Let's get to it All right team so a member of the code 365 startup lab and I assume a subscriber to the channel Message me on Twitter says hey, I appreciate you making the vid I went ahead and got the $99 course from your site What they're talking about is a code 365 startup lab and I will be honest absolutely honest the code 365 startup lab is a Place where I put there's like six or seven free courses on HTML and all kinds of stuff So if we go in here, we go into terminal I'm just gonna show you this to give you guys a little bit of context and what I'm gonna do is I'm a type of Get-sites and this is a custom script that I wrote in PowerShell and all it does is it pulls up my social media site It pulls up my website when I run the command get-sites. So over here at the code 365 startup lab This is the actual code 365 startup lab membership plan. That's either 99 bucks or $20 a Year, I mean $20 a month. It's either $99 for lifetime access right now or 20 bucks a month and I'm gonna be raised the the price is gonna go up But to be to be honest, right a Lot of the content that I want to put in here isn't here yet I'm still working on HTML So for the first part getting to the money as fast as possible. This talks about client acquisition And then you've got setting up your development environment That's everything you need to install it get started. Then you've got HTML beyond the primer This is what we get into like the core of HTML. We cover some SEO stuff in here In a few of the tags the basic structure of HTML and then we get into like the building blocks And that's what we're going over like the inline in like Inline elements and block level elements And then after so when I'm done with HTML after I get through all of the elements And then the there's some other things the HTML like the ability to add media files So you add media you can add video and audio and code these things up So once we get past HTML, then I'm gonna go into CSS. We're gonna cover CSS layout styling the box model Flex box and grids and then we're gonna go into JavaScript and we're gonna cover JavaScript all of the stuff You need to know in JavaScript I think JavaScript is gonna be the longest course But it's also gonna be the most in-depth and all this stuff is designed to make it super easy Super simple for people who don't know how to code who've never Put their hands on a computer before to come and then sit down and they learn all this stuff and by the end Be able to build a website and not even by the end by the time you get To be on the primer you will know how to build a web page and also I'm gonna be adding tutorial courses right now I have how to build a supreme website that's gonna be going on here and There's another one. I think a crash course, but anyway team anyway Some tutorials are gonna be going out here crash courses are gonna be going out here A lot of stuff is gonna be going in the code 365 startup lab That is why this person went and signed up and there's other people in the code 365 startup lab is well team but dig So the code 365 startup lab they signed up for the code 365 startup lab But if we go down and we look a little more they say I'm concerned that the boot camp won't be worth the monetary Commitment, but I've had trouble doing it on my own This past year and what they're talking about is going to a boot camp They say I start Lambda school October 28th, but I'm still undecided on if that's the way to go And so I asked what exactly is it that you want to accomplish and right down here They say I want to make my business ideal into a progressive web app Also, I want to secure a full stack developer job as a backup. So let's Unpack this is the cool kids would say team. All right team So when it comes to going to college or going to university or going to a boot camp or to or or take or buying a online course or doing a tutorial or even buying a book and reading a book We have to think about the cost the cost we think about the cost automatically But most of the time we automatically think about the monetary cost How much is this thing gonna cost what we don't think about is the time cost how much time is this gonna take in? And What we what we have to do is we have to take these two things we put them together How much money is it gonna cost how much time is it gonna take to complete this thing because we have a set end date when we're in a school or a Course and sometimes in boot camps. They'll say like a week two weeks three weeks however many weeks Well, well most of the time in boot camps. They'll say all this they'll tell you how long the boot camp is gonna be Where you go into a tutorial the tutorial will be like Hey, if you do this X amount of hours a day for X amount of days by the end, you will know X amount of things here the deal the deal team is everybody's different everybody learns different and So I have I have three kids Well, I have I have five ones in college and then I have four little kids And my youngest one is like two years old and my oldest my oldest one is 13 And they're all homeschooled and they've been homeschooled for like two years now since since since back when I was working at Microsoft and They learn on their own Based on what it is. They're trying to achieve and we all do this. We all do this Inherently in our everyday lives If there's something that we want to figure out we just go figure it out We just go we go learn it like When you when you wanted to bake a cake Were you like hey man, like I wonder if there's a college course on cake baking like nobody thinks like that You're like, hey, I want to bake a cake Before in the olden days, maybe you subscribe to magazines where you got these magazines and they talked about how to bake cakes But now you can go out to the internet and you can just say how do I make this cake? How do I do this thing? You can find all kinds of stuff Now courses come into play because courses the internet is big. There's like six billion different websites out there Courses come into play because they take a lot of information and they can dent some down But just because you take the course doesn't mean you're going to know how to bake the cakes You have to have the desire to bake cakes before you take the course And you have to understand that at the end of the course the cakes that you bake are probably not going to be Exactly like the cakes in the course with code is a little different like you can go take a course on code And if you follow the code exactly in what baking cakes if you follow the cakes exactly except when you get to something that takes Some artistic talent like frosting or something like that But in code you just copy all the code you get the exact same product now If you want if you want your product to look better Then what was done in the course then you have to take what you learned in the course and you have to Apply those skills in order to make what it is you're making look better So if you understand how this was positioned then you can understand how to position it a different way So like when it in the in the baking cakes example and my wife bakes a lot of cakes She loves to bake cakes on her Instagram. I think it's like crystal crystal Academy or something like that it doesn't matter but The deal is is when it when Like when we're baking cakes Our first cake isn't going to be it's not going to look exactly like the cake But if we build if we make another cake and we practice that again Then we get a little better and we get a little better and we we do this over time And that's what school does for us because school gives us homework in this than the third But again the problem with school is is that if you don't have Why you're going to school if you don't have the end result mapped out Like and it doesn't have to be like detailed detailed, but you got to know in your head Like why am I learning this thing? Like what am I going to do this thing for so in the case of this person? Who's going to this boot camp? They're thinking about going to this boot camp All right number one is gonna cost a lot of money right we know that it's gonna cost a lot of money It's gonna cost of some time at least at least eight weeks. I would assume So we're looking at at least eight weeks and we're looking at however much money it costs You know a few thousand dollars maybe maybe as much as you know 10 20 30 thousand dollars I don't know what they're gonna pay for this thing Now if they're gonna go through this boot camp and like and you look at the boot camp And you say what am I gonna get from this number one? What do I want to get from this boot camp and then what does this boot camp offer and are those two things in alignment? And what's the evidence and now you can go out to the world? And you can look at other people who've gone to the boot camps other people who've been to boot camps You look at videos on boot camps like you're watching this video about whether or not a boot camp is worth it And then at some point you have to make a determination and the determination shouldn't be based on the cost and what everybody else said The determination should be based on you is the individual. What's your definition of success is and what you have?  How did this happen? How do we get to this point where we spend all this money and we spend all this time? But we're not doing the thing we want to do and it's because it wasn't the thing We wanted to do in the first place if we had a map that all out in the beginning Then we would have took a different path. So like take take me for instance I left the army because I had a vision that I didn't want to deploy anymore I didn't want to deploy but I didn't go beyond that. I was like, I don't want to deploy I'm gonna get out of the army and then I thought a little bit about what am I gonna do What am I interested in and then I was like, hey, I'm gonna be a day trader cuz it looked good I'm interested in finance.  Sometimes I would sell too late. So I was like, dude, I can't do this, right? And I was like, hey, I'm into code It's always something I've been doing even when I was doing the stock stuff I was writing programs to like analyze prices and to generate reports and all kinds of stuff And so I was like, hey look, I got the Montgomery GI bill. I'm gonna go to school And I'll learn to code and then I'll go get a job to learn to code and At the time it was like I'm gonna go get a job to learn to code because I like code and I want to code But I've never defined what that meant like what does knowing how to code look like and to be honest it looks It you know, there's no difference like you just have more skills But you don't get to use them if you don't have anything to use them on so like I've been studying web development Since 1995 like my first book on web development With this book right here. Sam's teacher self html and css in 24 hours and this This book this one book out of all the stuff that I've done Right go join in the army having the army send me to school to learn about communication, telecommunications, computer systems, networking, security Then go into school for software development Then working at microsoft as a dev ops engineer working with power shell And in writing scripts and running scripts and building scripts and building servers And then building web pages then leaving leaving that and going to work as as a as a web developer And then starting my own company trying to go out and find clients and all this stuff This was the best education because this education when I bought this book I bought this I didn't have a lot of money I was I was in high school. I had just got my first computer Or I think I was on my third computer now, right? So I I I've saved up the money. I bought a computer And then I was like I want to learn HTML because I had seen all these cool websites on the internet So I took like my it was I think this book cost like five or six bucks back then maybe maybe no Maybe it was 16 16 dollars. It was like between I think it was about 16 dollars between 16 and 20 bucks I went to the use bookstore And I didn't know what I was looking for like I wasn't looking for like the newest version of anything I wasn't looking for like the newest language or whatever Um, and it wasn't even see it wasn't even css. It wasn't even it was just it was sam's teacher self HTML css didn't even exist back then so anyway And now there's a bunch of other books. There's a bunch of them, right? It's like It wasn't even HTML for it was just sam's teacher self HTML so anyway When I bought this book, I had a goal to build this website that looked like hacker city And that was it. I just wanted to build a website that looked like hacker city And I bought the book and I read the I read the book It took me 24 hours to to go through this entire book from beginning to end And it was the first ever tutorial book I did and it was one of Two books I'm for sure that I went all the way through it was that book and then there was a book head first head first something that I that I and I'm looking I got books on my shelf it was um I think it was like head first html and css or head first web web design or something or something like that We can go if we go like edge We can look it up. Uh, we could go We'll go to amazon It will type. Ah, geez control l amazon.com And then we'll go down here to the search bar and we'll go it was a head first html Head first html and css. That's the book. That's the book that I finished and that's the book that like Really helped me understand cascading style sheets. But the the the deal is is I I wanted to finish the book I wanted to finish this book because I was gonna know css at the end and I hadn't understood css up until that point like I had I learned html and then I joined the army and then I did army stuff and I was like Kind of messing around with like computers and stuff in between But not like anything major And then at some point like I came back to it like 2006 2007 and that's when I like really got back into like Web design and web pages and stuff like that And and at that time I started building stuff like I built like this casino website Like I don't have any of this stuff anymore But I just started building stuff and I started taking other people's stuff and like rearranging it Um, like I saw this I saw this banner that I liked one time So I took this banner and I like I photoshopped out one part of it and I added my own part and then I use html to like Put it on top of this affiliate site that I had And it was like all kinds of stuff team, but that was But but again that goes back to like the self-learning of everything Like when we want to do something we just go out and do it right and so Again, I get it right when we want to when we want to change careers or something We think it's like this big thing as soon as we think like get a job Our head becomes filled with all this stuff and we're like, hey, we need these credentials And we need all this other and basically what we're what we're seeking is we're seeking proof we're seeking proof that That that When somebody sees us like when they see our resume Like the the stuff on the resume the school that we went to the boot camp Is proof to them that we know how to do that thing so they should hire us The problem is is that it's not enough proof you still have to go do the interview And so people they'll go through the boot camp and they'll get through the interview And they're not confident in the stuff they they learned because they never defined why they were learning it in the first place They went into it thinking i'm just going to learn to code I just want to learn to code so I can get a job so I can go code But code what? Like it's it's it's like saying I want to work on cars But what can the car? All-world drive two-wheel drive stick shift manual Engine I want to work on engines like you want to work, but you have to start somewhere You got to start on a engine you just can't start on all the engines I want to go code that's you're saying you want to go do This really big thing which is cool like we we should want to do big stuff But we got to start somewhere like code for what I want to build applications I want to build websites. I want to build whatever and then it's like, okay So we got this person here and they're going yo cast I want to build single page applications for my business And so let's let's break that down. Let's break it down a single page. What's that application here? I will show you an application that's defunct It's called can I stream it Dot com No that it can I stream it in this defunct Right now because when netflix Well, not just netflix But but when streaming became a thing netflix had an api And you could call the netflix api and you could get a listing of all of their movies And you could do the same thing with amazon and hulu and cracking and all these guys And then so what they would do is they had all these plugged into their api This is a single page application. This is what a web app looks like if we just if we took this off the internet And put it in a window it would be an application like any other application like that's number one We got to think of all this stuff is the same software is software It all does the same thing There's nothing really special about any two different pieces of programming language or anything The only difference is the mechanisms the tools inside of the language make it easier to do certain things And the language works better in certain places because it was coded to work On that particular system so the reason why there's a lot of Linux involved in web development is because of apache server apache server is runs most of the web servers on the planet And so if you want to build a web page You don't have to know linux Because you have to know linux you have to know linux because that's where you're going to put your web page But a lot of people don't know this They go I want to learn web development And somebody says you got to learn linux and they go okay, and they start learning linux and they they don't even know why And This has been a huge problem for people Or with windows machines They they go and they're looking for like how to learn web development And they see people using macbooks or they go look for how to make videos And they see people with macbooks and they think I have to have a macbook And they go and they get the macbook and they still never make any videos Because they didn't know why they wanted the macbook in the first. I want to make videos Why do I want to make videos blah blah blah? So if we go here and we look at this, can I stream it? It's a single page application And you would go up here. You would type a movie like let's type hudson hawk And it's not going to come up because this application doesn't work anymore And it doesn't work because netflix removed their their Well, not just netflix, but a lot of these apis aren't available anymore Like you can't go in and get a listing of movies, but you would click this and it would go Pull in all this information It would display it on the screen and it would tell you if you could rent it Stream it whatever it is you could do and then you could click a link and go to the site And if you didn't have an account you could sign up And so like if if you were looking for hudson hawk and it was and you wanted it and it showed up on netflix But it was uh, uh, you could only stream it Then you would click netflix it would take you to netflix and you would sign up for a netflix account And then you would stream it and then this company would get a little bit of the money It's a single page application Google is the same way same thing right so let's go let's go to google google.com And right so here's the thing right sing Multi multi page application single page web single page application is all the same stuff, man It is all the only difference the only difference is a single page application looks seamless And that's because the whole page isn't being refreshed when you do something and so like when we So like let's take youtube for instance, so we're going to do a control shift in to open Or maybe a alt alt control shift Here we'll do this we're going to go we're going to click here We're going to go open private window so a new private window and then we'll go to youtube And so we got the two biggest search engines in the world. We got google and we got youtube when we go to youtube. Let's click this video This is the application And so what happens right is like we can do stuff on here. Let's see i'm trying to find something So like let's say for instance how how we're on here and we can we can click um, we can click the show more And it'll show more stuff In the old days Before before we were able to make what's called single page applications The whole page will reload like if we wanted to show like we wouldn't have a show more like this because when we click the button You have to reload the whole page to show this stuff a single page So a single page application in in In the sense that we talk about it is just the application Where the whole page doesn't reload only the portion of content that we want to see gets loaded now if we go over here We go to google google is not a single page application But it's an application the exact same is is youtube in the show more button or the exact same as twitter in your In your timeline or the exact same as instagram. They're all the same They all do the same stuff. They all work the same way There's an interface the interface talks to a computer somewhere And then the computer does something and it returns back some sort of in for some sort of some sort of information So if we know that if we know that all we need is the interface and some logic then We're one step away from not having to go to the boot camp now is going to okay How do I make the interface? How do I make an interface for a web application? You start at html and css that html is the is the layout of it CSS is going to determine the style and the design and you can see this like if you go over to youtube The real casadero I mean, it's not the real casadero.com youtube.com port slash the real casadero and you go And you go and you find the video where I where where I recreate the supreme the supreme website Right here Code code like supreme in this video if you watch this video When I go through it first I do the html then I do the javascript and then I do I mean then I first I do the html then I do the css and that's the look in the field. That's it This is an application Now if we wanted to add something else to this application to make it work like a youtube or google or something like that All we have to do is add input fields the input fields take in information from a user And then we send that information to our program our program processes it and then it sends something back to the browser And we put it on the screen. That's how that's how the application works And so we just add another component html for the structure css for the way it's going to look Javascript for the logic right how do I take this information and send it somewhere else and get it back And then it's so there you've got everything you need to make a program And you can go out and you can learn node And and again node is nothing special people It is just Is just a runtime environment for javascript So if you were to learn c you would need to have a compiler the c compiler will compile your code So you'd have to write your code on a computer. You have to run it through a compiler that's on the computer Node is just an interpreter That reads your javascript code In node you can install on a computer Which means that you can use it outside of the web browser javascript was just for inside of your web browser It was just for controlling stuff in the browser So whatever happens in the browser stays in the browser unless you explicitly send that information back across the internet to a server Or somewhere else on the internet. So a single page application, right? So now you got two ways to go you can build this thing On just the client side where all it does is run in the browser Which means you have to use things like local storage in order to store information on the local machine Because you if somebody leaves and they come back you don't want them to lose all their stuff But then like you're like, okay Well, what if somebody clears their cache or they switch to another computer or they do One of a million other different things are they going to have to start from scratch or do I Save their state the state of their application somewhere else So if they come back and they need All this information again, they can just get it and that's where shopping carts come from Shopping cart you go to a website put something in the cart leave don't come back for five years come back Open up the cart is still there. That's because There is either some information stored on your computer Inside of your web browser or some information stored on the server that says hey, this is where you left off That is the application The only difference is is whether or not the information that your application is producing and is going to share with the user Are you going to be saving it? And if so, where are you going to save it? Are you going to save it on the internet or are you going to save it on your local machine? A web page is just a file saved on the internet so other people can get to it anytime That's it. That's and applications are the same thing. They're just Pieces of data all over the place.   I don't understand this stuff. It's because you're inside of it. It's like It's like anything, man It's like once once you once you get into it and you're doing it It doesn't it doesn't feel like what you expected it to be on the outside because you didn't really wrap your mind around What it was you were doing in the first place It's going to be boring is going to be tedious is going to be hard is going to be difficult is going to be What it's going to be and so right When it comes to going to school and going to boot camps we got to be looking for Right, what am I going to learn? Why do I want to learn it and then how is this going to put me In a position where I want to be right and maybe the boot camp is a pushing thing Like it'll push you to do that thing But but but think like if you if you have to be pushed Just to learn to code just to if you have to if you have to go spend thousands of dollars Just so someone can give you a curriculum and push you in the right direction to go learn this thing And like the incentive is is that if you don't learn it like you're going to lose all this money Maybe it's something that you don't want to do in the first place because because it's Unless you Eat after you finish if you're pushed all the way through to the end you're at the end of it You're not going to know as much as the person who was like all about it and paid attention to it And you're going to be competing with them for a job And if you weren't into it if you weren't into if you if you weren't Like doing this because you have a goal to build something And I mean when I say like a goal to build something not just like It would be cool if I could build a app Right, but you got to build something like and you got to start building this stuff and it's like Like I learned early I learned Recently not to set my goal that building like a big app Just set my goal to build something every day and not build something every day from a tutorial But build just build something for me Like whatever that is like whether it be like writing a script Or or making an image or or editing a video it has to be like Something for me and I have to and when I do it I've got to I've got to be thinking like I'm going to do this faster or I'm going to incorporate this new thing or There's got to be an aspect of me doing it that makes it better And you just do this over and over and over again And as time goes on you get the same result that you would get if you had have gone to a boot camp or something else The boot camp in the school in the whatever is just telling you like hey Follow this process and you're going to develop this this knowledge over time The difference is the difference between like the people who like really crush it and the people who don't or the people who like really crush it those are the people who They understand like hey, this is I'm going to be pushed through this thing but But I'm going to I'm going to try my best to stay ahead of it So they're the they're the people who are in the boot camp. They've paid the money And they're like they're not doing the bare minimum They're doing like if there's one homework assignment They're doing two and if there's two homework assignments They're doing three and if they have to build something for class They're going to build for class and then they're going to build it builds It and put it on the internet and maybe make it a little like and they're thinking like how can I take this stuff That i'm learning right now and apply it in the real world Like how can I take this skill and use it right away? And practice it on a regular basis in order to get better at it and eventually those people like they'll learn the foundation so well That they'll pass what the teacher is teaching It is And you know, they'll those are the people like we call them teacher's pet or whatever like they become like the head of the Class and this stuff and all the stuff we hear that's why it's because they've mapped it out Like they've got this place that they're going to and sometimes they can't even explain it Like if you ask them why you work so hard or why you do this they can't tell you they're just like I don't know it's just I just do it like I don't I don't know why And it's because to them it makes absolute sense It is so simple that they can't even explain it they can't explain the fact That I just do it because it's what I'm supposed to be doing Like that's just what I'm supposed to be like some people are just good at school because they're supposed to be good at school And where they get jacked up is they leave they try to leave school and go out into the world And they can't survive so like you get like the people who get straight a's who go into the world and like You would think they would be the most successful person ever and they're not because It is Because they're missing a part so you get people you get you get these people who are like super smart in school And they're missing this portion and then you've got people who are like not smart in school But they go to school school pushes them all the way through they get to the end And they really didn't care about the things they were learning because they were learning them for the wrong reason And now they go off into a career and they're not successful there and they're not happy And so and that's this is where unhappy people come from this is where unsuccessful people come from people doing things that They didn't really think they they they haven't come to a conclusion as to why they want to do those things And when you reach that conclusion, it's like maybe I shouldn't do this Maybe I should just go do this thing that I plan to do in the first place because going to school For for if you need money right now if you need a job right now What like going to school for like spending 20 grand And going to a boot camp For two months isn't going to get you a job right now like it's not going to happen And after you spend the money on the boot camp it's like dude like You're you've completely reprogrammed your mind right now because your mind is in this place for like I got to go I got to finish this boot camp before I can get a job So you're not even thinking about getting the job while you're in the boot camp Then you come out of the boot camp and you go to get a job And when you're looking for this job you're two months into the future And you've been studying the stuff that's in this boot camp. It may be like God forbid you do this for like four years Especially in the it industry you'll go in learning You know One thing and come out and nobody will be using that anymore like technology's completely changed So you go into this boot camp you come out And what happens to most people is they're looking at these jobs and it's like you got to know this You got to know that you got to put this together and there's terms that they have like this vague familiar Adder with but they don't really understand the terms so like people are talking about Continuous integration and delivery and continuous integration pipeline and development operations and like all these terms That sound like super complicated, but they're the same stuff you did in class But you can't even understand this right so when you look at these job things and it's like I need three years of experience I need somebody who knows C sharp and they know continuous integration and delivery They know and they know they they understand Testing with with this particular framework and they understand this with this over they go Oh man, dude, I don't know any of that stuff and they go all the the boot camp It wasn't worth it. I wasted my time. I wasted my money Right, and then they just want to throw everything out the window It's because you didn't know in the first place right so like if you're gonna be in that situation then Then just put yourself in this situation now just start applying for jobs now apply Right, what do you want to do? I want to I want to develop web apps. Okay. I want to develop web apps What do I need to know? I need to HTML and CSS like you start at the basics What's the very basic thing you need to know? I need to know HTML and CSS Okay, cool Go out and apply for jobs HTML CSS and then go and and get a course or a book Right, you don't need to go to a boot camp and then say hey look right every day at this time I'm gonna sit down at this time and I'm gonna learn this thing and I'm learning this thing Exactly because of this And you just do that and you just do it over and over and over again And and as you learn you build and you teach right you learn you learn what an h1 does Just build stuff with h1s think about h1s use think about how these fit into the webpage think about why the h1 is the way It is why does it exist google the h1 read the history of the h1 learn everything you can about don't spend forever You just want to get an understanding so that you can explain to a five-year-old what an h1 is And then you do it with the h2 and then you do it with the h3 and then you do with the dock type And then you do it with the you just keep going through this process And you keep applying for the jobs every time you learn something new right every time you build a new webpage I built this webpage use the html css a job you build two web pages that goes on your resume I built two web pages With this right you built 10 you say I built 10 right and then or and maybe you can roll them all up into A little company and you can say I built these for so-and-so marketing incorporating You have these websites on the internet that people can go see and you will get an entry level html job And the css you'll get those jobs somebody will hire you somebody will hire you you write enough html And you got enough proof doesn't matter if you have a degree doesn't matter if you've been to a boot camp They'll hire you somebody can show up and say have a master's degree in computer science And their resume can be right next to yours and if your resume says I built a thousand websites If they're looking for somebody to build websites, they will hire the person that built the thousand websites So you can just learn by doing you don't have to you can go to Go to the boot camp if you think it's going to drive you and it's going to push you But if you don't see yourself being motivated enough to do more than the minimum when you get into the boot camp Then don't do it man Just like with any course like with like any course like if you Before you sign up for any kind of course or anything you gotta think like am I gonna like why am I buying this thing? What is the goal? What am I gonna get from this course? If you get a set out, I'm gonna finish this thing I'm gonna do everything that there is to be done and I'm gonna understand everything Here and even if the course is a bad course, it could be the worst course in the world But if you set out to understand everything that they're talking about and why they're doing the things that they're doing Like you ask the questions And you get the answers And you and you develop an understanding or understanding well enough to teach somebody else Even if the course was terrible You will have learned more than if some did somebody who went through a $10,000 boot camp Because you went about it a different way. They were waiting for someone to feed them information You were looking into the information and going what is in here that I can use what is here that I can take out and in Use in my life. What can I activate right now? Digit team so that is it She biggest fan of the real cast of darrow. I hope that was was helpful There was a little bit of some some rambling going on in their team But what I want to do right? I'm on a new format. I'm on a new kick and I remember when I was going to work. I was community every day I was going two hours to work two hours back and I would listen to this podcast Uh called entrepreneurial fire. And so you guys could check that out entrepreneurial fire with jolly doomas it's a daily podcast where he interviews business leaders and I listened to that podcast because I'm in the business, but I never really listened to anything else Um, I mean, there's some other stuff that I listened to but the podcast was all like once once a week He was the only podcast that was every day. So what I want to do is here is bring you Uh some feature linked content That's going to be helpful inspiring motivational inspirational getting you dedicated help you learn some more help you become a better version of yourself I want to deliver that every day So while you're going to work driving to work driving from work, you've got something that you can look forward to Um, and then you've got something that'll make you think you got something that'll put some different thoughts and ideas in your head Help you push in life and help you become not man Not not even like not even a better coder or a better programmer That's like a better person like dude. It's not about code is a code is a tool It's not about the code. It's fun to sit down. That's the thing like that's that's what gets us high We sit down and we type on the keyboard and it's super awesome to see like This box do something after we gave it this command because it seems so unreal It's like when you ask a person to do something it's like cool They go do it and you're like, thank you But if you were to ask a tree To do something if you were like hey tree Grab me a coke from the fridge and the tree like jumped up out the ground and walked to the fridge You would feel like a boss.  You ain't built nothing That's the thing I want to motivate people to like build stuff man and to work together That's what the code 365 startup lab is about I want to build it into a community Where are these like-minded people people who want to learn to code for fun and profit? They want to get jobs, but they also want to build their own stuff their own applications their own websites their own whatever it is So it'll make them some money and they can have fun doing it in the process and they can show other people And they can have fun teaching people it's all about Having fun team like if you can't have fun like there's no need to do it So that's what it's all about so daily i'm going to be dropping some long form content like this I want to keep it at around 60 minutes. I don't know how long this one is But I figured I put myself on the schedule do these every day and then build something every day And we can go out here and we can get it together team If you want to support me if you want to support the channel if you want to support those five kids I was talking about and my little bitty dog chip and the little lizard that we just got we just got this I don't even know what it's called, but we're going to be having some fun with him We're going to give him a website. We're going to give him a webcam We're going to do all kinds of crazy stuff team But if you want to support this whole thing that's going on over here team Check out the cold 365 startup lab Dot com where you can get An introductory education to The world of web and software development until next time team is your biggest fan the real casadero Uh-oh. I'm back. I'm back. I meant to go over here. I meant to go here No, this isn't the place here


The TPP began really through activities during 2019, such as the HLP report, the CIRAD CGAIR programme on agroecology and the Global Commission on Adaptation report on agroecology contributing to resilience of agriculture. And we look at this slide from the centre outwards because the activity of the TPP is in the various landscapes, farms, the places where agroecology is happening, and then the global research and advocacy system supports that work on the ground. Next slide. So, very simply, what the TPP is all about is addressing knowledge and implementation gaps that constrain the wide scale uptake of agroecological transitions. Next slide. And those three words are important. The idea is to be transformative, not just to do research, but to make sure that things actually change on the ground. It's a partnership. And that's really important because lots of people are working on agroecology. If we work together, then we're likely to make faster progress than if we're operating separately. And so a platform is what makes this all possible. And it uses this pattern Osterprisal of working bottom up and top down at the same time to see what's feasible with farmers on the ground and food system, other food system actors, and to create the enabling environment and remove lock ins that constrain adoption. Next slide. So the governance of the TPP is threefold. There are three donor countries at the moment, that's France, Switzerland, and the European Union. There are three research providers. That's C foricraft the French research institutions and CGR. There is then three civil society farmer organizations, the Alliance for Food, Sovereignty in Africa, the Asian Farmers Association and the Latin American representative of the Indigenous Partnership. Next slide. Supporting the work in an advisory role is an advisory group, which currently consists of people mainly from UN organizations from UNEP, FAO, IFAD, but also Biovision and TMG. Next slide. Through 2020 and 2021 up to September, where the coalition for transforming food systems through agroecology came into being. There was a huge amount of activity in getting projects and modes of working together on the table, and it was very successful with nearly 150 million worth of project funding around key gaps that have been identified by this collective that is the TPP. And these are projects which are practical, focused and with partners on the ground in different countries. Next. So at UNFSS, at the last moment really, the group of friends of agroecology, which are countries, member countries of FAO, made a strong letter to the UN suggesting that agroecology should be on the radar of UNFSS. In the pre-summit, an agroecology session was set up after lunchtime, it was one of the best attended sessions of the summit, and it led to the development with the support of the transformative partnership platform of the coalition. Next slide. And the important thing about the coalition is it's a coalition of the willing. And a lot of you may have noticed that the recommendations in the HLP report got quite watered down from the original when it came to the policy convergence process. So we're hoping by those countries that get together and there's nearly 40 that have already joined, including the European Union, the African Union and ECOWAS, and over 60 organizations. So it's already a coalition of 100 that by having some common ground will be able to make faster progress on action. And that's what we're interested as far as the coalition is concerned is making action on the ground. Next slide. And there are five working groups. And the one that the TPP is most closely associated with is the research and innovation working group, which of course itself then interacts with the others. Next slide. Of course, the TPP operates on the basis of the 13 HLP principles is setting out what agroecology is all about, but it doesn't just follow the classic Gleesman transition, because next slide. We realize that there are multiple transitions, click again, that start from different places and follow different trajectories according to context, click again. And once we bring the consumers as well as the producers into the picture, then agency of people throughout the food system to have really democratic food systems becomes a really significant element. Next slide. There are eight working domains that have been identified for immediate progress within the TPP, and you'll hear more about what's going on in some of those from Lisa later on. With that, I hope that you've got, you probably all already knew most of that, but that's what the TPP, how the TPP came about, and what its key focus is.


On Sunday morning, October 13, 1855, William Walker woke up early. He and several of his officers attended mass at the Roman Catholic Cathedral in the city of Granada, Nicaragua. Walker was a Protestant, but his attendance this morning was political, not spiritual. The conservative legitimistas were heavily Catholic, and the Catholic Church enjoyed a significant influence over them. Walker wanted to make himself friendly to the church leaders. The day before, he was a military commander when he led an invasion of the city. Now he was a politician, and he wanted to build whatever image would help him establish his new Republic of Nicaragua, which would make him the most famous filibuster in United States history, eclipsing the prestige previously enjoyed by Narciso Lopez before his failed attempt at liberating Cuba from Spain. William Walker was about to end the Nicaraguan Civil War. I'm Chris Calton, and this is the Mises Institute podcast, Historical Controversies. In the previous episode, we covered William Walker and his first attempt at leading American filibusters in Nicaragua, from which Walker barely escaped with his life. In this episode, I'll be talking about his second expedition against the legitimista forces. After his defeat at Rivas, Walker put a new plan together and presented it to Don Castillon. He asked for 200 more troops to try to take Rivas again, but Castillon was hesitant to agree to Walker's request. Instead, Walker convinced him to sign a contract allowing him to recruit American volunteers with promises to pay them $100 a month, and 500 acres of land in Nicaragua after the war was won. Walker then went out to find a democratica who was trustworthy, and he found such a man in the town of Chinadega, a man named Don Jose Maria Valle. The two men took a liking to each other, and Valle was well liked by the locals, so Walker made him an officer. In order to demonstrate his trust, Walker shared with Valle the secret plan he had been concocting, a plan he would share with nobody else, not even Don Castillon. This was different than the plan he presented to Castillon when requesting new troops. In return, Valle was able to bring 170 troops to join Walker's force. But as Walker and his men were boarding the ship to make a second attempt at conquering Nicaragua, an outbreak of cholera started infecting the men. For reasons that nobody could explain, the Americans were immune, but the disease destroyed the Nicaraguans. Healthy one day, a man could be dead from cholera three days later. It took out several of Valle's volunteers and others deserted to avoid contracting the disease themselves. As this was going on, Walker received a dispatch from Castillon informing him that fighting had broken out at El Saoce. This is where General Munoz, the man who Walker believed to have betrayed him at Rivas, if you remember the previous episode, had taken 600 troops. His army got caught in a battle with General Jose Guardiola's Legitimistas, and the Democraticos won the battle, but it was a Pyrrhic victory. Munoz had been killed, along with many other casualties. Castillon wanted Walker to put off his mission, but despite the cholera and the news of Munoz, Walker was undeterred. So he loaded up what many had remaining, and after pretending to head to Honduras to throw off Legitimista spies, he steered his ship south to return to where he had been defeated months earlier. After six days on the water, Walker's ships approached the shore of San Juan del Sur. Legitimistas had been occupying the town, so Walker was being cautious. The two Americans paddled a rowboat out to the ship and informed Walker that the Legitimista forces had fled when they saw the ship, so it was safe to land. But before landing, the two Americans also gave him another important piece of information. The town was another American, a one-armed man named Parker French. He had recently arrived from Granada and was waiting for the next steamer that could take him to San Francisco. But he had a Milado servant who had revealed to the Americans that French had offered his services to the Legitimistas at Granada, so Walker should be wary of him. But Walker already knew of French. They had been in San Francisco at the same time. French claimed to have lost his arm fighting Mexicans, and he showed up in San Francisco in 1851. He set up a law practice and later spent some time in the California legislature, taking over the seat of his law partner who had died while in office. He also ran a newspaper in Sacramento for a short time. When Walker was first recruiting men for Nicaragua, French declined, but promised that he would join Walker and Nicaragua later. So Walker ordered French to be brought onto the ship. When they talked, French said that his offer to work for the Legitimistas was really just so that he could spy on them. I have no idea if this is true or if French was just an opportunist, but regardless, he was able to provide Walker with information about the Legitimista forces at Granada. Walker didn't completely trust him yet, but he gave him an officer's commission and told him to bring more men back from San Francisco. Walker sent Frank Anderson, one of the Americans who was still dealing with his injuries from Rivas, to accompany French back to California. When Walker landed, he turned several buildings into quarters for his men. The day was August 30th, and as Walker was making himself home in the town, a transit company steamer arrived carrying hundreds of passengers, most of whom were Americans. Walker hoped to find some new recruits among them, but he was quickly disappointed. Word of his failure at Rivas had soured people on the idea of joining his filibuster army. Instead, the Americans moved from the steamer to transit company stage coaches to take them to Virgin Bay. So Walker had, at this point, 43 Americans and 120 Nicaraguans. I should probably mention in case PC Principal is listening to this podcast that I'm perfectly aware that Nicaraguans are also Americans, but since we don't have a good term for United States-ian, I'm referring to the United States filibusters as American and everybody else by their country. Walker received word that General Guardiola, after fleeing from his defeat against Munoz's democraticos, had gotten 200 new Legitimista soldiers from Granada and had taken them to Rivas to strengthen Bosque's garrison there after it had been weakened by Walker's previous assault. Walker thought the reports of Legitimistas and Rivas were exaggerated and he figured there were maybe five or six hundred troops there, but in reality there were 1200 Legitimistas and Rivas by this time. By September 2, the steamer set off to San Francisco with French and Anderson and Walker had failed to recruit a single new troop among the hundreds of Americans who passed through. So Walker and his men loaded up some packmules and carts of supplies and they set off on transit road in the middle of the night. They reached Lavirhen on the morning of September 4. This was a depot established by Cornelius Vanderbilt as part of his transit company. Lavirhen had only eight huts when the depot was set up in 1851, but by 1855 it had blown up to support all the commerce from Americans traveling to and from California. Now there were hotels, stables for horses, blacksmith shops, coach houses, housing for American staffers and a spacious headquarters for the accessory transit company manager in Nicaragua to live in, a job currently held by Cortland Cushing. Walker met with Cushing once he and his men arrived. Cushing had a reputation as being a man who had every intention of staying neutral in the Nicaraguan War. He was there to conduct business and that was it. And he was known for his reliable and honest information. So when he informed Walker that General Guardiola had taken a large force of Legitimistas and marched to them south from Rivas in search of the filibuster army, but then had changed his mind and turned back to Rivas, Walker believed him. Cushing probably wasn't lying, but he was wrong. Guardiola had indeed marched his troops out of Rivas to find Walker, but he never turned back. So as Walker was making himself comfortable in Lavirhen, Guardiola was on his way to attack him. Guardiola had quite a reputation as a commander. He was brutal to his enemies, even by Central American standards. And he was equally feared by his men. His brutality had earned him the nickname The Butcher. Because his name was Jose Santos, which translated to Saint Joseph, the Americans gave him a less intimidating nickname of their own, Holy Joe. But Guardiola was not a man to be taken lightly. He was ambitious, energetic, and ruthless. And after taking command at Rivas, he left half the 1,200 man force behind his agarrison and took the other half with him to confront Walker in San Juan del Sur. Even though Guardiola had been defeated at El Saoci, he blamed the incompetence of his troops, not his own mistakes. And he was confident in his ability to slaughter the Yankees. But he did not believe that his soldiers shared his confidence. So he brought with him ox carts full of bottles of Guaro, a Central American liquor, which he intended to use as liquid courage for his men. He was also bringing with him a six-pound filled cannon, in addition to the muskets and ammunition that his men would be armed with before the battle. He ordered a detachment of his men to haul a cannon, which was not an easy task. But motivated by fear of their leader, they managed to transport it all the way to where they had set up camp at Hacote Ranch, a mile and a half from the halfway house that sat between San Juan del Sur and La Vier Hinn. When Guardiola reached the halfway house the next day, he learned that Walker had moved his troops to La Vier Hinn. The general had neglected to leave pickets on the road outside the Hacote Ranch to keep watch for enemy troops. So Walker and his men were able to march right past the ranch that night while the Legitimistas were asleep. Now Walker was unaware of the Legitimistas, of course. So this was all good luck on his part. So now Guardiola had to turn his men around and pursue the Americans to La Vier Hinn. He stopped his men just outside of La Vier Hinn and had the Guaro distributed to his troops. Then he had his men bring the filled gun to the front to be used against the buildings in the village. Guardiola's men had laboriously moved the cannon all this way, but now as they tried to move it into position, the gun collapsed underneath the old carriage that was holding it up. It was hardly the fault of the men moving it. The carriage had been weakened from age and abuse, but Guardiola, true to his reputation, blamed the men. But nobody in the army could repair the carriage, even if his men had the skills to do so. There wasn't enough time to wait. So Guardiola had his men hammer a spike into the touch hole of the gun. The touch hole was where gunpowder was ignited and spiking the touch hole was the way of disabling the cannon. The Legitimistas did this now in case the cannon fell into the hands of the enemies. So now Guardiola had lost his single piece of artillery, but he still had 600 men liquored up for courage and armed with muskets. There were straw hats with white ribbons around them, the only thing that constituted a uniform for most Nicaraguan soldiers. White ribbons indicated Legitimistas and red ribbons indicated Democraticos. He also knew he had the element of surprise. Scouts had brought reports of Walker's men eating breakfast, completely unaware of the enemy nearby. So Guardiola ordered the attack. When the Legitimistas charged, Walker and the other men outside were first alerted by popping sounds and puffs of white smoke coming from the direction of the transit road. To the west, Valle's pickets were racing back toward the village and Legitimista troops could now be seen coming over the hill, firing their muskets as they charged. The pickets were firing behind them as they ran. Valle's drummer was quickly ordered to bang the alert to the rest of the men in the village that they were being attacked. Walker stayed calm as hundreds of Legitimistas stormed over the hill and he issued orders to his men as to how to defend the settlement. Charles Hornsby and 20 rifle toting Americans were sent to secure the right flank to prevent the Legitimistas from occupying the higher ground there. 15 more Americans were sent with John Markham to protect the left flank. The rest of the Americans under Robert Gay took to the beach behind the settlement to stop any Legitimistas who might try to attack from the rear. Valle and his musket-bearing Democraticos were ordered to protect the center. Walker drew his sword with one hand and his six-shot pistol with the other and he joined Valle and the Nicaraguan troops out of the fear that they would flee. Charles Doubleday, Walker's right-hand man, stayed beside him as well. Most of the citizens of Lavierhen were American employees of the transit company or their wives and children. They took shelter in various buildings. Cushing took refuge in the company warehouse, along with six other Americans who were frantically piling wooden boxes against the door to create a makeshift barricade. Hornsby and his men crept forward on the right, firing their rifles sparingly, only doing so when they had a target. They yelled out every time they took out a Legitimista with their superior firearms and their commotion gave the impression that they were a larger force than only 21 men. In reality, they were heavily outnumbered, but the Legitimistas had poor training, inferior firearms, and they were full of liquor. So as they advanced, the Americans were able to pick them off like fish in a barrel. By the time the Legitimistas were in close enough range to use their bayonets, they'd already lost a couple dozen or so men, and their courage ran out and they deserted. Where Walker and the Nicaraguans were, another band of Legitimistas made a frontal assault. The Democraticos did not have rifles like the Americans, so they did not have as easy a time picking off the charging enemy soldiers. Legitimista troops charged forward, fired, and then dropped to one knee to rearm their muzzle loaders while a second line of soldiers fired theirs. Officers rode behind them on horseback, carrying riding whips in one hand and swords in the other, urging their troops on. Eventually, the Legitimistas were close enough to the Democraticos guarding the center to make a bayonet charge. Valle's men returned fire and the Legitimistas fell. In the words of Doubleday, the enemy soldiers quote, "'Went down as if grass before the scythe.'" Enough men in the first line fell to the ground that those behind them stopped charging to avoid tripping over the bodies of their comrades.  Doubleday saw Walker fall to his knees next to him, grabbing his chest. He'd been hit twice. The first ball grazed him in the throat but caused no real damage. The second ball hit him square in the chest. Doubleday helped his commander do his feet and Walker was surprised to find that he wasn't bleeding. The musket ball had torn clean through his jacket, but it was blocked from piercing his body by a stack of letters he had in his breast pocket from Don Castillon. The letters were destroyed, but they saved Walker's life. After firing this volley, the second line of Legitimistas stepped over their fallen comrades and charged with their bayonets. But they were unaware that several of Valle's men had snuck away into houses on either side of the troops.  Several of the Legitimistas fell and the rest scattered, terrified of gunfire that seemed to have come out of nowhere. To the left, Markham and his 15 Americans were taking refuge behind wood and fences, but they fired their rifles at the Legitimistas as they reloaded, holding them off successfully as they tried to get to the breach. But they were in danger of being outflanked any minute. So Walker sent Doubleday to Hornsby with instructions for him to take his Americans to reinforce gaze troops on the beach. Hornsby complied and led his men toward the lake. As Doubleday was returning to Walker, he saw Colonel Manuel Arguello of the Legitimistas sitting on top of a white horse. Doubleday didn't actually know it was Arguello. He only learned this later. As Arguello was urging his troops forward, he was thrown from his horse, which fell dead to the ground after taking a bullet. Doubleday was distracted, watching Arguello's men help him to his feet, and he felt a sharp sting in his side. He collapsed. Dr. Alex Jones, the American doctor who had dug a musket ball out of Doubleday's skull after the Battle of Rivas, ran up to Doubleday. Are you all right? Yes. Doubleday responded, I've got it this time, plumb through me. While Doubleday was lying on the ground clutching aside, Jones spotted more Legitimistas charging toward the beach. He yelled out a warning to hornsby and his men, then ran to take cover in a nearby building. Doubleday tried to get to his feet, but they wouldn't respond, so he was left on the ground. Legitimistas soldiers assumed he was dead, so they stepped over him as they pursued their enemies.  He pushed through the line of enemy soldiers from behind and ran toward the house with enemy bullets flying from behind him. But by some miracle, he made it inside without taking another hit. The major action was now taking place on the beach, and another group of Legitimista soldiers were headed that way to reinforce their comrades. Robert Gay had already lost some of his men, but he and five other Americans continued firing at the enemy as they advanced. When they got close enough, his men threw down their rifles and pulled out their pistols. They yelled wildly and charged at the enemies, emptying all six rounds from each of their pistols, successfully forcing the Legitimistas to retreat. On the left flank, John Markham saw that Gay and his men had driven off the Legitimistas on the beach, so with his rear secure, Markham ordered his men to charge at the Legitimistas to their front. Now that the Americans were advancing, the Legitimistas attacking the left flank, scattered, making a break for the woods. Valle and his men were still holding the center, but now his right, left and rear were all secure, so he ordered his men forward. The Democraticos advanced, forcing their enemy back up the hill toward the transit road. Walker was no longer with them, having gone to the beach to reinforce Robert Gay against the remaining Legitimistas there, but he could hear the Democraticos cheer as the Legitimistas' soldiers waging their frontal assault were now in full retreat. The officers were still trying to keep their men together, but the scared soldiers had had enough.  Of the survivors, many deserted completely and the rest returned to Rivas. The battle of Lavier-Hinn was over and Walker was victorious. The casualties suffered by the filibusters and the Democraticos were light. All the Americans survived, those some had been injured. Dr. Jones checked double day's wound and discovered that it was less serious than the pain indicated. The musket ball had hit his belt buckle and the buckle prevented the bullet from entering the body, but it drove the belt buckle to a side, giving him a gouge that would take several months before it stopped bothering him, but it was hardly life-threatening. Two other Americans had taken bullets, but the wounds were not life-threatening either. Valle had lost only two men with three others wounded. The legitimistas, by contrast, were littered across the village with more than 100 dead or injured. Walker ordered his men to carry the injured legitimistas to the village where Dr. Jones could treat their wounds. But once the men brought word that one of Valle's officers was killing the wounded enemy soldiers, which remember was the standard practice in Central America, Walker sent double day to put a stop to this. Double day found the officer to be Mariano Mendes, one of the democraticos who fled to Costa Rica rather than staying to fight in the Battle of Rivas. Now Mendes was walking through the wounded to finish them off by bashing them in the head with the Budavis musket. Double day ordered him to stop his executions. Mendes shrugged and tossed his musket to the ground. As Mendes was walking away, he only got a few steps before he found another injured legitimista at his feet. He picked up one of the legitimista muskets that was lying nearby on the ground and looked back at double day. The two men made eye contact and then Mendes stabbed the injured legitimista in the neck with a bayonet. And since double day repeated his command, this time forcefully enough that Mendes complied. The victory at Labirhen meant that Walker was able to retrieve about 150 muskets and carts of ammunition left behind by the enemy. There were also several horses left behind that had not been killed and the officers used them to scout the area, verifying that the village was completely secure. After spending the night at Labirhen, Walker and his men traveled back to San Juan del Sur. He also sent a messenger with a letter to Castillon back in Leon informing him of the victory and requesting reinforcements. The provisional director received the note on his deathbed. Like many others, he had contracted cholera and he read the report of Walker's victory an hour before he died. Taking his place would be a man named Don Nasario Escoto who sent news of Castillon's death to Walker in San Juan del Sur but also offering congratulations for his victory against Guardiola. Back at San Juan del Sur, Walker's fortune was turning around. With the news of his victory spreading, he found it much easier to find new recruits. Many legitimista defectors showed up to join the democraticos bringing with them tales of the abuse they suffered at the hands of the legitimista officers. As a show of good faith, they offered information about the Garrison at Rivas. Other new volunteers showed up from San Jorge to join Valle's forces and even more came from Costa Rica where they had fled previously enlarging the democratico force to 200 men. One man coming with the volunteers from Costa Rica was another American physician named J.L. Cole who had married a girl from Rivas and came now to join Walker's filibusters. The new provisional director, Escoto, told Walker in his message that he wanted to send him reinforcements but with the cholera outbreak he was finding it impossible to find men but Walker was pleasantly surprised by the arrival of Don Maximo Espinosa. If you remember from the previous episode he was a democratico who owned the Hacienda that Walker had taken refuge in at Rivas until the legitimista set it on fire. Walker had last spoken to him in the village of Tola before the battle. Walker was glad to see Espinosa was still alive and made him the democratico commissioner of taxes in San Juan del Sur. So Espinosa set off to do his new job. He was happy to raise money for the democraticos. In San Juan del Sur there were two popular bars that enjoyed business from American and European travelers passing through the town. One was owned by the French consul to Nicaragua and the other, a bar called the Dime Saloon, was owned by the US consul, a man named John Priest. When Espinosa told Priest he was there to collect taxes Priest was furious. He hadn't paid any taxes to the legitimistas and he threatened to bring in a US warship to protect his right to sell alcohol to Americans tax-free.  The show of force worked and Priest paid the taxes demanded of him hours later. It's hard to imagine a time when Americans were so outraged at having to pay taxes that you would actually have to carry out the violent threat that all taxes are collected under. But that's an aside. Walker's good fortune continued. On September 20th, a steamer called Sierra Nevada came in from San Francisco. This was a 1,257 ton ship and it carried a large number of passengers all of whom were met by Walker's recruiting officers as they came into town. The news of Walker's victory had already reached them and public opinion had swung in his favor. Among them came a handful of new recruits already armed giving Walker a force of 60 combat ready Americans. Walker also received word that the commanding general of the legitimistas Major General Ponsiano Corral had dismissed Guardiola and left Granada to take personal charge of the Rivas defenses. Guardiola was now in Honduras without any troops to command. Valle informed Walker that Corral was popular and was likely to raise morale at Rivas. Granada was the legitimista capital during the war but with Corral occupied in Rivas and desertions in cholera plaguing the legitimista forces Granada was left poorly defended. This information was brought to Walker by a legitimista courier who was intercepted while traveling from Granada to Lavier-Hinn. The courier had with him a dispatch to Corral from Major General Fernando Chamorro who had been left in charge of Granada telling Corral that he was unable to send the requested reinforcements. So this was Major Intel for Walker. He thought Corral was preparing to attack him but now he realized that Corral was clamoring for more troops and Granada was weak. Walker gave the dispatches back to the courier along with a note to Corral. The note informed the Major General that Walker had read the dispatch and that Nicaragua needed peace. The courier's horse was returned to him and he was sent to Rivas to deliver both messages to the legitimista commander. Walker received a response from Corral later the same day. The note from Corral merely acknowledged that he had received Walker's messages but it included another note with signs that Walker couldn't read. He suspected that they were symbols of the Freemasons sent to serve as a coded message. Walker was not a member of the Freemasons but Charles Hornsby and Julius de Brisa were so Walker showed them the note. They confirmed Walker's suspicions and informed him that the symbols were Masonic code, basically meant to find out if Corral was able to communicate confidentially with Walker. Walker took this to mean that Corral wanted to sue for peace but Walker was still being cautious and he refused to march to Rivas just in case Corral wanted to fight. He wanted to wait until he had more men. Walker got his wishes in October when another steamer arrived from San Francisco. Among the many passengers, Walker recognized one of his closest companions from his adventures in Mexico. Again, I hope you've listened to the previous episode because that was where I told the story of Walker having to amputate the legs of one of his soldiers in the desert as they fled back to the US following their failure at Sonora. That man's name was Charles Gilman and he had since been fitted with a wooden leg.  Gilman was among Walker's most loyal followers and he brought with him 35 fresh recruits from California. Walker immediately made Gilman a Lieutenant Colonel placing him under Charles Hornsby who he promoted to full Colonel. Among Gilman's new recruits were a handful of US Army veterans. Walker now had 96 American soldiers under him and he divided them into three companies. One led by Hornsby and Gilman, another by John Markham and the third company led by two of the new recruits who had military experience named A.S. Brewster and George Davidson. Davidson was a Mexican war veteran. With a stronger force, Walker sent Mendez packing. Mendez had twice proved himself problematic and he was only kept around because Walker needed men. Now he felt no need to keep them so he sent Mendez back to Leone. Glad to be rid of him. But in a worse turn of events, Double Day also left. He and Walker had had a falling out and the reason for it is a matter of historical dispute. Double Day later claimed that he left because Walker had privately confided in Double Day his desire to become emperor of Central America. Double Day claimed he took a stand against the upfront to the American values and the principles of liberty. Maybe, but there's no evidence that can corroborate this and Double Day could easily have been trying to make himself look good in retrospect. It's more likely that Double Day was insulted by Walker's rejection of his advice with Double Day seeing himself as essentially his chief advisor after Walker revealed his latest plan. Walker told Double Day he wanted to march on Lake Nicaragua which Double Day thought was foolhardy. Regardless of the reason, Double Day resigned and returned to Ohio. Walker had lost his right hand man. But the same day that Double Day left San Juan del Sur, another boat arrived carrying democratic reinforcements sent by Escodo, bringing Valet's force up to more than 250 men. The new troops were led by Captain Ubaldo Herrera and he also brought with him a small two pound cannon. Walker purchased for himself a six pound naval gun from one of the ships that was docked at San Juan del Sur to add to Herrera's cannon. Then he ordered his men to build carriages for both of the guns, which delayed Walker's plan for another week. On October 11th, Walker was ready and his troops marched back to Lavierhen. Back in the village, a steamer arrived bearing the same name as the town. Some of the names are really confusing in here because you have rivers, you have cities and you have steamers and a lot of them carry the same name. So there's San Juan del Sur as a city that's not connected to the San Juan River which is really confusing. And then there's a steamer named Lavierhen and there's a town named Lavierhen and then there's steamers later on that are named after the people that are in the story. So if you ever read up on this it can get very, very confusing and I'm trying to accommodate as best I can in the way that I tell the narrative but it can get a little convoluted so do forgive me if some of this is hard to follow because of that. So they were in Lavierhen where they boarded the steamer called Lavierhen. The passengers unloaded and Hornsby and his company of Americans boarded Hornsby informed the captain that the ship was being commandeered by Walker. When Cushing found out about this he joined in with the skipper Joseph Scott and their protests at Walker's decision to take an American steamer. They said that because the ship was owned by a US company it was selling under the flag of the United States. But Walker was a lawyer remember and he was brilliant and studious. He had already familiarized himself with the contract between the transit company and the government of Nicaragua and it stipulated quite clearly that transit company ships were to operate under the flag of Nicaragua which meant that Nicaraguan officials could requisition them as needed and that included Walker as a democratic even if the country was currently warring over who had the legitimate authority in the country. So he loaded his men into the ship taking with him the two cannons and a pair of horses one for Valle and one for Gilman since he only had one leg. Then the steamer departed. Now it might be helpful to remind you of the geography. I went over this a little bit in the last episode but I want to reiterate it for context. San Juan del Sur is a town on the Pacific coast in southern Nicaragua. Lava Hin was on the other side of the strip of land next to Lake Nicaragua. The steamer's official destination was San Carlos on the southeast corner of the lake connecting to the San Juan River. Not far northwest of Lava Hin was Rivas and on the far northwest corner of Lake Nicaragua much farther away than nearby Rivas was Granada. Nobody on board knew where the ship was ultimately headed except for Walker and Valle. When the steamer took off it headed on its normal course to San Carlos well away from any of the legitimate east to strongholds but after traveling east across the river Walker gave the skipper new instructions and he turned the ship north. The Nicaraguans on the ship being more familiar with the layout of the country quickly realized Walker's plan and they started to cheer. The Americans were confused thinking the Nicaraguans were crazy until somebody explained to them what had the men so excited. Walker's plan was to bypass Rivas completely and head straight for Granada at the far northwest corner of the lake. Corral had made Rivas a priority because of how close it was to Lava Hin but in doing so he left the legitimate east to capital weakly defended. If they could take Granada they could end the war in one quick move. The steamer eased toward Granada on the night of October 11th. The moon was obscured by clouds so they were covered in darkness. The ship's engines were kept low so their approach wouldn't be heard and all the lights on the ship had been put out. The men kept low on the ship so they couldn't be seen. There was a rundown Spanish fort on Granada's lakeside that had a handful of centuries but they were hardly paying attention. Nobody expected an attack so the steamer slipped by them undetected. The ship landed three miles north of Granada at about 10 p.m. The troops unloaded and they started moving toward the city a little before three in the morning. Captain Herrera, the leader of the reinforcements sent by Escoto had been born in Granada and he knew the area better than anybody else so he led the way. But the night was pitch black so they moved slowly until the sun started coming up and the men could see the Mambacho Volcano in the distance. The volcano was south of Granada and Walker described it as being like a sign saying, here is Granada. When they were a half mile from the city the troops could hear church bells ringing. This was the common method of signaling alarm in the United States and the Americans assumed that they had been discovered but the bells were actually ringing to celebrate a legitimacy to victory that had taken place two days prior north of the city. The troops inside still had no idea that an attack was coming when the filibusters entered. They moved past a series of buildings toward the city plaza until Hornsby signaled the charge. The men started to charge a barricade in front of them yelling maniacally as they ran. Hornsby and his men led the charge with Walker following close behind with the rest of the troops. There were numerous barricades blocking the path to the plaza but the men forced through one after another. They finally met resistance inside the San Francisco church where legitimista soldiers were firing their muskets through the windows from the inside. They were only a few and they were quickly captured. They took the plaza but puffs of smoke could be spotted to the left coming from muskets being fired by legitimistas from the second story of the house that had originally been built by the Spanish to serve as the home for the captain general of Nicaragua before the country became independent. Valle's young drummer boy was next to him in the plaza and he was killed by one of the bullets. But the democratic was battered down the doors and stormed the building. This was the full extent of legitimista resistance in Granada. In a total of 10 minutes, William Walker had conquered the city losing nobody except for the unfortunate drummer boy and killing only three legitimista soldiers. The news of Walker's victory would reach the United States quickly. Charles Doubleday would actually read about it in the newspaper from Ohio upset that he missed his share of the glory. In the city, more than 100 Americans had taken shelter in the American embassy with the US minister to Nicaragua a man named John Hill Willer. Walker let them know the city was controlled by Americans and they were safe. Back in the plaza, democraticos were looting the city, which like the execution of prisoners was a standard practice and war in Central America. But Walker had the looters arrested and Valle agreed to enforce this rule, but he did so reluctantly, warning Walker that the troops believed this was their right, especially after their own towns had been looted by legitimistas in the past. Valle also called for the legitimista leaders in the city to be executed by firing squad. But Walker refused and made them prisoners inside the city instead. And many of them were actually allowed to move about freely inside the city limits. Walker also freed the political prisoners. There were more than 100 such prisoners in Granada and many of them had been awaiting their execution. They were only kept alive so they could work as prisoners of labor for the legitimistas. One of the prisoners was even a US citizen. All of them agreed to fight with the democraticos bringing Walker's force to a total of 450 men, American and Nicaraguans combined. Walker sent two emissaries to Rivas to inform Corral that Granada had been taken. He wanted a sue for peace. Corral would be forced to comply and Walker would set up a provisional government for his new republic. But that story will be the subject of the next episode. For more content like this, visit mesus.org.


The world is digital and its population is aging. For the first time in human evolution, people aged over 60 have outnumbered children under five years old and are predicted to reach two billion by 2050. Older persons have always been an asset to their families, communities and societies. Nevertheless, they've been perceived as a vulnerable group, dependent on younger generations. The digital world can, no doubt, enable older persons to participate and contribute to society, turning this misconception of vulnerable into valuable. In an interconnected world, information and communication technologies or ICTs can empower and contribute to healthy, independent and fulfilled lives of present and future older adults. ICTs, if provided in accessible and user-friendly formats and platforms, can be valuable enablers for older adults, helping them to overcome more easily age-related limitations, including hearing, dexterity and visual impairment. For example, accessible smart televisions, allowing users with hearing aids to enjoy all types of entertainment content with their families. Use of virtual assistant technology to obtain all types of information and access online services. Use of zooming features to increase the font size to facilitate reading. The digital context reduces distances and avoids isolation and loneliness. It also facilitates active participation in all aspects of today's society. Therefore, by building accessible and inclusive digital environments, all users can adapt technology to their specific abilities and needs. For instance, they can buy products more easily, using the e-commerce process. Manage their finances and payments through e-banking. Continue lifelong learning, thanks to opportunities offered by e-learning platforms. Contribute to society, including sharing their experiences and enhancing constructive dialogue between generations. Moreover, in 2020, the Global Coalition on Aging estimated the global market value of older adults, the so-called silver economy, at 17 trillion US dollars and growing. There is a huge business opportunity for this untapped market. To help member states create accessible and age-friendly ICT environments, the International Telecommunication Union, ITU, has developed the report, Aging in a Digital World from Vulnerable to Valuable. The report not only raises awareness of the trends and good practices, but also provides concrete guidelines to ensure healthy, happy and valuable aging and empower older persons as active participants in their digital communities and societies. For more information on ITU's work and resources on digital inclusion, please visit www.itu.int.


and the ability for third party payment So other payment applications um to register with chrome in 2017 So we've been working with a large set of partners on this. They've been testing this kind of improving it I explicitly put this up because I wanted to prompt people if you're interested in this It would be great to share feedback on it to for you to play with it talk to us talk to the w3c's working group Because I think that we really want to get to a great place with this api Okay, so now you've got users who are logged in they can pay for things The final area that I really feel unlocks the potential for progressive web apps for the web as a platform Is connecting to hardware Now the web of course already has access to a lot of hardware devices accelerometers on my phone game controllers camera audio input audio output midi devices lots of other stuff Um, but I want to focus on one area that we've been working on lately Which is bluetooth Now when I say bluetooth, I'm not talking about headsets. I'm not talking about mice Those are bluetooth devices, but I'm talking about things like heart rate sensors And the latest made major version of bluetooth version 4 Which is actually like six years old by now, I guess Introduces this thing called bluetooth low energy now. I'm sure you've probably heard bluetooth low energy But you probably don't know why it's really exciting But the interesting thing is that it's also really weird Because unlike other tech like wi-fi or ethernet Which consistently increased their bandwidth version over version if you look at bluetooth on the right hand side here um version 4 seems to have fallen off a cliff like Why did they go from a transfer rate of 54 megabit to one of 0.3 megabit? Well, the answer is actually pretty straightforward. It's power and cost bluetooth one the bluetooth creators wanted to Evolve bluetooth into a technology that could be integrated into thousands of devices Like dozens of devices that you would use on a daily basis And when you do that you have to make sure that it's trivial to pay for you know Trivial cost upfront and it's trivial to maintain and it's trivial to fund the battery to like continue to keep it powered So when you look at this end to end It comes down to batteries and batteries are frequently something like this. It's a cr2 cr20 32 battery Like this is what actually powers the clicker that I usually use It doesn't provide a ton of power like this this won't power my laptop for very long at all And this explains why the transfer rates are so low because it needs to consume less power So if it runs at a slower rate and runs the the transfer at a slower rate It'll save a lot of power now You don't have to worry too much because most of the scenarios where you're going to use bluetooth You don't you're not trying to push like 4k video through this right like you're pushing control instructions for racing cars Or you're pushing data for a bluetooth le printer Or you're controlling bb8 because this is actually a bluetooth remote control robot Um, there are also devices like this. I actually have one of these Up here. This is a dotty led notification display Which um, you can have this display anything you want you can put custom patterns on it But you can also set it up so that it flashes red when something Bad is happening or whatever and I usually have this sitting on my desktop and doing doing weird stuff Now I want to take a look at how this works in practice. I'm going to start with a little demo here. Um, I have a bluetooth le device Here called a play bulb candle This is a mood setting led candle. So we're going to you know, bring the mood in here You can buy these for about 20 bucks Online you can actually buy them a lot cheaper if you buy them in bulk But the cool thing about this and you can tell already is that it changes color. It's a full color led And let's switch over to the uh, the remote here. Let's Pull out my phone Sorry, I have to leave the light off on on this because the color actually shows up then So i'm going to open up my demo page Connect to the device and it asks me what I want to pair with so I'll tell it the the candle And now from a web page with javascript. I can directly control this candle Kind of cool The candle actually it has a few other things in here too like I can set modes in it So it flickers a little like a real candle It flashes or pulses or does the rainbow effect Which personally I tend to think of as the seizure effect But let's turn that off now the really cool thing though we we actually just uh, just put this up a few days ago is um This has a sensor in it.  You can't see it from there Can't even see it really in the the camera But it's a sensor for when you blow the candle out So i'm going to blow the candle out and watch the watch the screen instead Oddly you can blow it back on too, which is kind of strange But okay All right, let's go back to the slide deck Okay, so Before I dive into the code. I need to give a few basic terms from bluetooth There's two two roles in bluetooth or the central device my phone a peripheral device the candle and this weird thing called gatt And gatt is how these things communicate. It's a generic attribute profile The peripheral device has what's called a gatt server And that basically lets you ask it questions about what kind of services do you provide What characteristics do those services have and let you read and write those values So Yeah, that's pretty much what I said here. So Basically each service contains one or several characteristics can have multiple values Some of these are standardized like battery service to tell the battery level is a common thing You can query any device that supports the battery service How you know what level is your battery at and it will tell you In a consistent way Now I want to run through some javascript code super fast on how to do this We actually have a code lab on how to do this. We have a number of the devices here That you can play with tomorrow if you want But in general you just call navigator bluetooth request device You pass it some options that lets you filter what devices there are because there's tons of bluetooth devices around in most common scenarios today And actually this filter list is not optional you have to filter it down somewhat you have to say Well, I'm looking for something that's you know named play bulb or I'm looking for something that supports battery service or something like that So this that's what this example actually does is it looks for anything that supports battery service Once you've selected a device, you know once we've popped up that dialogue the user is chosen to pair it You have access to a bluetooth device object Which you can connect to the gat server and you can ask it um ask it what it supports Or you can ask it for a specific service Two things that I should note here one when you request the device to begin with it has to be inside a user interaction Like a click on a button And secondly of course like all Powerful features that in the web platform now you have to do this from secure htbs pages Works fine on localhost too, of course So then you can get services and characteristics So here you get the service the battery service you get the battery level read value tells you what the battery percentage is Pretty straightforward writing to services is actually just as easy This is the code to write the color to the play bulb candle So you start out you request the device you connect to it You connect to the candle service you connect to the candle color characteristic And then you write it like you write a value to it So this is pretty straightforward although you're probably asking wait a second They're these magic candle service uuid values and candle color uuid So it's possible your bluetooth device comes with the programmers guide Some of them do you can actually get one for the dotty But if not you can also install There whatever their control software is like there's a play bulb candle app for android And then enable the developer option in android settings that lets you snoop on the packets And you can tell what characteristics and everything they're they're using Now to be notified When a characteristic changes like when I blew out the candle All you have to do is add an event listener on when that characteristic changes Whenever the characteristics value changes the event handler gets called I did by the way want to briefly connect web bluetooth with another project The physical web so physical web is about beacons Low-cost bluetooth devices like this that just broadcast a url like bluetooth devices broadcast their presence anyways These broadcasts specifically a url so people in the first few rows you may actually be picking this one up Um, but then the goal of them is to make interacting with smart devices as simple and fast as possible So as long as physical web is enabled on your phone You will actually see physical web pages are nearby and they get filtered by a web service This won't be too spammy And the train that you're on can actually broadcast the link to their schedule A parking meter can broadcast The payment app A dog collar can broadcast its owner's contact information Now in the future though, this is the cool part. This is why i'm connecting these because this isn't a physical web talk In the future, we're going to integrate the physical web with web bluetooth with a feature called referring device So if you navigate to a physical web beacons url This actually gets exposed when we load the page that it came from a specific bluetooth device And when you know that this exposes the gatserver the bluetooth device directly So if you walk up to a parking meter You don't have to figure out then which actual parking meter am i at because it just went to a url You can actually make sure of that because you're connecting directly to the device So web bluetooth Requires you to flip on an experimental flag in chrome today It also works on chrome os chrome for android marshmallow chrome for linux We're diligently working on the os 10 and windows implementations If you're on lollipop you can still use it, but you have to use a chromium build and it's also implemented in opera So to get started if you're interested by the way just google web bluetooth samples. It's really the easiest thing Like I said, we've got a codelab that we're running tomorrow And a bunch of devices to play around with we also have a pile of physical web beacons That you can keep we don't have enough for everyone I don't think so we'll figure out how to uh, you know throw them at people was my idea, but They said no With that, um, you know, I I hope this gives you an idea of some of the exciting areas That are going to make progressive web apps even more exciting in the future I hope you've learned a lot today Um, please come back tomorrow. We've got lots more talks from other browser vendors Partners and you have a chance to talk with us in office hours And experiment in the codelabs So thank you very much, and I think paul kinlan is going to come back up and close things out