Each door you open here leads to another copy of this backroom's level, and it keeps going and going and going. Hey everyone, this is Broogly, and today I'm going to be explaining backroom's level 988, a.k.a. Freeze Frame. This one is trippy and confusing and massive, and it might be the biggest one ever. It's very liminal as well, and overall it's a very interesting level. I know you're going to enjoy it without further ado. Let's hop into the explanation, shall we? So level 988 is classified as a class zero difficulty, and it's safe and secure, and it's a devoid of dangerous entities, which is a good start. The level itself, though, starts with a content warning that warns of slightly dark themes, of depression, and that kind of thing, so be wary of that if you don't like it. The level itself changes a lot, and as I said in the intro, it is huge and expansive, and it just never seems to stop. But at its basic form, it looks like a small kitchen inside of a cabin. This entire area seems very liminal and very familiar. The first kitchen area where you'll be is where everyone gets sent when they come to this level. You'll spawn in here in this cabin, and you'll be in the kitchen. You can explore the rest of the cabin as well, and you might find a bedroom or another bathroom or something like that, but the main part of the level is the kitchen area.  Well, it's about to get really weird now, so buckle up. If you look around the corner of the kitchen, you'll find a window that looks out over a field, and you're gonna want to keep that field in mind because I'll talk about it later. Another look around the kitchen, and you'll notice a door that's by the dining room table. If you open up that door and walk through it, you'll actually be inside of another kitchen. That looks almost identical to the first one, just with a few minor differences that you can barely notice. These differences can be as small as a chair being moved to a different place, or a picture frame being gone off the wall, just really small stuff, stuff that you won't really notice. If you look out the window in this new kitchen, you'll still see that field outside too, but it also has small differences from the last time, and each of these different zones that you'll come to when you walk through that kitchen door will be different, and these zones are known as snapshots, and there are thousands and millions and millions of them, literally. So now that you're in this new kitchen, you'll see another door, and you can open that door too, and if you walk through it, you'll be in another kitchen that looks similar to the previous one. The changes between kitchens tend to get more and more noticeable the further you go into this level, and up until the entire thing will just look completely different and not even like a cabin anymore. You can seemingly walk through doors for an infinite amount of time, and you'll just keep going and getting new kitchens and new environments outside forever and ever and ever. But you need to be careful doing this because it can get dark if you get too deep into the level. These kitchens can have a huge assortment of food and supplies inside the cabinets, and these can be things like car keys and canned food, and there's also been kids toys found, and you can actually take these items with you, but the interesting thing is, once you leave that kitchen, the items respawn exactly where they were if you took one. The outdoor area that I hinted at earlier starts out as a sparse-looking field with a few trees dotting its borders and a little mist off in the distance. Sometimes there might be a random barn or random tractor in that field as well, but with all these snapshots, the outside can change just like the inside does. The main way these outdoor areas change is that they can also change seasons with each snapshot. So the first one you spawn in could be in the winter outside with snow on the ground and stuff, and then you walk through the kitchen door to get to the next snapshot, and the outside area could be summertime with a hot sun and thick trees, just depends. There can also be rain and snow in these snapshots too, as well as fog or mist, but the rain and snow will actually be frozen in mid-air when you're looking at them from inside the cabin, almost as if you're looking at a huge picture of something. But once you go outside and once you interact with that rain, it'll start coming down like normal, but you have to go outside and touch it for it to do that, which is pretty weird. If you walk outside in these snapshots to the edge of the field, you'll actually be knocked unconscious by the level itself, and you'll wake up somewhere else inside of that field, which proves that these outdoor spaces are not infinite and you can't escape through them. The only way you can go to a different snapshot is through the door, in the kitchen, inside the cabin. Throughout these snapshots, there is a really weird anomaly that happens with a clock.  You know what I'm talking about. It can be seen in different places throughout each different snapshot. Sometimes it's inside the cabin, sometimes it's outside, sometimes it's floating in the air. It just depends. It looks like a regular old clock from real life, but the weird thing is is that you can hear it ticking throughout all of the level, even if you can't see the clock. And you'll know you're getting closer to the clock when the ticking gets louder. The clocks have been seen anywhere from shoved into a tree in the outside area to inside of the kitchen cabinets inside of the cabin. So there's no real rhyme or reason to their behavior. It's just completely random. The clock also seems to be indestructible. And if you try to break it or move it, you'll instantly fall unconscious for a few minutes, just like if you tried to walk to the border of the outside area, you'll also be knocked unconscious, which is weird that this level likes knocking people unconscious. I don't know about that. The clock also isn't even showing the right time because it could say that the time is 2pm, but the snapshot you're inside of looks dark outside. And obviously it's not dark at 2pm, so that just means the clock is wrong. And because of all this random stuff, it's been deemed that the clocks are useless and just a weird quirk of the level. But might have something more sinister to do that we don't know of. Let me know your thoughts below. What are the clocks mean? Now, as far as the entities here, there's actually been an entire family of facelings that have been seen in many of the snapshots. They've been nicknamed the Smith family, and there are four of them, an entire family, as well as a hound type entity that seems to be their dog. The family has been seen doing everyday tasks inside of different snapshots, like walking in the kitchen or cooking or playing outside. And each time you see them, the facelings will be frozen in time. Just like the snow and the rain is outside, is frozen. The family members' movements are also frozen. They never move, but you can kind of see what they're doing just by their surroundings.  You can actually kind of move them around like ragdolls if you want to and manipulate the entire snapshot, but I feel like that's pretty strange. I don't know. The entire thing is just very weird to see. It's almost like you're taking a walk through the memories of this family or something, but you're viewing it through pictures that you can walk through. I don't know. It's weird. As I said earlier, there's probably an infinite amount of these snapshot realities that all look different in their own way, and a ton of them have been actually documented, but I'm not going to go over all of them because the video will be like five hours long. I mean, there's literally hundreds of them documented, so I'll leave the link below if you want to go check them out for yourself, but I will go over some of the crazier ones right now. These are the ones that I think are the coolest. So snapshot number 25 seems to be a Christmas snapshot where there's a kitchen that's decorated for Christmas and the rest of the cabin is also decorated for Christmas and the outdoor area has snow on it. And, you know, it just feels like Christmas Eve. The family of facelings is in this snapshot and you can see them in the kitchen preparing a turkey to eat. But since they're frozen in time, you can actually steal some of that turkey if you want to. But to get to this snapshot, you have to walk through 25 different doors. So snapshot 168 seems to take place inside of the summer during a huge thunderstorm and the field outside of the cabin seems to be wet with rain in this snapshot and the family isn't here in this one. The wanderer who explored these snapshots thinks they're on vacation during this one. So, now the deeper the snapshots get, the more dark and disturbing some of these realities become. Like in snapshot 472, the dad faceling seems to not be alive anymore. Cough, cough. And the vibe just starts to get really dark and gloomy and empty and the level of cabin seems to be more decayed and old. And in snapshot 1,000, the house seems empty and barren and the walls are all closing in and there's no windows and everything has a layer of dust on it. And the clock inside of the kitchen is making a loud ticking noise. The family is gone, nowhere to be seen and it almost is like this entire level has been abandoned by them. So, yeah, as you can see, the deeper you get in these snapshots, the worse it gets. And there are more past that snapshot 1,000. They've just yet to be explored. So, the entire level seems to be just this infinite exploration of a family's memories though. It's like these snapshots that you can walk into are memories from their past, like Christmas Day and summer and stuff like that. And each snapshot seems to be a picture that you can actually walk through and explore. That's why the people are frozen and that's why the rain is frozen, but you're not. It's very interesting to me. And it might be more disturbing than its Class Zero difficulty shows. I don't think it really needs a Class Zero. I think it's actually pretty dangerous because you can get lost in these realities. I think it would be awful to be stuck in this never-ending expanse of doors and kitchens that change each time you get to them. I think it would just really mess with my mind. I don't know. So, to escape this level before you go insane, you actually can find a burger in the 87th snapshot to be sent on to level 213. That's the easiest way to exit. Just go find the burger. Not that hard, but you do have to go through 87 different realities to get here. So, if you want to enter this place, for whatever reason, you can no-clip through level 131. Just beware that you'll be stuck here for a while because you got to go through all those snapshots to get out and it could take a toll on your mental health if you let it. That's it for the video. Thank you so much for watching to the end. I think this one was an amazing concept. I love the liminal aspect of the cabin and the outside. And I also really like the concept that you can keep going through these infinite, like wormholes and Alice in the Wonderland type things. You know, opening doors and going to new realities. I love that concept and hope you enjoyed it too. Thank you for watching to the end. Check below for links to my vlog channel and Spookly. If you want more content from me, I upload on those channels often. So, if you want to, you know, see more of me, I'm over there, man. And make sure you have your notice on for the Bruglitz channel because I have a ton of bangers coming out soon. I'm on the road to 1 million subs and I can't wait to hit it. You know what's happening when I do. I'm going to the level 188 picture location. So, if you want to be a part of that, I'm going to get there. I'm so close. It's going to happen this year. I'm just so excited. I love and appreciate all of you. Make sure you tell somebody that you love and appreciate them. Life is too short to not to. Thank you so much and I will see you in the next video. Peace.


Thank you very much for being with us and many, many millions of volunteers who participated those many nameless hands which have constantly worked to keep this movement going, not seeking any attention, not seeking any rewards, above all, dedicating their own time, money and efforts to make this happen. Thank you very much for everybody, wherever you are in the world, all the support that you've given us, thank you very much. Sixteen days have been a phenomenal run. In just two weeks, it has become an international phenomena where even the United Nations, there's a huge response we're currently calling. So like this, all over the world it's spread because the basic idea of what is behind it is for sure a winning idea and it will work for all the people concerned.


Hello everybody, E here. Welcome back to another book review. Sorry there haven't been a whole lot of videos lately, haven't been any videos lately. I got a lot on my plate and because this channel is my hobby, it has to take a backseat to other things in my life. Yes, also it is the holiday so I'm spending a lot more time with the family and during the day I'm working on projects I can't talk about. So videos will be few and far between until at least probably the middle of January and then we'll try to work back into some semblance of what we used to do. Maybe not daily but maybe two or three videos a week. Anyways, today we are talking about Ring Shout by P. Jelly Clark. I'm pretty sure I checked this time to make sure I got the name right. That's how the YouTube video that I watched, that's how it was pronounced so that's what I'm going with. This book is about a woman named Marisay or I don't think it's Maris but it might be it's M-A-R-Y-S-E. I couldn't find it that's finitive pronunciation either way so I'm going to go with Marisay. Marisay is a it's rather an urban fantasy but it's like a historical urban fantasy kind of deal. It deals with 1920s or 1930s Georgia. It happens in Macon, a town that I'm very familiar with. I used to live in Warner Robbins way back in the way back but I'm familiar with the town, I'm familiar with the history. There isn't a whole lot about the town but most of the stuff having to do with the Klan and all that stuff rang true to me. What this book is about is Ku Klux Klan members, some of them are actually literally demons and Marisay is a demon hunter. She has a cool sword, sometimes it's smoke, sometimes it's solid. I'm not exactly sure how it works but it was believable while I was reading it. I didn't ever question, wait it only worked this way, this way. It felt true. The writing here is amazing but it's also written in what is it, P-A-T-I-O-S. It's written in vernacular so you're not going to find proper grammar all the time but there are some beautiful passages in the story. The writing is fantastic, it is consistent all the way through but I think what hit me the most here and I said the same thing with Priya Sharma's Orm Shadow is the author, Clark, he commits to the ending and goes all out that shit crazy. The ending is epic. Now it's not weird or abstract or anything like that. It's very clear what's going on but there is an epic battle sequence at the end. The Butcher is a character that I'm going to be thinking about for a while. I can't remember who it was, if it was SA Cosby. Somebody was talking about racism is far scarier when the racist isn't explicitly saying the n-word, isn't explicitly being racist. They're being racist but not explicitly. So they're not saying those damn n-words or that kind of thing. It's a casual flippancy to the degradation of an entire race of people. There's a lot of that in this book and I appreciated the subtleties of it and I think Butcher, the character, is probably the best in the book. I like Chef too but I really, really like the villain here. It's not the main bad but it's close to it. When he is revealed for what he truly is, it was unsettling to me. I don't know how you'll feel. So I'm going to classify this as horror because there were sections of this book that I felt were supposed to unsettle you and I don't really catch that too much in most urban fantasies. Like Richard Cadres, his Sandman Slim series, never did I sit back and go wow that's pretty creepy, that's pretty scary but this one is more along the lines of horror than say like a Sandman Slim kind of deal. So I even hesitate to call it urban fantasy because I don't want to chase anybody away. If you like horror, you're going to dig this book.  There's literary merit in it. It's a very short book. I think it's like 186 pages. I blew through it in like two days. The writing is terrific. I have a lot of stuff. I don't know how I ended up with so much stuff from Clark but I also have another novella and I think I have a short story also. I'll be jumping into those as soon as possible but this rinks up there with me with Orange Shadow and The Ballad of Black Tom. I think they're all also published by Tor, Tom Doherty and Associates. I'm not sure. But anyways, this book's fantastic. I have nothing negative to say about it. I had fun all the way through. There were parts that were creepy, parts that were funny. There is a lot of humor in here but it's not a horror comedy. It's just sprinkled in there to just kind of give you a moment to breathe before the next craziness begins to happen. So have you read Ring Shout by P. Jelly Clark? If you have, let me know down there in the doobly-doo whether or not you loved it, whether or not you hated it. If you loved it or hated it, tell me why you loved it or hated it so that we can have a discussion. But until next time, I have an E, you have an U. This has been another Book Review. I'll talk to you guys later. Bye-bye!


Tucker Carlson and Candice Owens teamed up to attack Black Lives Matter co-founder Patrice Collars for reportedly buying multiple Mansions which they claim is bad because she self identifies as a Marxist Which I say is based but the right wing is just having a field day with this story and the allegations range from This is pretty hypocritical to maybe she's unethically using donor funds to purchase these houses maybe there's some sort of scandal here and Regardless of the outcome of this story regardless of Patrice's Allegiant lack of moral character. I think it's very transparent what the right wing is trying to do this is a concerted effort to Villify and discredit the Black Lives Matter movement if you can demonize the founder then perhaps people will think the movement itself As a whole is bad But Black Lives Matter is a largely decentralized movement and regardless of what the co-founders do The people who are on the ground fighting against police brutality fighting for Black Lives That does matter and you will never discredit that because that movement is necessary and valid But I don't necessarily have much interest in the scandal in particular that they're so concerned with But what I do want to talk about and the reason why I'm even mentioning the scandal is because I want to show you a clip From Fox News where Tucker Carlson and Candice Owens actually talked about this because the conversation that they had was so Stupid that it borders on parody particularly what Candice Owens says because she's going to define Marxism here and her description is a little bit off if you ask me Maybe I'm being too soft But anybody who can talk, you know America's woke corporate structure into sending close to a hundred million dollars on the basis of that lame rap Kind of gets my respect in a way She has my respect because she's unapologetic in her approach. She's telling you what she is She's a Marxist so Marxists steal money from other people and they enrich themselves Until the people that they stole from our poor and so she has stolen money from other people on the pretext of a lie That is Black Lives Matter and she's enriched herself and she's brought four homes I mean you have to kind of appreciate the honesty. She's not hiding by any means, you know And so yeah, I tend to agree with you here.  I mean you you've got to hand it to her, you know This is a Dunning Kruger in action But I want to revisit her definition of Marxism because she claims that Patrice Cullors is a Marxist so she defies Marxism She says she's telling you what she is. She's a Marxist so Marxists steal money from other people and they enrich themselves until the people they stole money from are poor Candice you just described capitalism How do you not realize you straight up just described Capitalism people can see it happening in America now That's what you described. That's not Marxism. That's capitalism. Candice. I love how she just makes up whatever definition I mean the way that the right and Fox News uses Marxism is They'll see whether or not somebody saying something. They don't like Is bad and if they think that person is bad since Marxism is bad They just say oh well that person must be a Marxist.   I mean we're allowed to just describe These terms with meanings However, we want to right is that not the rules So I mean who is Candace Owens to tell me that I'm wrong when I say that capitalism is the vertical turd that stands up in the Toilet who is she to tell me that my definition of Marxism is incorrect given the way that she just Incorrectly frames these terms herself and she also added something really quickly and flippantly and I don't necessarily know what she meant But she she says she has stolen money from other people on the pretext of a lie That is black lives matter now that really struck me off guard. I don't know if she's saying that the fact that black lives matter in and of itself is a lie or That the organization titled black lives matter is based on a lie that black Americans are Disproportionately brutalized by police if she's actually just straight up saying that the fact that black lives matter is a lie That's really odd For her to say something like that perhaps if we're being super charitable it's a lie in the sense that Legally and socially and culturally black lives don't matter because they're treated more poorly than other types of lives White lives rich lives for example, but I don't think that someone like Candace Owens a conservative capitalist Would say something like that.  Wouldn't that be weird? Why would I say something like that? It's it's so like the things that she says are so bizarre and either way I mean, however you interpret this she's wrong But how wrong and stupid she is really depends on what she meant by that which I mean, maybe she'll clarify later But either way Candace Owens Dairy clearly doesn't know what Marxism is She might want to learn a little bit about the ideology that she shills for Because capitalism if we want to talk about theft Capitalism that as I would describe it Aside from my definition about it being the vertical turd that stands up in the toilet Is when people steal money from other people to enrich themselves into the people they stole from money from our poor That's capitalism Not Marxism


Hello everyone, welcome back to another session in dentistry and world today's topic is tooth numbering system We have basically three numbering systems, which is commonly used to there are many Tooth numbering systems are available what we are commonly used three systems, but most Accepted one is FDA system So Let's see the three systems of tooth numbering So as we all know we have 20 teeth in deciduous rendition and 32 teeth in Permanent rendition so we have additional 12 teeth in permanent rendition because we don't have Premolars in deciduous rendition so we have two primolars that is these two are primolars So we have two primolars in one quadrant. We say it is quadrant because it is part of a four segment Okay, so that is what it is known as quadrant So we have two teeth. This is a quadrant. So we have Four segments one two three four. So this is a quadrant. This is a quadrant. This is a quadrant This is a quadrant. This is upper right. This is upper left. This is Lower left and lower right. So you always View as a patient. So if this is a patient's mouth, this will be patients, right? This will be patients left and this is a lower teeth and this is upper teeth So I was talking about the difference in teeth number that is 20 in deciduous and 32 in permanent So the 12 teeth are additional that is a primolars These two primolars on one quadrant. So we have four quadrant. So eight additional teeth, okay But we need 12 additional teeth. Okay, so where is that? Four additional teeth which is the third molar. Okay, so the third molar This is a third molar Which is not present in deciduous teeth. So all the third molars are added. So it is four. So One two three. So three teeth are additional in one quadrant. So we have four quadrant So 12 teeth four into three 12. So we have 12 additional teeth in permanent dentition So the chord is icm. This is icpm. So this is i for incisors. This is canine. This is molars incisors canine primolars and molars So we have two incisors One canine and two molars. Okay, so upper we have Two incisors one canine two molars. So five in one quadrant. So 10 in upper arch or maxillary arch Five in one quadrant. So 10 in lower arch or mandibular arch total 20 Similarly in permanent dentition, we have two incisors one canine troop Premolars and three molars. So it makes eight teeth in one quadrant 16 teeth in upper arch or maxillary arch Eight teeth in one quadrant 16 teeth in lower arch Or mandibular arch and total 32 teeth in Permanent dentition, okay So that is just introduction part and there are lots of differences between deciduous and permanent dentition That will be dealt in next session. So let's see three systems of tooth numbering So the common one is universal system. So it is just using alphabets in deciduous dentition and numbers in permanent dentition. So it starts from upper right quadrant So a b c d e It stops here. That is upper right quadrant is over then upper left quadrant. So it continues f g h i j So it stops there upper left. Now we are into lower left quadrant. Okay This is lower left This is lower right. So it just continues like this.  So it just continues just continues continuous So we have 20 alphabets starting from a ending three. Okay. So a to e is the Upper right second deciduous molar. This is the upper Central incisor right central incisor f is upper left central incisor o is lower left central incisor p is lower right Central incisor t is lower right second molar So let's see the universal system in permanent dentition. It's using the numbers. It starts from 1 and it ending 32 so 1 to 8 is upper right quadrant 9 to 16 is upper left quadrant 17 to 24 is lower left quadrant And 25 to 32 is Lower right quadrant. So this is the upper right third molar. This is upper right central incisor 8 9 is Upper left central incisor 16 is upper left third molar 24 is lower left central incisor And 25 is lower right central incisor 32 is Lower right third molar. So I'm just Saying all the edge teeth. So we can say 7 is right lateral incisor upper right lateral incisor if 23 is lower left lateral incisor 28 is lower right First premolar and 30 is lower right First molar and next we have Zygmondi Parma system which was introduced by this scientist So here it is a different way. We are not using entire alphabets. We are just using 5 alphabets in deciduous dentition and 8 Digits that is 1 to 8 in permanent dentition. We are just using the quadrant. Okay. So this is the upper right quadrant And this is the upper left quadrant. This is the Lower left quadrant. This is the lower right quadrant. Okay. So we are just using quadrant symbols So if it is this simple, it is upper right central incisor And if it is like this, this is lower right canine, okay if it is like This this is upper left first molar. Okay. So this A is central incisor B is lateral incisor C is canine D is first molar E is second molar just changing the quadrant here But it is different A is first mo second molar B is First molar C is canine D is lateral incisor E is central incisor And it changes F is central incisor G is lateral H is canine I is first molar J is second molar So similarly in universal system also it changes So similarly in permanent dentition. So it is starting from 1 to 8 1 is central incisor 2 is lateral incisor 3 is canine first premolar second premolar First molar second molar and third molar only thing it We need to think about the quadrant. Okay So this is upper right second molar. This is upper left first molar. This is Lower left central incisor. This is lower right canine. Okay. So it is changing based on the Quadrant but all the teeth has In one quadrant has same number. So one means it is central incisor two is lateral incisor Three is canine eight is third molar But it is not like that in universal system. Every tooth has different Denotation here all the sets of teeth has same denotation only change is a quadrant. Okay. So that is Zygmondi-Pama system So universal system is very rarely used Zygmondi system Which is not very commonly used but it is very easy to use. It is Practiced in our clinical practice when we are writing but it is not officially used system The most accepted and officially used system in academic side is FTI system So here are these changes here. It is also known as two-digit system. Okay two digit. We are using two digit. Okay So here you can see that There are two letters for each tooth That is five one seven four Six three like that here also one five four six three three two four So the thing is the tooth numbering is same that is one is for Central two is for lateral three is for canine four first premolar five second premola six first molar seven second molar eight Third molar the only change is the quadrant Is denoted by The symbol here, but it is denoted by the number. So we have Four quadrants, which is denoted by one two three four in permanent teeth One means upper right two means upper left three is lower left four is lower right Similarly in deciduous it has become five seven five six seven eight five is upper right Six is upper left seven is lower left Eight is lower right. So five one means it is the upper right Central incisor eight four means lower right For smaller seven four means lower left for smaller six five is lower upper left second molar One seven means upper right second molar three four means lower left first premolar So this is a commonly used system in our academic side. So we should follow this fda system Or fda system or two digit system. Okay. So only Change from Zygmondi Palmer system is instead of this Quadrant simple we are using numbers to indicate the quadrant that is one two three four in permanent condition and five six seven eight in Deciduous condition. So that is a very simple Session but it is little tricky to understand the concept But once it is very clear it is easy to practice So universal system Zygmondi Palmer system and fda system universal system is just going through the letters and numbers Starting from a to t one to 32. This is quadrant a to e and 128 but using the Quadrant simple what fda system or two digit system just put forward by federation dentaire international a Which is using two digit the first digit is of the quadrant and second digit is a tooth number So I'll come up with the difference between deciduous on permanent condition and my next session. Thank you


It's a real privilege to be here in Wild Scotland, and of course without rain you wouldn't have these incredible rivers. And it's a really special year to be here, because after all the hard work on behalf of the Stirling Council since 1999, you are standing beside a Category 1 river.


hello everyone welcome back to another session in dentistry and more so we are continuing our topics in fixed partial denture so we finished pontix abutments bonding design and today we have retainers in fixed partial denture so it's a component of an fpd which takes support from an abutment tooth and provides retention to the processes so can see here we have four components one is the abutment then we have the connector which connects the pontix and retainer then the retainer and pontix so these are the four components connector retainer pontix and abutment so today we will be looking into the retainer in detail so the ideal requirements of retainer it should cause least amount of destruction to the abutment then it should not destroy the outline form of the tooth and the marginal line should be finished with great accuracy then it should be rigid that is ability to withstand the load that is occlusion force that is rigidity it should be having good marginal line with great accuracy the least destruction to the abutment then it should be in good functional adaptation and also it should protect the tooth against the fracture it should be cleansable it should be aesthetic and it should not cause any trauma while preparation should not cause any trauma to the pulp or the surrounding tissue and it should not create any kind of recurrence that is the secondary caries and so vehicle marginal ridge should not be destroyed so these are the ideal requirements of a retainer now we have the classification of retainers we have basically two types one is it is divided into extracoronal intracoronal and radical that is a position where the retainer is placed so in extracoronal we have complete crowns and partial veneer crowns complete crown it could be all metal all ceramic and the combination that is a metal ceramic whereas a partial veneer crown that is the three fourth crown the seven by eight crown or the medial half crown whereas the intracoronal we have inlays and onlays whereas the radicular we have the cast post and prefabricated post so the next classification is four types that is based on the first thing is based on the tooth coverage the same thing we are putting into a different perspective that is based on the tooth coverage then the location then the mode of retention and based on the material being used so we'll start with the tooth coverage that again can be divided as full coverage retainer partial coverage retainer the conservative retainer and telescopic retainer so the full coverage retainer as you see the picture here those retainers they cover all the five surfaces of the abutment teeth like visual distal the label or the buckle or lingual or palatal and the incisal or occlusion so the advantage of these full coverage retainer that is the contact area can be properly developed the empressure can be enhanced buckle contours can be correctly developed it can facilitate the occlusion plane modifications and this is indicated for endodontically treated abutment and it is also ideal for restoring edentulous area in patients with craniofacial abnormalities but the problem with our full coverage retainer is that we need to have extensive tooth preparation then the finish line should be kept in sub-jinjavel so there will be a tissue response and jinjavel decay is prevalent in these type of retainers only thing is metal crowns will be placed in posterior so still it is a concern of acidity so this is basically indicated there is a full crown indicated in short clinical crown or if patient with history of active caries and poor hygiene or in both vital and pulplice teeth or the metal ceramic crowns and all ceramic crowns are used in situations which require good cosmetic results with maximum resistance and retention requirements so we have many types of full crown that is the first one is metal crown full metal crown full metal crown is commonly used in posterior teeth so the metallic restoration used to cover the all surface of a clinical crown okay sometimes it can be a gold or stainless steel but the best part is it requires just minimal preparation it can be we can put into a partial or full veneer crown it requires minimum tooth reduction that is a advantage minimum tooth reduction unlike our porcelain and it is strong even in very thin section that is a rigidity part it is very strong even in its thinnest part and its thinnest part unlike our porcelain so always the preparation needs if it is in a centric cusp we need to reduce 1.5 mm or non-centric it's just one mm that is a occlusion reduction okay occlusion reduction so margins we can put a chamfer finish line with which allows around 0.5 mm thickness clearance so always we prefer chamfer for a metal crown and it is commonly indicated as a single crown or even as a bridge mostly for the posterior teeth and in patients with high KD syntax or just like andronically treated teeth or mal-aligned teeth or teeth with short glyphogen gel height but the problem with other disadvantage or contraindication is that it cannot be used in anterior teeth because of the obvious aesthetic reasons and in a situation where conservative preparations can be used when we can go for another type of conservative preparation this will not be opted and if we need less than maximum resistance and retention we can opt for another crown rather than metal if caries is extended gingively as that the finish line cannot be made we just cannot do a chamfer outline because there is gingival extension of caries we cannot perform a metal crown preparation and if there is uncontrolled caries it's better not go with the metal okay but the advantage is that it's good resistance form retention high strength good protection for the tooth to be restored modify the occlusion all those things are advantages but the disadvantage is it's aesthetics pulpo vitality is not good that is but pulpo vitality cannot be detected and incipient caries cannot be detected and extensive amount of tooth reduction but it is comparatively lesser than the ocelain now we have the metal ceramic crown this session this session will be anyway a lengthier one we need to discuss all the crowns and all other classification so in metal ceramic crown this is a phasing of ceramic with a metal copying so it can be fabricated over the full veneer crown or partial veneer crown preparation we need to have two mm occlusion reduction and margins in facial side we need to keep a shoulder finish line then the lingual side we need to keep a chamfer and this shoulder must extend at least one mm lingual to the proximal contact area it can afford high force it can accommodate cast or soldered connectors and all those things the best part is it has got good strength of cast metal crown with the aesthetic of all ceramic crowns and it has got good retention but the problem it the preparation requires more tooth reduction and the facial margins for anterior teeth is often placed subjectively which can cause a periodontal problems and a frequent problem is the difficulty of accurate shade selection so that is a problem with metal ceramic crown now we have the third variety that is all ceramic crown so this is also called as jacket crown so it is used to cover all the surface of the clinical crown it is best to use in the anterior where the aesthetic is at most important so it gives good aesthetics but the problem is risk of reduced restoration longevity and there is potential for fracture so we need to keep a 90 degree angulation and margins and it is commonly indicated in anterior teeth which is not indicated in posterior teeth because of its reduced strength and in case of H2H or in case of overbite we don't prefer all ceramic crown and also tooth with short clinical crown also we don't prefer the all ceramic crown so advantages are the best thing is its aesthetics and comparatively strong but there is high chance of fracture because they are brittle in nature all ceramic crown so next we have the partial coverage retainer okay so this is coming under area first we studied the full coverage now we have the partial coverage retainer so the advantages are it is comparatively a conservative tooth preparation it guides for coronal condos emperation forms are pre-established marginal fit and complete seating of casting can be easily verified before and during cementation aesthetics are fine margin accessibility for finishing and cleaning is good but the problem they are not as retentive as complete retainers there is a limited display of metal then tooth preparation is difficult because only limited adjustment can be made in the path of placement so these are the disadvantages that are the path of placement the display of metal and average retention indicated an intact or minimal restored teeth or the normal anatomical clinical crown or teeth with adequate labia lingual thickness contraindicated teeth with short clinical crowns thin teeth with buckling hole dimension teeth are approximately bulbous poorly aligned teeth now people with bad oral hygiene and high caries index so we have basically three types that is the posterior three fourth crown anterior three fourth crown the three quarter crown posterior anterior and the pin modified three quarter crown that is pin modified so the three fourth crown it is indicated when there is carious or damaged tooth with intact facial surface okay there is intact facial surface and the rest part we are going to replace and we can use it for a splitting or long clinical crown but it is contraindicated in short clinical crown or damaged facial surface if there is a facial surface damage we just cannot go for three fourth crown because we are keeping only facial surfaces intact and the advantage is more conservative approach than the full metal crown and the more aesthetic because we are keeping facial surface intact and the pulp vitality test can be done and there is less ginger oil irritation but the disadvantages are it is less retentive it needs skill and there is mental display next we have half crown so it is a partial coverage restoration that restores the occlusion surface or incisal edge then the measles surface and a portion of the facial or lingual surface so this half crown is basically used in measly tilted tooth okay now we have the pin ledge pin ledge is nothing but which is a technique that employs parallel long pins prepared in the lingual or palatal surface of the clinical crown why we are preparing this pin in order to increase the retention of the restoration so we provide pins in the palatal or lingual surface to provide the retention so these restorations used both grooves and also the pins okay for the retention now we have the three four reverse crown three four crown we know this is three four reverse crown next we have the three fourth reversed crown so we know three fourth crown there the facial surface is intact this is reverse crown so this is nothing but a partial coverage restoration that restores the occlusion surface or incisal edge and three axial surfaces of the clinical crown but the lingual surface is not included okay in three fourth crown the facial is intact or facial is not included here the lingual is not included now we have one more one that is seven by eight crown so this is a partial coverage restoration that restores all surfaces of the crown except the meso buckle cusp so this is basically used for the first molar in upper so that is seven by eight crown so we have all the partial coverage once so we learned about the three fourth crown then the reverse three four crown the one half that is a not one half the half crown then the pin ledge three four reverse crown and the seven by eight crown so we started from complete coverage partial coverage now we have the conservative retainers conservative retainers we already discussed it requires minimal tooth reduction usually it is the resin bonded fbds so i have already uploaded one lecture video on the same topic i will put it here on the i button so you can have a look on the resin bonded fbd which comes under the conservative retainer after that we have a very important one that is very commonly asked telescopic crown so telescopic crown they are used when the path of insertion of the fbd does not coincide with the long axis of the abutment tooth so always the long axis long axis of the tooth should be parallel to the path of insertion of our retainer so if we don't have this by default in parallel position we need to opt a telescopic crown that is basically indicated for the tilted abutment so how do we plan telescopic crown the design involves the fabrication of two copings one over the other the primary coping uh the picture as you see here it functions to modify the morphology of the tooth and helps to change the path of insertion okay the first one helps to change the path of insertion and modify the morphology whereas the second coping it is designed to fit over the primary coping along the new path of insertion okay so that is how we tilt the uh path of insertion to parallel to the long axis okay so the tooth is there but we use two copings the first coping change the morphology and helps to change the path of insertion second one is fitted over the primary coping along the new path of insertion and the accurate parallelism of the coping is essential for successful telescopic crown so that was about the first classification based on the coverage now we have based on location okay so coverage we have full crown partial crown then the telescopic crown and all those things and also we have the resin bottom that is the minimal conservative preparation this is based on the location we have uh extra coronal then intra coronal intra radicular okay so extra coronal uh is like complete coverage or partial coverage whereas intra coronal is our inlay and only whereas intra radicular is nothing but post and core so intra coronal inlay and only we have inlay is nothing but a restoration which has been constructed out of the mouth from gold porcelain or other metal and then cemented into the prepared cavity of the tooth so it is prepared outside and it is cemented into the tooth okay it is its final position is inside the tooth and this is the most commonly used inlay whereas onlay it is essentially an inlay that covers one or more cusp and adjoining a crucial surface of the tooth it is retained by mechanical or adhesivine whereas the inlay has four four walls support okay so only is replacing cusp so it doesn't have a good retention just like inlay okay so only is replacing the cusp or adjoining a crucial surface so the retention is less for only compared to inlay you can see the picture here inlay and only you can easily make out this is inside the tooth which has good support from the remaining teeth this is coming over the tooth may be replacing the cusp and the occlusion surface okay so that is inlay and only so basically this inlay and only is indicated only in large restorations or enteronically treated teeth teeth at risk for fracture or dental rehabilitation with cast metal alloys we can use it for dastema closure and occlusal plane correction whereas this intracoronal inlay only are contraindicated in people with high curies varying patients and people who's having concerns of aesthetics and for small restorations we cannot use this one but the advantages the first thing is its strength by compatibility low wear and control of its contour but disadvantages if the process is very cumbersome like it needs to be done up to many appointments higher chair time temporary registration is required and obviously the high cost and the technically it's very sensitive and so that was about the intracoronal we have the intraradicular retainers so radicular retained radicular retained processes which consists of post or double okay so post or double with an attached core so there will be a double something like this and double with a core so core which obtains its retention and resistance to displacement from the prepared root portion of an interondically treated tooth so if you don't have much crown strength structure remaining after the interondic treatment in order to get the crown for a to receive a retainer we need to provide post and core for core buildup and more strength so while the root preparation retains the post so this is like so sorry this will be like this post this will go into the root canal then there will be a core or this our retainer will come so the core establish the retention and resistance for the complete veneer crown that restores a pulpless tooth to normal form and function so this is for extensively damaged tooth so the post or double and core may be custom made where the radicular retainer is fabricated to fit the root preparation or prefabricated where the root preparation is designed to fit a stock post and core is built up with silver amalgam or composite resin so we have various types custom made is there then prefabricated like taper serrated post threaded post or smooth post so that was about the intra-radicular post and core so this detached double crown and Richmond crown are two types of intra-radicular retainers now the third classification which is based on the mode of retention okay so we were talking about the retainers so the third main classification is based on the mode of retention so it is full coverage can be partial coverage can be pin ledge post in root canal or conservative restoration that is resin bonded all we have discussed already and the final one is the material material usage so based on the material usage that is all metal retainers the ceramic retainers then the resin bonded retainers all those things so that was about our retainers so we were discussing the various types of retainers that is based on the coverage based on the location based on the mode of retention and based on the material usage so this is very commonly asked question in prosaeronics the classification is important and you need to draw pictures for all the three fourth crown sand bait crown one half crown so hope you understood this topic of retainers next we have connectors in fpd so i'll come up with that topic in dentistry ammo thank you