DJ academics man, DJ academics slam, just hilarious. News, news you can use, news you can use, man. Hey man, make sure you guys like, subscribe to our channel. Make sure you guys check us out on streaming platforms. Make sure you keep tapping in, man. Let me know if there's something that you wanna hear us speak about. Always get on here, give you guys something. This here is just something that people ask me about or I heard a few people talking about. DJ academics man. DJ academics slam, just hilarious.   It's crazy, man. I don't understand why we just can't all get along as my boy Rodney King said. But man, just hilarious. She's been, as you know, checking out, doing the rumor report, doing whatever she could fill in. According to DJ academics, it's for Angela Yee. She's trying to get back on. He's really giving her the blues, man.   This is hoe.  You see this bitch, bro? Now, why did he slam him? Because he had a little dirt on his show and talked about gunna snitching. And when this happened for some reason, and I always say when you're giving these reports, you can't really just give your opinion. And when you're doing these things, if you give your opinion, that means you're looking for smoke. So I guess just hilarious is looking for smoke because gunna pretty much is obviously saying something. But according to her, she just don't like academics.   So she's really, she's taking on the task. She's very vocal. She's definitely different from Angela Yee. Man, tell me, who do you like best? Angela Yee, or do you like what you're seeing? Just hilarious. Jess is a mess. You know, like I said, this is crazy, man. Less hilarious is what academics refer to as, man. He's tripping because he says she had no right to talk about him. I'm just sitting back looking like, what's going on?  But, you know, why do you don't like DJ academics, you know? But it's crazy to me how they just fall out and they get on behind these microphones and go to talk, bop, bop, bop, bop, bop, bop, bop, both saying the song.  But, hey, man, they evidently don't like each other. I don't know what cause or where they stem from. But, yeah, DJ academics last night clapped back. He pretty much brought up her old picture of that little pony tail she had sticking on her head when she was doing comedy. He says she don't have, but one joke, he on her. He on her right now, man, he ain't trying to hear it. And I don't know, what do you guys think about that? Do you think that he's wrong for going at a female? Or do you think she was wrong for dissing him when she did her, as he called it, Angela Yee Rumor Report, that she's trying to be a part of now? Because he says she don't have no jokes. I've never really just seen her stand up, guys. Tell me, do y'all think that Solaris has jokes? Do y'all think that she is a true comedian when it comes down to being in comedy in this comedy world? What do you guys think? Then he also talks about country Wayne. Say country Wayne pretty much left her and went back to his ex-wife, Dr.  So it's what DJ Academic said. DJ Academic's not trying to hear it.  So I'm just basically thinking about it like, man, he boy, man, it's gonna be crazy. It's gonna be a real, real different type of summer. Who is the beef gonna be with next? You know what I mean? Like I say Jess with the masses over there at the Rumor Report, giving it the Rumor Report feel with Jess with the men's song on Sizzling with it. I don't know, man. DJ Academic's not trying to hear it. He's not trying to let you make it when it comes down to talking about him. Keep my name at your bow. You know what I'm saying? It boy, bow. He hitting it with all kinds of blows. Female or not, he's not trying to hear it. She spoke on his name and he ain't trying to hear it. So guys, let me know, man. Get in the comments, like, subscribe to the channel. Let me know what you think about Jess Alaris, man, and DJ Academic. DJ Academic's wrong, is Jess Alaris wrong? What's going on with this, man? I mean, Breakfast Club is Jess Alaris doing a good job replacing Angela Yee, some what, because I think it's other people coming in, too, but just let me know what you guys think, man. Get in these comments, man. Listen, man, this has been another segment. I think I got it all, man. Show up the suite. Jess with the Mets. DJ Academic's, man. I think I got it all, man.


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Yn einlrant is going to focus on the theories, methods, and techniques of teaching and we're going to start with a quote This is an interesting quotation because it contains within itzhoufowcto informeth And it's a philosophical argument the way in which we learn Basically this one is saying that the intelligence of their own children This comes about due to a natural process, so this one could be said to be due to nature. This is exactly the opposite of this one which is saying that they're teaching the environment that we create creates that intelligence. So this one can be said to be due to nurture. am fawr, mae'r fawr yw'r nirchi a'r mwrtheth yn oed yn gweithio'r fawr. Yn y trefyn yw mhwythau'r fawr, mae'r opa o'r peth o'r ceil, o'r bach o'r pethau sydd, a'r methwch mae'r metharau o'r sgwrs mae'n gwleidio, ma''r pwysig o'r pwysig o'r pwysig o'r pwysig o'r pwysig o'r pwysig o'r pwysig o'r pwysig. For example, if a particular methodology has its starting point here, then that would be 50% due to nature and 50% is due to nurture. Before looking at the methods or approaches themselves, there are some terms that we need to define. These are the approach, the method or the technique. Basically, these are hierarchical. The approach is an overriding set of principles that a method can actually make use of. Whereas the technique are the things that we actually do in the classroom to approach that method. So these three words are going to appear during the presentation. Again, for each of either the approaches or the methodologies, we're going to ask for questions. So be it an approach or a method for each of those things, where did it come from? What's its background? What does it involve when we're talking about actually in the classroom, in other words, techniques? What is positive about it? What appears to work about that methodology or approach? And what is negative? What doesn't work so well? Basically, we're going to look at it in a historical viewpoint. So we'll start with the oldest particular teaching methodology, which is known as the classical method. The classical method was given its name basically because it was trying to teach the classics in language, which is ancient Greek and Latin. Those particular languages are now dead. This methodology was probably started somewhere around the 17th century. And the purpose of this particular methodology was for scholars to be able to translate old Greek and Latin texts into their particular language. If we take the language that we usually speak, our native language, that is often given the designation L1. And the language that we are trying to translate that to, let's call it the target language, is given the designation L2. The purpose of grammar translation then is to basically translate between L1 and L2 and vice versa. So we could take a simple example. Let's imagine that our native language was English and our target language was French. And let's assume that we want to translate a document from French into English. Let's take a simple sentence. Here's a sentence in French, ouvre la fenêtre, and we'll add c'est vu plait at the end. What we want to do is to take this L2 and translate it back into English. Now, if we have a reasonable knowledge of French, then we may well know that this particular verb, ouvre, to open, translates directly. And this female form of the. And finally the fenêtre, open the window. And this polite form of please. This is all very well if the two structures that we're translating between the L1 and the L2 have a common grammar, which French and English usually do. However, one problem that we do get with this particular classical method is that if the grammar structures are not the same, then it's very difficult to translate between the two things. Okay, and so if we look at the first question, where did it come from? Basically around the 17th century it was used by scholars to translate ancient Greek and Latin text into their native language. The whole idea of grammar translation was therefore based on being able to read and write in that particular language. This methodology was never intended for the learning of speaking. Now it's very strange that this particular method is actually the most popular method for the teaching of languages throughout the world. And we've just said that that does not involve speaking skills. So one of the main problems with the classical method or grammar translation is that it does not develop speaking skills. What does it involve? It involves taking the native language and converting it to Greek or Latin or vice versa. What's positive about it? Well, it is the most popular method for teaching language. And if your language structures, the grammars that you're working between are similar, then it allows you to infer from the context of a particular sentence what something might actually mean. If we think back to the example that we translated at the beginning, which was Oeuvre le Finetre, let's say for example that you had never seen the word Finetre in French before and that you didn't know what it was, you could from a very good knowledge of English actually infer what that meant. We have Oeuvre, which means to open, la, which is there, so we know we're going to open something. And if you have a very good native language knowledge in terms of vocabulary, you may know the English word defenestration. And defenestration is the act of being thrown out of a window. So this has a similar root to Finetre in French. So you may well be able to infer what that particular sentence means. In terms of the things that are negative about it, we've already said that it doesn't develop speaking. But perhaps the biggest negative point about this particular methodology is that it's very unnatural. Okay, so despite the criticisms of this particular method, and particularly the fact that it's unnatural, this particular methodology was in use all the way through the 17th, 18th, and 19th century. And indeed it's still in use today. However, Gouin in the 1880s and Burlitz in the early 1900s decided that this particular methodology was so unnatural that they wanted to come up with something new. The method that they came up with, they called the direct method, you will also sometimes see it as the natural method. What these two people were saying is that if we wish to learn a language, then we should try to recreate the conditions that we learn our native language in. And this is what the natural methodology tried to do. So what we're going to do is to run through a series of methodologies that were created mainly in the 1900s that adopted the idea that language learning should be much more communicative, much more natural. The first one is called audio-lingualism and it's also called the army method because of where it was developed. Basically, psychology during the 1950s and 60s was building up new theories about behaviourism. Perhaps the most famous experiments that were done in this particular area were by Pavlov where he was showing that most animals undergo a stimulus response mechanism and he had a series of famous experiments whereby ringing herbell he could cause a dog to salivate that would be his response in the expectation of getting some food. This behaviourist idea of stimulus response was put into an actual teaching methodology. Basically, in the audio-lingualism method these two parts of the name tell us what actually happens. Audio is to listen and lingual is to repeat. So what we do is a series of drills and these intensive verbal drills help us to get a use of the particular language. So let's take an example of what those drills might involve. So here is an example of a repetition drill. I will model the language and then my class will repeat after me. So this is a cup spoon knife. Thank you. The reason that it's called or also called the army method is that it was the method adopted by the United States military who had personnel stationed around the world at the end of Second World War and they realised that they needed those personnel to pick up the language very quickly and that's one of the positive things about this particular methodology is that you do very quickly learn vocabulary. Another positive thing about it is that you quickly learn the correct pronunciation of that vocabulary. However, there are some negative points to it. One of the things that the drills actually lacks is some form of realistic context and the fact that these drills are out of context in any real situation in the world makes it very difficult to translate the knowledge that you pick up into a new situation. The second negative thing about it is that errors were very quickly tried to be forced out of the students and it was realised that errors weren't in fact such a bad thing after all. Our next methodology is called the silent way and it's accredited to Caleb Gateno. This particular methodology moved on from the behaviourist stimulus response to what's called a theory of constructivism and this constructivist approach was very very different, very radical to anything that had been tried before. The background to this particular methodology was that there was a mathematics teacher who found that his students were finding it very difficult to understand particular concepts. What he realised was that what they needed was a more visual representation of the information so he came up with a series of coloured rods to help with those concepts in mathematics. He gave his name to those rods and they're called Cusinair rods and there's an example of Cusinair rods here. What teachers of English realised was that if this constructivist idea of using this visual representation worked for concepts in mathematics why could it not be applied to the teaching of English and this is what the silent way and Cateno came up with. The idea is that each of these colours would represent a different sound, a phoneme if you like and by using those colours he could teach vocabulary and indeed grammar. One particular colour may represent one particular sound and by putting those colours out in a series he could represent the linking of those sounds into a particular word. So if you were quite inventive and you were trained in this particular method you could use this series to develop the pronunciation of words, move on to the next level into the way in which sentences are actually constructed and so on and so forth. So what was good about this particular methodology was that it was said to use cognition in the learning process in other words the brain was actually physically involved in constructing the language in how it works. So we're really building up the language within our own brain. This constructivist idea is very much the same way that we learn our native language. The other positive thing about it is that it's good fun. One of the main problems with this particular methodology is that it uses all of these charts and so on and so forth so it takes quite a lot of learning. You have to know what each of these particular colours mean and all of the charts and so on and so forth and that's true both for the teacher and for the students themselves. The whole point of the silent way is that the teacher would say as little as possible apart from the modelling of language initially and one of the main criticisms was that it was felt that this particular methodology was so far removed from didactic teaching, the teacher standing at the front and explaining that students found it very difficult. Also in the 1970s Luzanoff came up with a new methodology called Suggestopedia. As psychological theory was developing, one of the ideas that came up was something called the effective filter. Basically the effective filter is a barrier to learning. It's the reasons why we inhibit our learning of a particular language. There are two main elements to the effective filter, two sets of factors if you like. Those are known as internal and external factors. The external factors to learning, the reasons why we have barriers to learning, may be just simple things such as external noise. So people talking to us while we're trying to learn and so on and so forth. Perhaps more important are these internal factors and the internal factors, one of the main things here is our previous experience. If we have tried to learn a language in the past and we have not been successful that forms an internal barrier to further learning in the future. The idea of Suggestopedia is that we reduce this effective filter to its lowest possible value. Now theory tells us that the effective filter has its lowest value when we're in the womb and so one of the ideas of Suggestopedia was to try to recreate the conditions of feeling safe in the womb and our effective filter will now be at its lowest possible value. We will be the most receptive to learning at that point. So how do we actually go about teaching in this situation? Well what we try to do is first of all reduce the effective filter through the internal and external factors down to its lowest value. So our students are made to feel comfortable first of all and then we have the use of music. The use of music in Suggestopedia is in different forms depending on which part of the lesson that we're in. The idea is in the first section which is sometimes called the first concert we use lively music and this is known as the active part of the lesson. The idea here is that the lively music will start to get our brainwaves moving around and put us into a receptive mood. Then in the second concert the teacher will introduce the target language usually in the form of dictation. Whilst that's taking place we use barob music which puts us into a passive state and allows us almost to become like a sponge and absorb this particular information. Once that's been completed we can then use that knowledge in some form of production. Now in terms of positive things for the students in reducing this effective filter down to its lowest value it makes the actual lessons a very comfortable experience for our students. The second positive thing about it is whilst it may sound strange itself in terms of a technique it does come from a very clear psychological theory in the terms of the effective filter and the fact that we are more receptive to learning when that effective filter is lowest value. In terms of the negatives it's obviously very very different to anything that we're used to and some people say it's just too different. The fact that it is so different can increase our effective filter in effect because we think it's not going to work. Secondly it's not easy to create these ideal conditions that are necessary to reduce your effective filter. There aren't too many schools that would have the facilities first of all to actually produce all of these conditions. Our next particular methodology is accredited to James Asher around 1965 and is called Total Physical Response. Asher looked at the way in which we learn our native language and he saw that most children before they even went to school had picked up a very large percentage of both the grammar and the vocabulary that they would use in their native language before any type of formal schooling. So Asher started to have a look at ideas of how to use the whole of our brain in language learning in the way that we do when we're very young. It's accepted that within our brain there are two hemispheres. One is the left hemisphere, the other is the right hemisphere and one of the functions of the left hemisphere is language learning. One of the major functions of the right hemisphere is controlling our body's movement and what Asher said was that when we are young what we tend to do in the way in which we learn language is to use the whole of our brain whereas formal schooling tends to only use half of it, only the left hand side. So his idea was to try to introduce movement into the process of learning a language so that we're using the whole brain and therefore doubling the capacity of our learning within that process. So the use of motion and learning would be a fairly typical way of using total physical response. If we for example are learning the vocabulary of the parts of the body then we wouldn't just listen and repeat those particular words but we'd actually use movement. So if we were learning the word for our arm we would move our arm whilst we were saying that word. If we were learning the word hand we would use our hand whilst we were learning that word and by bringing those two things together it was shown that it would actually enhance the learning process. One of the main positives points to this particular methodology is that it's very good for young students, for young learners. If you can get the young learners to be moving around whilst they're actually learning then it will enhance the process of learning and they will enjoy it and it's said to give much longer term retention of those particular vocabulary words than if you were just to say them without any motion at all. Some of the negative points for this particular methodology whilst it is good for young learners obviously it wouldn't be so good for one-to-one professional learners or for very high levels of grammar. One of the other requirements of this particular methodology goes back into the way in which we learn our native language. Within our native language we are listening to what's being said around us but there's a long silent period involved in learning our native language where we don't say anything we're just absorbing the information and then we start to use it. This long silent period is part of the total physical response approach or methodology and therefore we don't get immediate results from this. So before we move on to the final methodology for today let's just recap and see where we are at this point in time. We're looking at different learning methodologies. Each of those methodologies takes its premise from being somewhere on this particular spectrum of nature versus nurture and where we are on this spectrum gives us a starting point for the background or theory to that particular methodology. So we've had a look starting in the 17th century and the classical method and moving on as the ideas of psychology developed to various methods such as audio-lingualism, silent way, jestopedia and TPR. Each of these showing a development as knowledge about learning increased and each of these takes a different starting point on our initial spectrum. Our final methodology is accredited to Jeremy Harmer and it's known by the letters ESA. Around 1998 Jeremy Harmer produced a book called How to Teach English and basically what Harmer did as a background to this book is to do what we have done today and to work through all of the different methodologies that have come about over the last 300 years. He highlighted for each of those methodologies what was good about it, what was positive and what didn't appear to work and then put all of the positive things into a melting pot and came out with this methodology which he called ESA. It's a three stage methodology where each of the letters represents a particular phase of the lesson, the first one being called the engage phase, the second study phase and the final one the activate phase. So let's have a look at this particular methodology and try to bring back some of the ideas that we've already looked at this morning. The engage phase of this ESA lesson has one particular purpose and the purpose of that particular phase is just to get the students talking and thinking in English. We can go back to the idea of the effective filter and we've said that when students are relaxed and ready then that will improve their chances of learning and the idea of getting the students talking and thinking in English is the first part of the lesson just to relax them and to get them involved. Once we've completed that particular task which is usually done by the use of communicative games then we move into the actual teaching part of the lesson which is called the study phase. The study phase has two particular parts to it. The first part is known as the board work and that if you like is where the actual teaching takes place. Once we've completed that phase of the lesson we need to check that the students actually understand what they have just been taught. So what we do is then ask them to complete a series of activities that are very targeted towards this teaching component to make sure that they actually understand it. Now one of the things that the other methodologies have said to us is that in order to be able to use the language in a communicative way you need to move beyond the actual knowledge and put it into a realistic context and that's exactly what the activate phase does. The activate phase of the lesson sets up some form of scenario or situation where the students can use the language knowledge that they've just learnt and put it into a realistic context. So what are the positive factors in the use of the ESA methodology? The first is that it requires communication. The activate activity and indeed the study activities require the students to actually talk to each other. The second positive thing about it is that it works for all particular levels. So all the way from our beginners up to our upper intermediate students this particular methodology can be used. Some of the negative things about it might be that it can become predictable. If you follow that same structure of ESA every single lesson with your students then they will get to know what is coming next but within this particular methodology Harmer came up with a way around that and that will be looking at that later on. The other potential negative for some particular countries is that the activate activity requires the students to talk to each other and if all your students are talking to each other then your classroom can become noisy and potentially in certain countries this could be a problem.


Facebook, Amazon, Google, and Apple. These companies are taking over the world here now as NYU Stern Professor Scott Galloway. Professor, full disclosure, I was a student at NYU Stern. Good to see you again. Yeah, good to see you. You wrote a book about these companies called The Four. We have the cover up right there. Which of these companies has the most staying power in your view? So the company that you would argue is turning into the one who's performing the best right now, I think is clearly Amazon. If you look at where Amazon is budding up or budding heads against the other three, it's winning everywhere it touches them. So in search where it competes against Google, 44% share of product led searches in 2015. By 2016, Amazon had a 55% share. Where it competes against Google and Facebook for digital marketing dollars from brands and big advertisers. Amazon Media Group is now growing faster than Facebook or Google. It's a billion and a half in revenue. Triple the size of Snap and creeping up on Twitter. So it's becoming a real contender in the world for digital marketing. And then in computer hardware, it butts up against Apple. The most innovative product of 2015 and 2016 wasn't the Apple Watch or the Apple Pods. It was the Amazon Echo.  Amazon has troubled the market share of the number two Microsoft. So everywhere that Amazon is bumping in to another player in the big four, you probably could fairly say it's winning. Why does Amazon have so many sort of non-core businesses? And which of Amazon's businesses are you most excited about? Is it the cloud? Is it now Whole Foods? So Amazon gets to play unfair. Amazon can now borrow money at a lower interest rate than China. And they've been able to change the compact between investors and companies in that they have replaced profits with vision and growth. And as a result, they arguably have access to the cheapest capital in the history of modern business. So the war analogy is at the end of World War II the Germans had better tanks, better officers, but we had 38 gallons of gasoline for every one they had. Amazon is the business that shows up with 38 gallons of gasoline. So they can go into original content and overnight be the number two spender just behind Netflix who increased their original content budget to $2 billion when they heard Amazon's footsteps. So the business I would say I'm most excited about if I were an Amazon shareholder is they now have license to go into the wealthiest refrigerators in America with their purchase of Whole Foods. I think this is gonna be to Amazon what Instagram was to Facebook. I think this is gonna be the best acquisition in the last 20 years in retail. Really, so where does Amazon though go next? Right now they're disrupting grocery. Are there other categories that you're watching? Sure, I think the two areas would be, well three, fulfillment, some very boring non-romantic acquisitions that just take their 20 mile, warehouses that are within 20 miles of 45% of US households, which is misleading because it's probably 80% of disposable income and they build out that infrastructure. But in terms of name brands or more like headline grabbing acquisitions or things they're gonna go after, I think Amazon could go after the closet. They've had trouble getting official distribution from aspirational beauty brands, the L'Oreal, the Estee Lauders or fashion brands, the LVMHs. The logical acquisition or next acquisition for them would be Nordstrom. Because Nordstrom has distribution with those players, is in Seattle, does a fantastic job, very strong online and has bricks and mortar, which by the way is the new black again. A great way to increase your online sales is to open physical outlets, which can oftentimes as Whole Foods will be, be these really well-lit warehouses that give someone a footprint and access to a refrigerator or a closet. So Nordstrom and then the kind of the more, I would say the more dark horse, but just as interesting is that Amazon could begin buying some broadcast cable networks to ramp up their content offering. Because these companies- Some big name ones? Well, an AMC, a Scripps, something like that, because these companies have been beaten down because their advertising-supported businesses don't make sense. But Amazon can monetize these assets in a different way with their access to 60% of US households vis-a-vis prime. So Cable's not dead? Oh, no, Cable's still- Advertising-supported cable, I would say, is in structural decline. But content that resonates with consumers, delivered via cable is still, I think, very strong. Content, if content can increase, if you can buy Mad Men, increase intensity across your prime membership, such that you can sell more paper towels, I think Amazon can monetize it more.  And just quickly, before we move on to some of the other stocks, why does Amazon get a pass from Wall Street? They can go years, decades, without making any money, and investors keep bidding up the stock. That's the most impressive thing about Amazon. People say, well, what is their core confidence? Is it operations? Is it data? Amazon's core confidence is storytelling. And the letter that Jeff Bezos sent to his investors in 1997 about investing across three core areas that are non-perishable and making massive investments was his really compelling vision that he has stayed true to and that they execute against every day. And as a result, their stock keeps getting bid up. So they're effectively fighting on fare with cheaper capital and can try 10 things for every three things the other tech companies can try and every one thing an old economy firm can try. If you play Texas Hold and Poker, at some point when you have the most chips, you can muscle everyone else out of the game. That's Amazon. Again, they're the business with 38 gallons of gasoline. Yeah, it's a good analogy. Let's talk about Google coming under pressure from EU regulators. Same thing with Facebook, though here in the US, lawmakers slamming Facebook over those Russia ads. It seems like big government could be the biggest threat to both Alphabet and Facebook. Would you agree with that? Yeah, the only thing I believe sending in the way of them in a trillion dollar market capitalization given the momentum both those companies have is Washington or Brussels or themselves, if you will. And that is the perception that they're not a good citizen. Regulation is coming. The mother of all fines is coming, but it's not gonna come from where we think it's gonna come from. It's gonna come from Europe. Just as other great wars have usually started or ignited on the continent of Europe, the war against big tech is gonna break out in continental Europe.  She's the only one that's kind of levy these multi-billion dollar fines. And it makes sense. America registers tremendous benefit from these companies in terms of wealth creation. They recruit from my class. The real estate in Palo Alto goes up. There's hospital wings. There are university buildings named after Facebook and Google millionaires. Europe registers much of the downside, the privacy, the job destruction without nearly, without a fraction of the upside. The mother of all fines is gonna come out of Europe. So are US regulators too afraid of some of these tech companies? Yeah, and they also, nobody wants it. The fastest way to put on mom jeans and look 10 or 15 years older is for a regulator to go after one of the big four and pretend that they don't get it, right? The typical congressman as a man in his 50s or 60s who was an insurance salesman who doesn't wanna be seen as not getting it. In addition, the collective IQ around technology and the current administration is no match for the big four. If the White House or the current administration were to go after the big four, that would be a repeat of Mayweather versus McGregor and that is the redhead would get the crap kicked out of him. They do not have the firepower to go after these companies. At the state level it might happen. You might see a state's district attorney who feels that the fastest way to the governor's mansion is to create a populist argument against one or all of these companies. But the mother of all regulation and fines, again, is gonna come out of Europe. Well, we certainly have seen President Trump go after some of these tech companies on Twitter. I wanna ask you about Apple though. What does Apple look like in 10 years? Is the iPhone still king? Is there something else? Apple arguably has the most staying power because its brand just has such a religious fervor to it. And it's been around the longest. And I think there's a built-in reverence and affection for Apple that gives them real staying power. So I don't know what the products will be. I don't know if we'll be using phones in 10 years if it moves on to something else. But Apple's gonna have the most license to go into different categories because of just the sheer affection it has. Having said that, more people in 10 years will likely have a relationship with Amazon Prime than with cable. So more people have Prime than cable. But Apple, all four of these companies will be around in 10 years. And I doubt any of them will be around in 50. Facebook, Alphabet, Amazon, Apple. Which one gets to a trillion dollars first? Apple is the closest. Yeah, so in my view, the fastest, the one that has the bus, the blue line path through a trillion dollars right now is Amazon. Amazon, in my view, and I don't know this, will start something called Prime Squared that says to consumers with artificial intelligence, your purchase history, our fulfillment network, we're gonna start sending you stuff before you know you want it. Zero-click ordering.  And you'll say Alexa, different type of beef, Stella Artois, Lagunitas IPA, barbecue for eight people, three quotes for auto insurance for a 2014 Toyota Camry. They'll run a test. They'll show they can take prime households from $1,300 a year to $7,000. The stock will be anti-gravity and we'll have our first trillion dollar market cap company. Well, Wall Street will love that. Finally, in the book, you talk about career advice. Obviously, as a professor, you're working with students all the time. You say don't follow your passion, but follow your talent. What's the difference? So when someone shows up at a lunchtime speech or on TV and tells you, urges you to follow your passion, it means they're already rich. And typically they got wealthy doing something most people would not argue as a true passion. Your job as a young person is to find something you're great at and then invest massively and become the best in the world at it. And the recognition psychologically, emotionally, and financially in the accoutrements of success, then you will become passionate about it. The best tax attorneys in the world didn't grow up passionate about tax law. They grew up passionate about being great at something so they could have a bigger house and meet with people better looking than them. Everyone's passionate about that. Success is intoxicating. Find something you're good at and don't be the best at it. Be the only one in the world who does it. Follow what you're good at. So boring is sexy. It's not boring if you're great at it. Scott Galloway, the book is The Four. Thank you so much for joining us. Thanks for your time. All right, I'm Scott Gamm and you're watching The Street.


I will talk about vehicle to vehicle communication today Why I'm talking about to about vehicle to vehicle communication is things because I'm Working for around about four years about and on these topics for Volkswagen And yeah, I think I have some knowledge about this So whenever that I will talk about this and I think I have to give you a Motivation on this After this I will introduce some basic concepts that is really important to understand for the standards Then I will go through some standards Afterwards, yeah, some security staff In the end I will talk about what's the challenges actually and what we want to do in the future Okay, let's start with the motivation the really basic motivation of We could weaker communication is that we want to avoid any crashes any accidents and This is becoming harder and harder for the automotive industry because we Got a lot. Yeah, sorry We solved a lot problems in the last years and The problem is that there are some events we cannot predict or even it is hard to detect with some sensors so Many have an emergency vehicles driving around with its signals on and such things that's we have some really We have we have accidents, which is really not nice actually and with enormous sensors Really hard to detect these emergency vehicles because they behave in strange ways. They don't Follow some rules which you have in the normal traffic Things this is similar to other things like a red light validation Violation that is also really hard to detect for a normal vehicle. So and We think we can solve this problem with communication between cars Yeah You may heard about these technology already and We all these kind of hazards have one some things in common one thing is that they are really Locals so we don't have some influences in kilometer ways. It's really a local hazards and So we have Short distances we have we need to overcome with these communication And this is between the heat but we can also Communicate between vehicles and infrastructure like roadside units This is really important this Signalize and such things, but I will not really talk much about infrastructure here We also think when you think about these use cases and Accidents you need to be really fast at least we want to fast. I want to be faster than Human in its reaction. So We think we need some communication latencies under 10 milliseconds. That's It's yeah, it's a gas Actually, and not it not actually but this was a guess at the beginning We also have the problem that we cannot predict Who is really interested in these information things the traffic is constantly moving And so the relevance of these hazard can Change for every car in some minutes seconds. That's depends on the hazard itself and We got in 2008. I think we got in We got who own a frequency band to for communication this so that's that's more or less What we want to achieve with these communications so Then yeah, I would be before I can go to these standards I have to introduce some basic concept. This is really important to understand this This makes it really easy or easier. So Imagine you have an use case Like in the front of the of this image you have an emergency break When this blue car is breaking really hard, so then The white car cannot see this emergency break and the emergency break is for this white car Important things when these Truck is breaking and the distance between the cars is too low then you have a crash The problem on this use case is that the white car cannot see these blue car And that is therefore the the whole event has some How to say it depends on each car in this line. So if the The drive of the truck Reacts too late then even the bike car has some problem in the end So you get the multi-vehicle crash and that's not a nice Thing when you have when you use communication for this We believe that we can shorten these reaction time a lot because we can uncouple these events When the blue car is breaking and you can send out a message to the vodka you can Increase reaction of the vodka. That's the simple idea behind this This is also working for another use case. This is called the broken down vehicle There we have It's similar to the other things you have an event in the any front of the broken down The broken down vehicle and you want to inform all and following cars about this That's the simple idea behind this, but You have to think about a little bit more about it how to communicate these information. So the the simple solution to it is When these blue car for example breaks then you can detect this emergency break and send out a message So the vodka can react. That's straight forward and this kind of communication. We call event-based communication But there's another approach for it things You can change the detection position. So when When you sent out with the blue car only status information of the car for example, how fast it is How is the acceleration is the breaking? activated in such things and then and you Sent it out in a frequent manner, then you can detect these events in the receiving car That's changed a little bit The the rules, but we will see later what it will take which influences will have But what not know but booth booth approaches have similar as have some advantages and disadvantages one disadvantage we can see oh one disadvantage of the awareness-based communication. Oh, I'll forget this These are sending out these status information is and we call it awareness-based communication and these awareness-based communication has some problems you can Detect that there's maybe a car in front of you and is standing still somewhere, but you don't know why It's a car defect or is there in Traffic jam or something else you can't not for safety Considerations does fine because you know there is something and you can reduce the speed and it's really fine But maybe you have a different strategy for a different kind of Events for example when there's broken down vehicle. Yeah, okay You can pass simply but if this is this vehicle in the traffic jam you may think oh, no I will leave these highways. So that's a little bit Disadvantage, but there's several disadvantages or advantages for each type and then you have this event-based communication you have Simply a message which describes this event That's but these events based communication has in status message about the vehicle and The problem on these awareness-based is that you have a complex Interpretation of these who will mess of these messages things This is only an indication what may be happened there But in these event-based communication, you can have these event Desribed and the interpretation is easy. Okay and on the There's also the the advantage on the event-based communication that you only needs one message to receive For these other for this events based communication You may need a lot of messages before you see what's happening and what is going on But these event-based communication had the problem that you have to Precast and you have to know which use cases you need or you want to cover with these technology. So when So when you have a use case which you cannot Anticipate for the future and you have the problem that you can't talk about it and you can't Detect us in the end That's will be a problem when you have a car for eight years ten years in the field Then you can eight years ten years this car cannot detect these use case or this event So that's a small problem. This is but when you have these Event-based communication, then you never talk about use case in the before and the beginning and you may develop some use cases afterwards with this data This is possible, but that's yeah So, okay These basics concepts will be really important for these standards. So The problem with these standards is we have not one that's almost the same. So we have Yeah, free standard yet This is one in the US one in the Europe We have one in Japan and Then we have a lot of activities to Viki to Viki communication. This is in China and on this slide. I forget one country more even in South Korea There's some activity regarding this technology Yeah, I will in this talk only talk about the US and Europe things. That's more or less this what I do at work What's too important to know about this is that in Europe we have the car to car communication consortium which is Stunitization and do a lot of this and in the US is campus. That's mostly OEMs and some other Interested stakeholders so but the US Standards is focused on awareness-based communication Whereas the Europe's is focused on event-based communication. You will see this in the standard in the next so Here's one small slide to see who is involved in the development of these Standards in Europe. It's mainly the OEMs. Then you have some suppliers boat authorities research institutions as such things Okay, I Told you that in Europe we have these event-based communication and we have one The main message is we use these decentralized Environmental notification message that is describing an event that is in position and event code is on it and some extra additional data for for some special use cases more or less What's in there? the US has an Message it's called the basic safety message and this is of course a very spaced message and Yeah, I told you already this contains some status information about the week, but menu Work on this topic You will have You will have the advantages of booths. So even in you and the and Europe we have and Messages called cooperative awareness message. Of course, it's an awareness-based message is really similar to the basic safety message and Yeah, the US they have an flag field in these basic safety message, which is also more an event-based communication so after some development they We mixed up these advantages of booth approaches, but you will see later that is a little bit different I will not talk more about these context or content of these messages But you can see on the left and on the right in which standard they are Defined and then you can have a closer look to it Unfortunately, I think the SAA SAA Standards are not public or you have to buy them, but these at the standard you should you should download it from the internet That's should be possible Okay so When we have defined this payload what we we know what we what use cases we want to cover We have the problem that we have not only these two messages or three messages We have a lot of different messages. So we need some kind of message multiplexing and For example, another message is bad and map. This is a significant timing. This is something related to Seek traffic lights and such thing Okay, and you in Europe you have some Yeah, a basic transport protocol It has an own header that is similar to UDP, but has no length indicator field or something like this but as in source port and in destination port and What's also different to the UDP is that the allocation or the mapping from the port to the application is not done Dynamically like a normal computer, but it's defined in a standard. That's all in the US we have not such an Protocol between it, but there's an implicit convention This is that you have one element in the beginning of these payloads and this is an enumeration and you have to switch between the messages Okay The problem now is you don't know who to inform you about some Traffic events, so at least you have to think about how to route these messages and who could be interested in these messages therefore and for awareness-based communication the Really simple solution and which we use is that we simply broadcast this information So things we don't know which use cases may be happen actually we Use this broadcast approach. We call it single-hop broadcast things. We don't intend to forward these messages for the that's simply all right, but when you have The an event-based communication then you know which maybe who could be interested in it and for example for this broken down we down we have these the we know that all following cars may be Interested in this information, but all these cars which has already passed as they have have not any advantage with this information, so you can define and special area maybe and Send out a message which can be read or forwarded in These areas so that we can inform all these cars which are in this area you can find Yeah, that's so the Yeah, that's the two important routing mechanisms. We are using and in the in Europe here have the Protocol it's geo net it's called geo networking this supports some these two Wooting algorithms, but there are some more rooting algorithm, which is not so important But what you see is that these geo networking protocol has three headers the basic header and the common header have some normal not normal, but have some Controlling information about this protocol and the extended header has some additional data for these protocols for the algorithms we used to Yeah to broadcast this information The separation of the basic head on the common header I will talk about this later for the US They have only one header at this and it's had us really simple Things they was more focused on the awareness based communications. They don't need these additional algorithms, so this Had us simply and we have broadcast protocol and it's really easy As I already said these The title of the it's talks said this is based on 802.11 p There are booths standards are based on this so 802.11 requires an header that is called logical link control and Subnetwork access protocol this simply also in message multiplexing Yeah, and each kind of message as a fixed identifier and to see these easter types at the top The P extension of 802.11 is One flag This is these dot 11 OCB activated That means outside the context of BSS of the basic service set This simply disables all things Which has to do with this in excess points, so you have no excess point discovery You have no authentication No as a secretion no assembly all things which is with a basic access point things and there are some other things we don't need in this so at least the we use 802.11 only for broadcasts at this point Yeah, I think this is almost all about these headers, but I want to say something about these Frequencies we are using actually this is the frequency band we use and This is not fixed to any core technology, so Actually, you can use any technology in these events, but they have to be related to ITS things so and DUS and the European is a little bit different in the transmission power you can use but that's all Okay, this is Basically the standard that's the concepts of the standards in detail that you have to look in these standards How we use security and Vehicle-to-vehicle communication We have some requirements This is things we have to deal with safety related things and accidents We want to have the possibility to Authenticate the sensors a little bit so not anyone should send any messages as a little bit if dangerous in our view But we all want to protect the privacy of the drivers and we have some standard attacks We don't want to have so we play a text in such things But unfortunately, I don't know so much at the US of the US standard to this so I will only talk of the European standard Yeah The problem now is that we have to Think about security in the case this year We want We want to Have some security and I want don't want to change messages from anyone so The problem is now that we have to put some signature at the end of the security payload but When you use it Sorry We cannot use Ies or something like this because We have to use one shared secret and shared secret about sharing between Several millions cars maybe it's not a secret. So we have to use Sorry We have to use something like Sorry We have to use things like is or things like elliptic curves or something like this but The problem there is you have a private and a private key and a public key and this is Coupled together when you have one private key you there's or we have when you reads an identifier listen The public key Or you can decrypt it with a public key Then you have the problem that there's only one private key to it and then this isn't identified as unique So privacy is a problem. This is a pouch But therefore we have an pseudonym certificate and long-term certificates in each car To understand how it works and we have to look on the public key infrastructure Each car is provided with a long-term certificate and these long-term CA is direct on the You get these Certificate at the production time for each car. So each car has its own long-term certificate Things We want to have these technology to work over this different Manufactured of this cars from different manufacturers. We need a new chair somehow because each manufacturer will have its own long-term certificate certificate authority and We have all the future a feature that is called cross certification things We need different roots. They are because every country in Europe. Maybe we have its own roots. They are so that's the political decision But you are not allowed to use these long-term Certificate for communication with other cars for the communication with other cars you use these 30 sort of new certificates and One feature about this is that the car can change this certificate as it want so and You use these long-term certificate only for Authentication for the pseudonym certificate authority This of course knows about the roots. They are so that you don't know you don't have to know about these long-term certificates they are Certificate sorry long-term certificate Authorities so and you can get a lot of certain new certificates Therefore you have some kind of privacy because you have a lot of certain news Yeah, how many certificates you have the thing is you have More than 20 certificates and parallel for more for around about one week And you have some words when you have to change these certificates. That's that the ending star start and you have to Change these certificates every 10 to 30 minutes, but all these things are actually in a discussion That's not standard design yet And it will be standard design and the basic standard profile of the car-to-car communication consortium for the European Yeah, maybe it's not fixed actually Okay, but what means a pseudonym change As you see on the right is that we have the security isn't not a vertical layer and our Stackets and horizontal layer because you have to change every identifier you have. That's also includes the MAC address you use actually That's also means you have any Identifier in the applications and such and things so I would personally say that I the security should be like this in the stack image But we have another problem this sort of identifiers when you think about Communication awareness-based communication here we have something We need the vehicle dimensions to the dimensions to work with this. So and the vehicle dimension It's a small problem when you have a golf from Volkswagen or in normal beam V BMW or something like this. It's all okay, but when you drive in Lamborghini, that's a really unique vehicle dimension. It's really Low, but this is wide and long so that's more or less unique when you drive around with a Lamborghini Then you have the problem that these eyes also that and identify as things you are alone on the On the street all the other Cars around you will not like look like in Lamborghini. And so therefore we have We reduce the accuracy We use the accuracy of these Values so that's on 10 10 centimeters Yeah But you have to care about these things Okay The long-term certificates are valid for several years But they happen At one point you have to exchange these long-term certificates. That's even the same with the roots certificates, but As you see already we use elliptic curves for it and these standards are We talk a lot a long time about the standard and we actually use the nisco curves in the standards but Yeah, there's a discussion with the Bundesamt für Sicherheit in the information technique of Germany And they want to change this a little bit and one change is that the they want to have the brain pool curves For us, it doesn't matter We need an easy dsa 256 curve things our hardware acceleration actually works only with these curves but it's not On the curve we don't depend on a curve and Actually, we use these elliptic curves for every certificate in the standards and they want to change it all those but Yeah That will be all the change things we'd only need is for the communication between cars One thing about these heartless isolation is this is really important for us things we Be yeah, we anticipate that we have in the worst case around about 700 to 800 messages per second and then you get in problem with Validation of these certificates, so we need a million hardware acceleration at this point, but this is worst case calculation. So In the beginning we will not have this problem Okay, what else Yeah We need to think about more things at at the moment We have in communication and we can exchange data, but the problem is the interpretation of this data we have to Define really strange things or things we you don't expect at the beginning When you have a position which you share with all the cars around Your as an advanced drivers assistance system Developer you have the problem where's the reference position? This is in the center of the cars is on the front buffer Bumper or is on the rear buff bump bodies reference position because that means Maybe up to two meters different That's it's about such things. We have to talk with all the others OEMs and so we will synthesize this in a standard profile and the trigger conditions is About when you should send out and then a message to indicate that there's an event somewhere This is also not Not so easy to define in the United States We will have minimum minimum performance requirement performance requirements Yeah And then there are some challenges all those things When we talk about safety you want to know how the system Works at the boundaries on the system boundaries. So what happens when the channel is full? Then you can't send any more Messages or what happens or how far is the communication range which influences the The environmental of these cars so what which influences and bridge on these communication Technology and such things and even we have to think about coexistence with tolling gates and For instance Yeah Then also I want to introduce that The technical University in Park is actually working on a patch for the Linux kernel to support these also beats mode of IEEE at 102 point 11 Yeah, I hope it's not finished yet But I hope this becomes finished in the beginning of next year. You first find this on this Address when you are interested in an implementation of these upper layers and you can find it These one that's a form on GitHub I think there's some more implementation, but this actually something we also use Yeah, what in the future For the future you have to know a little bit about Driver assistance systems Many of us think as an engineer about These driver assistance systems and then you have to do you have a control loop then with sensors at the beginning With many sensors at the beginning Since these data's are not so easy to interpret it though We have been like a fusion to to generate one world view for this car Then you have an interpretation and a variation Then you get some plan to which you want to do what you want to do in the traffic and then you have Need a controlling unit which controls all your actuating things which Act affects the way world and then you can or gain measure the new things you see The standards are normally we refer We equal to vehicle communication as a sensor Things you can provide a lot of information to these driver assistance systems but things You send out also information it's a kind of Actuating elements so vehicle to vehicle communication is not only a sensor Yeah, and this is something This the right side is something we will do a lot in the in the future, but come back to the left side first Actually, we sent out with these events based communication a lot of status information From one vehicle, but we also add some Information about other vehicle. So when you see with your radar or with a sensor a car for example this car behind this Building then you can send out this Measurement or these distance to this car also is from the red cars And then maybe the blue car will have some advantages to know about this car on the right side Yeah, this is actually and the second idea is that We can Exchange the planned trajectories of cars. So when you precast these you you plan For several seconds five seconds to ten seconds maybe and you send it out. It's will improve the Yeah, your your assumptions about how the environment will evolve in In the next seconds and this is really a nice information for planning some maneuvers on the street and maybe in the end we also we are able to cooperate with these things to Plan maneuvers with different cars together to cooperate So that's the ideas we have in the future, but we are actually in the concept part of this phase of this So, yeah for me, I'm ready now finished now. So do you have any questions? The first two questions go to the internet Yes, thank you Instead of sending single events why not broadcasting this standardized set of sensor data So every car can calculate what is relevant to them. This would maybe be more future proof in terms of autonomous driving Yeah, that's that's totally right. This is more these awareness-based communication which I've talked about Yeah, that's something we want to do actually, but we will not send out the Normal sensor data. We will more send out distances between cars and something like this, but yeah, this is planned actually so Next question for me internet Yes, thank you. How much would a system be affected when the root CA? The private key of a root CA is exposed like it we have seen from Sony and Lenovo Etc. Yeah, that's this is a problem actually Which have to cover but you saw already that we have these cross certification and when you exploit this Maybe you can sort this problem then you assume that you Cross set as you sign this Different would say as one long-term certificate then it's not so important when one would say as not trust You cannot trust one who's who's we are anymore Then you switch to the second who's there so that's maybe that's an solution to it Okay, next question over here. Okay. I'd like to thank you for your torque I have seen that you are monitoring also other activities in this area Do your first I want to make you aware that there is One activity by Intel BMW and some British University. I can't remember Which is doing Something comparable, but competing Which is yeah, okay? I don't want to go in too much details. I want to make a way of this do you and then second Do you think what's about availability? I know that Volkswagen is Strongly behind the car-to-car concept, but I know that other car makers Going more to a server-based Communication so that cars are not really communicating to each other but via servers in via back-end servers And I know some other things behind that Yeah, this is right you You have different possibilities to solve this problem So in the end you will have some kind of vehicle to vehicle communication But it's not so clear in the end how you will solve this Problem so you can use Wi-Fi like this or you can use back-end Related communication The problem with back-ends actually is that you need coverage with you Yeah, you need to coverage with your mobile devices So if you are in the tunnel or something you don't have any more vehicle-to-vehicle communication This is Wi-Fi based solution has coverage in this case And you have maybe some trouble with the latencies This will become less and less the problem things the technology will become better, but yeah, there are some other issues with back-end based communication Okay, next question over there. Yeah, I got a I got a question regarding the concept When I buy a car, I receive a unit that is able to send out messages that a Cryptographically signed or whatever. How do I how do I keep people from just using that to perform denial of service attacks on the Autobahn? Denial it's not possible. You can't denial services attacks. You can't Prevent songs, but this is always the same. So When you want to make a DDoS attack on this technology, you can simply buy a disturb in the frequencies. We are using you can't Prevent it the the trick is to detect these so we need some measures to detect these DDoS attacks and then we have to Yeah, stop the car or something like this. We have to we need some backup solutions for how to react with the car Thank you. Okay next question over there Hey, thanks for the talk. It was really interesting overview. I guess I have a question about the the pseudonymous certificates So I understand that this takes away the The immediate danger or tries to take away the immediate danger of exposing your Location profile to the cars Or the location history to the cars in your immediate vicinity But you can still build a complete Location history for Some car by just collecting all the data because the root CA clearly knows what the What what pseudonymous certificate belongs to which car? So or is there something like blind signatures in place? And there's another problem I think So how do you handle certificate pseudonymous certificate switch? Because you if you're going somewhere and you keep receiving messages from certificate one and at one point you just start receiving messages from certificate two That you know that certificate one is now certificate two Yeah, the second one is some problem for the applications or for the driver systems systems Yeah, this is you can overcome this because you know that a weak you cannot jump so I mean, I mean you can clearly tell that that is the same vehicle So you lose the privacy protection of that pseudonymous certificates step or am I wrong? Yeah, you cannot use any more these identifiers by the by the certificate that's right, but these cars not jumping around so the cars driving a straight line and when you see that there's an 30 Absorption you miss vanished and there's a new at the same point and going this same line You know how from the physics or it should be the same cup That's exactly what I'm what I'm trying to say So so you why even do pseudonymous certificates if you can still completely track that one car Yeah, that's that's the other question yeah, that's the first question I was referring to the second question actually and The first question. Yeah, that's the problem now is yes, it's possible But not the roots here is knowing about this because the roots here only science these certificates of the HTCA and the pseudonymous a but The problem is with these that also technologies are also Possible to use for the same reason. So you have an idea on your license plate Driving around all the time. So when you use a camera, it's much easier to do the same thing Yeah, but I can change the license plate Even when you change the license Yeah, but now it's kind of time to remind everyone that the question is a short sentence ending with question mark and Next question over there, please. Yeah at first. Thank you for your talk and my question is who is running the roots? Yes, is it the country or is it a company running this or is it an Independent authority like the car-to-car communication consortium. It's depends It's it's it's a political decision in the end. I Think for infrastructure in Germany, for example, it's running by the government or some Institute of the government, of course Things they wanted to have this is a political decision, but Anyone can in the end and you have to cross sign all these Would say us that's the political decision. I can't Say much about this actually, okay, we will see okay next two questions for the internet No questions anymore. Okay, fine over that on If you sign locally in the car the pseudonymus signature key material is stored on the car or Generated on the car if you think about car Use times or that cars are in the field for 10 or 12 or 15 years How do you guarantee that the security of the security chips is not compromised? Yeah, that's that's hard but We will exchange these certificates and these ships at the service and at the car dealer What's happened when these? Yeah, I wouldn't are not safe anymore is that we should exchange these hardware to car dealers at the service Yeah Yes Yes, some follow-up question to that So if I'm an attacker, I will not go to the service point, but just buy a car and then five or ten years later Use that car to send fake messages that would be my my attack Yeah, then We will war we actually work on security measurements inside the car, so it's not so easy to exchange any parts and Introduce any data on the can in the end Actually, it is possible at the moment, but there will be some measure measure against these attacks Okay, next question over there Okay How do you I understand you're using some kind of private key a public key? encryption or authentication, so you said also you generate 20 As Certificates per week. Yeah, how do you transfer those public keys to all the cars from the millions cars here on the car on the street? Okay, I forget to mention that the security headers. I've had there and Sorry, it's a little bit I Think so the security You provide these certificates with every message in the worst case So normally we have some measurements to reduce it, but when you send out this message You also add the certificate at the end of the message. Okay, so I've signed my own Stuff This is the third certificate Sorry This one Oh So you don't sign your your certain human certificates and you get it's certain human certificates from the certain human Certificate authority, but if I send out my messages and I send out the public key Sorry I've sent out my message and send out the public key as well. So I can't send anything Why you have to private key is in your car. You can't sign this message as You sign this message with the private key as a signature But the public key must be known to the receiver. Yeah, you add these pop Public key at the end of the message and this is all this public key is signed by the so new Certificate and you know you need to know the who's chain, of course and you can also Send out these you at the end you need to know about the root CR who certificates in your car This is something we have to put in the car at the beginning And maybe to add later, but when you know this you can Prove all these the whole shame. Okay next question over there So when an attacker comes in a situation to be able to sign messages with fake data, is it possible to? DDoS other cars by sending out Messages that trigger emergency breaks for example in other cars and can't this trigger more accidents in the end So for cars that are not involved in the system. Yeah You you when you have these possibilities, of course, you can send out these messages and trigger some events You we won't don't want to have but Then we have some some additional sensors So we don't rely on you on vehicle to vehicle communication We also use all these other sensors and you get in a problem that you have you invalidate some logic in the car So you can detect such Things and then you will simply don't listen to these messages on anymore Sorry When I simulate the car at all So if I just take the hardware that signs the messages and put it on a ECU that I totally control Then the messages can't be distinguished between the real and fake messages. Yeah, it you you will be How to yeah, then I have a driver's assistant system You don't rely on your own vehicle to vehicle communication. That's you will not do do it's the same with Radar you don't only rely on these Radar so you use a lot of sensors and you have a Sensor set and when you send us said has some logical things which is not Logical then use can detect it and then we will stop the car or something like this or you will disable these Features and to inform the driver. This is the only solution to it, but you can detect it Next question over here Can you say what is the average length of cam and then? messages and what format and What lengths has the Certificate so will you use the wave format from the US or an Own developed at the format that's we have the the only developed at the format the length is That's hard question things We can leave out some parts of the messages depending on the sending frequency and such things so we have wound about 270 in the mean 270 in the mean 300 bytes at the end the mean but For cam or for cam for dynamics a little bit larger, but it's really hard. It depends on your use case and ratio between plane text and and security information so Certificate 50% 50% Security is really large at this point. So that's the reason why we use elliptic curbs. It's some smaller certificates Next question over there Yeah, thank you One question is Is it planned that the certificates can be revoked and if so? How does the revocation information get into the cars? Sorry, can you repeat the second? How do the revocation information get into the cars will there be some kind of? CRLs or OCSP services or whatever Revocation is not Defined yet because you have to as the thing is you don't need to bring the revocation the car at with this Public key infrastructure because you have to live one week With the problem things then you need new certificates for the absurd new Certificates, so you only need the revocation at the moment Deep so the new CS the problem is that when you never know Which Certificates are used things you have no identifier You have to detect this. That's the more the problem actually but as far as I see The typical Application of car-to-car communication is just cases when your sensors Actually can't help anything because you don't see the car in front of the long vehicle. That is just breaking Yeah, that's That we try to change this with these one of these future aspects So when you have a car in front of you, which you see which action then you can have some These measurements of other cars too and you can validate it. So This leads to a situation when I take I have to Attack all these cars around you to make this Make a logical data Validation so that the validation of the data is somehow Yeah, we happen to write so that's one thing we like to do about this and Yeah, it's but it's still a problem. So it's the reason But we assume that you use these data for planning and You can use this data It gets it deep How to the emergency brake light is maybe really a problem at its point But we try to for drive advance driver assistance since we try to Use this data for planning and then when you see the plan is not working out you have to need you need a back Fall back somehow. It's always about fall backs Okay, thank you at least one more question over there Have you thought about the following problem? I mean you you have a lot of cars in the world and you have every car has a lot of these pseudonym Certificates so it shouldn't and as an attacker who wants to spoof Messages you just need one valid pseudonym certificate To do a lot of harm Shouldn't it be relatively easy to I don't know spend some money on a cluster and Produce a lot of private keys Since there are so many pseudonym certificates for so many cars shouldn't be maybe relatively easy to to get just one valid pseudonym certificate to do some harm You haven't yeah, you haven't validation as you you you haven't time valued Time restriction of these pseudonym certificates. So when you have this you have it for one week at the end and Yeah, you have to live with this problem, but you have it's not worldwide we have in Europe or in the U.S But yeah, it's possible. So the the certificate Can we cut the short? If the person over there can compress the question in less than 20 seconds, we may be able to do that as a last question Yeah, okay. Thanks. I just want to ask we see every year breaking security Concepts on this conference. So how are you securing? Your model with now in the standard defining easy DSA 256 and saying a we have hardware acceleration for this With seeing that car is even a long-term product Yeah, when this happens you have to find solutions and you have to exchange, but wouldn't we change it by Thank you all very much throughout the time You


Yes, it's that time. This is a much more sophisticated group this time. Is it? That's my wine that he just bummed. He literally did it. This is actually a good movie. It's a top tier movie.   Doesn't have a lot more bub killing in it, though. You know what?  It's got everything. We watched Starship Troopers for the drunk review this time around.  I don't think the movie is exactly the same, but the perception of this film has aged like a fine wine.  We talked about this. Jeremy made a comment about this movie having aged like a fine wine. And I stand by this movie as an age. This movie is as good as it was then. It's that the audience around it realized what it was. This movie was always been a satirical masterpiece, critiquing the militarism. Fascism. Fascism, the over politicized nature of the media.  I'm doing my part too. And it's got Casper Red Dean's jawline, which it does. And Dizzy's tits. Dizzy's tits. God, deal with me. The film is just so good in every single aspect. Seven out of seven review done. Yeah, almost, but we will explain a little bit further. For instance, one of the best bits about this movie is that this film was released in 1997. I could say that it looks like it was released in like the late 2000s. I aged so well. CGI is great. The Planet P scene where all the bugs come out, it reminds me of Helms D with all the orcs, and that's five years later. With a lot of money. A lot of money behind it. Well, let's put a perspective of some movies that came out in 1997. Titanic came out in the same year, but like other films that came out in 1997. Yeah, I made just a defining moment in CG history. Came out two years after this movie. I would argue this movie looks better. I think the CG has aged better. Incredibly well. And this entire movie looks better than the early movie. I mean, it doesn't help. You have seen The Starship Troopers Armor progress through other shows. Yeah, it's been used in like Firefly, it's in Firefly the train job. This film had a budget of $100 million, and it did help that the fact that no one in this movie was a big name. So they were able to put everything into the product. What do you mean? Do you have it, bro? You know, Patrick Harris is huge. And Pewch. Maybe Hauser probably would have been the most expensive pair. He's also in it for like 12 minutes. Exactly. They're able to use it on the production design and specifically the models and the CG, which some of it is just absolutely incredible. You go and look at some of the shadows and the textures. They've aged so well that some of the games, I wouldn't have expected if it hadn't been done by Ireland.  I don't know if we did the special effects in this segment. I don't actually know the details. I don't know, I actually know who we did either, but it just is done so well that you can watch this movie now and be like, wow, that looks really good. Arguably more relevant now with the way like the political society is. Talking about the idea of them, they're militaristic government society, but also they talk about fascism. Fascism, they also talk about like media and how they just like this two politicized opinionated heads yelling at each other very much so of what is current. I find the idea of a button that thinks offensive. And that was at the time because Paul Verhoeven, he, did he not grow up during? Yeah, he would have been that age.  To stop the propaganda. Yeah, so, and that was this whole point. Would you like to know more? Exactly, so that was the whole point when he was making this movie. He was talking about that. Which it would have happened during that time. Judy G. Hauser goes from being... He looks like a baby. He looks like a little kid in the beginning of the movie. By then they shaded him out.  And then also at that time too is when, when Rico becomes the sergeant and then they show these kids at the end of the film that look like Hitler youth. Yeah, the Rico is rough next. He is just so hard on another drink. By the way, we have actually drank and this is the first time I've been... Ah, fuck, I'm not, I'm not the only one drunk. Like Jeff and I are the only ones drunk to the drunk. Jeremy actually got drunk with us this time. So fuck, yeah. This movie's a good boy. And he didn't hit his head on an end table. So we're fucking... No breaking the conch. Breaking the conch. Fuck, he's like that. So...  I stand by like Robocop and the critique. Like, I mean honestly, you could release Robocop now in the age of ACAB and shit like that and it's just as relevant now. I think Starship Troopers exist in the same boat.  That's a... The only good bug is a dead bug. Thing, that's why he combines the combination of those two things which now like current cinema tries to focus a lot on the commentary side. I watched this movie when I was well like nine years old on TV. Just keep rewatching this as I age and I just see more elements to it and that's why I make the comment about a fine wine is that it literally gets better every time we watch. That's you getting better. That's you getting better, not the movie.   And that I'm gonna say this was a great movie for a 12 year old boy to see boobs. Yeah, sure. Why not? Yes, exactly. Shower scene across the board, which for those who do not know that story about that, the actors did feel uncomfortable doing that scene. So Paul Verhoeven and the director of photography like, what if everyone feels uncomfortable doing this scene then I will also be naked with you. It doesn't make it less bad. Alright everyone, let's get started. Let's get started. But let's do this scene, alright?  Ignore the boner. Let's integrate scene because I think that it's great, I think that scene defines what the world like.  And in all honesty, you look at 1997, we are still pretty prudish. Like the sexual awareness and awakening that happened in the mid-2000s. That didn't come to the crudeness of the 2000s. It also reminds me of just the idea of like the director putting himself in with the actors if I'm going to make a supernatural reference because I have to for this channel. The thing that I always like about Kim Manners is during that episode with Bugs, both Jensen and Jared were very uncomfortable with all those bees. He's like, alright guys.  He's like, alright guys, let's do it.  Jesus Christ. That idea of the actor, like the director just getting into the scene with the actors and just being a part of it, kind of like humanizing the whole thing. I hope Lars Montrair didn't do that for Nymphomaniac. Yeah, let's not do that. Okay, let's not do that. I took a deep breath. Sure, you could say maybe the acting's a little bit cheesy because Casper Van Dean is not exactly the great man. He's got some great moments, man. I stand by it. You see the ace of spades. But he also has some bad ones but that's the idea though. The whole point is that these guys aren't big actors. I do have to bring up that they do have you know, my son.  Mr. Krabs. The enemy cannot push a button if you disable his hand. Michael Ironside and I can't remember his name, Mr. Krabs. Clancy Yates. No, Clancy Brown. There we go. These two guys are the best actors in this whole movie to be honest. And NPH. Yeah, sure. Why not? We all love NPH. We all love NPH but who do we quote more? Everyone fights. No one quits. You don't do your job.  Quote Ray Jack. Yeah. Which by the way... Rad Jack. Jesus. It's so hard because I just know Ray Zach. Like it's very confusing of where that came from. Was it coming from the TV show?  The sequels were weird. Technically speaking, in the concept of what a drunk review is we should not be reviewing this movie. We should be reviewing the sequels.  I like the third one. They sucked his brains out.  The third one is in fact the one that really started me talking about movies.   Sorry, gents. In your reviews of my rent.  Sarah, we have brand new people in New York. We have brand new people in New York. So we read the score. We rate this out of 7. I thought you said you watched all the reviews. I thought she was a fan. You subscribed yet? Okay Mark, what is your rating? Hang on, I'm gonna take a bit. I'm gonna say it's a 6. This movie would be a 7.  But I bitched about it when we were watching it. There's a storyline that gets brought up in this movie that never gets talked about again.   They talked about him getting into his mind and they made him do things. They got into his mind. They make you do things. Do the bugs have a way to like possess people or like control them in some way? They wanna know us so they can kill them.  I have one. Is there a lot of takes on it? More than this one? There's a lot of things. P.G. P.G.  Yeah, it's a 6. It's a 6 out of 7.  It's great. It's spectacular. It does almost everything it does in the best way possible. Paul Verhoeven. I'm a huge fan of his. The movies he makes, the way he does things, the critiques he creates. It's awesome and I love that a lot of people didn't get to hear what this movie was for years. I saw this movie in theaters at 12. He kind of explained it to me. I had already read the book. It did it right. I know that there's like a whole thing of Robert A. Heinlein apparently not liking this book or his family as a state or whatever, didn't like it. Well, he was a grumpy old, kind of slightly prejudiced, racist, bigoted man. That comes from the 50s. I just disagree with hating this movie for that stuff because I think it did criticize the militaristic compound. It did criticize fascist politics. And again, it's more relevant now than ever before.   Alright, Jeff. Six and seven. It's probably in my top 30 all-time David films. Timeless and it inspired as we said, Halo stuff.  The whole sci-fi stuff afterwards and flooded props into a lot of Vancouver films. How cool. All over films. All over film. But Vancouver, we saw some of it. But yeah, like there's a lot of props left over from it. And yeah, like the sequels, they generated a franchise. It's a great film. It's not the best film out there, but for its time, it's timeless and it's great. So I'm a bit of a weird gager on this because I saw the last 10 minutes now. She came super late. I saw the whole thing 10 years ago. I'm going to be very bold. I think it's a perfect movie for what it is. Seven out of seven. She got here after the whole brain bug thing. Yes, okay, but you know what? What I'm going to say. Film is a product of its time and I think it did what it needed to do perfectly and it has stayed with us and of course you can critique little bits and pieces. It is full zeitgeist. We all quote it. I literally got a job because I quoted the guy in the interview. He was like, well, maybe we'll bring you on for a bit and I'm like, I'll take it until I get killed or you find someone better. I was like, did you just quote Starship Cooper? I was like, yes, he got the job. I liked the way that the female characters were portrayed. Yes, there's sex. Yes, there's sex.   They don't even care to take names.  There's definitely an equality sexually in this movie. No, that's exactly why I actually, that's another layer about this movie that I like. That's a thing that I, re-watching this I couldn't change a thing and I actually will agree with her. I actually will also give this a seven.  That's his first seven. Well, for these ones, every time I watch this movie I get a more layer out of it every time. Not only just in terms of just the political satire, but also it's a fun movie to watch. It's very quotable. You're it until you're dead. But while I find somebody better. You smash the entire area.  You get me? We get you, son. Brain bugs, frankly, I find the idea of a bug that thinks offensive. We're literally quoting it during the entire time. It's something that now has become more of an aspect in terms of how the film has now but this one's just like, you know, she fights Zen and she gets knocked out, of course. I was gonna say, Zen also broke the arm and handled. He took an idea from a book that he admittedly hated.  I mean it is a boring book.  It's also one of two movies in 1997 where a main character dies and says don't let go and then the character holding them immediately lets go right afterwards. Speaking of yes, so yeah this movie has a 7 for me. It's one of my personal favorite films. I enjoy it immensely every time I watch it.   It would get a 7 again.  I stand by the way they built the antagonist relationship between Xander and Rico.   It's great. And then good luck. He spits all over I won't do that because that is our review for Starship Troopers. The first time in our drug reviews that we've actually watched a very very good movie. It's probably will not happen again. Not true. But either way guys I hope you enjoyed this review. Like what do you guys think about Starship? Do you guys feel the same way we do? Have you feel that the film is aged as we think? In terms of not just how audiences perceive it What do you guys think? Do you like this movie? Do you not? Tell us in the comments below. Aside from that I'm gonna have something else that tastes weird and until then we'll see you guys next time. That really sounds weird. Patreon subscriber Mark Wilmot He's in here. He pays me. He pays to be in these videos. I technically pay to be in these videos. I just hope so.


Okay, super top secret. What you working on? Okay. So the, the March of revisions continues. It's not March, but I would like to finish with a little for March up to the 571st revision. Getting to the tougher ones now. So this clue board revision. Love the clue board. Every single chip on here was unavailable for a year and a half. Yeah, what's the joke? The chips of thesis like there's boards that we have that everything's different, but it is the same board. Yeah. So this one, you know, I couldn't get the NR 52 840 and then I couldn't get the microphone and I couldn't get the magnetometer. And then the Sixth Doff got discontinued. Sixth Doff really did get discontinued. So that got swapped out. I couldn't get the magnetometer. It was about to redesign, but the magnetometer came back at the stock at a reasonable price. And then whatever, whatever, you know, eventually I was like, okay, I can I can actually get this back in the stock. So this just revises the LSM six DS 33 is now just an LSM six DS three, which is a almost the same chip. So a different package. But all the other components were available, even the BMP 280, which was unavailable for like a year is available at again the old price, which is another thing. It's like for this clue board for me to be able to sell at the price, I can't be spending $5 on a magnetometer. And the pricing was really ridiculous for a bit. But all the prices came down again. And so this is being revised, all the parts are being updated to most recent versions. I'll get it back in the store. Let's see what kind of ditto with the feather sense. I know people really like the feather sense board and believe me, I wanted to stock it for a while. But likewise, almost every sensor got discontinued. Actually, another thing is the APDS 9 6 6 0 that got discontinued too. But we did the last time by I think we have enough for a couple of years. So I think it's worth it. You know, instead of doing a re redesign, I guess I'm going to get a good enough to put it back in the shop. Buy me a year. And then in a year, when I when more parts are like really discontinued, cleared out, I think a lot of things that were unavailable were being held by companies. I don't use the word hoarded, but like kind of sort of. And they stuck out and we released to like, you know, whereas at before, I was like, I couldn't get any chips. Suddenly, there's like 100,000 of them in stock. So, you know, it's working out. Yeah, what's funny is that when I tell people that aren't in our industry about this, they're like, Oh yeah, like, I need it apart from my car. And they said it's going to be four years. Like it was like it impacted everyone in so many weird ways, but it is over now. For the most part, it's allowing us to do a lot of stuff. That's top secret. You'll see more in upcoming episodes. I'm asking engineer