Hi, I'm Melissa Bear, and I'm here to talk to you about a Psych 101 collaborative. I'm at Chandler Gilbert Community College, part of the Maricopa Community College District, and I am a psych faculty. And hello, my name is Debbie Baker, and I am really excited to talk to you today about this project. I am an instructional designer for the Maricopa Center for Learning and Innovation. And in addition to that, I am also 1 of the interim co-coordinators for the Open Maricopa Initiative within Maricopa Community College District. Our faculty coordinator is Dr. Lisa Young, Director of the Center for Teaching and Learning at Scottsdale Community College. And as noted on the slide, you do have a tiny URL that will take you to all of these slides for a future reference. So we're here to talk to you today about how we started the Psych 101 collaborative. So we're going to share a little bit about the background and how it all came to happen. A little bit about designing the sessions and what happened during our CraterFest, some steps and strategies for hosting your own, and of course we're going to wrap up with some lessons learned. So with how it all got started, 1 of the 1st things I had done was reach out to Debbie and Lisa and ask. I had heard in the district that there had been other CraterFest where a discipline had gotten together from across our 10 colleges and work to create assignments or work to work on textbooks. And I was inspired from attending a site conference and having some momentum go on within psychology at the district that I wanted something like this to happen. So the Maricopa Community College District comprises 10 independently accredited community colleges across the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area. The Open Maricopa is a faculty-led initiative which includes developing a strategic, sustainable OER infrastructure that includes awareness, professional development, OER development, as well as technical support marketing and technical structure. The Open Educational Resources in Maricopa promise not only to save students money and guarantee immediate and permanent access to quality educational materials, but also to transform the way we involve our students in the curation and creation of knowledge. As the ever-changing Open Education movement continues to grow worldwide, Maricopa is committed to maintaining its role as an early innovator by supporting faculty adoption and content development. Collaborative creative retreats like the Psychology 101 Collaborative is one such example. The Psychology 101 Collaborative brought together faculty from across the district to design and redesign assignments and just as importantly to share those assignments with each other. Well, this was certainly not the first collaborative creative retreat supported by Open Maricopa. We hope to use this model for collaborative creative retreats for other highly enrolled courses in the future. So within psychology, we do have, and across the district, every discipline has an instructional council and the instructional council goes through and reviews our course competencies. And so last year, we reviewed our introduction to psychology competencies and made some changes. At the same time, we are seeing changes largely in the field with our American Psychological Association. They had been publishing work on the introductory psychology initiative. And this initiative was something that was aiming at Psychology 101 because of the diversity and the students who take that course in the breadth of the field of psychology that's taught in that course. And so it had four main goals for course design, defining and assessing student learning outcomes and goals, teacher training, and looking at student learning and transformation. And so when we're designing the sessions, I'm going to talk a little bit more about what went in with that framework and what we did during those sessions. So we did really hone in on the 7 integrative themes for APA with the introductory psychology initiative. And if you're interested in finding out more about that, you can go to their website and see the resources and materials provided. We were interested in connecting those 7 themes to our newly revised course competencies. And so after attending a teaching introductory psychology tip Northwest Conference in April, I became so excited about this idea of wanting to merge our course competencies and our themes and have a creator fast session. So I had approached Debbie and Lisa saying, could we do this next year? And they said, let's do it now. And so I have, again, the, we had gone through that curriculum review and this was a really, really great time point for the district to kind of be looking at wanting to integrate these things and create new assignments. So we ended up planning to 3 hour long sessions that were 1 week apart. I'm session 1 we were able to have Garth Neufeld who was the person who actually did the tips Northwest Conference and also is a co-chair for the APA intro psych initiative. He came and talked with us more about those 7 integrative themes. We then talked about our newly revised course competencies for Psych 101. And we then just had an overview quick overview about creative commons licensing because the objective of this was to create assignments that were open and creatively common licensed. And then we went through an assignment overview and part of my planning was taking some of the brainstorming that was done in tips Northwest and adapting their assignment creation template to be more open. And to be used and integrated with our objectives for these assignment planning. And then we were really excited about this. So you've got a week to kind of work on your assignments. Each participant was to develop at least 2 assignments and we had 8 people across the district representing 7 of our 10 colleges participate in this. And so we asked invite a colleague invite a colleague that might want to contextualize the course with psychology invite another psych faculty member invite someone interested in open assignments and come and share. And so then our 2nd session was to look at sharing and then kind of discussing what's next. So I wanted to take a little bit of time to share the assignment template and this is something that is linked to in the slides. The template had some general instructions on how to save the file and copy the file and some things to do. And then it was divided into 4 main parts. So, the 1st 1 was key information. So, who created the assignment the creative common creative commons license that was put on the assignment. And then the themes that were being used from APA and then the course competencies that were being tied in across the district. Then there was an activity snapshot to help give a reader a more information about that. So this was the key concepts targeted. This was the type of activity that was. You were using the modality if you had to suggest a modality and the time the assignment might take. Then there was another section that was descriptions. So you talked about your purpose and your outcome. You talked about the tasks the students would do. You would bring in some information about assessment and if you had a rubric developed share that rubric. And then the final part of that was sharing the actual activity. There were some suggested sub headers that included instructions for instructors if students needed to come prepared. What kind of pre work did they need to do the actual activity? Any additional resources you might suggest for the instructor or the students and then suggestions for a post activity. And so I wanted to just briefly share 1 of the assignments that was created. And so this 1 is from 1 of our faculty at Glendale community college. We had a whole variety of assignments. So this was our 1st attempt at this. The goal would be that we hit all of our course competencies and we hit all the things and we were fairly successful in doing that. The Google drive folder that shares the assignments is also linked here for people if they're wanting to if you're a psych instructor and want to wanting to view these out. And so I'm highlighting this 1 because this was 1 that was a summative assessment. So, she had connected use of empirical research and students applying things in their lives and better understanding psychology. And so she did a summit, a semester long project. A lot of these assignments were just 1 time things, but hers was a semester project using flashcards and then having students then learn about incentives which ties in with reinforcement in our behavior section. With learning more about those and so improving their learning of the psychology. And so that was 1 of our assignments that I wanted to showcase. And again, that 2nd session was all about us sharing each each participant got about 15 minutes to share 1 of our assignments and to get some feedback and discussion. And then again, all of the assignments are linked right now in our shared Google drive. And I also have I created for those assignments an overview sheet. For people who are viewing them and then a sheet that kind of gives you a guide, which course competencies and which theme and a brief note of what type of activity is. Before you dive into the difference assessment, the different assignments. So, I wanted to go ahead and have a share some tips and strategies for hosting your own. And create our fast. So this was a very fast moving preparation for this 1 and part of the success of that is that the district had done some previous sessions.  So, I was able to identify funding so district was able to help us with funding. I had a keynote. This was all done virtually for this session. And I surveyed interest and psych faculty to who might be available this summer to work on these assignments. And then 1 month out we putting in the paperwork and we solidified who yes, could attend and set the dates. So, we'll put out a quick, oh, we are knowledge survey for our participants to gear how much information do I need to share in that 1st session. So, we knew if we needed to do more education on creative licensing or less. And then 2 weeks before that, I reminded everyone about the AP goals and our new course competencies. I gave some suggested readings from APA. And then some basics materials for creative plummins and then the meeting link for the virtual meeting and agenda. I have a copy of our agenda also included in the Simon folder if you're looking for an example. And then our sessions I had described briefly before they flew by really fast. And so something I would suggest in the future is to have them a little bit longer or have more opportunities for engagement. And then after that, we gave some time to finalize your assignments. I did a quick check in with the group. We did develop a feedback form. So we have shared this out across the district. And then we're looking to meet again to touch base at the end of the semester after the assignments have kind of been deployed. So, some general tips. This was a great momentum driver and that we had some changes in our field and we had some changes at the district level. And, and we had interests across our district for participation in this. We did have most of the participants were already familiar with open pedagogy and creative comments. And it was really great to have a set template for assignments so everyone had the same starting place and they became more uniform for individuals wanting to look at our assignments to get that same feel for how things are set up. Some suggestions I'd have is to check in with expectations for how well the assignments are being developed and having the opportunity for peer feedback. So with our limited time frame. Quick feedback sessions, but it would have been nice to have some more time for a more formal review. It was great to have that outlet for sharing after our discussions. We did come up with having a Google group for teaching psychology within the district. Gathering more interests and talking more about teaching ideas and sharing ideas. And then all of the materials were shared out across the district through the IC and through contacting the discipline leads or division chairs. So, some lessons learned and some next steps for us. So, one thing is it was so quick. I would have liked more time for recruitment of faculty. I am they, we did recruit them and they, we ended up giving them some stipend for their participation. But it would have been great to recruit more, but those who were there were dedicated and definitely interested in the idea of creating open assignments and sharing and brainstorming these connections between our course competencies and our APA themes. I definitely would want longer sessions, three hours really flew by and there were oftentimes we could have had more discussion. And then having more time between the sessions one week was great to give you some time to think about assignment. But there are lots of us who were still tweaking and finalizing that second assignment and maybe some options for some more sharing time. And then it would have been ideal to have that last a follow up session with the finalized assignments for discussion. And then again, that peer review process would be really important. We're hoping to get feedback from others from sharing out across the district and so we could develop that form. It would have been nice to do some sharing between those who are participating in the sessions. One discussion we had was some people weren't ready to quite share out those assignments and so we're kind of in a test phase right now. With that, and so we hope to have them more publicly shared in the future after we've gone through this first initial round of sharing them out with the district, but we are sharing them out with you guys right now. And it is exciting that we do have a continued working group. So we do have people are like, yeah, this is great. Let's have these kind of more conversations about teaching and connections. And so it was nice that Google group had been formed. And so next steps, we're checking back in. And again, it was really great to have those conversations. It's so simple to have a Google group for that. That was something that was fruitful and came out of this session. And so from a district perspective, we are very excited for the opportunity to build on the framework that we've established here with psych 101. To provide opportunities for other disciplines and other highly enrolled courses to offer similar collaborative creator fasts and retreats. So, thank you for attending. We're interested in the conversations that will be happening and responding to questions in the chat. Enjoy the rest of the open ed. Thank you.


You do not recognize the bodies in the water. SCP-2316 XK Event The following public service announcement from the SCP Foundation contains material which may be cognitive hazardous. If you feel unwell or believe you recognize the bodies in the water, stop watching immediately. SCP-2316 is a lake within which anomalous sensory phenomena manifest. This phenomena convinces individuals they recognize the bodies in the lake and are compelled to aid them, often dying in the process. In the last six days, this anomaly has spread to around 65% of all large bodies of water on Earth. As such, it is essential you remember at all times that you do not recognize the bodies in the water. Stay inside. Do not look at any bodies of water, such as lakes or rivers. You do not recognize the bodies in the water. The SCP Foundation will inform you of updates to the situation. Secure. Contain. Protect. You do not recognize the bodies in the water.


Ever since I started filming these videos for Hardware Sugar, I had one consistent comment. It's about... No, not that. It's... no. No, no, no. The consistent comment is a mouse pad. I'm Rafael from Hardware Sugar, the only PC shop in the Philippines with no BS warranty and this is how you should clean your mouse pad. Ang video na ito ay handog ni CDKoffers.com. Marami kang mahanap na ibat-ibang uri ng software dito. May games, apps, activation codes or Windows 10. Check out our video on CDKoffers in the video description. Mabilis, mura, and, of course, legit dito. Madalil ang mag-order. Search for the software you need. Add to cart. Check out. Dan ka sa payment options nila. Wala pa isang minuto. Finished. May legit working CDK ka na sa software na pinilimo. Kitin ang aming promo code para makakukuhapan ng extra 20% discount sa purchase mo. Kung naghanap ka ng mura, legit, and original software, check out CDKoffers.com.  This one has lasted me for like five years. I know it looks pretty disgusting, but really, it is held up really well over the years. I highly recommend it. Seeing is believing. If you drag a fingernail across different parts of the mouse pad, you'll be able to see right away if there is a heavy layer of dust and grime. I honestly can't think of any possible reason as to why and how such a thick layer was able to develop in the first place. It boggles the mind. But anyway, there it is. Enough, though. It seems to be centralized in this part of the mouse pad, which is believable since this is where my mouse traverses. I rarely move my mouse away from this side of the pad. This stain was relatively recent. I have no idea how this stain got here, actually, to be honest. Hmm. All right. Tools. I'm essentially just going to use laundry detergent and water. This is not sponsored by Tide. However, Tide smells good. I haven't researched online since this is the safest way to go about it. However, I just woke up one day and thought to myself, you know what, it'll be fun? Skipping breakfast and run out into the scorching morning sun in order to wash my mouse pad for the first time in how many years. Since I didn't research prior to this experiment, you may want to wait till the end to see if it actually worked. One fourth cup of detergent. This is, I think, excessive.  This is five years old, after all. All right. And this is just regular tap water which I place in some kind of fancy bottle. But what we're going to do here is we're going to dissolve the detergent first before placing in the mouse pad. Yeah, check out that chemical reaction. The solution. Nice and powdery and intensive. There goes nothing. Get in there. Get in there. Ooh. Yeah. Oh, yeah. Oh, yeah. It's really coming apart here. Look at that. It's turning into chocolate milk in here. Yeah. Get in there. I don't want to scrub it too hard because if I scrub it, then I might ruin the black paint color dye of the mouse pad. But yeah. Check that out. Mmm. So rough. Okay, I need more water, I think. Oh, yeah. This is coming good. Look at that. Mmm. After 15 minutes of light scrubbing with my palms and dunking, it was time to ditch the detergent water. I probably sure have done this over the grass but I am happy to report that three days later the grass is still doing well. Now, we need to further wash it down with just plain tap water in order to get rid of all this detergent which is currently still clinging to the mouse pad. Overall, it's looking like mission accomplished. Also, it feels as firm and as smooth as it was before I started washing it. However, you know how when you wash off a stain on a shirt and you think it's gone but when it dries, you notice it's still there. The best way to see if our work really paid off is to do the same experiment after it's been fully dried up. Originally, I placed it in the sun and then realized that while the scorching sun would dry this up pretty quickly, it would also probably discolor the dye. And thereafter, I just decided to hang it out on a hook underneath the shade. I'm happy to report that it dried up of around two hours later. Oh boy. Okay. Looks like I need some more thorough washing. Alright, alright. We'll have to do another take at this. Here we are at take two. I put one-sixth a cup of detergent this time or a lot less than originally primarily because the lack of detergent wasn't the problem in the first go. The problem was that my hands weren't enough to exfoliate the dirt layer of the pad. So I switched to a sponge-marked heavy duty because it has a rough side which I think will do the trick. The thing is, I wanted to avoid doing this from the beginning because I don't know how much punishment a mouse pad can take from something that is meant to scrub metal pots and pans. I did my best to focus the punishment only at the central part I knew needed the extra effort. That way, I could at least minimize the damage if any damage occurred. After ten minutes, I rinsed everything off and hung it out to dry a second time. Success. Not only does the mouse pad smell like a synthetic rose garden, which let me tell you, smells pretty darn good, I was hardly leaving any marks now. These marks are no longer the white dusty layer I saw before we started cleaning this. Instead, these marks are, I believe, just the reaction of my finger across the individual threads of a now clean mouse pad. After a few days of use, my mouse glides across this surface just as good as it did before. The two negative things I have to report, however, are, one, the steel series logo got rubbed off because of the sponge. And two, the area which I scrubbed around that feels ever so slightly less smooth as the rest of the pad. Something which I sort of knew might happen. However, it really is hardly noticeable, especially since the pad is black, but keep in mind that if you ever do this, go easy on that scrubbing and beware that mouse pads are made differently from each other. And the slightly rubbed off logo is, in my opinion, an upgrade and look. Like how it's cooler to have a gun skin which looks all scratched up rather than brand new. In retrospect, if you don't have a stick of layer of dirt as mine, then you may want to hand wash your mouse pad every year or so without the sponge scrubbing.  If you like this video, please consider subscribing to Hardware Sugar where we do videos other than laundry. Wherever you are in the world, stay safe. We want to give an extremely special shout out to our top fans who help pay for this new teleprompter. Liam Magnae, Ian Meru, Richard Ongkinko, ITX Addict, John Rubinochia, and Christian Aspinosa. Thanks a lot, guys. This is going to make producing content a lot faster. Stay safe, everyone.


Chapter 27 and 28 of A Princess of Mars by Edgar Rice Burroughs, read by Mark Nelson. Ten days the hordes of Thark and their wild allies were feasted and entertained, and then loaded with costly presents and escorted by ten thousand soldiers of Helium commanded by Morse Kajak they started on the return journey to their own lands. The Jed of Lesser Helium with a small party of nobles accompanied them all the way to Thark to cement more closely the new bonds of peace and friendship. Sola also accompanied Tars Tarkas, her father, who before all his chieftains had acknowledged her as his daughter. Three weeks later, Morse Kajak and his officers, accompanied by Tars Tarkas and Sola, returned upon a battleship that had been dispatched to Thark to fetch them in time for the ceremony which made Dejah Thoris and John Carter one. For nine years I served in the councils and fought in the armies of Helium as a prince of the House of Tardos Morse. The people seemed never to tire of heaping honors upon me, and no day passed that they did not bring some new proof of their love for my princess, the incomparable Dejah Thoris. In a golden incubator upon the roof of our palace lay a snow-white egg, for nearly five years ten soldiers of the jeddak's guard had constantly stood over it. And not a day passed when I was in the city that Dejah Thoris and I did not stand hand in hand before our little shrine planning for the future when the delicate shell should break. Vivid in my memory is the picture of the last night as we sat there talking in low tones of the strange romance which had woven our lives together, and of this wonder which was coming to augment our happiness and fulfill our hopes. In the distance we saw the bright white light of an approaching airship, but we attached no special significance to so common a sight. Like a bolt of lightning it raced toward Helium until its very speed bespoke the unusual. Flashing the signals which proclaimed it a dispatch-bearer for the jeddak, it circled impatiently, awaiting the tardy patrol boat which must convoy it to the palace stalks. Ten minutes after it touched at the palace a message called me to the council chamber, which I found filling with the members of that body. On the raised platform of the throne was Tardos Moors, pacing back and forth with tense drawn face. When all were in their seats he turned toward us. This morning, he said, word reached the several governments of Barsoom that the keeper of the atmosphere-plant had made no wireless report for two days, nor had almost ceaseless calls upon him from a score of capitals elicited a sign of response. The ambassadors of the other nations asked us to take the matter in hand and hasten the assistant keeper to the plant. All day a thousand cruisers have been searching for him until just now one of them returns bearing his dead body, which was found in the pits beneath his house horribly mutilated by some assassin. I do not need to tell you what this means to Barsoom. It would take months to penetrate those mighty walls. In fact, the work has already commenced, and there would be little to fear were the engine of the pumping plant to run as it should and as they all have for hundreds of years now. But the worst we fear has happened. The instruments show a rapidly decreasing air pressure on all parts of Barsoom. The engine has stopped. My gentlemen, he concluded, we have at best three days to live. There was absolute silence for several minutes, and then a young noble arose and with his drawn sword held high above his head addressed Tardos Moors. The men of Helium have prided themselves that they have ever shown Barsoom how a nation of red men should live. Now is our opportunity to show them how they should die. Let us go about our duties as though a thousand useful years still lay before us. The chamber rang with applause, and as there was nothing better to do than to allay the fears of the people by our example, we went our ways with smiles upon our faces and sorrow gnawing at our hearts. When I returned to my palace I found that the rumour had already reached Dejah Thoris, so I told her all that I had heard. We have been happy, John Carter, she said, and I thank whatever fate overtakes us that it permits us to die together. The next two days brought no noticeable change in the supply of air, but on the morning of the third day breathing became difficult at the higher altitudes of the rooftops. The avenues and plazes of helium were filled with people, all business had ceased. For the most part the people looked bravely into the face of their unalterable doom. Here and there, however, men and women gave way to quiet grief. Toward the middle of the day many of the weaker commenced to succumb, and within an hour the people of Barsoom were sinking by thousands into the unconsciousness which precedes death by asphyxiation. Dejah Thoris and I, with the other members of the royal family, had collected in a sunken garden within an inner courtyard of the palace. We conversed in low tones when we conversed at all as the awe of the grim shadow of death crapped over us. Even Woola seemed to feel the weight of the impending calamity, for he pressed close to Dejah Thoris and to me, whining pitifully. The little incubator had been brought from the roof of our palace at the request of Dejah Thoris, and now she sat gazing longingly upon the unknown little life that now she would never know. As it was becoming perceptibly difficult to breathe Tardos Mors arose, saying, Let us bid each other farewell. The days of the greatness of Barsoom are over. Tomorrow's sun will look down upon a dead world which through all eternity must go swinging through the heavens, peopled, not even by memories. It is the end. He stooped and kissed the women of his family and laid his strong hand upon the shoulders of the men. As I turned sadly from him my eyes fell upon Dejah Thoris. Her head was drooping upon her breast, to all appearances she was lifeless. With a cry I sprang to her and raised her in my arms. Her eyes opened and looked into mine. Kiss me, John Carter, she murmured, I love you, I love you. It is cruel that we must be torn apart who are just starting upon a life of love and happiness. As I pressed her dear lips to mine the old feeling of unconquerable power and authority rose in me. The fighting blood of Virginia sprang to life in my veins. It shall not be, my princess, I cried. There is, there must be some way, and John Carter, who has fought his way through a strange world for love of you, will find it. And with my words there crept above the threshold of my conscious mind a series of nine long forgotten sounds, like a flash of lightning in the darkness their full purport dawned upon me, the key to the three great doors of the atmosphere plant. Turning suddenly toward Tardos Moors as I still clasped my dying love to my breast I cried. A flyer, Jeddak, quick, order your swiftest flyer to the palace top. I can save Barsoom yet. He did not wait to question, but in an instant a guard was racing to the nearest dock and though the air was thin and almost gone at the rooftop they managed to launch the fastest one-man air scout machine that the skill of Barsoom had ever produced. Kissing Dejah Thoris a dozen times and commanding Wula, who would have followed me to remain and guard her, I bounded with my old agility and strength to the high ramparts of the palace, and in another moment I was headed toward the goal of the hopes of all Barsoom. I had to fly low to get sufficient air to breathe, but I took a straight course across an old sea-bottom and so had to rise only a few feet above the ground. I travelled with awful velocity, for my errand was a race against time with death. The face of Dejah Thoris hung always before me. As I turned for a last look as I left the palace garden I had seen her stagger and sink upon the ground beside the little incubator. That she had dropped into the last coma which would end in death if the air supply remained unreplenished I well knew. And so, throwing caution to the winds, I flung overboard everything but the engine and compass, even to my ornaments, and lying on my belly along the deck with one hand on the steering wheel and the other pushing the speed lever to its last notch, I split the thin air of dying Mars with the speed of a meteor. An hour before dark the great walls of the atmosphere plant loomed suddenly before me, and with a sickening thud I plunged to the ground before the small door which was withholding the spark of life from the inhabitants of an entire planet. Beside the door a great crew of men had been laboring to pierce the wall but they had scarcely scratched the flint-like surface and now most of them lay in the last sleep from which not even air would awaken them. Conditions seemed much worse here than at Helium, and it was with difficulty that I breathed at all. There were a few men still conscious and to one of these I spoke. If I can open these doors, is there a man who can start the engines? I asked. I can, he replied, if you open quickly. I can last but a few moments more. But it is useless, they are both dead and no one else upon Barsoom knew the secret of these awful locks. For three days men crazed with fear have surged about this portal in vain attempts to solve its mystery. I had no time to talk. I was becoming very weak and it was with difficulty that I controlled my mind at all. But with a final effort as I sank weakly to my knees I hurled the nine thought-waves at that awful thing before me. The Martian had crawled to my side and with staring eyes fixed on the single panel before us we waited in the silence of death. Slowly the mighty door receded before us. I attempted to rise and follow it but I was too weak. After it I cried to my companion, and if you reach the pump room turn loose all the pumps, it is the only chance Barsoom has to exist to-morrow. From where I lay I opened the second door, and then the third, and as I saw the hope of Barsoom crawling weakly on hands and knees through the last doorway I sank unconscious upon the ground. Chapter 28 At the Arizona Cave It was dark when I opened my eyes again. Strange, stiff garments were upon my body, garments that cracked and powdered away from me as I rose to a sitting posture. I felt myself over from head to foot, and from head to foot I was clothed, though when I fell unconscious at the little doorway I had been naked. Before me was a small patch of moonlit sky which showed through a ragged aperture. As my hands passed over my body they came in contact with pockets, and in one of these a small parcel of matches wrapped in oiled paper. One of these matches I struck and its dim flame lighted up what appeared to be a huge cave, toward the back of which I discovered a strange still figure huddled over a tiny bench. As I approached it I saw that it was the dead and mummified remains of a little old woman with long black hair, and the thing it leaned over was a small charcoal burner upon which rested a round copper vessel containing a small quantity of greenish powder. Behind her, depending from the roof upon raw-height thongs and stretching entirely across the cave, was a row of human skeletons. From the thong which held them stretched another to the dead hand of the little old woman. As I touched the cord the skeleton swung to the motion with a noise as of the rustling of dry leaves. It was a most grotesque and horrid tableau, and I hastened out into the fresh air, glad to escape from so gruesome a place. The sight that met my eyes as I stepped out upon a small ledge which ran before the entrance of the cave filled me with consternation. A new heaven and a new landscape met my gaze. The silvered mountains in the distance, the almost stationary moon hanging in the sky, the cacti studded valley below me were not of Mars. I could scarcely believe my eyes, but the truth slowly forced itself upon me. I was looking upon Arizona from the same ledge from which ten years before I had gazed with longing upon Mars. Bearing my head in my arms I turned, broken and sorrowful, down the trail from the cave. Above me shone the red eye of Mars, holding her awful secret, forty-eight million miles away. Did the Martian reach the pump room? Did the vitalizing air reach the people of that distant planet in time to save them? Was my Dejah Thoris alive, or did her beautiful body lie cold in death beside the tiny golden incubator in the sunken garden of the inner courtyard of the palace of Tardos Mors, the Jeddak of Helium? For ten years I have waited and prayed for an answer to my questions. For ten years I have waited and prayed to be taken back to the world of my lost love.  The old mine, which I found untouched, has made me fabulously wealthy. But what care I for wealth?  I can see her shining in the sky through the little windows by my desk, and tonight she seems calling to me again, as she has not called before since that long dead night. And I think I can see, across that awful abyss of space, a beautiful black-haired woman standing in the garden of a palace, and at her side is a little boy who puts his arm around her as she points into the sky toward the planet earth, while at their feet is a huge and hideous creature with a heart of gold. I believe that they are waiting there for me, and something tells me that I shall soon know. The End of A Princess of Mars by Edgar Rice Burroughs


Hello students, let's work out the following problem. It says a fair coin with one marked on one face and six on the other and A fair die are both tossed Find the probability that the sum of the numbers that turn up is number 1 3 number 2 12th, let us now move on to the solution And let us first write the sample space of this experiment. We are given a coin with one marked on one face and six on the other and With this coin we are tossing a die and we know that on a die we have six faces numbered 1 to 6 so the sample space That is the set of all possible outcomes It comes 1 1 that is we get 1 on the coin and 1 on the die the other possibility is that that we get 1 on the coin and 2 on the die Then 1 on the coin and 3 on the die 1 on the coin and 4 on the die 1 on the coin and 5 on the die 1 on the coin and 6 on the die now it may be possible that we get 6 on the coin and 1 on the die 6 on the coin 2 on the die Similarly other cases and we see that the total number of outcomes comes out to be 12 now in the first part we have to find the probability that the sum of the numbers is 1 So here e is the event of Getting sum of numbers Now we see that in how many cases we get the sum of numbers as 3 Now we see that when we get 1 on the coin and 2 on the die We get some as 3 and this is the only case when we get some as 3 so the number of outcomes Favorable to e is equal to 1 which is 1 2 so the probability that sum is 3 is The number of outcomes favorable to e which is 1 upon the total number of outcomes which are 12 Now in the second case we have to find the probability that the sum of the numbers is 12 So here e is the event Of getting sum of numbers as 12 Now we see that in how many cases we get the sum of numbers as 12 and we see that when we get 6 on the coin and 6 on the die we get some as 6 so the number of outcomes favorable to e Equal to 1 since there is only one such possibility Where we get some of the numbers as 12 which is 6 6 so the probability of Getting sum of numbers as 12 is The number of outcomes favorable to e that is 1 upon the total number of outcomes that is 12 so the probability of getting the sum of numbers as 12 is 1 by 12 So the probability of getting sum of numbers as 3 is one by twelve and the probability of getting sum of numbers as 12 is also 12 and We see that probability of getting some of numbers as 3 is is 1 by 12 and also sum of numbers is 12 is having probability 1 by 12. So this completes the question. Bye for now. Take care. Have a good day.


So, the next job is to recover block cypress with asymptotically optimal security. The orders are orders, block and secure. And orders will give us a talk. Hello. This is a joint work with Yannick Sauron. And it's a security proof. It's about the indistinguishability of... Think about block cypress. I'm going to explain what it is. So a trick about block cypress is a block cypress when you add a tweak. So, instead of having just a set of keys on a domain, you add a parameter which is a tweak. And it can be useful for this encryption, for example. And it has been introduced until 2002 by this country. And in the following, we consider only construction based on existing block cypress. So, the original construction is just one round. You have a block cypress and you have a set of hash functions. And you can see the tweak is the variable T. The hash functions verify some property that I'm going to explain in the next slide. And this construction is secured up to 2 to the L or 2 queries against the CC attacks. And this is the property for the hash functions. The hash functions needs to be... It's not randomness, but it's that property. If you set X and X crane and Y, then you have the following inequality. And the last year, Landau-Gaschrington and Terashima proposed the following construction. It's the same construction with one more round. And the proof of the security up to 2 L over 3. So, the intuitive question is what happens if we have more rounds? Let's say you have L rounds, what's the balance? And that's the subject of the paper. We analyzed the security of the previous shape and that's what we proved. You have the following bound and you can see the R and R plus 1. So, for example, for one round, you will have Q to the 2 and then you will have 1. So, you find the same bound for one round. And we have the same result for two rounds. And so on, asymptotically with the number of rounds, you go up to the information bound, which is 2 to the L. So, this is the NCPS security. So, we are optimal in NCPS security. And the second inequality is the CCS security. For the CCS security, we are close to the optimum but it's not yet finished and it's an open problem. So, I'm going to explain the proof. So, you have two worlds.  You have the queries of the attacker. You have the shape. On the right, you have the ideal world where pi is a tricable random permutation. It means that for every T, P of T is a random permutation. So, you have these two worlds and you want to compare the statistics, you want to compute the statistical distance between these outputs and this one. If you have a statistical distance, you know the security of the tricable block cipher. So, the first thing we do is we divide the problem. We add intermediate worlds so that it's easier to analyze the security. Because so far, these two worlds look quite different. So, first thing, we consider this world. When we change the block cipher, we replace it by random permutations. We do this for each round. And then the third world, which should be compared to the one on the right, when we have random permutation, but the very interesting thing is that we change the queries. Now, we take random queries, uniformly random queries. And let's see the statistical distance between the following world. Between this one and this one, we change the block cipher by random permutation. The statistical distance is upper bounded by the security of the block cipher. That's what I put in there. And then it's a very nice idea for the coupling. The coupling is a technique used a few years ago. And the very beautiful idea of the coupling is to change the randomness, to move the randomness from the permutation i to the inputs. So, in the ideal world, the outputs are uniformly random because pi is uniformly random. But in that third world, the outputs are uniformly random because the inputs are uniformly random. So, the idea is to move the randomness of pi to the randomness of the inputs. And that way, we know that these two worlds are the same. The outputs have the same distribution. So, the statistical distance is zero. So, it remains to compute the statistical distance between these two worlds. And as you can see, these two worlds are very close, at least in that description. It's the same thing, but there is only the inputs that change. So, I take this world q and world zero. And I put it there and there. And now we keep dividing the problem. We introduce many worlds. And in each intermediate world, we change the inputs. So, in world q, you have the q queries of the attacker. And in world zero, you have q random inputs. And the idea is just to take a variation between these two worlds by taking the alpha's inputs to be the attacker's query and then you have random queries. So, if you want to distinguish the world q with the world zero, we are going to distinguish between the adjacent worlds. It means we're going now is to analyze world l plus one and world l. And as you can see, they are very, very close. The only difference is the l plus one query. Right there is x, l plus one, and right there is u, l plus one. And right now, we are going to use the coupling technique, which comes from probabilities. And it's very, very important to analyze the minimums of shims. And that's the same technique we used in the article as I kept 2012 when we studied the even non-soul construction. We made it not. Well, first thing, just for notation, it was pi one and pi one there, but it's not necessarily the same. So, I just changed the notation. You have pi prime and hash prime. So, now I'm going to explain the coupling technique. Let's say you have two distributions, mu and u. A coupling is just a joint distribution, such that marginal distributions are mu and u. It means exactly that. The coupling is lambda over the space product, and you have the following equalities. And the following lemma is explained why it's useful to use the coupling. Because for any coupling, you have the following inequality. Let me just explain. You have two random variables, x and y, which have the distribution of the coupling, which means x follows the distribution of mu and y follows the distribution of mu. Then you can compute the statistical distance between mu and u by computing the probability that the random variables are different. So, in theory, it looks maybe complicated, but in practice it's not very complicated. I'm going to give an example. Let's say you have two coins. And the first coins make head with probability p1. And the second one makes coin with probability p2. And you want to distinguish the two coins. You want to compute the advantage to distinguish the two coins. You can make the regular argument, but here we're going to use the coupling. So, the idea is to correlate the two distributions. How we do it? I'm going to say that every time the first coin makes a head, the second one will always make a head. So, it means that with probability p1, the two coins make head. Then, when the coin c1 doesn't make head, we have probability p2 minus p1. That's one makes tail and the other one makes head. And one minus p2, that's the two coins make tail. So, really the idea is to correlate the two distributions and using the previous lemma, this one, you can compute the statistical distance between the outputs. Because x, for example, is the outputs for the first coin and y, the outputs for the second coin. And with the following array, you see that the two coins are different with probability p2 minus p1. So, this gives you that the advantage is upper bounded by p2 minus p1. That's the following technique that we are going to use to distinguish the two worlds. So, let's go back to the two worlds. So, right there, where is the randomness? You have randomness p1, h1, qr, hr. There, there, there, there, and you. There is many randomness. The idea is to correlate randomness in the first world and the second world so that the outputs are the same. Because right now, they are not necessarily the same. And after that, if we know the probability that the outputs are different, then we know the statistical distance between the two worlds. So, the first thing we do is we pick at random h1 to hr. And then, for h1 to hr, we say it's equal to the left one. So, it's a very strong correlation. Right now, we have the same h function on the left and on the right. Now, maybe we might be tempted to say that we can take the same parallel function as well. And it's a good idea for the first input because if you have pi1 equals p1, 1, and since you have x1 and x1, we'll have the same outputs. The problem is for the last one. x1 plus 1 and u1 plus 1. You're not sure you're going to find the same output because you're not sure that this is the same input. So, we are not going to make such a strong correlation, but it looks like that. We take the pi function and then, just for the l first inputs, every time you have to use p prime, you choose the same randomness for p prime and you use for p, for pi. And you do the same for each round. And so, you have the same outputs. So, the idea relates to you have x1 here, you have h, you absorb with h1 of t and you have an input in there. And on this one, you have the same input, but not so far the same permutation, but just for this input, for x1, you choose the same outputs. You correlate the randomness. And you do this for each round. And you do this for the l first queries. So, that way, you know that the l first queries give the same outputs. So, that's what I put there. Y1 to Y1, this is the same output. It means we have successfully coupled the first l queries. We know how to couple the l plus 1 problem. This is the tough part. So, no, the idea is let's say the input to p1, 2.1 doesn't collide with a previous query. And if at the same time this input right there doesn't collide as well, then you have some freedom on the output, on the true output. And the idea is to choose the same randomness so that the two systems can couple at that round. So, that's this equation. If you have not already defined xl plus 1 plus h1 up to tl plus 1, the same thing in the right hold. If it's not defined, then you choose the same randomness. And you make them equal. And in the further round, you make them equal with the same technique. Now we have to compute when it's not possible. It's not possible when there is a collision in the left hold or a collision in the right hold. This is the following equations. And now we are going to compute the probability of a collision. You need to have one of the following equality. And this is exactly the property of the hash functions. You can upper bound the probability of these two events using the property of the hash functions. You remember we have the property of the hash functions. This is this one. And so we can compute the probability of such equations. This is given by this equation. And that's it. That's it for one round, sorry. And then for multiple rounds, because we chose independent round functions, we just have to multiply the probability of coupling for all the rounds. So instead of 2l epsilon, we have 2l epsilon to the r. This is the probability of having an error while coupling. So this gives the statistical distance. The statistical distance will be upper bounded by this term, which she calls this one. And this ends the proof. And we have the following result. We have to notice that the proof for NcPa is not cca, because we choose the queries by advance in order to compute the probability. Right now we don't know how to do it directly with cca queries, because we don't know what's the probability of a collision. But we have a trick to obtain the cca security. The idea is to propose two NcPa secure trick about box IPHA. And when we propose two such box IPHA, it yields a cca trick about box IPHA. This is a new result. We already had such a result with just box IPHA, and we have the same result for trick about box IPHA. With a condition that we have to use the same tweaks. And so applying these results to the previous one, this gives the cca security. We change the formula. And as you can see, this is secure up to 2 to the R over R plus 2. So it's not yet optimal. And the open question is to prove that it's secure to R over R plus 1. This is exactly the same open problem that we have for even more so. And we have to present it as a trick of the last year. Thank you. So comments. We have one. So in this scheme, we need many keys for underlying lock sizing and hash function. Every lock cyber is independent and hash functions are independent. I wonder if you have constantly reduced the keys. The problem is that it's, I think it's possible, but it's, we don't know how to compute the probability of not coupling on all rounds. We use the result that the probability of not coupling on all rounds is the product of the probability of not coupling on that round times probability of not coupling on the next round. And so because the round functions are independent, it's easy to compute this one, but if there is some dependence, it's not easy to compute such a thing. Perhaps it's an innovation to you to analyze such an object. It's interesting to analyze. Other questions? Thank you very much.


news network. News update. Good morning, everybody. I'm Tommy O'Brien, coming to you live from TFNN 9 a.m. Eastern Time Wednesday morning. We got 30 minutes exactly until the opening bell. It's been 24 minutes since the start of my program, right? Coming up. And we have markets in positive territory of the Russell right now, negative by three points, only market in the red. You get the Dow up by 77, NASDAQ 100 catching a bit, mostly driven by Microsoft, man. Huge numbers from Microsoft, Microsoft, going to be pushing almost double-digit gains as we come into the opening bell. Google giving back most of their gains. You see the chart on Google up there, up to 110. You're back to 105, 13 right now. So positive by 50 cents on Google. You jump over to the other big winner of earnings last night, Chipotle Mexican Grill. You're up, what, 125 dollars on the bid right now on a $1,788 stock. That's 1,930 is where they hit.  So you're going to open right at the highs on Chipotle Mexican Grill. Maybe this blows it out of the water. Talked about yesterday on a fundamental basis, doing a lot of smart things, Chipotle, man, right? Building out those delivery windows. And of course, their numbers go way deeper than just building out delivery windows. But from a consumer, it is interesting. You see those things happening, right? They're building out some delivery windows that you're only allowed to use if you order online. What other companies doing that right now? I don't know of a company in fast food. Certainly not McDonald's, where they have special drive-thrus that you have to order online. I don't think that would be a winner for McDonald's or how many people they reach. Nonetheless, Chipotle, man, up 140 bucks this morning. You got some news in Boeing. Back to a 15 minute chart. So we get some good action, man. Boeing, they're going to be making more 737 maxes even as they hit a snag. Probably confident they're going to be selling them, right? Boeing shares trading higher. Activision Blizzard, as I mentioned, that deal getting blocked by the UK. So they tank down eight bucks right now to $78.71. Interesting that Microsoft, I guess that was probably your little bit of a pullback there on the Activision Blizzard deal. Maybe investors saying, hey, not the end of the world. If you don't have to spend $60 to $70 billion to purchase that, right? What's the purchase price? $72 billion, maybe $68 billion, $69 billion, something staggering. In terms of the deal for Activision Blizzard, nonetheless, Microsoft, man, going to be interesting. As you were up $25 almost from where you were yesterday, Google is going to be especially interesting because the market just cannot figure out where it wants to go on Google shares right now up about 80 cents. And how about the dollar, right? 109 towards the end of the day. We're almost pushing 102, 10133 down 52 ticks. Stay tuned, folks. Coming back with a money market kickoff. We've got Kevin Haines coming up early in the program. We've got a man, Teddy Kegstad coming up later in the program. Don't miss the hour. We'll be right back. Stay tuned.


Everybody forced here ripping 2021 prism football team all 10 box number six. This is a random team style break I'll show you the results for You can always find him elaine sports cards calm. Thanks for joining everybody All right, let's see some big red and yellows we did have a silver Lawrence in the last So You have big red and yellow now Not sure what the biggest red and yellow rookie we hit yet is Vincenzo Winfield at Jalen Darden Silver rookie Rams Jake funk In a red and yellow marino for the Dolphins at 39 The rookies are to eight. So those are the number to eight vets are to 39 The silver rookie dolphin Siobhan Holland to a red and yellow painting Manning Colts at a 39 Silver rookie patch train next And red and yellow John Brown Raiders at 39. Yeah, they're ready. Yeah Mondelemore Kylan silver rookie Titans Elijah Molden and red and yellow Quinn and Williams jets to 39 I was You're gonna be like It's weird how that works out. There's like, okay, I see you and you're like, okay For their silver rookie lions, I'm on Ross a brown and red and yellow bossa for the Chargers at 39 They just doing like a bunch of show stuff in general. Oh the 25 titans auto Kevin. We go Titans That's nice silver rookie Chester on Vikings red and yellow Russell Wilson at 39 great box I don't know. Let's see. Let's wish You two looks great Should be fine. No, it's good now Maybe it's the Wi-Fi. Maybe it's the internet here It's probably another auto what the heck is going on here? Well, let's make a he blew ice to 75 bills auto Silver Ron damn war rookie Cardinals and red and yellow Eric Dickerson Chargers out of 39 Which X bus I didn't see you guys we gotta get it filled up down to two at four So it looks like it's just Steelers and Niners On the next break That guy's looking at spots here. All right. Sorry about that guys. Just keep going It's Harris Marshall Silver Packers rookie Kyle in a hill and a red and yellow for the Panthers Luke Keekley to 39 What'd you get? I Was a ricket new silver Titans Ricky racing Mcmatt and Red and yellow Cowboys and Mario Cooper to 39 got Ricky D'Ammy Brown race make math silver Jalen Jordan rookie Bucks and red and yellow Justin Simmons Broncos to 39 and that'll do it. He's again everybody. We've got NC coming up You


The increasing prevalence of infectious diseases in recent decades has caused a major threat to public health. Transmission routes vary, but the most common is through the respiratory droplet or airborne route. Face masks can be used to protect against these routes, and they are also amenable to prevention with the use of simple face masks. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a global shortage of face masks and their raw materials, leading to people making their own masks out of household items. Research has been conducted to improve the quality and performance of face masks, including adding antimicrobial activity and superhydrophobic properties. Additionally, efforts have been made to develop more efficient methods for disinfecting and cleaning face masks. Finally, this review will discuss the sustainability of mask wearing and mask production into the future. This article was authored by Ming Wichua, Weiren Cheng, Sherman Ximing Go, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Okay. So here's a question. Do you have, according to Clifford, according to these conditions for sufficient evidence? Maybe not necessarily according to Clifford, right? But given these two conditions for sufficient evidence, do we have sufficient evidence for these propositions? Okay. So the earth is more or less spherical. Now, you might think you need a lot of evidence, but you actually don't, right? The belief that the earth is more or less spherical is rather ancient. It was over 2,000 years. In fact, you know, one of the earliest measurements of the circumference of the earth is from antiquity. It's really darn close. It's only up by a few thousand miles. Okay. So as far as the earth is more or less spherical, yeah, of course you have sufficient evidence for this, right? We have the experts that are telling us that the earth is more or less spherical, giving us a lot of information about the nature of the earth. You don't even know what's at its core. It's moving around the solar system. You know, we can see other planets, right? It's not hard to see. We can see the moon, right? The moon is spherical. We've got lots and lots of evidence. There's even evidence that you can see for yourself. So, you know, a really couple of really simple ones. So you probably need to be on a beach for this, because it's a large surface. You know, what's good here is to have a large surface that's not interrupted by hills or mountains or something like that. So a beach is a great place to conduct some of these experiments. So go to the beach, right? And lay down on the sand just before sunset. And, you know, kind of keep an eye on the sun as it's setting. And when the sun sets, when the sun sets, when you're laying down, stand up. And when you stand up, you'll have more sunset. And that's because the earth is curved, right? Where your head is, is actually the elevation where your head is, right?  If the earth were flat, right? When the sun sets, that's it, right? You won't be able to stand up and see more sunset, right? It would, you know, be gone. So that's one very simple experiment that you could conduct for yourself. Another one, you know, again, on the beach, see the ships come in. And when the ships come in, what does it look like? Well, it looks like the ships are coming up out of the water. They're not coming up out of the water. They're not, you know, submersibles. So the only reason why it appears that they're coming up out of the water is because the earth's surface is curved. It's a sphere. And again, these were everyday experiments that people, everyday observations that people conducted. And yes, there were some that believed the earth was flat, yeah, but they were actually in the minority, right?  Well, no, it was actually kind of the minority. So, you know, the earth, you're seeing the, you know, the ships coming up out of the ocean. That's another really simple experiment you could conduct to show that the earth is more less spherical.  I don't know, maybe do something comparable, take a, what, a remote controlled car and put it 300 yards away, right? It's really really tiny. And that's close enough to where, you know, it's close enough to where it won't be, you know, you won't, the curvature of the earth won't interfere with the, being able to see the car. But when you have something like that, it's really, really tiny far away. And I guess it gets closer, well, then you can see the details. So the same thing with the ship. If the earth were flat, it would appear to be tiny little dot off in the distance and then gradually grow bigger. And to where you can finally see, but that's not what happens. And that's not what happens. The earth, the ship appears to come up out of the water. That's because the earth is, is cerebral. Okay, so pure water, here's another one. Pure water is composed of dihydrogen monoxide. Okay, do you have sufficient evidence? Well, yes. Yeah. I mean, you have a conducted the experiments, but chemists have. And, you know, they're trying to tell the truth. They, this has been, this experiment has been conducted by chemist after chemist after chemist to prove that pure water is composed of dihydrogen monoxide. So you haven't conducted the experiments, but the experts had and you could trust the experts on this question. Here's another proposition. A square root of four is two. Do you have sufficient evidence? Well, yes.  When you ask a mathematician, say, what are, you know, what's the square root or a square root of four? They'll say two. Do you know what the other one is? Negative two, right? Negative two is the other square root. So, and again, you can see this too, right? When you understand the meanings of square or square root to four equals a square root is a is a square root of a number is the number times itself to get that number, right? So two times two equals four. Four, two is a square root of four minus negative two times negative two is also four. So two and negative two are square roots of four. Square root of 16 is four, right? Four times four is 16. Square root of 64 is eight or a negative eight, right? So when you understand the meaning of square root, well, yeah, you have sufficient evidence for this too. There is no rational square root of negative four. Now, rational square root you know, a square root is a number times itself, right? Well, two is not the same number as negative two.  When you multiply positive times a positive, will you get a positive? When you multiply a negative times a negative, will you get a positive? The only way to get a negative number is to multiply positive times a negative. So we have, if you have a square root of a negative number, right? Well, that means it's a number times this negative counterpart. Right? So, yeah, there is no rational square root of negative four.  So again, yes, you have sufficient evidence for this, but you're relying upon the experts. And you, to some extent, you understand what's going on too when you understand the meanings of the terms. So yeah, so up to this point, we have a sufficient evidence for all these beliefs. The circumference of the earth is approximately 24,900 miles. Do you have sufficient evidence for this? Yes, you do. Again, the experts have told us this, but there's, again, there's still an experiment. It's not exactly simple, but you don't need to, you know, travel to space to measure the other. In fact, you know, we don't measure the earth that way, right? We don't measure the earth by traveling to space and then getting out a big measuring tape. It doesn't work that way. And some of the first measurements of the circumference of the earth are from antiquity. And so it's, it's not, you don't need complicated instruments to get the circumference of the earth. So how did they do it? Well, okay, so a little bit of geometry first, right? We'll just get a little bit of geometry. Suppose you have a pair of parallel lines, right? Parallel lines. And then you have a line that intersects both, right? And it only intersects both. Well, you know, look here at our diagram, the, since they're parallel lines, right, the angles, the bisection, where they intersect both, not the bisection, where they intersect both, they'll be equal, right? So you'll have, you know, if it intersects perpendicular, then they'll all be 90 degree angles. But if it intersects something other than a perpendicular, well, the, the small angle on one end will be the same angle, same angle is the small angle on the other, right? And the large one is the same as the large one. They'll be, they'll be equivalent. Okay. So that, that tells us the angle of that intersection. Well, suppose we have a circle here, right? If we have a circle, and you know, this center of the circle is at one of those intersections. Well, the angle, right, from the center will be that, that arc will be the degree of measurement for that arc on the surface. And that will be the same degree as the angle that's, you know, outside of the circles, right? So it'll have that. And if, you know, if you know the degree, the angle of the, of the one that's further out, you will have the arc, right? That, that's right there. Well, suppose what? Suppose that degree measurement is 10 degrees, right? Well, then that arc there, every circle is 360 degrees, that arc there, it is, is going to be 136th of the whole thing.  Then you multiply that, right, times 36. And you'd have the circumference of that circle. Well, that's how it works on, with measuring the surface of the arc. You know, to do this, you need two structures. And you wait till something like, you wait till the, it's the solar solstice in that, in that area. And that would be the point where the, the sun is the most perpendicular to the surface. So then the sun's rays would be the parallel lines, right? And suppose you have, you know, tower A, right, tower A, and at the solar, at the exact moment that solar solstice, that will have effectively no shadow around it. But then another tower, let's say it's 100 yards of yarn, 100, you know, a good distance away, you know, 10 miles away, something like whatever. It would not be parallel, right, with that tower, right? It would be off to the side. And thus it would cast a shadow. So then what you do is you measure the degree, right, measure the degree of that shadow, right, at that time. So then, so then you take that measurement, and that's the same as the arc, right, starting over the surface. And then you divide that by 360, and that gives you units, right, for that distance between those two towers. I'm not explaining this very well, you should look it up to see for yourself. The other page will describe it better. And so then you know the distance between the two towers, and you multiply that by however, you know, many divisions are within the circle, and then bam, you have a measurement of the circumference of the earth. And again, like I said, this was conducted thousands, a couple thousand years ago, and they can't, I forget the name of the the geometry that actually did this. But his calculation is really close, I guess, it's only off for a couple thousand miles. Okay, so yes, you have sufficient evidence for this, not only can you rely on the extras, but you can conduct the experiments yourself. Okay. It is always wrong, or only wrong to kill infants. Do we have sufficient evidence for this? No, we don't. This is not part of the common human experience. It's not to say that, you know, we've just, common human experience has enjoyed killing infants. No, no, that's not what I'm saying. But there are a variety of different cultures across, variety of different cultures that have at some time or another endorsed the killing of infants, be it usually for survival reasons for the communities as a whole. By the way, ours is becoming one of those, right? We, there are many people who argue very vehemently that is sometimes wrong, sometimes permissible to commit infant, to euthanize infants usually for, you know, because the developmental disabilities in the infant. So yeah, then we don't have sufficient evidence for this. It is always wrong to kill. Again, no.  No, but there are times when it's permissible to kill, according to our society. War, self-defense, home invasion, right? These are instances where, you know, one person is threatened in the life of another, say, well, no, you're allowed to defend yourself. And if you have to use lethal means, well, then you have to use lethal means. So we do not have sufficient evidence for this that it's always wrong to kill. But life forms exist on other planets. Now, this one's getting a little weird today. This discussion is getting weird. If you had asked me five years ago, whether we have sufficient evidence for this, I said, well, no, we don't. We don't have sufficient evidence for this. But the experts are beginning to disagree on this. There's a big movement amongst the experts to say, well, yeah, the, you know, given the number of planets in the universe and the chance of life, well, then yes, there's lots and lots of life forms out there. We haven't seen them. This is all based upon statistical inference. But yeah, we are there. Okay. Now, at least for my money, I'm not sure we have sufficient evidence for this. I mean, there's a whole paradox surrounding this, this very, this very idea within the physical sciences called the Fermi paradox. And the idea is like, well, look, look at there's some paradoxes. If there's so much life out in the universe, why haven't we seen any? Now there's various approaches to try to answer the paradox. I kind of look sideways at the whole reasoning to reach the conclusion to begin with. I might have to investigate it myself one these days and write a paper on it. Again, like I said, if you asked me five years ago, whether we had sufficient evidence for this, I would have said no. These days, there's enough astronomers that they say, well, yeah, sure. Now, again, you go back five, 10, 20 years ago, in the 1980s, 1990s, it was considered silly to think that there was life on other planets. And if you investigated this in nearing serious scientific fashion, usually you're kind of laughed at. And there's a whole movie illustrating this. It's called Contact by the Moon. It's a good movie. And, you know, most, at least what I remember when I was taught in school, most people did seriously consider the possibility. But, you know, times are changing, right? The experts are changing their minds. So this one's kind of at a maybe at this point, I think, which raises some interesting questions like, well, hold on a second. If we didn't have sufficient evidence before, I mean, now we have sufficient, what's changed and all that. And, you know, Clifford might say, I don't know about this uniform in nature, you know, happening here. But, you know, this one's getting more and more puzzling. Okay, extraterrestrials have visited Earth. Okay. No, no consensus on this. In fact, most of the consensus is in the other direction that we have not had any extraterrestrials visit us. There's no evidence. And any evidence that has been provided has been, you know, discredited. Now, there's, you know, there are things that we say, well, I don't know what's going on there, but it doesn't look like it's an alien life that's visited us, right? But no, we don't have consensus on this. And we don't have consensus on this. And it kind of looks deeply improbable. I mean, a lot of things would have to change about the laws of physics in order for an alien species to visit us using something like rocker propulsion, because the distances are just too far apart. So this probably doesn't stand to the uniform in nature. And if you were going to suggest some of the means of transportation besides something like rocker propulsion, well, you probably have to know a little bit more than we can know at this point, which, again, doesn't really help, right? So we don't have consensus there either. So no, we don't have consensus on this. There's some sort of divine. Clifford would say we don't have sufficient evidence for this. I mean, you could tell from the reading, he was not fond of religions in any way, shape or form. However, as part of the common human experience, most people on the planet and across history have believed in some sort of divinity. Now, there's no consensus on what the divinity is or how many of them are the nature of the divinity or what that divinity's relationship is to us. There's no consensus of that. But they'll all say, yeah, there's some sort of divinity and some sort of God. Now, this is a strange result. I don't think Clifford foresaw it. I don't think he'd like it. As a matter of fact, I know he wouldn't like it. And most people who endorse Clifford's view really wouldn't like it. However, it meets the two conditions. It's part of the uniformity nature. It's not saying that sometimes there's divinity, sometimes there's not. That's not what they're saying. And as part of the common human experience, most people across history have looked at them to the world and said, yeah, there's a divinity doing something out there. Now, this is, like I said, Clifford would not like this. But given his conditions for sufficient evidence, I don't see how he can escape the implication. I don't see how he can escape the inference that there is sufficient evidence for this belief. So that's a strange one, given what he's been doing. Okay. So there's one thing to keep in mind here regarding his conditions for sufficient evidence. His conditions work really, really well for mathematics and science. These are pretty much the hallmarks of a good theory, what counts as a good theory in the physical sciences that counts as good theory in mathematics. And I'm not knocking them, right? These are great conditions for our mathematics and science. But as you see, it's, you know, doesn't work really well with morality and theology. With morality and theology, these two conditions, well, they say we don't really have right to believe much at all, if anything. So, you know, maybe again, like, you know, Clifford kind of, I don't think he realizes he does this, but he loses this, right? Pretty much everybody across history has thought that there's some there's some difference between right and wrong. But it's not as if we'd agreed on what that right and wrong is, right? So you don't have sufficient evidence for any particular belief, for any particular moral belief, I should say, for any particular moral. And you don't have sufficient evidence for any particular theological belief, either, be it that there is a divinity or there isn't one or the nature of the divinity won't have you. So, and frankly, given these conditions, pretty much all philosophical beliefs go out the window too. Our theories and metaphysics and epistemology and ethics, we don't have consensus on this, right? We don't have consensus on these beliefs. So they don't fit the common human experience. Frankly, you know, common sense, the so-called common sense that people appealed to well, if common sense was internally coherent, if it was consistent, right? If our common sense beliefs didn't disagree with each other, I wouldn't have a job as a philosopher. Philosophy is born out of the inconsistency within common sense. And so in that regard, common sense of these common sense beliefs, they fail the uniformity of nature as well, because they disagree with each other. There's no consistency. Now, you know, this is a consequence of Clifford's view. I don't think he has many problems with that. I don't think he would be particularly bothered by this. You know, it's like, well, yeah, okay, so, you lose all the rest. Well, at least we got these justified beliefs in mathematics and science, and that's all that really counts. Now, you might wonder if that's a good thing or a bad thing, whether anything else that you believe outside the mathematics of science is justified. And if you say that it's not, well, that's interesting.


I went to KFC the other day to get a chicken little and all they could offer me was nuggets. Let's make a chicken little. Start out with one chicken breath.  Now you need some ram wrap. Get you one of these and we pound them out then. Throw it in a bowl. I've had a little bit of buttermilk. Self-rising flour. Then we're going in with the original.  Give it a mix and give this a mix. Let's fire up our peanut oil. Shake off the excess buttermilk and toss them in your flour. And now we fry. And we flip. And there you have it. Now you need some dinner rolls. And there you have it. The Dano's chicken little. Let's give it a try. Yep, that's good. Mine's crunchier. Yum, yum, get you some. Leave a like, leave a comment. We'll see you next time. Keep sprinkling, my friends.