It's just as sealing into the environment agency and I'll be coming over and just Miss acabar that it is speaking about the lecture that has started only on Friday. So I hope you haven't been thinking about the environment agency�ה ty wrong and that has been done to the other issue. Thank you. You haven't heard me talk yet. Sir, thank you very much for letting me go here and talk to you about our open data journey. I expect, over the course of the next 20 minutes or so, Mae'n dda'n meddwl yn ei wneud i gael, ond rwy'n meddwl i'r hunain. Rwy'n meddwl i'r hyn.  Mae hwn yma yma wedi gweld i'r hynny, i'w wneud, a'r hyn yn ei ddim.  Felly, mae gennym o'r ystyried o enghreiffton, ac mae gennym o'r perffeydd yn cenderfynu'r gyfyrdd rwythbeth. Felly, ond y cyfryd ymgyrch yn ei ddweud. Felly, mae gennym 10600 o'r ymdweud, ac mae gennym o'r ymdweud. Mae gennym o'r llwybr, o'r llythbeth yn Brystel, o'r llythbeth yn London, ac mae gennym o'r llythbeth o'r llythbeth allan i'r llythbeth. Mae'n gwybod yw tu wedi cael ei meddwl i'r ymwysig a'r ymdwynd. We look after water quality in rivers and we look after water resources, so abstractions. We do things like drought. We also look after fisheries and you may come across us looking after and being involved in flooding. All of that activity is underpinned by data and information. That's what powers our organisation and helps us make the decisions we need to make. So, who am I and why am I here? I've been in the Environment Agency since 1998 and I know I don't look old enough. It's the water quality that keeps me looking young. I started off throwing buckets in rivers and wandering around landfill sites and collecting data from the environment. I moved through to analysing it and using it to do reporting and targeting our activities. More recently, well, since 2001, I've been involved in sharing our data with third parties. So, that's actively going out and working with other people for them to use our data and information. I manage a team, so Open Data Manager is kind of like my new job title. The team that I manage within the organisation is the team that has been responsible for commercialising environment agency data, so making revenue from the environment agency data and information. I thought this wasn't going to work. So, I know you can't read this one because when I tested it on here, it didn't come up. So, what I'm going to take you through over the next little bit of time is three sort of three bits on our Open Data journey. I've kind of added the third one very recently in light of some of the stuff that's been in the press over the last week that you might have come across. So, what I've called our Open Data incident, how we've made decisions around Open Data and then what the future looks like for us. I should have said it earlier on. If any of you have got any questions or something I say is not clear, just shout out at any point. So, in the past, well, since 1997 actually, we've been sharing our data and information from a central point widely for people to incorporate into products and services. That was in response to companies coming into our local offices and effectively photocopying records and then digitising them themselves and creating products off the back of it. We should be doing this ourselves. One of the fundamental premises that we were doing then is that we should recover some revenue from that. We should charge people for accessing and using our information to make their environmental decisions. It fitted with the government policy at the time, so we've basically been charging for data since 1997. Initially, it was everyone, so public, private, commercial, non-commercial, we would charge. The only exception was if it was a very, very, very small bit of data for your individual locality, so a national dataset we would charge for. In 2010, we changed that to only charging people for the commercial use of our data. So we now receive about £6 million worth of revenue per year from people using our data in products and services, predominantly conveyancing. So if you do a property search report or get a property search report when you're buying and selling a house invariably it will have our data in it and we get paid a royalty for that. Alongside that, and this is the balancing bit, we've been exploring open data. What I mean by that is we've been releasing some of our less valuable in terms of we didn't think we could get a revenue from it data as open data for a reasonable amount of time. And with one notable exception, which is the bathing water data, which we've released I think now for five years or so as linked open data. So there's products and services built on that and from the start that was designed to be free. So we've been kind of dabbling, but very much focused on making some revenue. One of the reasons, well one of the other reasons that we went down that route is for us the contractual relationship that we had with the people using our data was really important. We were worried that people, if they took our data just incorporated it and we had no control over what they were doing, they would use the wrong data, the wrong information. It wouldn't be shown in a way that was appropriate to what they'd been given. So that kind of one-to-one relationship with the people using our data was important. And all of that approach was in line with a piece of government policy called the wider markets initiative which encouraged government bodies and departments to sell spare irreducible capacity for us data to make that revenue to support extra activities. So we weren't doing anything wrong. However, you may remember Christmas 2013 to May time 2014 we had a period of unusual weather activity. It started in December with a storm surge which was a body of water coming down the North Sea funneling into the bottom end of the North Sea in the Thames Estuary which was bigger than the 1953 storm surge which killed 300 people. So we were pretty worried about that and we put in place quite a lot of activity to make sure that that 300 deaths kind of scenario didn't happen again. Following on pretty much straight after that was a series of low-weather systems coming in from the Atlantic that we were just one after another and I think that there was nine or ten over that period that just came in and just chucked a load of rain on the country. Lots of wind, you remember the railway in Dawlish washing away, you remember scenes of flooding all over the country really. One of the reasons I've got notes is to remember the stats that I've got here now. So over that period we issued 50 severe flood warnings which is the top level flood warning that we issued. We don't do it very often because effectively when we say severe flood warning we're expecting people to immediately grab their stuff and ship out. So 50 is quite a lot. You can see it there at this point so the number at the top left there is two. That's two severe flood warnings at that point and you can kind of see the proportion. We're starting to alert people and there's a kind of like an order of magnitude shift. 8,000 properties flooded in that period, December through to May. 200,000 properties were protected by our flood defence assets. We closed the Thames Barrier more than 25 times in that period to manage the water flow in effect. Just to put that into context, the Thames Barrier opened in the 70s and in total over its entire life it's only shut 175 times operationally. To actually do flood risk management. So last year it was exceptional. However, the floods in 2007 were not over the same kind of period but were much, much worse in terms of impact. 13 people died and 40,000 properties were flooded in 2007. So why am I talking about this? This incident for us was not just a flooding incident, it became a political incident as well. The Somerset Moors and Levels story about flooding and dredging rivers in Somerset just became a massive political story. This led us to having what I'm calling our data incident. So alongside the flooding incident there was a data incident in the background. We got a phone call and it literally was a phone call at 4pm on a Friday. It happened to be Valentine's Day inviting us to open up our live flood warnings data which was a closed data product for a hack event on the Sunday. Bear in mind that the infrastructure we built to distribute our live flood warnings was completely and utterly behind our firewall. So we couldn't just flick a switch. We basically had to beg, borrow and steal resources to help us deliver that particular requirement. I've written down here a need to say there's lots of people internally that and we had a lot of help from a company called Shoot Hill in getting us through that particular period and that bit of the incident. Without it, we would never have got the data open by that Sunday. At that point, because it was Friday evening to Sunday, we said the data would be open for three months. However, it was unrealistic ever to think that after three months we'd shut it down again and lock it all back up again. Once the cat was out of the bag, that was it. So this fundamentally changed our approach. Although it didn't seem like it at the time, it changed our approach on how we thought about data and information. In as much as I mentioned contractual controls, one-to-one relationships to make sure that data is being used appropriately, if we can open up our live flood warning data, which let's be honest, if we get it wrong or people are using wrong information, there's a potential risk to life, if we can open that up, we can pretty much open anything up, can't we? So the only thing stopping us then is revenue and our structure. So we made a commitment in May at the end of this flooding event, which is coincidental, that we were going to become an open data organisation. So the first big change, now bear in mind that we've been doing open data for a while, the first big change was the release of this data product in December, which is what was known as the National Flood Risk Assessment Database. It's now known as the Risk of Flooding from Rivers of Sea Database. Why we changed the name, I'm still unclear, but we did. Between May and December, we were experiencing the long tail of the data incident. So flooding had stopped, we were obviously still recovering, doing lots and lots of work in terms of recovering from the flooding incident, but this was still going on. And the reason this was, we were still dealing with the request to change our data to open data as an incident, so effectively we were working in a tactical way. There were stacks and stacks of political interest in what we were doing, because obviously the flooding's there in the back of the mind when you're opening up your flood data. What are you going to do next? So we took a kind of project approach to dealing with it, which, on reflection, looking back, caused us more problems than it was worth, because what it did is it set a hair organisation that we would need lots of resources to become an open data organisation. We've got this data set here, how are we going to make that open data? How much is it going to cost us? How much do we have to invest? So that was all going on in the background, lots of politics, lots of internal conversations. Alongside which, we were working with Cabinet Office, Cabinet Office were putting pressure on us, or working with us, encouraging us, to release the National Flood Risk Assessment as open data. There's a lot of work involved in that, explaining to people in the Cabinet Office what it was they were asking for, working through what the implications were, and then working through how we are actually going to deliver it. It was December the 16th, I think, that we actually released this particular data set as open data, and I think we were surprised and relatively happy about the rapid proliferation of products that were built off the back of it, that we thought would happen. So us in the data world thought these products would develop. I think the rest of the business was kind of a little bit more unsure. This was quite a significant moment. This data set was a million pound a year data set to us. So flipping it over switched off a million pound of revenue. So it was quite a big deal. It showed that we could do it. It was quite a big moment. Alongside all of this going on, we were setting up a thing called the Environment Agency Data Advisory Group. So as part of our open data journey we were committed to getting the user voice heard. I'll come back to that in a bit. It was just before that release that we appointed Tom Smith as our independent chair, and I think our first meeting was just after, or just before, just after, around the same time. So that was the end of part one. Moving into the end of part two, so the start of part two, sorry, I think the release of NAFRA was effectively the end of that incident phase. We basically, given up that one million pounds worth of revenue, that reduced the political pressure on us quite a lot. We could be then seen to be playing ball with this open data agenda. It gave us the ability to stop and think for a bit, draw breath, work out, right? This is interesting. What are we going to do next? The two things that were important to me were making sure that we started to adaption because whilst open data wasn't a project and it wasn't going to be a massive additional burden, we did need to adapt how we did things to make sure that we were going to be able to do open data properly going forward. Alongside that, it was really important to maintain momentum. The pressure externally from Cabinet Office kept everybody very interested. It made the decision to make NAFRA open data very easy in as much as the pressure was there. As soon as the pressure comes off, it was, how do we maintain this? This is where the data advisory group, I think, started to play its first key role by having the user perspective engaged. These are people that are pretty reasonable and pretty balanced in the main, although they believe in open data. Ellen's laughing at me. On our site, we've got a group of people who represent our users. They're not just the people that we know, they represent a cross-section of people who are interested in advising us and helping steer us through this journey. My executive director, Miranda Kavanaugh, comes to that group and hears what the users are having to say about data, what we're doing, our approach and how we're moving forwards. Through that forum, I think steady pressure has been maintained on us to keep stepping forward every meeting that there is. Miranda's interested to make sure that we've actually moved forward and we've delivered what we've said we're going to do and we've got some good news to be sharing. So it's back to normal. We've got some time. We start planning. We start thinking about what's next. Working with the advisory group and our internal data owners, who we call custodians, for what reason I don't know, but that's the word that we use, we started prioritising across our entire data portfolio. So we've got 1700 defined data sets recorded for us in the environment agency. Some of those we know a lot more about than others. Some might be just a line on a spreadsheet saying it's this and we don't know what it is. There's about 300, 400 that we've got really tightly defined that we understand. We know the attribution. We know what we can do with it. We know where it is. Obviously that moving those lock, stock and barrel to open data and distributing, sharing them, putting all the infrastructure around them was quite a daunting task. So working with the advisory group and the custodians, we started to prioritise. So what was important to the users, but equally, what did the custodians internally think would be important to us in delivering our environmental objectives? So this is not just a journey about somebody's asking us for open data. We'd better do it. It's much more, how can this work for us? From that long list of 1700 and the short list of, I think it was a couple of 100, we ended up getting down to sort of like the top five. And with those top five, we can then start working through what are the obstacles? What are the barriers? What do we need to do? Who do we need to bring with us? Who do we need to convince in a much more targeted manner? Because obviously when you've got a big wardrobe data, it's really difficult to engage with all the right people all the time. Working with the advisory group here was really important because our thinking and discussions were done in public in effect. So the information was shared. It's been published on the advisory group blog and the addresses at the end of this presentation if you want to look at it. So by being transparent in that way, we showed the commitment that we were actually taking this seriously and we were moving forward. And again this gave us more time to breathe, to actually do it properly and put in place the right kind of process to get through. I've drawn a little picture on my notes here of an elephant because there's an elephant in the room through all of this, and I think it was one of the first things that was said when we started talking about prioritisation is we already know what the most important data is. It's the stuff that people pay for. Get that out open first. It's like, right, okay. That's a fair comment. So Charge 4 is our high impact data. It's our high value data because people have paid for it over decades now. So we know that that's the most important stuff. We had to come up with and we were still working on a credible plan to migrate our Charge 4 data to open data. The reason we need to plan, and it's not just like that, is to give up £5 million worth of revenue because bearing in mind, naffra's gone now so it's gone down by £1 million is quite a significant thing to do when everywhere else is driving austerity through. So there's not enough money in the public sector. Everybody else is, you know, we're all cutting, cutting back, retrenching and there's a £500 million, sorry, not £500 million, as if, £500 million pot of money that we're just going to go. No, thanks. Quite a bit of a journey to bring people on there. But we've got there. So a month and a third of June this year, I took a paper to our executive directors team. So that's the top of the organisation in effect. That group's chaired by our chief executive and that paper had two key bits to it, which is it outlined a transition plan and got them to agree to a transition plan that all of our charge for data would be open data by April 2018 with two steps in between. So effectively a third of the money would be given up next April, a third of the money would be given up April 17 and everything else goes April 18 and after that we don't charge for data anymore. The reason for doing it like that was it was just too much to swallow in one hit to give up the £5 million. But this picture illustrates the other part of the decision that was made that day, which was that all of our LiDAR data, which I think it referred to say the feedback has been probably our most important data set in terms of its multiple uses by multiple people, will be made open on 1 September this year. It's just worth reflecting on the discussion that happened in that room about that decision. So there it was on the piece of paper that I'd written with some help from other people. I'll claim a credit. Outlining how we will be giving up a significant revenue stream from this very, very valuable data set and we'll just give it away. And the start of the discussion was pretty much about how much does it cost us to collect all this stuff? Why on earth would we give this to people like the Ordnance Survey who are then going to make money off the back of it? Why would we do that? It's mad. But then I introduced the conversation or steered the conversation towards what would the impact of making that data open be on that area operational staff? So these are the guys that sit in the area all around the country. If a developer wants to build right next to a river, they have to do a flood risk assessment. They send that flood risk assessment into the area guide. They then need to go through it and check whether the model that they've used is correct. We agree with it, whether the proposals that they've made and mitigate flood are OK. And then they approve or say no chance. At the moment, the data that people use to do flood modelling is not just from the environment agency. There are a multitude of people that do flood modelling in this country. So they could be using data from any source. I can pretty much guarantee you that they won't be using this data to produce those flood models. So the argument that I put to the executive team is by making this data free, those flood models will be improved by using the best quality height data rather than stuff which is at one metre or two metre resolution. Some of this is 25 centimetre resolution. That makes the people in the area's job easier. They know that the models are built on the best data. They will then, it will be easier to trust them and therefore it will save us a bit of time and a bit of effort. So by making the point that this is not a completely altruistic gesture, we're not just giving it up for the good of the world, but actually it has a direct, significant environment agency benefit. They just went, well, we'll do it then. It was pretty much a turn round like that. On the basis that we would get benefit, even if it wasn't monitoring. What that decision a month ago gave was me and my team a mandate to start implementing some of the changes that we need and putting in place the plans. So, on to stage three. And this is the bit that I've had to work through over the last month or so, in particular over the last week, just to make sure it tallies with what's been going on. We need to change the culture of our organisation. At the moment, if we're building data or we're coming up with the idea for a new product, we work very much in a silo. We are the user community for that data. We build it for us. We might be building something for somebody else, but then we will only speak to that somebody else. So, for example, the insurers. We might speak to the insurers about what they want, but we pretty much focus on what we think. We need to start changing how people see themselves, so we start to see ourselves as part of the user community. What this is, is part of that kind of first step. This is our new data strategy in the environment agency. And when I say this is it, this is it, seven words. So, this is a distillation down of a 15-page document, which then became a five-page document, which is now seven words. In this room, you'll read these four words across the bottom, and they'll mean slightly different things to everybody. If I set you what does our data is valued mean to you, you'll give me an answer. Well, that means that people are using it to make the right kind of decisions or whatever. What I can guarantee is all of the answers will be a little bit different, but they'll all be pretty much on the money of what I think to, you know, within the broad gambit of what data is valued is all about. So, we want people to actually feel what the data strategy is rather than tell them what the words mean and tell them what it means to them. So actually, by having these words interpreted in your own mind, it's much more likely to stick, you're much more likely to believe it, and then you're much more likely to act on the back of it. So, that's your own interpretation. I don't tell you what it is. Hanging off this is our governance framework. That's where we start to use things like the environment agency's maturity model. We started recently just done the Open Data Institute maturity model. Using both of those as tools, we're starting, we've obviously benchmarked ourselves, and we're now starting to refine our approaches and process to data management, both on the basic data management side, and also sort of preparing for open data within all of that. The idea is to move from this kind of siloed approach to be much more holistic in how we think about data, the users, and the final use of it.  And then we'll go up to them and say, well, so and so has asked for that. Can we share it? And we'll look back through all of the processes that they followed and the licenses for the data that's come in, and find, oh, no, no, you can't. We do that check at the end. Part of this culture change is we need to build a process, which I've nicked from a person called Lisa Allen, this term, our prep prepare to share process. And that is working with people that are building data right at the start to make sure that all the way through, all the decisions that they're making, they're thinking, can I share this thing at the end? My little advert is Lisa and I have written a blog which is going to go on the ODI website on Monday, hopefully. Well, I said I don't go on Monday. So there's more information on how we're going to use the maturity models to actually shape our work on that blog. So have a look at that. It's not just about an internal change. Back to the data advisory group. We need to utilise the data advisory group, not just to tell us what they think we should be doing, not just to prioritise our data, but to actually be the stakeholder group that we've never had. So quite often we'd come up with a project, and part of that project plan is you need to engage with stakeholders to find out what they want. So we'll go and speak to the people who we know what we're using the data or we've worked with before, and they will tell us exactly what we want to hear. Yeah, we need a new map. Go and build us a new map, hurrah! Well, actually, that's not what's needed at all. So we need to find a way to combine our business needs with the user needs, combine our business users with the wider user community to actually understand what people as well as us want to see if that can be built into what we do. Fundamentally, the most important users, frankly, are us because we're collecting, creating, using data to do our job, but we can consider this group. There's no reason why we can't, and the data advisory group and other groups that we already network with can actually provide that input usefully. An example of where this has worked already is during that flood event that I mentioned last year, you may have seen, it was on Sky News, on BBC News, on our website, the live flood map that Shoot Hill had built. We got a copy of that on our website, and we were looking to replace it, and the reason we were looking to replace it is because it was hooked in through our firewall and we wanted to build something that we were in control of. But we were looking to replace it, and we started off, well, we need a new flood map on our website, don't we? But we did, we followed the GDS user story approach, went out properly, consulted proper users rather than the people that we knew, and basically the feedback was, we don't care about a map, we just want to know if where I am now is going to flood. That's all I want to know. So if you go on to the website on gov.uk now, which relates to live flood warning, the first bit you see is do a search, find out if you're at risk of flooding. You can get to a map, but the first bit is that engagement. There's a link to that at the end as well, so you can have a look at that. The next bit is about trusting these people. We've been grown up as a teleorganisation, populated with experts, with data experts. We know what we're talking about. We do rainfall, we do weather, we do hydrometry, we do all that stuff. So we can tell you what you need. The change that we need to sort of move through is actually over the last 10 years, there's a whole group as shown here of people who know how to do data as well. It's not just us anymore. We need to trust people that they can, if we just give them the raw data that we hold, that they can do something with it, they will understand what it's suitable for, if they read the materials we provide with it and they can be trusted to do sensible stuff. Any poor use will be spotted, outed and discredited, rather than policed by us. So, what else? This was me on a cooler day, and I don't mean I was cooler, I mean the temperature. Doing more of this, talking to people about what is the journey that we've been on. It's actually providing the resource of our experience to others. So across government, people are at different stages embarking on or well on this journey. So I've been to talk to, this was the inside government seminar, back it, I think it was at March, did in March. I've spoken to OFCOM, just done stuff with DEFRA, Centre of Ecology and Hydrology, British Geological Survey, Ordnance Survey, about what have we gone through on our open data journey, what's important. And it's not just the stuff that you would imagine. Had a really interesting discussion with OFCOM about how you work with lawyers. It was a fascinating discussion. So, more of that. And kind of to conclude really, the future is, open is just how we are. So we've got this plan, we've got to follow the plan through and we've got to get there. And then, hopefully, where our Secretary of State gave a speech talking about DEFRA opening up 8,000 data sets. We're now part of the project that he's looking at, how we're going to do that. Sharing our experience into that project. It's an ambitious target, but I think it's an achievable target because the will of the top is there. And that's the critical bit. Up until now it's been very much the data geeks, no offence intended of course. Data geeks, very much believing in this and trying to push the agenda. Now we've got somebody who's basically the top of the whole show telling us that this is what we're going to do. We're going to be sticking with our current plan because DEFRA have said they're happy with our current plan, so that is moving our data open as quickly as possible and the charge for data by April 2018 all being open. So that's the plan and we're going to be sticking with that, but this is where we're going. The kind of final bit, so what's the next, when I do this presentation in another year what's the next bit of the journey and I think that's going to be the most interesting bit because that's working out who, how and when we start to work in partnership with other people. So rather than thinking we need to build things ourselves or think that we're the only people that know how to do stuff, when the resource, our data is open people already be getting ideas and thinking about how to develop stuff which will actually help us. How we pick and work with different people is going to be the next big challenge because there's going to be lots of stuff out there. How to use open data to better deliver our organisation outcomes. And that's kind of where I want to end.


Today we figure out if you'd rather have a booster box or loose packs What's up guys we're back with another video today We'll be opening a booster box of cross souls and then we'll be opening 24 packs of dark wing blasts You might ask that's kind of random stuff. Why are we doing this? You saw the intro I want to find out if you're gonna pull more foils or high rarity cars out of loose packs Or out of a booster box So these are actually different errors and stuff like that But we always talk about this with blister packs and loose packs They're more fun to open because you don't know what you're gonna get are you gonna get more foils You might get less foils you don't have a set ratio like you do in a booster box So we're gonna find out today Would we rather have a cross souls box or dark wing blasts 24 packs of loose packs? And I want to shout out team Sakurasu. He sent me this cross souls booster box He wanted me to shout out his channel. He does market watch new set release videos We're like their leads like the starlight exotic and stuff like that He does videos about that and discussion videos. So all that kind of stuff is on his channel It will be linked in the description. Go check it out. Thank him for sending us this booster box If it has to go sure you got to thank him twice. We said that right now. So let's get right into it We do have a giveaway. I'll be giving away. I think this is 12 packs of dark wing blasts So if we pull some amazing here, you have your own chance on the giveaway So like the video be subscribed turn on notifications. Let's hop into it Let's see which is better the cross souls booster box or the loose pack booster box All right, let's crack this box open and let's make our sealed booster box into loose packs Even though they're really not loose packs because they came from a sealed box. So let's see which will win Let me know in the comments what you think is gonna win We're going based on number of foils not value because value It's it's a lot different based on the newer set versus like an older set It could you know, it's all over the place, but we will have a value counter up just for fun 48 pack opening today. Let's see what we can get dark wing blast. Let's see if we can pull I mean we know there's big ultra and big super in the set So that's why I'm opening more of this just because there's a lot of value potential and I had some more at loose packs laying around So I figured we might as well do it to your elements heartbeat We got the catalyzer hot rod and we pulled ooh an ultra rare right off the bat That is onto our foil counter. Very nice. Yeah, they there so yeah We've had great luck with dark wing blasts if you guys didn't see the video with semo Make sure you guys go watch that one that one was insane. It was absolutely amazing in terms of value In terms of what we pulled so we have a super every samurai big or agi We've got the rival rebounder phantom griffin very cool You'll send you kodam abyss stung ray also very nice the super every samurai Diesiversity edgem saw and raid raptor a revolution Falcon yet So there are no guaranteed foils in this because this is an older box Which is always fun when you're not guaranteed a foil, but dark wing blast Of course you are cuz it's a very new set two sets ago I believe no three sets at this point. Wow, there's been three sets since dark wing blast That's crazy. We've got the maiden of the aqua reprint to barry They've been really hammering out the sets this year it feels like lots of sets But there's a lot of good ones in the year ogre and we got the ninja to art the showdown Soul scissors and a bestial serenair not the bestial we're looking for doesn't count as foil because it's guaranteed All right, so we've started off with one ultra so far not bad cross souls Make sure you guys do go check out team Sakurasa. We have done a video from him before I think we pulled like a Wrong Patrick there's a super rare unexpected died this card was like a $10 super until I got a recent reprint So it's probably only a couple bucks now, but that's still pretty good unexpected die We got to remember it's three from the back for these and there's a bar bar middle branch of the burning abyss Do you have burning abyss still playable? Not let's keep it going. Yeah, and as I was saying check him out Go give his you know his most recent video a view if you guys like it then you know consider subscribing Check him out freki and we always got to thank him for sending us stuff to open on video I love when people do that because awesome content free content You guys know I love free content because I'm posting every day a lot of videos. Oh and I cashed here a unicorn very nice It's not the 60, but I think this one's around 20. So that's still a card right there very solid pull We will take that awesome. Okay cross souls. No, not the body buddies You think he sent that on purpose? He sent the body buddies just so I'd have to open it Zephyr core All right, we got we're gonna have to see it again. Oh future putting body buddies This is a throwback because this is when we were opening a ton of this set And I saw this card so many times but that was like 2020. That was a long time ago Zephyr a gem saw We've got a Zephyr newbie secret of the angzing and you'll send you a codon. All right, no foil there. That's okay The body buddies man what in the world? All right, let's keep it going. So so far what it's one to one notes two to two to one two to one We've bought three foils already at least higher rarity cards. I should say secret arts We've got oh black wing soodry the phantom glimmer soodry sudry I don't know so that's three for darkwing blasted the random packs random packs really showing why we like them I don't know. I know a lot of you guys would be rooting for the random packs as you guys like them as well Fulfill sheep statue of anguish pattern. That is a classic. What's his name card the trap monsters We've got a fight for factory a doom dog octhros. All right fight for fusion and Is that rocks a flame beast of the neck rolls? All right, so there is pretty much a set number We're gonna get from crossholes. There's like usually a variance of like one, you know One different foil that you might be off by the loose packs I mean we pulled three already, but we can go completely dead just pull zero which would be unfortunate Tram it scream. We got the scareclaw twin saw. Oh, no The rucks and special but look we pulled the same ultra that shows you how like it just completely random You might get the same stuff. You might get different stuff. All right four foils on that side It is looking good for the loose packs Cross souls. Come on You can do this the only four we pulled accidentally put right to the front here We go super every samurai soul buster gauntlet. That's a short name. You'll send you whirlwind sharp lanius doom dog Octhros mimicry lanius you guys I remember these guards so much from when I played them in auction series rip Dreadnought dunker. We've got the oh send you oh yam. This was in in dual links It came out in the pendulum. It's one of the first ones Despot oh for yeah, and then that car was really annoying because it's like a hand trap and they attack directly It just comes out of your hand and becomes that like same number as that attacker in defense mode So you can't get over it the infernal Queen salmon. That's the Terri King Salman's Mother I guess. All right, we've got the sky ninja and jutsu art of dancing leaves showdown soul skizzers iron digger And Venus lift of the misting seedlings. That's just a super rare Nothing too crazy there. All right. All right. We're gonna need something cross souls Just pull a kosher and you'll win like beat by default sharp lanius even though we'll probably pull more from the other one Who knows at least at this rate. We've got the magma dragon cybernetic fusion support We got the bow hopper nice rank a magic revolution force. Oh and an ultimate rare neck rolls of Sophia That's a first edition ultimate rare You'll love to see that neck rolls of Sophia if you're a neck rolls player, you know you guys might remember this I don't know if it's that it was actually in the neck or not But I know it is a neck Ross guard obviously because it says it on the card. Let's keep going you guys know I'm a professional when it comes to what was played in the meta a long time ago All right, let's go. Let's see Chris. Celestia apparatus ritual prediction Kaguro with a grief heartbeat go to cosmos Amazon's secret arts spiritualism blackwing Boris storm that we can win. All right cross souls Already got an ultimate rare pretty good. So we have two over there and then four on the other side So it's a a big lead for darkwing blast. Even if that ultimate rare We got the rival rebounder edge and saw a print of butterfly pinch helper stung ray virtual beast and tell our night Prometheus pull up. No, no, no, there's no there's no pee. There's no way. It's got to be a Tolmeus there we go. We fixed it. We fixed it. I know I said Prometheus. That is definitely not right. All right That's definitely not right. All right. That's what I just said. Let's keep it up. That's four to three now We're getting close. They're making a comeback. We have the to barry the sky ninja Tessia psychic rover golden whip master Caster ogre decisive battle of Golganda mole cricket. We got the secret arts and Rex fright for hire And I was gonna say very nice, but it is not it's not very nice cross souls make it come I feel a lot of the cross souls packs have a bent corner back there. Here we go. That spot oh zero did Team Sakurasu send us a ghost rare in this box. We're not gonna have to find out today. It's a prano bloodiest illusion Melody of the awakening dragon very cool card, you know for them blue eyes Don't worry. This was a big super rare as well, but it did get you know a couple reprints legendary collection I think has a secret rare which is obviously a cooler rarity, but well, I say that a lot of people like supers But yeah, I'd still say secrets probably a little better All right, Naturia bamboo sword Naturia blessing silent wolf the hot rod We've got a new jitsu art of dancing leaves zoned of the dusk try brigade showdown and Donner dagger for hire So there's another fur hire card. So I guess that's where they added those. I am a fur hire fan I do like those cards because back in the day and dual links, of course You guys know that's the only meta experience I have basically I did play those in one of the KC cups Did pretty well the perform power recasting my best, uh, you know Dual links performance. I guess gig gloves Body buddies neck Ross Zephyra moon mirror shield. They'll send you kudam All right a lot of packs to go actually this might be kind of a longer video I didn't think it would take as long with an hour remembered the last time I did 48 packs It was the battle set which is new and only has five cards in each pack So that actually does make a difference between nine nine actually takes quite a bit longer Brandy regain very nice. We might be looking at a over 20 minute video Which a lot of you guys love a lot of you guys really like the longer videos you say you I need to do more So here you go. Let's go. It's actually tied up right now in terms of foils, too It's four to four. I thought it was over early. I thought they put them away We have the pinch helper and rabie doctor of blaze falcon weighs the next. Oh and big roll barrage. All right Let's see what we can do with the dark wing blast Will it be a starlight Amazonas golden whip camellia or we could just take you know the belly on we could take the Whatever it's called cash tier. I already I just forgot Fenrir.  I would take either of those Those would be very nice I would even take the magma magma hoot and magma hut whatever you call it and things like 15 bucks or something sheep We've got the yosin village. We've got the perform pal bow hopper signing deal spring goose tamer Suture rebirth suture interesting and infernoid Shedit. I feel like it's just jet, but they have a lot of silent letters. It feels like in cross souls I feel like they're silent. I'm not totally sure because I'm not super familiar with those cards twin shadow bamboo sword curse of air Meteor your sorrow. We got the cucumber horse. We got the catalyze full bloom open of the goatee and Branded beast while we are on a cold streak right now big-time cold streak We're almost halfway through though So we're we're getting there one two three don't forget to do three we've got the codon pendulum rising recasting mimicry lanius fright for factory dread not dunker and melodious rank up magic revolution force and Dizzing winds of the yosin village the village like Naruto. All right here. We go one two three four It's time to pull something black wing. Oh, I messed up the I messed up the pack trick I did five by accident. All right. Well, that wasn't anything good. Anyway, if it was a starlight I'd be a little mad but also very excited because Starlight Here's the last pack on the right side for cross soul. So that means probably gonna we're gonna pull not not that We're probably gonna pull something but we're almost halfway down I don't know why I was gonna say we're gonna pull something but it doesn't mean that except for now I got a fright for fright for Chimera fried for sheep. All right. Well, I guess we did pull something That's five foils on one side. I didn't mix those up five foils on one side interesting. All right fright for sheep That's a good card. So the box is winning Five foils versus four. I mean Darkwing blast started off with like three in the first three or four packs Has only pulled one sense. So let's see if we can do it right here Silver sword scream twin saw Tilts in training and Mario logic. I got a gate to cross holes You are overachieving right now. You're doing really well. So now we need a secret rare in a ghost rare Let's go one two three believe in the heart of the cards We have Fina griefing UA penalty box sharp lanius sword master of neck cross bow hopper Zephyr Naga fright for factory junk anchor and Pendulum rising just a regular comment. Okay, it's not over yet There's a lot of paths to go. You have to believe in the Darkwing blast. It will pull The fin rear let's go or the Loubellion. Have we pulled a secret yet? We haven't built a secret yet out of here Interesting Golgonda that just sounds like something from Black Panther. I don't know why and the Jetsu art notebook a mystery This is technically an ultra rare. I mean it is an ultra and not technically but it's not a good card Ninjutsu stuff not exactly valuable. That's that's you know, that's the dirt on that So sorry ninjutsu stuff. I mean a roachie like that big barrage fluffle sheep fluffle and fright for sheep They're almost the same. All right samurai soul buster bow hopper signing deal spring goose Zepp ramp Zepp Zepp Zepp Ramplica. There we go void purification and oh There's the secret the same as the ultimate rare So we get the same secret and ultimate in the box Necros of Sophia. That's pretty cool. So that means theoretically you could probably pull the ghost secret and ulti of the same You know clear wing sacred dragon or whatever. It's called the same box. That would be a nutty box All right, that's another foil. So that's was it six five. It's foil central out here. Everyone's pulling them. It's crazy Let's go see we can get Amazon is bamboo sword to get the whip master scare claw decline spiritualist War chief cuto spirit. We've got the sword master and a sprite double cross. No big deal What are we gonna get this time? One two three we got three from the back. Will it be a ghost share a desk bottle for jet? Lizard draw in sauce signing deal spring goose primitive butterfly Illusion and Zephyra divine strike. That's a super not too great. I guess pretty average Darkwing blast one two three four. Come on. We have curse of Arimatere Bay rock dragon Camellia noodle inversion tilting entrainment secret arts decides a battle of Golganda Zonda We've got a venus left of the misting seedlings. Okay. All right. All right, okay Big ghost sure right here to put it away. Let's see secret and ultimate in this box pretty solid Definitely a decent box sent to us by team Sakurasu. It's ever path once again Check him out fright for and a ball bar bar bar. Is this the only burning the base card? We pulled twice pinzlem rising. Okay back to darkwing blast They're gonna need something because they're down six five right now in terms of foils six to five Oh one two three four and something big would be nice finnerer. We'll take it Terrowman's grief puffin Ritual prediction secret arts tainted hot rod. We get the dancing leaves zon of the dust and a goatee of fury They're cool goatee fury. Let's see crossed Doomed all got through us right at the front. You got to believe in the doom dog I don't know why we're believing that I messed it up again Another mess of bloom diva the melodious choir. This is the most foils to the front I've done in a long time, but hey, that's number seven. I think bloom diva. I hate melodious, but there we go It's a card is a gym chain is in here as a common It just got the reprint otherwise that would probably like a four dollar common But just got the reprint wise we open the box. All right big lead now for cross souls going into the last few packs What is gonna happen here is are they gonna be able to pull something all I need the no secrets It's been all ultra so far chrysanthemum it's here the bay rock dragon war chief go to Cosmos full bloom cucumber horse and Baku the beast ninja Wow Upset which I mean we know it's random packs so it can be good or it can be bad But we still had this expectation. I feel like that it was gonna be better, you know We always feel like there's lizard draw pretty good doom dog octos We always feel like the loose packs are gonna be better That's why it's so fun suture rebirth and pendulum rising even though You know in the back of your mind that if some are better some are probably worse such as how it goes And we might have gotten the worst right now. Let's see cross souls. You got to believe fiend grieving Let's go thunder right now. If you've been believing it's been working bow hopper Donker mimicrylanious the factory. We got the zephyr windy and the performer about recasting they're leaving the door open There's still a chance for the darkwing blast to come back and make this a game here. We go darkwing blasts for from the back Let's not ruin it secret rare Loubellion. There's a terror king salmons brother. We got the heartbeat or they say the mother I don't remember spirit catalyzer iron digger the bitch you'll drew a swarm pretty good card for a super Not the huge one, but pretty decent doesn't actually count good for the value But where's the magma? Where is it? That thing was crazy. That's the big money can't cross souls put this way officially Here we go edgym chain would have been good if we hadn't reprinted it recently Bo hoppers effort Naga fright for factory spring goose who got a moon mirror shield and we've got a heart be harp is There's another foil super rare and this is actually a pretty good card Didn't realize this was such an old card. That's eight tough five for cross souls We are down to the last four packs. They need to go four for four to even have a chance of winning I mean tying it three out of four.  We've got mature em all cricket and Amazing the battle ninja. There it is. They're fighting back. Let me make sure I've counted right we have one two three four five six Ultra rares and no suit or we have supers, but no secrets. That is insane. So it's eight to six now They're not completely out. I just threw that pack if you guys remember we started three for four If we in three for four, they've got a chance. That would be crazy one two three They could come back in an epic way phantom griffin. You'll send you codon the lizard draw Soprano Design frightful design fright for not full. Okay magma dragon the cybernetic fusion the perform about elf hammer and Rival rebounder. It's not over a little basketball action three packs to go down by two Scores one two three four. They need one right here. They have psyche grover tear elements grief Augusta will this be the comeback hermit here scream. We've got the twin saw. This is it the entrainment We have tear elements heartbeat and a Rex freight for hire. Oh, they needed that one. Okay any foil pulled by cross-soles officially wins the battle of number of foils One single foil can end it formal power recasting fiend grieving make it the go-short end it thunder Rhino UA signing deal spring goose primitive butterfly we've got zebra saber and next one place Falcon and Lizard rods door still open, but this has to be a foil Can the drama continue will we pull a foil right here to keep them alive third to last pack salmon? Pendulum shadow squalls scare claw decline Preparations omen of the goatee. We have tear elements heartbeats their zeff from Andrew South alive eyes. I just said that wrong catalyzer All right, and we have a Daughter dagger for hire and that's gonna do it everyone. That should be the end That means cross-soles just taking a victory lap right now This should be a foil stature of anguish fluffle crane sewer every samurai big Raji pinch helper chosen of Zephra Zephra Naga Zephra path the shuberta the world is maestro and Fluffle sheep. Okay, the door was open officially Well, they just make it painfully close by pulling one right here could still be a finger It could still be a Loubellion. Let's see. Could be something crazy Blackwing twin shadow camellia kalupo cannon ninja goatee cosmos secret arts spiritualist decides about of Golgonda and Last pack finery it was painfully close and I guarantee that this one won in terms of value too So it was seven ultra rares no secret rares and then a suit and a nice druid swarm This is probably worth way more than the cross-soles box But yet they only pulled seven foils now that was quite the video that was a lot of fun team Sakrasu Thanks again for sitting in this cross-soles box. It was a lot of fun It was actually a pretty good box with a secret and an ultimate so I really enjoyed opening Make sure you guys go check him out link in the description if you guys enjoyed the video Make sure to subscribe to my channel for more epic content Shout out the toe info show Daxter tomato juice JT showed TCG trusted cards puffins of doom or Nessa Deanna Dizzy flexi boy Hoppus choice three through three motorcycle melancholy and then his high show Christopher Ward Ian moosa John Nolan junior barding Mike Nance mimic echo Stanley and Thomas McLean. Thank you guys for supporting the channel And I'll see you guys in the next one. Peace


This is a very happy moment for us in one way and the next emotions and the other the only thing I can solve my way with is that maybe the private enterprise system needs you more than we do. The President of the United States of America awards the Presidential Citizens Medal to Frank C. Carlucci. Frank C. Carlucci, a selfless, energetic statesman and patriot, has made enduring contributions to America's security and well-being. As a Foreign Service Officer and Ambassador, he has represented our nation and shaped our foreign policy on two continents. Here at home, he has served our people as Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity, Deputy Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and Under Secretary of Health, Education and Welford. His outstanding contributions to national security as Deputy Director of Central Intelligence and Deputy Secretary of Defense have increased our confidence and pride in our ability to live in peace with freedom. Mr. Carlucci's devotion to country, dedicated service, and versatile record of achievements bring honor to himself and to the United States of America. Can't see that it's gone over here since. Oh, yeah, we got it. Thank you very much. The President has known how to play cartoons on a species of corn, as it's built in jelly beans. President, when you think of the demonstrator, who do you play cartoons on? Oh, he has. Show this around here in the office. Thank you very much, Mr. President. It's a pleasure to work with you. Good luck, Mr. President. Thank you. Thank you. How are you? She's enjoying it. She's enjoying it. Thank you very much. Congratulations. Thank you very much. Thank you. Ah, we've got the, end-harm gas act is just going to get over there. Oh. We started talking minutes early where he was to mined. He was seen holding hands. Hello, Mr. President. My name is Dr. Robert. Senator, I see you. Senator, Mr. Norman. President, Norman Slaughter. Well, please welcome the President, Rabbi Landness. Welcome. Nice to see you. Nice to see you. Mr. Friedrich. Hello, sir. Mr. President, we appreciate this graciousness on your part of receiving us, and we count it a pleasure and a privilege to be able to come and present to you a gold medal of the chapel for chapel. I don't know whether you're familiar with these. Yes, I am. We're celebrating 40 years of our family. When Dr. Daniel A. Cooley, the father of one of the chaplains, four chaplains, two props, one Catholic and one Jew, a Catholic priest and a Jewish grandma. And a Methodist, and I can't remember the other one. And a Dutch reformer. Dutch reformer. We formed at that time under the leadership of Dr. Cooley, the founding of the chapel of four chaplains, which is now 40 years old, and I would like to have the privilege of presenting to you with the assistance of Rabbi by placing this over your head. This is our gold medal, which is the highest award that we present to anyone. We are delighted that Mrs. Reagan is a part of our chapel, and that she's in the group of ladies of the past president of the United States. Mr. President, I'd like to add just a word from Jewish tradition, and that is that there's a special blessing recited when we see the President of the United States, blessed be he who shares of his glory with a human being. And I want you to know that we at the chapel of four chaplains feel that you are carrying on God's work through leading our great nation as you do with strength, with courage, with wisdom, and that we are very much supportive of you in all of your reference. We believe with you that there can be peace through strength and justice, and that America must lead the way. Rabbi, thank you very much, and thank you all. I'm greatly honored. I do know the story of this, and it's a very humbling experience to receive this honor. May I take this opportunity of congratulating you on your presentation last night? I thought it came across in great style. Well, thank you very much. I am enthusiastically supporting it. This has been recently published. I would be very proud to hear that. Thank you very much. I want you to know that I wear the ribbon bush. Well, thank you very much. President Reverend Polling was the Republican nominee for mayor of Philadelphia in 1951. Tell me, there's one thing with this. Was there ever many ever made, or does anyone ever know who the four men were? Oh, you see the light bill? Oh, no, no, no, no. I'm sorry. I didn't want you to finish saying that. No, is there anyone who would never know that we see the light of the darkness? No, there were several men who claimed, and we have already found and investigated, but they were proven to be false. And then Dr. Polling said, well now water, you took a light jacket. What's that, let's not try to find it. Oh, I never thought of it. Yes. Well, I'm deeply grateful. We're grateful to you that you are our president. God bless you, and we have you in our prayers at all times. I have to tell you, in particular faith, I just saw something yesterday in New York City, an evidence of courage. They have something, a group called the Crime Starters, and I was there at the present of the 30th precinct, where they were being honored, and in connection to the baby nuns, the baby was in connection with this, these are citizens who are trying to do their best to help with the crime problem. And these were all people, a cross section of Americans, like you've never seen, who have performed in Roy D. saving someone from a criminal. And among them was a rabbi. And the criminal that he took on was armed with a machete. And I have to say that anyone that walks into someone with a machete is doing above and beyond what we're doing. It's a very inspiring thing to see. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you very much, Mr. President. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And women in Philadelphia, we'd love to have you visit the chapel. I'd love to. Thank you. Can you just raise your hand? Okay. Thank you. Thank you. You're welcome. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you, Mr. President. Going to the board now. Mr President, I'm proud to present this group to you because I think they've done such a fine job of work so hard on the State of the Union. I just want you to follow the importance of what this little cartoon is. I got to split and pick up the old employment check, and make it to the university to see what's holding up in the federal education realm and pick up the food stamps, your checkup and pick up my new glasses at the health center and go to the welfare department and try to get an increase. I'll meet you later at the federal building for the demonstration against the stinker staff. Well, thank you all, thank you, thank you very much for giving us this opportunity. It's awfully hot in here. Oh, he was, he finally could have an appeal. Thank you. Oh, I know a lot of him. Yes, he was truly a character and all of them were basically true to it. I can't tell you about a year and a half. And it's so likely it's very yours, some of the things that you did. I wonder if the one's in there about, you know, he loved playing cockroaches, the world's worst cockroach. And Groucho Marx could have made a living playing gin rummy. And it was at Hillcrest Country Club, a golf match, and he wanted to play gin rummy with Groucho. Groucho told him he had a date. And Sam started, you know, he was going to adjust it. Groucho finally said, Sam, I'll play 30 minutes, win or lose. At the end of 30 minutes, I've got to go. Well, at the end of 30 minutes, Groucho's $14 ahead. And Sam says, I thought, you know, kind of, and when he got excited, his voice went higher. And he said, you're leaving with $14 of my money and you're not giving me a chance. And well, he upshot it. It was three hours later. Groucho was into it for $4,000. And now he said, I've got it. And now Sam is really screaming. And Groucho said, wait a minute. I told you, I only wanted to play 30 minutes. Now he said, forget the $4,000. Just give me the $14 I was ahead at the end of that. And Sam's voice came right back down. He says, that's fair enough. I'll play you one hand, double or nothing. There's another one in there. They wanted to clean up the studio five at one time. And so the assistant came in and said, Mr. Gold, we have to get rid of all of those boxes in the back a lot. And so I said, OK, just make a copy of everything. But oh, they're not one. I thought you liked them. It's way like reading. Oh, I look forward to this. Oh, he really, and all of those things that everyone thought couldn't be true. We're trying, Eddie Cantor, when he brought him out from Broadway, put him in a few of those musicals. And finally, Eddie said to him one day, he said, you know, Sam, this is wonderful. I love this. But he said, there's, you know, same dance jokes. He said, pretty soon the audience is going to get tired of seeing me do the same thing. He said, I need to change your face. Sam said, Eddie, don't worry about it. If they get tired of seeing you, I'll get someone else. I want to take the opportunity. I do everything I can to make sure folks understand what you're doing, both in form policy and domestically. And I would hope that some of the congressmen and the senators who are opposing what we're trying to do in Central America would understand that this is not up to Jane Fonda. And I told a friend of mine the other day, I said we should line up some of them. I'm going to mention their names. And give them what we call, like Mr. Watt got the foot. We should give them what's called a Jane Fonda, Patriot of the Year award. Because it was a great article in the Wall Street Journal this morning by Morton Condrake, he was editor of the National Aid View. And he's very local. And he came out full square, supporting what you're trying to do. And I went back over the history of when President Ford was trying to get aid on Vietnam and they knocked the dominoes, and you went down to the dominoes at a fall. And I don't think a lot of the people understand that at all. Now the Condrake article is really good. And that's about the domino theory. Yeah, it worked. And they never asked the dominoes. There's the Highway, that's your order in Thailand. Exactly. Yeah. Well, listen, you got me started on the same thing. I meant to say, I know you'll be doing some traveling and have some more planned, but I appreciate everything that you have done. I know what you're doing out there. A lot of people don't see the forest with trees a lot of times. And then our great, no offense gentlemen, the great media just doesn't... Oh, I'm sorry. They just... I get very unfaithful of the communications line. And I get very concerned about the networks. And the papers are taking our First Amendment and really just kind of abusing in terms of Westmoreland case. And it's very dangerous to me. Yes. But I don't want to take up any more of your time with this. It's good to see you. Okay. I hope you like that. Oh, I will. Okay. My pleasure. My pleasure. And I'll be talking to John. Mr. President, why don't you get John to our new edition of my staff so we can take a little picture of him. Was that the possible, the best thing about John's campaign? John is a great supporter of your campaign. I appreciate that. Now, that picture you see is going back on what a lot of people said about me and what they think about me. I've never been able to understand every time I saw him when I was in the show business for the first time, and I've never seen him before.


Welcome back. In the last segment, we discussed how to model a real life system with some state using a program. In this segment, we are going to discuss arithmetic on very large numbers. Now the standard representation that C++ provides contains allows you to have numbers with only a certain precision and certain range of exponents. So for example, if you are looking at floats, you will have some 23 bits of mantissa or a significant and you will have 11 bits of the exponent. And similarly for integers, there is, so say if you have an unsigned end, then you will have 32 bits given for representing the integer. If you say long, you may get 64 bits. But what if you want to represent very high number of digits? So these digits that C++ provides are usually very adequate. But sometimes you may want to represent numbers to very high digits. Say for example, you might have seen the value of pi calculated to 1000 places. How do they do that? So that is sort of the topic that we want to talk about right now. Now it turns out that sort of the central idea in this is to mimic what you do manually. So what do you do manually? You deal with each digit separately. So when you do the arithmetic, you look at digit one at a time. So in your program as well, you typically will do something like look I am going to have 1000 iterations to process a 1000 digit number, something like that. Now this turns out to be somewhat involved. But what we are going to do in this segment is, we are going to give you a glimpse, a very brief introduction to how this is possibly done. It is going to be a very simplified example. But it will give you some idea. The specific problem that we are going to consider is the following. So you are asked to read a 1000 digit number divided by 2 and print the quotient. Now the moment you talk about 1000 digits, there is a very natural question. How do we store a 1000 digit number? Do we need 1000 variables? Especially if we say that we want to have, we want to separately store each digit, well seems like there is no getting away from having the 1000 variables. And do we have to write int digit 1, digit 2, digit 3 and so on, 1000 times, even that sounds just completely painful. Well in general you will need to do that. Not right now, not for the program that I am going to show you. Thank God. You will need to do that. And very soon we are going to see some, we are going to see a C++ feature called an array which will enable you to do this very easily. But right now we do not know it. Today what we are going to do is, we are going to not bother storing all the digits. Instead we read one digit, we do everything that needs to be done with that digit and then we forget it. This may not always be possible, but it is possible for the problem that we have on our hands today. It will not work in general. In general you will need to remember all the 1000 digits. And we will do, you will see how that can be done when you have learnt arrays. But the basic principle can be understood even right now. So suppose we have some way of getting to the digits. How do we manually divide? How do we divide? So we said we do it manually. So let us try to understand how that happens. So let us say we want to divide this large number by 25. How do we divide it? So let me write that down. So our number is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. How do we divide this? We want to divide this by 25. Then probably we write something like this. Then we look at the very first number. So can this number be divided by 25? Or is it, is this too small? Well if it is too small we put a 0 over here. Then we go on to the next number. 1, 2. Can it be divided? Well no. So we put a 0 over here again. Then we bring in the third number. Can it be divided? Well yes. Now it can be divided. So what kind of a quotient can we try out? Well we can try out a quotient 4 in which we get case we get 100 over here. And then we subtract. So we get a 23 over here. So what is going on? So we are going to look at some most significant digits of our dividend and this part is what I am going to call as the temporary dividend. So we are going to divide the temporary dividend by 25. Actually we are going to divide even this 1. This 1 was also a temporary dividend. But say in this case this is the temporary dividend. We are going to divide it by the divisor and we are going to get a quotient. So we are going to subtract the product of the quotient and the divisor from our temporary dividend and we are going to get the remainder. What do we do with this remainder? So we bring in the next digit. So 234. So we bring in the next digit and attach it to the end of the remainder. But what does it mean to attach it to the end? So this simply means we are taking remainder multiplying it by 10 and then we are adding the new digit. So the remainder was 23. The new digit was 4. So we got 234. So this is our new temporary dividend. So again we are going to try and divide this temporary dividend by the quotient. So what do we get? So this time we will get a 9 over here. So we will put a 225 over here and we will get 9 as the remainder over here. Again we continue. So we are going to get a 95. Again we use this step, remainder times 10 plus digit as this is our new temporary dividend. So now this we are going to have 3 as our quotient. So we are going to get a 75 and then we are going to get as remainder 20. So then again we are going to bring the 6 down over here and that is going to be our temporary dividend. So this was the temporary dividend, this was the temporary dividend, this was the temporary dividend and these were also the temporary dividends. How do we form the temporary dividend? We have a remainder from the previous iteration. So at this point we can think of the previous remainder being 0. But if there was a previous remainder we multiply it by 10. Then we add the new digit and that gives us our temporary dividend. Then we try to divide the temporary dividend by our divisor and the quotient goes into our solution. So you will notice that we are processing the digits in a left to right order. Once we process 1, 2, 3 then this 1 is completely useless, we do not have to remember it. So after we process 2, 3, 4 these digits are completely useless. So we are at any time we are at most keeping one extra digit beyond the size of this divisor. So all the previous digits we do not have to worry about. So that is how we are going to get by without storing everything. So we are not even reading these digits initially, we are going to read them only when we actually want to look at them. So that is the idea, that is how we can get by without maintaining too much state, without remembering too much stuff. So again let me summarize the basic iteration. So the idea is we are going to construct a temporary dividend. So the temporary dividend in the very first step is simply the first digit of the dividend. So this is the huge dividend that was given to us, we just look at the very first digit. In other steps the temporary dividend is formed in this manner. So which is what I have written down over here. So it is formed by taking the remainder from the previous division and attaching it the next digit on the left, on the right. So that means multiplying this previous remainder by 10 and adding the next digit to it. So that is how we get the temporary dividend. Then we divide the temporary dividend by the divisor. The quotient goes to the end of the overall quotient generated so far. So 4 went here, the 9 went here, 3 went here and so on. Are we keeping track of the quotient? Are we remembering the quotient? No, we do not have to. As soon as we know that this is the digit of the quotient, we just print it. And we know that we are going to be printing digits in this order. So they will get, they will come out in the right order. And the remainder from this division, so we did a division over here. So from this division, we got a quotient which goes to the end of the overall quotient generated so far and the remainder is used in the next temporary dividend. So I just written down what I have shown you in this division over here and that is exactly what we are going to mimic in the program that I am going to show you next. Well, before I get to the program, there is a small technical problem. So we said we want to read in the digits of a 1000 digit number one at a time. But how do we read it? Does C++ even allow us to do that? So here is what might seem like the natural strategy. So we might say in digit and then we might read each of those 1000 digits one at a time. Will this work? Well, if we type in the digits consecutively in this manner, then it will not work. We would not get one the first time we read it. The first time this command executes, C++ will try to construct this whole thing into a single number and put that into the digit. So that is not going to quite work. If we put a space in between the 1 and 2, then C++ will get a 1 for us. So that is one possibility. So instead of typing in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, whatever the digits are, we put spaces in between. Then each time we read, we will get exactly one digit. But there is an alternate idea which is slightly nicer, which I think you should know about and therefore I am going to discuss it. So I am going to not read integers at all. I am going to read in characters. So I am going to have a character variable C and I am going to read into that character variable. Oh, I am sorry, this should have been C here, not char, just a C over here. So we are going to read into C. So it will read the ASCII representation of one character. Now I have what was typed into this variable C. So what is in the C? So suppose I typed 6, it contains the ASCII representation of that character 6. So I am going to subtract from that ASCII representation of character 6, the ASCII representation of character 0 and put the result in digit. I claim that this is going to be the digit that you really wanted to read. Let us see why. So the point to note first is that the ASCII representations of 0, 1, 2, the digits are in order and in particular they are 48, 49, 50 and so on. 0 has 48, 1 has 49, 2 has 50, 3 has 51, 4 has 52, 5 has 53 and 6 has 54. So at this point when I have just read in and they should be C and not char, at this point C would get the number 54 inside it. This 0 is the ASCII value of the character 0, which is 48. So when you perform this, this result will in fact be 6 and so digit will in fact become 6. So this is how you extract digits from characters. You subtract the character representation of 0. So now we are ready to write the code. So let me remind you, we have this notion of a temporary dividend that we are going to form and for that we need to know what the remainder from the previous time is. So we are starting with this, at this point there is nothing previous so the remainder is 0. Then we are going to process each digit. So there are 1000 digits let us say and we are going to process them and so what happens? Well we are going to read in each digit, then we are going to extract the actual digit value. So as we just said it is going to be C minus 0, the ASCII for 0. Then this is the temporary dividend that I am going to form. So what was that? We said that earlier it is going to be the remainder times 10 plus the digit that we just read. And now this is going to be divided by the divisor. So the divisor in this case let us say we have fixed to 2. So we just want in the problem statement we said that we want to have it. So this is the quotient dividend upon 2 and if you remember coming back to this picture we divided this temporary dividend by the divisor and whatever the quotient was 9 we just declared as a digit of the final answer. So that is exactly what we are doing over here. This is a digit of the final answer and we are printing it out right away. We do not have to do anything to it further. So we are just going to print it out. So every time we figure out a digit of the final answer we are just going to print it off. So that is what is being done but that is not enough. We need the remainder as well. So what is the remainder? The remainder is simply dividend mod 2. So if you wanted to divide by 25 we could just have had we would just have to have 25 over here in both of these places that is it that is the only change. And that is it we just repeat this so many times and at the end of it we will have the quotient as we want. We will also have the remainder the variable remainder will contain the remainder at the end of the division. So we could print it out if you want but in this code we have not printed it. So in this manner we will be able to divide any number which fits in a single C++ integer variable. So as I said instead of the 2 over there you put in whatever number you want but not you cannot say I want to divide a 1000 digit number by another 1000 digit number. So for other operations you will need to read the entire numbers first you need arrays which will be taught soon and in this code we supplied how many digits there are in our number. You might say look why do we need to do that? Isn't that inconvenient? So can we have the number terminated by space? Unfortunately this arrow arrow command is greater than greater than command this operator ignores spaces. So there is some other kind of command which we need to learn which we will learn a little bit later but for now it cannot be done. However if you want to terminate it by a semicolon or stop or comma or any other printable character that is possible. So before I conclude actually I think maybe we should take a look at the code and run it. So let us say I look at this code called hover.cpp. So this is exactly the same program. I think I have called my character x rather than c and I have put in 20 over here. I do not want to put 1000 because I do not want to put I do not want to have 1000 digits. In fact I do not even really want to have 20 digits when we are testing. So let us say we will just put 5. Of course you will say 5 they will fit oh so let me put let me put say 11. 11 will certainly not fit or let me put say 13. 13 digits will they fit? No, 15 will certainly not fit in a single int. So let us see what happens. So let me compile that and run it. So now I am supposed to give a 15 digit number. So let me do that. So 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. What happens if I? So this is half of that number. Does it seem right? Well yes. So 2 gets me 6 over here, 3 gets me 1. So 14, 7, 5, 2, 6 carry from 1 here. So 8, it seems reasonable. So I am getting the right answer. And well you could say look why can we do something so that this leading 0 is not printed? Of course you can do something but that will require a little bit more programming and maybe that is a good exercise for you to take this code and modify it. All right. So let me get back to the presentation. Actually we are at the end of not only just this segment but the entire lecture, this segment sequence. So these are concluding remarks on the entire sequence. So I want to observe that loops are really fundamental. You can do a lot using loops. So we already have seen lots of things even before today's lecture sequence but even in today's lecture sequence we saw lots of interesting things. So for example loops are sort of the primary structure that you need to, the control structure you need to use in order to go through a domain and figure out which elements in the domain satisfy all the constraints that you are interested in. Or a loop can allow you to step through and process the interaction with the world when at a time. So in each iteration you process one command that the world is throwing at your system and you generate how your system is responding to it. So again a loop is absolutely a crucial control structure. And we looked at reading in from the keyboard and we said that if you type a 15 digit number then you have to read it out, read it in as a character and then convert it into a digit and then we can string those digits together to make a number. But this whole process which I just showed you is something that C++ does routinely. So when you type in a number to your program C++ is doing something like that. It is extracting a digit. Then it is saying oh is this digit ending over here or is this the next digit and the previous digits that I have accumulated so far should be multiplied by 10 and then this new digit should be added to it. So that code that I showed you something similar is used by C++ just to read in what you type. So far we have been saying that when you type 365, 365 magically goes into the variable you are c-inning into. That is not really what happens. C++ is taking each of those digits as characters and then converting them and accumulating them together and that is how the number actually goes and sets into your variable. So all this is being done with a single loop program and note that single loop programs do a lot. Well sometimes you will have to nest a loop, nest loops of course. So if you have a, if your domain has two variables or in other words you think of it as a two dimensional domain then you will have to have nested loops but it is loops. So that concludes this lecture sequence. We introduced a bunch of new application themes over here and we saw that loops are very powerful and we got a lot of practice using loops. Thank you.


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