think-tech Hawaii welcome one and all now the main topic of this program is generally just straight energy efficiency but another great way of reducing energy use in the first place is reusing the item that was manufactured in this case we're talking about reusing buildings because it takes a heck of a lot of time and energy to tear down the building dispose get all the new components so far so far much much much better to reuse it in the first place and I have a local expert in that field mr. Eddie Ebert principal manager of rim architects here in downtown Honolulu welcome Eddie thanks for being on the show here thank you our thank you for having me it's my pleasure you know we met each other by talking about the reuse or the use of albezia wood those of you not familiar albezia is an exotic species that literally sprung up here it grows like mad especially in moist areas and it's a nuisance in that sense but it also has a shallow root system so when we get big tree heavy rain and heavy wind boom if you hear about a tree falling it's albezia well there's one entrepreneur locally who is now making use of the albezia and he and mr. Ebert know one another and then mr. Ebert is now specifying albezia products wherever he can in the buildings that he deals with mr. Ebert please tell us how you are using albezia so far and maybe what prospects you see in the future for albezia certainly yeah and I think that Joey Valenti from albezia project would be a great guest for you Howard I really enjoyed meeting him and discussing we actually met at the aia lecture that was sponsored by the committee on the environment COTE is the acronym where they do wonderful lectures the one that we joined was at the Center for Architecture at the AI headquarters in Honolulu so I'm really happy for that committee to be providing to the public some of these innovative entrepreneurs who are focused on environment and resiliency and an adaptive reuse of both materials invasive species that just leads to multiple beneficial effects for the environment and for the white people and for and for local art so it was a it was a pleasure to be there and I'm happy to be here with you on the show so in terms of albezia products directly we don't have too much exposure to it is new and innovative like like you had just mentioned but we did recommend albezia for the gym that was done at one hotel in Honolulu and that was a direct recommendation to the owner rim architecture is not involved in that project other than to to recommend the albezia project for the adaptive reuse gym and that's where do you remember the photos he showed from that Howard yeah yeah they're very very colorful good good looking wood that's for sure yeah so it was a full gym set up that had basically that the weights themselves the plates were made out of albezia wood which is a law which is a hard durable wood that then he had to fill with lead and shortly to get the exact ratios down but it's a fully functional working gym that was important for the owner of that property to have that sustainability piece and the connection with the outdoors but specifically to have it be reclaimed wood from kawaii manufactured in Hawaii was extremely important in just a wonderful story so that's one example another example Howard is we were doing one of our clients is working up in Waimea Valley and part of their scope is to is to construct a traditional Hawaiian haul it and they have albezia trees on their property so this is very early in the development but I'm going to introduce Joey and the albezia projects to Waimea Valley to see if they might be able to harvest albezia within the valley reuse it and then construct a traditional Hawaiian Hale that will be used for educational purposes for school children and visitors alike wow that's that can be quite inspirational yeah and you serve a dual purpose you're eliminating at least a few trees there because they they do especially moist areas they grow prolifically absolutely yeah and the hotel you mentioned it was the owner striving for a lead certification by the chance was this one a checkbook the owner did get their lead certification and then they're continuing to to aspire for that so there's additional phases of work that's that's going to be coming and lead is part of that criteria for what they would like to see in both the design and the construction and the ongoing use of the building because the programming is as important as as the design and the construction of it so how you actually operate the building is as key as the materials and techniques that you specify as is as important as them actually being documented and and sourced correctly and built correctly and then once the certification happens how the building is operated that definitely yeah yeah lead is a very very comprehensive program there so do you I'd be I would imagine that you do other lead projects also we do yeah it oftentimes the lead lead projects that we have we have at rim rim has five offices so we started in Alaska in 86 and then went to Guam in 87 and then came to Hawaii in 2000 and went to the mainland from here so from in 2001 we went to San Francisco and we had the first lead and resilient certified building in San Francisco 85 blocks of evidence so we're very proud of that and we find that there's many many projects that we that we have are are going for multiple certifications but another current one we have on the books is is the UH Cancer Center it was originally built in 2013 I believe it was a lead gold and they had some shelved space some interior space that was it was never built out they it's inside the shell of the building but the floor the floor plates are empty and we have a project to bring a phase one clinical trial center so you're basically taking the research from cancer center bringing it to patients here in Hawaii and it's utilizing an NIH grant with matching state legislative funds and it is um it will be the lead certified and it says is it actually going to be a clinic where medical work is done it is it will be an outpatient clinic outpatient okay so you know it occurs to me neither of us defined lead can you give us a little background here because you know part of our jargon but not part of everybody's jargon absolutely lead is a state is an acronym it's L E E D and it stands for leadership in energy and environmental design and it is a program that is endorsed or certified through an organization called the U.S. Green Building Council they're based in Washington D.C. and they're they've basically been a seismic shift in how buildings are designed constructed and used so many of the facets that they put into place that they started probably more than a generation ago have now become the standard for how we design so they've they've seismically shifted the way that buildings are designed sourced and constructed so they are um they're critical to assessing climate change meeting ESG bulls they enhance resilience supporting more equitable communities so they reduced contribution to global global climate change they enhance individuals human health they protect and restore water resources they protect enhanced biodiversity they promote sustainable regenerative material cycles reducing off-gassing and other toxic materials and then ultimately they enhance the community way of life quality of life and they they advocate for building reuse they advocate for density they advocate for public transportation a lot of the things that that are that are already happening here in Hawaii I incorporate many many of these lead concepts that were pioneered by U.S. Green Building Council and I'm proud to say that the I work for the state government and for the specifications for new construction if you're doing a state building is you don't know the exact language but you must aspire to design for lead and I think the caveat when economically feasible but a lot of the new state buildings and I believe the city buildings also are designed with lead specifications and as Mr. Ebert described it's a very great broad broad environmental approach there yeah and and it is a reminder how did it cost money right but they incorporate you know life cycle cost analysis oftentimes into their into their designs and the idea is that the the energy savings and the the passive heating cooling the increased insulation and just the the benefit to the environment will pay for itself over time yeah that oftentimes is true but there there oftentimes is a higher upfront cost there's a higher investment to it so it attracts a certain type of of owner operator or developer one that one is looking to hold the the asset for a long time because often just from the design standpoint it can add you know up to 10 percent to a design fee and obviously a contractor then would need to source usually higher quality materials or locally sourced or sustainable materials which also has increased costs and then the documentation of it is an added cost obviously the the benefit off it out ways that investment which pays for itself or should theoretically but I appreciate what you just said which was the state mandates that that that buildings are what was the word you used it was a lead it attainable or the uh yes when economically feasible right generally speaking I hear about new state buildings coming up they are being at least designed to lead yeah I appreciate that because if you mandate it then it can be counterproductive right and it can just increase the cost of of living for anyone in Hawaii because those costs of development get passed on to the consumer that or the tenant uh the military often does the does something similar which which uh they designed to to lead state standards or they actually use the UFC which is unified facility criteria and they have a chapter on sustainability that talks about that as well that says that when economically feasible they will incorporate these sustainability the sustainable design concepts and as I understand it the military does have a budget so I believe a lot of the new military structures are going up like that absolutely they are it makes sense because they're long-term owners they're the ones that need to operate maintain it it makes a economical sense operational sense so many factors to it um and it's a responsible use of taxpayer money um yeah we can talk about military investment or military um military initiatives when it comes to green green energy use as well Howard I don't need to sidetrack it too much but I know that there's the military alpha gets a bad rap based on its um sometimes environmental record and oftentimes you hear about you know these um catastrophes that that hit the news but really when it comes to uh to sustainable energy or renewable resources you know the Department of Defense is probably has it in their interest to find a renewable energy resource to wean themselves from their dependency on oil more than anybody because if you'd imagine you know the the the great cost that they go through to ensure that their that their vehicles and bases are are able to be operated at remote locations if they could find a 100% renewable um power resource that would be um incredibly beneficial to them yeah much easier when you design like that much easier to become what we call zero net energy versus you have photovoltaic panels as well and your energy use is so low in the first place that you're able to make that up with photovoltaic panels plus battery storage to keep keep you through the night I had a recent guest who specializes in uh what do they call it remote deployment where suddenly the military has to go to a remote area usually in a poor country and set up an airfield or to you know get to meet some emergency and they have made that whole airfield complex so efficient that they're able to be totally totally energy independent and they can set it up in days also not another uh tribute to to energy efficiency what uh what sort of lead buildings do you have around here in Hawaii um the one currently on the board is is at the cancer center um and then most of our most of our other sustainable buildings have been have been done through our military portfolio which again they're they're designed to uh the sustainable standards of the government but they do not they step they they take one step short they don't actually get the lead certification for it so and it occurs to me you know one benefit side benefit of lead design is generally these buildings are healthier the air flowing through it it's a good amount of air and it's pure air and i'm thinking of the cancer center this is outpatient you want that environment to be clean and healthy sounds like you're meeting those specs here for sure and there's another there's another aspect to building environment that's important that may have been an offshoot from lead i'm not sure exactly how it came from or where it came came up but it's the concept of well certification i think we we talked about that a little bit a few years yes and that the well certification basically talks about how it applies to sites of the physical and social environment to benefit the health and well being and the performance of the people in the building a simple way that i look at that is that the lead certification has to do with the building's impact on the environment in terms of being coming from sustainable sources increased water retention um preventing storm rod offs improving the quality of the air in the building like you just mentioned improving the quality of the water of the for the occupants improving thermal energy performance reducing energy usage looking at lifecycle performance of the of where the materials are actually coming from um well list well cert well list certification talks about the the impact of the building on the people on the occupants which is part of lead but this this this is more of um health and humanity focus so it's the impact of the building on the person so that has to do with quality of air quality of light circadian rhythms um programming healthy food options clean water um you know breaks it has to do with with how that building is operated and how the people uh are treated within the within the building itself so that's another great um great aspect that again the cancer center was looking into for the well certification but that ended up being a value engineered out of the design process well i know that most health centers and i'm thinking particularly of retirement homes uh a view to the outdoors is mandatory in many many of those areas and particularly retirement homes uh people don't get out much and so if you have a big view of what's going on in the outdoors you're able to keep your circadian rhythm and it also generally has a very soothing effect on the uh occupants of the building absolutely absolutely correct yeah we humans evolved over at least 150 000 years and it was only in the last few years that we began spending out the majority of our time indoors and even in healthy Hawaii we beautiful Hawaii we have i think the average person spends at least 80 percent of his time in in the indoor so having access to to daylighting and a view of the outdoors is a very very important health issue and going beyond that oh when you design for energy efficiency what what do you uh incorporate into your buildings or your retrofits so for energy efficiency you look at the the entire building envelope right um so it has to do with how the structural system impacts you know the thermal the thermal envelope of the building so you're you're you're looking at things like heat gain most of that is through how the building is oriented whether or not it can capture trades whether the whether or not it has operable windows um the thermal gains of the solar gain through the through the windows into the occupants obviously southern southern facing exposures being in the southern hemisphere even though we're very close we're much closer to the equator than anywhere else in the u.s. um is very real and so taking into account all of those and then building insulation itself either within the walls or within the within the roof envelope or the roof structure is extremely important um we've been asked to evaluate again some health clinics some outpatient clinics a separate client and initially the um the clinic was was operating it was too hot they the h back units couldn't maintain uh the temperature that needed to be maintained for for patient comfort and they wanted to come in and add additional h back units um which would be an increased cost right and uh because they were operating um but they were renting these units so it made sense for them to invest in the new system well we came in and we said well we let's evaluate the building envelope first and we discovered that the uh they were renting the space they didn't own it but the building uh owner did not have proper insulation or at least what we felt was adequate insulation in the in the roof system the roof and ceiling system so we were able to propose and insulate the roof at a fraction of the cost that would have that they would have spent on new h back system um and eliminated their their their need for supplemental light they see that they were renting so that's an example of almost an immediate no-brainer um in implementation of building insulation improving thermal performance that then reduces h back load that reduces energy so that was a that was a nice case study that we did that added value um to the owner but that was one where you know we did we we asked why or dug into dug into what the owner was really was really desiring which was to um provide adequate cooling for the patient now there's different ways you can do that you'd rather provide more cooling or you provide a building that doesn't require as much cooling and the effect is is much better the second way i think yeah another another analysis was was what we uh what is a adaptive reuse building that we're doing here in hawaii where they're converting it from an office building into uh hospitality and it's an old building envelope that has single pane glass and the owner is evaluating what new system to to put in um to install and whether or not what's worth the investment and so we had the structural engineer look at the building sway because it's an old steel frame building and as the building moves with the wind um different curtain wall systems that can they flex with that and then there's seals along each of those joints that then can over time and then let air and and sheet um either infiltrate or a ski right so evaluating if the building needed to be stiffened and if a new curtain wall was put in what that deflection would need to be and then of course if the curtain wall new curtain wall was put in if it's double insulated then what is the thermal savings of that in terms of the amount of heat gain that and then that we had our mechanical engineers evaluate what that reduced heat load would be and what the future anticipated operating costs would be for that so we really had four different consultants working on that that that issue all together um and that's another example of how we will provide um building systems efficiencies to an owner to solve a problem and an investment that they're looking at making long-term and what about window film do you look at film as as another option to reduce the uh solid heat gain coefficient absolutely you can um and we've done that the building the existing building I just described did have a solar film on it but there's limitations to it especially if you're looking at one pane glass rice two pane there's only so much you can do and then once that film over time um you know starts to start to come off then the the cost of labor to to uh replace it uh is exorbitant uh and so in this in our situation it made it made more sense to um to replace the curtain wall um which is not feasible for most clients the film would be probably a much a much better depending where you are the life cycle of building or the life cycle of your curtain wall power that is absolutely um probably a reasonable uh first step or intermediate step um prior to replacing and something we're looking at very carefully in the terms of building codes is reflective surfaces first and foremost a reflective roof and our current energy code actually requires that in our climate zone and the other southern climate zones new construction you must have a reflective roof and it makes so much sense either in a way that we actually took it a step further and specified the california's title 28 which is about 10 percent more efficient than even the the national code and our next step is to specify reflective walls they don't have to be white it is to have certain pigment reflecting materials in the coating so that the sun's heat owns us back to the atmosphere rather than gets absorbed into the walls and then into the living space that's great yeah that reduces uh what's called heat island effect then can uh adjust entire you know it creates micro climates of hot spots especially within urban areas obviously vegetation shielding through trees can can help enhance that but you're you're absolutely right especially the roofing material can can reflect that the the heat from the earth from the sun back into the earth rather than absorbing it creating an agent higher hotter environment with a darker roof yeah we've all been in environments say Kapiolani Boulevard very very beautifully tree shaded that is you wouldn't think of an urban environment like that as being pleasant but by George it is pleasant thanks to all all of those trees no you're exactly right so that clinic that i was talking about that had the the HVAC issue the they have enough cooling they had a dark roof and that's what we did so we not only added insulation but we but we lightened it we created we created white from i think it was originally a like a blue or something like that and i think the roofers that were up there took a took a thermal gauge on it and i think it was 150 degrees different between the dark roof and the light roof wow i have seen differences of over 70 degrees but 150 that means the original roof would be whoa close to boiling point yeah wow very impressive if we have about one minute left any closing thoughts on energy efficiency or adaptive reuse i think well adaptive reuse is is natural it's a natural solution here in Hawaii just because there's there's so few open areas to build ground up so i think most architects you talked to in Hawaii Howard i mean i i'm not special by any means it just has to do with the nature of our market and where we're at but Hawaii can be is it's such a model for the world right based on our increased density based on our limited resources based on you know our our focus on sustainability we have a lot to learn from ancient Hawaiians that set the standard for us that i hope we can get back to in terms of being being better balanced but um everything in Hawaii everything we do comes back to us so much faster you know the cycle of life um you know whether you treat people treat people well um just in passing but that extends to the environment extends to sustainable you know um food sustainability and security to energy security to it's all just so intertwined here and so visceral that it's uh and i applaud you for what you're doing to to help help move that needle and push us forward to a better place so thank you it's a pleasure to do it and thank you and on that very nice philosophical note celebrating all the Hawaiian lifestyle we must bid fond adieu itty ebert thank you so much for appearing on this program thank you hiring this pleasure audience see you next time bye bye


I So she gets her job her talent at level four, I think He took her right away. Did you say why here it comes? She just takes somebody's money And I kept the pirate I like how she's catching up to mean levels. I'm kind of lost Nope not vulnerable to that not vulnerable to that you're coming with me, sir. I think it's four Thou against me then be hunted to the hunt begin the hunt Easy-peasy squimmy Excuse me feeling crappy. Let me just take this stuff Let in us begin in coming if thou darest the hunt and Yeah, the lighting is good. I agree the lighting and the Just the perspective careful with that Oh, he's up. Are you kidding me that worked? Mac. I'm about to hold down B. No, don't do it. Don't do it. Why is he standing like that chat? Let's just sit back and observe and take this in. Oh, oh take it in take it in take it in Take it in we'll call this one the drunk lunatic stance Yeah, that's what we're calling this one chat. Oh my goodness All right, he's not vulnerable to that how about this There we go She's taking a lot of damage flying true. I have no axe. We have a sword Let's do it.  I thought the other girl was gonna attack. Nope. Not vulnerable that All right, so we're gonna use two of these Decent damage with the pain actually she's up this Last healing beast that I thought he was healing whoops Okay, now she's charged up So we're gonna use We're gonna use to be peas And we're in arrow storm. Oh, he is vulnerable arrows. All right, so he's vulnerable to arrows that would be a name That's a really nice item. I like it a lot Okay, so we got to build up again That's still from him But we'll straight wins. Oh he's weak to that cool All right, so beast the arrow bird there's quite a bit of damage. Oh boy Letting my arrow fly in true. I forgot what that does I'm gonna heal her though, but she's more successful than I am It didn't work he found this weakness I got a bunch of these acts. I don't know. This is my last one last frog in He's got five stacks. Oh my god, three of all his weaknesses over there was Letting my arrow fly in true This is my arrow fly in true. All right ready to go all in on Who we're gonna use though? I guess I see bird Well, it's like the other guy can't attack I got you girl. I should use the arrow. I keep the guy. Oh, come on. I Really wasted that one. All right. This armor is getting old Okay I'm an expert Top of my game Can't be stopped. I'm trying to move my discord window because it's like all fancy this for right now. I've got one hit What do we have here prepare yourselves Dead man tell no tales. I've heard that somewhere. Well, they got it real fast for that Suddenly I feel better last last Come by my ship. Oh You better bring a friend. Oh, she cares. It speaks to me In what language? Okay, now you just lying you can see into the artist's soul, huh? Uh-huh. All right. Okay Gotcha Gonna hold down beat chat Yeah Perhaps the day will come when you and I meet as rivals, but I won't be beat I swear it on my honor the ocean calls me on to I pages saving Spellbound this world is And I know what I'm searching for So I'll set sail for the horizon and the great big world beyond I Get the shop. I'm leaving. Maybe she says she was gonna stay and run the shop. Well, that's done. It's time I see the world. Bye They've ripple tied and become a traveling merchant All right, the world and have customers from every corner of the realm That sounds like an adventure Just think about what you're seeing dear. I won't happen.  My mind's made up. Wow the training on the road. I had a feeling you'd say that There's no point in trying to stop you now Tressa You have my blessing Now that was easy for a little girl you're talking about I had a feeling this day would come He is her father's daughter Well, you're not her father. Who's her father?  I can show you Understand, but I can't help but worry Tressa Tressa Do take care of yourself out there. Won't you? No, I'm gonna do reckless Be strong and may the secret flame light your path What's that? Thanks ma. Thanks pa Thanks da


In this instance we are going to show that the inverse Gaussian otherwise known as the inverse normal distribution is a member of the natural exponential family of distributions We begin with the form of the inverse Gaussian, which is as such it is defined by two parameters Mu and lambda and note that it is more complex than the Gaussian distribution We use the same process as usual First of all, we take logs and we always use the natural log here. So log of ffx is equal to a half log lambda minus a half log of 2 pi x cubed minus lambda and then we'll expand out this square term, so x squared minus 2 mu x plus mu squared and remember all these will be multiplied by minus lambda over 2 mu squared x. We'll simplify a bit, so we'll have the log of ffx is equal to a half log lambda minus a half log 2 pi x cubed. We'll break this down and simplify, so we have minus lambda x over 2 mu squared and we have minus 2 mu on top and minus 2 mu squared on the bottom here.  We have mu squared on top and mu squared on bottom there will cancel out to x and then we can think about exponentiating. So next bit is exponentiate, so we get ffx is the exponential of all of this and we'll start by bringing things over into the form that we are familiar with. So we have lambda minus lambda over 2 mu squared times x plus lambda over mu minus lambda over 2 x and then plus a half log of lambda minus a half log of 2 pi x cubed. Now then we compare to the desired form, which is ffx is equal to the exponential of theta x minus b of theta over a of phi plus c of x and phi. So the first thing we think about here when we're looking at this is this term here which is linked with x has a lambda and a mu squared in it. But we also see that x is linked to lambda here but it's a denominator. This we would not like to try to deal with so we'll think about as theta is being a function of mu squared as opposed to being a function of lambda. Sometimes thinking ahead about what you're looking at we're going to say theta x over a of phi is equal to minus lambda over 2 mu squared x and if we let theta equal 1 over mu squared we have 1 over a of phi is equal to minus lambda over 2 so a of phi is equal to minus 2 over lambda and then for simplicity we'll let phi equal 1 over lambda so a of phi is equal to minus 2 phi. In making this decision we now have to deal with this mu here so if we say theta equals 1 over mu squared then we would say theta to the half is equal to 1 over mu. That's delta this 1 over mu here and we don't see mu anywhere else so we would rewrite this equation here in terms of theta and phi. So the first bit we have is f of x is equal to the exponential of theta x over minus 2 phi. Then we have lambda over mu what we have phi is equal to 1 over lambda so 1 over phi is equal to lambda so we plus 1 over phi that's the lambda taken care of 1 over mu is theta to the half so we've theta to the half and then we have minus phi so this minus 1 over phi and times 2x minus a half log of phi because I would have had 1 over phi here and minus a half log 2 pi x cubed. All that remains to be done is put this over 2 phi so that I have a common term here so I have theta x minus 2 theta to the half over minus 2 phi I've just multiplied this above and below the line by minus 2 minus 1 over 2 phi x and then minus a half and I'm grouping these two terms together for simplicity log of 2 pi phi x cubed. All of this becomes my c of x in terms c of x and phi. B of theta is equal to minus so it's equal to well you've got the minus here so it's equal to 2 theta to the half and we've already identified a of phi is being minus 2 phi. At this point we can now find the mean and variance quite simply so we get the expected value so the expected value of x is d d theta of b of theta which is twice d d theta of theta to the half which is theta to the minus a half because you bring your half down and these cancel out so it's 1 over theta to the half which is mu as expected.  We recall theta to the minus a half is equal to mu so theta to the minus 3 over 2 is equal to mu cubed and phi is equal to 1 over lambda so the variance x which is equal to phi times theta to the minus 3 over 2 equals mu cubed over lambda so both our mean and variance match up with our expected answer this is always comforting it remains then to think about what function takes your expected value of x so what function g takes your expected value of x to theta so what function takes g of theta to the minus a half to theta and this is your canonical link function


Hundreds of more precise definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing and ecological function. According to the widely used Food and Agriculture Organization definition, forests covered for billion hectares 9.9109 acres 15 million square miles or approximately 30 percent of the world's land area in 2006. Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem of Earth, and are distributed around the globe. Forests account for 75 percent of the gross primary production of the Earth's biosphere, and contain 80 percent of the Earth's plant biomass. Net primary production is estimated at 21.9 gigatons carbon per year for tropical forests, 8.14 temperate forests, and 2.64 boreal forests. Forests at different latitudes and elevations form distinctly different ecosystems. Tropical forests near the poles. Tropical forests near the equator and temperate forests at mid-latitudes. Hired elevation areas tend to support forests similar to those at higher latitudes, and amount of precipitation also affects forest composition. Human society and forests influence each other in both positive and negative ways. State forests provide ecosystem services to humans and serve as tourist attractions. Forests can also affect people's health. Human activities, including harvesting forest resources, can negatively affect forest ecosystems.


Yeah, we on boss talk TV shot out the heat of reason you see Yeah, man. Hey man, listen man check it man boss talk 101 man.  We just having a good time man You did man. I had a couple of things. I really like I do news You can use a lot of times on my other plan but my other back in but I wanted to do something right quick Man, I was looking at different things that went on this week I always look at the things a lot of times people inbox me a lot of time people ask me to talk about it I got calls today to talk about different things I can't even remember but what all it was but it was about three or four things Which I'm probably not gonna hit on one of them cuz I'm just not you know I'm not in I didn't write it down.  Listen.  That was another era monica. I'm down the valley all you You know what I'm saying for him to go off on Erica man And this seemed like it was something I know it was four or five years ago They she called him cuz it was when he was with I want to say that was when they was doing that other Podcast and it was him and to the girl and the guy and and so that's when the whatever he was talking about I was like Why he coming up cuz I heard you say something about before but I'm like why you coming up and saying this now or it was that a old post No, that's the reason So why he coming up with it now if it's something that's old I just think that something happened and where he was fed up he something triggered He's a real troll so she might have did something to somebody that he liked or something He didn't just quite fit with and went in on her because he's a content that day It has to be because if it was something that triggered you would think he would have put it out and say You know she did this and this and this and this but it's sort of so vague Like you just coming up with something from old stuff I saw a small clip with him.      This was years ago to that dude disrespecting her. Yeah, you See this recently cuz that clip just came cuz it just you didn't see it one of the reason how cuz it didn't mean nothing It didn't mean nothing. Yeah, it didn't mean nothing But to him it cuz she even said it on one of her live posts She was like, you know, somebody would say something after all these years You could tell she was pretty much subliminally talking by him.  She is people that got the exact same Texas you know many people call her mother exactly I just I don't feel on in my heart You don't disrespect no woman like that, right? Cuz that's somebody mama sister daughter Any like you if you ain't been disrespected like I didn't see no disrespect in what she said, bro But it just depends some people can look at him and be like well You must have mommy issues or you must be having some other type of issues because for anybody to call all the females and do that Have issues. Yeah, there's a lot. I Watch his content y'all don't get mad at me But I've been watching him and I like what I was seeing tonight to that But all the stuff I rock with him like like I see what he's trying to do the things that he's doing He went in on the old like the old rappers him in LL had got into with him in Russell Seminim He says something about he made his own way Rock with that car like you did make his own way He did create his own success, but the Eric about do thing kind of you know being in Dallas It was like damn man.  You know he home.  I don't know you got under the skin though, but I hope he'll you know, you know I ain't never seen it really just recant much. You know what I'm saying? That ain't his style I don't think he would he goes in and and like I said He feel like a lot of times the ones who already been in position like Eric about do that They kind of don't respect what he's created And I know that because of the old conversation with the old rappers that he had had where I think he feel like They just don't respect what he created and he really created a Multimillion-dollar operation right here in the midst of the same thing I was talking about earlier when we was interviewing You can take something create something and cure it to where nobody has done it before bro And I think that's something that more of us need to try to channel our energy into our facts and he figured it out I'm telling you he figured he figured it out for sure the more it's called of The internet he knows how to get some money out the end he know how to get some money Some money at what point against money at the internet do you go like maybe that's just his character? See, I don't know bro. So I can't I never I never met him. I mean I never met him before but definitely Niggas a hell of an influence, but he had laughing Like you said, I've laughed and enjoyed everything up to that. Yeah, that kind of was disgruntling That that kind of make you like damn, you know like damn man. Oh, not Erica No, she ain't she ain't really just you know, he even talked about a mess with young niggas at the at the like good You see you going out trying to highlight these young young rappers. That's how you he was on them He's he's studying her too close. He's studying studying too close man. It might be you know, hey, man You know, she's still got it He might watch one of my videos, you know, I'm saying still fine still fine man after all this time But check it man. Hey, so what else you got? Well, y'all know, I love the movie Blindside, right man Over and over and over again because I love true stories Ain't true story. I love and we watch it so many times Well, I was shocked when I was scrolling through and saw this came up and first thing it says Sandra Bullock should give back her Oscar award for Blindside reason being they said that Michael or Did not get any money from that movie that movie made millions of dollars It all went to the family and he didn't get any as much as yes, he went to The NFL and made money and all that stuff But that is his name that was a movie on his life his life Yeah, and that should go towards him, but in my readings it said that the money went to their kids Which is not him Yes, but I mean I'll be real with you He would get money and then they'll fail. Did he blow his money? Is that why you're coming out now? You know he niggas are blowing money why you come on He said it's not even based on a true story he says based on a lot The full story that way that what he said he said ain't even it ain't even based on a true story But even if it's not based on a true story, but it's still about his life about your life Why? Why only coming out now after so many years of this movie being out and all this money being accrued Why didn't you say something back then or did you and you you didn't get anywhere? So now you're coming out to the media about it. I wouldn't say that I know a lot of the times in this in this game of Attorneys mm-hmm.  Mm-hmm if he can win anything in court It's money there to be given to him right any judge that would say well give him this They don't have to send that ain't gonna be no You made that But I don't think it's fair like me personally and I think the way in which they're saying it and the reason Why they're saying because Sandra Bullock is the bigger person So they're there to bring attention to the situation They're saying that she needs to give my Oscar But I don't think she needs to give my Oscar because she did her do her job She did it really well, so I don't see why she's supposed to give back her Oscar. We all believed her acting skills We all believed everything because of how well she acted in that role From the middle of practice we have you can thank me later. This team is your family Michael Mm-hmm, I should do that like big old black digger word with him like that Man he say you want to win a bad It's all today's job. Bro must have woke up. I wasn't with him two weeks ago. I said wait a minute. It's a movie about me That's what you said right like how you wait this long. He was like wait a minute Who made a movie about me? He just finally figured it out. He could not Oh Okay, what's your most favorite part in the movie man, I really like the part when he stopped that thing in a little boy I can tell you another part. I like you're saying when he drove that look that digger to the trash can That thing That was touching to me was the part where Sandra Bullock had to tear up when he's like is this my is this my bed No, she was like this is you this is your room and he's like I never had one before She said your own room No, I never had a bed and she walked out and cried because we take so much things for You know granted to think that everybody might have a bed But not everybody's ever slept in a bed before in their life. Mm-hmm. So that touched me just that But in the show it's so like Somebody wrote a hell of a storyline man. Some went on in that first contract That he ain't happy with now That's what it sounds like because I don't think somebody come out this many years later and say hey I ain't made no money, but you ain't been making on money if that's the case But go look back at it when it first happened and how he I guarantee you find footage where he was talking about it It was a body but is he somebody not Talking about the movie and just you know, was he a part of it like that what I'm saying go back and You behind-the-scenes when they shoot Because you know at the end of the movie at every at every end of a true story they show pictures of the real cat Yeah, he was with that family bro It wasn't the same one He was sitting out with him, you know the family was sitting out with him the picture of him and them sitting there Yeah, he was with him, but how old was he when this movie was filmed? Shit, I don't know if he was young and didn't understand and you know what I mean I gotta pay both sides If you are older now, and you have enough sense to understand certain things and age doesn't matter where a legalities concert You have some older people who don't know nothing about legalities. Yeah, you understand what I mean Maybe he just now understanding certain things Understand what he could have gotten compared to what? Well, I'm gonna tell you right now, man I'm gonna watch that movie cuz I'm having flashbacks right now. What did he have on there? Was he diagnosed with? When you talk about his far as his I don't know if he was he wasn't just Yeah, yeah, he was trying to learn that teacher came over They taught him in a fashion where he could understand, okay Whereas he has like a protective you have to teach him where he can like protect like that's how it was where He You have to be like this person is your brother this person is your mother this person is whatever that's how he was able to Case where they was he was working on him. He's missing with all that. Yeah, so if that part is true There's a word for you, right? They played them that's where it didn't realize to now like somebody in one of his old lady probably married a bad chick Somebody she probably told me baby. You didn't get none of that. Oh, if that's the case I would love to see his NFL contract then. Oh, yeah, man.  They got money for yes another money. Yeah, man Hey, man, listen man, make sure you got like subscribe to our channel. Make sure you tap in man We just we just hanging out man.  We try and figure out what's gonna happen next man Anything else you want to come before we get off here? I did but I forgot Check it man. Thank you guys for watching boss up one on one where the bosses talk


So, the Reynolds number varies within a flow. If you have the same fluid, for example, water, the density and viscosity remain constant, and so those aren't likely to flow, those don't change within, say, for example, a channel. However, the flow speed and the flow depth vary within a water flow, both as the geometry of the flow changes, but also with depth into the flow. So what I want to talk about in this video is a boundary layer that is present at the edge of any water flow, or ice flow or air flow, for that matter. So if we look at a water, we're going to have the flow generally to the right, and then we have our solid surface down at the bottom, and this will be our water here. One of the things that happens at the base of the flow, if we look at this right here, there's friction between the surface and the solid, and that's because the water molecules flowing or interacting with the bottom of the flow, which is stationary, and you have again those hydrogen bonds create a boundary layer. And so right at this solid surface here, the flow speed right above it is zero. And so our flow speed is u, so right here, u equals zero because of that friction. But the rest of the bulk of the water is still flowing downstream. So what we can do is we can make a plot of the flow speed versus water. So I've now moved my diagram over so I can plot flow speed with depth in the flow. So this is our flow, it goes to zero, and then there'll be some average flow.  And then this is our flow depth, or the height above, this will be the height above the surface here. So this is, and I'm going to call this variable z. And at the top of the flow here, it goes, the height above the flow surface goes from zero to L. So this L is our flow depth for the Reynolds number, and that's equal to the surface of the flow. So we talked about the friction, so the flow speed right at the bottom here is zero, and I will use a different color. And then most of the flow is going at about the average flow speed. So most of the flow is going up like this. So we have a flow here that's going fast and here that's going zero. So what happens is this flow is going slowly, it exerts a little bit, or it's not moving at all, it exerts a little bit of friction on the flow that's above it, that exerts a little friction on the flow above that. And then as you come down, the fast flow here is pulling the water below it downstream. So the flow goes a little bit higher and it increases until you hit the average flow speed here. So if we think about it in terms of the Reynolds number, if we look at where the flow speed is zero right at the surface here, our density of viscosity are the same, and so we have our Reynolds number equals a flow speed of zero times our density over the viscosity, these don't matter, so our Reynolds number is actually zero. So if we look up here, our Reynolds number is the average flow speed, or u bar, times the flow depth, times the density divided by the viscosity up in this zone here. So then there's this transition from the Reynolds number of zero, and if the Reynolds number is less than 500, it's a laminar flow. So we have this zone in here that's laminar, once the flow is just infinitesimally above zero, and this for water is almost always turbulent. So we have a turbulent flow here, and then in the middle here somewhere we go from a laminar flow to a turbulent flow. And so what we do is we define the flow speed here, depending on the flow depth where the Reynolds number is 500. Everything below, with a z lower than this point, has a laminar flow. And then in between the two, so this is the zone where Reynolds number is less than 500. So in this zone here, you then have an interval where the flow speed is influenced by the bottom of the surface. And so we have different names for these three components. So this one where the Reynolds number is zero is called, because the flow is laminar, it's called the laminar sublayer. And then this whole zone that's influenced by the boundary in here is called the boundary layer. So the laminar sublayer is part of the boundary layer because it's influenced by this bottom part. Then you have the main flow up here. So in summary, what we have is a solid surface that creates friction. That friction slows down the flow that's in touch with it. That friction is long as transmitted upward in the flow to the top of the boundary layer. And then you have the rest of the flow going at an average flow speed downstream. The laminar sublayer is this part at the bottom where the Reynolds number is less than 500, and that's why it's called the laminar flow. It's sometimes also called the viscous sublayer, and that's because the force of viscosity has a larger influence on the behavior of the fluid than the kinetic forces related to the flow speed. So we're going to use the term laminar sublayer, but if you want you can also use viscous sublayer for that. Thanks for watching.