Hey guys shave every 1000 here Today we're going to show you just a couple of things we found at the flea market yesterday. So stick with us We only we only got a couple things yesterday at the flea market, and then we went to a Now parking lot sale it's a these this couple has they do liquidation sales and They got everything they got all kinds of stuff bought a couple things there. So we just wanted to share that with you Had to get monkey this monkey she wants to put in her truck It's one of them solar things it dances or whatever So had to get that for it's just too cute because it's monkey, you know There's a joke in there And then I got this thing it's a little TV and a monitor For I don't know what she gave for this. I think two dollars or something And I gave two dollars for this little TV and it does work. However It does have a couple of little issues There's two black dots But all I'm going to use this for is like a monitor like when I'm sitting here videotaping or out in a grudge video taping I can you know Put the monitor there so I'm flicking that little screen all the time so I can put the monitor there So that that'll be that'll be kind of cool. So we're going to do a review of this later on We also got Let me show you this we got this little water fountain. It's a filter For the cat and I'm sure Bruno will use it, but I thought that's pretty cool It's a little waterfall it entices them to come over and drink the water So that's pretty cool. And like I said, it's got a charcoal filter in it. So There's a story about that they had eight dollars on it and I'm gonna get to the story here in just a minute now last but not least If you watched our video from our vlog last night, you'll know monkey got me a new drone And here it is It's the sky viper You know, it's not it's not a real high dollar one, you know, we can't afford that stuff right now But I do know where I can get a phantom at a pretty good price So I'm gonna try to save up and get that but for now this one It's freaking awesome For what it is these you can you can get these I looked it up before I bought it at Walmart for Ninety-eight dollars. So you're looking at a hundred bucks. I want it first came out. I think it was like a hundred fifty, but It's the sky viper journey pro. Okay, so I've already tried it out and I'm gonna put the clips from Yesterday we got this stuff yesterday today Sunday. So we got this stuff yesterday.  I mean it's For 100 bucks, you know, I mean, that's kind of hard to beat for, you know, a beginner drone So it's it's it's more than well want to be it would be fine if the video quality was a little better But like I said, I do want to get a I do want to get a phantom sometime But right now this is this is really amazing, which you'll see the footage I'm gonna throw in here in just a minute, but now let's Now this thing it's got a little story on it Same way with the with the water purifier or whatever you want to call it for the dog and cat so First I'm gonna let you watch the footage from the drone and Then I'll get into that story by the way, I will be doing this week a full, you know detailed Review on this drone here, so stay tuned for that The this coming week it'll be up and like I said, it'll be a full review But just like a little teaser Go ahead and watch this clip. You'll see a couple clips of this drone in action right now Okay, we're out here in this ball field at the park. I made a video of the other day last week or whatever back behind me over there in that direction is the Is the caboose And we're going to try The drone out and get you some drone footage a monkey if you will so indulge me They don't make them that have that's all right. She can think what she wants. We got a good deal on it Oh You're above my head now. Where do you go? There you go? Oh, right now I heard this way up there hear me. Yeah, you can still see it Pretty good coming down on its own Now I'm gonna push land that land button and it should land itself Little turbulent Okay Watch it'll land itself. I'm not doing it. That's cool Now we're gonna launch it. It's GPS. So this wind is fierce. I don't know if they can hear in the camera or not All right Pretty cool. I think I trust this one more than the other one. Oh, yeah Yeah, the way it acts Not no more. I did a minute ago. So we're gonna take it over by the cages Now Now I'm gonna hit home Keep an eye on it. I hit the home button. Let's see if it comes back. See I'm not doing anything And it came right back to us and it should stop where I am and it did Okay, within a foot or two now I'm gonna hit the land button cool See I'm not I'm not landing it Yeah Self-down cool. Oh, I like this one. Yeah, I Like it better than your battery level extremely low find a safe place to land your aircraft And one good thing you got the batteries to work from the other one to this one, right? Yeah, I'm gonna do a video on that as well To show how I made them because they're the same batteries 3.7 volts They're a little difference in size, but they fit in there, but the plug was different so Stay tuned. Stay tuned for that one. All right guys, so there's your footage and we'll be back with you at the house Okay, so, you know so far I'm very very satisfied with it. She did good on this because They had like three drone during well, they had a lot more than three they had a couple They they had like a stunt drone They had one of them little tiny it's a sharper image drone Then they had a medium-sized sharper image and then they had a bigger sharper in image, but What I liked about this one is what you'll see it in the review is uh, you know, it's got it's got a micro mini SD card in it so That's that's awesome because the the The footage, you know when it when it streams from the drone To like my phone or your tablet or whatever, you know, it's always choppy, you know And it's only like 15 frames per second and this With with the card, it's I think 20 20 frames per second. Anyway, I'll go over that in a review So it's it's not bad. I mean, but that's what I like about the card You know, you don't get that it doesn't have to send a signal to you and it is GPS now so on the bigger drones We asked her what she what they had on she said she has 40 bucks on the ground So I looked at it looked at it, you know, they don't want you open them. It's liquidation stuff They don't want you open them the stuff there But if you ask them they will so I was like I walked away whenever the shade with monkey had a Bruno in the shade so They were standing there and she said what do you think? I said, well, I said, let's let's look this up And I looked up the price and I kind of got an idea what the video looks like quality on it So I went back and I was like, well, I said, you mind if you know, can we open this up? So I can make sure everything's in there, you know before I buy it and I wanted to see if my batteries That I have from my other drone would work so I can have extra batteries She said yeah, open it up And she said there's a little bit of charge to it and she took it up there and flew it for a minute You know, she didn't know anything about these things man Like you seen the video when I say, you know, she I don't know if I said it in the video But anyway, she she because I was asking about, you know, does does it hover and she was like, well, no No drone hovers on its own.  She was like, no, I gotta have 40 their hundred bucks at Walmart. Well, that's Walmart, you know So I looked down I thought about it and monkey wanted that a water purifier for eight dollars. So It was get starting to get hot and I had told her She said well, I'll go ahead and get this and then if you want to take Bruno the truck and get it started up So he can you know, so we can wait on her in the air. I said sure so and Because she asked me about this. She said what do you think I said I think No, no, well monkey didn't hear me say that but that other but the woman that was there heard me say that So and then I did the walk away, which I do that sometimes but this time it was unintentional I was really just going to track and then I seen her coming around Carrying this in that box that had water purifier in it. So I was like some of the pitch she gets in the truck says well, I did pretty good So they there's going to get she she's going to cut her brakes. They should have been what 48 bucks, right? so and She said well, you know, well, let's just do this. Just give me 40 40 bucks. So she said all right and So monkey gave her 50 and she gave her $15 and change backs. So I mean, you know, first of all when she said well, let's do 40. She was pretty much Going to pay 40 for this and get the water purifier for free, right? so But She gave her 15 back. So it was $35 for the water purifier in the drone So Happy then because I told her when she came out she started explaining to me. I said, well, that's good because I told You know, I told you No, that I wasn't going to get it what she didn't hear me But that woman didn't then I did the walk away. So monkey did very good on this very well So stay tuned for a full review on this. Okay. I mean, we'll we'll go over everything on the drone It's ups and downs, you know, what I like what I don't like about it We'll go over the you can We'll go over the the controller You know, we'll pair it up and everything and I'll show you some of the That the app some of the features that it has which is pretty cool like one of them is uh Uh, you you got It'll tell you it keeps track and you can download load it into your phone of like the how many flights you had How many pictures you took how many videos you took how long the video was Uh, and how what your highest flight was and your lowest flight and The longest flight and stuff like that. So but we'll go over that. So That means said I'm gonna say shape air. Oh, thanks for watching.  We hope you get well soon, right month. Yeah. All right. Well I'm gonna say shape air to metham anilogen. I'm gone for now. Thanks for watching and monkey's gonna say Bye guys take care


All right, great, well, I'll go ahead and get us started. Welcome everyone to our funky bunch, the funky bunch of experience building who makes up a UX team where we explore all the different roles that make up a UX team at Red Hat, everything from designers from different areas, writers working in content strategy, UX researchers, developers, managers, a whole bunch of us kind of make up the UX experience team. And so today we'll be talking and asking some questions of the panelists that you see here today. A couple of things before we get started, since we are on a limited time, Mary Shakshabar, an interaction and visual designer on our team has volunteered to kind of monitor chat and answer any questions that we might have. Also, if you'd like to reach out to any of the panelists, you should find an attachment that kind of has a slide where it tells everyone's name and their contact information. We would absolutely love to hear from you. So I'm gonna go ahead and get us started with introductions. First, I'm Stacey Logan. I'm a principal interaction designer and I'll be our moderator today. Next, Chris Shin, senior interaction designer. He graduated from Tufts University with a degree in human factors engineering and computer science. He's been with Red Hat for seven years as an interaction designer and briefly as a developer. His current work focuses around metrics, logging and all things observability. Next is Michael Saladonia, a senior visual designer. Michael has a BA in graphic design from North Carolina State University. He's been with Red Hat for three years as a senior and visual interaction designer. This year, he's taken on the role of visual design team leads supporting cross team efforts as well as working on the open source design system pattern fly. Next is Abby Donahue, associate manager, UX content strategist. After graduating with a degree in English, Abby started her career in marketing. Shortly after, she moved to the tech field and took on roles ranging from technical support and writing to e-learning and marketing. Since breaking into UX, her goal has been using writing and communication skills to bring a sense of humanity to the world of technology. Next is S.J. Clark, senior UX experience, senior user experience researcher. S.J. has been with Red Hat for nine years. Her background is in technical writing with a little design thrown in, all of which is in service of making complex, critical products understandable. Next is Jessie Huff, JavaScript developer accessibility specialist. Jessie, a front end developer, has a passion for inclusivity and advocacy that landed her a role of overseeing accessibility efforts across Red Hat user experience design. She uses audit, design, testing, tooling, and processes to create accessible product experiences. Her goal is to lead and educate others to build experiences for all. And last but definitely not least is Natalie Wong, principal interaction designer. Natalie held positions as a tools and UI developer before obtaining her MS in human factors and information design in 2012. She's been with Red Hat for four years and is currently in the design lead, this is currently the design lead for one of our larger product spaces. Thank you again, panelists for joining us. Let's go ahead and dive into the questions. So as we kind of talked about what the panel is about itself is really one of the different roles that go together and kind of make up the UX team. So what we'd like to hear from you is how did you get into UX and user experience design? Let's start with Abby, how did you get into UX? Thanks, Stacy. Great question. My journey into UX has been quite unconventional. I studied English in school and I didn't know that UX or technology was even a career option for me. I started working in marketing at a civil engineering firm and that's when I started becoming really fascinated with this intersection between the arts and the sciences. And that's ultimately what inspired me to take the plunge into the technology field. I started working at HubSpot which is a global software company and I worked in their technical support department before becoming a technical writer. And then over the next couple of years, I took on various content roles in e-learning as well as content marketing. And I really started appreciating and learning firsthand about the importance of human-centered design and how you can use content to help make that happen. And inevitably I started becoming really interested in UX and its focus on empathy and people. So I moved into my first UX role here at Red Hat. Actually, I joined Red Hat almost two years ago and I was a team of one at the time. I was a UX content strategist and it was such a great experience because I got to meet a lot of people but I also got exposure to a lot of different UX disciplines and I found myself becoming very fascinated with visual design because the visual aspect of an experience can really help convey information and functionality but it also heavily influences a user's interaction and behavior and that really interested me and caught my eye. So recently I moved into a management position for content and visual design and that has been such a privilege because I get to not only explore two areas I'm really interested in UX but also work with really talented people who are a lot smarter than me. Thank you, Abby. I love your enthusiasm. So let's next up, let's have Michael tell us about how you got into UX. Sure.  So I have a background in graphic design. I kind of grew up actually, fortunately enough I was able to just be on the computer all the time when I was a kid. I grew up on like Windows 95 and at a really young age I discovered graphic design and I was probably like 11 or 12 and I just saw all these cool things that people were making and I really wanted to be able to do it and I sort of taught it to myself and throughout high school when they're trying to get you to pick a career at such a young and mendable age I was one of the few people who knew exactly what I wanted to do and I was able to work to get into the program pretty much on my dreams at NC State. I've been an NC State Wolfpack fan my whole life because my parents went there and they have a very competitive design program that I was able to get into which I was really excited about. And at the time, at least while I was there they were doing a really great job of providing a sort of dual education in both a traditional graphic design sense and they were doing that alongside of a focus on a more modern UX design kind of education. And so from that point on I really with that kind of overlap happening I realized that there was a ton of connection between the two design kind of industries or practices and having grown up on a computer and never really gotten off of the computer I had always been kind of thinking about UX but never really consciously recognized it as a field or anything. So UX was never really a foreign concept to me. It kind of felt like something I had been doing all along and I was able to sort of combine it with graphic design and transfer those skills quite easily. And yeah, so I decided to take a shot at it and got an internship at IBM and I discovered I really liked it and I enjoyed this kind of sense of being able to transfer my skills over to this new industry. At the time I was also doing a lot of freelance graphic design work and doing that while I was getting my education kind of put a damper on my passion for graphic design. So I kind of figured out that UX was this really nice way to use those skills and have a great career and still find a lot of fulfillment with this kind of work without kind of putting out the flames of my passion by making it my job. So I still get kind of the best of both worlds. And that's why I'm here. Nice. How about you Natalie? How did you get into UX? Yeah, so I actually have a bachelor's in computer science and one of the computer science courses that I took was actually called Human-Computer Interactions. And it was that course and another course in software engineering, just like how to have a software engineering project kind of manage it. It really taught me that I really liked to talk to the customer, getting the requirements and then building out an interface for it, which is what really sparked that kind of passion in me on that side of the house. But once I got into the workforce, it was a lot of heads down coding. So I kind of worked my way, if you will, from being a tools developer into a UI developer. And from there, I had some really, really great co-workers who actually started courses in user experience. And so that kind of got me into the Bentley program, which then delved me further into all the studies that you can about being a user experience person. So it's very much of a progression, if you will, of coming from the technical side into more of the user-facing side of the house, I would say, that got me really into the field, if you will. And so after that, it's been kismet. Great. Well, thinking about how we got into UX, how about we kind of change gears and think about what we currently do? So I'm curious, how do you and your role currently fit into UX? And so let's go with SJ, how do you? Yeah, great question. Research is kind of in a unique position where we are, we should be, in all phases of the design process for the user experience. When we are involved early on, it's kind of called generative research. So we're trying to figure out what folks are trying to do, what their goals are, what their motivations are. This is long before you're even looking at screens or looking at pixels or designs. We're just trying to understand their use cases and their behaviors. So that hopefully happens early enough in the process that it will help the designers figure out what to design and how best to design it. The more work you can do on the front end in the early days, the easier the work becomes later on. And we as researchers show up later in the process too to help kind of evaluate those designs and those ideas as they become more formulated and more solid. So we will sometimes take a prototype. We've been known to take paper prototypes or prototypes on the screen to put them in front of users and get their take on it and help the designers adjust from there, do some iterations and kind of refine. But we're also known to do evaluation on live software too, so if it's already been released, there's no reason why we can't do some testing on that and get some feedback because that'll help us figure out what we wanna do in the next release. So really we are embedded hopefully throughout the entire process. Great, thank you. Chris, how about you? Yeah, so the job that I do at Red Hat has changed over the last several years and it kind of has adjusted along with the needs that Red Hat has. So when I started, we had simple problems, right? Our UIs didn't match each other. The different products looked different. We didn't have a lot of consistency in the branding and the navigational screens and things. So the work was really, for lack of a better word, simple. It was just looking at what we have and making things match each other, deciding what looked good. And it was very kind of low level. And then once we solved that layer of problems, we moved on to the next one of what are the most important tasks and how do we make those easier to do? So kind of more complicated thinking about connecting different pieces together and designing larger flows. And then now it's one level above that even of thinking about how do people accomplish goals across multiple different products and larger scale thinking like that. So I would say that my day-to-day job has gone from doing things like making wireframes and contributing to our pattern library to now my primary role is almost coordinating between different people and sharing information and things like that. So I've gotten to do a little bit of everything over the last few years. Wearing many hats, it sounds like. All right, how about you, Jesse? So as a developer, we're gonna be taking the designs that are created and then building that out into the reality that the users will interact with. So we have to consider a lot of things about the experience that we're building. For example, my area of focus is accessibility. And the final product basically can't be a good user experience if it's not accessible to our users. And accessibility is about removing the barriers to usage and thinking through what all of our users experience and not just what the average is or what maybe the developer or designer that created it experiences. So it's about empathy and building something that is helpful and solves user problems. So in my role, I help designers and developers imagine what the full range of experiences with their UI might be. And I help guide them to use practices and development solutions that are more open to all. And this would include everything from analyzing designs and UIs, using different tools for testing a solution's accessibility or even building out the solutions myself. All right, thank you. So since we've got the time, I'd love to ask a bit more of a harder question, I'll call it and this is kind of, any of you can kind of volunteer to answer here. And I hear this question a lot is, what is the difference between UI and UX? Who's gonna volunteer? Someone should. I don't wanna have to pick someone. I will, okay, you go Natalie. Both of you I think. I was gonna say, I've been in both positions before. And it's sort of like for the UI, it's very much of the user facing interaction, right? So I don't wanna pigeonhole to GUI, the CLI and the API, but pretty much like those type of interfaces, if you will, that's what I would say UI would focus on. But UX could be broadened just a little bit more in the sense that it encapsulates the user's journey, the user's flow, the overall experience, not just necessarily what they see in front of them, but also like, what about the buying experience or the support experience too, that also matters, cause it all comes back to the product, what the product can do for you. So that's my appeal on what UI and UX is the difference. I don't know Michael, if you have a different one. I think that was great, I totally agree. And I have a slightly different perspective, but it's sort of just an alternate direction to come from, but I really don't think there's much of a difference at all beyond what you've stated Natalie. Ultimately, I think we're product designers and we are designing products of the digital realm, whereas other product designers might be designing products of the physical realm, like an industrial designer designing a kitchen appliance or something like that, right? A good industrial designer is gonna think about that full process that Natalie's talking about, that what's it look like when it's not being used? How is it ergonomic in its usage? How is it made with sustainable materials and how can you increase the value that we bring to the consumer? And I think all of that is exactly the same for us. It just relates to this different context of being a digital product that people are using and the interface is the experience. So I think that's kind of where I come from is this idea that I don't think there's really too much of a difference at all, but I also agree with what Natalie said Natalie. I think that was a really succinct explanation. Does anyone else have any ideas for that or are we ready for the next question? I'm gonna take silence as ready. So this one is another one, given that we've already talked about all the different roles that all of us have based on where we came from and even what we're currently doing. I'm curious, what are some of the skills and characteristics you think are necessary to make a quote unquote good UX designer? I could probably speak to this, I'm not technically a UX designer, but being in the UX field as a content designer, I would definitely say first and foremost is collaboration. A design cannot really be successful in my opinion unless there are a variety of stakeholders involved. And I would say the same is true for the content that you create. I feel like in school we were taught that writing and creating content was an individual thing and it certainly can be, but I also think there's value in making it collaborative. So I would definitely say collaboration is the first most important skill. And alongside that, I would say empathy, you have to put others before yourself and really put yourself in someone else's shoes and try to really consider people who aren't exactly like you. And Jesse can probably talk more about that with accessibility, because that's really important, thinking about all abilities and all different people and really recognizing that this experience is not just for people like you, it's for all people. Yeah, it's funny you said that because actually I was thinking of staying empathy as well because no matter who you are, whether it's the researcher, the designer, the developer, you have to be thinking through your user and what they're experiencing and what they might think, feel, and there's their problem that you're trying to solve. So it should be a good problem solver. And everyone here on this panel has had all kinds of different backgrounds and I think it shows that no matter what background you come from, if you have empathy and the ability to help people, it'll help you in this career. The one thing I was gonna say is listening, which is you'd get to empathy through listening. So you need to be a very good listener, a very good active listener, but also negotiation. If I could go back and take a class in either undergrad or graduate, it would be something to do with negotiation because a lot of what you need to do is sell your idea and get your idea understood and accepted into the business, right? And some of that is negotiation. Some of it is trading off. Maybe this is a little harder to build, but it'll have much more payoff. So I think that's sort of super important skill too. I appreciate that correction too, Abby, because you're right, it's not just designer. As a UX designer myself, I think that's kind of what I immediately go to, but as this conversation improves, there's so many different roles within UX. So I'll say UXer instead from that. But kind of playing off what SJ had said, there's been some questions around how do you, where do you go to learn about UX? Is there blogs, anything that kind of, what are your go-to kind of methods of learning about UX in any of the roles that you have? I may have a little bit of unusual stance here that I don't really read a lot of blogs or anything about design. Maybe it's because I'm less visual based, but I think there's some really fantastic literature out there, like this is a really good book for just learning about presenting data in a way that's easy to distinguish and things like that. There's lots of really good toms out there. If you want to avoid the trendier stuff and look at the things that are like really backed by research and are reliable. What was the name of that book? Sorry, it kind of flashed pretty quickly. Yeah, sorry, this book is called About Face, the Essentials of Interaction Design. That's a really good one. And I have a handful of others on the shelf here, but I can't pick a favorite. This is the largest one, the easiest to grab. Anyone else? Yeah, I guess as someone being on the more visual side, I definitely like to look for inspiration online, but I actually agree with Chris, the learning process is sort of never ending and it's something that's always ongoing. So whenever I'm using a website or an app, I'm semi-consciously thinking about those interactions and how they feel to me and how they look and how the experience is and sort of evaluating it in my head, taking down notes. If there's anything I see that kind of relates to a design problem I've been trying to solve, I think about how those connections appear and what that means and how I can use that. So I think taking, this sort of goes for design of all sorts, but just taking inspiration from everyday life and everywhere you go can really go a long way in terms of heightening your taste, I guess, of design and you're developing this more discerning taste by just noting things that you're experiencing on a day-to-day basis, so, yeah. I would say I learned about UX from other people. Just talking to user, well, I mean everybody's a user, but just being able to talk to people about things and analyzing certain aspects with them helps me learn how they feel and in turn how I feel about things, so, people. User, that is kind of what we call ourselves, right? So, yeah, absolutely. Okay, well, then kind of playing off of that too, so it sounds like some really great methods of kind of learning and kind of expanding your skill set with that, but if you're looking for anything like specific certifications or degrees and learning themselves, I'm curious if anyone has any kind of recommendations or sources or places to start? I recently took a couple of classes through Nielsen-Norman group, so NNG, or NNGroup, I think, dot com. I was a little skeptical about them because I felt like, oh, geez, this is stuff I should probably already know and already be familiar with, but I was very pleasantly surprised at how much additional content there was beyond what I felt like I already knew. Excuse me, and they have a wide range of topics from interaction design and visual design and management and research, and there's all kinds of topics there, they're like one or two days, so definitely worth checking that out. I'd also say look at your local university or any university you might be inquiring about, it's coming to my mind that there's a lot of places now that are having courses for user experience. I know during my time, there wasn't as much, but then I felt like it just exploded, so definitely check out your surroundings, you never know, but I'll give a shout out to Bentley University, but what? I was waiting for someone that has to recommend something that they've been to. Anyone else with those kind of any search or any other kind of learning mechanisms you'd recommend? All right, well, let me kind of change directions here a little bit then and kind of move back into what we had talked about between kind of UI versus UX. I think in a conference like this, we've got a lot of people who might be developers or working kind of on backend development and engineer, so there's some kind of questions about the differences between UI, UX developer and backend developer engineer, or even just how you work between those and work with them in your data lives because a lot of what we do is working with technical people. So I'd love to hear any experiences you have and kind of recommendations with that. That might be a tough one. Should I have not kind of ended with the tough one maybe? So when you say experiences with that, like what exactly I guess are you asking? Sure, I think that, yeah, no, thanks for asking for clarification there because it is kind of a broad question, but first I'll kind of starting with the difference between UI, UX developer and backend front end backend, excuse me, backend developer engineer, but then also thinking about how us and UX work with them on the day-to-day basis and kind of communicate with them. Well, it goes back to collaboration, I think. So at least in my experience that all the engineer, honestly, everybody has a place and a position in designing and developing a product because if what you want to show the user that the backend can't give you, well, then you can't get that. And so it's almost like you need to have everybody on the train in the room together. And the most successful projects that I've been on, Koku, we're all in the room and we design together where like the backend folks are with me in lockstep as so is the UI and as so is the product manager too. Everybody's involved documentation as well. And the most successful projects, like I said, everybody's in the room, everybody's participating, everybody's thinking and empathizing kind of with the user to then know what they need to do in their jobs to make that happen, to make that fruitful. So I don't know if that helps or hurt, but that's in my experience, that's what it is. Everybody needs to all hands on deck type of thing in the process, in the design process, I should say. So I totally agree, Natalie. It's all connected and you really have to be, collaboration really is the name of the game because there's always this balance of wanting to drive technology forward, but also acknowledging the situation and the limitations that you do have and designing within those so that you're not wasting time designing a bunch of solutions which ultimately just get cut short because, or compromised because of technical limitations. But like I said, at the same time, you do wanna take note of when it might be more appropriate to try to push technology forward and see if we can push for more advantages there and all of that, but all of that comes back to collaboration and context. So yeah. Great answers to my rather complex question. So thank you guys, I really appreciate that. So we're kind of running out of time here. So just wanna say thank you again to our panelists for joining and for all of our viewers. You can probably find a recording of this conference within the next few days, I understand. And also as mentioned before, there's an attachment with all of our names and contact information because we would love to hear from you. So thank you again to all of our panelists. Thank you. So run.


فشرف بل اشتغالي بالعلم ولا تبغي به ما عشت يا دا دا دا لا وياله من شراف عظيمي الحمد لله رب العالمين له الحمد الحسن والثناء الجميل وشدوا اللى إله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له يقول الحق وهو يهد السبيل وشدوا أن سيدنا ونبينا محمد صلى الله عليه وعلى آله وأصحابه والتابعين لهم بإحسان إلى يوم الدين أما بعد إن شاء الله تعالى today we're going to start the explanation of the book كتاب الصفات written by الإمام الحافظ أبي الحسني علي ابن عمر ابن أحمد الدارة قطني رحمه الله so we're going to start the explanation of this book بإذن الله الكريم but before we start the book I want to talk about a couple of things the first thing that I want to speak about is what is it that we need to know about the characteristics and the attributes of Allah the second thing that I will speak about is the biography of the author and the third thing إن شاء الله تعالى is about this book and the attribution of this book to the author الإمام الدارة قطني رحمه الله so if I repeat that again three things that we're going to be doing بإذن الله الكريم in the explanation of today's session إن شاء الله تعالى as an introduction before we go into the book the first thing we're going to be speaking about is the name كتاب الصفات what is صفات and what is it that we need to understand about الله تعالى as names and attributes the second thing that I'm going to be speaking about is the name of the author that wrote this book الإمام الدارة قطني رحمه الله is biography and the third thing that إن شاء الله تعالى I'm going to be speaking about is this book attributing it to إمام الدارة قطني whether it is or whether it's not and the discussions pertaining to that if I start with giving you an understanding of what it means to believe in Allah's names and attributes الله سبحانه وتعالى on the tongue of our messengers صلى الله عليه وسلم he legislated in the long famous حليث of جبريل when jibreel came to the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم when jibreel said to the messenger فأخبرني عن الإيمان tell me about إيمان so he wanted him to tell him the articles of faith so our messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم he said الإيمانو أن تؤمن بالله إيمان is to believe in Allah so what does it mean to believe in Allah to believe in Allah سبحانه وتعالى it means that you believe in his ربوبية and it means to believe in his ألوهية and it also means to believe in his names and attributes we're not going to be speaking about believing in Allah's ربوبية and we're not going to be speaking about believing in Allah سبحانه وتعالى ألوهية but what we're going to be speaking about is what does it mean to believe in Allah's names and attributes because this is what this book that we're going to go through إن شاء الله تعالى is talking about to believe in Allah تبارك وتعالى it stands on على ثلاثة أسس it stands on three foundations the first of the three is إثباته to affirm ما أثبته الله لنفسه to believe in Allah's names and attributes it stands on three foundations so if you don't have these three foundations you're not coming with believing in Allah in his names and attributes and if you're not coming with believing in Allah's names and attributes you're not coming with what believing in Allah so it's a very concerning topic it's very important so the first of the three is which is a foundation it stands on is إثباته to affirm ما أثبته الله لنفسه to affirm whatever Allah has affirmed for Himself أو نفي or it's to negate ما نفاه الله عن نفسه to negate from Allah that which He negated from Himself so the first one is أفام for Allah for what He's affirmed for Himself negating from Allah that which He negated from Himself that's the first the second is the second is نفي المثالة في الخصائص نغيطing from Allah any resemblance in these unique characteristics of His I'm going to explain each one properly the third one is قطر طبع get rid of the desire of wanting to know عن معرفة كيفية أسماء الله وصفاتي get rid of the desire of wanting to know how Allah is characteristics and names are the how to the characteristics and the how to these names of Allah so let me go back to the first of the three foundations which was what affirming for Allah that which He affirmed for Himself and negating from Allah that which He what negated from Himself every name of Allah and every characteristics of Allah in which we say this is Allah's name or we say this is Allah's characteristics it has to have come to us from what it has to have come to us from the Quran or the sunnah because if you're saying Allah سبحانه وتعالى we're affirming for Him that which He affirmed for Himself and then the names of Allah and the characteristics of Allah لا يتجاوز القرآن with sunnah you're not allowed to go outside the Quran and the sunnah so if you say this is Allah's name I'm going to say to you where did you get it from you have to bring an ayah from the Quran or you have to have a hadith of the Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم the same applies with negation you're not allowed to negate something from Allah and you are not allowed to huh you are not allowed to negate something from Allah unless you have it from the Quran or the or the sunnah so as much as affirmation requires Quran and Sunnah so does negation require Quran and Sunnah an example for affirming a characteristic I can now come and say Allah is High and His قيوم Allah is High one who is alive قيوم one who stands for the affairs of His creation I am allowed to affirm that characteristic why am I because I have ayah 255 صورة البقرة while Allah سبحانه وتعالى says الله لا إله إلا هو الحي القيوم so this verse tells me that Allah is High and His قيوم آية القرسي so I'm allowed to affirm these characteristics for Allah I'm also allowed to affirm the characteristics mercy because I have ayah 133 صورة الأنعام وربك الغني يذرحمة وربك الغني يذرحمة الله is one who is rich and He is one who is merciful so I'm allowed to affirm ماسفة الله تباركة وتعالى the second one is negation I'm also allowed to negate from Allah تباركة وتعالى what I'm allowed to negate from Allah تباركة وتعالى no sleeping and I'm also allowed to negate from Allah تباركة وتعالى سنة سنة and a known I can negate those from Allah and سنة means نعاس it is the introduction of sleeping before you want to go to sleep you start you get tired and you start yawning and you feel a bit you know tired and what not this is called a سنة and known means the actual sleep I can negate that from Allah based on what ayah ayah 255 صورة البقرة which is what لا تأخذوا سنة ولا نوم Allah does not feel سنة nor does He feel known so I negated I brought evidence for it I affirm I brought an evidence for it and those are the pillars those are the pillars أهل الشنة والجماعة mention when it comes to Allah تباركة وتعالى is what He's ألوهية He's ربوبية and He's أسماء والسفات because لا إله إلا الله it stands on what إثبات and نفي affirmation and negation very good what's the second thing that it stands on the second one is نفي المماثلة you negate any resemblance في الخصائص in the things which Allah تبارك وتعالى is unique or even the characteristics which He has we don't say that these characteristics are like the characteristics of the creation even once we affirm it now for instance what were the characteristics that we affirm for Allah right now for example حيات we affirm the characteristics حيات صح does Allah تبارك وتعالى have these characteristics حيات نعم where's the evidence for it I gave it الله لا إله إلا هو الحي القيوم good do the creation live are they alive do they have these characteristics of حيات you see but then the second pillar tells me what that I'm not allowed to make Allah's characteristics resemble the characteristics of the creation so what do I say حيات الله جل وعلا Allah's حيات ليس حيات المخلوقين it is not like the life of the مخلوقين it's not like the حيات of the مخلوقين also I can give the characteristics of mercy to the creation so it's very merciful and so is Allah merciful but I say ورحمة الله جل وعلا Allah's رحمة ليس كرحمة المخلوقين it is not like the mercy of the creation and where's the evidence for this the second pillar is قوله تعالى the verse of Allah in Surah Al-Shura ayah 11 ليس كمثله شيء وهو السميع البصير if you look at this ayah 11 in Surah Al-Shura الله is refuting two groups of people the first group of people who have been refuted here is ليس كمثله شيء they are the ones who what who take Allah's characteristics and they make the characteristics of Allah like the characteristics of the creation they are the مشبهة they are what? the مشبهة so Allah is refuting the مشبهة in the first part the مشبهة أنه أهو the ones who take Allah's characteristics and they make it seem like it is exactly the characteristics of the creation Allah refuted them by saying ليس كمثله شيء there's nothing like him Allah also refuted the معطلة the second group of people who say Allah who say Allah does not have any characteristics and they negate Allah's characteristics Allah refuted them by saying وهو السميع البصير or even if they negate some of Allah's characteristics they are still معطلة they are still what? معطلة so here أهل السنة والجماعة understood something from this verse which what the other deviated groups didn't understand from it which is أهل السنة took the middle part which is which is إثباتون بغيلي تشبيه affirmation without falling into تشبيه when f you negation من غير تعطيل a negation without falling into تعطيل are you with me where did they get that from? they got that from the ayah this is a very important point number the third foundation which it stands on the third foundation which it stands on which is قطع طمع get rid of the desire of wanting to know how Allah's characteristics are don't even think about wanting to know why? because to know Allah's characteristics how it is you would need the following number one you would either need to see Allah which in this case no one has or you would need somebody who has seen him to tell you of him which in this case we don't have and the third one is he tells you how he looks which in this case we don't know the how he hasn't told us the how of these characteristics so for that reason get rid of the desire of wanting to know the how stick to what? to stick to what he has told you سبحانه وتعالى in the affirmation and stick to what he has told you in the negation now that we have told and we spoke about now that we've spoken about the three pillars that he stands on the three pillars that Allah's names and attributes if you want to believe in it you have to come with these three now that we've spoken about it we need to know نواقض توحيد الأسماع والسفات what is it that nullifies it? what is it that if I come with I will automatically go against believing in Allah's names and attributes in the correct methodology by being according to the path of أهل السنة والجمع two things if you do they are نواقض they will nullify two things if you do or if you come with you will nullify your belief of Allah's names and attributes the first one is التمثيل for example تمثيل means what? وجه الله Allah's face كوجه المخلوقين is like the face of the creation استواء الله الله being above is like استواء المخلوقين is like that creation is one and coming with this by doing مماثلة making Allah's characteristics attributes like the characteristics of the attribute and the characteristics of the creation by making it the same is كفر on this belief why? لأن المخلوق ناقص لأن المخلوق we are the creation and we are deficient and الله تبارك و تعالى it is complete so comparing the complete one الله تبارك و تعالى with the deficient creation is a what is a family for Allah's deficiency and it is also going against the verses of Allah فلا تضربوا لله الأمتال do not make anything الله تبارك و تعالى ليس كمثله شيء there is nothing like him and I am going to remind you one thing this is very important every single group that went against أهل السنة كل فرقة خالفت أهل السنة والجماعة في باب الأسماء والصفات وقعت في التمثيل every group who went against أهل السنة والجماعة in the names and attributes of Allah they fell into التمثيل all of them the second one second one that if a person comes with he goes against الإيمان بأسمائه و صفاته believing in Allah's name and attributes is التعطيل تعطيل means what it means to reject Allah's names and His characteristics or it means to reject some of Allah's names and some of Allah's characteristics for example that person says to you لا يستوي على عرشي Allah is my buffy throne وليسل الله و شون الله does not have a face that befits him he doesn't have that and the list goes on so we say to this معطل who just did that who said Allah does not go against Allah is not a buffy throne or Allah does not have a face that befits His Majesty he says no I don't believe that no that's not true we say to that person الله يثبي too Allah affirmed it for Himself وانت تنفي and here you are coming here now and you are negating it أنت أعلم أم الله are you more knowledgeable or is Allah more knowledgeable than you the scholars of Ahlus Sunnah and the people of Jama'a say that the معطلة the people who have rejected Allah's names and attributes maybe all of it or even some of it they have become like the disbelievers they become like the disbelievers they resemble the disbelievers how do they resemble the disbelievers? didn't the disbelievers reject the name of the mercy وزالله سهل الصورة الرعاة آية ثاتي وهم يكفرون بالرحمان they disbelieve in the mercy وديهم أمين وهم يكفرون بالرحمان أي لا يتبوتون اسم الرحمان they refuse to affirm the name of the mercy you remember when the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم الصلحة والحديبية صحيح when he said بسمك الله همه are you with me and then سهيل الملعمر and he said اكتب and now the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم روح بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم and then سهيل الملعمر وديه سي he said right بسمك الله همه سهيل الملعمر he said right بسمك الله همه we don't know this الرحمن الرحيم you're talking about so they rejected it so this is the same thing that these معطلة are falling into rejecting Allah's names and attributes that تعطيل two things fall under it the تعطيل it happens in two ways basically it for happens in the way of تقويل and the way of تفويل it happens by تقويل and it also happens by تفويل تقويل means نفع ظاهر in نص وإثماتو معن جديد الله the تقويل basically means you negate the apparent meaning that it has and you affirm a brand new name meaning for instance you say الرحمن على الأرش استواء you say استواء has an apparent meaning which is above according to the Arabic language there's no other meaning that it carries استواء means على ورطفع okay so they want to go against the apparent meaning that this ayah has and so what do they do they change that meaning to a brand new meaning by saying استواء إنما معنىه استواء استواء هي means استواء so they gave a different meaning to it from what it was before this is what تقويل means and as we know my beloved brothers and sisters the way we should understand الله's names and attributes are based upon it's apparent meaning this is قاعدة أهلي سنة والجماعة and نفهم أسفات الله that we understand الله's characteristics and attributes على ظاهرها at its apparent meaning على ظاهرها meaning what at its apparent meaning مقتضة لغة العرب what the Arabs know this word to mean this is أقيدة أهلي سنة والجماعة according to the Arabs the word استواء has the meaning على ورطفع these are from the meanings that are in the word استواء they don't know it anywhere and they don't know it in any other way so you have to stick with the apparent meaning that the Arabs have that is what's meant by that we affirm the characteristics of الله تباركه تعالى at its apparent that's what goes against تقويل it goes against it goes against that concept goes against تقويل the second one is at تفويل at تفويل تفويل means negating the apparent meaning so the person what does he do he negates the apparent meaning but he does not assert a new meaning in other words he says I don't know and this this second one falls under تقويل just like تقويل falls under تقويل which is rejecting Allah's names and attributes but as sheikh و الاسلام ابنه تيمي has said that تفويل is worse than تقويل because تفويل means the messenger of Allah was ignorant the companions were ignorant of verses of the Qur'an which they were reciting it is accusing سرف هذه الأمة by being donkeys that are carrying scrolls مثل الذين حملوا التوراتة ثم لم يحملوها كمثل الحمار يحملوا أسفارة that they are ones who carry scrolls they don't know what they're reading they're just praying in Salah when they say والله بما تعملونا بسيط والله بكل شيء علي they just don't know what they're saying they're just saying it and this one is worse سرف هذه الأمة they did not know and they did not do تفويل المعنى they knew the meaning what they did do like it is تفويل الكيف as for the how they didn't know and they mentioned that الله أعلم بمراده الله knows what he means by sorry الله knows the key فيها and the famous statement of إمام الشافع رحمه الله إمام مالك رحمه الله أن استواء معلوم والكيف مجهود like how is unknown to us the how is unknown to us إذن كل من التأويل والتفويل التعطيل لانس قاعدة بوث تأويل أن تفويد التعطيل they are rejections of Allah تباركوه تعالى his names and attributes so if they are if تأويل and تفويد is تعطيل تعطيل فوزانده الحد and الله تباركوه تعالى he says وَذَرُ الَّذِينَ يُلْحِدُونَ فِي أَسْمَائِهِ سَيُجِزَوْنَ مَا كَانُوا يعملون الحد means what الهد means deviating diverting from that which was obligatory upon you in terms of Allah's names and attributes you are turning away from the path that you should have been on in regards to Allah's names and attributes so ذا pay attention be what you call it the مفوض and the مؤول أمعطلة and أمعطل he is thrown into الهد and the ayah applies on him which الله سبحانه وتعالى he says وَذَرُ الَّذِينَ يُلْحِدُونَ فِي أَسْمَائِهِ سَيُجْزَوْنَ مَا كَانُوا يعملون they will be rewarded the day of judgment for the evil in which they have done so واستخلاصة in Allah's names and attributes the way we deal with it it is إثباتون بلا تمتيل affirmation without any resemblance وتنزيهن and negating from Allah بلا تعطيل without falling into تعطيل هدى أقيد تهلي سنة والجماعة and that is what summarizes this point that we are mentioning now we have an understanding of what it means to affirm Allah's names and what? attribute now we have an understanding of what it means to affirm الله تبارك وتعالى as names and attributes we now move on to the second point which is who is the author of this book who is الإمام الحافظ الدعر قطنيه رحمه الله


Hi and welcome to the session. I am Shashik and I am going to help you to solve the following question. Question is, if A is equal to matrix sin alpha cos alpha minus cos alpha sin alpha, then verify A transpose A is equal to I, where I is the identity matrix. Let us start with the solution now. We know A is equal to matrix sin alpha cos alpha minus cos alpha sin alpha. Now, we can get A transpose by interchanging the rows and columns of A.  Now, we have to find A transpose A, both the matrices are square matrices of same order, so their multiplication is defined.  Multiplying first row with first column we get sin square alpha plus minus cos alpha multiplied by minus cos alpha.   And multiplying second row with second column we get cos square alpha plus sin square alpha. Now, we know that cos square alpha is plus sin square alpha is equal to 1. So, we will substitute the value of cos square alpha plus sin square alpha equal to 1 in this matrix.  Now, we can see sin alpha cos alpha minus cos alpha sin alpha would be equal to 0. Similarly, cos alpha sin alpha minus sin alpha cos alpha will also be equal to 0. So, we can write A transpose A is equal to sin square alpha plus cos square alpha is 1. This is equal to 0 this is equal to 0 and cos square alpha plus sin square alpha is again equal to 1. But this matrix is having diagonal element equal to 1. So, it is an identity matrix of the order 2 into 2. So, we can write A transpose A is equal to I as this matrix is equal to I right. Hence, verify this completes the session. Hope you enjoyed the session. Have a nice day.


In this Easter season we celebrate God's raising of Jesus from the dead as we see it explained and expounded in the New Testament Scriptures. What are we to say then? Shall we continue in the state of sin so that grace may increase? Certainly not. We died to sin. How can we still live in it? Don't you know that all of us who were baptized into the Messiah Jesus were baptized into his death? That means that we were buried with him through baptism into death so that just as the Messiah was raised from the dead through the Father's glory we too might behave with a new quality of life. That remarkable passage is where Paul finds himself where we find ourselves at this particular moment in the Church's year buried with the Messiah when Jesus was buried on the evening of Good Friday and then through what we call Holy Saturday. There's a time of waiting. What's going on? And Paul is unpacking that and saying we were buried with him and that means that we have to regard ourselves as having died with him and then being left behind in the tomb so that when he is raised we might be raised as well. Paul isn't just talking about what's going to happen when we are raised in the future when Jesus comes again. There is a new resurrection which happens already when somebody through baptism and faith comes into the family in which suddenly new life makes sense and it means us. We have to be that sort of people. Paul is here warning against a very familiar misinterpretation of the Gospel of Grace that when people really hear that God loves us so much that he came to give his own son to die for us they often think oh well that's amazing so whatever I do now it really doesn't matter because Jesus has died for me so all's going to be well whatever I do. Paul says how can you possibly think like that? The whole point of the Jesus story is that we share if we are in Christ the phrase Paul uses again and again if we are in Christ then what happened to Jesus happened to us and so this whole chapter unfolds as the Easter message saying now start one more time with the story we are with him in the tomb and now we are raised from the dead. That's how we discover what it means to be Easter people that as he was raised from the dead we too should be people who have a new kind of life and this question of status isn't a matter of well I feel like this today or I behaved like this yesterday it's a matter of who we actually are so that when a Christian does sin and Paul knows perfectly well he's a pastor and he's honest about himself too that we do still sin but when that happens it is as it were illogical it's behaving against the grain of who we really are I heard somebody say not long ago in answer to the question how come Christians still sin somebody said well it's like snow at Easter in my country often Easter is the beginning of summer or near the beginning of summer but some years occasionally you do get snow and in the same way for a Christian who has come through baptism and faith the natural state is the beginning of summer the beginning of the new life even though from time to time unexpected things happen that's how we ought to regard our moral behaviour as the outflowing of our new life in the Messiah Jesus having left behind in the tomb everything that belongs to the corrupt decaying world of sin and death


Good morning. See, we began talking about variations in a speech sound last week and we saw that speech sounds take different forms in different contexts. There are variants. So, speech sounds occur exactly alike in all the different contexts. The context may be social, the speaker may be happy, unhappy, excited, at ease, angry, running, depressed, whatever.  You know, your mood, as many people say, unless you are a great actor, shows in your voice. So, there are variations. There are variations because of phonological context also. Social variations are still by and large unpredictable. We are not in a position to write rules saying when you are angry, how you will speak. Or when we are in love, how we will speak. We do not know. We do not know enough so that we can write rules. But regarding phonological context, we know something. We know when in a particular language, a voiceless sound occurs between two voiced sounds. It is likely to be voiced. Phonological context is predictable. And phonological phenomena are predictable in a large measure with reference to the phonological context. If you know the sound that is going to come before, if you know the sound that is going to come after, then you can almost confidently say in a particular language what shape, what features will that sound take. Actually, in context, in use when you are speaking, when you are talking to someone, listening to someone, when language is in use, only a limited number of things can happen to speech sounds. These are either a sound can be deleted in isolation, in the dictionary. The word may have four sounds, one, two, three, four, or five sounds. But in use, it is possible one of the sounds may be deleted, elided. You may not hear it. I will give you an example soon. Or it is possible that in isolation, you have only four sounds in the dictionary. The word has been given only three or four or five, only limited number of sounds. But in use, some extra sounds get in. You may have insertion of sounds. Or you know, some sounds may double up. One sound may become double or double sound may become single. They may lose a feature or two. They may gain a feature or two. Actually, only two things happen. It is either loss of features or it is gain of features. These things, please write, are known as phonological phenomena. Today, we will talk about some of, not all, we are doing an introductory course. I hope some of you feel interested in the study of language and do higher courses. And then you will see that there is much more that is yet to be learned. And there is a lot that can be done with whatever knowledge we have in this field. But basically, phonological phenomena include these four things. Either loss or gain of sounds or loss or gain of some features. An entire sound may be deleted. An entire sound may be inserted. Or some feature of a sound. A voiceless sound may become voiced. A voiced sound may become voiceless. Some of these things can happen. A back sound can become a front sound. A front sound can become a back sound. A sound produced with open jaws may be produced with closed jaws. A sound produced with rounded lips may be produced with a spread lips. Some changes, loss or gain of features may happen. Or loss or gain of entire sounds may happen. These are phonological phenomena. Are they predictable? Can we write algorithms and our computer can say, now here this sound will be deleted. Now here another new sound will come. Are these things possible? And the claim today is yes. These phenomena are predictable. Let us look at some examples. Elysian of sounds. You know call it deletion. Call it elision. You know in literature you will find both the words. There is a minor difference but not a very significant one. E-L-I-D-E, allied, comes when you are running, when you are in your natural position then you might take one or two steps extra and some part of the ground may not be touched. So from allied we get elision. Or from delete we get deletion. Basically the effect is the same. Maybe the process is slightly different. So one phonological phenomenon singular is phenomenon, plural is phenomenon. One phonological phenomenon is loss of sound. Now if you look at the spelling on the left hand column and look at the pronunciation of these words in some varieties of English. Actually in India a large number of us in India speak A-V-A-I-L-A-B-L-E as available. This sound, this A-I-L-E-L-A-B-L-E is by what happens to it? When available is pronounced as available what happens to it? It is lost in use. We still recognize the word. You see that is the power of mind. You know that some insignificant variations, some loss of sound. You know if in a piece of information that contains 100 features, even if 10 are lost, even if 20 are lost, mind has enough to go by. You still have 80 features. And this word is recognized in the community of these speakers. This word is pronounced as available. What happens? This is lost. In a standard English, this is available. There are some other things happen, other kinds of deletion happen. If you do a course in spoken English, if you do a course in the phonology of English and we offer those courses as well, you might see that these processes, loss and gain of sounds, loss and gain of features are not exclusive to any one language.  But their local form may change. Their local color may change. All of us have nose. All of us have teeth. All of us have eyes, hair and skin. But in some countries, skin may be dark or black. In some countries or communities or some people may have fair skin or colored skin or some people may have dark hair. Some people may have curly hair. These are local phenomena. These are there for particular reasons. We do not know why. We do not yet know enough why some communities have certain kinds of appearance. Maybe next generation or your generation will know about that or coming generations will know about that. Similarly, these phenomena, loss and gain of sounds, what are the phenomena? Can you please repeat? Loss and gain of sounds or loss and gain of features. Only these four. They happen with nearly every language. But they may not happen to the same world. They may not happen in the same place. They may not happen at the same speed. Local manifestations, local occurrence may change. Local occurrence may differ. So similarly in this variety, this is Indian English, a large number of people who speak quote unquote a variety of English called Indian English. When you pronounce available as available, what happens? This vowel, together this makes one vowel A, a V, this is lost or look at this other word. In standard English it is biology, but in India we pronounce this as biology. What happens? We get rid of this vowel O or in standard English, this is develop. But how do you pronounce it in India? Develop. What happens? Which vowel is lost? The second vowel from left is lost, is elided. We still recognize the word. As I told you, the mind, if you get 100% data that is called clear speech, good as a manager, as a leader, as a user, you should speak as clearly as possible. But in natural speech, in natural language, we do not always speak very carefully. We do not speak, always speak very dramatically. We may be in a hurry, we may be quarreling, we may be happy, lots of words may be deleted, lots of words may be repeated, lots of words may not be heard, some words may be overheard. All kinds of things happen, but mind recognizes these words, as I told you, because mind knows what is significant, what is insignificant, mind also knows what pattern can there be for which word. So, in this word for instance develop. The second vowel from left is lost. Look at the next word, government. What happens? An entire syllable is lost. A-R is lost. We in India don't say government, many of us. You can't generalize about India. India is such a vast country with such a vast number of groups of people that anything that happens anywhere in the world also happens in India. India has the coldest place, the hottest place, the wettest place, the driest place. We have best speakers of English in India. We have almost business speakers of English in India. We have all kinds of people. But in one variety, okay, this word government, suppose if it is pronounced as government or government, what's happening?  Look at the next word, machinery. Many of us in India pronounce it as machinery. It's not machinery, but we pronounce it as machinery. When we pronounce it as machinery, some of us, what happens, what is lost? This E is lost, that I, you know, in a spelling it is I, in pronunciation this is A, this A is lost. It is, it is elided, you know. Elision has occurred, deletion has occurred. Or look at this word, satellite. How do you pronounce it? Some of us in India pronounce it as satellite, okay, satellite. What happens? One vowel is deleted. There are two lessons here. Number one, any sound can be deleted, vowel or consonant. It is not the case that only vowels are deleted. It is not the case that only consonants are deleted, but now comes the beauty of literature. Look at the pattern, look at the pronunciation. This stroke indicates stress. Do you see a pattern? I will give you 60 seconds. Just look at it. This is where your analytical ability, this is where you, here, you know, this is where your training as scientist comes in play. Can you find a pattern? Can you see if there is a pattern? You may be wrong, it doesn't matter, but make a guess. Look at it hard. Look at it full 60 seconds. Look at it full 60 seconds with your eyes pouring on it, okay? And tell me if you see a pattern quite often, yes. That's it. Though there are examples when it following stress is also deleted in this case, correct? Do you agree? In this case, in this case, there are two or three words. But by your large, you know, you got the pattern. The pattern is a sound in the neighborhood of a stressed syllable. Don't write, okay? Try and see, you know. Try and train yourself as a scientist who looks at the nature and understands pattern, that nature behaves in a pattern. You know, people like Galileo, Copernicus looked at stars and found pattern. On certain nights, certain kinds of stars do not appear. Is it that we are moving or stars are moving? And then they wondered, okay? So science, you know, science does only one thing. Science does nothing. But science is the quest of truth by observation, by looking at the facts of life. Look at the facts of life and as your friend said, can you please say it again? I would like the camera to capture you, you know. Please. Would you like them to stand up or is it okay? It preceded by the stressed syllables before. Yeah, usually preceded or followed by, you know. They are in the neighborhood of, you know, and it's natural. If you have some strong, some very high peak in the mountain, then it is almost inevitable that a valley will follow. Do you agree? If there is a crest in the wave, then trough will follow. You know, nature goes for patterns of fall and rise, high and low, peaks and valleys, crests and troughs. You know, why does it do that? We don't understand. Why does it not have plateau entirely or valley entirely? We do not understand yet. We do not know enough. But look at the pattern. Let's go to another phenomenon. Change of features. Now, I have taken some data from Sanskrit. Even if you don't know Sanskrit, you will understand that this consonant, is it voiced or voiceless? Can you see the arrowhead? Yes or no, please? No, sir. Yes. Can you see the arrowhead? Yes, sir. But look at this consonant. This consonant called, is it voiced or voiceless? Voiceless. Voiceless. It is voiceless. You know, feel it. Just say, it's voiceless. Contrast it. Say, and say, you know, you have to train yourself. It's like music. Like, you know, musicians catch the slightest variation in the note of sound. How do they do that? They train themselves. You have to train yourself. So, this is voiceless. But here, it becomes voiced. So, what feature has changed? Please come on. What feature has changed? The feature of voicing has changed. It has taken a new feature. It has lost an old feature, voiceless, and taken a new feature, voiced. Similarly, look at this sound. Okay? In the second word, krita-ant. In Sanskrit, when they come together, they become kridant. Okay? Ta, which was voiceless, becomes voiced. Similarly, this is ch. This together makes ch, ch, like ch, ch, j, j. Okay? So, ch and ant together become ajanta, j. Or this mata, jor antar, mata plus antar, sorry. You know, mata coming before antar or coming immediately, you know, in the context of antar. Okay? This is short. This is short. But, or you can say this is central vovel. This is also central vovel. But what is this? A. You know, is it open or closed? Open. Open. So, a half-closed vovel or half-open vovel becomes fully open vovel. A short vovel becomes long vovel. It has changed or gained some feature in use. Look at this. Again, another example. This is vishaya, subject and antar. Again, half-open, half-open or short, short, you know. In all our languages, we have lagu and dirga. Sorry, harasva and dirga. Do you? Have you been taught Telugu? How many people know writing in Telugu?  Okay? In English, we have short and long. Don't call it short and long. Call it half-open-open. Okay? If you like. So, look at this feature in a vishaya and antar. This is half-open, this is half-open. But when they come together, this becomes... Give me the word. This becomes fully open. Okay? This is half-open. This is half-open. This is half-open. But when they come together, this becomes fully open. Two short vovels coming together, make long. What was half-open becomes open. Similarly, here, you know, Mahesh, with your permission. Okay? Maha. Okay? And e. You see, this is where vovel trapezium is useful. A is fully open. E is fully closed or nearly fully closed. Okay? So, when the two come together, what will happen? One will move down, the other will move up. In a good family, in a good group, compromises happen. In dictatorial and democratic groups, only one person decides. Everyone else says yes. Correct? So, here, you know, Maha. This a is open. E. This is closed. But what do you get? You get half-closed or half-open, you know, when they come together. Similarly, look at it here. Ghana and Ishe. You know, this is central. This is closed. This is half-open. This is closed. But when they come together, what do you get? Half-closed. Okay? A. So, these are phonological phenomena. You can, some features can change. Can you look at the context and tell me why short becomes long? Why closed becomes open? Why X becomes Y? Can you, can you look at, can you, you know, then we can better answer the question, if these things are predictable. Okay? Can you tell me why K becomes G? Make a guess. I'll give you 60 seconds. Think. You know, this is K, but it becomes G. Why does it become G? In Sanskrit, Dika plus Anta becomes Digantha. Why does it happen? But still... Yes. I mean, to still connect the word, but, you know, it's a lot of convenience. Quite truly. And all features don't change. Only some, but we are looking at the feature. We are not looking at the word at the moment. We are looking at a lower unit, a tiny unit. Can you tell, can you, you know, please think about it. Why does voiceless sound here become voiced? What is there in the phonological context? Yes. Sir, if a voiced, becoming voiceless is usually associated with the end of a word. The word has to continue. So, that is why I mean... Now, that may be one explanation, but a better explanation will be, this is voiced. Look at the fate of K. It comes between one voice, you know, are all vowels voiced? Yes. Yes or no? Yes. All vowels are voiced. And this one poor consonant, you know, this one poor consonant comes between a voiced sound and another? Voice. Voice sound.  Okay? So, this also becomes voiced. Look at this. Can you tell me why it happens? Why ta changes to the... The same reason. It has, it is surrounded by voiced sounds. It has voiced sounds on both sides. Okay? So, usually, not always, it's not necessarily, you know. If you like, you can still have a voiceless sound between voiced sounds. But quite often in this language, in Sanskrit, in many other languages, it is the case that a voiceless sound can become a voiced sound when it comes between two voiced sounds. Same is the case with cha. You can almost write a rule. Can you write a rule? Can you try and write a rule? Why it becomes voiced? Why does a voiceless sound become voiced? Can you try? Write on your notebook and tell me. Can you raise your hand? One of you please. Or as many of you as you like. Can you raise your hands if you have written the rule? Okay. Mahesh, tell us. When a voiceless sound comes in between two voiced oval sounds, then it becomes voiced. Voiced. In this language, in Sanskrit, you know, you will have to say that. Otherwise, you know, it will become a universal rule. It is not universally true. But in a large number of languages, in Sanskrit in particular, it is quite often the case that a voiceless sound coming between voiced sounds becomes voiced. It can also happen the other way around. A voiced sound can become voiceless. Either, you know, before silence or between two voiceless sounds. Okay. Look at this case. This a coming before a, but changing into a. Can you think about it? Can you tell me why it changes to a? Can we write a rule? Too similar. It's half open, half open. Changes to full open. Or you can say short, short. Changes to long. Okay. Make a guess. Okay. Please raise your hand. Right. Please. Please raise your hand so that my friends behind camera can capture you. Very simple. Please. Come on. This is, you know. Right. Okay. Sarita. Would you like to stand up in our sitting? Okay. Please. What happens? No clue. No clue. So simple. So obvious. Like to? Yeah. When they come together. Same. Can you repeat yourself? Yeah. Same, right? Yeah. You know, there is long and there is short. This is short. Forget that. Just say two half years. You see, just describe what happens. One half open vowel. Coming before another half open vowel. Together makes an open vowel. A full open vowel. An open vowel. Okay. You know, you can write rules. You can say half open vowel. Changes to full open vowel. When it comes or before. Okay. Right. You know, these are predictable. That is why, you know, grammar books have been written. That is why pronunciation books are written. Okay. So, you know, these are the phenomena. You can acquire, you know, speech sounds can acquire a feature. Speech sounds can be completely lost, completely gained. Look at another. In some variety of English, in India and in some other countries as well, even in America, you know, in America also, in American English, quite often are, you know, this is pronounced alike. In American English, they are both pronounced as rider. Okay. But look at this variety of English. In some parts of India, some English words like uncle may be pronounced as uncle. Okay. Or simple as symbol. Temple as temple. Mantle as mantle. You know, then become predictable. Painter as pender. Rented as rendered. Wanted as wanted. What is happening? What is happening?  First look. What is changing? This ka changes to? Ga. Pa changes to? Ba. It is not that pa changes to ta or da. Okay. What is happening? Can you write a rule? Writer. Writer on your notebook. You know, it happens when it happens. X when Y. Okay. Can you write that? Can you write a rule? X changes to Y when? Okay.  Are we together? Everybody please. Yes or no? Are we together? Yes sir. Okay. You know, you have to say, what happens? X changes to Y when? So what is X here? X here is ka. What does it change to? It changes to ga. When does it happen? Look at its context. And write the rule, please. Is this voiced or voiceless? This, I have written a spelling. Is it voiced or voiceless? Voiceless. Voiceless. Is this voiced or voiceless? Voiced. Voiced. So a voiceless sound changes to voice sound. When, look at its context. Is it voiced or voiceless? All nasal sounds are voiced. Is it voiced or voiceless? Voiceless. All vowels are voiced. Voiceless. So what happens? A voiceless sound changes to a voiced sound. When? When it comes between, when it is surrounded by, when it comes between? Voice sound. Can you write, tell the camera to remember this rule, please?  Even I can't hear you. I want the entire world to hear. I want them to believe that IIT girls get some food. Please speak to the camera, not to me. Voice sounds are surrounded by voiceless. Okay. Voiceless makes so rapidly. Okay. Voiceless sound is converted into voiced sound when it is, when it occurs between? Voice. Can you say the same thing to the camera, please? Not to me. Smile to the camera and tell it. Okay. Pick up. Are you fourth here guys or second or third here? Okay. When do you learn to speak? Well, tomorrow you have to lead your colleagues. Tomorrow you have to justify the salary of 200,000 rupees per month. How would you do that unless you speak? Somebody please, would you, would anyone else like to say what's the rule? Looking at the entire data? Come on, tell it. Tell the camera. But loud enough and clear enough. Voice less sound is converted to a voice, voice sound when surrounded by a voice sound. Correct. When it comes between. And that will explain the entire data here. Okay. The point I'm making is a large number of phonological phenomena, particularly those that are triggered by phonological context, not by social context. You know, some people may start suddenly stressing every syllable when they are angry. You know, pardon me, please, we will delete this. You know, this is when men have quarrels with their wives. Okay. Particularly in the dowry age. Okay. That is, that is an unusual situation. We cannot write rules about that. We cannot say when a B. Tech boy who takes dowry from his father-in-law, when he gets angry, then he speaks with a stress on every syllable. We cannot write those rules. We don't want to write those rules. We don't know enough. Okay. But phonological context says that when a voiceless sound occurs between two voice sounds, this happens. Okay. This is predictable. Look at another loss of sound. This is Hindi. Look at these data. What's happening? This is from Hindi or Sanskrit. Not so much Sanskrit, but Sanskrit words in Hindi. Okay. And you don't have to know Hindi. It's not that only those who know Hindi can write rules about Hindi grammar. The meaning is given. You know. Kamal. This vowel. Okay. This vowel is lost when Kamal changes to. Kamala. Kamala. When Vimal changes to. Vimala. When Dharak changes to. Dharaka. When Akkar changes to. Akra. When Pakar changes to. Pakra. When Namak changes to. Namkeen. Okay. When Lapak changes to. Lapak. A lot of subwords. What is happening? Why is this sound lost? Can you write? This is a little more difficult now. You have to look more carefully. You have to look at the surrounding. I'll give you full 90 seconds. Your time begins now. Okay. And write a rule on your notebook first. And then speak. What is happening? First describe the data. Let us first describe the data. What is happening? No. It's not voiced. Some sound is lost. There is no voice sound. No voiceless sound becomes voiced. Or no voice sound becomes voiceless. Yes? Is it visible to you from here? Wait a minute. I want the camera to catch you. Okay. Now come again. Please. Loud enough. Voiceless sounds are. Yeah. They are becoming the adverbs of the words that are given to you. No. You are missing two criteria. Voiceless is phonetics. Adverb is syntax. And there is nothing like voiceless. Voice is happening. It's very simple. You see this a. Look at this. This is a. This is lost. What happened to it? It is lost first. We'll describe something else later. Let's go, you know. In all sciences we describe phenomena one by one. Step by step. So, first let us describe loss. When is it lost? You see this a is lost in Kamala. This a is also lost in Vimala. So, what is happening? Okay. Short vowels are being lost when it is followed by another syllable. Another vowel. Okay. Another consonant vowel. Okay. When it occurs before the last consonant, it is there. But when last consonant accepts or takes, you see, this is the last consonant of the word. In all of these words, there is a consonant at the end. Can you see? Yes or no? Yes. Yes. And there is no vowel after the consonant, correct? But when that consonant takes another vowel and in this case a long vowel, then this is lost. So, it can be very simple rule. A short vowel is lost when a word final vowel or syllable appears. Do you agree? A short, you know, I am writing a crude rule. I am writing first approximation. We may refine it. But look at the phenomenon. A short vowel or we can say a half open vowel, okay, doesn't matter. Call it short open vowel or call it a half open vowel. Which half open vowel? Coming before the final consonant, last consonant of the word. Coming before the last consonant is lost. What happens is lost. When is it lost? When another vowel follows the last consonant, simple. When another vowel follows the last consonant, C is for consonant, okay. And that is across the board. That explains the entire data. The point I am making, ladies and gentlemen, give me your attention. Natural phenomena, including languages, changes there are predictable. We can write rules. We can have computer algorithms that can recognize, that can generate, you know, that sort of things. We said there can be loss of sound, gain of sound. We said there can be loss of features, gain of features. Look at the gain of sound, okay. In some varieties of English, actually in standard varieties of English, India and Pakistan, in standard varieties of British English, okay, pay attention please. I want you to train yourself into recognizing language variations, speech variations. In some varieties of, in standard varieties of British English, particularly, India and Pakistan can be pronounced as India and Pakistan. This r appears. You see the point? Our law and order can be pronounced as law and order. This r can, gets in, or high and low can be pronounced as higher and low, or near and far, can be pronounced as r is already there, okay. Far and near, r is already there. Let's explain this. Why does this r, law and order, where, why does this r get in, okay? Can you say what happens and when? You can say r is added between what? Between which two sounds? In vowels, or between two long vowels, when? When they both come in adjacent words. When they both come in adjacent words. You know, once again, phonological phenomena are by and large predictable, okay. In some varieties of English in India, we add sounds, an extra sound, you know. In Andhra, in Tamil Nadu, in Karnataka, Kerala, many people pronounce film as film, okay. You see, or against as against of Prince Charles or Charles, okay. What happens? They add an extra sound to break the cluster of two consonants, or in the north, you know. It can be pronounced as salate, or spray can be pronounced as sapray, or you know, many of my, many of my people in Bihar, Bengal, Orissa, they pronounced snow as a snow, station as a station. What's happening? They are again, you know, changing a difficult consonant cluster into an easy consonant cluster. We will talk about it when we talk about syllable based generalizations. The point I am making is, the point I am making is that in phonological context, these phenomena happen and these phenomena are predictable. Thank you. Have a good day.


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Well, I started in 2008 in the regional workshop, which was held in Gabaron in Botswana. And immediately I was supported by ECB, I had this cursory program immediately for Poznan. And Poznan was for my first cup where I was a bit confused, but I was having senior navigators who were coaching us and doing ECBI pre-cup workshops. So we were able to get a better picture and were relatively advantages compared to others who are just diving into negotiations. So my first cup was just going around and looking what's happening. And then next year we were reorganizing ourselves to be a court member. And at that time I was able to focus on mitigation-related issues. So we're like 10 people, 40 members, who have been supporting the coordinators. And at the same time we gradually become coordinators for the thematic areas like KP issues, mitigation, this review process, and a number of stuff. So wherever there's a gap we're able to fill in. It's because we just started with being a court member who provide technical backup to the coordinators. That creates the increase in the confidence within our service. Actually we benefited a lot from the different synthesis reports which have been prepared by IID. And actually we make use of that to capacitate our service. And I'm really great for that opportunity. Otherwise it could have been a bit difficult. And for the last eight or nine years I've been supported by IID just without interruptions. So that makes consistency in terms of engagement in the process. Otherwise like if I was supported by a government sometimes you may not have a chance to be engaged. Because focal points have been changing from one issue to the other. And of course it's a limited number of people will be selected by the government. So it will be difficult to be engaged in the process for nearly ten years if I was not supported by IID. Well we used to be technical backup to the group for almost eight, nine years. Then when it comes to Chimajipat I think I felt that the group has confidence on me. So I've been elected by the group a year ago. Actually it's a mixed view in terms of I mean because expectation that your colleagues are going to have from you. While you are being coordinated in just specific areas now you need to know everything. That's kind of frustration but I think thanks to the support team I have. I managed to cope up with all the issues. And now we are trying our best for the voice of the group to be better heard using different approaches. And for that I have developed my two-year work plan which is focusing on negotiation support. As well as supporting countries in the implementation of the Paris Agreement. So I hope I'm tying my best to at least prioritize activities within my three-year work plan. If you look at most of the coordinators they pass through this process. So even if you look at Pausman, the former MC chair, he starts through the ICBA process and myself. And a number of coordinators who just come up with this process. I think that's the point where we need to recognize about this initiative. Otherwise it could have been a really big vacuum from its perspective if such kind of support wouldn't have been provided. Well at the beginning when you just start you need to know you just you bigger to know everything. But as a human being with your background and time will not allow you to know everything. So better to know a bit of everything but better to focus and specialize on one issue which your background will give you to happen otherwise. I think it's good to know everything but it's impossible at the same time.


So one of the hardest skills for anyone on their medical journey to really learn is this idea of medicine or medical separation. I feel like as you are in your pre-med or medical school kind of frame, you're always kind of feeling that all of your time has to be spent either studying or improving as a student.  But after that, you kind of repeat the process. But this idea of medical separation is this kind of having the ability to say, you know what, I'm going to take a step back from my life as a pre-med, my life as a medical student, my life as a training.   Having that ability to say, you know what, I'm going to have some separation into my personal and my occupational life is going to be super important as you grow personally as well as medically.