from pass-through devices to a VM, we have not seen much developing this menu. Here, we'd like to take the opportunity of the emerging RISC-5 architecture to introduce some new ideas to keep improve virtual interrupts. In this presentation, I'll first provide some background information on how the virtual interrupts are processed on the current RISC-5 KVM architecture as to motivate our proposed improvements. Next, I'll talk about more detail about our improvement, which includes the design of a virtualization aware interrupt controller and direct delivery of virtual interrupts to a VCPU. Next, I'll show you the detailed implementation in KVM to handle the various kinds of virtual interrupts and VCPU stage changes. I'll also show you some performance results. Lastly, I'll briefly talk about some future work and directions. Let's move on to the background and motivation. The current hypervisor extension on RISC-5 does not include any support for accelerating virtual interrupts. All virtual interrupts are implemented on a trap and emulated approach. There are three types of virtual interrupts that are of concern corresponding to three types of physical interrupts. There are virtual timer interrupt, virtual supervisor software generator interrupt, and virtual supervisor external interrupt. The current flow of the virtual timer interrupt is shown here. Whenever the VM kernel needs to set up the timer for a timer interrupt, it needs to trap to KVM, which utilizes the HR timer and the timer driver, which finally traps the machine mode to set up a physical timer. On the interrupt, the heart is switched to machine mode first. The open SPI then injects the timer interrupt to the HM mode host kernel, which then injects the timer interrupt to the guest kernel. The entire process includes multiple traps and components. Many cycles are spent on emulation of the timer interrupt to the guest. The virtual software generator interrupt is shown here. To send the virtual software generator interrupt, the guest VM needs to call the emulated SPI by the KVM, which causes a trap to the host. The host saves the interrupt for the other VCPU and notifies the heart that the other VCPU is running on. To perform the notification, the host needs to call the real SPI, which causes another trap to machine mode. When machine mode interrupt arrives at the other heart, the heart first switches to machine mode. The open SPI injects a software interrupt to the host kernel. Then the host kernel realizes that there is a safe software interrupt for the guest. Injects this interrupt to the guest when resuming the guest. We can see that virtual software interrupt also introduced a number of traps, resulting in the same situation as virtual timer interrupt. On the current KVM mode rescribe to send the interrupt by the emulated virtual device in cumul, the steps involves firstly to perform necessary emulation over the PLIC. Next, to notify the guest VM, a trap to host kernel is needed by the PLIC. KVM mode using the host kernel next saves the interrupt info for the VCPU and uses the host software generator interrupt to notify the heart on which the VCPU is executing. The VCPU traps and quickly resumes the execution. It picks up the interrupt during the resumption. We see that again, a number of traps are needed in this process. During the handling of the interrupt from the virtual devices, again, a number of traps are incurred. The main reason is that the MMIO access to the emulated PLIC causes traps to the host. There are further switches in the host when the PLIC emulation code in user space interacts with the host kernel. The MMIO is needed to at least acknowledge the pending interrupt and to signal end of interrupt handling, which involves at least two traps. So we notice that all the processing of interrupts involves a number of traps. Meanwhile, other architectures such as X86 and ARM have been providing direct delivery of certain kinds of virtual interrupts to the VCPU for a while. So direct delivery of virtual interrupts avoids excessive traps, reducing overhead and improving the overall performance. The question is, can we have something like that for RISC-5? From that, let's move on to our work on the RISC-5 actually. So we extended the interrupt controller on the current RISC-5 architecture to support direct delivery of all kinds of virtual interrupts, including virtual timer interrupt, virtual software generating interrupt, and virtual supervisor external interrupt. We have also implemented necessary support on the KVM to validate the functional design of the extended interrupt controller. Note that our extensions idea are not dependent on a particular interrupt controller. It can be adapted to future interrupt controller as needed. The existing interrupt controller on RISC-5 consists of two parts, the C-Linked and the PLIC. The C-Linked mainly contains a local timer CSR called M-Time-CNP. The PLIC acts as the routing unit, so to speak, for external interrupts and software generated interrupts. It contains various controls and status bits for the interrupt sources. I'll skip the details of these, please refer to specs if you're interested. We have extended the C-Linked and the PLIC with a set of CSR to support direct delivery of virtual interrupts. For each type of virtual interrupts, we provide CSRs according to the functional requirement of the virtual interrupt. For example, for timer interrupts, we provide a CSR for VS mode and VHS mode that act as the dedicated clock event source, respectively. The CSRs can be accessed directly from the mode they are intended for without trapping. The guest VM can directly set the timer interrupt with VS-CNP, for example. It does not need to trap to the host. All other CSRs follow the same idea. We extended the PLIC to handle virtual interrupts that are not local, which are the virtual soup software generating interrupts and external interrupts. These new registers contain structures that are used for routing virtual interrupts while considering the host's scheduling decisions. For example, for each heart X, we provide a corresponding IFMAPX register. The IFMAP register holds the VMID and VHeartID pair that indicates the identity of a VCPU that is currently running on the physical heart X. When the PLIC needs to deliver a virtual software generator interrupt, it looks up all the IFMAP registers in parallel to locate the target VCPU. If any of these slots matches, the PLIC knows that the target VCPU is on the heart that corresponds to the heart to the slot. The advantage of this design is that instead of contention on the single-share resources such as global tape or certain kind of command queue, each thread only writes to its own slots without taking any logs. The hardware later can perform the local being parallel. The other registers are designed with this same idea. To directly deliver virtual interrupts, the ceiling needs to be able to directly set the pending bits for the virtual interrupts. Currently, such pending bits are only set by host software. We change that so that when V equals 1, the guest receives an interrupt directly. The V bit is risk 5 nomenclature that whether the heart is running a VCPU. To minimize the possible delay, we also consider delivering the interrupts when V equals 0. When a virtual interrupt arrived on a certain heart when V equals 0, the host still handles it. In this case, the virtual interrupt goes along the same handling path as the existing approach. So our design is as good as the existing approach in a slow pass. Note that also conceptually this needs differentiation between the interrupts from the same source but handled by different entities. Because even if the host claimed the virtual interrupt, the handling does not finish. The virtual interrupts should still remain pending for the guest. So to differentiate the pending states of the same virtual interrupt for the hypervisor and the guest, we need to introduce additional bits. Different types of interrupts need to be treated differently. We don't need one for the virtual timer interrupt because the hypervisor doesn't really claim a virtual timer interrupt since it's level triggered. Having separated HIP, the VSTIP bit and VSIP, the STIP bit does not really make sense. Eventually the timer will clear any pending bits once the value inside is updated to represent future time. We do need to separate the enable bits though, the VSIE, the STIE and is no longer an alias of the HIE, the VSTIE. We introduced additional bits for VSSI by separating the VSIP, the SSIP bit from the alias relation with HIP, the VSIP bit. We also need to separate the enable bits. We use for virtual supervisor external interrupt, we use another notification interrupt to represent the host interrupt. So the separation is completed with the pending bit for that notification interrupt. To support the above interrupt controller extension, the KVM's main task is to handle interrupt when V equals 0 and to maintain a consistent interrupt context for each VCPU. The VCPUs in KVM essentially is in one of the three states showing this in this state transition diagram. KVM's main task concentrates on the right portion. When the VCPU is in pause and scheduled off states, the KVM handles the virtual interrupts saving them for injection if necessary. When the VCPU transits between the two states, the KVM perform necessary context maintenance in KVM-VCPU put and KVM-VCPU load functions. The reason for the host to handle the virtual interrupt for the guest is that if the VCPU was not scheduled off, it's just paused. The interrupt controller will still regard the heart as having the VCPU running because the update of the IFMAPX register happens in VCPU put, KVM-VCPU put and KVM-VCPU load. Then the virtual interrupt will still arrive but the VCPU is not executing. Next, we will show how KVM performs these tasks for each kind of virtual interrupts. That brings us to the actual trapless virtual interrupt. For virtual timer interrupts, to set a timer, the guest writes to the VS-TIME-CMP CSR via the ADS-STIME-CMP to set a timer. The host writes directly to the VS-TIME-CMP to switch the VCPU context. When a timer interrupt fires, if the VCPU is in running state, V equals 1, the HIP.VSTIP is set, the guest handles it directly. In pole state, V equals 0, HIP.VSTIP is still set, however the host handles it this time. The host does this to allow a necessary priority adjustment for scheduling, for example. In the scheduled off state, the host tracks the VCPU timer using HR timer, which is the same as the existing approach. So no timer virtual interrupt is handled, is fired. During the VCPU state transition, the KVM needs to maintain consistencies. So during the transition from the running state to the pole state, the KVM saves the state of the VS-TIME-CMP CSR so that if the VCPU enters the pole state because it executed WFI instruction, the host needs an updated view to whether the guest has enabled interrupt so they can bring the VCPU out of the VCPU block function later when the interrupt is intended for the guest. For the transition between the pole state and scheduled off states, the KVM needs to save the value of the VS-TIME-CMP CSR and utilize the host HR timer for city to track. The timer set by the guest as shown in these lines on the slides. The host needs to temporarily disable its own handling of VS-MODE virtual timer interrupt because if at any moment the value being saved or restored happens to be in the past, the host needs to avoid double handling of the same timer interrupt again. This is because we still need to maintain the level trigger semantics of timer interrupt as the same as defined on the physical platform. So with the extended interrupt controller and the KVM support, now the virtual timer interrupt can be directly delivered to the VM kernel when the VCPU is running. When the VCPU is paused, the interrupt is delivered to the host which immediately injects it to the VCPU. When the VCPU is scheduled off, the host utilizes the HR timer to track the virtual timers. The HR timer uses the new timer dedicated for the HS mode, avoiding traps to the machine mode. So that's for virtual timer interrupt. For virtual supervisor software generated interrupt, when a guest VCPU needs to send a software generated interrupt for another VCPU, it writes to the Sgen IPI CSR to do so. It does so and specify the target VCPU ID that's intended to receive the virtual software generated interrupt. After the write, the POIC received the target VCPU ID, so it looks up all the IFMAP registers whether it is one that contains a specified VCPU ID. If found, it delivers the VSSI to the heart with M heart value N, which is the N slot that contains the matching VCPU ID. The VCPU can be either in running state or in pulse state. If it is running, the guest takes the interrupt directly and handles it. If the VCPU is paused, the host takes the interrupt and injects it to the VCPU. If there is no such a slot that contains the specified VCPU ID, a notification interrupt is delivered to any host heart for later injection, the VCPU now must be in the scheduled off state. The KVM job is also to maintain context for virtual software generating interrupts during the same state transition. When the VCPU transferred between the running state and the pulse state, the KVM synchronized the pending state for the VSSI and the hardware VSSI IP register. Recall that we separated the pending base for the guest and the host, unlike the virtual timer interrupts. When the VCPU is in pulse state, the host handles the VSSI that receives because the PLIC thinks that the target VCPU is still running on a particular heart. When the host schedules off a VCPU or schedules on a VCPU, it updates the corresponding IFMAP register. When the target VCPU is scheduled off, the PLIC sends the notification interrupt to the heart so that the host can wake up the target VCPU and resume its execution. With the notification on the interrupt controller and KVM support, now the VSSI can be directly delivered to the VM kernel when the VCPU is running, avoiding traps to the host. When the VCPU is not currently running, the host receives the interrupt and injects it to the VCPU, same as the current solution. Similarly for virtual supervisor external interrupt. The virtual machine is created, the host allocates a piece of memory for pending bits of the external interrupts for the VM. When the external device needs to send a virtual supervisor external interrupt to the guest, it writes the new UGEN VSE ICSR to send an external device interrupt to the guest. It writes the VM ID and the interrupt number into the register so that the PLIC received this, it looks up the virtual interrupt affinity tables pointed to by the V table base and registers and located the VCPU that this virtual interrupt should be delivered to. Next, the PLIC performs similar tasks when it's looking for a particular VCPU for the software generated interrupt because this kind of interrupt also resembles the software generated interrupt because they are between happens between hearts. So the PLIC looks up the IFMAP registers to see if there's a matching VCPU ID, if there is, it delivered to the virtual interrupt to that particular heart. If the heart, if the VCPU is running, it takes the interrupt directly, if it's not, the host takes the interrupt and injects an SEI to the VCPU. If not found, a notification interrupt is delivered to the host. So after the guest received the external interrupt, it needs to handle it. There are at least two steps during the handling of the interrupt. So for guests to claim and to signal the end of interrupt processing, the guests just directly read from the right to the VS Claim register to claim and signal it. So the running and writing to this particular register does not cause traps to the host in our design. So similar to the other virtual interrupts, the KVM saves and restored the HIP CSR when the VCPU transits between the running and the pulse state. When in pulse state, the host handles the VSE that it receives because the PLIC thinks that the target VCPU is still running on the heart. The PLIC reads the same IFMAP register to decide if a target VCPU is executing on any heart. When the VCPU is scheduled on and off, the host needs to maintain the pending base for that particular VM. Like this. When the VCPU is in scheduled off state, the host handles any notification interrupt for VSEIs and that targets the scheduled off VCPU. So with this extension and corresponding KVM support, the VSEI can be directly delivered to the VM kernel when the VCPU is in the running state as shown in this diagram. When the VCPU is not running, the host handles the interrupt and injects them to the VCPU in a similar fashion as VSEIs. On the processing and acknowledging side, the claiming and signalling end of interrupt also happens without trapping the VM kernel that directly reads and writes a V claim CSR, which updates states accordingly. Let's move on to the implementational results. We have implemented above interrupt extensions in RISC-5 cumul version 5, which provides an emulated RISC-5 environment with the hypervisor extension. We're using cumul because right now there have been no hardware that RISC-5 hardware that contains hypervisor extension, so we've got no choice. We have also implemented necessary KVM support. On this KVM support, we run benchmarks that can be compiled and run in the emulator with reasonable support. And obtain some performance results, mainly we are able to compile around RADIS and UNIX Bench. And here are the results. This benchmark shows the performance boost in RADIS obtained by adopting the extension for the virtual timer interrupt. With one VCPU and the virtual timer interrupt extension, we observed around 60% to 70% of performance boost compared to the original solution. The game mainly comes from the elimination of the traps to update the timer and to deliver the interrupt. Similar results are observed for UNIX Bench. This figure shows the performance boost in RADIS with both the virtual timer extension and the VSSI extension. With two VCPUs, we observed around 50% performance gain compared to the original SPI based interrupts. The performance gain again also comes from the elimination of the excessive traps to the host and to various modes in the host. For VSSI, we use PIN to the virtual machine from the host and measure the latency. With our extension, the latency is reduced by 11% on average. The gain also comes from elimination of traps due to IO operations. The traps are like we PIN the machine 100,000 times and we observe traps reduction due to MMIO by around 300,000 times. This number is expected because the current flow of IO handling do cause around three traps per handling one interrupt. So we think these results here are strong indication that the extension can reduce the performance cost due to frequent traps. Although actually when implementing a hardware, the magnitude of the numbers may change because we are still using an emulating environment. So for the future, we like to continue to explore along the direction to include support for password devices, which means we need an IOMMU in the first place. We still need to furnish our extension with more details with practical implementations such as priority controls, etc., etc. We also like to seek to integrate our extension with future RISC-5 interrupt controllers, as well as validating our ideas with more hypervisors. With that, I end my presentation and thank you for your attention.