Hello, welcome back we are nearing to the final few classes of this course and that is Betel-Sin Biology. We are trying to summarize little bit quickly so that you can study these for exam purpose relatively easily. What we have seen in case of the iron oxygen intermediates that they are very capable of doing oxygenation chemistry some of them are oxygenases some of them are oxidizes right. But more importantly almost every organic substrate can be functionalized by utilizing the iron oxygen chemistry. These chemistry can be between the two iron center between the oxo species is bridged in between or it could be as fascinating as those the terminal oxo species or these porphyrin oxo based species. There are non-him oxo based species as you have also seen, but these species are also known to be very very effective. So, you have seen these many different types of reaction hydroxylation oxidative ligand transfer desaturations cyclization electrophilic aromatic substitution and cis dihydroxylation reaction. All these reactions you are hopefully now familiar with now most of them are going via the radical mechanism as you can see in there. This one where arene activation is involved or arene oxygenation is involved it is going through an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The cis dihydroxylation can be mediated by these oxo hydroxyl species to form this from this extremely exciting products. All these cases this is this oxo radical formation and corresponding the CH bond activation and the radical formation is key and that is what we have seen over the many many different high valent iron oxo intermediate cases. One of the exciting species you perhaps would remember as well that the alpha ketoglutarate dependent enzyme are capable of doing both the oxygenation chemistry as well as the halogenation chemistry depending on the slight changes they have in their coordination motive. But nonetheless they will be having this alpha ketoglutarate as an internal substrate for their activity. So, what you have seen earlier with the alpha ketoglutarate dependent enzyme is simply it binds with the non heme iron center and oxygen activation that takes place at the iron center before that the substrate will orient itself get it ready get set go and then oxygen will start against activated at the iron center it first form a iron 3 super oxo which immediately is trapped or attacked attacking the ketomoyety of the alpha ketoglutarate. The alpha ketocenter is getting reacted with forming an alkyl peroxo like intermediate which can then undergo oxygen-oxygen bond cleavage to give rise to these iron 4 oxo species. These are reactive intermediate and the substrate is sitting right close to it therefore, the oxo will obstruct hydrogen atom to form the hydroxo and the R radical right. This R radical and hydroxo radical can combine with each other to give the ROH. Once again this water molecule goes out alpha ketoglutarate comes in, RH texate position gets set perfectly oxygen comes in forms the iron 3 super oxo iron 2 plus was there it forms iron 3 plus it forms the super oxo this super oxo attack the alpha ketocenter to form the cyclic nice intermediate where it is now iron 4 thanks to the nucleophilic attack on this ketocenter which is then getting O minus by transferring one electron from the iron center oxidizing is to iron 4 plus from iron 3 plus right. Now, these iron 4 plus alkyl peroxo type of intermediate can undergo the oxygen-oxygen bond cleavage wherever whatever way you want to see it with the simultaneous expulsion of the CO2 moiety it gives rise to the succinate bind the iron 4 oxo intermediate which is the real active species for abstracting hydrogen atom from the SP3CH bond right over here this is nothing, but you can see that iron 3 O dot this O dot and this RH will form the bond or form this iron 3 OH bond and R R dot radical will be generated during the process. So, I am sure you are having clear understanding among these different OH and O bond for instance if you have seen earlier this cupril species for example. So, we are saying that cupril is nothing, but CO2 O dot this is exactly same as CO3 double bond O because this will give electron that will give electron to form that. Similarly, for example, if we are talking about iron 4 oxo species this is also nothing, but going to be iron 3 these are same species in different form one can write iron 3 O dot. Now, this as you have seen in the last slide these iron 4 oxo was reacting with RH to give you what to give you iron 3 OH how that is happening because these iron 4 oxo is nothing, but iron 3 O dot and if you are giving RH to this this is forming R dot this is forming H dot and these 2 bonds. So, overall you get iron 3 OH plus R dot hopefully this is clear. On the other hand over here if you want to draw it is nothing, but this bond is breaking and then that is giving and that is forming the R dot. So, that is R dot in any case whether you want to think that iron 4 oxo is a double bond O iron or it is a iron 3 O dot all leads to the exactly same product iron 3 hydroxo R dot iron 3 hydroxo R dot. So, this is the pattern of the radical formation you can you can say the same thing for a copper oxo intermediate or a iron 4 oxo intermediate although these species in a cupril species in the enzymatic setup although proposed are still doubtful in the synthetic setup. Recently some evidences are coming, but still one need to further develop this chemistry in the synthetic setup. So, that they are relevant can be understood in enzymatic setup ok. So, overall I hope you are able to understand this mechanism. So, you are forming the succinate from this alpha ketoglutarate you are getting rid of this carbon dioxide moiety from here and I hope you understood that how it is attacking over there and this is O minus is forming and then this O minus overall is get oxidizing or so, overall oxidizing iron 3 plus let me draw that step again. So, this is here a oxygen, oxygen radical is attacking a keto center. Now this keto center over there will form a radical overall it would be forming O O C O let us say these are oxygen level maybe it would be easier to understood understand. So, that is there these are there, this is iron center. Now this so, I am redrawing that over here. So, this is now attacking and this keto moieties are drawn over there this oxygen, oxygen iron is giving rise to a carbon center and O dot right. This is iron 3 plus, this is remain iron 3 plus and then this iron 3 plus transfer one electron from here to give to oxygen which becomes iron 4 and O minus that is what I am trying to explain. Hope the electron transfer does not throw you off too much and you can count these electrons stepwise without much of a problem. Let me draw that one more time very clearly for you and that is very simple process I hope it is not getting complicated for you. So you start with iron 3 super oxo iron 3 super oxo ok you have a keto center attached with it with you this is the one which is going to form the carbon dioxide in any case I am not drawing the rest of it. So, this intermediate goes on to attack this center right. So, this pi bond will cleave to give you this oxygen iron 3 remaining part remain constant right. So, that is what you see right. So, this is what you see along with the O bond O dot over there. So, this O dot over there is attacking and forming this radical and that radical forming in this bond right. This is the new bond form and this is the radical that is coming over there. This radical and then pick up one more electron from this iron 3 overall to give you this center as iron 4 and this oxygen becomes O minus along with formation of this alkyl peroxo intermediate right. I hope you got it correct without any trouble in understanding right. So, this radical attack at this carbon center and that oxygen radical form one electron transfer from that center to give rise to iron 4 and this carboxylate. Anyway, let us move on what we have seen that these alpha keto glutamate can form iron oxo intermediate very interestingly and very simply then that can go on to react with the substrate to give you the substrate hydroxylation product. The twist here is if you do not have that you know 2 histidine 1 carboxylate intermediate 2 histidine and 1 aspartate intermediate the facial triad the facial triad so called facial triad intermediate if you do not have 2 histidine and 1 aspartate these 3 moiety if you do not have then you are you are in for a quite exciting part and that is just 2 histidine just 2 histidine and 1x the halogen. So, this was aspartate in the last case now this is halogen this halogen will then be reactive with the radical center that is getting generated at iron. For instance, if you are bringing the alpha keto glutamate of course, at alpha keto glutamate in substrate is sitting right over there iron 2 center is there reacts with oxygen binds with it and then form the iron 3 super oxo intermediate iron 3 super oxo intermediate right iron 3 super oxo intermediate then that attack on the carbonyl center of this and subsequently it form the iron 4 oxo with the succinate this is upon decarboxylation of this alpha keto glutamate unit. Now, this iron 4 oxo unit as you can see over here iron 4 oxo unit over here then can abstract hydrogen atom just like what you have seen in the hydroxylation chemistry, but only differences you have the halogen over there. Now, it can abstract hydrogen atom from this substrate to give the substrate radical intermediate along with the formation of OH. Now, there is a competition between X and OH where OH loses because this radical is close to this X and more importantly the reduction potential is helping out as well overall this X selectively transfer over there no hydroxylated product is found. So, RCH2X is form in this case RCH2Cl is form if X equals chloride and if you have you know other things not present or you have difficulties then hydroxylation product may be formed. So, these alpha keto glutamate dependent enzymes are I guess quite exciting not only they are capable of doing the hydroxylation chemistry they can also do the halogenation chemistry right. We have seen that as well. So, what we have seen so far that not only reversible dioxygen binding, oxygen activation is also fascinating right and more fascinating I would say and more challenging more opportunities and more substrate scope can be involved. Iron for firing cytochrome P450 chemistry we have discussed already and summarized it di copper center tyrosinase also we have discussed. We have discussed in the last few classes about MMOs I will briefly mention these again. So, the main reaction we are trying to study is in case of MMO these are going to be a non heme iron center once again do not mix between the heme and non heme iron center. These are going to be the non heme iron center methane is going to be converted into methanol with the help of the oxygen if you are having the leveled oxygen this is going to be leveled over there right that is correct. So, these are fascinating enzyme as you have seen there are going to be two iron center and these both the iron centers are quite exciting over there. These are unsymmetrical as you see the coordination environment around this site is completely different compared to that one which is quite fascinating you have one glutamate here you have two glutamate over there right. Now, if you have seen the earlier mechanism once again the oxygen comes into the picture and earlier mechanism suggest that this oxygen will follow up all the way through to first of all transfer one electron one electron from here and one electron from there to form the superoxo intermediate. This superoxo intermediate can again transfer one electron from there to give you the iron 3 2 minus this is the peroxo intermediate from there on this oxygen oxygen bond can be kept to give you the this meoxo where oxides are 2 O O 2 minus O 2 minus iron 4 and iron 4 it was iron 3 this oxygen oxygen bond cleavage gives you iron 4 iron 4 2 minus 2 minus. Now, the methanol comes and react with this Q intermediate this is the intermediate Q which is responsible for the methane activation to give you the methanol product. There is a slight change or the revised mechanism subsequently this revised mechanism tells that this iron 4 oxo or iron 4 dioxo intermediate will be capable of forming a new intermediate perhaps as you have seen this new intermediate is going to be iron 4 hydroxo oxo iron 3 intermediate although further characterizing this intermediate is not that very easy, but more importantly I believe that that this peroxo intermediate can also be reacting with the methane substrate to give you the methanol along with the formation of di iron 3 di hydroxo intermediate. This peroxo and this bis meoxo this is bis meoxo meoxo intermediates are quite exciting intermediate for this species as you have as we have noticed there that these intermediates are quite exciting if you are following overall if you are overall following if you are overall following up to here this is a 30 milliseconds right 30 millisecond time frame. If you are following overall from here to here this is a 500 millisecond time frame right. So, this is forming this intermediate is forming if you are following for 30 millisecond if you are mixing oxygen with this reduced species within 30 millisecond or right at 30 millisecond you can follow up this one what happens to this what is the decomposition product and this has a characteristic band around 720 nanometer. If you are mixing these species with oxygen and waiting for 500 millisecond this one you form and this is having a very characteristic band at 420 nanometer right. These species are the one we can follow and then react it with methanol a methane to give the methanol product right. So, overall so, overall what you have seen previously is the decay of these say 420 peak or 720 peak can be rationalized can be followed quite easily to give the give the detailed kinetic studies. The detailed studies shows that it is actually more exciting than what we thought Q the intermediate Q as you have seen the bismeoxo intermediate can react with methane to give you a bond making and bond forming step over here where we have seen a oxo hydroxo species is generated. This oxo hydroxo intermediate can either go through a radical intermediate or through a concerted intermediate concerted intermediate is more challenging or more energy demanding therefore, we end up getting a more preferred pathway where this radical species are formed upon this hydroxo electron rearrangement we get hydroxo radical this hydroxo radical and the CH3 radical combines to give you the product. Of course, the alternative pathway is little bit more energy demanding therefore, you do not perhaps follow this intermediate that very clearly right. So, this is a quick summary for these methane monoxygenases you have seen also two types of substrate over there one substrate is the methane and corresponding other substrate which will have the very high kinetic isotope effect right. So, these are having very high kinetic isotope effect as you can see over here these are these highlighted ones right now are known as the class one substrate where methane approach could be could be a could be interesting and simple, but more importantly the CH activation is the rate limiting step. So, the diffusion of methane towards this Q intermediate. So, if you are looking a looking at the Q intermediate which is nothing, but iron 4 oxo iron 4 intermediate this intermediate is is approach of this with respect to this CH4 is very simple nothing, no problem happens over there and this approach overall approach of CH4 with respect to bis meoxo is not the rate limiting, but this activation of this bond is rate limiting for this case of CH4 and CD4. And similarly as you have seen in case of acetonitrile and in case of nitromethane these approach is not problematic, but CH activation is the most damaging or most difficult step. On the other hand for the substrate like substrate like this ethane and the methanol there this approach of this substrate towards this active site is the one which is critical or most challenging and therefore, we will end up getting the diffusion control process. If you are remembering the previous drawing carefully you will note that the for methane this is the black curve this path is the diffusion of methane towards. So, towards the iron 4 oxo species is not really problematic. So, this diffusion or pre orientation of the methane is happening quite easily this can happen quite easily, but this is not so easy if you have approach of ethane and that is how the substrate specificity perhaps is obtained. See this is the same intermediate as this, but if you have H CH2 CH2 that means, CH2 H that means, the ethane this approach of this into towards this is not that very easy and this diffusion control is becoming or diffusion step is becoming the red determining step. As you can see from the methane case this is not very high or alternatively, but the other step that is the CH activation step is much bigger and much stronger. More importantly for methane bond dissociation energy is around 105 kcal per mole for example, for ethane it would be 98 to 99 kcal per mole which makes a huge difference that CH bond dissociation becomes easier and this is also perhaps one of the reason why ethane CH activation will not be problematic one, but reorientation or approach of the substrate diffusing the substrate with respect to the iron 4 oxo intermediate will be critical as you see there. So, for the methane case this is shorter this is taller for ethane case this is taller this is shorter that is the summary from the MMO. So, the substrate dependent chemistry we have seen another exciting part we have we were seeing the 4 manganese 1 calcium cluster. I think the first thing that should come into mind that these are microscopic rivers of the cytochrome cytochrome C oxidase which is hemp copper oxidase which is responsible for converting oxygen into water, but in the photo system you are converting water into oxygen. And the crystal structure as you have seen the gigantic crystal structure have many caveats in it many problem in it, but nonetheless this is the 4 calcium 1 2 3 4 4 calcium 4 manganese center and 1 calcium center that is over there this can be redrawn like that, but although this crystal structure is known, but still this is completely questionable the x-ray damage is the major reason why people do not believe that this is the structure for the oxygen evolving complex. So, what is the structure? Well nobody knows still now these are the these are the major structure that is proposed and believed to be still active, but nonetheless although some except data are there, but still people are debating on these some of these structure perhaps can be ruled out, but perhaps can still be existing in the in the in the discussion, but I think for time being we can or for since this debate is still on we cannot really rule out any of these structure completely, but these are the structure people believe are mainly happening. So, we have seen S 0 oxidation state we have seen S 0 oxidation state S 0, S 1, S 2, S 3 and S 4 oxidation state in each of the steps is oxidation happening oxidation happening oxidation happening and in the final step oxygen oxygen bond formation is taking place. You have seen the oxidation state dilemma between these two these species are still debatable this is quite fixed this is quite fixed this is still debatable and finally, this is the fully oxidized form. There are multiple line spectrum in the EPR which is helping us in assigning some of those spectra always these simulation of this band as well as the experimental observation has to be quite critically done otherwise the conclusion can be problematic different experimental studies are done to understand these intermediate in better better better respect or better clarity, but still their problem exist in these cases. The oxygen oxygen bond forming process as you would imagine that is the most important step and that is that is that is that is the key point of discussion over here. Some believe that it is the calcium hydroxo which is I think is quite reasonable because calcium is the Lewis acid it activates the water molecule to makes its hydroxide and this hydroxide and then can attack on this oxy center, but in other believes that calcium is not really part of, but anyway that debate for another day this again calcium hydroxide either this hydroxo can attack on these bridged manganese oxo or the term terminal manganese oxo still that is questionable. I think we can we can we can we can perhaps live as it is these questions are very difficult to solve at this point and we can move on because in the literature so far no clear understanding is obtained ok. So, at the end what we have in the picture is I think if anything you would like to remember I think this is the case you should remember these next two slides you should remember although this is questionable, but still this is the thing you should remember. What is happening over here? The core over the air these center remain constant ok. This is one of the proposal and this is something I believe is most likely closer to be the truth, but again nobody has seen the real active site. So, what is happening over here is manganese aqua molecule is right over there ok and it is in manganese 2 plus this is center is getting oxidized to manganese 2 to manganese 3 and then this manganese 3 is oxidized to manganese 4. Subsequently this manganese 3 aqua complex further gets oxidized to manganese 4 hydroxo and finally, to manganese 5 oxo which is the real electrophile we are looking at where calcium hydroxo can come and attack. If calcium hydroxo is attacking on these manganese 5 oxo the oxygen-oxygen bond bondage form I think job is done. Well again this is remaining a question mark over there, but this is the one if you have to remember anything for the manganese 4 calcium structure because it is so complicated you have to you have to remember something to better understand it. There are there are caveats there are problems, but I think this is something you should try to remember if the manganese 4 calcium oxo structure is drawn for the oxygen-oxygen bond formation I think this is the structure to be drawn ok. Let us moving on there is another exciting twist in this business and that is the formation of the oxo radical from the tyrosine unit which is proposed in some of the cases in case of blondine that this is the this is the oxy radical which is responsible for hydrogen atom abstraction for this manganese hydroxo species in S3. I think this is this is quite fascinating most likely to be the truth or true, but who knows what is happening, but overall this phenol is forming as you can seen over here and manganese 5 oxo is formed and calcium hydroxo is rightly coupled with the manganese center where this attack can takes place and oxygen-oxygen bond can be formed. Well I hope you are able to make some sort of sense about this complex structure, but you can read always more there are many references given a great chemical reviews and other reviews are available and you are feel you are free to study all those please do understand that these remains still complicated and many question are still there which need to be addressed over the decades to come ok. With this we will see you soon in the final few classes very very soon ok. Thank you.


Be adaptive in retrospectives. A good Scrum Master helps the team identify improvements. A great Scrum Master inspires the team to be adaptive. Retrospectives are a crucial part of the agile approach. No iteration can ever be completely perfect, and no iteration can ever be an unmitigated failure. Understanding this is integral to the inspect and adapt process of Scrum and other agile methods. My heart sinks, therefore, when I see teams going through the motions with their retrospectives and never actually improving. If teams are coming to multiple retrospectives with the same problems, I would consider this to be a failure of the Scrum Master. Not because the Scrum Master hasn't removed the impediment, but because the Scrum Master hasn't created an environment where the team can improve their own situation. If you find that your retrospectives are going a little stale, or aren't providing the value that they think they could, or should, then the good news is that there are a number of things you can do to get more out of them. Great Scrum Masters encourage their teams to be adaptive. Act, diverge, account, probe, try, involve, visualize, and expose. Act on improvements. Teams often come up with, we should communicate better in their retrospectives, and there's nothing wrong with that. Who can argue against improved communication? You might even see some improvements just by noting the problem. However, the default reaction of Great Scrum Masters in these situations is to ask the team to be more specific. Who needs to communicate better with whom? What do they need to communicate better about? When does this communication need to happen? How will we know communication is good enough? Now, while there is no specific requirement for teams to leave the retrospective with an action plan, where each action is assigned to someone, simply building the resulting actions into the sprint backlog of the next sprint often increases the chances of something happening as a result of the retrospective. One word of warning, however. While it's great to have an action plan, the team should only take on a manageable number of improvement actions each retrospective. I personally recommend in the range of one to three. It's much more important that the team get into the habit of small and regular improvements than try to fix everything straight away. Diverge before you converge. Quite often, teams that are new to the concept of self-organization and participatory decision-making will feel uncomfortable the entire time that the decision is pending. As soon as any semblance of agreement arises, the team jump on it as an opportunity to end the ambiguity and relax. Again, this isn't always a bad thing, but it is usually suboptimal. Great Scrum Masters get the team comfortable with uncertainty and guide them through the process of divergent thinking, that is, coming up with multiple alternatives before converging on the best solution. Account for follow-through. As we observed in the Holding to Account chapter, a good Scrum Master will hold team members accountable when necessary, while a great Scrum Master will hold the team accountable for not holding their teammates to account. This holds true in the retrospective as much as anywhere. It can be incredibly frustrating and demotivating if the same ideas, complaints or observations come up time and again. Once the team have committed to taking action, the team should ensure that they follow through on this commitment. This could be by transferring the actions on to the upcoming Sprint's backlog or simply that during the next retrospective the team go through their previous actions. Probe for understanding. Great Scrum Masters often take on the role of team coach, asking questions of the team to help them reflect on their situation, establish the root cause of their challenge and find a way forward. Too often, it's the other way around. The team asks the Scrum Master questions, looking for help and answers. Now, if you're anything like me, when you're asked a question, it can take a lot of focused effort to avoid giving an answer. It's natural. It's often what we've been trained to do and it seems rude not to. And why wouldn't you want to give an answer, especially when someone is quite plainly asking for help? Well, part of the theory is that those who answer their own questions and come up with their own solutions are a lot more empowered and therefore more likely to succeed. After all of these types of questions, we come to the powerful questions. A powerful question is one that causes curiosity and intrigue and often touches a deep meaning. A powerful question usually requires a paradigm shift for it to be answered. You can usually notice when you've asked a powerful question because it's usually followed by one or more of the following. A shift in body posture, perhaps a tilt of the head or a change in how they're sitting. Or it could be a period of silent contemplation which you must be very careful not to break, no matter how tempting it is. Or a noticeable change in energy. Now it's quite difficult to give examples of generic reusable powerful questions because, well, they're often context specific. But here are a few that can work in many situations. How do you want it to be? What are you assuming that might not be true? If you were to assume that a solution is possible, what might that look like? If you were to go into create an analogy of the situation, what would that analogy be? If your lives depended on taking some form of action, what would you do? Great Scrum Masters help teams probe their own challenges. Try something new. Not only are retrospectives a great time to discuss, learn and come up with actions, they're also a great time to identify and or run experiments. When I was a Scrum Master at BT, I remember one of our senior managers stating that we, as a company, were redefining what failure meant for us. No longer would failure mean making the wrong decision. Now, making the wrong decision was a good thing. So long as we made that decision quickly, cheaply, in good faith, and that we didn't make the same mistake twice, we had to learn from that decision how to get better. This public statement helped tremendously when trying to encourage people to deal with the uncertainty and the numerous possibilities around them. One aspect of redefining failure is to restate the value of experiments, so we are not necessarily valuing the outcome, but instead valuing the learning regardless of the result. Involve everyone. This may sound like an obvious thing for a Scrum Master to do, but it's easily overlooked in practice. It's important for a team to know that everyone is contributing, but people will only contribute if they feel safe to do so. This feeling may take time to develop, but a team where everyone feels able and willing to contribute to their maximum is going to be a more productive and happier team. And great Scrum Masters do everything they can to ensure that everyone has equal opportunity to be involved. Perhaps try breaking the retrospective into lots of smaller groups to begin with. Visualize data to help guide progress. Scrum as a process and the Scrum Master role in particular are sometimes analogized as holding a mirror up to the team. Allowing them to see themselves and their behaviors in order that they can inspect and adapt. This mirror could be simply capturing hard data from the sprint, such as the burn down and task board. It could also involve softer data about what the Scrum Master observes with regard to the team dynamics. Again, although the retrospective is an ideal time to examine data, it's valuable to have metrics such as downtime, stories completed or impediments cleared and in progress on display continually. One of the Scrum values is courage. And Scrum Masters need this in spades as they tackle many issues with team dynamics that it would be easier to ignore. It's often difficult to call a team to account on their lack of attention to quality, but making data visible is one way to make sure it's always in focus. One great tactic that I've seen the great Scrum Masters employ is to ask the team what they want to be held to account on or what is important to them. This way, the Scrum Master has been granted permission to make note of progress in this area and makes it much easier for them to do so. Another great tactic here is to work with the team to discover what their values are and create a chart such as a radar or spider diagram to monitor team progress on this over time. For more details on this, check out the assess your way to maturity chapter. Expose the elephants. Most teams have at least one problem that they are currently ignoring, avoiding or skirting around. This is known as the elephant in the room. A big uncomfortable topic that everyone knows should be addressed but might seem insurmountable. As with anything, if the elephant is avoided for long enough the team will develop coping mechanisms and the problem is these coping mechanisms don't actually deal with the issue. Instead, they make the problem even less likely to be removed because now it doesn't seem quite as necessary anymore. Great Scrum Masters courageously expose and encourage teams to explore the elephants in the room as soon as they notice them. They don't judge, but neither will they let their team tolerate and get dragged down by these problems. Instead, they offer to lead an exploration. For example, the elephant in the room could be that one of the team members is getting into the office later and later. Now the team may well accommodate this person by shifting the daily scrum and sometimes write up their conversations but these activities, these coping mechanisms are just leading to inefficient teamwork and perhaps resentment growing in the team. Before this spirals into outright anger and rebellion the team should confront and solve the problem. There are two ways to look at the fact that retrospectives were included into the Scrum framework. You can choose to view them as a great built-in opportunity for teams to improve the process every sprint or you could view them as a responsibility placed upon teams as payoff for the extra autonomy and respect they're granted within Scrum. In reality though it's probably healthy to take a balanced view involving both of these perspectives but either way retrospectives can be incredibly powerful if teams are adaptive.


has president biden ever been to the southern border in his life yes i will have to get look back in my history books and check the times he's been to the southern border we have been looking on warning and we cannot find any record of him visiting the border as president vice president senator or even as a concerned citizen why would that be i can check and see when the last time or when he may have been so it has been about seven hours since jen sake said she was going to check the history books for a previous uh a back in history uh joe biden visit to the border we haven't heard back yet and so if he had ever been uh and for some reason myself and the three guys from our brain room that spent a couple hours looking at this this morning missed it uh we probably would have heard by now


So we're going to move on to a new topic but before we do that I want to expand on the little example that we've just seen where we used what is actually a dihedral group. So I want to get to a new topic but first let's stick to these dihedral groups. Remember the example that I used in the previous video just the four elements and we transformed that. So when we get to this dihedral group we usually donate a D and we have a little subscript N and that N is an element of the natural numbers. So what's going on here? This is where we have this interesting idea where we take something that we can actually look at and we transform it by flipping it or we rotate it and what we want that object is to look exactly the same as we did before. So we had our little square and we had numbers to 1, 2, 3, 4 but what we want to do to that is to rotate it or flip it along any of the diagonals so that if I didn't put numbers to that it was just that little square. If you looked at it and you looked away and I changed it and you look back again you notice no difference. That square looks exactly the same. Now we've marked them 1, 2, 3, 4 so we can see that had moved but when you just look at that square without the numbers you don't see anything. Nothing has changed and that's what we talked about the dihedral group. And they're very interesting when N equals 1 and N equals 2 but when it gets to 3, 4 and more then it gets more interesting. And what we are dealing with here is just as well we're dealing with permutations. So we're going to do the permutations on a number of elements and every permutation we're going to give a symbol to remember we say sigma and we say tau. So every permutation we give a symbol to and some of those symbols are going to make it into a group so when we had those symmetric groups all the permutations make it into a group. When we have a cyclic group or cyclic group it's only the cyclic permutations that make it into a group. With the dihedral groups it's slightly different and I want to show you how we do this. Now let's just start with D1. So if we want to imagine something let's not stick to a square because a square has 4 sides let's just stick to something that's a bit easier to see. And note in that it's just a circle and we have one there. There's just one element and if we you know if we permute one it's just one goes to one. One goes to one there's just the identity element. And the way that I can do that through symmetry is if you look at this what I could do is I could rotate it through 2 pi radians full 360 degrees and it will look exactly the same or if I were to technically if I were just to flip it like this it would stay the same. But one is this map to one that's all I have and that's not very interesting. So let's look at D2 so again with this and I have one there and I have two there. So what I could do if you looked away is consider this line of symmetry here and I could just flip it this way around. And if the numbers one and two went there you wouldn't notice that there was any difference. And what would happen to the one it would stay by one and two would stay by two. So one would go to one and two would go to two and that would just be an identity element. But I could do something else I could rotate it through pi radians 180 degrees. If I were to do that then I would have one go let's do this one to one and two to two. So one would go to two and two would go to one and we'll just call that tau 12. One goes to two and two goes to one and a cycle we would just write it like that. This cycle here would just be one. So here we would have two elements we would still have the identity element and that is where we just do this flipping here this transformation. But I could also just rotate it through I could rotate it through pi over or pi radians 180 degrees and I get this I'm just going to let's just keep a tau because there's just this one. So there are these two elements and it is a group you can go through there is closure there is associativity there is an identity element and each one of these are their own inverses. If I tau and compose with another tau it's just going to give me the identity element. Identity element composed with identity element is going to give me the identity element. When we get to D3 things become a bit more interesting. So let's just have us one two three one two three. So what we can do here I mean we are going to have the one two three one two three and that is just the identity element. We can rotate it through so we take 360 we take 360 degrees and we divide it by three. That's one suddenly I can't think 120 degrees we rotate by 120 degrees so one goes to two two goes to three and three goes to one. So we'll have this one goes to two two goes to three and three goes back to one and what we'll call that is we'll call that sigma. If I go the other way around or I do this twice I'm going to give one two three three two and two to one. So one is going to go to three three is going to two and two goes back to one and we call that one sigma squared remember. Now I have this line of symmetry here and if I flip this way around one stays with one and two goes to three and three goes to two so that's another cycle. If I did this line of symmetry here three stays where it was and one or two would flip. So one goes to two and two goes to one that's that if I did this line of symmetry here we'd note that one goes to three and three goes to one so that was the cycle one three and that was nothing other than what we had let me write this out uniquely here. So the the tahedral group of three elements remember that had that would be the identity element. We had tau one goes to two two goes to one we are tau one goes to three and three goes to one and we had tau two three and then we had sigma and we had sigma squared. So certainly something we've seen before and we can make this into a group by group composition there and we've seen before that if we were to do this so this is actually just a triangle what I can do with this equilateral triangle and if I have one two and three and I would rotate them or I would use these lines of symmetry here if I were to have these lines of symmetry and I would reflect them there you know this is exactly and you looked away you wouldn't know nothing has changed about that triangle and we've seen this one this example very neatly and now we can just call it what it is it's a tahedral group in three elements and then we got the example where we looked at the tahedral group in four elements the tahedral group in four elements and this is what we had here and we saw all the rotations and reflections that we could do to do that. The next one I want to jump to is not D5 but D6 and the way that I'm going to show you D6 is just using a computer program and so I'm going to record my screen and talk you through what happens to D6 because when it comes to D6 it's probably for me the first interesting one because D4 is a bit small because what we are after in India is the center the center of a group and if we look at D6 for instance we could work out what the center of a group is and in the next video we'll start looking at that and see if we can find the center of the tahedral group in six elements. Here I am in my web browser and I've typed in the URL www.wolframcloud that's w-o-l-f-r-a-m-cloud.com and if you go to Programming Lab if you hit that you can open a free account and you can code in the Wolfram language right inside of your browser so you can go ahead and do that you can also of course use a desktop copy of Mathematica which you can either purchase or if you have an institution, a university or your work where you might have a site license to use to get a copy for free but otherwise go to Programming Lab then open a free account and you can code right inside of a browser, it's wonderful to do so let's have a look at these tahedral groups so this is what is called a notebook you would see almost exactly the same thing if you were to do this in a browser and I can just type normal words and sentences there etc and I've made a little title there so what I'm after is the group elements so I'm going to say group elements and I'm going to pass an argument to it and arguments all go inside of what is called the square brackets and I'm going to say the tahedral group I see it coming up there, I can just hit Tab to autocomplete and I want 1 and 4 elements so open and close with square brackets the 4 that is an argument passed to the dihedral function and then close the square bracket again for the group elements simple as that and shift and enter and we see all the cycles and we note that there are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 cycles and you'll see there is a pattern to it the number of elements these are now all going to be elements inside of this tahedral group and it will have 2n here n is 4 so it's going to have 8 it's going to have 8 elements and we were going to name all of these now the way that Mathematica works or the Wolfram language cycles with nothing in it that just refers to the identity elements so 1 is going to go to 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4 to 4 and we see another cycle there and that is where 2 goes to 4 1 stays as 1 and 3 stays with 3 and we see another cycle 1 goes to 2 2 goes to 1 and 3 goes to 4 and 4 goes to 3 we see a cycle where 1 goes to 2 2 goes to 3 3 goes to 4 and we see a cycle and what we would do is just to name these and we'll have an identity element and we'll have some sigmas and we'll have some towels, etc and that is a very easy way if it starts getting big to just write a single line of code like this and to get these answers now the next thing I want to do is just to show you the Cayley table of this so let's have table form so I'm going to say table form and I want the dihedral group the dihedral group in 4 elements and I'm just going to use what is called post-fix notation don't worry about that this is not to teach you how to code so I want the group multiplication table and I want some table headings and we're going to make the table headings just automatic so what that is going to do for us is the following and there we go we see the 8 elements now it's going to number them 1 through to 8 instead of using sigma and because you can actually use you can use any symbols you want I mean there are some symbols that are used commonly in textbooks and by your lecturers but the Wolfram language and Mathematica here is going to name them 1 through 8 or these 3 elements that we have in our group and we see the composition so we see the composition in this order that we see them here 1 composed with 1 is going to give you 1 3 composed with 3 is going to give you back the 1 and you've got to go look what the third cycle was and whatever you named it so that is such a beautiful thing to do so let's look at this group element let's look at the group elements of the dihedral group the dihedral group with 6 so remember there's got to be 12 elements in this and we see all the cycles there and I'm just going to copy and paste so copy and paste there and let's just change this to 6 so let's just look at the group the group composition table there and we see the 12 elements in the group composition and it is from this that we're going to try and look at finding if at all possible the center we're going to try and find the center of this dihedral group with 6 elements so there you go that is the dihedral group it's actually very nice, fantastic this sort of thing to start playing with perhaps have a look at some more from language code and see if you can play around and create some of these on your own


TFNN, Deadline News Update. Good morning, everybody. I'm Tommy O'Brien, coming to you live from TFNN, 10 a.m. Eastern Time, Tuesday morning. We kick off fall trading. We got markets in negative territory to kick things off. You're looking at an S&P, negative by about 13 points right now, trading at 45.21. We were as high last night. Look where we were. We're at almost 45.50. So you're talking about giving back almost 30 points in the S&Ps. We got NASDAQ in the red as well, NASDAQ 100, negative 12 points. The Dow really accelerating, leading the way down. Look at that drop off from 35,400 at about 7.30 a.m. this morning. You dipped to a low of 35,125, we're down more than 200 points in the Dow. How about the Russell leading the way to positive territory, up seven points right now at 22.97. Bitcoin catching a bid over the weekend, 53,125 El Salvador. They will be accepting Bitcoin in their stores, El Salvador, buying 400 Bitcoin, $21 million. Be careful out there in Bitcoin folks, El Salvador trying to ride the waves themselves, I assume, and not really putting too much of a bid in that market. Crude, negative 67 cents catching a little bit of a bid in the last hour. So though you had crude at about 8 a.m., two hours, I should say, down to 67.65. Yes, even a low of 67.64. So we've climbed about a dollar in the last two hours in crude trading, 68.60. And gold contract, we got a little bit of dollar strength today. We have some gold weakness, gold negative $22.1811, quite the acceleration on Friday, kind of back to where we were basically Thursday night. Overnight on gold at 1811, silver is off 26 cents. Little bit of a different story on silver though. Look where we are. I said gold. We were back to the lows of Thursday to Friday. Silver is still above, well above that area, 24.54. And no 10 bonds. We're getting some higher yields this morning. We have the 10-year, negative 14 ticks right now. That's correlating to a yield approaching 1.38%. We're almost up six ticks right now in the 10-year from about 1.32 to 1.38%. That may be putting a little bit of hurting on the markets right now. Jumping over some of the news this morning, Goldman, they're going to be cutting the U.S. growth forecast as consumers see, quote, unquote, a harder path. They cut the 2021 forecast of 5.7 from 6%. They push forward some of that growth to 2022, up in it from 4.6, excuse me, 4.5 to 4.6. And they're looking for unemployment of 4.2%. The market though, taking it in stride, pretty much unchanged right now. Stay tuned folks. Didn't realize Basel is out today unfortunately, so we've got a replay, but live programming. Fast market at 11. Steve Rhodes, Dave White, Tom O'Brien this afternoon. It'll be right back folks.


Okay, we're back, this is Dave Filante. We're live at the Dell Storage Forum in Boston. And this is theCUBE, SiliconANGLE.tv's continuous coverage of Dell Storage Forum. And this is our networking segment. I'm here with Stu Miniman of Wikibon.org, and we're here with Dario Zamarian, who is the Vice President and General Manager of Dell's networking business. Stu, we've been talking about the transformation of Dell generally in storage, specifically the networking group in Dell. It seems to be a pretty hot area going through a transformation of itself. Yeah, absolutely, Dave. So Dario, first of all, welcome to theCUBE. You and I first met a little over two years ago when you got put in as the General Manager of networking. And the first question I had for you back then was, Dell isn't really in networking. I mean, they have the Power Connect product line, but what is it?  From what we talked about two years ago, yeah, the acquisition of Force 10 and some of the other software components of Dell are expanding like the recent acquisition of Sonic Wall. So first of all, congratulations, and can you tell us a little bit about what it means for Dell to have networking as part of the portfolio? Sure, first I'm glad to be here. Fantastic show here at Dell Storage Forum. So you're right, we met about two years ago. In fact, July 2011 and 2010 is when I joined Dell. Networking at Dell is a unique opportunity for the simple reason that, when you have data centers being virtualized, when you have the storage requiring much more resilient and high performance networking, when you have the whole East and West traffic on the data centers requiring different kind of networks, and you think now about the fact that Dell has been pretty good on servers and storage over time, networking was just a logical third piece to put to the table. So what we did was we augmented the original organic footprint that we had with the PowerConnect, and I went pretty quickly into a shopping spree, so to speak, because we all knew that there were a handful of companies that were interested in, and in August 2011 we closed for 4.10. Why is that important? It's important because in the data center you need a new fabric. You need a new fabric that has got a distributed core as the most economical way to deploy the right amount of power, the right amount of density, and having a very different cost acquisition profile. You connect the distributed core to a top of rack, you put it into a blade, and we just announced recently a 10 gig, 40 uplink full blade switch, and now you have a very different network for the data center. But the data center is just the beginning of the network, a revolution in a way. If you think about what's happening outside, you need to connect the mobile end users to the data and the application sitting on the network. So now there is an equal amount of opportunity that you can have by connecting the endpoint, the end user through a wireless network, going through the wire, aggregation layer, all the way to the data center. So we're active both on the campus as well in the data center for networking. Okay, so Dell has a long history and partnerships on the network space, and when you talk about convergence, people are concerned that we're just going to kind of make a converged play and it's going to be a lock in or a proprietary configuration. So can you answer people that are saying, well I'm just going to bring it all in house and Dell's not going to partner with others? Sure, no, it's a great question. I think the answer to the question comes in multiple areas. First, we all believe in standards. And if you believe in standards, particularly on the internet, a lossless, high performance, high bandwidth, fabric-based internet is the first starting point. The second one is that we are merchant-silicon driven. So if you actually build your solutions on merchant-silicon, the usual suspects, you will not, by definition, have the same level of proprietor-ness because the magic is in the software, not on the hardware. That keeps the network open. Not only that, but we continue to partner and we continue to make sure that partnership with Brocade is an example. We have a great partnership on the fiber channel side. Partnerships with Aruba on the wireless side, we do that too. And then more and more, we want to make sure that we interoperate with a core that today it is still fundamentally based on Cisco. So we are providing choices and being remaining open when you connect the fabric of the network. So, Daria, you're based in Silicon Valley. I am. And that's a lot of action out there. Not only just action, but action and networking. I mean, that really is the epicenter of innovation for networking. So, and you've been there since, you told us off-camera since 96. So you saw the first big bubble, I mean, the first famous bubble, right, the internet bubble, but there were little mini ones before that. And I want to come back and talk about that, but so what's happening in networking, it's frothy in a lot of areas, like social networking, so what's happening in the valley and networking and what are the big trends that are catching your eye? Yeah, well, first, Dave is important that we'll go back and reconcile and explain why did Dell want it to be in Silicon Valley in the first place? We haven't been there. Although we acquired companies in the past, what we didn't do is to make a major commitment, which we did. About a year ago, we opened up a Silicon Valley Development Center. We have about 700 people in that center alone, but we have about 1500 people almost trending to 2,000 in Silicon Valley. We put together acquisitions from Four Stand, now they recently acquired Sonic Wall, Wise as a footprint of engineering in Silicon Valley as well, Case, Bumi, Ocarina, Scale, and these are all acquisitions that demonstrates how much we really want to be at the center where the center of innovation is. And I was off camera, suggesting that we conveniently placed our buildings and our presence on 237, and I called that networking alley, because along that strip of road that goes from Sunnyvale to Milpitas, you have all the networking talent in the planet fundamentally. And therefore, it is a convenience for us to be part of an ecosystem of talent, an ecosystem of partners. And if you want to have innovation, not just in networking, but in IT in general, that's the place you want to be. Yeah, I mean, I'm sad about that being from the East Coast and the Boston area because we used to have a little bit of networking action going on. There's still some, it does pale in comparison. I know, of course, one of the areas Boston is trying to make a big splash and you've seen some announcements lately, the governor got in, it was big data. And big data, I wonder if you could talk about that a little bit. Talk about big data, and there's a lot of action going on, cloud era, Hortonworks, we're actually out at Hadoop Summit this week. But it has impacts on the networking. So you take on big data and you're taking on the impact on networking. It's a great question because the way we are more and more thinking about our infrastructure offerings being converged, being standalone, networking or storage, when we bring it together, we believe in the power of what sits on top. When we say what sits on top are workloads, applications, and then you have the most innovative, the most bleeding edge, like big data. Big data is an opportunity to revalue the underlying infrastructure. Because if you think about the way big data needs to move data around, it is by definition demanding a high-performing data movement traffic, perhaps you want to put it this way, and therefore the power of the 10 gig, 40 gig, and making sure that the east-west traffic, when the data gets across either a chassis or adjacent racks, gets done with the right properties in the network. So for us, big data is one of the use cases that we put in front of our customers to bring together storage, bring together network, and making sure that the fabric and intelligent infrastructure serves the data and the applications on top. So what's driving that? You mentioned east-west, and Stu, you always talk about the flattening of the network. What's driving that? Well, the primary motivation to actually rethink the data center network is the fact that with introduction of virtual machines, you put a virtual machine on a particular server, and then soon you have to start doing virtual machine life cycle management. If you do the virtual machine life cycle management, it means that you want to actually place the virtual machine on the right server, then you have to actually move it to a different place, and underneath the network needs to be of help. It's supposed to be a hindrance like it was in the past, because you had VLAN boundaries, you had command line interfaces to deal with, and so forth. So what we are doing, we are rethinking the fabric of the network and the data center, primarily servicing the virtualization administrator, but not only, and therefore the network underneath needs to be rethought. And soft to define networking is one of the areas that is, they were very active so that you can rethink about the fabric of the network as reprogrammable, and being able to actually be simplified, so the workload and the application, big data, one of them, can be rethinking and reusing the network in a much more simple and effective way. So Dario, definitely SDN is the hot buzzword in the networking space. Lots of companies talking about their open flow initiatives. Can you tell us, where's Dell's positioning on SDN in general and open flow specifically? No, I'm glad you asked the question, because if you think about the most innovation comes from the individuals, the providers that have the least amount of legacy, and we do. So I'm very proud about the investment we are doing on soft to define networking. And I'm very careful about when we talk to our customers to distinguish the value and the properties that the soft to define network proposition gives you versus the underlying protocol, like for example an open flow.  So for us, soft to define networking is a way to go into a data center and bring in both the application, the storage, and more importantly the application lifecycle and virtual machine mobility. And now you got soft to define networking that leaves at the layer of a switch that is open flow enabled. We have those, a controller, and there are a few of them out there that we're partnering with, and there is a management layer as well. In fact, we demonstrated a number of use cases at Interop in May, just a couple of months ago on soft to define networking. So the question from those people that are starting to try out, which we see the universities tend to have a little bit of money, obviously the service providers are playing in this space. The controllers is kind of where the kind of the hot buzz is right now. Obviously you're partnering with a few people. Can we expect, do you have development going on in this space, anything you can share on kind of the open flow controller? Sure, first we have to recognize that the presumption that an open flow soft to define networking fabric creates a commodity switch, I think is something that we need to think very, very hard. Because if you deploy a switch fabric into a hybrid network, you have to make sure that you have open flow switch as well as the controller. So first myth that I want to debunk right here, you don't necessarily create a cheaper switch, you make it more powerful. We're partnering with big switch. As an example today, we're going to market with big switch and we actually specifically demonstrated that in Interop as well. And then the value again is about the combination of the switch layer, the controller, today's big switch, there are going to be others emerging and the management layer on top of it. The combination of the three provides the programmability of the network that we were discussing about. So we just got a couple minutes left here. I wanted to ask you, I want to go back to your California connections here. Do you actively work with the VC community? I mean, how does Dell interact with them? Do you have a Dell VC presence in Silicon Valley? Yeah, the way we work with the venture capital community is in multiple ways. The first one, you have the traditional, you call it personal connections. And yes, being in Silicon Valley, I do work with venture capital. Everybody wants to sell their companies to you, right? Well, yes, it does feel that way these days. For good reasons, because we are on a very much buildup of enterprise capabilities and innovation and talent coming in as well. But the second one actually, we just form Dell Ventures. Dell Ventures for us is an opportunity to be even closer, more formally closer, both to the venture capital community as well as the entrepreneurs. And in fact, we become more and more active in Silicon Valley to be doing that. So that's all Dell funded? It is all Dell funded activity. And you guys have put in, we do seed rounds? We do, we do typically look for a small seed capital, series E, you can go bigger. But there's a difference between M&A activity full time, which we do, as you can see pretty actively with Sony Core, Wwise and so forth. And of course, seeding the next wave of technologies that we are doing in the venture capital. So you're doing like half a million, million, up to two. Half a million, maybe even more than that actually. Up to two. More importantly is being able to combine what the entrepreneur and the small company brings to the table and the access that Dell can provide, both from an equipment standpoint, but equally from a go-to-market distribution standpoint as well. We're looking for the synergies built in upfront. Okay, so Dave, just one last question. So while we're on this topic, so you've made some acquisitions. What percentage would you say your portfolio is complete? We're 75% there. How much white space left in the networking environment? There's a lot of white space left in the networking environment. For the simple reason that, if you look about the way we're building our strategy is we're first paying attention to what I call the layer two, layer three fabric. So four stand, in my opinion, in our opinion, was a must to be able to have a solid foundation to which you attach to storage and service in the data center. But there's a whole area right there, not just on software defined networking, but also in the whole layer four, layer seven. One demonstrable point of that is our acquisition of SonicWall. It allows us to bring in network security, both for the branch and more and more into the data center and you can expect more and more advancements either from a partnership standpoint or from an acquisition standpoint in other areas of networking that makes sense from an overall strategy that we put in place. All right, Dario, you're getting the hook. I know you got a busy schedule. Thanks very much for coming on theCUBE. Thank you, my pleasure. Love to have you back. Thank you very much. Thank you for your perspectives. All right, keep it right there. This is theCUBE. We're live from Dell Storage Forum. We'll be right back.


Okay so welcome back to Diplo TV and thank you for joining the average golfer I am at the Taggers Target Board. Now then very briefly for those of you who don't know the Taggers Target Board is all about setting a target for your handicap for 2018 so what you want to achieve. So people, golfers, supporters of this channel have been giving their name, their current handicap and their target handicap for 2018 and then as the months have progressed inform me of the changes hopefully positive ones that have been made and that's the ones that we highlight on the board in white. I will go through those changes at the end of this video so plenty of shout outs to be given but in the first instance what I want to discuss is how you've made those handicap reductions what you feel and I'm looking for a general sense of opinion in the comments boxes below here it's a real good topic for debating my opinion how have you achieved those reductions how have you done it it isn't happening for me but judging by the board there's plenty of people who are playing some good golf who are achieving their goals and are moving in the right direction so one by one I want to go through a checklist of what the potential is or the potential reasons are in how you've achieved that reduction and we'll start off with the number one thought okay so the obvious one and it seems to be that and my mind surely this got to be the logic this is how you've achieved your reductions it's all about practice surely maybe anyway then I get to thinking okay so you practice what do you practice exactly and how do you practice so it's a driver is it irons is it your short game has it been your put in which of those specific areas are focusing on your potential weakness and concentrating all your focus and on your attention in practicing those areas make sense would you do that thing I sometimes found is that a minute I identify a weakness so for example my chipping wasn't too good six months ago I would have identified that as being a problem in my game spent plenty of time practicing on my short game I have to say I think it did get better following that is I started to neglect other parts of the game that were my strengths and they start to become weaker so as amateur golfers and most was with limited time to dedicate to golf practice you've then got sort of make sure that your efforts are spread across those sort of four areas I would think or do you like I said I don't know how is it worth for you how have you achieved and how do you practice and then that is the next point that I want to make how do you practice is it a case of most of us will practice on the driving range as you know I test golf clubs on a rather frequent basis and on every Monday morning I hit and quite a few golf balls in the practice range at four golf the thing all safe that is that my ball striking I would say has improved but taking your game from the range then on to the golf course is a whole different thing so sometimes I may practicing in a golf range in order to improve my golfing ability to reduce my handicap is not always necessarily going to happen it's not a given because it's controlled environment and the minute you move on to that golf course obviously it's a different environment there's things like trees and bunkers and water and all other things that come into the equation you don't face on the driving range so again for me is practicing on the golf course on the driving range rather the ultimately is it going to lead to improvement and reduction in handicap let's have a look on the next thing that I want to consider. So we decided that yes you need to practice your golf swing and your golf swing technique but ultimately you need to be told where you're going on and that leads from instruction golf lessons from a PTA qualified golf coach now then again would we put this would we rank this very highly in the ability to reduce your handicap and become a better player better golfer you're going to need assistance and you're going to need advice and you're going to need help and you're going to need coaching because for me playing for as long as I have done my swing is relatively stayed the same some minor tweaks but I think that with the swing that I have currently am I going to be really any better in terms of my handicap than I am currently I think probably not I think there's going to be limitations with the swing that I've gotten the way that I played the game there's going to be limitations unless I'm prepared to go and do the hard yards get with a golf coach for him to identify the issues that I've got whether that be from putter to short game into irons into driver and put the hours in and spend time with a golf coach with golf lessons and put the hours and hours of change in those swing issues that I would certainly have which will ultimately lead to me potentially being a better golfer and I say potentially because this is the question I'm asking and then reducing my handicap would golf lessons be the key I don't know how high is it on the agenda in terms of why you think you may be able to achieve a handicap reduction anyway next time for a shiny new set of bats everybody knows when it's not going right then it's definitely the problem of the golf clubs that we've got in our hands the irons aren't right there's something shiny and better that's going to just be a game changer new driver promises to be longer straighter find more fairways so a few couple of bad rounds he's not going well that handicaps not reducing what do we do we go and buy a new driver and we think problems will be solved now then I'm claiming that G400 max is a game changer for me in some of the videos that I've done because it's the best driver I've ever bought and I think it is for me I'm finding more fairways with it am I reducing my handicap because of it no I'm not so there are it's definitely this again is something that there are no quick fixes but how many of you have been out there and bought a new club whether it be from a wedge set of irons putter driver how many of you would attribute your handicap changes your improvements in your game down to a changing golf clubs in some new kit interesting one plenty of us do it plenty of us change the kit but how many of you can honestly say that buying this new piece of equipment has ultimately led to you becoming a better player and a reduction in your golf family gap I'm dying to know the answer to this one anyway next on the agenda yeah is it just a case of playing more golf and when I say playing more golf I mean playing real golf so like I said not in the driving range not on a practice put in green not on a practice chipping area is it about getting out there on the golf course in a real environment and just playing more golf getting out there in a competitive environment and again I've just thrown that one in there competitive environments do we necessarily improve by going round as I do a lot on the videos for example play a lot of golf on my Jack Jones and no pressure I'm not against anybody my three whole challenges that I play for example often up against the course so I'm not competing in any way so have you got put yourself into an environment where there's a little bit of pressure where you're competing and where like I said you're on the course you're in a real environment so the situations that you're thrown now are not artificial in terms of the the mats that you hit off in and around a driving range is that ultimately what leads to playing better and reducing your handicap I don't know that's another big one for me have you got to be out there on the golf course is the driving range a false environment and then finally there's one more of the thing that I want to consider has been a potential issue as to why you do or you don't reduce your handicap it's the mental approach to the game and again it's a bit like what I've just said about taking your game from the driving range and onto the golf course whole different environment whole different ball game playing on your own playing in a four ball playing on a Friday afternoon for a fiver with your mates as opposed to playing with a on a Saturday morning in a medal competition of the white T's different situations all together and ultimately they all lead to different mental approaches required I would think and again is the whole mental approach and the strength of character the strength of mind the is that a key elements to again ultimately playing golf and reducing your handicap is that something that you have that has your mind as well got to be focused it's got to be goal driven and when I say goal driven in this case my goal being to be a lower handicapped golfer a better golfer but ultimately that means I'll be a lower handicaps on my mentality my whole drive my whole reasoning and logic when I get out there and get the sticks out is the ultimate goal of my mental approach key and important to making sure that I get out there achieve the very best I can and ultimately reduce my hand so there you have it you have all the reasoning in which I can think we could possibly make a reduction in our handicap and if I missed anything I probably missed something out no doubt there could be some logic and something in particular that's helped you make a reduction in your handicap and please stick it in the comments box below but the real thing they want the real feedback I want is for as many of you to get involved and tell me in the comments box below all the things that I've mentioned what has ever helped you achieve you make you play better golf and achieve a better handicap what in those things because it's great for me I thought about doing this video a few days back I just I'm dying to know the general sense of opinion as to what has helped you or what we think helps us be better players and be lower handicapped golfers anyway that's that video done what I'm going to do now is I'm going to be a pant cross this whole tag as well I've added a lot of people over these last few months I probably missed a few people out there is a lot of white on that board which indicate like I said the positive handicap changes so well done to everybody it was achieved those that those moves so far and long may continue plenty of why you just want to see white all over that board which means everybody's playing book golf and they're all doing very very well indeed so it'll pan out on the finish keep an arm for your name if you're not included all you need to do on this particular video is put your name your current handicap your target handicap and I will stick it on the Tigers target board so for now that's me done thank you for watching hope you get involved in this one hit the like button subscribe if you don't already and I will see you very very soon