All right, cool normal class All right new assignment. Yeah So just like you've been doing just like we've been talking about how to break encryptions Now you're gonna actually put that through the test and break some encryption so there's two parts to this assignment and On the website, we'll be able to see your signer text We got to talk about it a little bit I'm not just throwing you to the wall so though. I really like to do that so You've got some encoded ciphertext and the keyword there is encoded. We'll look at this briefly so In this crypto system encrypt and decrypt on the same operation. I will leave this To you to figure out why exactly that is but it's the same function here also Our analysis shows that the encryption function if you input a string depending on the size of your key It could output non printable characters So is that a problem when trying to share secret documents with people? Yes, Mark print out part of maybe if you wanted to let's say this document was stolen from somewhere And so it's some snippet of some text or something So because of that not only does this use encryption. There's also some encoding So what's the difference between encryption and encoding? Encoding is probably known so our encryption algorithm, so it's true true You don't need a key to encode right so encoding is just transforming text from one way to the other Transforming any kind of input from one to the other. So what are some encoding functions that you're aware of already? binary yeah, so 1s and 0s, so that's Ascii so interpreting maybe binary sequence as 8-bit bytes and mapping those bytes to printable characters Sure string reversal reversing a string that would be a way of encoding UTF-8, so UTF-8 is a way of encoding all kinds of characters that extends beyond ASCII and can have multi-byte characters, so you can have 32 bits actually representing one character Yeah, awesome hexadecimal I'd say is the way of encoding an integer you can represent an integer as a hexadecimal number as a deathhole number as a base to binary number Octol number there's different ways of viewing information can be easily translated between one another So this assignment from this crypto scheme specifically uses base 64 as it's encoding Any familiar with base 64? Yeah, so that definitely happens sometimes what other context so band it Yeah Authenticating with a rest API so usually there you're not relying on the base 64 encoding to actually do anything safe But you've generated some random number. There's some part of your crypto scheme that to do that Authentication needs to be encoded so they can be easily translated to a web server, but also base 64 is used a lot actually in not just the web, but also emails I think a lot of emails are Transparenly to you encoded using base 64 Attackments, I think all these kinds of stuff. So it's actually an important thing to kind of be aware of You can use a lot of instances also a lot of great libraries for it. So it's very easy to use So as we see here this so if we know that this has been basic before encoded, then what are we looking at? So we base 64 decode this what will we get? Some string or some a string of what I mean not specifically, but a binary and what in the crypto system? Psycho tax, there should be cyber tax, right? So this should be something that somebody's taken some plain text clear text message They've encrypted it and then they base 64 encoded it and that's what we have here And so your goal is to do what? Get the plain text More generally, that's more important than just this plain text The key right the key is the important thing Cool, you can play and I urge you to play with these so you understand how these work But we can just run through this very briefly so this And I'll leave it to you to kind of go to the details of this specific algorithm but when we Let's see if you take the string test we encrypt it with the key hex 80 And encode that and we get some base 64 output and then to verify that encryption decryption of the same if we take That string that was output decoded With the key hex 80 or decoded and then pass that the encryption function with the key hex 80 print that out We get the value test Make sense, and there's also Java implementation of this and C implementation of this So you can do the C implementation more of a pain because of the basic support Which I took from somebody on open-source thing online So your goal break the encryption and recover the key questions on the high-level goal So good So you will submit a review file that describes what approach you took how you went about breaking it You'll submit the actual key. So for this one you'll submit the key and that's all starting with zero X So the system will do that check verify it and then submit all code you wrote to break the ciphertext. So If just whatever we're not gonna run it It's not we just want to see what kinds of things and what approaches you took to break this It does not you don't have to make something that does this completely automatic if you want to that's great But whatever functions if it's anything you wrote to help you with this project Yeah, so since the pythons of Python 2 are we allowed to convert it to Python? You do whatever you want. These are just to help you I'm not gonna I mean I can try to answer questions, but this is just for you to start from you can Feel free and plenty of whatever crazy language if you want And you have some samples here, and you at least have a standard so that you can verify that your re-implementation actually works. Thank you Yeah, so this should be you know fun, right? We should do this in whatever language you want Part two is a different type of cybertext for the different algorithm So some cybertext here similar thing This time the key is the string one two in this example And it takes the string. This is the test and encrypt it with that key output same in base 64 encoding and Decrypt works exactly the same and there's also a job file and see code same then break the encryption recovery to key Create a reading file a key and all the code used in this one to break the cybertext or break the key questions Nobody's clapping anymore The Java the C in the Python is all exactly the same algorithm implemented in the three languages So it's just so that you have the encryption algorithm and then from there Whatever you do is up to you. I'll be beside the break it you print it out do it on like pen and paper I don't really care it's totally up to you at that point so so they're just Help help you get started so if you're more because I know some people aren't really familiar with Python very much So some of the weird stuff like the horde and char and all those kinds of things I don't want back to get in the way so that way you have three different limitations We're all exactly the same you can look at and get that how that this encryption algorithm works More questions or like three hands up. You'll have that exact same question All right Cool Yeah, don't know you tell me all you get is this basically so or that's up to you to figure out not to guess It is Get back to crypto So to this point we've been studying kind of plastic cryptography, so why do we? Consider these kind of more classical things Yeah, so you can think of that they're old They're created without computers in mind or with a different a much faster type of computer, right? It helps to remember that the old work for computer is somebody who would do like math equations and stuff by hand, right? So like a person was a computer now Machines are much faster than humans at doing that those types of operations, right? So, you know things like we talked about like the Caesar Cypher as a key space of 26 Not really gonna stand up in the days of modern processors, right? So that's why and as this processing power got better and better we started creating modern systems that would Be much more secure than these other schemes So all of these use product cycles and this is actually why we discussed and we looked in detail of Transition and substitution cycles, right? Because at the core of all of these things are just Many and in a very complicated way of all of these operations There's a very long history here you can I believe we have a cryptography course here. Is that true for a level course? Yes, I'm saying nothing. So, okay, yes So you can go learn all about all this kind of cool stuff you know some interesting notable things are part of The allies in World War two were able to break the German enigma machine so that's a very cool kind of story that Has to go into what do you do when you break, you know, there's all kind of interesting stuff of How do you act on information that you've gotten by breaking somebody's encryption because it? Well, because why? Yeah, so you you may indicate to them that You know that you know how to break it, right? So when you act on it if the action is not gonna let's say end the war Right and then that way they know and then that information is no longer valuable who knows what that is gonna do So anyway, there's all sorts of interesting high-level like information theory properties of how do you? Act on that information without letting them know you create a fake trail of evidence so that they say oh They stole this message from some career or something rather than actually broke the encryption huge active still active symmetric encryption is an active Area of development so now I'm talking about so what properties do we want from a? Modern symmetric encryption system Unbreakable define unbreakable that there aren't any Like inherent flaws behind it. Okay, so we want there to we want some probably formal or mathematical guarantees about the security of the system so or on the flip side Absence of a proof that it's correct. We want to not use anything that is known to be incorrect Right, okay. That's one property. What are some other properties? Should be fast. Why do we want to fast? Yeah, well, yeah, you you elaborate Yeah, so speed is actually one of these interesting things and we'll see this in different aspects There are certain type of operation. You actually want to be slow. We'll get to that later But in general right so fast means multiple things right so it means that it is It can be done quickly obviously right but the corollary there is it also uses less CPU and it has less over 10 So if you're a business and you're deciding do I want to encrypt all traffic coming out of my website? If it takes 10 seconds to encrypt a web page, are you gonna do that? I don't hear a resounding no Would you use a website that took 10 minutes 10 seconds to load every page? No, you would definitely not right? So as a business you want to actually you're gonna introduce this you want to be as fast as possible But you also want to be trivial trivially breakable, right? Which is some other stuff so actually as we'll see some of these crypto implementations are actually now Operations that the CPU itself will do like AES. There's a AES on Intel chips so it can do encryption Very very fast one of the properties so fast Right so this has to do with the either size of the key or the key space, right? So how large is the key space if it's only 10 bits? How many keys do you have to try to guess the right key? You want to exhaust that 10 bits? Two to the ten right, which is what? 1024 yeah, it's not very much right it seems like a lot of it got to the 10. Yes, that's a lot even to the 32 is What 4 billion roughly somewhere in there? Right, that's still not a lot especially so this is actually the interesting thing when you have speed as one of the properties But then if the system is very fast then guessing a key becomes very cheap and easy as well Right, so you want your key size to be? huge like that that Or another way to put that is we want the security of the algorithm to rest on the key space Right, which is also another way of saying we don't want ways to break it We want for somebody to break this they would have to guess every possible key And if we can keep the size of the keys long enough that they would have to Compute until the universe is dead in order to break We call that the heat depth of the universe or whatever how many billions of billions of billions of years And we're probably okay like we don't care about that cool So and so an interesting thing actually happened, so then where do you come up with these? encryption algorithms or how do you so we have some properties, so do you just like write some algorithm and then Hope people use it Possibly but that's more on the technical side I don't think more on the like human society wise right so I say I create my own encryption system I'm encrypting all my documents. It's great now. I want to send you a encrypted document Will you be able to read my documents even if I give you the key? Yeah, so there's actually a key aspect here of interoperability Right, we want it to be the case that you can go visit a website No matter what browser you're using or if it's on your phone or your laptop or whatever If it's using encryption, then the page will decrypt properly Right, so these that's actually another thing we want and Will you trust the middle? Yes Everybody Right, so standard is important there right so yeah, so in some sense we kind of all of these what if I gave you an encryption system, I said use this in the box What can I do to that system before I gave it to you? A backdoor so I could maybe Put something in the algorithm that is not obvious that gives me a backdoor into your system Are you just worried about me doing that? Who else are you worried about doing that? Who really wants to read people's private communications? I was at Facebook, maybe you're already giving them all your private communications The government Large organization law enforcement, right? It's actually kind of sadder in a state where companies can get a lot of money off of your private communications But they definitely can from the data they can gather from you so Realizing this essentially So there's been this really interesting contest style approach to creating and standardizing on different encryption algorithms So these are usually government either government sponsored or like a government organization will sponsor a NIST I think is in charge of doing these things Which is they're technically a government. I think they're technically independent, but The reason why people pay attention to this is the government will then say okay We will mandate that all documents use this encryption standard that comes from NIST And so a lot of them cryptographers and mathematicians will submit different types of encryption algorithms It goes through and each of them are evaluated in terms of performance security all these kinds of things It's a multi multi-year process to doing all of this so This is proposed By IBM as a standard for DES for encrypting sensitive and unclassified government information So specifically what this was used for and it was standardized in 1976 Which actually kind of crazy so thinking about how but you can already see the power of Kind of computing systems even back then where they realized the need that this is very clearly going to be a space where we need Better modern encryption algorithms, and we need them standardized so that everyone can use them so Just like we looked at the Well, maybe not just like So most of these algorithms that we look at for symmetric encryptions operate on a block So what does that mean? Exactly so just like the vision air cipher essentially so you have a key size of three Essentially splits the input up into chunks of three and then does an operation on each of them. So similarly most modern Symmetric encryption systems will operate on blocks. So for instance, DES takes in a 64-bit block size So what happens if you have less than 64 bits? Yeah, you have to do something right you can't just give up because then they may be able to search through Take the last block which was only use maybe three bits of plain text or something that could lead to breakage or errors It's still encrypted with the same key So you need to have some way of dealing with that we're gonna ignore that for now But as you get more into this they've actually had problems where because of the padding that's used you can actually break The encryption system by knowing that it was a padding error versus a different air and Specifically DS 56 bit key so how big is that key size? Yeah, I know it's tuned to the 56 What's that 7.2 times 10 to the 16th is that even enough a named number? I don't know. It's a lot. That's pretty big, right? Yeah, so think about that So then Again, this algorithm is standard you go to Wikipedia you can read the description or several open source of limitations It's fundamentally going to operate at the it's gonna make 64 bits And it's gonna take in a key and it's gonna output what? cyber-sex what size? Multiple same size less than What makes sense Yeah, it's 64 minutes, so why not less size lose data why Yeah, so I don't know if this is this isn't the pigeonhole principle is it I don't know. It's just Yeah Right, so we're going bigger. That's the smaller right so think about so we have to be able to turn every possible 64 bit You can think of it as a number, but whatever every possible 64 bits from 64 zeros all the way up to 64 ones every possible combination Needs to be converted with the key into some output that we need to then go backwards Right, so we start with 64 bits and we end up is very easy. We end up with 20 bits Right, so that means every 64 to two to the 64 input size, right There must be the case that two inputs map to the same output There's way less choices So then there's no possible way to be correct that we would have known which one And bigger you can kind of make the same argument in the sense that it's not giving you any additional information Right additional bits are helping you figure out how to go backwards You can think of like Encryption at a very high level does kind of a one-to-one mapping between to the 64 blocks Or 64 blocks and that mapping is always on the key So let's look at it. So essentially like I said that this is why I keep mentioning this It is complicated. So BDS Uses so essentially There are a number of different operations. So the plain text of the block comes in at the top You have the different IP and FPE are different permutations. I mean it's initial permutation and final permutation And so you take the plain text you can permute the bits you then Then there is this complicated operation where the key comes in the key is shifted around and stuff happens and then Then 48 bits for every round. There are 16 rounds. So basically you're doing this operation 16 times And each time you're taking like the upper half of the key the lower half of the key You're running through permutation and then you're out putting 48 bits of the key which then It's passing this function f which is an x-word with the plain text and so on it just keeps happening 16 times So this So this is kind of what I don't see that in the upper right But this is the way that the bits of the key are permuted into the At various stages. So each of these easy one and easy two these are different Permutations of where bits go the point is not to understand or memorize each of these parts. That would be silly and not helpful What's helpful is get an appreciation kind of what's going on at a high level by understanding with these details Then digging in even more So here is One of these F's so we're taking in A half block and a sub key and x-wording it and then all these bits are then being Passed to these x-boxes. There's the S's for substitutions. These are substitution boxes that essentially So the substitution boxes are just like Caesar cypress, right? So the mapping it's changing six bits to Mapping out Permutations where this is not these bits are being moved to different orders. It's being fed back into itself And you can even dig so far as to get into each of these different 8x s boxes And this table tells you this specific box when it's given Zero when the outside bits are zero and one and Inside bits are zero zero one zero the output is four pretty complicated, right? Is it secure? It's not shrug. I think that's probably maybe the best answer. Why is it shrug? Seems secure against you. So how did you how do you verify that to yourself? What are some properties you would use to just I mean not saying prove it mathematically, but how could you maybe? prove that it's or try to demonstrate that it has some Something well, I don't know about demonstrate, but I would see if any large organization still use it Okay, also like herd immunity or like wisdom of the crowds kind of a thing could say the same way to use this anymore What else yeah Multiple things map to like one number Okay, so about that yeah, you're on some shady characters and casual stuff in the conversation No, you are the smart one here. You do it not you don't have sorts of somebody else How do we try breaking the other ciphers and the other methods? So it's a statistics brute force. So we want to brute force it. How what do we need to brute force? The key the key size right the size of the key Right, so we can see we can actually test we can implement des We maybe try to implement it as fast as possible and we can say how long does it take us to do to the 64? Key isn't The key is 56 minutes, but it's extended to 64 minutes There's some operation that was a key extension, but fundamentally that doesn't matter But we can try 256 bits and we can see how fast to see get some notion and some understanding of how fast We would force this You could also check for like collisions, right or if the same Text comes from different keys. Yeah, so you keep track of that like a super computer. Yeah Much more difficult you have to keep track of all the 64-bit mappings Maybe some ways to do it Let's see what are some other things we could do Somebody said statistics, so what about statistics? Yeah, so we can do exactly what we're doing with the cether cipher and the vision air cipher, right? So it's 64 bits is how many characters we just want to think in terms of characters eight Yeah, so you can try the string of eight a's And then quit that with a key and then what we want to see in the outlet what key do you want to use? It was zero. It's just an input zero zero bits For 56 bits and it gives us an output. We'll just call it alpha for right now I don't know what it is. You could run this right very easy to run this algorithm So it's something you'd look for what are the patterns in the text or in the input in the play text It's all the same So well, it's not all the same, right? It's not all ones are all zeroes It's sort of binary at a bit level, right? So then what are these bits for that? So what's what's The same about it I Yeah Okay, so if we think about this input of eight a's this means that The first eight bits are the same It's forty 61 Right each of these eight bit Bites are exactly the same in the input So what would we check about alpha to see if that pattern remains that check for duplicate a big box Yeah, so we just look at the alpha and say okay the first eight bits. Is it a repeating pattern of eight bits Right, because that would be something we would definitely not want I'm fairly Very very confident if it's not What else what else? Yeah, we can try repeating blocks of two bits three bits four bits five bits six bits. Yeah, that's a good idea Yeah, maybe interesting to increment the key by one and see the difference. Yeah, so increment the key by one so think about a Caesar cipher, right? So we'll use DES key of one how many bits change in that input. I'm sorry, not the key How many bits in this key change from zero to one? One and the output is gonna be something else. We'll call it beta So if only if there's only one bit difference between alpha and beta is that a good thing? It'll be bad right because that means there's some relationship. So in a Caesar cipher How does the output change if the input changes by like one or if the key changes by one? You need a direction. Yeah, everything changes, but the same right? So there's a constant offset of everything there. So we basically want there to be no relationship between alpha and beta Right, what would be another test in this same line that we want to do? Yeah, same key and change I would say one bit of the input Capital I don't know. I okay. We'll call it B for right now, but I will be very clear that this is a One bit difference. We've run that through DES. Let's use the key zero again. So we're comparing it to alpha somebody please give me another Greek letter Now when we check Yes, okay, so the key question is do we want that to be the case? Right we we should if the key changes only slightly we should have completely different output and Should be statistically unrelated Right those two outputs a better way to think about it is what we're doing right now with the input text Right if our input text changes by one bit our output our ciphertext should be completely unrelated to alpha There should be no way to get alpha and delta and drive the key or anything like that Okay, yeah, that's a great point so And I can kind of hand with that in some sense where Essentially, these are what all of these operations are doing 16 times So the idea being over here on the right-hand side different parts of the key are being used So like all this is deterministic based on the key So this is all being used but it's different parts of the key are being used in different steps of the operation so that Essentially every bit of the key will they call it diffusion and will diffuse and have a chance of influencing all of the output bits So these are all PC2 are just 40 of its subsets Exactly, which is actually a 52 bit key that they've extended the 64 bits Yeah, so I and this is where I would again tell you I'm not a photographer So how do you analyze this or prove that have these properties? I have no idea. I mean there's math theory papers You can look at this stuff how you analyze this for flaws. I also don't know. I've never done that But there are smart people who do this for a living But I can help to give the intuition behind this is why all so essentially here This is so that if any bits of this key changes That will cause a cascading effect such that all the bits of the output will have a random chance of being flipped And that that shouldn't have it so there's no correlation between Differences in the key and differences in the sector text similar thing happens with the plain text so This is why it's very weird that like You're first taking the first half of the input plain text you take in the plain text You shift all the bits around this first set takes the first half. So that's the on the left hand side It's like crisscrossing motion Right, so that's taking in the first part the left half like the 32 minutes of the plain text Xoring it with the key and I guess we're going to have that next property of X or and that is reversible Right, so when everything here is reversible you can go backwards and everything will just work So here you're taking this stuff you generated from the key so bits from the key You're X or in it with the left side of the plain text And then you take that with the right side of the last round you run it through this function F That is being X or there with the key and then that guy's X or in and he's going over and over so that's this idea of diffusion so and it should be the case that any bit in the plain text gets flipped and The same thing happens where the output ever did the output as an equal chance of getting flipped Well, okay, so we go back here. These are some of the tests we would do Right, we'd also see if so we see if there's any relation. We'd see if there's any And this is something that you could clearly do on your own right because you could tell You could maybe try to do this with the encryption algorithms that you're given in assignment three You can say does this hold like one of these things look like in these two different scenarios So you can see how that works. Well, let's go here first So it turns out that 2 to the 56 is actually too small the same kind of crazy, right? This is Let's see 72 million billion is that right? No 72 billion million billion Actually never tried to say that before Seventy-two thousand trillion yeah, okay, that's another good thing. That's also I think also an equally large Hopefully it's because of the same number so one of the interesting things is this algorithm is easy to implement in hardware so the EFF the was an electronic freedom foundation on the frontier Frontier freedom in there. It's those notes electronic frontier condition So in 1998 right so how long is this after DS was adopted roughly like 20 ish years 22 years from 76 to 98 Built a custom DS cracker for about 250,000 dollars and it would take two days to break the key That's so pretty impressive, right? That's four million dollars Nowadays some of the latest kind of numbers I can find is in 2009. There's a company They call it the co-cabana machine. They made 120 FPGAs. Never know what an FPGA is You'll program will be array basically like programmable hardware, so You could do this for about $10,000 to break an AES key DS sorry The other interesting thing is so Well, we didn't mention and what I briefly mentioned So I kind of lost over a part of this second wall is when we talk about this It was standardized in 76 77 After tweets from the submission after consultation with the NF NSA, so IBM made changes To be yes based on feedback from the NSA So what were they telling them about? Why did they make changes? So could one theory could be they wanted a master key rate, which is one of the problems We said with encryption based on Somebody just hands it to you. How do you know that they don't have so a master key in this case would be one key That's able to be correct all communication or that maybe the key is somehow embedded in the ciphertext So another option would be future proof it in what sense, okay interesting so Yeah, that's a It's more of an engineering concern But yeah, that's and I think that comes up later of like how do you update a crypto system? So as we'll see they keep having contests that have new ones What else was we only two options So here's the interesting thing they The tweaks were public so there was the initial submission by IBM and Then there was the revised version that had these tweaks I think it came out later that the NSA was the one who made the tweaks, but we can assume we know that for now So you would see immediately if the key size was decreased. Yeah No, but you may need that over I Try to think through why but why would the NSA want to change this right? So we talked about answering it back door. We talked about maybe compatibility reasons Maybe they want to make it better Why would they want to make it better? What's the NSA's job? What's their stated job So, you know and Interesting things to think about what I mentioned right is the World War two part of the reason why the allies one is breaking encryption systems, right? so you could think of the NSA as Actually, so they actually have a dual purpose, which is kind of weird. They do have this Mission or statement to get intelligence from other foreign nations But also to actually like secure the US systems right from the same breaking by foreign nationals So interesting, so this is actually caused a lot of like conspiracy theories and speculation of all these reasons of why they would want to do this it turns out that in the late 1980s so roughly a decade after DES was announced, so this was thing of this is crazy an open question Nobody knew why these changes were made for 10 years like a decade and then Cryptographers discovered this concept of differential cryptanalysis Which I I don't The point is that it was discovered in the late 1980s by public Cryptographers and it turns out that the prior version of DES was vulnerable to cryptanalysis differential cryptanalysis But the proposed standard was not So then what does that tell you about the NSA? They knew about it a Decade before possibly more right they had discovered differential cryptanalysis and fix the DES standard so it would not be vulnerable to attacks that they knew about Or one of the attacks that they knew about if you want to get even more in depth with it and This led then to an area of linear cryptanalysis in 1993 Which is a more advanced form of cryptanalysis and it's finally withdrawn as a standard So because it's vulnerable in many ways, so you actually don't need all of these things If this attempts to brute force the key, but there's interesting attacks that you can do I think advantage of these things that allow you to reduce the key-size space. Yeah Yes Interesting so the question is isn't the modern security trend to Go towards maybe disclosing vulnerabilities. So there's a bit of a difference right because there's the Vulnerability in one piece of software versus a design flaw in a cryptographic system that's used by a lot of people So in some sense they did they fixed they actually prevented this vulnerability from being introduced into a public standard Without disclosing their methods for how they were able to find that vulnerability So in some sense It's like having tools and techniques to find vulnerabilities that are not public But then fixing it when you see it in something you care about Right, but of course using it as a weapon and I'm sure to break other systems, right? So yeah, it's kind of it's insane to think about that like they were essentially 10 years ahead of the public sector in terms of research on Cryptography and I mean it makes sense when you think about they're an agency with essentially unlimited budget or who knows I don't I think the budget is classified or it's not publicly known or whatever, right? So if You're making a mission that crypt Cryptography is really important and you dump millions of millions and millions of dollars to really smart people they can do really cool stuff so It's kind of interesting Brown choose example that we have that this actually happened and we have an example of classified probably top-secret knowledge that We like the public academics rediscovered a decade later Okay, we'll go to a yes in a second. But first we need to talk about how to actually use these encryption Systems, right? So if we just think about these as kind of a magic black box What do we give this black box? No, we can't give it text. We can't give it arbitrary text. Well, we're not wrong Let's go back to des so ds is the black box. What do you give it? 64 bits of a block that you want encrypted and then what else 56 bit key 56 bit key, right? So you think about a black box one input is 64 bit block One input is 56 big key And you get something out Does this tell you how to encrypt a 10 megabyte message? No, why? Right, it's too big. It's not in the size of the 64 bit block. It's great if you only ever want to send messages that are 64 bits long Which I don't know maybe that works So we need some way of actually using this in practice, right? And so this is where you get this interesting Um mix of things that we'll talk about where you have If you assume and take for granted that okay, it's underlying symmetric encryption algorithm is secure and safe But you can actually build on top of it in ways that introduce new vulnerabilities So we want to send and specifically we don't want to be limited to sending just 64 bit messages, right? We want to be able to send arbitrarily sized messages. So Here's what's going on 64 bits data 56 big key 64 bit cipher texas output. So what do we do? Why don't you guys you let's Let's help me do it. I have this handy-dandy beautiful encryption algorithm And we'll actually also ignore the padding issue for now We can just ignore that and we got our key Okay, I got a message. Yeah, so you would take your original message Okay divided by 64 you get how many des blocks you need cool. So take my original message. So I have my point text I have a huge message I'm gonna ignore the lock size and say I can it's an even 64 bits. That's great I can split that up into 64 bit chunks All these are 64 bit And then I just run each through its own do I need to change the key? Because that's The entire point, right? You don't want to change the key What are some of the nice things about this? Yeah, so we just have to start talking. So I'm just gonna still draw for a little bit It's still quick. It's quick. Yeah in what sense why? Because I guess it's I think the algorithm's constant time. So it's only bounded by the length of your Message Right and then we have our output. We just concatenate all this cyber text together and then we have all of our Random cyber text cool. Okay, so That goes there that goes there. These are all 64 bit blocks We fade that and then we just re-run this process for decryption to go backwards with the key So not only is this fast we actually also get a really nice parallel effect, right? Because what is the encryption of the second lock dependent? The key and what? It's just and what yeah, there's no external dependencies You can run every single one of these operations in parallel, right?  You got each core doing this on different chunks of data All good. I have a pretty picture about this. So this is called And this is I hate this thing. Uh, it's called the ecb electronic code book So basically you got your plain text split it up into blocks. I think my drawing is better than just me So the dds gets the block the key cipher text and so on and outputs the cipher text So is this secure or what what are some properties of this? Yeah But we've shown that there will be no relation of the key based on the output so assuming dds is secure Right the output won't be able to go to the output to the key. So the fact that we're reusing the key In that sense doesn't matter Yeah Okay, so yeah, so the key sharing thing we'll still assume that we can't like it's I have a magic one. It's now a secure ds. It's a yes It's whatever advanced magic crypto algorithm symmetric that is not so it doesn't rely on being able to Go backwards like So we talked a little bit about The properties of symmetric crypto systems. So my plain text here is all a's Right, we actually went to this example and here my cipher text would be, uh, alpha Right So now what about this block If this block is all a's It would be alpha y The same with the same the key is the same Right, so it has to be right because the key is exactly the same so the input block is the same as the key And the key is the same the output must be the same Right Now does this tell me What so I see this What does this tell me about the plain text? So if I get cipher text that has Alpha or alpha prime something repeated in two different blocks, what does that tell me about the plain text? Do I wait, let's sorry. Do I know that it's all a's? No, why not? I don't know the plain text and I don't know the key, right? It could be anything, but what do I do know? Yeah It's it's I'd say the first 64 bits are the same as the next 64 bits, right? So I know the blocks are exactly the same So I'm actually leaking information about the plain text in my message, right? So this is what gets crazy. You can take this perfectly secure system Right, I say it's the magic secure symmetric crypto system And you can still have statistical features that persist even after encrypted based on how you use it so In a great example of this this is Where did this this is a really cool example if you take the linux penguin with tux is His or her name That doesn't matter If you take it in a not a jpeg but like a raw image format and you run it through ecd encryption You'll get something that looks like this So why is that is this a good encryption? I think probably Made a camera exactly how it's in it just made actually there's a website you can go check that out But yeah, I don't know exactly how to do that Yeah, yeah, no, no for sure it's it's a Standard encoding Like how let's do it like pixel. I think this is raw exploding. We're basically doing coding And then it's showing that so what is this showing us? So is this would you call this an encrypted image? Why not And you know exactly the content of this image, you know what this image is even though it's encrypted Right, and it's because we're using this ecd mode, which is Very insecure for exactly this reason So how do we do it better? So now I just broke in your quick little awesome scheme. So how do we do it better? In what sense? Interesting. Okay, so we could use we need We need something that's going to give us some kind of randomness, right? We're not necessarily randomness, but something in the sense of We really don't want to just be using that block and this key to output this thing, right Okay, so So Let's take this so you take So the idea is let's take uh these 52 bits here Have these 52 bits be the input to this and you can have these 52 bits be the input here What do we think about this scheme? Good Yeah, so the cipher text is totally for a good cipher text, right? So you actually couldn't break this because you don't know the key But for this block, oh right with the key version scheme Exactly. He's so quick. It's just like I keep going with your idea, right? So we're not going to be using this as a key Right because this is what's publicly known. We have to key What do we take this block and mix it with that block? And then increase it with the key And have essentially so this idea of using the cipher text To modify the next block So So everybody realized the problem with using the cipher text as a key Cipher text is coupling or it could be public very easily Right So what if I took this block and took it here and then Exhaord it with this block use the key here So what that mean? Yeah, well, it's good. It's still reversible because of the xor Yeah, so it's still reversible right once you have the key because it's xor Right, you just do it in a reverse order and you can go backwards Let's see. What are some other Does it matter that this cipher text is public? No, you still need the key You still need the key in order to go backwards, right? And this has been xor with that plain text and the plain text is unknown So now what would happen in the case of that I have plain text of Let's say the first three blocks are all a's So let's walk through this we're going to go we'll take here all a's Same thing. So here the same thing we're going to have alpha as the first block And then we use that xor that here with this block So now the input to des is now different right because we've xored our all of our a's with this cipher text alpha Which is some mildly random sequence of bits We xor that we'll get something else beta and then we take that xor with the third one Delta I think isn't where I'm at with my letters because I'm not very good at counting in Greek Or So even though the plain text of all three of these blocks are exactly the same Now All the outputs will be different So let's Yeah So So here so here we have a's exactly the cipher text right so we've taken the a's we've encrypted them with des so the output is essentially random ones and zeros Right that now we're exploring with all a's which gives us something different, right? So yeah, so at this point if it was all a's here, we would have a major problem But even if it happened to be the plain text I can't do the same like very highly fun like Right So what happened to our efficiency here? Are we still awesomely efficient? No, why not? There's dependency now Yeah, we've introduced this dependency, right? I can't calculate the second block of the cyber text before I've done the first block And I can't do the third block inside of the second block, right? So I have to do them in order because I'm feeding the cipher text of the previous blocking to the next block Yeah, just gonna say Possibly we have to do something like a vision air cipher so you get all the vets that are encrypted I would say in the different block sizes, right? So It's probably better to ignore that now Let's say I okay. Let's say with this scheme. I have Let's say I have a I've captured some cipher text I don't know what the key is but my first Cipher text has the blocks alpha beta and delta And the second one I capture has alpha Whatever But as these letters, so what do I know about the plain text? Do I know anything about the plain text of these messages? The first 64 bits of each are the same Yeah, the first 64 bits of each of these are the same. Why? Yeah, because it's just the alpha des right So if I let's say we're only sending and here's a problem. If I was only sending 64 bit messages Right, I'm gonna say send either buy or sell Then based on whatever happens from my message You can easily see And figure out which one is by which one to sell. Yeah Sure, but what is based on the key you export The plain text with its cells on an apron based on the key That way it's x or prior to going in in the umbrella But even if I'm just still Okay, yes, so the key problem Right, there's no x or operations here the plain text is just going directly into des There's probably a number of ways to try and do this I'll say the way basically the way that is done is create a fake block called the Constanciation vector So create a random 64 block on ones and zeros first Have that be your first block and then that one is public Okay Yeah, what would be bad to x or with the key? Uh, could you get the key from that? Prompt I don't know that's a good question. Uh, this is kind of a standard defense. So I'd say if they're not doing it It's definitely for a reason And so this is a cdc. So cyberblock chaining mode. So now I'd be here. Okay, we'll go over a yes Now we have three minutes. We do this So standard guys in 2001 it took five years to come to a standard on a yes It has a 128 bit block size So is that larger? Why is that useful? So the oh lock size. Yeah, the lock size has no impact on the key size, right Maybe just for less collisions There'll be no collision so there should be no collisions. So we can maybe double our bandwidth. We can encrypt Twice as much in the same amount depending on how much the operation is. Yeah Yeah, so repeated patterns can become less likely, right? These are all anyways The other thing is that it has You actually have a variable key size 128 192 or 256 And this is an interesting part. Uh, this is from The design and strength of all key lengths of the aes algorithm are sufficient to protect classified information up to the secret level So we learned about the levels top secret information will require use of either the 192 or 256 key lengths The implementation of aes and products intended to protect national security systems and information Must be reviewed and certified by the NSA prior to their acquisition and use, right? So interesting things here. This is literally top secret standard Encryption mechanism. So this is what the government is using to encrypt these systems The NSA has the ability to review these And as I mentioned intel actually extended the x86 instruction set to put this capability on chip So you can do aes operations on the cpu. They are super super fast We will go over we talked about this before


Hi friends, I am Dr. Amritlar Mascarinis, Consultant Spine Surgeon at Manipal Hospital, Millerswood. So today we are here to discuss with three of our guests about their spinal ailments. Our first guest today is Rupak. So he was seriously into cricket and he came with back egg. We found that he had a small crack in the spine because of repetitive stress and we planned his treatment and now he is back to his sport. He was 16, now he was 13 at that time and now he's able to get back into regular mainstream competitive cricket and Vijay is his dad. He must be nice enough to accompany him and to give his inputs on the same. So Rupak, what were you feeling at the time when two and a half years ago? What was it that you were suffering from? Actually, I had been selected for under 14 zonal cricket matches and due to vigorous training I had back pain. My back pain had started, but still I continued through my practice sessions. You were able to bowl and back? Yes, it was hurting, but I tried and I got selected also for my zonals. But then later after the selection, the pain had increased. So due to it, Ja, I came to you. So that's a young sports person who's trying to make his career as a cricketer. So they put in a lot of effort. There's a lot of time and a lot of resources that are used and support from the family which actually makes a player what he is today. So as a parent, what were your thoughts after with all these so much of time and hopes and aspirations and then when he came to me, I got an x-ray and a CT scan found out that there is a spondylolisis which is a break in the spine at the lowest level and l5 level. And that can be quite disabling and acute fracture because of repetitive stress. So you see that the bowlers, they arc themselves backwards and then bowl and that happens like many hundred times in a day and that can be quite injurious and it can really rattle anybody who's aspiring to be a great cricketer. So as a parent, what was your thought at that time? I was really taken back and I was really shocked. Actually, he's a fast bowler. Any fast bowler, the lifespan is very less. Okay, he was just 13 and a half years when he started and also he got selected luckily for KSA 114 zonal. So that is when we started as he got selected for KSA 114. So I started rigorous giving him a lot of practices like one-on-one sessions and things like that. So due to a lot of practice and over usage, I think he got hurt back. But poor guy didn't complain about that and he started continuing playing the zonal matches also. Then one final day he said, Papa, it is winning. So that is when we approached Doctor. Then it is Doctor who helped us in getting it early diagnosed and that is the reason today he's playing for under 9 minutes. So it's all pretty close to Doctor. Your thought at that time was were you concerned that his career is going to get derailed or anything? Yes, absolutely Doctor because see, back is the main right. So the moment I heard his L4 and L5 is fractured, I thought okay, I need to make him a batsman or look into some other alternative options for his career. Did you think that he would need a surgery or anything? Were you prepared even for a surgery? I thought so. Okay, but luckily. So what we do know that for acute injuries of that kind with repetitive stress of the spine in sports persons, they can get cured with just rest, racing, proper kind of exercise and rehabilitation. Rupak had pretty good rehabilitation exercises and he was back into sports in six months time. Actually Doctor, if you ask me frankly see a couple of people told me why don't you go for a physio and start the physio directly. Okay, but somehow I have a family friend here and she suggested okay, you need to approach the Doctor, check with the Doctor once. So that is when you suggested to give him a complete rest then followed by doing the rehabilitation. So that helped a lot. So one shouldn't worry that you lose four months in your professional career at a very young age. He had his sporting selections even at that time which he had to miss, but still he's made it and now he's back into the mainstream cricket for his age. I think he's appearing for other selections also now. Yes, he's playing for under 19 now. Yeah. So it's important to get a very early detection, follow the right advice and then it is possible to get back into competitive sports and surgery is not really the solution for every problem. That's also a very important point to remember. There are of course children who are as young as two and three years of age whom we operate upon and even sports, young sporting individuals whom we need to do a fusion surgery where we put screws and rectify or deform spine, but then that need not be the case with every problem. Like in Rupak's case, he was much better without a surgery and he's back into his, into mainstream competitive sport. So that's the message that they're giving. Any other message you want to pass on? I only think what I would like to suggest all the parents and any patients who are having these kind of problems is don't get shy away. Okay. Don't avoid. It's an early diagnosis is very good for your career. Okay. I would suggest in case of any small pain also, okay, wait for one day or two day and approach the doctor and get it early diagnosed. That is what I would like to. Absolutely. I think that's the key and we are always encouraging about sports. We do not want people to change their profession because of backache because that becomes a psychological problem and at a very young age it can have a long term psychologically damaging effect on individuals. Yeah. So that was our first guest Rupak and all the best to you Rupak in your sporting career.


Hi friends, welcome back to my channel and a special welcome if you're new here. My name is Jen. I'm a certified weight loss and nutrition coach and I'm on WW personal points. Happy Friday. It's Friday. So it is another weigh in day. It is the first weigh in of February. I'm so glad January is over. January, I feel like is the longest month ever. Let me know down in the comments if you feel the same way, but I am excited for February. I'm excited for the first weigh in. Today we're going to talk all about this week's WW workshop topic, how my week was, and of course I'll share my weigh in. So if you're excited to give this video a thumbs up, subscribe. If you're not, I would love to have you here. I do upload five days a week and Friday is always weigh in day. So subscribe and hit your bell so you never miss a single video. Check out that description box down below for nutrition coaching, where I offer personalized macros and calories, highly recommend and one on one coaching. If you would like individualized support links, discounts to my favorite healthy things. And don't forget to come on over, join us on Facebook. We'd love to have you. So let's jump in to my week, my weigh in and the workshop topic. I hope you had a fan, a tastic week. I'm so excited to be moving into the month of February, moving into the month of love and Valentine's Day. I'm really focused on self care this month. I try to do that every February. Just really focus on taking extra good care of myself for the month. It's my Valentine's Day gift to myself is taking good care of myself. So I have some goals for the month of February. I talked a little bit about this in last week's weigh in on how I'm considering joining a gym relatively close to my house so that I can go and walk on the treadmill. So I was figuring that joining a gym to get in some exercise would be really beneficial.  Walking outside isn't a huge option for me because like I mentioned, I live out of town. We don't have any sidewalks and it's the dead of winter. And as far as buying a treadmill, it's just not something that I want to purchase and have to store in my house. I had a treadmill at one time. I actually sold it when I joined it. Jazz or size. So for me, it makes the most sense to just join a gym where I can walk, you know, 30, 45 minutes a few days a week and then get in my three days of jazz or size. I also mentioned that I really want to up my fitness and my physical activity in 2022. So this is going to be a great way to do that. So I'm really looking forward to that. I figure I'll head on in to my local gym here in the next week or so and join, and then I'll be able to incorporate a little bit more activity.  So that's exciting. That's coming up for me. My food has been great. My thyroid has been, my fatigue is getting better and better every single day. I'm so grateful for my thyroid medication because it's really helped not only with my weight loss, but also helped me with fatigue. It just, it gets better every day, which I'm so thankful for. I'm still really enjoying the way that I'm eating. I'm not missing anything. I don't feel like I'm missing out. So nothing's changed there. I'm actually doing really well and I'm feeling really, really good. I'm excited to share my way in with you. But before I do, let's chat about this week's WW workshop topic. And that is how perfectionism can get in the way. I am not a perfectionist, but I am very type A. I like things a certain way. I like things to be in their place. I like things to be balanced and I'm a big planner and I can get thrown off kilter if my plan doesn't go the way that I originally planned it. So this is actually a really good topic for me. Stop striving for perfection and instead look at someone you look up to and kind of emulate them in what they do to reach their goals. How to do this is very simple. Number one, pick someone you admire, whether that's someone in your day to day life, maybe it's someone that's lost a lot of weight, maybe it's your favorite YouTuber, but pick someone that you admire and look up to and you don't even have to know them personally. Number two is list out the qualities that you admire about that person the most. Find three similar qualities between you and that person. And like I said, you don't have to know them, but think about that person and the things that they do or the goals that they've had or what they're doing to reach those goals and see how that applies to you. Number three is to describe a setback that that person has faced. Think about a similar challenge that you've been through or that you're going through or that you may potentially go through as that person you look up to. And number four is take time to reflect. We're all human. We all share strengths. We all share struggles and we all experience setbacks. That's universal. Even the people who you feel like just nail all their health goals, they've still struggled. They've still experienced setbacks. Everyone wants to do well. Everyone wants to reach their goals, but by having a perfectionist mentality, it makes it very difficult and you can self sabotage yourself and end up not reaching your goals. It can also make you a lot less likely to try new things like moving more or eating healthier. And that's because you're worried that you're not going to be good enough. Maybe you don't want to try that workout class because you think people will be looking at it or you'll be self conscious. Maybe you don't want to try that food because it doesn't look good. How about actually trying those foods and moving your body more and trying new things to break yourself out of that perfectionism mentality? That's why treating yourself like a friend, a.k.a. offering yourself some grace, is extremely important. By seeing the similarities in someone that you admire or look up to, it's going to set you up for success without getting into that perfectionism mentality. The important part is, is when you make a mistake, pick yourself back up and do it again. The worst thing you can do is quit. Never quit. Just keep going. I really like this topic. I can find myself getting really upset if things don't go my way or if what I plan doesn't work out. And I do, and I really try not to have that perfectionism mentality and understand that weight fluctuates. How I'm eating is going to fluctuate some days or better than others. It's really important to remember to treat yourself like a friend and give yourself some grace. So now let's jump in to this week's weigh-in. If you watch my last week's weigh-in, I lost two pounds, which is the most weight that I've lost in a week. And like I said, I don't know how long, months, years. So today, when I stepped on this scale, I am down an additional 1.1 pounds. So that means for the last month and a half, I have lost over a pound every single week. I'm very, very happy with this. This is a sustainable, doable weight loss. I'm not getting into the perfectionism mentality where I need to lose three, four, five pounds a week. I'm eating the foods that I love. I'm feeling better than ever. I've shared quite a few updated photos. I shared a little face-to-face photo with you guys showing the difference. I started on WW at my highest weight and where I am today. I've shared some full body pictures showing how big and biggy my clothes are getting, especially these t-shirts and pajama pants that I have. And that's really helped keep me motivated and stay on track. And remember that every pound or every ounce that we lose adds up to pounds and pounds and pounds. And eventually you'll get to your goal. For me, I'm officially 86 pounds down. I am four pounds away from 90 pounds. And when I hit 90 pounds loss, it is closet clean-out time. I am going through my clothes. I am trying on all of my clothes. And whatever clothes no longer fit me, they're being donated or given to friends and family because I am not gaining this weight back. I am keeping this weight off. I am going to hit my weight loss goal in 2022. So I'm rewarding myself with a closet clean-out, which probably means I'm going to be buying some new clothes as well. So I'll take you guys through that process as well. It's going to be super exciting and I'm only four pounds away. So now I want to hear from you guys. Let me know how your week was. Did you gain? Did you lose? What do you think of this week's workshop topic? And are you someone that struggles with trying to be perfect and not giving yourself grace? Definitely let us know down in the comments. And if you have some tips and tricks for us, please share those as well. The community can definitely benefit from those. Happy Friday friends! Thank you so much for watching. Don't forget to thumbs up this video. Subscribe if you're not. Check out the description box for nutrition coaching, links and discounts to my favorite things. And come on over, join us on Facebook. I'll see you guys all in tomorrow's grocery haul. Bye!


let's let's go after the left now much more interesting right or at least this story I found really interesting so it turns out as you know I'm leaving California I'm on in a hotel on my way out sold my house giving leaving and it turns out a lot of people were leaving California and it turns out that a lot of tech companies are leaving California as you know it on Musk is announced the Tesla is leaving Oracle is announced that is leaving a lot of people who are freed up now to work at home don't have to be going to the office leaving California there's generally at least documented an exodus of tech companies out of California to other places like Austin Texas and other places like that and one of the interesting things that's happening is that the left in California is is going apoplectic because the fact is that the only reason California is a float the only reason California has any kind of money right is because of right because of these people who are leaving it turns out that the top 1% of owners in California pay half the state's taxes so 50% of the taxes in California come from the top come from the top 1% of owners talk about regressive progressive sorry progressive taxes California has the most progressive system maybe in the world 1% pay 50% but the 1% are leaving at least some of them are many a stain but some of them are leaving and this worries California elites this worries people in Sacramento this worries the the activist fall left that is entrenched in California because where's the money for all the programs going to go who's going to be the scapegoat for all the problems that they have created in the state so what are they doing they're basically declaring that leaving California is him all here's a here's a statement by one statement thing I like least about the folks who leave San Francisco and Silicon Valley for Texas and Miami Texas Miami have no state income tax and far less regulations than California does particularly than San Francisco and lots of problems in San Francisco which we'll get to in a minute beyond just taxes and wherever else is the crapping on the place they left after they've extracted all they can from it the barrier helped you build your immense wealth and that's the thanks you get so tech entrepreneurs extracted wealth from Silicon Valley I mean it was basically wealth in the hills in the mountains about Silicon Valley and the tech entrepreneurs came there and they extracted it out of the mountain and that's how we got zoom and that's how we got Amazon and that's how we got are we cool and that's how we got Tesla it was in the mountain it was they mined it out and then they left right I mean it's just unbelievable or another one with many of the valley's richest companies fleeing the Bay mid-pandemic I feel compelled to speak out there's no question that California is imperfect the cost of living taxes and policies among other things make it difficult for lots of people to succeed here what I take whoops let me just get this right what I take issue is our leaders people of means abandoning abandoning our community when it needs us most after being it's my commentary reaping the benefits of Silicon Valley talent tech incubators mentors professional networks and culture until they no longer needed I mean this is reversing cause and effect who brought the talent tech incubators mentors professional networks and culture to Silicon Valley it's the entrepreneurs the people who build businesses Oracle Apple Google they brought the people to Silicon Valley they didn't extract it from the mountains they brought the people there they brought the wealthy and it created the wealth they created the jobs they created the opportunities they created the network they created the incubators these are the people who made Silicon Valley made it into what it is that has benefited all these leeches parasites who now choose to condemn them for leaving as if it's immoral because your duty remember your duty is a good altruist it's the civil community not yourself it's the sacrifice and if taxes go up and pay the damn taxes and if the cost of living is high then you gotta pay the cost of living and by the way the cost of living is high because of these parasites will get to that the people who built Silicon Valley who built San Francisco made San Francisco into what it is today all the tech entrepreneurs they are the 1% they are some of them unfortunately not enough of them are leaving because they've had enough being milked being sucked to death being stabbed in the back being blamed for every problem San Francisco has why I mean most of people live in San Francisco in Silicon Valley and San Francisco in the tech industry most of people live they intact we're not born there they immigrated there many of them many many of them from foreign countries some of them from other states and yet they owe a duty a altruistic duty to stay in spite of all the hardships being posed on them so that they can continue to fund the parasites and the leeches that exist in Silicon Valley now I really encourage you to read this article it's called extract or die it's by something called pirate wires Mike Solana Mike Solana is a is works for a venture capital firm found his fund Peter Teals venture capital firm and it's excellent this is an excellent article encourage everybody to read it encourage everybody to support it he just goes out he is now he doesn't get the moral point he doesn't get that this is altruism and what's in but he gets the existential point he gets what it means he gets what they're trying to do he gets who created the valley he gets who creates the wealth and what these people who created nothing are trying to do and I would definitely definitely definitely encourage you to read the article and and get it out there distribute it Facebook Twitter whatever get the word out there business businessmen haven't taken anything from the community they created the community the men and women who are leaving are the talent they are the incubators they are the ones who built the companies they're the ones who found who created the startup environment and this is great the way he identifies all this in this article he writes the you know California is beautiful San Francisco is truly I think one of the most beautiful cities in the world but the soil isn't made of magic there's no such thing as digging for microcode and the Bay Area nativists anti-immigration political climate has certainly not created the tech community which is populated largely by immigrants be it from out of state or from out of the country but these are nativists of the left who believe you have a duty to your soil to the soil you built to the communities you built you have a duty to sacrifice for them he writes the technology industry has brought tremendous tax revenue to the Bay Area but decided that budget of San Francisco literally doubled this decade from about 6 billion to over 12 billion with our government's incredible historic abundance of wealth the Board of Supervisors presided over a dramatic increase in homelessness drug abuse crime now including home invasion and a crippling cost of living they can that can be directly ascribed to the local landed gentry I love that he calls them landed gentries obsession with blocking new construction this later piece is important as it appears to be the only thing our board cares about blocking new construction this is because significantly increasing the local housing supply would decrease the value of the multi-million dollar homes almost every single one of our supervisors owns and we could never have that so he's saying San Francisco has had all this money you know the tech has created this productive community and what's the reward that San Francisco has unbelievable problem homelessness drug abuse crime and now a crippling cost of living he asks are they corrupt are they stupid and his conclusion is clearly they're both what have the San Francisco Board of Advisors managed to do they managed to ban vapes scooters electric bikes mostly and those little I love this those literally I'm quoting for the article those little plastic swords that free men in free countries are still allowed to stick in cocktail fruit he means plastic straws or plastic anything this is San Francisco this is what corruption really leads to this is what the left really leads to but not the left of technology the left of what he calls landed gentry who have no incentive to actually have construction to clean the place up by the way San Francisco is instituted something called the office of emerging technologies because they don't trust venture capital state the office of emerging technologies and he writes quote which in theory prohibits almost every future company in technology from existing in the city without prior approval from the local government that sounds like it's straight out of Atlas shrugged laws quote laws aren't enforced in San Francisco so the OET the office of emerging technology hasn't really come up but a company in the city can now be attacked by the board at any moment for almost any reason he says this is the nature of ambiguous laws in a one-party state in a country where nothing is technically legal punishment can be meted out almost for almost any whim or unjust person personal reason and neck that could be imagined by small minded people with political power now that's straight out of Atlas shrugged this guy is clearly red Atlas shrugged because that whole analysis of why that that's in the conversation with weird and forget the name of the doctor Lawson of in from the from the state science Institute that's a straight quote out of that interaction right where the guy says we don't want you to follow the regulations we want you to break them so that we have power over you it's exactly what he's describing here he writes the area housing homeless and drug crisis are all exacerbated by state by the state government which is as incapable of managing its finances and is incapable of managing its public lands we are now teaching on the edge of true financial ruin in a state of endemic constant wildfires caused by government and he goes on and on I mean it's truly you've got to read this and you've got to get the circulated get this out there and then he says the reason one of the reasons for this is is that counted to what many of you hate big tech argue the problem is the big tech and technology companies not engaged in politics they've left politics alone that just as I've described when I described Microsoft in the 1990s in terms of local politics tech has said you know we don't have time for this we're building companies we're creating wealth we're building technologies we're busy we don't want to worry about local politics and the politicians in San Francisco have therefore scapegoated techno tech workers for the housing crisis that they created that the government created and then the media just amplifies this and nobody defends big tech including technology companies and this again he gets right in the article he says the one thing is the technology the technology companies should be blamed for it's that they have not stood up for themselves that they've not fought for themselves I will post this article on my Facebook page and I'll tweet it so you can have access to it I think somebody on the chat has already put it up Ian thank you whoops I can't get it to show for some reason it won't let you show that but anyway the link is it's extract or die pirates wire so just do extract or die pirates wire and you'll find it on Google this is great no one moved to San Francisco he's talking about the tech guys because they wanted to run for local board of supervisors I get it but if 2020 proved anything it's local politics is almost the only thing that matters in terms of our day-to-day existence and if the deterioration of San Francisco can't be stopped I at least hope it will be remembered we can ignore local politics and this is again a great line but local politics will nonetheless shape our lives and they sufficiently unhinged city hall can destroy almost anything and that's you know we focus on Trump we focus on Biden we focus on national politics but one of the great cities in America and maybe more than one city because if you look at Seattle and Portland and you look at New York City these cities are being destroyed by local politicians and these cities are home to the most productive industries we have and we ignore we ignore local politics here's another good line I just think this is really I mean it's a good article again I wish he had the mall angle but he gets it right if what the technology industry has given the Bay Area area constitutes exploitation then for the love of God Mark Zuckerberg exploit me next that's a great line so he says in any case regardless of the city we landed he's talking to his tech fellow tech guys there's no ignoring the rest of the world anymore grab your shovels folks we've got work to do so this is the kind of these the kind of people we need to support these the kind of people for example in my view that are really turned off by what is going on right now in national politics these the kind of people who want an alternative and don't see it in the Republican Party and don't sit in the Democratic Party these are the kind of people these tech entrepreneurs these venture capitalists are the kind of people that we need if we're gonna be successful if we're gonna win they're the kind of people should be on our side they're the producers the real producers but we need sanity on our side in order to attract them all right anyway so I encourage you to look at that article and and and it's it's really interesting I mean I'm getting mixed signals here in California because on the one hand people are leaving that's clear and a lot of tech is leaving but at least in Southern California home prices are through the roof and and it was very easy to sell my house lots of other people I know around here they're getting multiple offers they're selling very quickly that you know in Los Angeles and in all the coastal communities I think the same is true from what I'm hearing in the Bay Area so while they they are people leaving there are some people coming in lots of people coming in so it's gonna be interesting to see how the situation in California evolves over the next few years and how if this movement out of California is real what kind of impact it has on a state I mean think about it the state might be losing 50% of its revenue not everybody's gonna leave but a significant portion of its revenue and actually is how does that impact at all it's it's gonna be it's gonna be interesting to watch and it's gonna be interesting to watch where do these guys go where is the Silicon Valley when they go there did they bring their leftist politics with them or did they learn from their experience in Silicon Valley did they learn from their experience in San Francisco I can't think of a city in a sense in worse shape not in terms maybe of demonstrations and like Seattle and Portland but in the sense of just day-to-day city management than San Francisco I mean the homeless problem in San Francisco is just so horrific it's truly nasty and that will that is only gonna get worse it's not gonna get better same thing in LA by the way spite of that real estate prices are going up so I don't get it I don't understand it's it's gonna be interesting to keep track of okay thanks what we need today what I called a new intellectual would be any man or woman who is willing to think meaning any man or woman who knows that men's life must be guided by reason by the intellect not by feelings wishes wins or mystic revelations any man or woman who values his life and who does not get want to give in to today's cult of despair cynicism and impedance and does not intend to give up the world to the dark ages and to the role of the collectivist broads all right before we go on reminder please like the show we've got 163 live listeners right now 30 likes that should be at least a hundred I figure at least a hundred of you actually like the show maybe they're like 60 of the Matthews out there who hate it but but at least the people liking it you know I want to see I want to see a thumbs up there you go start liking it I want to see that go to a hundred all it takes is a click of a click of a thing whether you're looking at this and you know the likes matter it's not an issue of my ego it's an issue of the algorithm the more you like something the more the algorithm likes it so you know and if you don't like the show give it a thumbs down let's see your actual views being reflected in the likes but if you like it don't just sit there help get the show promoted of course you should also share and you can support the show at 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Many thanks for joining us. I am Justin Acadone. We begin from Imo State where President Mohammed Buhari has to show the people of more federal government presence. The President gave the assurance while commissioning projects done by Governor Hope Uzodimma. Buhari says he is pleased with the project done so far under his administration. Uzodimma thanked the President for his prompt action towards the fight against insecurity in Imo State and the Southeast Zone generally. We will turn it into a heaven of amrolytes. Frankly, because the construction of this road, a woman broke down in tears of joy because of it after over 15 years. What he has done is because he went through the same problem at the center to make sure that infrastructure is working to enable the people to mind their own businesses. If there are no roads, if there are no security, what can people do? Absolutely nothing. I am very pleased that by some fabulous coincidence my idea and that of your government coincided. I assure you that as the center I will try to thank Imo State within the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Thank you very much for helping the state. Thank you very much. Now the Projects Commission include the Nasir Polytechnic Road, linking two federal institutions, the Balloon Flood Control System at Chukumanguoha, the Rehabilitation of Iqbal, the bypass of Orega Onitsha Road and the new Executive Chamber in Government House. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Today, we are learning from Dene knowledge keepers from the Yellow Knives Dene First Nations in Chief Draghi's territory of Treaty 8. It is February and we are heading to Fish Camp on Tin Dee, or Great Slade Lake. Fish are an important relative and teacher of the Dene. These harvesters know exactly where to set their nets under the ice and have come back to check them. Looks like they're full of fish. The harvesters take only what they need. They don't waste the fish and they share the catch with the community. Everyone is involved in the harvest. Some people are good at setting nets. Others are good at filleting the fish or making dry fish. And many people are good helpers. Elder Amin Sangris is teaching how to make dry fish. Dry fish keeps fish for a long time. And then three. I'm just going to use a tip of my knife because I don't want to go inside and cut all the guts. There's a bladder in here that you don't want to bust. I'm just going to stay on top like that. Once I hit right here, there's a bone that goes like that, like that, that's a bee. You've got to cut right in between that bee in order to continue cutting until you get to this part. After a while, with me, I just cut right through. I can fly so easy now. Now I'm going to take the gut out. One, two, three, and the gut comes out. Then you put forward four. The gut comes out on the fourth one. This is the one you don't want to bust. You see that yellow thing there? It's going to go all over the fish. That's going to ruin the fish so I'm going to take it out before it happens. Okay. See, I got it out. Just like that. Okay, now I'm going to take this part out here. Right here, I'm going to cut it like that. And it's good to have a nice round knife to cut this like this. And that way, you see, I can just scrape it out. See how easy that comes out with a round knife like that? See, just like that. Take all that out. And now, I'm going to take the gills out too. Take it out like that. Just because the fish is so slippery, that's why I like to use gums when I work with fish. Okay, now we've got our fish all clean. I'm going to wash it. Get it ready for cooking. Now it's ready to cook. See how easy that is? See now. And now, I can make two servings. Now Irene is demonstrating how to make fish filets to fry and eat. Oh, you touched the stones. You touched the stones. You touched the stones. So that fish there is that's cooked. It's like fish you can help yourself. You got forks? There was here. Forks would be good. Okay, so now you guys will know how to make filet when you go out camping or whatever. Yeah. How do they do it? This one here, you just press it all. Yeah. Can you draw a white fish too? And I wash it off like that. Some seasoning salt, different kinds of seasoning salt. Put this in the flour, have my frying pan over on the campfire. And I would put butter in the frying pan. And that's it. Right on time. Fishing is an important practice for the denne. And it has sustained the denne nation for thousands of years. Fish camp brings everyone together. There's a lot of laughter. People share food and stories and take care of each other. The fish take care of the denne. And the denne take care of the lake. Masi chow, Irene. Watch for the bone. There's some fish cook here. Do you want to take this home? You can fry it. Thank you very much.


Hi everyone Sean with Jasper's case breaks calm here doing 2020 mosaic cello football pack number 60 Where we're giving away six spots in the multi-year football mixer coming up next last filler. So At the end of the one-pack break, we'll take all names randomize them only randomizing customer names top six names We're in a spot in the multi-year football mixer. So first up. We have the customer list Jonathan Arnaldi down to Oliver Soria and And the teams from the Cardinals down to the Washington football team dice roll and randomizer Five and a four nine times. This is just for the pack break itself. There'll be a separate dice roll separate randomizer after the break For the six-spot giveaway. So nine times on the names Ninth and final time from Mark Neubauer down to Jonathan Arnaldi See nine times there on the randomizer nine times on the dice Now nine times on the teams Ninth and final time from the Patriots down to the Browns So you can see nine times on the randomizer nine times on the dice And there we go. Not gonna read off every single one of these but we'll stop for some of the highlights as we get it all on screen Chase Young Washington Brian Frank Vikings Justin Jefferson Bill Eldridge Justin Herbert Gail Ablo Chase Claypool Damian Kobelsky Jalen Hertz Peter Aang Tua Sean Maddock Bangles Joe Burrow Mark Neubauer There you go. So let's print rip Here is our pack and you can see the background is our boxes for the mixer. We're just coming up next There's the final list Oliver Soria last-spot mojo with the cards Save the Pete Camo pack For last see if we can get something good in here though Plus give away those spots Joe Burrow NFL debut green like that for the Cincinnati Bengals Mark Neubauer Dalvin Cook for the Vikings Bill Eldridge and Jake Fromm for the Bills Sean Maddock, that's not bad for a nice little cello pack little Joey B Green and the pink Mari Cooper for the Cowboys Joshua Cherry Eli Manning for the Giants and Ryan Kason and Lamar Jackson for the Ravens Nick Stover There you go. So that's the pack now. Let's give away those six spots So back to the customer list Jonathan Arnaldi back down to Oliver Soria with last-spot mojo dice roll One-to-one snake eyes two times So two times on the randomizer Two times on the dice From spots seven down to 32. Thank you guys very much for getting in on the break And hopefully I can do better for you next time on a follow-up mixer or filler but special congratulations to Oliver Soria Joshua Cherry Sean Maddock Nick Stover Roy sappock and Roy sappock No doubt for Roy top two names There you go guys you six now have spots in the mixer coming up next that was 2020 mosaic cello football pack number 60 from jasper's case breaks calm. I'm Sean jasper's case breaks calm Thanks for hanging out. We'll see you next time


Hi, I'm Erin Fung Steinhauer. I am the co-founder and executive director of Vietnam Society. My name is Le Hoang Ling. I'm the deputy head of the English Division at Vietnam International, Vietnam Television International, VTV4, also the director of a film called Fragments of Memory. My name is Bob March. I was in the military from the time I was 18 years old until I was 21. I was a paratrooper in Vietnam, and I fought in that war. I was invited here to participate in a conference here today that has to do with war, peace and reconciliation. My film is about, you know, like American veterans. They are the witnesses, and they took part in the battle, and they saw how, where they, they themselves buried the Vietnamese soldiers in mass graves, and they now came back with the help of Vietnamese researchers, Vietnamese veterans also, all together in the former team to search for mass grave at Elzeburg in Suen Sơn, Big Ling province, Vietnam. These currently have more than 200,000 missing soldiers that they can't account for, and their families are desperately trying to find them, trying to find what happened to them. They suffer greatly for that. So obviously finding where the remains are for their soldiers is a big deal to them. It's extremely important. It means a lot to them. There's cultural and religious reasons why it means a lot to them. So in helping them find, in helping the families gain knowledge about those soldiers, it clearly brings Vietnam and Vietnamese and Americans together. Vietnam society is put together, it's established to bring together Vietnamese and Americans in the way in which we leverage the transcendent power of art and culture. For younger generations, we want to have art and culture as a way for them to reconnect with their roots, but also for artists for them to reconnect with each other and to connect to a broader global audience to overcome the trauma of the Vietnam War. And since then, we have seen significant progress that has been made by the two countries to overcome some of those war legacies as led by Senator Leahy and many others. However, we see significant work that still needs to be done, particularly the area of reconciliation and reconnections between people and communities. I realize that not many American veterans understand fully about the importance of their memories, how it plays a vital role in bringing peace and reconciliation to millions of Vietnamese families. They thought that they wanted to forget the past and they wanted to bury all those horrible memories back in their mind and they never wanted to bring it out. So through my film, I want to send a message that the broken memories matter. Memories are fragile after 57 years. They're narrowly focused. A critical path for finding mass graves is using witness information. So the challenge really right now is to find more witnesses for other locations in Vietnam and get them on board with telling their stories. I think it's great that the U.S. and Vietnam are now having such a great level of relationship. Now in the more microscopic view, I believe that with that elevated relationship that there's further opportunities to enhance the effectiveness of what veterans are doing in working directly with the Vietnamese. I see it as an opportunity for reconciliation and reconnection on both sides. It could also bring a new era of mutual understanding for people of both sides and I would encourage both governments to consider forging a strategic initiative focused on the reconciliation of people and communities. There will be more opportunities of American veterans and Vietnamese working together in the common goal of looking for graves of Vietnamese socials and also American socials as well. More people will open their minds to work with us in this project and it means that faster collection of information before it's too late.