Good afternoon, everybody. Thank you for joining us for the last session today. My name is Eric Mitchell. I'm the university librarian here at UC San Diego, so welcome to San Diego. I have the honor today of kicking off this presentation of leading 2021 fellows. I'm here as one of the PIs on this project, which is led by Dr. Jane Greenberg at Drexel University, Kenny Arlish at Montana State University, myself, Rachel Frick at OCLC, and Jake Williams at Drexel University. Leading is an IMLS-funded early to mid-career professional development program focused on developing data science skills and LAS doctoral students and librarians. Our overarching goal is to build a community of expertise that informs and helps drive experimentation and innovation in the information science and research and practice fields. We're so grateful for the support of IMLS for this effort or for their support of this effort and exciting to be moving into our second year of fellows. This project builds on leads, another IMLS-funded effort led by Dr. Jane Greenberg, which piloted this project with doctoral students back in 2018 and 19. And I'll just comment. I was a member of the advisory board and remember well the presentations from fellows. And I'm so excited to be able to share the stage with our fellows today. A key feature of our project design is the coordinated collaboration between library and information science schools, libraries, and national library organizations like OCLC. For example, our leading project is grounded in the data science expertise of our faculty at Drexel University who develop a boot camp and support our leading fellows throughout their six-month curriculum. Our partner libraries bring pressing data and information science issues as well as a network of dedicated mentors to support. And a bit later in this session, you'll hear about the incredible work of OCLC leading a data challenge that was a pivotal part of this leading effort. Following the boot camp, which starts this entire experience for our fellows, the fellows join a project site to engage in a real-world data science project. We began our project with 15 sites in 2021 and I'm excited to share that we have four new sites joining us in 2022. And I'll just comment this all works, of course, because of the hard work of our fellows, the incredible faculty we get to work with, an amazing advisory board, of which, of course, Cliff is a member. Thank you, Cliff, our various task forces, especially our diversity, equity, and inclusion task force which supports us in making sure we recruit a great cohort of students. Similar to other community of expertise projects, leading is structured around a node concept. Our goal in organizing into nodes is to create opportunities for fellows and mentors to work together as a team and learn from each other. Our node concept also seeks to broaden and deepen the connections for our fellows and mentors during this intensive and hopefully transformative six-month period. And I'll just say in our first year, we learned a lot about what it means to launch and lead a community of expertise and I just wanted to give a shout out to my own fellow who's not here on the stage today, Crystal Goldman and as well as Sam Gravis who is our project coordinator for all the amazing work they did. So we just wanted to show you where the fellows for 2021 are and their nodes and I'll think on my next slide you'll actually get to see their faces. You should recognize a few folks here today. If you want to learn more about our fellows, all of them have profiles on our website and certainly encourage you to learn more. So in the December CNI meeting, we had the opportunity to share the work of six fellows through a lightning round style session and we're excited to be able to highlight the work of another five fellows with you today. So following the next five lightning talks by our fellows, Rachel Frick will give us an update on the OCLC data challenge I mentioned and I expect we'll have a few minutes for Q and A at the end. Part of our work in leading focuses on helping fellows tell the story of their research impact through something we call a quad slide. You can think of it as a visual elevator pitch and so with that introduction, it's my pleasure to turn it over to our fellows. So Amanda. Thank you, Eric. You can meet just a second. I'm gonna make the notes part bigger so I don't have to scroll so much. Perfect. Everybody can hear me okay? Hi everyone, my name is Amanda Whitmire. I am the head librarian for Stanford's Marine Biology Branch Library and I am on a mission to make historical biodiversity data discoverable, accessible and usable. I wonder how many of you might have used ever used iNaturalist or the Merlin Bird ID app? Any other bird nerds out there? Perfect. Those of you who have used these apps to observe and identify an animal or a plant out in nature have captured a very specific kind of observational data called a species occurrence. And this kind of data is foundational for studies in ecology and biodiversity. If you're a researcher who's trying to detect something like changes in biodiversity resulting from climate change, for example, need to have this kind of data over a long period of time. I work at a marine station that's been in the same spot for over 100 years and I manage several physical collections with observational data locked away in the pages. If I can find a way to pull observational data out from historical documents, it would be a huge benefit to the researchers at the marine station and beyond. So from my leading fellowship with the Academy of Natural Sciences, I was really interested in exploring how much progress we could make toward developing a computational workflow to extract species occurrence records from the corpus of the proceedings of the Natural Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia. A species occurrence, the kind of data you capture with iNaturalist is an observation of an organism being at a specific place at a specific time. And this kind of data has a home in GBIF, a Global Information Biodiversity Facility, which currently has over two billion occurrence records, but less than 1% of those are from before the year 2000 and less than one tenth of 1% of those are before the year 1950. An important characteristic about what we're trying to do with species occurrence records is that it's not like a sentiment analysis where you can be really vague about the interpretations and it's not just as simple as finding the species names in the text. We need to find a species name in the context of a sentence or paragraph or list that unambiguously shows that something was present at a given location at a specific time. Unsupervised AI would make way too many mistakes in this assessment. So what we need the AI to do is to cut through all of the hundreds of pages of irrelevant text and show us a reasonably good candidate bit that might have a species occurrence. I need a tool that helps me filter through text efficiently and show me small bits that I can quickly evaluate as being a species occurrence or not. And that's actually a really difficult problem. So finding species occurrence records in the text requires that you can find taxonomic names associated with a place and a date. And exploring our ability to find those three things was our first step. There's a fantastic tool for finding taxonomic names in texts called Global Names Finder. It can find matches for misspelled or partial taxonomic names, which is really helpful if you're working from OCR results, which we are. I was able to create a list of every single taxonomic name that GN Finder found in the Proceedings Corpus, which is important for our next step, which was using the natural language processing tool, SPACI, to help us find locations and dates in addition to the taxonomic names through a process called Named Edity Recognition. To help us understand how SPACI performs NER in the context of the text, I created a simple online streamlined app to visualize the results. And there's a bitly link on the slide if you'd like to test it out. I also shared all of my R Markdown scripts via blog posts, which chronicle my journey on the fellowship and everything I'm talking about today is on GitHub, but don't look, because it's a mess. So after spending some time getting acquainted with the corpus, testing out GN Finder, Python, and SPACI, Steve and I took a step back and really thought about how we could wade through the corpus and winnow it down to a manageable size for the NLP process. Significant portions of the Proceedings are dedicated to meeting minutes, donations to the library, descriptions of fossils or geology, and other topics that aren't relevant to our pursuits in biodiversity. Steve had previously done some work parsing the corpus into sections, and he continued that work a step further by using WordNet to determine which sections are probably about plants or animals. Within those sections, I tested a couple of non-machine learning approaches to further reduce the corpus. For example, just looking for articles that had the word collected in the title. The list of fishes collected at Port Antonio, Jamaica, 1899. But there were only 20 of those, unfortunately. I also tried text mining the corpus and only keeping sentences that included a taxonomic name, but there were 52,660 of those. So that criterion wasn't specific enough. We decided to pick one of the sections of the corpus and do a bit of a close read on how the NLP performed, really trying to get a grip on how SPACI's linguistic model sees the entities and the relationships between them. We started looking at compound words and engrams, what it thinks are verbs and dates and places, and there were a lot of challenges, lots of places where the OCR wasn't good, where the text isn't structured in sentences, and that's where we ran out of time for the fellowship. We're still planning to continue the work and we're currently navigating how this might intersect with the next Academy of Natural Sciences leading fellow. I'm extremely grateful to have had this experience. As a mid-career librarian who manages a branch library, this fellowship gave me the opportunity to dedicate my time to learning some of the theory and the practices and data science that are directly relevant to my job, and I'm already using what I've learned in a couple of collections' data projects that I have going on. So thank you for your time and I'll pass it on to Chris. Good evening, I'm Chris Wiley. I am an engineering and physical sciences research data services librarian. I'm also a second year information science doctoral student and as of March 16th, I'm also the interim head of research data services, Granger Engineering Library, University Library affiliated at UIUC. My research interests are exploring our researchers' practices, behaviors, patterns, aligned with theoretical frameworks, a lot of the existing research work that I've done and focused mostly in data sharing, data policies, research data management. I use qualitative interviews and focus groups, so I thought it would be great to combine this method as a complement to citation analysis and data visualization. In essence, visualizing the collection using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Librarians at MSU provided a list of faculty members and the Qualtrics was used for the survey. There were about 92 faculty members. We sent targeted emails to these particular faculty members, 18 responded. The focus of the survey, it was nine questions. The focus of the survey was to assess the perception of finding information that they need for their research, their teaching and learning, as well as the helpfulness of the library and learn the researchers and faculty's perspectives on any possible additional services. Overall, faculty rated their skills at finding information using the library resources is highly effective, as well as the library is highly effective. Their concern, the biggest area, if you will, of displeasure or discontent, if that's even a word, is journal loss. With the assistance of my boss, William Bill Michele, who presented at this conference here earlier this year, Scopus is used to visualize researchers' faculty impact. It includes publications, citations and updated NSF and or NIH grants. This other part of the slide is a breakdown of the types of cited references. It's 1,987 cited references of 66 faculty members. What I learned is that Montana State provides access electronically to 86% of the cited references. Some of the lessons that I learned in this experience was one, it was a new experience to use both the citation analysis and a survey. If there was more time, I'd hope for more responses, yet I realize and know that there's never a way to gauge the number of responses that one could receive for a survey no matter when you give it. Things I like to keep working on are one, exploring the most frequently cited journals for trends and patterns, altmetrics, the faculty that discuss the journal access in the additional portion of the survey I'd really like to delve down into why they feel that way and determine if there's any correlation between the initial 66 faculty and the faculty that responded to the survey. And lastly, because I really love research, if I had more time, I'd also look at data sharing and data policies, because I'm really interested in that. Thank you so much for the opportunity to speak with you today. I'm Chenyue Zhao, a doctoral student in School of Information Science at University with the alumni of the champagne. It's great to be here to have my first conference presentation in person. I'm so excited. As a leading fellow, oh, thank you. As a leading fellow, I've been working on a project that scholarly elite characterizing and even distributions in access to institutional repository content. My mentors are Keny Arlish at Montana State University Library and Johnson Wheeler at University of New Mexico Library. For those unfamiliar with RAMP, the repository analytics and metrics portal is a web service that aggregates use and performance use data of institutional repository. In other words, the RAMP data is about the access and usage of items in institutional repository, like whether the item appeared in search engine results and received any clicks. Previous studies have shown that a small number of item receives the most click, that is only 1% of item accessed. So what I was really interested is what affect the click rates or access of items in institutional repository. Previous studies have shown that some metadata of research articles can affect their usage, including citations or downloads. So my questions for this project is, does metadata affect the click rates of institutional repository's content and how they affect? The objective of this study is to understand the relationships between some metadata field and the click rates of our content. Understanding this can help institutional repository to improve their search engine optimization, like increase visibility on search engines and attract more colleagues. My mentor provide me always all RAMP data from 35 institutional repositories during January 2019 and May 2019. I only include this and the citations item in my project because there's a primary and highly accessed item in institutional repository. All titles, abstract keywords and subject were extracted from related metadata fields and I use text many and natural language processing for data collection and processing and I also conduct some statistic analytics. So some of my findings are consistent with previous studies on research articles. I found the metadata to some extent can affect the click rates of our content. First, the shorter, clear and tightly constructed titles are more likely to be discovered and clicked. Second, titles have a containing a column and have more numbers and some positive and negative words often associated with higher colleagues. However, having geographic information or other specific contact information in titles can affect the click rates positively and negatively depending on the contact. I also found the shorter abstract more keywords and subject can attract more attentions. All these findings are very preliminary and these studies also have some limitations like limited data sample. So yeah, in conclusion, I feel so honored to work on this project and work with Kani Johnson and Carrie who is another leading fellow at the same project. They always gave me a lot of feedback and support and regularly check my progress to see if they can help. If they can help. Personally, from the leading program, I have learned a lot of data science techniques and skills that I haven't learned before. I feel much more confident in solving problems involving data analytics in my future studies. More importantly, I realized that data science is so important in my field and because it can help us make the right decisions and provide better services. Thank you so much. Everyone, thank you for having me. My name is Etiana Uriere. I'm the metadata librarian for the University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley. As a 2021 leading fellow, my co-fellow and I, Hiva Catavar, worked with the library of UC San Diego on its farm worker movement collection. Hiva and I were tasked with exploring ways in which the collection could be better accessed than organized, including methods, automated or manual or a bit of both that could extract important data from the collection that could be transformed or repurposed. Initially, we both set out to explore the on and offline elements of the collection to better understand what was in the collection and how those elements were presented in the collection. Very early on in our exploration, we realized that the goal was taking that extracted data and finding ways to connect that data with other elements of the collection, which included images, audio and video. Because we didn't have a lot of time to work with the collection and solve the problems that the mentors had identified, I wanted to work on things that would make it easier for the UCSD staff or other future fellows to continue exploring this collection as well as other collections. My focus and what I enjoyed most about this experience was having the space to try different tools that could be useful for digital collections and provide examples of their use to others. I relied primarily on Python tools and packages to create much of the output during this fellowship. I first created a Jupyter Notebook detailing the use of two popular PDF mining packages in Python. Much of the documents available in the collection were in PDF form and I felt it useful to provide an introductory demo guide on the why and how of PDF mining. After completing the notebook, I then moved on to creating code to scrape the metadata for the images in the collection galleries, which was a bit of a hassle, but I made it through and I've included a bit of the code here on this slide. Concurrently, I took a look at the oral history section of the collection and thought it could be better organized. I created a spreadsheet, that's the second screenshot on the lower right, basically giving a better detail of the oral history audio. The last project that I worked on had been informed by some of the things I saw while working on other projects and some of the potential projects suggested by the mentors. I created a stringlet site, an open source tool that creates web apps in Python that could convert MP3 audio files into WAV files, which work better with Python. It could also transcribe those and other audio files to tags using IBM Watson's speech to text function, which I found in my limited run through of speech to text Python packages to be cost effective and fairly easy to use in lieu of manual transcription, either done by a staff or doing community events. The site can also take text input, in the case of the collection, the text mined from the PDFs and identified named entities using SPACI, and if available, the WikiData QIDs for those entities, which is a pipe that was created by OpenTapYoga. The site is still a work in progress that I hope to maintain and improve over time, but my hope, as with the other things that I've done and identified over the course of this fellowship, is that the UCSD library staff and possibly other individuals and institutions will find some use for these tools in tackling similar projects. Thank you. Hi, I'm Christopher Rausch. I'm here to talk about a project with the California Digital Library and Drexel's Metadata Research Center. We've called it YAMS. The acronym stands for Yet Another Metadata Zoo, but it really is more than that. It's a dictionary of terms with both fixed and evolving to be meant to be selectively referenced by future standards. Term entries are complete with versioning and persistent identifiers as well as provenance information. The motto is YAMS, Better, Faster, Cheaper Vocabulary Standardization. With YAMS, authenticated users can contribute terms, vote, and track, and also add commentary. As a little bit of background, metadata is essential to managing research data. There are often multiple domain-oriented metadata standards addressing the same or similar data sets. The YAMS Metadata Dictionary Project was created to help address this problem. By providing an online tool for metadata managers to elicit the feedback of domain experts in order to vet metadata quality, YAMS is intended to improve metadata curation management and overall usefulness in the context of specific disciplines. One of the main goals of the project was to move beyond the repository phase and to begin to introduce YAMS to academic communities and invite them to participate. Because the purpose of YAMS is in part to tackle the difficulty in consensus building around metadata in general and domain-relevant vocabulary specifically. The architects of YAMS had a great deal of experience regarding this topic. Having worked on the original specifications for URLs, web archiving, Dublin Core, Bagot, and a great many standards since then. YAMS began as part of a National Science Foundation effort to support metadata preservation and interoperability. As an ongoing project, YAMS has developed a significant code base over the generations of contributors. A main focus of my participation was the review of this code base in the context of current best practices and to make contributions to the public repositories as easily as possible. The first part of the assignment was made possible with the help and participation of leading advisors and mentors. Next was the mandate to begin a broader outreach to academic communities that are in principle the beneficiaries of YAMS. Busy professionals don't always have time to contribute to collective metadata refinements through complex processes, but they will probably use tools that help them with their own work. Of course, first the code had to be up and running and available for review. We also wanted to take a look at the sustainability of YAMS as both an open source application and as a functioning tool for users to upload and refine terms relevant to their domains. In order to accomplish these goals, we developed a plan for analyzing the existing code base and documentation in order to understand the inner workings of the prototype. Even though the code was well documented and as I'm sure is true of any project, it took time to do this. I was able to consult with previous fellows in order to get a general sense of how things worked and spent a good deal of time just walking through the code. The previous prototype was also hosted as a free app on Heroku. And this imposed some limitations on the amount of data it could accommodate as well as its efficiency as an application. We made the determination to move the code base to a more robust environment. Initially, we used a grant from the NSF Xseed program to prototype on a Linux Nginx platform. Xseed was a valuable tool for computing resources and they were up to the task because the environment was capable of creating many instances of virtual machines where different configurations were possible. YAMS functioning was well documented. There were several existing publications describing how the prototype should work from both the social and technical perspective and we made a plan to modernize the code base and leverage more of the functionality GitHub provided for collaboration. One significant success was the update of the code base to reflect current best practices using Flask. Flask is a web framework with an extensive community and modernization helped to bring YAMS in line with current practices that could be referenced online and in technical guides. This also made the application receptive to Flask plug-in like components to let us add functionality quickly and lay the foundation for continuous integration. We were able to present our proposed enhancements at the MTSR and the subsequent publication will hopefully serve as a roadmap to future fellows. Finally, there's a draft community engagement plan in place that will be available to this year's fellows should they find it useful. An example serves to illustrate how YAMS works. The Global Cryosphere Glossary represents compilation from 27 sources in a centralized location. When the terms are imported into the working YAMS prototype we see that there are variations on the term oblation. The original intent of the GCW was to merge terms from disparate sources into an authoritative vocabulary. It had existed in its current state for a number of years though. The subsequent import into the metadata dictionary allows for ranking and feedback on terms through a social technical interface that has the potential to facilitate this process and analogous processes across disciplines. So in conclusion, maintaining continuity over time when project participants change can be difficult. Leading provided a way to ensure the long-term continuity of a promising project across funding cycles and invites insights and contributions from the community it serves. Will you join me in giving these people another round of applause? Thank you. I'm Rachel Frick, I'm with OCLC and I'm one of the executive directors in the research department and I'm gonna briefly talk about the leading data challenge although I might have been one of the people that initially had this idea, I handed off the execution of this to my former colleague Andrew Pace. So what we did with the leading challenge is OCLC as a leading education hub, we hosted a virtual data challenge and it was to take place in Dublin, Ohio in person and was to include both the leads fellows and the leading fellows, but with everything else last year, we pivoted to a virtual event. The intention for the data challenge was to create an educational opportunity for the fellows to gather, to collaborate and exhibit their skills while working with various sets of data. When we adjusted the approach to be a virtual event, we actually took a page out of our colleagues at Web Junction. They had developed a course around virtual escape rooms and we thought we would use some of those approaches in this particular data challenge and how we organized the work. So over the course of two to three afternoons, we actually had enough fellows and auxiliary staff to field three teams. We had three teams of four fellows plus additional folks and they worked with a particular data set which is a large data set from OCLC WorldCat focused on children's literature. And we asked them to create a challenge statement, analyze the data and create a visualization and then present that back for judging. All the participants received a stipend for participating but they also competed for a cash prize. So a little bit of incentive there. So as you can see, the winning challenge statement was an inquiry around how, I'm trying to read this from far, far away. Basically, how well were libraries serving communities based on language with comparing language information in the collections data versus community population data? So how well are they serving those populations? So I'm happy to say that we've got a lot of positive feedback from the data challenge and this is something we're gonna be replicating this year and we're gonna take some of the delta plus delta feedback to make some improvements. But also we're playing around with the idea of, do we still wanna do it virtual because we were able to have more participation? Is it a hybrid event both in-person and virtual? But also should we have these fellows compete with some real world data scientists in our library? So if you're interested in kind of rumbling with the fellows, let me know. And with that, but I'd like to say I was really grateful for the work of my colleague Andrew Pace as well as our data science team at OCLC. And with that, I'm gonna open it up for questions for our fellows here. We had a couple of questions. Is there any questions from the group here today that you would like to ask the fellows? I know we only have about five minutes left and we stand between you and the reception that I wanted to ask you all a couple of questions. You all had different and interesting experiences but how did you find the program overall through the support of all these different types of challenges? Did you find a common tie between all your projects was it good to work together as a cohort through the bootcamp even though your fellowships might have had different data challenges? I mean, the bootcamp was great first of all because it was just a chance to get to know everyone and it kind of put us on the same page in terms of the data science requirements. So it sort of forced you to go through some formal learning which I think is a great way to start a program like that. I think for me, as far as the bootcamp, I think it was a great way to kind of figure out where exactly we may start or what the particular sites would involve as far as data science. But it was a great refresher to figure out what it entailed as far as what we needed to learn and how that could be applied. Anybody else? So where do you see your project headed after this, after the fellowship? Is this something you're gonna continue working on? Are there skills that you develop there that you're gonna be able to apply in your next venture? What we're kind of hoping for is continuity towards, to keep this project going so the fellow that comes after can develop a project. And we kind of put together a plan, I know it's up to them to implement it, to engage community members and to kind of build the project. And the Metadata Research Center at Drexel really kind of took ownership of that process because it's vetting metadata and that's something that they do institutionally and sort of has decided to become a co-sponsor of it. So it's... Great. I could take that. I'm definitely planning on continuing to collaborate on the proceedings corpus text analysis but one of the reasons I chose that particular project to apply for is that it is so directly relevant to the work I do at the Marine Station. I have the luxury of focusing on a relatively, as a subject librarian, narrow set of stakeholders at the Marine Station and so that's the lens I look through my experience and my work as a librarian. But my understanding of their research process is that they're not going to come to the library to look for scanned things to work with. What they really want is research data, right? So I'm very motivated to take these extremely rich collections I have in my library and get them into a format that they will actually use. So not only am I interested in continuing to work with the proceedings corpus, I really wanna take and I'm taking what I did with the fellowship into my collections in the library and in many cases, it's easier collections to work with because the proceedings is just huge and weird. I mean, they talk about who showed up to the meeting that day and it's just all over the place and I have collections like student research papers and thesis and dissertations and research data sets and so it's well-scoped for me. So I'm already applying a lot of the processes that I've used in the fellowship toward my own work and it's just been so extremely useful. Great. Chris? I was gonna say, yes, I do plan to continue the work on it and I got an opportunity to present with my cohort member at Electronic on Resources and Libraries as well as publishing a paper that should be coming out on it through American Society of Engineering Education. It has also piqued my interest in exploring like really trying to refine the survey because I'm curious that how a survey given to engineering and scientists on the campus at UIUC will work as far as to find out how they really see the services that we offer. So those are some areas that I definitely plan to continue looking into. Any other comments from the panelists here? Well, as far as maintaining the streamline side, I hope to plan on maintaining that and updating that pending a few updates from Spacey and Streamlib, but hopefully it's something that people can fork and add on themselves and kind of branch out from there. Great. One more chance to ask the fellow any questions? All right, well, if you wanna know more about Leads or the Leading Program or more details about the work, as Eric said earlier, you can go to the Leading website and just keep looking to see what's how this project is going for our second year. And thank you very much. Thank you.


The day the Palestinian crisis began, everyone was expecting a prominent world leader such as Vladimir Putin, the Russian president, to address a situation in Gaza, however, who remained silent for a couple of days. Most of the information coming from the Russian president's office at that time pertained to the potential use of weapons supplied to Ukraine in the Gaza conflict. Other voices we heard were from Russian news influencers, much of the news analysis in Russia derided both the United States and Israel military industrial complex for their lack of precision in responding to Hamas highly coordinated counter-offensive. Asalaamu alaikum guys, please like and share to help us reach more people, subscribe, and I will make a duar for you. Check out this Russian folksmate. Kremlin-controlled TV following suit, mocking both America and Israel for allegedly being caught off guard by Hamas' attack. Mossad and its famous counter-intelligence as well as the US and its CIA slept through Hamas' invasion. It's the biggest Israeli failure in security since 1973. Days later, with no official word from the leader of Russia, Putin finally spoke publicly during an economic event. They warned the United States to refrain from exacerbating the situation, the tensions between Israel and Palestine. This warning was significant given that Putin has a very strong relationship with pro-Palestinian countries like Iran. In the last few years, the U.S. and the U.S. have decided to regulate everything on its own. They haven't used these mechanisms. In recent years, the U.S. has made a stand to satisfy the needs of the people living in the Palestinian territory. They have tried to change the decision of fundamental political problems with some material supplies. We have always said that this will be insufficient without the decision of fundamental political issues, the main issue of which is the creation of a sovereign Palestinian state in the capital of Jerusalem. It means that it is impossible to solve the problem in general. Nevertheless, the stand was made exactly this. Well, in addition to the civilian policy, in addition to this, a number of other components have led to such an explosion of violence in the final stage. What is happening is terrible. We understand that the violence on both sides is very big, but no matter what the level of violence on both sides is, we still need to strive to minimize or to reduce the loss of the civilian population. And the Palestinian state is independent, sovereign, and not independent. The expansion of the conflict zone may lead to severe consequences, by the way, including in the sphere of energy. We have always acted for the implementation of the UN Security Council. I mean, first of all, the creation of an independent sovereign Palestinian state. This is the root of all the problems. And, of course, everything that has been conducted over the past year. First of all, it can affect logistics, it can affect the same, immediately the insurance, immediately the fraud, and so on. Of course, it can affect everything. Of course, it doesn't affect the revenue, but it can affect all the other components that determine the state of energy in the world. I don't understand why the United States is dragging the air-to-air groups into the Mediterranean Sea. There is one, there are two. It seems to be announcing the second. The point is, I don't see anything. Are they going to bomb Lebanon or what? What are they going to do? Or they just decided to scare someone. Well, there are people who are no longer afraid of anything. It is not necessary to solve the problem in this way, but to look for compromising solutions. That's what we need to do. Well, of course, these actions are igniting the situation. If, as you said, the conflict will come out on the Palestinian territory, then, of course, it will affect. Now I hear that Iran is accusing... Share your thoughts on Putin's warnings in the comments. Putin reiterated this when he met with the prime minister of Iraq. It's a bright example of the failure of the American policies in the Middle East. They were trying to monopolize the settlement there. But unfortunately, they were not concerned about looking for compromise acceptable for both parties. No, they were promoting their own ideas, their own visions of how it should be done. They were pressuring both parties alternately. But every time they did not think about the interests of the Palestinian people, first of all, about the need of the implementation of the resolution of the UN Security Council about establishing a sovereign, independent Palestinian state. But in any case, no matter what is going on there, I know your position, Mr. Prime Minister, and our position is that the damage to the civilians should be brought down to the minimum. We call upon all the worrying parties to do that. What obviously distinguishes Putin from other world leaders is his ability to speak from a layman's perspective. He does not adhere strictly to political correctness. In a video statement, he explicitly stated that the US hypocrisy and double standards in its policy toward Palestine were the root causes of the ongoing crisis. This policy, he argued, you know, resembled the US stance in Ukraine where NATO disregarded Russia's security interests, paving the way for the invasion of, I mean, the one beautiful former Soviet nation of Ukraine. Putin's haggling of the Ukraine crisis, which has seen a reduction in civilian casualties, demonstrates, you know, his commitment to protect the country, to protect the country, to protect the country, to protect the country, to protect the country, to protect the country, to protect his commitment to protecting civilians during times of conflict. We might wonder how the West would have reacted if Russia had responded like Israel did in Ukraine when Moscow's skyscrapers were damaged by drones presumably from Ukraine. Honestly, this is not the case with NATO. We can remember what happened in Iraq. We've witnessed numerous essences of NATO indiscriminately bombing in the areas of invasions such as Iraq and Yugoslavia, something less frequentless in the conflict in Ukraine. Russia has not gone all out to destroy everything. In summary, from our analysis, Putin seeks a lasting solution to the Israeli-Palestinian crisis. He has warned that isolating other major powers from the Palestinian peace process is perilous. He believes the US may be deliberately obstructing the emergence of a viable solution basing what it perceives as Israeli security interests. Putin also condemned the expansion of new settlements on Palestinian lands, something that has been a sticking point in the peace process. I hope the world heats Putin this time. He is correct in this matter and please like, share and subscribe if you haven't already. See you in our next update. Assalamu alaikum.


Bacteria and archaea have developed multiple antiviral mechanisms, present a tool that automatically detects known antiviral systems in prokaryotic genomes and show that variations in antiviral strategies correlate with genome size, viral threat, and lifestyle traits. This article was offered by Florian Tessen, Alexandra Hevey, Ernest Maudret and others.


I have a confession to make. I've been watching a lot of television lately, more than I ever have because of the pandemic. And I've been watching this series on Netflix called Heartland, have you ever heard of it? It's a story about a family living on a ranch and just their lifestyle, their trials and tribulations of living on the ranch. And it's just, it's in beautiful country, it's in Canada, the scenery is incredible, a lot of horses. Anyway, one of the main characters in the show, Amy Fleming, played by Amber Marshall.  And so she made this recipe that I saw the other day and I decided to try it. It is a breakfast recipe made in a cast iron pan. She calls it the bloom breakfast and I wanted to share it with you. It's basically some onions and potatoes and some cheese, bacon and eggs and a few other things tossed in, whatever you want, it's very customizable. And it was just out of this world delicious and I wanted to bring it to you and share it with you. So I'm rockin' Robin and I'm gonna show you how to do it right after this. All right, here's chef's joke number one, number two is coming a little bit later. All right, so why did the bacon laugh? Because the egg cracked a yolk. All right, it's time to go over our ingredients. First up, we have some medium white cheddar. Here's a couple of pasture raised eggs and some uncured apple gate bacon. Now I'm using some organic gold potatoes here and you wanna use organic for potatoes because they're loaded with pesticides if they're conventional. I only peeled off the little sprouts just to get rid of those, but I left the rest of the peel on and then you wanna slice these very thin, so no thicker than one quarter inch thick. Some finely diced yellow onion, one cremini mushroom, which I'm gonna give it the super fine dice. Some red bell pepper, which I'm gonna slice up and then cut into little bite-sized pieces. Now I'm tossing in some asparagus because I just happen to have it, but you could sub in other things like broccoli, cabbage, whatever you want. So with the asparagus, you wanna just snap off the tough end of the asparagus where it naturally breaks and then cut it into bite-sized pieces. Now for our fresh basil, I'm just gonna stack the leaves, roll them up and then slice them and that's called chiffonade. It's a French term. And then just chop it up nice and small. Now with the fresh parsley, you wanna take your knife at an angle and just shave off some of the leaves and that'll cut down on the amount of stems that you get. And then run your knife through it and chop it up into small pieces. The first thing we need to do is start cooking our bacon because that takes the longest, right? So I've got my cast iron pan over there. We're gonna go ahead and drop in a few pieces. I'm just making it for me, so I'll probably put in two or three pieces of bacon. My bacon's done over here. I took it out, set it on a little paper towel plate here and what's left here in the pan, as you can see, is some grease. Now Amber, in her video, used the bacon grease and you can do that. That's fine if you wanna do that. I tend to not wanna do that so much because I don't think it's quite as healthy but the flavor's amazing. So what I do is I just pour out the excess of the bacon grease and then I fill in with any olive oil that I need to use. So I'm gonna dump this out and I'm gonna leave, like I said, I'm gonna leave some in there. Now we're gonna take our olive oil and I'm gonna put a little bit in the pan. Got my temperature up to medium heat. We're gonna start this off and I'm gonna toss in the onion along with the mushrooms and we're just gonna saute these for like three minutes. All right, now we're ready to add our potatoes to this. So we're taking our potatoes and I'm just gonna kinda fan them out and kinda push them in. I'd like them to touch the bottom of the pan so that they can brown up and I'm going to overlap some of these. Just one layer. Now for right now I'm gonna put the lid on for a couple of minutes. Now it's important to cover this with the lid because that'll help cook up the potatoes very quickly and that's what you want. Otherwise it would take way too long. Okay, it's been about five minutes. Let's have a look, see? Got my fork here. I'm gonna poke the potatoes to see where they're at. They're starting to get nice and soft but they're not quite there yet but they will be. Now you can either turn over your potatoes or not. That's up to you. I kinda like to do it because you get a little crispy edge on them and I like that. I like that a lot. So I just flip them over, you know? Mix those onions in there and man, it's just already, it smells amazing in here. I'm gonna go one more minute and then we're gonna start adding some other ingredients. All right, now the minute's gone by I'm just gonna kinda bring everything in together like that. I'm gonna toss in the bell peppers because I like to keep them a little bit more firm, not too soft. And you'll cook right over there on the edge along with the asparagus. I'm gonna toss in a little bit of the basil now and a little bit of parsley. Put the lid back on for a couple minutes. It's been about three minutes so now I'm gonna just give this a little stir around the edges here. And I'm going to add the cheese now right on top. I'll let that go for a minute. All right, that cheese is starting to melt. That's good, that's a good sign. I'm going to put the eggs in now and these are gonna be cooked over easy. Well, as easy as you want them. I'm basically gonna crack them in and let them just sit right on top. Well, of course, that one didn't cooperate but that's okay. I'm gonna try the other one and put it right there. Stay there. Okay, I'll put some more basil on this on top. Lots of colors going on here and some parsley. Lots of greenery, good for you. And then I'm just gonna continue to cook this and check it every minute or so until my eggs are the way I like them. I forgot to mention, I'm gonna add a little pepper to that right on top. And if you want just a pinch of salt. You don't need much because of the cheese. All right, let's have a peek. Ooh, I think this looks mighty close to where I like it.  It's looking good. I think maybe 30 seconds more and I'm gonna serve this up. All right, that's it. That's how you make this thing. It's simple, it's easy to do. You just have to keep adding ingredients and covering it and it's just delicious and I can't wait to eat this.  But the first time I made it, I made a mistake and I overcooked my eggs. And you know what? It didn't make a darn bit of difference because it was so delicious, it didn't matter. So anyway, I'm gonna serve this up, at least part of it. Let's see, my eggs are kind of spread out. It's probably not gonna be all that pretty when I serve it up. But that's okay, because it's gonna make up for it in taste. Look at that, there's one of my eggs. Oh yeah, oh yeah. And I love the crispy edges that you get and everything and you just scoop it up, take as much as you want. I know this looks like a lot but I can really actually eat the whole darn thing.  You can just sprinkle it with all around your dish, however you want. This is one of the best breakfast recipes that I've had in a long time. And in fact, you gotta try this. It's just the flavors, that bacon grease, a little bit of it, the rest of it with the oil. I think that's perfect. Please try this recipe, I think you're gonna love it. I'll leave all the information about Amber Marshall down below in the description of this video. And you can go see her stuff too as well. The vegetables have that crispy, crunchy flavor. I can't wait to devour this. If you'd like another breakfast recipe that is out of this world, I have one for you. And you've got to try it as well. It's my breakfast burrito. I'm gonna leave a link for you right over there. My sons love this recipe, beg me to make it all the time. It is just fantastic. So check that out and see what you think. Thanks so much for watching. Don't forget to subscribe to my channel, smash the old like button for me, and leave me a comment. I love hearing from you. We'll see you next time.


Hello and welcome. I'm Scott Livingstone, the Chief of Police in the town of Amherst. I appreciate you taking the time and interest in this video about our full service police department and I trust that you will find it both informative and exciting. The town of Amherst is an extremely diverse community and home to the flagship campus of the University of Massachusetts and Amherst and Hampshire colleges. We serve a year-round population of 35,000 which doubles during the academic school year. The men and women of the Amherst Police Department numbering 50 strong our true professionals and we honor the community that we serve. My name is Yvonne Feliciano and I've been an Amherst Police Officer since 2005. When I started with the Amherst Police Department I didn't realize what a significant role training played in the law enforcement profession. Training is not only vital to ensure safety as a police officer but is also needed to refresh our skills so we provide the best possible service to our community. At Amherst PD we do at least 40 hours of in-service training each year. These trainings are held at our police department and are instructed by our own police officers. In addition, officers have the opportunity to attend a wide variety of specialized trainings to meet the professional needs of the officer and the department. This can include training to become a department instructor, training crime scene investigation, bicycle patrol or drug investigations just to name a few. It is important to me that the Amherst Police Department prioritizes these trainings. By having a solid training program it promotes our safety so that we can go home to our families at the end of every shift. Amherst PD has a long standing reputation for both excellence and commitment to community. Our community is diverse and we work very hard to partner with our stakeholders to address and solve problems. Policing in Amherst is not only about responding to 911 calls and arresting criminals. Yes, we do a lot of that but so much more. With the students at the three colleges that call Amherst home coupled by our year-round population in busy downtown area, every shift is different. There is no typical day or a shift at Amherst PD. Officers are expected to conduct outreach within their assigned sectors. It could be a neighborhood group, young children, senior citizens or the college students. Each officer gets to know their sector, who lives there, what their problems are, and build a relationship with those people. The community gets to know us and we get to know them. This outreach gives the officer an opportunity to really affect the lives of the people in town. The right candidate for a job at Amherst PD needs to know that it is much more than responding to emergencies but also proactively working with the community to see that their problems don't become emergencies. As this video has shown, we offer a variety of specialties within our agency and I believe if you are someday selected to be a member of this department you will not find a greater agency to be associated with. The town of Amherst and our police department are an equal opportunity employer and we encourage all individuals to apply. Thank you for your interest in the Amherst Police Department.


it's my last day in Jersey today and I'm doing this beautiful cliff walk I've been walking this coastal path and just as walking along it kind of really got me thinking and I just wanted to reflect a little bit so I'm walking along and there's loads of different things along the way like this that might trip me up and there's lots of things that make it difficult and it feels a little bit like it's a little bit like recovery I guess and that you know I'm walking and I'm always worried about what's gonna be the next thing that might trip me up and I'm really really focused just on that like journey and getting along and getting around and I kind of forget sometimes I get so focused in on trying not to trip up trying not to slip up trying to manage this every day that I forget to just stop every now and then and like take in the view and I guess and this is just the same thing I was doing on the the coast path I was doing just the same thing I decided I was gonna go on this nice walk it was gonna be beautiful it was gonna be relaxing it was gonna be lovely and and I was enjoying it because actually I like the physical exertion have been climbing for a while so it was nice but I just suddenly realized I was huffing and puffing and working my way up here to another hill because it's very very up and down again a bit like recovery and then I just got to the crest of a hill and I just suddenly went whoa I haven't even just stopped just to breathe to take it in so I just stopped for a moment and I just enjoyed the view and there's like butterflies flying around birds flying by you can hear the birds in the background a little lizard came by and I hadn't got to where I was going to yet still still walking still on that journey but it felt okay just to stop stop take a breath and enjoy the view so if you or someone that you care about is on a kind of journey if you're journeying go with the analogy here please please if you're journeying then I would encourage you just every now and then just to stop and appreciate the view and maybe you know like me you can look back across the bay and I can see over here right over here it's somewhere over in the beta is where I've come from and I can appreciate that I've gone a long way and sure like I can look on further ahead I can't really see so well from here but I could look on as I as I come around and I can see how much further I've got to go but you know what I don't need to worry about that right now every now and then every now and then it's okay just to stop take a breath recognize the progress I've already made and just enjoy where I am right now I don't have to keep going if I don't want to I can stop here I can be safe be calm be happy for a little while and just enjoy enjoy the moment so well that got deep but like I think it's good to get deep every now and then and when an analogy just like so neatly presents itself in life like it'd be criminal not to go with it really wouldn't it you know me I love an analogy okay take care stay safe be kind to yourself bye


Hello, everyone. Welcome to another higher capsule for Shankar IAS Academy. Today our topic is the recent visit to France by the Prime Minister, Srinarendra Modi. The timing came as a bit of a surprise to many people because he had just returned from the United States and it was the time when the capsule was being launched. So for the Prime Minister to be away at that particular time, soon after another visit to the United States surprised many people. But the fact is that this perhaps must have been scheduled earlier. And not only that, the visit to France was in a way a continuation of what happened in Washington during Prime Minister Srinarendra Modi's visit. Our relationship with France is very special in many ways because among the Western countries, among the European countries, France has kept India close because of very common, very many common principles and ideals that both the countries hold. When President Macron was elected President, Mr. Modi made a very conscious effort to cultivate him because he was a new leader with a lot of promise. He was almost like Shinzo Abe or Mr. Macron had a special relationship with India. Not only that, France has been close to us in many ways, even though not advertised, but there are many things in which India and France cooperated. For example, France is the only country with which we have exchange of troops during the celebrations of national days. Like for example, the French have visited India and also the Indian soldiers participated even this year during the Bastille Day. And also the Prime Minister was the chief guest as the national day, that is Bastille Day. And France does not invite foreign heads of state every year. We invite someone or the other, which is a country which is important to us at that particular time, every year to India. And it's a signal of a growing relationship with these countries. But in the case of France, they do not invite a foreign guest every year. They choose years in which they select somebody or the other to come. So the invitation extended to our Prime Minister as the chief guest on Bastille Day was significant because it is symbolically important. And that is probably the reason why the Prime Minister went even and the moon shot was taking place in India. The indications that we received from the Prime Minister's visit to the United States was that a new chapter is being opened in our relations with the United States and generally the western countries. France is not entirely dependent on United States on its foreign policy. They maintain a certain amount of distance, even though it's a NATO country, it's a European Union in many ways linked with the United States. But they have always pursued a fairly independent foreign policy. There are also linkages with European Union, European Parliament. So in many ways, France's policies are linked with all these connections they have with Europe and with the United States. Still, there are several instances where France has shown a particular affection to India. In fact, Dr. Srirak, who was the president of France, who signed the cooperation, the strategic partnership agreement 25 years ago. So this was the 25th anniversary of the strategic partnership and that was also significant. So it was the anniversary of the strategic friendship, the strategic partnership. It was the Bastille Day, which is the national day for Europe. And we have opened a new kind of relationship with the West, with the Prime Minister Modi's visit to the United States. So all these indicate that France is a country which is developing regulations with us and we are confident that our strategic partnership will be beneficial. During the visit, of course, we know that the emphasis was, apart from symbolic and ceremonial things, the emphasis was on different supplies. You are aware that we purchased Rafale aircraft, as against F-17 or F-18 from the United States some time ago. At that time, the United States was a little displeased that we bought Rafale rather than American aircraft. Of course, the reason was well known that the American aircraft was already in the possession of Pakistan and therefore we needed to have a diversified military arrangement and therefore we decided to buy Rafale. There were, of course, questions about its appropriateness and kind of deal which has prices paid etc. But eventually, even the Supreme Court approved that the deal was about vote. And when the Chinese infiltrated into Dadaq, we requested for a faster delivery of the Rafale aircraft, the battle aircraft and the French speeded up the supply. And now, apparently, we are buying 26 more and the discussions were finalized on that. And not only that, manufacture, joint manufacture of helicopters in India has been agreed upon and also possibility of French collaboration in manufacturing certain weapons in India, according to making India policy for use abroad. So basically, the visit apart from its political significance, it had a military significance and our cooperation with France has been enhanced on the 25th anniversary of our strategy partnership. And it's important to remember that it was in 1998, early 1998, that this partnership was signed by President Shiraq when he came to India. But soon after, as you all know, in May, we had a nuclear test, the second nuclear test of 1998. And this caused coordination in the whole world and there was very strong reaction from the United States and Western countries in general. So we went into a difficult time with all these countries because they not only condemn the tests because we are not signatories to the NPT. They saw it as a challenge to the NPT regime that the United States and Western European countries attach great importance to. But it was only France that did not join. Of course, France condemned the test in the sense that as a P5, as nuclear weapons states, they were strongly reacting and France was part of it. But the French President at that time insisted that he will not impose any sanctions against India. So France was the first only country in the Western alliance which did not impose sanctions. This is also because we have had cooperation with France in nuclear matters in peaceful use of nuclear energy because they were confident that we would not enter into manufacturing of nuclear weapons. And so even when the decision was taken and we tested our nuclear weapons, the French reaction was quite modest. They did not join with the rest of the Western alliance to condemn India or to cancel the strategic partnership. We maintained that and things continued and India was in great cooperation. And after President Macron came to power, Mr. Modi developed a very good relationship with him and it was the context in which the visit took place. There are some basic elements in the foreign policies of France and India. Like India, France believes in strategic autonomy. They do not consider to be themselves to be an extension of the United States. They do consider India to be independent in its foreign policy and France also has the same attitude. Then both the countries have a very close economic relationship, though the trade is not very high. And that is because of the linkages with European Union and the policies that generally adopted as European Union as a whole. And there is no free trade agreement with the European Union yet. And therefore there are some difficulties in trade. But within the available situation, France has been cooperating with us economically also. And France, like India, believes in non-interference and internal affairs of states and whatever they need to do or they do in terms of human rights situation or lack of press freedom, etc. They do reflect some of the ideas reflected by the western countries in general. But they are much more moderate in this respect. And of course, as it happened just after the Prime Minister's visit, there was a resolution in the European Parliament about the violence in Manipur, which came as a surprise. But again, it was not France, it was the European Parliament. And there was nothing they could do. But they showed some understanding of the situation, just as they always do, because they believe that they should not be unnecessarily interfering in internal affairs of states. So like India, geopolitics without value judgments and no natural or permanent alignment with western ideas as far as India is concerned are what some of the factors that determine India and the French relations. So and also New Delhi and Paris are the tradition of exchanging, as I mentioned, troops during national days. We have had cooperation with France and nuclear energy, space and also supply of defense equipment. Dr. Manmohan Singh was another Prime Minister who was a chief guest at Bastille days some years earlier. And the purchase of equipment, different equipment and there have been many agreements that moved forward and because of the two countries following the strategic autonomy. Then the in space, nuclear energy and defense cooperation, we have been ahead of other countries. And after the waiver of the nuclear suppliers group towards India, not to have supplies, France was one of the first countries to agree to set up two nuclear reactors in India. This is not really materialized. There are several reasons for it. One of the reasons mentioned is the cost factor, because the prices of establishing nuclear reactors in India had risen and France had not provided for that kind of funding and probably this is still under discussion. Secondly, our own nuclear liability law, which prohibited American reactors to come to India applied in the case of France also. So the two nuclear reactors have not been set up but there is an agreement principle that the two countries will set up these joint nuclear reactors in India. There was also the factor that several public demonstrations were held against these reactors and there was criticism that these reactors were not fully tested and therefore some more work had to be done. So these are all some complicated issues that have arisen but there is in principle agreement that France will set up two nuclear reactors in India which will add to our capacity to produce electricity. As you know now, in spite of the nuclear deal, it's only the Russian reactors operate in India, no other foreign reactors have been set up though the United States and France had agreed to it. So what happened in the European Parliament was of course objectionable to us. It was an interference in the internal affairs but France kept a little distance from it and I consider it as a routine responsibility for them to monitor human rights in democratic country. Nearer the time there have been several exchanges between us and France on the Ukraine war, President Macron had made several efforts to find a solution and he visited Russia and he had several conversations with President Putin. Though no progress was made to end the war, his efforts are continued and in this particular case there is also a possibility of India and France working together to end the war in Ukraine. Of course these details are not known but because India and France have similar considerations in having a good relationship with Russia and also the fact that all of us want peace and development in Ukraine. So the effort is being made by President Macron and perhaps there could be some kind of collaboration between him and Prime Minister Modi. That could be another reason for the visit and some discussions may have taken place. And France was the first to sign a nuclear agreement with India and they have taken a view which is balanced because of India's diversity and democratic potentials and so on. These are some of the main elements and India abstained on a France resolution and France had introduced a resolution in the General Assembly seeking collaboration among countries in order to give humanitarian assistance to Ukraine. And this there were a bit disappointed that since this was a humanitarian assistance, India still abstained on it and even that was of course accepted as a kind of legitimate position of India which would be helpful in the by remaining neutral in a sense this position may help in the future. Now Mr President Macron is willing to go to South Africa to attend BRICS but of course now we hear that President Putin is not going there. Macron made a visit to China and there was no concern for us because the French relationship with China is quite benign and it is helpful to us in some ways. In fact the proposal being made by western countries that India should be attracted more to NATO is not something that France supports India and France at a roadmap which does not include relationship with NATO or Quad plus coalition etc. does not seem to attract France. So we have some joint patrols in the in the Pacific because there are French territories in the Pacific which would be of help to India in keeping the peace in the Indo-Pacific region. So in other words, the relationship with France is different from our relationship with the US because there are more sympathy, sentimental linkages between India and France. I just continued at a fairly strong basis that have not been aberrations because in US relations we always say it is like a roller coaster ride but France in the last 25 years at least has remained friendly to India and helpful in many ways, defense, technology and also understanding the human rights situation. So for all these reasons the visit to Prime Minister Modi to France was very significant and very purposeful and it supported the US visit because our acceptance of defense products etc from the United States and Europe in general is a new beginning without our joining NATO or becoming an ally and France respects our position more than all others because they are not trying to push us into any other direction. We are quite happy with what India is and they understand the potential for India and in a sense France has remained a kind of non-aligned in the world. So if perhaps there was going to be a big conflict between India, sorry China and the United States, so France might take a very moderate line and that is that we can see by President Macron's visit to China. So in many words our relationship with France is complementary and is likely to remain so in the near future and that is the importance of President's Prime Minister Modi's visit to France at this time. Thank you. Well I don't know whether that's a factor or many factors and you decide on buying a particular weapon or an aircraft, fighter aircraft from other countries. In the case of France what happened was really that F-17, F-18, the American jets already purchased by Pakistan. So though we may not have had any difficulty with American jets, the important factor was that we had something which is not known or used by Pakistan because after all we are likely to use these debts against Pakistan and therefore it was important for us to have diversity and the French aircraft that is the Rafale aircraft is considered one of the best in the world. Because NATO is willing to admit India, there have been many suggestions that India should join NATO or at least become part of NATO in some particular way but this has been completely rejected by, well not rejected in the sense that we have expressed our opinion clearly about this that NATO is not in the DNA of India. India's DNA is non-alignment and that is non-negotiable is our present position but the recent visit of the Prime Minister to the United States showed a little difference because for the first time United States offered us weapons which they did not normally give to non-NATO countries because they have a system by which they consider some countries as non-NATO alliance countries, allied countries but that we have not accepted. We are simply suggesting that whatever they can offer without our being an ally we would be welcome to receive and that itself is a change in policy. So what United States offered was very interesting and very new and our acceptance of it was also new. So this is yet to be seen how it works but there is no certainly no intention for us to join NATO. Well France stands in the middle in this particular debate. I don't know specifically about carbon tax but many European countries were quite positive to the Kyoto Protocol 2007. They signed it and they were willing to follow the logic of 1992 the Rio agreements but as you know it is the western countries particularly the so-called juice cans that is Japan, United States, Canada and New Zealand. These were the hardliners on that issue and later of course we changed moved away from the Kyoto Protocol and went from Paris and all this you know. So France will be a moderating influence in this you know difference opinion between developed countries and developing countries on climate change but now we are pursuing a slightly different path trying to you know fix net carbon years you know we are committed to having net zero carbon in 2017. Other countries have fixed our other years. We don't know the little work out but in general feeling that it will not and the only way climate change can be controlled is through a scientific breakthrough by which we are able to capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and bring it and bury it somewhere or convert into some products, consumer products and such research is going on but people reducing emissions, sacrificing the economic development in the developing countries case and not sacrificing their comforts as in the case of developed countries and that conflict will continue and therefore the best way would be somebody to develop technology which I believe is being developed to capture carbon from the atmosphere and you know bury it somewhere and that possibility is being discussed but support for developing countries, giving them money, reducing their own carbon emissions have not worked so far. Okay and thank you very much.