So, today we're going to look at chapter 11 here in the book of Daniel. I'm going to take you through the first 35 verses, and before we even start recording, let me say this, these verses are a good portion of them. Well, I'll say it like this. I hate to say it, but I'm going to say it. It's a history lesson. Now, some people like history and some don't. Some of us were taught history by gym teachers, and the gym teachers didn't like history. And so we grew up saying, I don't like history. And so just be ready to not like this study. But it's actually a study, and I'm going to, I'm just actually, because I'm not a historian, I'm going to be reading a lot of the information to make sure it's accurate to you. So be ready for that. You may have come expecting a study that I normally do with where there's fewer and things like that, probably, I don't know if there'll be any or not, because this is really a study that takes a lot of concentration to be able to give properly, letting you know in advance. As we move on into right around 29, verse 29, or 30, at that point I'm going to relax a little bit and give you some things that are more natural for me in the way that I teach. That's more natural. I'm just preparing you for this, because this may be your first time here, and you may be saying, I hated history in school. And now I got it in church too. And then I say, yeah, that's right. So just letting you know in advance, hopefully, hopefully we'll get through this together. Okay, beginning at verse one, reading the verse four, Daniel chapter 11. Also in the first year of Darius the Mead, I, even I stood up to confirm and strengthen him. And now I will tell you the truth. Behold, three more kings will arise in Persia. And the fourth shall be far richer than them all by his strength through his riches. He shall stir up all against the realm of Greece. Then a mighty king shall arise, who shall rule with great dominion and do according to his will. And when he has arisen, his kingdom shall be broken up and divided toward the four winds of heaven, but not among his posterity, nor according to his dominion with which he ruled, for his kingdom shall be uprooted even for others besides those. So Daniel is receiving a revelation, a revelation of the future from an angel. And this particular angel has been sent to instruct him. In chapter 10, verse 21, the last verse of chapter 10, we read, I will tell you what is noted in the scripture of truth. No one upholds me against these except Michael your prince. And so in that verse there, the things that he's about to be seen are of great importance. The angel is speaking to him and he says, I was sent to tell what was noted in the scripture of truth. This, in other words, relates to very important future events. By way of introduction, chapter 11 of the book of Daniel is the most argued over chapter in the book of Daniel because of its precision. Liberal scholars and skeptics argue because of its accuracy. They believe that because it is so accurate historically, that it had to be written after the fact. It's too detailed, they say. It's too specific. And so liberal scholars, quote unquote, believe that it was written in the second century before Christ. But on the other hand, conservative Christian scholars recognize it for what it is. It's prophetic. God is a God who is able to give us declarations of the future. And so why wouldn't we who believe in scripture and believe in a God who knows all things, why wouldn't we take it for face value? What it actually is prophetic because our God can tell us those things that are hidden from others. And Isaiah 46 verse 10, the Lord speaks of himself saying, declaring the end from the beginning. And from ancient times, things that are not yet done, saying my counsel shall stand, I will do all my pleasure. So God can declare to us even as he says, the end from the beginning. Isaiah 14, 24 says, the Lord of hosts is sworn, surely as I have planned, so will it be as I have purpose, so will it stand. And so this is prophetic. And as we look at it, we'll see that this chapter divides into two sections. The first 35 verses relate to the major rulers that that arise in Persia as well as Greece. And verse 36 to 45 will conclude with the last ruler, the Antichrist, who was in power at the return of Jesus Christ. And so in verse one of chapter 11, that verse begins with the events, starting with Darius the Mede, for those who take notes, that's 539 BC. But it continues until the last Gentile ruler in the end times or the last days. The period from the death of Antiochus to the time of the end is skipped over. There's no mention of the church age, because what we're looking at relates to Israel and not to the church. And so he begins here in verse two, this angel is speaking, and it says in verse two, I will tell you the truth, behold, three more kings will arise in Persia, and the force shall be far richer than them all by his strength through his riches. He shall stir up all against the realm of Greece. And so this angel had stood in support of Darius the Mede, from the beginning of his rule, you saw that in verse one. So this could speak of the angel aiding the transition from Babylonian rule to Persian rule. Some believe it speaks of encouraging favor to be shown to Israel. You see, in Darius's first year of reign, efforts were made to make him hostile to the Jews. It was at that time that God had sent an angel to shut the mouths of the lions in the lion's den. Remember how the opposition had arisen against Daniel, and because he continued his habit of lifelong prayer and he prayed in the manner that he had since youth, they had set him up in order to put him in a lion's den by having the king give a right of command that anyone who made that kind of prayer, except to him, would be killed. And so we saw how there was antagonism towards Daniel at the beginning. And so what has happened is this angel could be saying that he's been there to strengthen Darius and in doing so helped him to be moving towards the reversing his policies against the Jews. And so the Babylonian Empire has passed. The Mede Persian Empire is now being addressed. And the angel says that he's showing him truth. He's sharing with him future events that will occur. And he speaks in verse two about three kings and a fourth that is richer and more powerful. This refers to four Persian kings that followed Darius. And these names, for those who may be of interest of this, are Camusese, Pseudos-Murdice, Darius, and Xerxes. Okay, I saw you writing furiously. I saw that you were interested. But these are the kings that are spoken of. So Daniel points out that the conclusion of Persian rule was to be through Xerxes. Xerxes is the first. Xerxes is found in other portions of scriptures. He's also known by the name of Ahasuerus in the book of Esther. And when you read history and all of that, Ahasuerus led an expedition against Greece in 480 BC. He used his riches over a period of four years to amass a great army of hundreds of thousands. And with that army, he marched against Greece, was defeated and never recovered. So in verses three and four it says, A mighty king shall arise who shall rule with great dominion, do according to his will. And when he has arisen, his kingdom shall be broken up and divided toward the four winds of heaven, but not among his posterity, his own ancestors, nor according to his dominion with which he ruled, for his kingdom shall be uprooted even for others besides these. And so here's your prophetic element that gets very precise. This is speaking of one called Alexander. Alexander the Great. So what had happened when it says in verse three, A mighty king shall arise who shall rule with great dominion? Well, as he did that, an undying hatred for Persia had been the result of Xerxes, the first attack on the nation of Greece. And so that anger remained for quite some time because over a century later, Alexander the Great arose. And when Alexander arose, he conquered Persia. Verse four tells us, When he has arisen, his kingdom shall be broken up and divided. We know that Alexander the Great died an untimely death around when he was 33 years old. And his kingdom was divided into four parts. It didn't go to one of his sons. The kingdom was divided between four generals. And it didn't retain its glory, nor did it retain its unity. The four generals in history are Ptolemy, Cassander, Seleucus, and Antigonese, also known as Bob. There you go. Verse five, Also the king of the south shall become strong as well as one of his princes. He shall gain power over him and have dominion. His dominion shall be a great dominion. So when it speaks here and it speaks of the king of the south, the king of the south also will become plural. Kings of the south relate to Egypt. You see that in verse eight. The king of the north refers to the nation of Syria. And Syria is not identified by name here because it has yet to come into existence under the name Syria. Again, prophetic. The Egyptian king spoken of was Ptolemy the first.  Ptolemy and Seleucus combined to defeat Antigonese of Babylon. When this happened, Seleucus controlled the entire area from Asia Asia Minor all the way to India. So over time, Seleucus, who was representing Syria, became more powerful than Ptolemy representing Egypt. It says in verse six. And at the end of some years, they shall join forces for the daughter of the king of the south shall go to the king of the north to make an agreement. But she shall not retain the power of her authority and neither he nor his authority shall stand. But she shall be given up with those who brought her and with him who begot her and with him who strengthened her in those times. So after many years, an alliance was formed between Egypt and Syria. It came through an arranged marriage. Ptolemy the second arranged a marriage for his daughter, Bernice. She married someone named Antiochus, the second of Syria. That required Antiochus to divorce his wife, Laodicea, in order to marry Bernice. What it was was a political union intended to strengthen his power, but it didn't work. She did not retain the power of her authority. Ptolemy died within a few years of their marriage. Antiochus took back his previous wife, Laodicea, and she was so happy she murdered him as well as Bernice and their infant son. That's all historically true and accurate. And so it's verse seven. But from a branch of her roots, one shall arise in his place who shall come with an army, enter the fortress of the king of the north and deal with them and prevail. He shall also carry their gods captive to Egypt with their princes and their precious articles of silver and gold. He shall continue more years than the king of the north. Also the king of the north shall come to the kingdom of the king of the south, but shall return to his own land, again giving prophetic insights into the future, which shall take place. It says from a branch of her, from a branch of Bernice's roots, one shall arise in his place. So an Egyptian king ultimately arose named Ptolemy III. He defeated Seleucus, Calaniacus, or Syria, and pillaged his fortress. He took their idols and the various gold and silver treasures and went back to Egypt. So in verse 10, it says, however, his son shall stir up strife and assemble a multitude of great forces. And one shall certainly come and overwhelm and pass through. Then he shall return to his fortress and stir up strife.  But the multitude shall be given into the hand of his enemy. When he's taken away, the multitude his heart will be lifted up. He'll cast down tens of thousands, but he will not prevail. For the king of the north will return and muster a multitude greater than the former and shall certainly come at the end of some years with a great army and much equipment. So again, he's giving us a prophetic insight into what is going to take place. So Lucas Calaniacus was unsuccessful in his campaigns, but his sons were more successful. He had a son, Antiochus III, also called Antiochus the Great, and he campaigned often against Egypt. He retook all the land all the way to Gaza, which is going south in Israel toward the Egyptian border. Notice in verse 11 how it says, the king of the south shall be moved with rage, go out and fight with him with the king of the north who shall muster a great multitude. But the multitude shall be given into the hand of his enemy. So this caused the Egyptian king to rise up in opposition. And what he did is he assembled an army of 70,000 soldiers and completely defeated Antiochus. Antiochus' army was defeated and Antiochus was almost captured. But in verse 12 it says, when he is taken away, the multitude his heart will be lifted up and he'll cast down tens of thousands but will not prevail. So instead of pursuing the army and ultimately destroying it, what they did is they brokered a peace treaty. Verse 13, the king of the north will return and muster a multitude greater than the former and shall certainly come at the end of some years with a great army and much equipment. And when those times many shall rise up against the king of the south, also violent men of your people shall exalt themselves in fulfillment of the vision, but they shall fall. So the king of the north shall come and build a siege mound, take a fortified city, and the forces of the south shall not withstand him. Even his choice troop shall have no strength to resist. But he who comes against him shall do according to his own will and no one shall stand against him. He shall stand in the glorious land with destruction in his power. And so Antiochus turned his attention elsewhere and he began to conquer the lands east of Syria. In 201 BC he once again came against Egypt. Verse 14 tells us in those times many shall rise up against the king of the south. And he speaks in this way, notice verse 14, also violent men of your people, violent men of your people. These are Jews who entered into an agreement with Antiochus the great. So in fulfillment of the vision, speaking of prophecies, he's speaking of prophecies and the afflictions that the Jews will go through. We saw some of this in chapters eight and chapter nine. So he's alluding to something he's already said. Notice verse 15, the Egyptian armies were defeated and they forced to capitulate at a place called Sidon. And so the surrender resulted in Syrian occupation of Israel, always out to Gaza. In verse 17, he shall also set his face to enter with the strength of his whole kingdom and upright ones with him, thus shall he do. He shall give him the daughter of women to destroy it, but she will not stand with him or be for him. And so when it says he shall set his face to enter with the strength of his whole kingdom, well what is happening is at this time in history, Rome had become a great power. The Syrian king Antiochus brokered a marriage between his daughter, a woman some of us have heard of, a woman by the name of Cleopatra. Now I saw her movie, but Cleopatra for the longest time, I didn't realize that was an actual historic woman. I had for a long time, I thought that was just a name that was made up, but that's not true. The Syrian king Antiochus had a daughter and she's named Cleopatra. And she got married to a guy named Ptolemy Epiphanes. Ptolemy Epiphanes at that time was seven years old. And the reason they brokered a marriage is her father thought that Cleopatra would be faithful to him as his daughter, but in fact she never was. She didn't side with him. She never stood with him, is what it's saying here. She never did. She never is in verse 17, it says, he shall give him the daughter of women. This is Cleopatra to destroy it. He was hoping that she would side with him in order that he be able to overcome, but she shall not stand with him or be for him. And that's exactly what happened in history. She never did side with him. So verse 18, after this he shall turn his face to the coastlands and shall take many, but a ruler shall bring the reproach against him to an end. And with the reproach removed, he shall turn back on him. Then he shall turn his face toward the fortress of his own land, but he shall stumble and fall and not be found. So ultimately Antiochus the Great began a series of military defeats. He attacked Greece and was defeated at Thermopylae and he, he attacked Magnesia. He ultimately in verse 19 died while trying to plunder a temple in his own land. And so verse 20, there shall arise in his place one who imposes taxes on the glorious kingdom, his name is Biden, but within, Biden the second, but I'm sorry, but within a few days he shall be destroyed, but not in anger or in battle. So there shall arise in his place one who imposes taxes on the glorious kingdom. The glorious kingdom is another way of speaking of Israel. So he's going to impose taxes on Israel. Seleucus the Fourth. In order to pay tribute to Rome, he sent a tax collector to Israel that that tax collector might plunder the temple of Israel as filled with golden objects. But soon after he did this, he died a mysterious death, possibly poisoned by the tax collector. Now in verse 21, in his place shall arise a vile person to whom they will not give the honor of royalty. He shall come in peaceably, come in peaceably, seize the kingdom by intrigue. With the force of a flood, they shall be swept away from before him and be broken, and also the Prince of the Covenant. And after the league is made with him, he shall act deceitfully, for he shall come up and become strong with a small number of people.  This is an important figure and we'll spend a few minutes looking at this. And basically what he did is he stole the throne from the rightful heir. After seizing the throne, Antiochus began to strengthen his power through military means. He ultimately defeated Egypt and he began to occupy Israel. Notice verse 22, how it says, with the force of a flood, they shall be swept away from before him. That speaks of various military campaigns that he had victories in. But notice also in verse 22, he speaks of the Prince of the Covenant. The Prince of the Covenant is referring to the high priest, a man by the name of Onias. And Onias the High Priest was murdered upon Antiochus Epiphanes command. In verse 23, it says, after the league is made with him, he shall act deceitfully. And what he did is he developed treaties with various powers to strengthen his political position. Verse 24 tells us that he shall enter peaceably, even into the richest places of the province. And he shall do what his fathers have not done nor his forefathers. He shall disperse among them the plunder, spoil and riches. He shall devise his plans against the strongholds, but only for a time. So he shall enter peaceably, even into the richest places of the province. What he did is he campaigned against other nations, expanding constantly. He used the tactic of a sneak attack, and that way he was able to surprise his enemies. And the plunder they had got was used to secure allies and buy friends. In verses 25 and 26, he shall stir up his power and his courage against the king of the south, against Egypt, with the great army. And the king of the south shall be stirred up to battle with a very great and mighty army, but he shall not stand for they shall devise plans against him.  And so he fought against anti-defeated Egypt, is the point that he's making here. In verse 27, both these kings' hearts shall be bent on evil, and they shall speak lies at the same table, but it shall not prosper, for the end will still be at the appointed time. While returning to his land with great riches, his heart shall be moved against the holy covenant, so he shall do damage and return to his own land. So the Syrians and the Egyptians lied to each other so much that they couldn't even eat dinner together, is what he's saying. Even at the dinner table, they would lie. Neither was honorable in their agreements historically. And so what happens, verse 28 says that Antiochus returns to Syria, but when he did that, he went through Israel. And that is where Antiochus manifested his hatred for the nation of Israel. And we'll see this, and I'm going to develop this with you in just a moment. In verse 29, at the appointed time he shall return and go toward the south, but it shall not be like the former or the latter, for the ships from Cyprus shall come against him, therefore he shall be grieved and return in rage against the holy covenant and do damage. So he shall return and show regard for those who forsake the holy covenant, and forces shall be mustered by him. They shall defile the sanctuary fortress, then they shall take away the daily sacrifices and place there the abomination of desolation. So on a campaign against Egypt, Antiochus was successful, but not like in the past. There was a Roman, a Roman consul by the name of Linus, and he intercepted him near Alexandria, Egypt. And when, when he was intercepted by this Roman consul, he was ordered to immediately leave Egypt. And if he did not immediately leave Egypt, he was going to be attacked by Rome. It's reported that this Roman consul Linus drew a circle around him, and he said, you must make a decision before you leave that circle. So Antiochus did not want to to risk a war with Rome. And as a result of that, he left, but he left in a rage. Notice verse 30, it says, he shall be grieved in returning rage against the holy covenant. What he did is he vented his anger on Israel. And he began in verse 30 to show regard for those who forsook the holy covenant. What he did as he entered in is he began to show favor to the Jews who would side with him. And what he was doing is he was attempting to make the Jews into Greeks.  When he brought in the Greek culture and the Greek language, not to mention the religion, what he was intending to do was to Hellenize or Grecianize the Jewish people. He wanted to take the Jews who were the covenant people of God and transform them into people who were anti-God. He wanted to transform them into Greeks who did not have the same values and the same God of the nation of Israel. And so he was trying to do that. And that's done to this day. They do it through education. It's done through language. It's done through religion. And to this day, the same tactics are taking place. Same tactics to take people and to make them into something that they are not. And what happened is the unbelieving Jews began to follow his commands and they began to forsake the Jewish faith. They built altars in groves. They sacrificed pigs' flesh. They stopped circumcising their sons and they pursued immoral lives and they forgot the word of God. That was taking place under Antiochus. It says in verse 31, forces shall be mustered by him and they shall defile the sanctuary fortress. So when he came against Jerusalem, what he did is he began a massacre and he began to take all the valuables. When he found a mother who had circumcised her son, he would kill the baby and tied its body around the mother's neck. He then marched her through the middle of the town and threw her over a cliff that she might be crushed to death. He polluted the altar by sacrificing a pig, a sow, on the altar. He put a stop to the daily sacrifices. He caused the Jews to cease their daily worship. He placed in the temple an idol, an image of Zeus Olympus, which is an abomination. He called himself by the name of Antiochus Epiphanes. The word Epiphany speaks of a glorious manifestation. He declared himself to be a God is what he did. There he is in Israel. Now this is a prophetic word concerning what will later happen with the Antichrist. This is a picture and we'll see this when we conclude this chapter next time we're together. But this is a prophetic picture of the Antichrist. We saw in Daniel 8, 23, and 24 that in the latter time of their kingdom, when the transgressors have reached their fullness, a king shall arise, having fierce features who understand sinister schemes. His power shall be mighty, but not by his own power. He shall destroy fearfully and shall prosper and thrive. He shall destroy the mighty and also the holy people. So that's a pre-figurement of what is going to take place when Antichrist comes upon the scene. Now Jesus refers to this, this abomination. Notice in verse 31, it says again, it says, forces shall be mustered by him, they shall defile the sanctuary fortress, then they shall take away the daily sacrifices and place there the abomination of desolation. Jesus spoke of this in Matthew 24, 15. He said, when therefore you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of through Daniel, the prophet, standing in the holy place, and then they went on to say, Matthew went on to say, let the reader understand the abomination of desolation. What he did, what Antiochus Epiphanes did, was a pre-figurement of what will take place in the latter times when the Antichrist does something very similar. So let me share with you a couple of things here that relate to this. After the rapture of the church, now we're going to fast forward into our days. In the prophetic calendar, the next prophecy that is to be fulfilled is the rapture. That's the next prophecy. There are no other prophecies that need to be fulfilled before that one takes place. So the next prophecy to be fulfilled in Scripture is going to be the rapture of the church. Now, prior to the rapture of the church, evil men will wax more and more. There'll be more and more evil men. There'll be more and more false teaching. And so when Jesus was spoken to and was asked concerning, what would the sign of his coming be? When will these things be? Because in Matthew 24, Jesus had said that not one of the stones of the temple is going to remain, but it's all going to be torn down. And because it was such a wonderful temple, such a beautiful building, it had been a constant construction for 46 years. And his men had drawn his attention to this temple. And how beautiful it is. You think this is beautiful? Indeed, physically, it was a beautiful building that was something that was just gorgeous in its day. But Jesus said, every rock, every stone is going to be torn down. And when he said that, his men, hearing that, couldn't let that get out of their mind. And so they began to speak to him, when are these things going to be? It's the sign of your coming. And you already know this, but I'll present it to you quickly. What is the sign of your coming? You know, when we do last day's studies very often, we speak concerning what are called the signs of the times. And that's all valid. And that's all a right thing to do. We speak about what Jesus said. And he speaks concerning a variety of things.  And we see that in Matthew 24, verses one through eight, there are quite a number of things that he outlines and shares related to that. But as I've mentioned to you many times, I'll mention it again right now. Jesus was asked concerning the sign, not the signs. Very often, we hear of signs of the times. And you can make a case for that phrase, of course. But the question was, what is the sign? It wasn't what are the signs. And so Jesus gave various things that would be taking place. But in answer to the question, what is the sign? His answer is very simple, take heed that no one deceives you. And that is repeated three times. Walter Martin says four times in the 24th chapter of Matthew. Deception. What is the number one sign of the last days? What is the sign that everything's about to be consummated? What is the sign? The answer, if you take notes, if you don't already know that, deception. Paul said that people in the last days are going to heap into themselves teachers having itching ears and are going to voluntarily turn aside from the truth and be turned voluntarily to fables. There will be many false prophets that are going to arise. And it's not just during the seven-year period called the tribulation. False prophets are already on the rise. There are already antichrists during the time of John when he wrote 1 John. He said there are already many antichrists. The spirit of antichrists is already here. And so in the end days, what they're going to be is a proliferation of false doctrine. So when Jesus is asked what is going to take place, he says, take heed that no one deceives you. And he repeats himself more than once in chapter 24. The primary sign of the last days is spiritual deception, doctrines of demons. And what is the doctrine of demon is simply a doctrine or teaching inspired by demons, a demonic doctrine. What is the number one demonic doctrine? That Jesus Christ is not God in the flesh and you don't need Jesus to go to heaven. That's the number one demonic lie. You don't need Jesus. Just be a good person. You don't need Jesus. Just practice your own faith with sincerity. That is the number one lie.  No man comes to the father but by him. We are the bigots, right? We are the haters. And indeed we do hate. We hate sin and we hate what sin does. So yeah, we are haters.   And that's the important thing is that we hate the things that God hates. False doctrine is going to permeate. And that's going to be during the last days. After the rapture, false prophets are going to continue to abound and they're going to be the ones who promote the antichrist. So after the rapture, at that time, the man of sin is going to be revealed, the son of perdition, the antichrist.  And as we've seen this before already, he begins in a non-threatening way. He develops a loyal following. It is at that time that he's going to be signing a covenant with the nation of Israel. We saw this in chapter 9 of Daniel verse 27. He shall confirm a covenant with many for one week, but in the middle of the week, the three and a half years, this is a seven-year period, in the middle of the week, he shall bring an end to sacrifice and offering on the wing of abomination shall be one who makes desolate even until the consummation which is determined is poured out on the desolate. So he's going to have a covenant that he confirms. The covenant, as I've mentioned to you, most likely will include the rebuilding of the Jewish temple.  They already have trained rabbis. They have trained rabbis. They have put together the utensils. They're ready to dedicate a temple and to have actual sacrifice. We actually go into the places and you can see the robes that the high priest is going to wear. You can see them, they have them. It's all prepared right now. And so they're just waiting for their opportunity. But how are they going to be able to do that? How are they going to be able to rebuild the temple that has been unoccupied for all these years since 70 AD? How's that going to happen? Well, the Antichrist is going to establish a covenant. There's going to be an agreement with Antichrist and Israel and Israel is going to be able to rebuild their temple and once again re-establish the various sacrifices. But in the middle of the week and in the third and a half year of the tribulation, he's going to break that covenant. He'll demand worship in the temple. He declares himself to be God. In 2 Thessalonians 2, verse 4, it says he'll oppose and exalt himself over everything that is called God or his worship so that he sets himself up in God's temple, proclaiming himself to be God. The abomination of desolation. Antichrist declares himself God. And that precipitates the three and a half years of great tribulation. Daniel 725 says he'll speak against the most high, press his saints, try to change the time, the set times and the laws. The saints will be handed over to him for a time, times and half a time for three and a half years. And so this is a pre-figurement. This is a picture, the Antichrist epiphanies a picture of the final Antichrist who is to come. And we'll be looking at that in detail. I'm just giving you a taste of that next week when we get together. I'll be sharing several things with you about that. And so there the abomination it says he will place there the abomination desolation. In his day they set up an image of Greek God in the last day. Antichrist will present himself as God. And then finally verse 32, those who do wickedly against the covenant he shall corrupt with flattery but the people who know their God shall be strong and carry out great exploits and those of the people who understand shall instruct many yet for many days they shall fall by sword and flame by captivity and plundering. Now when they fall they shall be aided with a little help but many shall join with them by intrigue and some of those of understanding shall fall to refine them, purify them, make them white until the time of the end because it is still for the appointed time. He shall corrupt those, notice verse 32, those who do wickedly against the covenant he shall corrupt with flattery. This is interesting and I can't go into great detail about this other than to say some believe that those who sided with Antiochus who became Grecianized who were Jewish actually were the root of the what during the time of Christ came to be known as the Sadducees because the Sadducees during Jesus' time were Jewish people who had been captured by Greek philosophy. And so there are Bible teachers who believe that this may be in reference to the group called the Sadducees who ultimately rose up and were Grecianized. They didn't believe in resurrection, they didn't believe in angels or spirits or anything like that because the Sadducees had been influenced by the Greeks. Well in verse 32 it says those who do wickedly against the covenant he shall corrupt with flattery but the people who know their God shall be strong and carry out great exploits. When Antiochus did these things the faithful Jews united against him.  This became a time of purging and may have been a time when the Pharisees originated. The Pharisees were those who are the word Pharisee are the separated ones. They were the ones who held fast to traditions and didn't give in to the influence of Antiochus. It's interesting if you do if you do a little reading about Pharisees during the time of Christ and just preceding him. In many ways they really were heroic preservers of the faith and when Jesus spoke against the Pharisees he's speaking against many of them who had made their traditions above the commands of God. But during the time they were they were trying to preserve the faith and what can happen sometimes as you go so far that you become legalistic. In verse 33 and 34 it says those of the people who understand shall instruct men many. There was a time of refining of faith. Many of the Jews during this time held fast until their death. The Maccabees rose at that time and fought in order to try and keep Israel from becoming totally pagan. In verse 35 it says some of those of understanding shall fall to refine them, purify them, make them white until the time of the end because it is still for the appointed time. So Antiochus attempted to destroy their faith but the persecution purified it. Let me close with a couple of thoughts. It's been said and this is true that the persecution is used by the Lord to purify us. I believe very strongly that what I have seen in the last months related to the COVID lockdowns and the various things is the church. At first what we've attempted to do as we should is we've attempted to do the very best that we can to work with any whatever requirements are to keep people safe and that's what we've done. We still do that of course we do. But at the same time there has been a refining of our faith to the point where we've said we've done as much as we can and we want to be the best citizens that we can at a certain point it is better to obey God rather than men. And so we have come to realize that I think and there has been a purging in the church. There's no doubt, no doubt that there have been people who are really not committed and I don't say this in judgment with their hearts but the fact would be not committed at all and thus the requirements to to no longer meet was not something that they soured over. It didn't matter that much to them and then quite a number of people have decided to stay in home and all is a lot more fun than going to church and all of that. We've seen that and I think that in many churches there has been a refining of people's faith. You've had to make decisions will I or will I not be there? Will I or will I not assemble? Will I or will I not place God's commands above those things that I'm being told by man? And you have to make those determinations based on your conscience and those things that are acceptable to him and I'm certainly not your conscience nor am I to tell you what to do but I know myself I would rather obey God than man. And so I gather with you to teach you the word of God because that's what I'm commanded to do and one of the elements amen and one of the and one of the elements that we have in in in Christianity that is so important that people forget is the fact that the the church that ecclesia that's the way it is in the Greek is the called out ones. We are called out of the world but we're intended to be a community of like-minded believers. See we're called out but we're called out to be together and so one of the things that the that the enemy does is he tries to disperse and he does that sometimes here in this passage there he did it through persecution and pain but the result of that was purging. In Isaiah 48 verse 10 I have refined you but not as silver I have tested you in the furnace of affliction and that's what took place when Antiochus epiphanies began to move against the Jews. Now this occurs until the time of the end. This is still for the appointed time. In other words these terrible things are simply a foreshadowing of what will occur in these last days and next week when we gather we're going to see precisely what that is when we pick up at verse 40 and we'll close here at verse 39.


Here we are again Before we start with the next Speakers, I would like to thank one more person Not gonna thank you guys. I would like to thank one more one more person up there Doing something that we actually don't see around here, but we have a stream online Was last night couldn't sleep really couldn't sleep I was freaking out and I started seeing on YouTube videos and we were there for six hours Straight beautiful shots and it's all on upstairs doing a lot of work. Thank you very much mate. Thank you All right, our next speakers Jurgen and in aunt use case from the municipality of Amsterdam Give it up for them, please Good afternoon everybody amazing to be standing here. So yeah, awesome Yeah, let's start with the introduction. I'm Jurgen Alwein. I work as a lead consultant for Luminous and Also work now for the city of Amsterdam as a lead architect for the cloud platform Yeah, my name is Leland Paderkoper. I'm also an solution architect and the system engineer and Also working for the gemeente Amsterdam and my company is it impressive So, yeah, let's first start with the organization A bit of background of the city of Amsterdam. So Yeah, a bit of who we are the city of Amsterdam is has 18,000 employees we have Of course the the city council the political part, but we have 80,000 civil servants working for the city of Amsterdam we are separated in four clusters with 42 direct management teams and One of the teams of the clusters is IT and that's about 1600 people So it's quite an organ is a big organization And I'm not sure if everybody has that ID when you're talking about the city Our local government so quite big Yeah, we started with a with a new IT strategy as a city of Amsterdam because we want to move to the next phase and So we asked the usual suspects like partner to talk to tell us what we want to do Turns out that it wasn't the same as we were already planning, but yeah, if Carter says it's okay so We decided that we wanted to go cloud native and we decided that we want to have Multi-cloud strategy, but first start with one. So we focus now on Azure As our first we also have a strategy of SAS before past both before yes, so all the Azure components are mainly pass and some of them are yes small part Yeah, we use only general available features. That's very important for later in the story And We do everything as inference code Yeah, we said also as architects we set up some cloud principles and They are based on our cloud strategy. Yeah, you see the list here. I think the most of them are recognizable like You build as you run it you own it start small Automate everything but also security and service management compliance by design So that all those things should be part of all our solutions and of course We also have to comply to several compliance standards like the BO, which is the government Compliancy standard But also we are using the security control framework for Microsoft and the modern service management control framework also for Microsoft and we have the The PR which is about privacy and the government standards like Nora. So there's a lot of compliancy standards Which we have to take in account when we deploy something Yeah, then the question is of course why share take the s. That's our business case and From here we want to take a look from our workloads perspective. We have around 40. I heard most of the most of the time of you and Costs and Compliancy that's already told but also security we want to get in place And we saw a lot of pop-up being up a different kind of AKS environments without any maintenance and trouble Basically, so I want to take that into account with you. So looking to the workloads We see a lot of people that wants to embrace basically the elements and the features of AKS But also other technologies in Azure like the data platform and the data bricks and that's the one But that's for another other use case But most of them they were experimenting with with containers So we wanted to embrace them that they are doing so Also, we are doing the way of DevOps working It's more or less common nowadays, but most of the teams do have to change to that way of work And we wanted to centralize our Kubernetes experience Because there are very rare at the moment looking to the market Looking to the other elements like cost and security. I think those are most common nowadays everybody has to Try to keep the costs in in place but most of them we're trying to achieve and Setting also FinOps. That's one of the elements that we are doing also and We're trying to centralize basically all those loosing AKS clusters to have not costs running everywhere But you little bit centralized and if you have some centralized platform You have the possibility also to take into account the compliancy and the automation by itself Then the technical side we had a little demonstration of one of our speakers yesterday Christina. Thanks. Thank you for that We're going to dive a little bit deeper But most of them it's obvious of course Kubernetes of itself There were a lot of functionalities in technical preview one and a half a year ago So we faced a lot of issues like oh, we cannot solve it So for that we had to do some tricks and elements. So that we will take further in our presentation Yes, so when we started we we needed to have a plan of action. So first we started with the architecture Look at all the standards. No Then we looked at the design decisions and documented them and Yeah, then finally we had the solution that we could build So if you look at the architecture as a base we use the cloud adoption framework for Microsoft We have the we also comply to the well architected framework for Microsoft. We had last week No, no two weeks ago. We had a review from Microsoft and well architected review on security and What I think it's very cool is that we scored on the question part 84 percent compliant and on the advisory Policy side we scored even 91 percent compliant. So even Microsoft was impressed with our setups Yeah, I think that's quite nice for our first. We are also Haven compliant. That's very important in the local government Area because I think Haven is very is the thing but Haven is 15 standards So we are Haven compliant but Haven isn't not Amsterdam compliant We come much farther than Haven We are also BBM to compliance that says something about the security of data, which is used in the cluster like personal traceable data so we had to take that in care and We had to take an account of our current HubSpot model where the solution should land and we want everything to be private so our Clusters are not publicly accessible Default if you deploy AKS, it's perfectly accessible But we use private endpoints for that to make it even more secure. So basically we are not on the list That was shown yesterday I'm going to take you within with us with a lot of design decisions I've tried to spread them in a sort of logical way, but looking to the platform There were quite a lot basically so what we are trying to do is to get most out of Azure basically So authentication with Azure AD and that kind of stuff and the most important one was of course the private functionality so you can run AKS in public mode and also in private mode Meaning that you have to work with private endpoints basically and there the older fun was starting Some functionalities weren't available at that time. For instance, it was the ACR, right? That was not Very helpful, but also we had some other discussions Beside of this big list, I want to highlight some of them I tried to make them bold, but one of the key functionalities was we have to separate all our workloads basically Meaning that every workload has to be identified and must not see each other Within the cluster. So when we started when we first met I said to the guys like hey Do you know that there's one beautiful functionality coming available and that is the agent pool concept That is a functionality based on the fact that you can set in Kubernetes stains or sort of labels and on that you can also set them in How is that called again Over availability zones so you can basically Select three of them set them in an agent pool concept and Laydown a sort of Azure tag and all the costs are also identified Also, the traffic was separated completely. So that was a cool feature and I think also the most important one of this list Other components that we want to hit is the engine X so Azure offers in its Subscriptions the possibility to use the agik. That's the application gateway Ingress controller the combination of the application gateway and the ink was controlled combined At that time that we have investigated but also later this this year in in January We still still see it. It is in GA, but it's got a lot of issues It's not reacting as it's supposed to be and since we are facing 40 Teams we didn't want to look to that issue Facing the issues that are explaining on GitHub basically So we chose engine X and in that way we can deliver very fast One other element Autoscaling is of course enabled on our side and we're trying to use Azure Defender for cloud as well Looking to the automation. We are using of course the products that Microsoft is offering So Azure DevOps is one of the tools that we are using We also have taken a look to cured. I don't know if it's familiar for everybody Can I see some hands that's familiar a few of them? Okay, so cured is Kubernetes reboot demon agents. That's an agent basically working on each worker node Giving us the possibility to update our Linux operating systems and you can add our schedule If you want to for us, it's a weekly schedule So if there are updates required for a reboot, it will do it by itself Not meaning that all the nodes are coming together, but separately, of course An other topic that we are highlighted in the to-do is the automation of DNS and certificates Most of you maybe are familiar with external DNS or set manager. Those tools are mostly used in the automation But we have some manual processes. That's not allowing us to talk to the API systems yet so this is coming but Maybe in the future, but for now it's a manual process Looking on the application side, so we have used We have also taken a look to some applications One of them was the application performance monitoring that we are filling in with application insights Is it the answer for everything at the moment? we hope so but We don't have any requirements yet to differentiate on this So there are a lot of tools out there that's helping and performing in the application stack But at the moment, we don't have complaints yet in that way Besides of that, we also use VM skill sets for creating our container images required for applications to run, of course and That is also a lot of conversation about it because it's an IS solution But at the current state the only one that we can Deliver we also have taken a look to ACA as the Azure container apps Giving us the possibility maybe to create the self-hosted agents a meaningful way to provision container images to build but also to provision to our Azure environments Looking to the security, of course, there are a lot of elements that we have taken into account One of them because we are using managed of a user Agent pools is that we have chosen user managed identities a way of authorization giving to an agent pool and then later on in our slides to other resources That are specific for a workload team, but I will come back to that one Defender for clouds. I think that's obvious, of course But one element that we are missing at the moment and that's because it's not the a of course Is the CI CD scanning so the possibility to scan our code basically it is coming and We are excited to see but for now we had to change On that direction to a third-party vendor Other elements that we are using of course is the Azure policies So in the Azure policies gatekeeper, that's a functionality for a lot of people maybe familiar where you can set Specific requirements on your cluster on your total cluster or specific namespace parts Nowadays it is built in into the Azure policies Giving us the possibility to harm basically our clusters on the security side on the cluster side and Also on the on the Kubernetes versions as well The Kubernetes best practices also yesterday explained by you And other elements that we are using is calico policies. So Kubernetes offers us the possibility to go Clownative by itself by Kubernetes policies Those are have the limitation that you can add them on namespace level and Calico one of the first CNI that is GA with Microsoft Gives us the possibility to not only a limited on namespace, but overhaul the cluster So you can set your basically your networking rules on the highest level as possible Meaning that you can make it closed Unless and then open with the specific firewall requirements of your needs Looking to other elements. It's a bit of it's too small. I I do notice so we have added a lot of links A little bit of the baseline we had just followed from Microsoft So Microsoft is creating a lot of baselines nowadays specific on the topics of ACR that we also required and AKS and On that we have made in a lot of lists to just peel them down Looking to the end solution. What are we offering to our? Workload teams possibility, of course to get their own Agent pool on that agent pool we gave them the possibility to differentiate based on the VM size So if they need more CPU or memory, they can choose otherwise in this picture It's a DV DV for s V3 On we also have given them a limit on the pot rate So they are not over provisioned their Kubernetes worker nodes that is based on the VM size Because we are using the as you see and I the as you see and I gives a lot of limits on that and for now most of the workloads do not go over the 50 parts so Looking to end slash 24 subnet it should be sufficient The network traffic we already hit on and the Azure Tech, of course What does that mean for a workload team so a workload team still provisions their own resources? That's we do on purpose because they are responsible for the database or a key for for the certificates For example, but also for their persistent storage So we can deliver the the full self-service functionality to them and we are creating connectivity from our Subscription basically based on an agent pool where the user managed identity where I just spoke about can be authorized on those components what the workloads are basically creating on That way we can provision a lot of functionality out of the box They get their own Azure DevOps and on that we can create also the automation To the namespaces and an element that we heard a lot based on namespaces So we provision a namespace and the agent pool and they can deliver all the applications they need so road map Of course, we don't have everything Ready yet. We started last year still work in progress some components are not available. So Yeah workload identity. We are really waiting for Microsoft to have that GA Really happy to implement it. So when it's there Yeah, the multi listener support we already implemented at the moment But that was one of the request of our teams Part-based row routing we also implemented that was also a request of the teams Service mesh we have not implemented service mesh yet because there's no Requirements at the moment for service mesh. So why implement something which adds complexity if it's not needed but as soon as it's in as the requirements are there we will implement it and get ops Isn't it also on our list to implement somewhere this year? Maybe you can switch shortly back. I Forgot one element to add On the left side you see some components in the light blue and those resources We have created for all the workloads basically and just to to shortly Take them on the application gateway We have shared them basically on all the workloads that we have available and also you see an It's it's a Dutch word be be here after day But what we mentioned is a sort of troubleshooting a VM so that they can do and see how their workloads basically are working Future plans we have a lot of other things. We are currently investigating should we move to the Azure C&I and move away from the Azure C&I Yeah, leave the Azure C&I and move to the Calico C&I We are we are doing a proof-of-concept with that containers getting we just Acquired a tool for that and are implementing that together with the vendor Keda, yeah, also no requirements yet for it Confidential VMs is something which we are looking into because next to BBM tools Complian C standards we can also know something that's BBM 2 plus that's More strict, so we are investigating if isolated nodes could be there a solution for that Yeah There's some other of the things aka as Aks edge is also one of the things which is there if there's a requirement we will implement that That's one was released yesterday, so yeah Yeah lessons learned Yeah, I think one of our biggest lessons learned was that we it's nice to the Deploy a case but it's not only deploying a case. It's not ready the product You you have to do a lot yourself and what we found out is that our choice for running at private Limit is in some of the options that are available some of the options for private are not available In GA, but for public they are available in GA So we had some difficult this discussion sometimes about that. How are we fixing that? Are we possible to fix it? Can we fix it? So? Yeah, a lot of things to look at Yeah, one of the other things is that the reducing of costs by sharing that that's that's a big win for us Now we have some problem with convincing sometimes the teams that that is really a win Yeah, that makes it sometimes More difficult, but yeah, we have evidence that it will save costs so And also the automation, right? I mean we have provisioned everything with with vice up and all the automation tools Yeah, it's not only AKS, but it is also the application gates way the listeners and all that kind of stuff Yeah, and I think the the most important is that we will never be ready We always will have to need to innovate Because I will always new be new options on security or on Kubernetes. So we always have to innovate All right, that's it questions Thank you very much Denon and Jürgen I love that you guys have shared the wins learns and then not so successful experiences and Totally, it's totally true that in container container times container years one year is 20 So if you stop you you are saying you're saying behind do we have any questions for Denon and Jürgen Bring it on We use the self-hosted DevOps agents and the VM scale sets to solve those problems Basically, we have two one of them is specific for the image build process that we are doing on ISVM's In a skill set manner. So they are going up Until their job is done. They are being destroyed. So every time they boot up, they get the installation script for the required tools That's mostly one of them. The other one is the self-hosted agents that is currently in Somehow a public forum. So we have provisioned it in a public kubernetes environment strict Placed with a lot of network policies on that so we can deliver basically only the needed requirements to go from public to private to their subscriptions and For with Microsoft we had last week. That's really fresh We are taking to look to the ACA solution to see if they can offer it likewise But then it's for the cloud native Unless they cannot deliver the isolation that we require Next question Yeah, we use tagging we have a tag on the agent pool so all the costs of the agent pool Because of the tagging are visible and we can we can show them to the workload our the shared costs are being divided over the workloads via formula which is made by the FinOps team We have space for one more question Yes, we do Question regarding the controls that you put in place for Azure policy. How did you do the mapping? for bio to the Azure policy and Do you have some? And some best practices there how to do it because it could be a complex issue there Yeah, yeah, so we use the bio compliancy policy here initiative from Microsoft We use the SCF and we have our own security risk team that Extended the SCF and made sure that we had a translation to the Azure policies And yeah, it was a lot of work. It's still a lot of work to keep it up to date also change in policies So, yeah, we're constantly looking how to improve that and make it better A lot of remapping on all those requirements. Thank you Thank you very much, you know, and you're again, it's always good to see consumers and Their struggles and their successes. Please give it up for them Now one one great thing is that everybody is trying to keep that door closed thank you and One other great thing is that we are still on time and we are going to have Floor which is the moment. She's very cold She's going to be speaking at 330 with sustainable open source One of those high energy people is always nice to have around so please take your break 30 minutes come back with us


Oh my God, how do I describe where I'm from? Well, my name is Lizzo and I'm from a lot of places. I was born in Detroit, I grew up in Houston, and my career popped off in Minneapolis. Very nerdy in school. In school, I like wanted to be a know-it-all, smart aleck, I was always raising my hand. I remember once I was like, uh, why do you gotta be smart? I was like, that's not me. Playing flute when I was 12 or 11. And then I was writing like pop songs and stuff with my friends since I was nine, honestly. I remember third and fourth grade hanging out with my friends, Pips and Mary. We had a little band called Peace, Love and Joy. I was peace. Mary was love and Pips was joy, and we would just write these little spice girl songs. I didn't really understand, I could be in the industry until like, I moved to Minneapolis. But I always knew I was gonna play music. Like I wanted to be in like, the New York Phil or play in the Boston Pops. Like I really wanted to be a flute player. I learned how to sing by being in a rock band. So I lied to these people on Craigslist and said that I was a singer, but I was really a rapper.  Like I was so excited. And at that point I was like, what do I do? I guess I just gotta sing. So I closed my eyes and I just pretended to sing as best I could. And they were like, I don't know what you just said but you really meant it. You can be in the band. And I learned how to sing through rock music. I did sleep out of my car and I slept in this rehearsal space that my band practiced in that was like very sketchy.   So people really helped me out back in the day. I feel like I owed them all checks. And I remember once it got so indescribably hard and I called my mom and I was like, I don't know if this is like God telling me to just stop or if this is like the devil trying to keep me from my purpose. It was that difficult. I think I had in real time a realization like this is all a part of your story. My album is called Cause I Love You. I had a whole different name for my album before. I was so in love with this one idea of what I wanted my album to be called but I wasn't listening to the songs. And then when I listened to these songs that I wrote and I listened to Cause I Love You, I was like, wow. I wrote them cause I love myself. I wrote them cause I love the people I'm writing these songs for to help them heal. Cause I love you just sums up everything and everything that I've been through.  I know that it's hard but you have to try. If you need advice, let me simplify. It's important for me to be inclusive period because my entire story has been based around being excluded. When I was able to be in a position of privilege where I can invite people into a space which is my music, which is my social media. I made a conscious decision to make sure that it was inclusive for everyone so no one could ever feel like how I felt.


Okay. Hi everybody. In this video, I'm going to show you how to make a scrolling background. This is a request I get all the time. So I'm going to go ahead and show you what's going on. The final product will look like something like this. So I've got a little player here in the middle. Player goes left and the background goes right if you notice. And you notice how it repeats over and over and over. I'm just repeating the same background. You could do a longer background, but I'm just repeating a short background here. So let's get started. So I'm going to recreate that for you live. Now this is the starter code. I will put a link down below in the description so you can start from here. So if I run this, all I have is a turtle that turns left and turns right. There's no background at all and just a small window. So again, if you haven't seen any of my other tutorials, watch those first. They'll explain all this turtle stuff to you. I'm assuming that you are familiar with most of these commands. So I'm using the turtle module. This is in Python 3. Create a window object for the screen. Put the title, put the background. Change the size. Tracer turns off the animation updates. Then I'm going to have two different turtles actually. I'm going to have a pen, which is going to draw the background. I should have put background there. And we don't actually see this one. This one's actually hidden. That's why I put hide turtle. But we can use it to draw on the screen. And then I also have a player, which is the little turtle that you saw there going left and right. And there's some code there, some boilerplate code. And I have a command to make the player turn left. So I set the heading to 180. 180 is left. Right is zero. And I have a couple commands here for the key presses. And ignore the announcement outside. I'm here in Japan and they do make those announcements from time to time. And in my wild true loop, I update the window. So here's the problem. What often happens is, well, here's the thing. Let's go ahead and do this the old style. So win.bg pic. And I do have a file called background that I created. It has to be a gif. This is one of the limitations of the turtle module. I'm going to hit function f5 to run in the IDE I'm using called genie. So I'm going to hit function f5. And now we have a background. Now you can see here, it doesn't scroll. Okay, it just sits there. Now if you want a static background, you're done. If you want the background to scroll, you're not done. Now the problem is with the turtle modules, you can't actually do an offset for the background pic. So it would be nice if we could say background gif and then put minus 10 and zero. So it would do an offset. So what we're going to do instead is we're going to do something called register shape. So win.register shape and background.gif. And what this tells the program is that, hey, I've got this image. It's called background.gif. I'm going to be using it at some point. And then what I can do down here is you can see I've got this turtle turtle. I should probably actually put pen dot go to zero comma zero. So it's in the center of the screen. That would probably be pretty helpful. And what I'm going to do is in my while true loop, I'm going to go ahead and type this, I'm going to say pen dot shape. And that's going to be background.gif. I'm going to type pen dot stamp. And what that does is that stamps the image onto the screen. Because if you recall up here, I've used hide turtles. I'm actually hiding it. And there's a reason why I'm not just going to show it. And that'll become clear here hopefully soon. So I'm going to go ahead and run this and see if I have the same result, which I hopefully will. Okay, so I have the same result. Again, still nothing's happening. And this is what we expected. So the trick here is when the, how can I put it? When the player moves to the right, the background moves left. And when the player moves left, the background moves right. So we have to account for that. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to create a variable called camera. And you can see right there DX. And that's going to be zero. And camera, I'm not sure if I need X is zero or not, but let's go ahead and put that in there just in case. So what I want to do is when the player moves left, I want to change the camera DX. So camera dot DX equals. So if the player is moving left, the camera's got to move right. So DX should be a positive number. And there's going to be an error here. And I'll explain that in a second for people that aren't familiar with this, this, what I just did wrong. And in the opposite, if the player is moving right, which is a positive X change, D just means delta or change delta X. I want to go, I want the camera to move left. So then down here, I want to do the following camera X plus equals camera DX. So I'm changing the camera's X location by its, how do I put it, by its change in speed, which it could be negative or positive. And then I have to go pen dot go to camera, camera X and camera, it's always, it's zero, but I could I could have done camera Y here if I wanted to. And then it's going to do the same thing. Now we're going to get an error here. So I'll show you why that's not the one though. Line 34, there's an error. Okay, I forgot the parenthesis. It's probably bothering you guys for the past couple minutes. And okay, so I'm going to push right, push left. Okay, nothing's happening, which again, this is what we expected. So yeah, I thought there'd be an error, but there wasn't. Basically, the reasoning is that it's called scope. This is a global variable, which we usually don't want to use, but for practice purposes, we'll go ahead and use it. So I have to put here global camera X or sorry, DX and global camera DX again. So what that says is this DX, this camera DX is the same as this camera DX. If you're not sure what that means, don't worry about it. Just trust me, this should hopefully fix it. So let's try it again. Again, I'm going to push right. And you can see how the background now moves left. Okay, I'm going to push left. And you see how the background moves right. All right, so that's kind of what we wanted. Now it's not moving very smoothly. I'm not 100% sure why. I'm sure I forgot to do something somewhere. But we'll come back to that and fix that when we can. So I got all the speed stuff. Actually, I want to try and sort that out now, because it's really, really weird. Shouldn't be doing that. And you saw the other version that was working just fine. I know I did. I think I know what is wrong. The other thing here is, because I keep stamping the background on the top, it's just piling up. So I got to do pen dot clear to clear the old background. And so I hit function f5, see if that helps. There we go. Okay, now you can see the next problem. Okay, once I scroll, it scrolls right off the screen. And cyanara suckers. And it is gone, daddy gone. Okay, so we got a scrolling background, which is what we wanted. That's kind of cool. So far so good. Now the thing is, we got to get it to wrap around. Now, here's how I did it. There may be a simpler way to do it, but this is the way that I could figure out and I think it's easy enough to explain. What I've done is I've actually gone ahead and created two other background images. I didn't have to do it this way. But I think this kind of makes sense. If you wanted a longer background, like you wanted instead of the same background repeating, you could do a left background. I have left background and right background. Or we could do it with just one background. And we could do it that way. Well, let's stick it this way, stick to it this way. And we'll go from there. Anyway, okay, so here's what we got to do. And this is where it gets tricky. What I've done is I say pen dot go to now the width is 800. Of course, is zero. Pen dot shape background dot Jeff. And pen dot pen dot stamp. So this is this is going to be to the left. So let's go ahead and run that and see what happens. Okay, something went desperately wrong there. This is coding. Okay, pen dot go to I said they're wrong here. So not negative camera x minus 800. See that does it. There we go. And let me put this back here. And I think this should be. Yeah, this I messed that up as well. So that should be here. Okay, so left. Okay, so you see how now we've got this big long. We still went off the screen, which is not a good thing. And let's see here. Stop that for a second. And then I'm going to go ahead and I'm going to do the same thing on the right. It's easier just to copy that. And again, there may be a slightly simpler way to do this. But I think this is again, probably an easier way for beginners to understand. So what you can see what I'm doing is I'm putting a background in the middle where the camera is. I'm putting a background to the left where the camera to the left of the camera. I'm putting a background to the right of the camera. So again, this is the width of that background. So if I hit function and f5 again, I'm going to go and you can see here it keeps going.  Now this is where we do a little bit of mathematical magic. So we know that the width of the background is 800. So what I'm going to do is the following camera dot act underscore X percent equals 800. This is called the modulus. So any number under 800 is the same. Once it hits 800, it resets to zero. So the 801 would be one. So it's basically jumping everything back. Now once I do this, I can click right and it will just go on forever and forever. I can click left and it will go on forever and forever. So just real quick, just kind of show you what's going on here. I'm going to comment this section out. So the left image and the right image. So just the regular background. So watch what happens when I go right. So it goes all the way over. And what's happening is once it gets to the end, it's jumping back to the right. It gets to negative 100. Jump back to the right. I go the other way. And then it will jump back to the start. It's kind of interesting stuff. So now once I start adding the other sections again, I'm not sure if I need all three, but let's find out. Let's just try the left one and see what happens. My instinct is that we do need them. So I'll go left. So far so good. Okay, so left works really well. I don't have to do anything. Let's see what happens if I go right. Okay, interesting. We only actually need two of those. So we didn't need the third one, which is kind of interesting. I would not have predicted that. Yeah, interesting. So live and learn. So we don't actually need this one. We just need one other. And then what you could do is you could have a background one, a background two, and then they could scroll into each other, which is kind of cool. Okay, so that's it. That's how you create a scrolling background. It's pretty straightforward. A couple key things. Remember, with the turtle module, you need to register your shapes. If the camera, again, I use the camera. In this case, I could have done player DX and player X, but then it gets a little bit more complicated. This was the easiest way to do it was to have a camera that is centered on where the player is, basically, and where the background should be. And the interesting thing is here, remember, if the player is moving left, which is a negative DX, the camera should be moving positively. And the opposite is true for right movement of the player, the camera should be moving to the left because it's opposite. And then here we add the DX to the X of the camera. We do the modulus so that it resets once it goes past that length, once it goes past the width of the whole background. And then we draw one image to the left. And I guess it probably could have drawn it to the right. I haven't tested it, but I assume that would work. Change the image, stamp it, and then draw our second image, and it will go around and around forever or until your computer dies. Okay, thanks for watching. Subscribe for updates. And yeah, have a good one. Catch you later.