Welcome to module 51 of point set topology part 1. So, as promised last time, let us now start the study of regular spaces and normal spaces. As before in the case of Frechier and Hausdorff, I will first state a theorem which gives you a number of equivalent conditions and then make the definition that a space which satisfies any one of the conditions will be called regular or normal and so on. That is the general plan. So, this theorem says the following conditions and topological spaces are equal. What are the three conditions? Open a closed set F and a point X away from F in the complement. There exists disjoint open sets UV in X such that X is inside U and F is contained inside D. Just like Hausdorff space, any two points are separated here point and a closed set are separated by open sets. So, you can see that this is a one step generalization of regularity. Next, for all X belonging to X and open set G such that X belongs to G, there exists an open set H such that X is in H is contained inside H bar contained inside G. So, in other words you can say that every neighborhood of a point contains a closed neighborhood. Remember a neighborhood should be such that there is an open subset contained inside that point containing the point. So, this H bar is a closed neighborhood. G was an arbitrary neighborhood. It need not be open. Actually here I should open set G that is enough because once it is a neighborhood this G can be replaced by subset which is open. That is all. The third condition is given a closed set F inside F and a point Y in outside C similar to the conditions in one.  All this is same as number one, but the last part is here it is only disjoint. Here U bar intersection V bar is empty. So, third condition is much stronger. Apparently, but the claim of the theorem is that all the three are equivalent to each other. So, let us prove one implies two. All that I do is take F equal to G complement. G was open, G complement is closed, X was in G. So, X is in now F complement.  Now, take H equal to U. You want to get something here. Since F is inside V, V open. U intersection V is empty. It follows that F intersection U bar is empty. Actually F is inside H bar is empty. This implies H bar is contained inside F complement and F complement is G. So, this is F intersection H bar is empty. 2 implies 3, take G equal to F complement. We get Y inside H contain H bar contain inside G. This is this is the property 2 where H is an open set. Now, applying 2 for X belong to H bar C, H bar is closed. H bar C is open. And X is inside that. So, what we get? We obtain an open set in H X open set say H X such that X belongs to H F contains H X bar contains H bar C. These H X are different from H. Now, take V equal to union of all these H X where X belongs to F. That to be is an open set containing F. Clearly, H X intersects H is empty for all for all X. So, V intersection H should be empty. So, V intersection H is empty. Hence, Y is inside V bar closure.  This is a property U whenever you have an open set ok.  There is such a thing. So, V bar is closed. Compliment will be open. So, you have to apply 2 at least 3 times here for the last one. For each point here you have applied 2 here. Once you have applied 2 here also ok. This means that U bar intersection V bar is empty. So, the stronger condition is obtained ok. And 3 implies 1 is obvious. So, 1 is taken as definition usually though 2 and 3 are equivalent. You can use whichever one you like because that is the easiest to verify. When you want to test whether a given topological space is regular or not, you want to test the simplest thing, easiest thing. So, for that matter I will take 1 as a definition namely given a closed set and a point outside it there are disjoint open subsets containing them X and F respectively which is similar to Hofdorfness. Only thing is instead of Y I have a closed set F ok. There is no condition on X. X could be any point not enough that is all ok. Any space which satisfies any of the conditions above and hence all the conditions above in this theorem that will be called a regular space alright. Now, I will introduce a normality. The following conditions on a topological space are equivalent. Again there are 3 of them almost parallel to 1, 2, 3 of the previous theorem. But the difference is now given disjoint closed subsets F1 and F2 there exists disjoint open sets U and U2 such that F1 is contained inside U1 and F2 is contained inside U2. So, you know immediate distance immediate difference instead of a pointed closed set I have taken 2 different closed subsets disjoint closed subsets. So, that is the difference ok. Then 2 and 3 imitate just like the 2 and 3 of previous theorem given F inside G where F is closed and G is open.  So, this is the condition 2. Given disjoint closed sets F1 and F2 there exists open sets U1 and U2 such that FIs are contained inside UI and U1 bar intersection U2 bar is empty. So, this is similar to property 3 in the previous definition. Again the proofs are also similar. So, let us go through the proofs again that these 3 conditions are equivalent. So, how to get 1 implies 2 F as F1 and F2 as G complement you are given F and G are given G is open F is contained inside G right. Take G complement that will be a closed subset disjoint from F2. Apply 1 to get U1 and U2 ok. Then take U equal to U1 Gc which is the complement of G is F2 contained inside U2 implies U1 intersection U2 is empty. Therefore, U1 bar which is U bar is contained inside G ok. So, that is 1 implies 2. Similarly, 2 implies 1 this is identical proofs.  F2 complement is open and F1 left to disjoint means F1 is contained is a F2 complement.   In between these 2 you can put one more open set.  Now, you take the complement of U1 bar, U1 bar is closed. So, U1 bar is closed the complement will be open that take test V. Then this F2 will be contained inside V ok. See here this is contained is a F2 complement. So, when you take the complement this will contain the complement update. So, and it is easily verified that U bar intersection V bar is empty ok. So, proofs are identical to the proofs for the regularity that is why I have put them together in one single place. 3 implies 1 is obvious because 3 is a stronger condition right. Go back here disjoint close of sets are contained in disjoint open sets U1 bar intersection U2 bar itself is empty implies U2 is also empty and that is all we need in one. So, 3 implies 1 is obvious alright. Now, what to do with this regularity and normality ok. So, what is normality? Anything any topological space which satisfies 1, 2, 3 of the above theorem any one of them and hence all of them ok. Normally you can take the first one as a definition, but once you are ready these two wherever you have application you can use any one of them. Proofs that 2 implies 3 in this theorem is much easier than the proof for cursing part of previous theorem because you have to do one point by point and so on and then take the union and so on. So, for normality it was easier actually yeah it is good yes ok. Also observe that normality is apparently stronger than regularity. Apparently why because point and close sets are separated in the regularity. Here any two close sets are separated, but you have to be careful both F1 and F2 must be closed here whereas, there X could be any point and the other one is closed. So, obviously we do not have the hypothesis that singleton point singleton sets are closed ok we do not have that. Therefore, normality may not give you regularity ok. So, we perceive a major difficulty in deriving regularity from normality. The problem is precisely that singleton set need not be a close set. Indeed under this extra hypothesis namely singletons are closed which is a fresh air right. If all the singletons are closed that is called a fresh air space. So, if fresh air if you have then it is easily seen that normality implies regularity. There can be other hypothesis also under which this may hold, but under fresh air we know that normality implies regularity ok. Regularity of course may not imply normality that is too much to expect, but if you say it is not then you have to give a counter example that is the only way. So, you have to give a counter examples counter examples are not all that easy alright. So, we will we will work on that one those things now ok. In the absence of fresh airness we shall later see that normality need not imply regularity which just means that we have to give a counter example of course. It is easily perceived that regularity need not imply normality under even put a fresh air condition it may not. We shall see such an example later. Same problem is there if you try to derive half darkness from regularity because it looks like I started with the comment that regularity is somewhat generalization of half darkness right. Any two points are separated by open sets is half darkness. Here point in the closed set present is separated right. So, why do not you separate two points once again? The second point may not be a closed set right. So, second point is arbitrary. So, all points must be closed that means fresh air is again. If you have fresh air plus regularity automatically it will be half darkness. Now, you see importance of fresh airness. Under fresh airness see regularity implies normality, normality implies regularity and normality and half darkness also and so on. Okay, regularity implies half darkness, normality implies regularity therefore it will imply half darkness also. So, that may be one of the reasons why fresh air even in his definition of topology itself he put that one okay. Now, let us work out these things our habit of checking whether a property is hereditary, co hereditary and so on. Fresh airness, half darkness, regularity are all seem to be hereditary. Hereditary means what? Take a subspace it should have same property okay. So, let us say regularity take a subspace and take a point and a closed set. A closed set in the subspace is what? What is a closed subset in subspace? It is some open subset and some closed subset in the larger one intersected with the original subspace. The point is already in the subspace and not inside the smaller set. So, it is not in the larger one also. Therefore, you can apply the regularity of the larger space to conclude that there are disjoint open subsets as needed. Now, you intersect them with the subspace. So, that will give you disjoint open subsets containing the point and the closed set okay. So, that was the hardest one half darkness and fresh airness you can do it easily okay. So, every subspace of a regular space is a regular space. However, you try to do the same thing for normality you will have problems. Why? Because starting with two closed subsets inside a subspace there are closed subsets in the larger one. The problem is they may not be disjoint. You start with disjoint closed subsets in the subspace. That means what? There are closed subsets in the larger one. When you intersect with the subspace they will give you the original sets. But why the original the new ones inside the larger space should be disjoint. Nobody guarantees you that they are disjoint and in fact that can happen and that way the normality may break down it may may not go down to the subspace okay. In fact, it happens that normality is not hereditary. So, again we have to construct some example for that okay counter example okay. On the other hand where are these things coming from? You know that right namely metric spaces. A metric space is fresh air, off-door, regular and normal also. Very easy to prove. In fact every subspace or metric space metric therefore every subspace of a metric space is also normal whereas subspace of a normal space may not be normal. So, that makes us think about what is going wrong, what is wrong. So, to take a new look at the metric space itself okay. So, let us take a look at metric spaces namely subspaces are also normal why okay that is the aspect. Two subsets A and B of a topological space are said to be mutually separated if A bar intersection B is empty and B bar intersection A is empty. So, this is slightly you know a generalized concept of two closed subsets being disjoint. If A and B are closed subsets then saying they are separated is the same thing as they are disjoint that is all because A bar is A and B bar is again B right. So, there is nothing more than that okay. Instead of saying closed subsets start with any two subsets putting disjointness is weaker than being saying that they are separated. See A intersection B may be empty but A bar intersection B may not be empty. So, this is a stronger condition on arbitrary subsets than saying that they are just disjoint okay. So, this is this definition is made in the light of you know the third condition in normality you will see why no you see a typical example of mutually separated subsets okay are like this 0 cross 1 upon B 1 upon 2 crossed if you take A bar and B bar they are they they are not disjoint they will have common point 1. But you take A and B are not closed also A bar intersection B bar is not yet A and B are mutually separated why A bar is 0 1 closed and 1 is not here similarly B bar is 1 2 and 1 is not here on A in A. So, they are mutually separated okay. So, this is a typical example inside Rn you can construct many many such examples. Now, what is that good for let us see now on a topological space X the following conditions are equivalent given two mutually separated subsets A and B of X there exists disjoint open subsets such that A is contained inside U and B is contained inside B. Now, you see this is definitely a stronger condition than normality why because in normality I started with A and B are closed subsets right then automatically they are mutually separated this condition is satisfied. But if you start with arbitrary subsets A and B they are mutually separated they may not be disjoint they may not be closed you cannot apply normality to get this one A contained inside U B contained inside U. So, this statement is definitely stronger than normality it implies normality I have shown because if start with A and B are closed they are automatically disjoint so you will get this one. So, condition one is stronger than normality but this theorem says that condition one is equivalent to every subspace of X is normal X is normal is fine that is that is the condition one condition one implies normality but more condition one is obviously stronger what it says every subspace of X is normal okay. So, let us prove this one every subspace of X is normal then I have to show this one also okay. So, both ways we have worked to do here. So, let Y be a subspace of X A and B be disjoint closed subsets of Y then I have to produce disjoint open subsets of Y containing A and B respectively that is my M okay.  So, you can put A bar intersection Y intersection B and an associativity of the intersection but A bar intersection Y what is this can you tell me what is this all the closure points of A which are already inside Y therefore they will be inside the closure points of A inside Y therefore they are in the closure of A inside Y but A is closed inside Y so it is A. So, this A intersection B and A intersection B is empty is the starting hypothesis A and they are disjoint closed sets okay similarly B bar intersection A will be also empty exactly similar therefore when you pass on to the larger space they will be separated okay therefore I can apply one to get disjoint open sets U and V in X a set A is inside U and V inside U. Now, you take intersection with Y we are through all right now let us prove the converse. Let A and B be mutually separated subsets of X put Y equal to A bar intersection B bar and the complement of that remember A bar intersection B bar may not be empty if it is empty you are in a good shape there is nothing to bother about so it may not be empty A bar intersection B is empty and B bar intersection A is empty so look at Y equal to A bar into B bar and its complement so that is a subspace then A bar intersection Y and B bar intersection Y they are closed subsets in Y after all A bar is closed inside X itself so intersection Y will be closed inside Y okay and they are disjoint now because A bar intersection Y intersection B bar intersection Y is A bar intersection B bar intersection Y but Y is just the complement of this one right so they are disjoint because our choice of Y there is nothing more than that by the normality of Y this is the hypothesis is into every subspace is normal there are open sets U and V inside Y such that this A is inside you B is inside V okay but what is A and A bar intersection B bar this is a closed set so C is complement so this is an open set of Y if A is if U and V are open inside Y they will be open inside X also you so you don't have to fat on them the same U and V will be open inside X also right therefore U and V are open inside X also A contain inside U B contain inside V so we are arrived at number one all right so the proof of not at all difficult but we have to think of you know the cleverness here instead of arguing with some points here points there and taking get confused okay so you have to think about this what subspace should I take so apply to the right subspace you get the answer very easily following this theorem we can now make a formal definition we have observed that this condition is stronger than normality so we just call it completely normal a space that satisfies one of the conditions and hence both the conditions of the above theorem is called a completely normal space okay so we shall now return to the study of normal spaces maybe this is time now so let us stop here and normal spaces will be taken up next time rigorously thank you


I welcome you all for today's lecture module 3 and lecture 6. In this lecture, we will be studying about limit caging, what is the meaning of limit caging, why it is necessary and then what are the various kinds of gauges used, how they are manufactured and what are the materials selected for manufacture of gauges and what are the precautions to be taken while using gauges and the different kinds of gauges used for checking external features like diameter, depth, etcetera, etcetera. Also, what are the various gauges used for measuring for checking holes and then also we will study different types of gauges like pitch gauge, radius gauge, etcetera. Also, we will study about air gauge and then we will move to the design of limit gauges. Now, let us start the lecture, let us understand what is limit gauging. Now, in the mass production, the components are manufactured in large quantities and many times it is not needed to check the dimension of each and every component and if we can just check whether the work pieces are within the prescribed limits, upper limit and lower limit that will be enough and there will not be any need to check the actual size of components using measuring instruments. In such cases, to check whether the components are within the prescribed limit, we use instruments called limit gauges. Now, what is the advantage of this limit gauging? Since we are not measuring the actual size of the component and then we will be using only gauges, the inspection of the parts will be very quick and cars associated with the inspection will also be less. Now, what are gauges? These are inspection tools without a scale. There will not be any scale built into the gauges.  Only that information it will give and the actual size will not be given by the gauges. Now, how these gauges are classified? There are many ways in which these gauges are classified based upon the standard, the type of limit gauges, whether it is standard gauge or limit gauge. They are classified and then based upon the use or purpose, whether they are used for working gauges or for inspection purpose or for reference or master gauges. Depending upon the elements to be checked, they are classified as gauges checking for holes and then gauges used for checking the shafts, tapers, threads and different kinds of forms and then according to the shape of the gauges, they are classified as plug gauge like full form plug gauge, segmental plug gauge and then ring gauges, snap gauges, taper gauges, thread gauges, form gauges and also thickness gauges. Now, according to their design, they are classified like whether they are single limit gauges or double limit gauges, single ended, double ended or progressive gauges, whether they are fixed gauge or adjustable gauges, whether they are replaceable gauges or reversible gauges. If there is any indicating mechanism is there, they are called indicating gauges and also if air is used for gauging purpose, we say air gauges. According to the type of work surface that is checked, they are classified as plain work surface gauges, threaded gauges, then the spline gauges and then keyway gauges. Now, what are the gauge materials used for manufacture of gauges? Different kind of materials are used like high carbon steel and then sometimes mild steel is also used, case hardened steel is used, oil hardened steel, cast iron is also used and sometimes glass and ceramic and in more are also used. And while selecting these gauge materials, there are some selection criteria like the material should be wear resistant. Since the gauge comes in contact with the work part and there is sliding motion, the gauge material should have wear resistant property. And the stability to preserve form and size, the geometric shape of the gauge and then size of the gauge should not alter because of changes in the environment. So, stability aspect is also considered and very important thing is gauges should be corrosion resistant. Since the gauges come in contact with the working environment like they come in contact with the coolant, oil etcetera, etcetera, there should not be any corrosion on the surface of the gauge. So, corrosion resistant materials are selected for manufacture of gauges. Also the machinability of the gauge material is very important, it should be possible to machine to the required size and required shape to the required accuracy level. So, the gauge material that is selected should have good machinability and also it should be thermally stable. Sometimes it comes in contact with higher temperatures like 40, 50, 60 degrees Celsius. The size of the gauge should not alter. So, it should have sufficient thermal stability. Now, sometimes the plating is also made on the gauge surfaces. For example, say we have a gauge surface like this. So, this is the surface of the gauge and then this is the gauging surface and this also gauging surface. Now, in order to improve the wear resistance, some kind of coating can be provided on these gauging surfaces. Coating like chrome plating and then carbide coating, norbide coating, sapphire tips are also used at this place and then carbide, the advantage of carbide plating is it increases the life of gauge by 5 times as compared to the only steel gauges. And carbide tips if we are using, a carbide tip can be mounted on this, which will increase the service life of the gauge by 10 to 100 times. And tin plating, titanium nitrite plating is also provided on the gauging surface, so that the service life enhances. Now, coming to the manufacture of gauges, initially the proper material should be selected and then machining to size, initial machining is made like turning operation or milling operation if it is flat surface. With some allowance machining is to be performed and then heat treatment of, if it is steel material, some kind of heat treatment is required to increase the hardness to 58 to 60 rock well sea. And then tempering is also performed on the material to get the stability and in sometimes sub zero treatment that is the gauge blanks are placed at minus 80 degree Celsius for long term stability. And then case hardening by carburizing also is sometimes performed on the gauges to improve the hardness of the gauging surfaces. So, in that case, case depth of 0.7 millimeter may be required. So, after this heat treatment the gauging surfaces are ground and then they are lopped and all sort of finishing operations are performed. And then if plating is required plating is also performed and then again after the plating is over again they are ground and lopped to get the proper size. And then after the finishing is over, we need to calibrate for example, if you take a snap gauge like this. So, what is the distance between these two surfaces? This is very important. So, now say we have finished these two surfaces and what is our requirement, whether it is 10.001 millimeter or 10.005 millimeter? We should fix up some size here, whether we have really achieved that requirement we have to check by using slip gauges. And then after calibration is over, we have to mark the specifications like what is the go size limit and what is the no go size limit and which side is, if it is some progressive type like this, then one is the go limit and other one is no go limit. So, one corresponds to the upper size of the workpiece and the other one corresponds to the lower limit of the workpiece. So, in that case, we have to properly mark the go and no go and also the manufacturer details, the manufacturer name is also marked on the gauge. And then final inspection should be carried out with respect to the marking of size of the gauges and whether all the details are provided are not the like the tolerance, what is the tolerance and what is the, which side is go, which side is no go, all such things should be marked properly. And so the inspection is carried out to check all those details and finally, they are packed. Now, what are the features of fixed gauges? So, these fixed gauges are very important fixed limiting gauge, that means the size cannot be altered. There are some limit gauges where in some slight adjustment can be made, they are known as adjustable gauges. We will be studying about those adjustable gauges in a short while. So, fixed limit gauging is most cost effective method of checking part, since the time taken to check the part is very less. So, what the operator will do? He will take the workpiece, he will clean the workpiece surface and he will take the gauge and he will take the clean the gauge surface and he will try to insert the workpiece into the gauge. If it enters the go side and if it does not enter the no go side, then the workpiece is accepted like that. So, no actual size is measured in the gauging system. So, the inspection will be very fast and then it requires very little training, since the gauges are very simple to use and not much detail training is required to train the operators. Unskilled workers can use the gauges and they can check the workpieces and no recording of the part size, no measurement is made and no recording of the workpiece is made. We just say whether the workpiece is acceptable or not and the quick checking of the parts and all these gauges, they are traceable to ISO standards and then different kinds of coating is possible to enhance the life service life of the gauges. And then also custom built gauges can be made depending upon the requirement of the user and very important thing is in order to use these gauges there is no external power needed. Only manpower operator takes the gauges and it checks the workpieces, no external power is required except air gauges where pneumatic air supply is required. Then let us move to the various kinds of gauges. Now, what is the meaning of this standard gauge?  For example, say we have a workpiece like this with a hole with some mean dimension of x. So, the mean size of this hole is x.  So, the mating part itself is used as a gauge to check whether the hole is proper or not. But in actual practice what we check using limit gauges is whether the workpiece is within the allowable limit. Some tolerance is given to the workpieces and there will be an upper limit for the workpiece and there is a lower limit for the workpiece. So, that is the status we have to check. So, this concept of standard gauge varying both the hole and shaft or the workpiece of the gauge they are made to the mean size. So, this concept is only a theoretical concept and it is not used in the practice. Now, let us move to the other types of limit gauges. So, this shows a double-ended plane plug gauge. Plane means the surface that is to be checked is plane. That means there are no threads. So, it is called the plane plug gauge. So, this is used as a plug. So, we say it is a plug gauge. Since the two gauging surfaces are there, so this is the first one, first gauging surface and this is the second gauging surface. So, we say and they are mounted on both sides of the handle. This red part is the handle. So, the gauges are mounted on both the ends of the handle. So, we say this is a double-ended plane plug gauge. Now, what we should understand here? There are two gauging ends. So, this corresponds to the maximum material limit that is this is go gauge. So, this is used for checking the holes. So, go gauge corresponds to the maximum material limit and then no go gauge corresponds to the minimum material limit or here this is used to check what is the minimum size of the hole and this is used to check the maximum size of the hole. We can see here the go end.  See how we use this to check the workpiece? We will be having a workpiece with a hole and there will be always some tolerance. So, this is the tolerance for the workpiece. Now, we take this plug gauge and we try to insert go side. So, this is go side. This portion we try to enter. Go should enter the hole.  No go side of the gauge. No go side we try to insert into the hole. No go should not enter into the hole. Now, we can see here no go, it is slightly greater than the upper limit. So, this no go will not enter. That means when go enters into the hole and no go does not enter, then that hole is acceptable. That workpiece with that particular hole is acceptable. Then what are the other things here? You can see this is 25 h 7. So, 25 is the basic size and then h 7 is the tolerance. So, basic size is also mentioned on the handle of the gauge and what is the tolerance that is allowed that is also mentioned and actual values are also mentioned. Since this is h, the basic the fundamental deviation is 0. So, the basic size will be equal to the lower size of the hole. So, this is the lower limit of the hole will be equal to the basic size. So, this is exactly 25 millimeter and the exact 25 millimeter is always very difficult to manufacture. So, some tolerance is also provided for manufacture of gauges. They are called gauge tolerance. This we will see after some time and you can see here this is plus 21. That means the diameter of this is equal to 25.021 millimeter. That means when compared to the basic size, this is greater by 0.021 millimeter and we can also observe one more thing. The manufacturer name is marked here. So, all these things are as per Indian standard IS 3484. So, what should be the length and what should be the length of this no go portion, what should be the diameter at this place, what should be the diameter at this place, what should be the length of the handle. All those things are specified in this IS 3484. So, they are made as per this IS 3484. And most of the times a red mark is provided on no go side. So, no go is marked on the handle as well as red paint is provided at this place to indicate that it is no go side. Now, we can observe one more thing here in the handle we have a hole here. So, this is called taper lock renewable end. So, this first red gauge it is taper lock renewable end. What is the meaning of taper lock? See here this double ended this particular gauging portion it will have a tapered shank, it will have a tapered shank and there will be a mating taper in the handle.  So, that it gets fixed into the handle and how do we remove it say we want to after sometime this is worn out and we want to replace it with new one. So, that is why it is called renewable end. So, what we have to do is we have to take a drift or a tapered part and we have to push it here into the hole and that case this gauge will come out and then we can insert a rod to remove this no go end and then new ends can be mounted on this handle. That means, handle can be reused and coming to this this is solid type. You can see here the handle and then go gauge and no go all are made in a single unit. So, this is a solid type plug gauge it is size nominal size is less we can go for solid type if nominal size is more like 25, 30, 35 then we go for renewable taper lock renewable type and what is the range of availability they are available if it is carbide coated or carbide gauges then the range is up to 2 millimeter to 40 millimeter they are available and if it is hardened steel from 2 millimeter to 250 millimeter gauges they are available also if special requirement is there they can be built as per the customer requirement.  So, like this the time taken to gauge the work piece or the hole will be more. So, to save time progressive gauges are made you can see here there are two portions with the handle this is the go gauge. So, this diameter corresponds to the go limit and this one corresponds to the no go limit. So, in one insertion inspection of the hole can be completed that means time for checking the hole can be saved and another if the hole size is very less like 2 millimeter 3 millimeter 1.5 millimeter like that then they say pin gauges pin gauges are used and you can see here this is the handle and there is a green color is used. So, this will indicate that this portion is go it is also marked here go side is marked and also the color indicates that this is go and then we have red color here which indicates that this portion is no go and the limits are also what are the exact sizes are also mentioned here this is this diameter is 12.80 millimeter and this diameter is 12.9 millimeter and sometimes if the hole that is to be checked is big one like say 250 millimeter or 350 millimeter 300 millimeter it is a big hole in that case what happens is if we use a full form gauge that means the plug gauge with full form round gauge then it becomes very heavy. So, using that heavy gauge becomes difficult. So, in such cases segmental flat type gauges are used they look like this. Now, this is the segmental gauge with the handle. Now, you can see here full round form is not used. So, this much is removed and only we are using a segment part of that full form. So, they are called segmental since they are flat pieces flat type gauges the advantage is the material that is required is less and the weight is less. So, that the operator can comfortably use them also if the diameter the hole to be checked is large then we always go for single ended plug gauges in order to reduce the weight of the gauge. So, we use one gauge for checking the upper limit and one more gauge for checking the lower limit. So, they are called single ended plug gauges. Now, we can see some details of plug gauges up to 10 millimeter solid type double ended plug gauges are made and then from 10 millimeter to 30 millimeter taper lock double ended plug gauges are made in which case the ends can be renewed when the ends are worn out new ends can be replaced. From 30 to 63 millimeter phasen type double ended plug gauges are used they are not taper lock they are the ends are phasened to the handle and then from 63 to 100 millimeter single ended plug gauges are used. So, we need to have two gauges one for go limit and go and other no go and from 100 to 250 millimeter flat type single ended segmental type plug gauges are used and above 250 and above a raw type gauges or pin gauges are used with spherical ends. They look like they say we have to check a big hole and the diameter of this is say 300 millimeter. So, diameter is 300 millimeter in such cases if we use full form gauge it will be very very heavy. So, what the practice is to use pin gauges with spherical ends like this. So, the length of this is controlled there will be one pin for go the lower limit and one pin for upper limit.  So, these are called pin gauges they will be very light in weight. So, easily operator can use them. Now, what are the limitations of plug gauges?  So, it will be something like this say we have a work piece like this with a hole like this.  So, what the operator will do? He will take the plug gauge and he will just insert it. So, whether it is tapered or whether it is bell mouth and whether there is any out of roundness is there that will be very difficult to check by using the plain plug gauges. So, say we have a work piece with a hole like this and then we use the round gauge. Now, you can see here it is entering go is entering and not go is not entering, but there is some ovality in the hole. So, that cannot be checked by using these plug gauges. Then gauging surfaces and square edges that means the end of the plug gauge it will be square. So, these square edges are unprotected they are open and hence they must be handled and stored carefully. If the proper protective coating is not applied the work the gauging surfaces may get corroded and they become unusable and then they have an easy tendency to roll off or fall off from the work bench. Since the work piece the gauges are round they will roll off from the table. So, proper care should be taken to place them in the proper place so that they will not fall. If they fall then the work surface the gauging surface may get affected and they become unusable and they may get corroded if not properly protected from grease or oily layer. Whenever they are not used for a longer time it is necessary that some oily layer is put like petroleum jelly is put on the surface and then they should be stored otherwise they will get corroded. And then gauge may freeze in the hole if worker exerts undue pressure on the gauge this is very important. See we should not force the gauges into the hole what happens if we force the gauge into the hole it will enter, but it will deform the hole the hole may expand. So, undue pressure should not be exerted. So, what the operator should do is that say we have a hole like this and then the gauge side of the gauge side of the plug gauge should be just held here so that it moves inside without exerting any due to its own weight it should enter. So, that is the practice followed in the industry and undue pressure if it is not entering undue pressure should not be exerted. And if required before using we may apply some oil thin oil so that it easily flows into the hole. And then the coming to the snap gauges these are used for checking the shafts the size of the shaft. There are two types one is a fixed type snap gauge we can see here this is a fixed type double ended double ended because one side this is one working side this is another working side. So, this is called double ended fixed snap gauge. And here we have an adjustable snap gauge what happens with the fixed gauge after some usage may be after 1000 times insertion 2000 times insertion the gauging surface is subjected to wear and the size will change. See here you can see it is marked 25 J 6 25 is the basic size and J 6 is the tolerance that is allowed. So, actual size is also mentioned here minus 4 microns and plus 9 microns. So, here it is 25.009 millimeter this is go and then this is minus 25 minus 0.004. So, that is no go side. So, due to continuous usage this is this gap will change. So, in that case one thing is we can send these gauges worn out gauges for repair that means again they will quote may be chrome plating or tin coating TIN coating they will do and again they will repair it. Otherwise say the tolerance itself changes the design engineer will change the design itself the tolerance itself in such cases we cannot use such cases whereas here the adjustable gauges can be changed. If tolerance changes these anvils can be moved and they can be set to the new required sizes. We can see here the arrangement is this is the long anvil we say this is fixed and here we have movable anvils. Now, how we can move we can see here the locking screws are there and here there will be a screw and one more screw for this. So, we have to unlock these screws and we have to take a screwdriver and we have to operate these screws. So, that these anvils will move in and out and then using the slip cage we can fix we can fix what is the size that is required for go and what is the size that is required for no go and then after fixing the sizes using slip cages we have to lock these two anvils by locking these screws and then these all these screws are waxed. So, that unauthorized adjustments are not done somebody may take these gauges and they may unscrew these screws and they may adjust it. So, to avoid such things all these screws after making adjustments by proper authorized person they will lock these screws and then they are waxed. So, while using this snap gauge the operator should see whether seal is intact. If it is not intact if it is disturbed then you should not use such cases they should be sent for calibration only after calibration and waxing they should be again used and again I can see here one more type different type and this is the handle see we say since it is looking like see seed type or snap gauges and other important thing is again see the work piece will go here like this say go side. The go side should smoothly enter into the shaft there should not be any over pressure on the snap gauge if over pressure is applied then what happens is this these surfaces they move out they expand. So, it is very essential that the gauges are not forced onto the work pieces they should move smoothly and this is another fixed type snap gauge plate type snap gauge and the adjustable gauges are useful. So, that whenever the tolerance changes they can be adjusted also when the when the gauging surfaces are worn out again we can adjust the gap. So, wear adjustment is also possible in adjustable gauges by making adjustment range of diameters can be inspected. Now, double ended snap gauge they are available within this range 3 to 100 millimeter and if the diameter of the shaft increases say it is above 100 millimeter then we use a single ended progressive snap gauge. So, it looks like this. So, this is single ended that means this is go and this is no go that means the work piece will enter into go side this is go and this is no go. So, work piece will not enter into this if that is the case the work piece is accepted. So, this is a progressive snap gauge and the single snap gauges are also available like this. So, one for go and similarly one for no go like that single ended snap gauges are also available single ended progress progressive snap gauges are also available. Now, let us conclude this session in this lecture we discussed about the meaning of gauging necessity of limit gauging and then what are the various materials used to manufacture the gauges and what are the different types of gauges. We also learnt about the plug gauges different kinds of plug gauges and snap gauges in the next class we will continue the discussion on different types of limit gauges. Thank you.


Yet another phishing scam has affected the NFT community, the latest target being the social media accounts of NFT influencer Zeneca. Through the scam, the Twitter and Discord accounts were linked to a phony airdrop for the influencers ZEN Academy founders pass because of which unvary users e-wallets got connected. This recent hack is suspected to be part of an extensive threat which is taking place against the NFT community. Now users started to flag Zeneca's account within minutes of this tweet going public. Justin Taylor, Twitter's head of consumer product marketing got the account locked down in about 40 minutes after the account had been hacked. But this isn't the first time when this hack has taken place in the NFT community. The last big hack took place in June when the account of a board AP Yacht Club Discord moderator was compromised.


We can put on our huge smiles this time. Hi, this is Time Stewart with Cleaning Business Today, and I've got my partner here, Liz. Hiya. We're for another part of our ongoing series for Coronavirus Smart Business Moves for house cleaning companies. It's Friday, made it to the end of the week. Yay. You know, I gotta say that I'm feeling a little different about Fridays and the weekend now than maybe what I did a couple of months ago. Weekends have a scary aspect to them because there's just a whole lot of things that happen over the weekend. A lot of things change over the weekend and the way things look Friday, a lot of times they look very much different on Monday. So here we go again. Let's all hope for the best. There's some things out there where there's some potential of some therapeutic drugs that might, drugs are around the market, that might be what they would call a therapeutic that would take somebody with a virus and make them feel better to the point where the mortality rate would drop a bunch and that would be a huge game changer. But that's probably a number of weeks out and I don't know, we just need to keep our fingers crossed on some of those things. Today we wanted to talk about some of the things that we should be doing on the financial side. Isn't that right, Liz? Yep, absolutely. Yeah, we wanted to talk about things that we should be looking at now to I guess pair our businesses for the potential of an economic downturn. And that economic downturn is gonna be caused by a couple of things. I guess the most immediate concern is the spread of the coronavirus and the fears that are being created by that that there are gonna be a lot of consumers that aren't gonna want you in the home and you might not wanna go in their homes just depending upon what their exposures and risks are. And secondly, there's a real economic component to this. The economy is really cratering at the moment in terms of where the stock market is going and financial institutions and the number of everything from across the board, people are gonna be looking for money including small businesses. So I wanna start the discussion, just kind of full disclosure and to kind of explain where we've been at Castlekeepers here for the last, one of them may be living having this discussion for a while, but all the partners got together today, Liz, myself, Derek and Troy and looking at the horizon of where we are now and what we anticipate could be happening, would be happening in the weeks ahead, made the decision to temporarily halt all non-essential cleaning services across all the branches and Castlekeepers. We announced that, that we're doing it for two weeks starting this afternoon or this evening through, I don't know, April 2nd, April 3rd, whatever two Fridays from now is. And there's some possibility that some things could change and shift where we might actually recast and start doing some work after that period for residential clients, but we're preparing for the possibility that it can go on longer, maybe a number of months longer before that would change. We're gonna continue to do work, what we call essential services. We do some work for some multifamily housing, property management groups, where we're cleaning elevators and staircases and things that space that people live in that they need to help. We do some work for some from senior communities and they need our ongoing help for a number of reasons. So we're gonna continue to do some of that work, but for the most part, we're shutting down here for at least the next two weeks and maybe longer. It was interesting times. We had a long discussion today, didn't we, Les? It was not one of our quicker ones, it was not. It was also not our longest one. No, we're capable of talking a long time. Yes, yes we are. Any points I missed there, Liz, that would be useful for us to share? I don't think so. The only thing that maybe I would clarify is you said we're closing down all essential, non-essential services and currently that is not a well understood phrase. It is, the definition there is very fluid. It depends on who you talk to and who you talk to on one day, right? So California's idea of essential services is different than Wyoming's definition of essential services. And currently there are a lot of places that are not even attempting to define essential services, right? And the cleaning companies don't even fall on some of these lists, essential or non-essential. Residential, commercial, they're not even on the list. So that would be the only thing I would say is you were specifically talking about residential services and not multifamily, residential either, just residential. You're right. It's sad in some way that we're having to make up our own definition for what that is. We need more guidance, I guess, from government on that. But it was our judgment that if it's space that people live in that they don't have the option to isolate themselves, it's communal space. If I live in a building and I gotta get in an elevator along with everybody else that lives in that building, then we have an obligation to clean that. And that was an essential service. If it was cleaning Mrs. Jones' single family dwelling where she's supposed to be sequestered and not leaving the home anyway, then it was our judgment that that would probably be best if we didn't enter that space at the moment. Now, part of this whole thing for two weeks, that's what we're saying. But if the government comes out next week and says something different and has different data, I mean, we don't know. But we're trying to do what we think that we need to be doing. And to be clear, what we're doing doesn't mean that this is what everybody else should be doing either. Different communities are doing different things. And you gotta, I mean, there's a lot of moving parts of this. So no former fashion, do I want anybody to take away from this that you guys need to be doing what we decided to do in Castle Keepers. I mean, I guess for example, Liz, you guys are dealing with something a little bit different in Olympia and you're still moving ahead, right? Yep, we're still moving ahead in Olympia. And also to be clear, you're not necessarily doing the same thing at each branch. So of our different Castle Keepers branches, right? So currently all the branches are closing down residential services for maybe two weeks, but moving forward on that, we're not exactly sure where we're going. We also are doing some other stuff in Portland that is also being shut down on not residential, our Airbnb. We are not, we're not cleaning. And our, what was the other one? Our Hello Alfreds, which are multi-family living. And we have also decided to shut those down in Portland. So. Is that more of a concern for risk of your cleaning professionals? I think that, no, I don't think so. I think that it's more because, and you heard that I said Portland, right Tom? I think you heard Olympia, but I said Portland. I did, okay, you were saying Portland. Yeah, so I'm gonna clarify in Portland. We're also doing that because it's a much smaller branch and the amount of work that we have that is multi-family like that is so small that it doesn't make sense to stay open or it is a very small amount of work. We would have enough work multi-family for one person on Thursday's day, for example. So each branch is different in Portland. We're spending down all of our services including multi-family. We had a discussion here in Charleston this afternoon about Airbnb's and we do a lot of vacation rentals too, which I guess are basically the same thing. And we're stopping all those services as well. A lot of that work has kind of dried up anyway. There's a ton of cancellations, but the concern was for the safety of our people because you got people flying in from all over the place from like, you know, New York and places where the incidents of illnesses is higher, much higher it is in this market. And just not knowing where those people are coming from it just didn't feel like if that was a risk that was worth taking either. I wanna talk about, you know, though, I mean, we can, any questions about any of this, you know feel free to hit us up in chat we'll be glad to talk about that. But we wanted to talk a little bit about some of the financial moves that you might wanna be considering. And probably better if you just go ahead and comment don't hit us up in chat. That way everybody will be able to see the comments and we can respond to everybody. They'll be here for us. When I say chat, I don't even know what that is. Is that down here where it says post a comment? Is that different than chat, post a comment? So there's no, we want them to post a comment. There's two options. They can do a private chat or post a comment. And we would prefer they post comments. There you go. I just posted a comment. Good job. Amen. Cash, you know, we've all probably heard the same cash as King and in times like this more than anything. And a lot of things are happening out there that are gonna be affecting cash. Some good, some bad, you know we got customers that are canceling because they're afraid of the risks associated with the virus or any other side of the equation. I mean, a lot of companies that are struggling because their employees don't wanna work because they're afraid of getting exposed to the coronavirus. So you're kind of getting it on both ends but all of that's a diminution of income. So that's obviously gonna hurt your cash. And on the flip side, there's some good opportunities out there because a lot of that cash you use goes to cover overhead and other expenses. And most of the people that you're used to stroking a check to on a monthly basis are now open to having a discussion about changing those terms, making it easier for you to pay or deferring payments. I'll give you an example. We had some cars that we owned that were financed through Ally actually. And they have a program now that if you ask them they'll let you defer all car payments for four months. So we said, heck yeah, sign us up for that. They're expecting eventually you're gonna pay it but they're giving you a four month holiday from having to pay. I suspect there's gonna be some interest accruing but in the whole scheme of things, if you find that you can start paying it off before four months because things are going in a positive direction you can but you might need that money down the road for other things. Bank of America announced this morning that for consumers, for residential mortgages I think it's a three month holiday that they're offering everybody. You just gotta ask for it. And again, I assume that interest would be accruing but I don't recall a time in my lifetime where banks and lending institutions were behaving that way. This is different, when you say Liz. Oh absolutely, I've never seen this and all the years I've been doing it. I'm kind of in shock. Every time I turn around, somebody's saying that they got this payment deferred, this payment deferred and I'm like, what? You got what payment deferred? I mean, the president was on today saying our taxes aren't due until July 15th. What? When has that ever happened, right? Really? So I mean, we've been saying this the whole time, right? This has been going on a week and a half now. We've been saying this is, what's the word you've been using, Tom? Unprecedented. Yes, this is unprecedented. And I think this is just more of that. It's more proof that this is an unprecedented of time in history and we get to what's right. So, Hey, Catty. Hey, Catty, how about Katie? I'm reading what she said. I thought I'd go bankrupt, but thank God the financial institutions are working with us. Yeah. So I think that bankruptcy was looming large for a lot of small businesses. They were really in fear and a lot of people are having hope again. So, super awesome, I think. If you have any credit lines out there, you might wanna go ahead and pull cash out of them. And that might look like a home equity line of credit. If you've got that with money in it, I would go ahead and pull that money out and just put it somewhere. I wouldn't put it in the stock market and put it in some type of fixed income. And I wouldn't even be looking for interest because you're looking at something that's so low. It's just for all practical purposes, just put it in a checkbook savings account type deal. But you might need that later. And once you do that, go back around to the bank and say, if I'm not able, what deals, what terms are you gonna give me if I can't pay this back? We've been talking to, we've got some credit lines that we have out there and we've maxed all of them out, never going back and saying, hey, we might not have any money because we've lost all our customers. What are you gonna do with this? And the banks are just like, yeah, we're figuring that out ourselves, but we're gonna do something, don't worry about it. So we're kind of just trying to figure out out of all of the bills that we have to pay each month. We're believing that there's gonna be a lot of help out there for us to weather this storm. And we're gonna have to pay the bills eventually, but the banks aren't gonna get anything if they don't give us an opportunity to get back running again. And the other thing that we need to be looking at is what helps gonna be coming from small businesses and there's legislation that's, I mean, this couple of bills that I'm assuming the most recent one maybe was signed into law today and a lot of the more of that's on the things that we need to do for employees. And maybe we need to talk about that next week, but not today, but there's gonna be more relief coming for small businesses as well. And the small business administration is gonna be having loans to help. And I would be looking into that this weekend and figuring out what options you have and kind of start getting your numbers together to be able to start having those discussions since we're not gonna be cleaning a lot of homes next week. We're planning on spending some time working on that. I can just say that I am applying for an SBA loan I just think that right now any access that I can get to different monies is the smart move because I don't know what's gonna happen. I don't know where we're gonna be in six months a year, et cetera. So I'm applying for, I know a lot of people were saying, oh, is that good? I don't know, it doesn't seem like if you're a strong company or if you've been around a while that you would wanna do that, but along the same lines as your credit line. Yeah, I want to, I am. I'm not saying you should, but I'm saying I am. Hey, we've got Royce here. Hey Royce, you've been on a number of our calls. I appreciate your active participation. He's sharing that his mortgage company is giving a three month forbearance and that's just kind of a fancy term for a vacation. They're not gonna ask you to pay for it for three months. Which means, oh, in month four, you would owe four months of payments, but it could readjust at that time.  That like a balloon payment. Yeah. So that's a really good term we wanna be looking at. Forbearance, y'all. That is not the same thing as a deferral. Yeah, that's an arresting. But like you said, you get to that point and if you said, hey, I don't have that, but I can give you something. I'm sure they would be glad to have everything's negotiable at this point. If you've ever been to any of our workshops, especially when we're talking about contracts and rates and quotes and everything's negotiable and we're living in a world now where more so than ever, everything is negotiable and you're gonna ask for something and they're gonna offer you something and my advice is push back, ask for something more because the other option is, well, I can just close my doors and you get nothing. And at that point, you're in the driver's seat. I mean, it's truly, that's where things are now. We are in the driver's seat. So Tom, when we're talking about mortgages, I feel like you wanna be a little bit more careful when you're talking about your mortgage. Well, I would test it. I mean, there's a million things that happen before- Absolutely.  I just know that 2008 was kind of tough on a lot of people with their houses. Yeah. A lot of people lost their houses. This is gonna be different.  And I'm agreeing, this is totally different.  That's good advice. Just everything we're saying here is opinion and- And we don't agree on everything either. And if we don't agree and we're partners, right? What that means is don't just say, oh, well, they're saying it. Tom is saying this, that must be right. Or Liz is saying this, that must be right. And just go with it. No, do your own due diligence as well. And to be clear, the overarching objective is to pay back your creditors.  Your creditors don't want you to do that, but they're not gonna know you're doing it unless you tell them that's what's gonna happen. If you tell them we got two choices, if we work with me and I'll get you your money back, it might be a while, it might be a lot longer than what either one of us wanted, but they all understand why.  And, you know, or the other alternative is I'll give you every dollar I have now and that's the last dollar you're gonna get and it's not nearly what I owe you. Oh, sorry, Tom. Go ahead, please. And also the other piece of that is the government is stepping in to help. So the government is also understanding that this is outside of everyone's control, nobody was expecting it. And even if we had expected something along these lines, nobody was expecting that it was going to be as big, as bad, as scary as it currently is and looking to last for as long as it is. So we have the government assistance as well. So I know it looks like I'm kind of flip flopping here on what I'm saying, but I'm not. I'm just saying that when it comes to something like forbearance, where they're saying, yeah, we're not gonna charge you for three months, but then on the fourth month, you're gonna have to pay all four months. Don't just count on that with the idea of like, eh, no big deal, because in four months, I know we're still gonna be dealing with it. Now kick it down another four months and then I'll owe eight months because as those numbers compound, they get harder and harder and you don't wanna put yourself in a bad position with your mortgage, I would think. So, you know, look for better terms. No, negotiate like Tom was saying, negotiate better terms than this four months forbearance, if you can. I'm not shifting positions, just clarifying. Sorry, Tom. And they're talking about your home. I mean, some assets are worth more to you and others.  Just throw a couple of other objects in there. You need to kind of prioritize. It's like, well, if I'm gonna have to give one of these back to the bank, which one do I wanna, you know, which one do I wanna hold on to? Yeah, which one do I want the most? Yeah, absolutely. I see that we have another question here, Tom. Do you feel or think that credit cards won't be a feasible option for some? Ah, that's good. That's a good question. You know, I know recently, I guess up to the last month or so banks were really generous about giving away credit cards and making it really easy and you just go online and answer two or three questions and bam, you know, you get a credit card. They're probably gonna be tightening up on that. I can tell you from my experience in 2008, credit cards would reel in your line of credit with them. So if you had a credit card that, you know, you had like $30,000 line of credit on it, they would come back and say that, okay, we're gonna cut that down to 10. And there's a couple of reasons for that. And, you know, back in 08, the banks were what they call undercapitalized and they need more money in reserve. And it was, it gets a little bit technical, but if you had a $30,000 credit line and you weren't really using it, then they had to act like that whole $30,000 was out there when it really wasn't. So one of the ways they managed to start chopping those down, I don't know if we're gonna get back into that situation or not. So this kind of gets back to the credit line. I'm not really big about taking a credit card that's got some really, you know, obscene interest rate and borrowing money against it at some point, the numbers don't work. But if you've got credit lines out there, like, you know, a second mortgage on your home, for instance, you know, Liz raises a point, you borrow that, you might be putting your home at risk. But then again, you might find a situation that you can just turn right around and use that money to pay your mortgage down for a number of months. So there's a lot of ways of looking at that. And typically most of those notes are variable rate which would be really, really low at this point. Of course, there's a chance that interest rates could be going up in the months ahead too. There's a couple of schools of thought on that. And a lot of unknowns, because again, I'm precedented. Yeah. So a lot of unknowns. I do like the idea though of potentially borrowing against your mortgage, you know, taking out a second, maybe, especially if you know that your cash situation is maybe tenuous, then that might be a good idea. Again, just gonna have to play it by ear. I know that one thing about entrepreneurs is many times we tend to be, more tolerant of risk. We're used to just being out there and like risk in a lot to be able to build our businesses. So just a little bit of caution thrown out there, especially because we are entrepreneurs and we have a tendency to take on more risk than maybe it is wise at times. I don't know who's gauging wise and who gets to define it, but maybe some to look at. There was something else I wanted to talk about and I can't remember what it was. Oh, I know. Do you have any information, Tom, about the stimulus checks that are supposed to be going out and April and May? No, a lot of people are still being hatched out today and I've been a little bit preoccupied with some other things, but I'm planning on getting caught up on all of that this weekend. Somebody hit me up earlier today and wanted to know if I knew when the April, well, obviously when is April 6th, but how much that check was gonna be, who's getting it and how that whole thing was working. I was like, I'm not exactly sure, but we might talk about it on the call.  Let us know, I'd love to know. I keep saying call, but how about Facebook Live instead? Anybody in this on? What I did see yesterday, the bill had light layers in it. It was means tested and I think it was a dollar amount per adult and a smaller dollar amount per child and I guess what it'd be household income. Maybe it was individual income. I don't know, I exceeded 99,000 there was nothing, but it was designed to help the folks who really needed it the most, which is really what was intended and it's a good thing. And there's a lot of stuff being new around at the moment, but I'm not sure what's actually been passed into law yet and even once it becomes law, there's a lot of the details then that need to be fleshed out into regulations. We still aren't going to be sure how it's going to be implemented until we get more data. Amanda says she spoke to her attorney, nothing's been finalized, waiting for it to be finalized and hoping by Monday, we have answers. But that's almost about right. That's what we've been hearing. What else? What other kinds of questions do people have or other suggestions, other things that people have been doing to help with their financial situations right now? Anybody? You know, several other things I guess we need to be thinking about in the context of this. We need to be educating ourselves as to why assistance is available in your state and your local market for any of your employees that are displaced. We're using the term furlough, which means we're looking at this as a temporary thing and once the virus threat reaches an appropriate level, we're going to go back to work. What documentation do you need to give to your employees so they can qualify for unemployment? Those rules I think are being changed as well to make it easier for people to do that. And what it was? What's other? She was saying that she called her worker's comp, her general liability and car payments and she got help with all of those things. So that's good to know. I don't know that a lot of people would consider even thinking about worker's comp, right? And she got help with worker's comp, so that's good to know. Yeah, yeah, I mean, let's go. We were talking to our insurance agent today and he said that there's a lot of people who were talking to our insurance agent today and he said that something's coming, but they don't know what it is and every company's kind of doing it different, but it kind of falls on the thing about you, you know. Everybody out there that we are currently writing a check for wants us to succeed, wants us to continue to do business for a long time in the future and continue to write them checks. So to whatever extent they can work with us, they will. Heather's mentioning landlord as well, absolutely.   Yeah, there's options, because if I'm a property manager, I own a building and I'm probably financing that building with a bank, so whoever owns that building, that space has to be ready to check to the bank every month and they need, you know, your money to do that, but banks won't loan them money on that building unless they've got contracts saying that there's a certain amount of income being produced on that, because they have to typically refinance this commercial space on some regular basis, oftentimes like every five years and if their numbers are bad and they don't have enough space rented then refinancing becomes more difficult. They have that big balloon payment, they have to refinance. So under normal terms, landlords are really reluctant to negotiate lower rents because it jacks up their contract rates and puts them in a bad position with the bank, but I think all that's out the window right now. So thank you, Heather. Ask the question. Anybody you write a check to each month ask the question. Another thing that we're doing, if you're not writing a check to them, if they're doing a automatic sweep out of your checking account, we're turning all that mess off. We don't want any money going out of our checking accounts unless we are physically writing a check for it. We want to be able to control that. So if we need that money for something else then the whole idea of negotiating better terms is compromised if they're able to just take what they want out of your bank account each month. So you need to turn all that off. We've got quite a few questions here from Amanda. Let's see, I'm going to sort of read them real quick. She wants to know if there's a way to market to small businesses and other companies to disinfect. We talked a little bit about that yesterday. Might be easier for you to go and look at the Facebook Live from yesterday, Amanda, on that one. Is the cleaning and disinfecting of businesses and homes covered by insurance. This would be a win-win for us and the companies and homeowners. I hadn't thought of that. Haven't even heard that question yet. She also says we're starting to have the staff go in with Tyvek suits and use a 360 formula that has a kill claim. And then she also asks, what company do you go through hours won't? I'm guessing that she's talking about her general liability, okay, on that. I don't know, Amanda, what are you talking about? What company do we go through that yours won't? And then she has also Tom asking the question about the cleaning and disinfecting being covered by insurance. What do you think about that? I have not even heard that question pop up, have you? It's a consideration. And I guess it really depends on a lot of things. If you're being asked to go into a building, for instance, that had a known outbreak of the coronavirus, and this is happening, people are working in space and they get sick in the middle of the day and fever and start coughing up blood in some cases, then you gotta evacuate that building and then they're looking for people to clean that building. That's a special type of cleaning that requires some training and certification and some special insurance on your employees as well. So I don't know if that's what you're talking about or is this just general office space or some other space that people are just concerned and want to be extra safe. But you get to the point where you're putting on Tyvek suits, that usually implies that you're dealing with something hazardous. We have another business where we do painting, for instance, and every once in a while, we are working in a building that was painted prior to 1975, which means you have to assume it has lead-based paint. So if you're doing tear out and stuff like that, you have to get respirators and Tyvek suits and stuff like that. We got people trained for that, though. They take courses for that. And our insurance agent knows that we do that.  But it's kind of like if you tell them that you're cleaning homes and you wind up replacing roofs and somebody gets hurt, then that may be a problem because you never told them you were replacing roofs. So cleaning is, there's a whole spectrum of that, I guess. So the simple answer to your question, I would call my insurance agent and explain clearly what you were doing and then let them tell you what type of insurance you need.  I talked to my insurance agent probably a couple of times a month. I want them to know everything that we're doing because every once in a while it's like, wow, you're doing that? Well, have you considered blah, blah, blah? You realize if this happens, then you need to know some things that you don't know. It's like, OK, educate me. Your insurance agent can tell you a lot of things that we might not know. I know mine tells me things I don't know that after hearing it, I'm sure glad I brought it up. I'm always really glad that you're my partner because I don't like to talk to my insurance company. So I like that you do. And then you tell me stuff I don't know. That works out really well. Heather is giving a little bit more information. Her workers comp will be paid through the yearly audit. OK, that makes sense. General liability will push the amount due back 30 days. So you're still paying. You're just paying it 30 days out. And then car payments are adding an additional month to the term date. And that must do what hers are doing. Not everybody is just doing that. There are different terms. But that's what's happening for her. So that's all good info. Here's your name and payment file. Yeah, or another tip with the insurance. And again, you need to talk to your insurance agent. And say, hey, listen, I'm losing business and I need to conserve cash.  And they'll basically charge you each month for what you project those numbers to be. You can even, you know, you don't want to low ball it too much because at some point, at the end of the year, they're going to do an audit. And you'll have to make up the difference. If you don't have the cash now, but think you will at the end of the policy term, you can even give them a look. Maybe out of the spectrum of guesses, you could give them. You could give them the lowest guess that you could rationalize just to save your money up front. And you'll worry about the audit when the audit comes. And when it comes and you owe them money, you don't have it. You can have the discussion then. Again, everything's negotiable. I feel like that happened to me one year where my audit came in and I owed it a ton of money for some reason. I don't even remember why. I would say this is at least 10, maybe 15 years ago. And I ended up paying it off over the course of maybe three, four months. So I don't think it seemed to work out OK for me, even though it was a big chunk of change. I was like, what? That's a huge mistake right there. Oh, let's see. Amanda says, thank you. My attorney recommended that we go into business and clean every businesses and clean every surface with a disinfectant, not to market it as a hazmat for me, but simply going in and disinfecting and explain our process. The reason I am using the Tyvek suit is to protect everyone. Thank you. OK. I mean, if you're saying you're disinfecting and if you're actually using a disinfectant and if you're using it the way the instructions tell you you need to use it, not to be redundant. I've got a bottle of it around here somewhere, but most of them will tell you that you need to use some type of cleaner to remove the soil and then spray the disinfectant on the surface and then it needs to dwell for 10 minutes. And sometimes you wipe it off and sometimes you don't. But I know a lot of times people don't use the disinfectant that way. If you're spraying and wiping, it still has efficacy.  So that would be the only thing. If your marketing is disinfecting, I would encourage your people to just train them to make sure they are doing their best. Clean first, clean first. We are training all of our clients on this.  And then for anybody that doesn't have microfiber and because we really recommend the two microfiber system, anybody that doesn't have microfiber and disinfectant to reach out, we have a little kit that we're selling, two microfibers and four ounces of disinfectant that will make, I can't remember how many gallons, eight gallons or something like that of disinfectant. So that's a way to just get that message out of what you're doing that's different too. What's Heather say over here? Make sure you do your number checking when your audits come back and they say you own money. It can be audited or error. Just pay because they say you own money. Challenge it. I'm just saying you should probably have a situation. I'm just, I just had this image in my mind of being the auditor for Heather's business and how that whole dynamic and exercise would work. I bet that was fine. Heather is very meticulous and is very, you know, if it was a five dollar era that was not, you know, that was not in her favor, she would catch it. And I'm sure she was squeezing every bit of juice out of that because work is tough, but it's a lot of times there's some gray areas in terms of, if you know how they work, every position has a different, what they call scopes code, which implies, you know, what you pay per hundred dollars a payroll. So, you know, if I have a clerical job, my pay, my insurance is a lot less than if I'm a cleaning technician. And some people spend part of the time in the office and part of the time cleaning. So now you're kind of negotiating as to, you know, what rates should be applied to that person's payroll? There you go. Did you read what Heather said? Yeah. She's already grand and she only paid 800. You go girl. For you. There's not Katie's question, too. What are you selling that for, Liz? 40. Well, is it just me or has this been a long wait? Not just you, Tom. Yes, just making the labels on Avery. Yeah, it has been a really long week. And what you said earlier, Tom, is so true. Normally Fridays are like, gosh, I just wanna get to like five o'clock where I can feel like not a slacker to be off work.  Oh, please, please, please don't let anything bad happen over the weekend. Yeah, Amy, it's been a really long week. I know it's been a really long week for you. So, you're really hanging in there. You're hanging in there, Amy. Yeah. This is a temporary condition. And I'm looking forward. I think people are having a rough week. Yeah. Somewhere down the road, we're gonna have a really big party and we're gonna celebrate being on the other end. Yeah. I'm looking forward to that. Yeah, I'll be doing better. You know, I kinda look at this in a lot of ways. Like World War II, my son's really into history. We've had some discussions and I was telling him about, you know, there's a lot of people that are just kind of a rational fear. And he goes, yeah, he was kind of like being in England when Jeremy first started dropping bombs on him. And it's like, yeah, tell me about it. My son's name is Richard. And it was like explaining that, you know, initially everybody was kind of hunkered down on their basements and just everything just came to a standstill. And eventually it was like, well, crap, this is gonna keep happening. We gotta figure out how to live with this. We can't live in our basements forever. And if you know the story, I mean, they did some amazing things in spite of the fact that they had bombs dropping on their head randomly. And one day that whole war was over and if you've seen pictures, I mean, the celebrations of VE Day and all of that. I mean, that's gonna be us one day here, hopefully not too far in the future. But at the moment, we got some bombs coming in. So we're just gonna have to, you know, figure out how we crawl out from our bomb shelters and function in spite of that. And we're in a harder position right now because it's only probably been in this past week that we've realized, oh, you mean these are bombs? Oh, we need to bunker down, right? So, or hunker down, bunker down, whatever. I've heard both of those terms being thrown out this last week. So, you know, we're kind of early stages here expecting people to just be like, huh, business as usual now with the bombs coming in. It's a little bit early for that, but looking forward to it. Definitely looking forward to that coming. Let's say we're going to be too busy cleaning to party, Heather says. Again, good. I'm glad that the daily lives have been helpful. Now, not a whole lot we can do, but part of what we have always wanted to do is help the industry and help professionalize the industry. It's been our, that's been what we've been saying since we started doing this gig together. Tom, Derek, and I, and I think every single time we get together we have this conversation about professionalizing the industry and kind of making sure that trying to get everybody all on the same page and trying to get us all working to, again, make the, you know, build up the entire industry. So, this is just one more version of that and one more opportunity for our entire industry to be bigger, better, more than it has ever been in the past and to be seen in a bigger, better, more way than it ever has been in the past. So, we're kind of happy to do this. I kind of jumped on Tom's thing here. This is Tom's thing. And I was like, I'm just going to show up every week or every day and pour it in on this. Well, to be honest, this talk convinced me that this needed to be done. And the whole part of the discussion is that we've invested the last 20-some-odd years trying to make this industry a better place for the benefit of all stakeholders, you know, the clients that we serve and the hardworking people that go out there and actually, you know, do the hard work every day and business owners who put in the blood, sweat and tears and you guys know what that's about. And we were going to be going through some very disruptive times and everything was going to kind of be up in the air and you know, we need to try to help each other through all of that. So that's really kind of the point of this. And you know, in some small way where we hope that this is useful and when the pieces start coming back down, we want to do everything we can to help people put them together in a way to make this industry stronger than what it ever has been because the opportunity is going to be there. There's the way the consumer looks at cleaning is never going to change again. This is like 9-11 and the way people think about getting on an airplane is different now than what it was before 9-11. And the whole competitive forces is going to be different. You're going to look to your left and look to your right and where you used to have competitors, they're not going to be there anymore.  The reality is not everybody is going to be in the cleaning business six months from now that was in it last month. So, you know, for those of us who are here and trying to do it in the right way, we want to do everything we can. And that's kind of where we're sharing the stuff that we're sharing because we make the smart business moves now will be there several months from now when the bombs, you know, we learned how to function either the bombs start falling or we learned how to function with the bombs falling. And getting back to the whole heart of this discussion is about the whole financial side. You're going to need money to get your business jump started again. If you find yourself having to shut down and I think that we're seeing as time goes on, it's realistic to expect more and more communities and states are going to say, you guys just need to stay home for a while, lock up and let this virus pass. You're in some regards, it's going to look like a startup here and going to need working capital. Hopefully the SBA will be there to help with some of that but as much money as you could hold on to now that's going to put you in a better position to get your business started when that opportunity creates itself. Am I repeating myself, Liz? Not in a bad way, Tom. Okay. So, I mean, some messages we need to be hammering on and hitting, right? They're more important than others. So, we just got a message here in Washington, no stay-at-home order, you're in Washington. No stay-at-home order? Sweet. No stay-at-home order. I don't know, is it? Is it sweet? Yeah, I mean, I'm saying that at the same time I'm kind of wincing because, you know, it's paining out of the finger.  It's hard. Oh, you got the answer. I'm sorry, Tom. Liz, you know what I would normally doing on a Friday afternoon, right? I do, I do. So, this is your new kind of fishing, Tom. Yeah, it is. Thanks, Amy. You rock as well. Stick it out there, girl. Yeah, New York, all non-essential businesses we have to stop effective today. Yeah. Well, you think, you know, we'll, I think we should probably just keep our ear to the ground over the weekend. I know that people have different thoughts about that. I hear some people say they have to turn the news off to keep their sanity, and I get that. And if that's what gets you to Monday, certainly do it. I have this affliction that I just need to know. So I'll probably spend too much time on this, but that's okay. Well, we'll get together Monday and we'll pick it up from there. Five o'clock Eastern time. Five o'clock Eastern. Kathy, you're asking the $55 million question. You like that number there? We don't have a definition yet of what is an essential business. It's essential business is defined differently in different areas and just completely undefined in many areas. So, yeah, kind of, we don't have a good answer for you there, unfortunately. And which kind of gets into it begs the question, how do you even force that anyway? And we don't know. We're trying really hard to answer that question that people are enforcing it. What are they gonna know?  What are you doing? What do you think you're doing? What does the law say? What's written down? What could you reasonably be expected to know and believe? Yep, yep, Heather, money at five. I'm gonna do what I'm supposed to do and show you guys cleaning business today. I was testing Liz to see if she was going to remind me. I was gonna remind you that you're supposed to tell everybody what we're gonna talk about on Monday. Oh, okay, I can do that. What's going on here? Here we go. You know, on my side, I can't make comments, Tom. You can't make comments? Really? No. Okay. Now while we're in the live. Well, this is cleaning business today and cleanmissiday.com. We're gonna be, this is like an article that we put out the other week on the coronavirus. It's got some good stuff in here. How the virus has spread. Yeah, you don't wanna see that. How the virus has spread and some of the terminology that could be useful to you and explain to your clients how you're actually hoping to reduce the chance of them contracting a pathogen like coronavirus. A lot of the materials that we've been putting out here is on a link, which is coronavirus-downloads.com. And I'm gonna copy that since I can do a comment. And I'm gonna put that thing right there. Oh, and it looks like Shara came in, right? As we're getting ready to leave. I don't know if that's how you pronounce your name, Shara, but that is my daughter's name as well. And that's how we pronounce it. So, sorry, go back and read through stuff and I probably have to watch that live because we are getting ready to head out for the weekend as soon as Tom tells us what we'll be talking about on Monday. I had that all figured out. You did. You did. It's good. It's gonna be something good. And all of this is kind of subject to change too, depending upon what happens between all and Monday. We were gonna talk about public relations opportunities. Oh, yeah. And, you know, the press is starving for information on the coronavirus and how to make protect people and just anything about the coronavirus. You can't turn the news on the TV on, you know, go to the internet, whatever. It's all about coronavirus and they need contact. So this is an opportunity for cleaning business owners to be subject matter experts, to be interviewed, to get back links for our website, to get more local recognition and PR for your businesses. So we're gonna talk about some of those opportunities and techniques on Monday. And also, go ahead, Tom. And also, you know, a recap of some of the things that we learn over the weekend.  Make sure that you do know the correct terms and you understand how everything works and you can share a really great message there. All right? Okay, guys. Well, we've been here for almost an hour. Hope this is useful. Get some rest this weekend. You know, this is gonna be a long race. So we will be at this a while. Be safe. You guys, we'll see you Monday at five. Bye-bye.


So, starting with the introduction, amylans hernia is a rare type of inguinal hernia in which the appendix is located within the hernia sac. This is seen in about 1% of all hernias in even more rare in adult population. Preoperative diagnosis is reported in only a handful of the cases previously. Delaying the diagnosis could lead to inflammation of the appendix and subsequent perforation and abscess formation. Surgical management can change when the surgeon finds the presence of an inflamed appendix within the hernia sac. Therefore, preoperative diagnosis of amylan hernia can be made with CT through which imaging will play an important role in surgical management. So, the objective of the study is to demonstrate a rare case of uncomplicated amylan hernia in a 62-year-old male. So, starting with the history of presenting illness, this 62-year-old male came to the emergency department with complaints of pain and swelling in the right inguinal region since one month, which was aggravated since last five to six days. He was a known case of chronic kidney disease. On clinical examination, they diagnosed him with indirect right in venous root of hernia. Since the pain was disproportionately more, they decided to go ahead with a CT scan before taking the patient for surgery. Since the patient was a known case of chronic kidney disease, they couldn't go ahead with the contrast study, only plain abdominal scan was done. So, these are axial images of the dominant pelvis. We can see the isle and sequo junction. This is the cecum. This is the isle and loom occupying the right isle region. As we go further down, we can see moderate degree fluid in the abdominal pelvis, which can be attributed to the kidney disease. And we can see the cecum occupying the right alex fossa. Moving further down, we can see appendix with interluminal air and acetic fluid going into the right inguinal hernia sac. Moving further down, we can appreciate the right inguinal hernia with the appendix. Last image, we can see the acetic fluid within the hernia sac. On coronal images, we can appreciate the findings clearly. This is the isle and sequo junction, and this is the appendix, which is seen going right into the right inguinal hernia sac. We also did ultrasound in this patient, in which we could clearly see the appendix going into the hernia sac. There were no signs of inflammation. Even the maximum diameter was coming out to be 4.5 mm only. We can also see one tiny appendicle is within it. So, coming to the discussion, inguinal hernia is the most common type of hernia. The contents of the hernia sac may vary from case to case. In most of the cases, the content is momentum, with or without small bubble loops. Aminah hernia, or presence of appendix within the inguinal hernia sac, is rare. The incidence of one person, for the presence of inflamed appendix within the hernia sac is very rare, with an incidence of 0.1%. There is an increased intensity to develop appendicitis if the neck of the sac is small, which could lead to compression of the appendix at the level of the neck. There is increased propensity, also if there is impaired vascular supply leading to infection. There are many different types of unusual hernias. The presence of mecal diverticulum within the hernia sac is called Litter's hernia. The presence of the portion of the bubble wall within the hernia sac is called Prister's hernia. And presence of appendix within the femoral canal is called Degarand goat hernia. Similar to our case, aminah hernia is usually found in the right side, is more common in males and more commonly present as indirect nidivinus goat hernia. Although aminah hernia would be mostly seen in the right side due to presence of an appendix on the right side, left side aminah hernias have also been reported in the past. This can occur due to gut malrotation, sinus inversions and a very mobile seqil. Aminah hernia is three times more likely to be seen in pediatric population than adult population with the presence of patent processes vaginalis. Aminah hernia is classified into four types based on the presence of pendicular inflammation, associated peritonitis or any other abnormal pathology, biolosanoc and basal. Surgical management depends upon the type of aminah hernia. Typhon is normal appendix in an inguinal hernia sac. Type 2 is acute appendicitis in an inguinal hernia without abnormal sepsis. Type 3 is acute appendicitis in an inguinal hernia with abdominal wall or peritoneal sepsis. And type 4 is acute appendicitis in an inguinal hernia with abnormal pathology. In type 1 we only do hernia reduction and mesh repair. In type 2 we do appendicectomy and prime repair of the hernia without mesh. In type 3 we do leprotomy, appendicectomy and prime repair without mesh. And type 4 manages type 1 to 3 and investigates pathology as needed. So imaging plays an important role in diagnosing aminah hernia. The ultrasound features of aminah hernia are present of a non-compressible dilated blind and in bowel loop with a luminal diameter of more than 7.2m within the inguinal canal with or without surrounding inflammation. With CT signs of aminah hernia are the presence of appendix within an inguinal canal without or with inflammation. Signs of the inflamed appendix are increased luminal diameter with associated periapendicill fat stranding and fluid collection, associated secal thickness and presence of appendicolith in few cases. The preoperative diagnosis of aminah hernia has contributed to not only a handful of the cases, most of the time it is diagnosed intraoperatively. The reason for this is preoperative imaging investigations are not routinely requested by the surgeons, but preoperative CT can give valuable information regarding the contents of the hernia cycle. Various complications of aminah hernia have been reported in the literature. Examples of such cases previously reported being abdominal abscess, secondary to a perforated appendix, perforated appendix with a periapendicill abscess, incarcerated after dieting one hernia containing a perforated appendix along with an inflamed right testicle and somatic clot. Therefore, the surgeons should be aware of such complications. Preoperative CT scans could be done routinely to rule out complications and help in further management. So, concluding, preoperative CT abdomen pelvis can diagnose aminah hernia with certainty to rule out complications and guide the surgeon in planning the operation. These are the references which I used. Thank you.