You just saw how to implement weighted moving average and exponential smoothing on the time series. Those techniques are useful but limited in that you can only effectively forecast for the next period. When you need an extended forecast or when you have a data set that seems to have a repeating pattern such as our data does, you need a more powerful forecasting technique. One such technique is the Holt Winners or double exponential smoothing approach. Until the most recent version of Excel there was not a built-in tool for making forecasts using Holt Winners. So we will learn the steps of building a Holt Winners forecast using basic Excel functions and formulas. A bit later in this assignment you will see the great new tool in Excel 2016 that makes this technique literally one click. Looking closely at our data you can see there is a bit of a trend upwards as well as the seasonality, the repeating pattern. Inspecting the graph you can see the peaks occur each December which means our pattern repeats on a 12 month cycle. In the Holt Winners technique we break down the sales in our case into three components, a base level, a trend, and the seasonality portion. When we have fully developed our model we will recompose the sales by summing all three components. Holt Winners is called exponential smoothing because we use smoothing factors, one for each of the three components, to determine how much of each we will incorporate in the final forecast model. They are named alpha, beta, and gamma. Let's jump into Excel and do this. Here's our data. If you recall we have sales and we have a number of months. I'm going to scroll down. We have 60 months of data and we want to forecast ahead for the next year. First we need to seed the seasonality factor S. We will do this by taking the value of the first period over here, period one, and subtracting from it the average of the first 12 months because we have a 12 month cycle. I'm going to click in that cell, hit equal, first month's actual sales minus average of those 12 months. Close that and hit enter. That gives us our first estimate of the seasonal portion of our data. Before I copy this down I need to lock this range. Remember the function F4 key and click there and F4 key. That locks the average range so I can drag it down that whole column. I'm going to click the cell, get my little plus, and drag it down and that will give me the seasonal factor for the first 12 months, our estimate. Notice that the first month is $45,000 roughly above the average and we've got one here that's what $46,000 below the average. If you sum these up logically they would total to zero because we're looking at the differences from the averages for those 12 months. Next we will seed the baseline L beginning with the last month of the first year. This is a simple step. We're just going to take the actual value for that month and subtract the seasonal component for that month to give us an estimate of the base level for month 12 of the first year. Finally we're going to seed the trend was zero which is a commonly used approach. Remember these are initial estimates and as we go along the whole winners approach will continue to improve them as we develop it down the column. Now we have our seeds that we can use for year two. We will start with a base level L for month 13 and find it in using one of these formulas that I've got hidden under the graph. Let me move the graph out of the way and we'll see the first formula. The base level L for time t is equal to alpha, our smoothing factor, times the actual at time t which would be that cell minus the seasonality for one period back and our period member is 12 months so we'd go all the way back to month one. And then we would add to it one minus alpha like we did with the exponential smoothing times the level from the prior month plus the trend from prior month which is zero although I erased it accidentally that is equal alpha times and we want to go to the actual for month 13 minus the seasonal value for the prior period which would be that cell plus one minus alpha close that times the prior, oops, prior level plus our trend which is just zero and then I will close that and that gives us our value for the base level from November of 08 which is month 13. That was a bit tedious but the good news is we can just copy these formulas down through the end of our actual data. Now we can begin to get the actual forecast we need. We start by finding the forecaster month 61. It is equal to the preceding month's base plus the preceding month's trend times a number of periods which is just month 61 minus month 60. Again we need to lock down month 60 as we need to use it to drag down the formula. Finally we need to add the seasonal factor which is just the seasonal factor for the preceding period which is November 11. Then we can just drag down there 12 months to get our forecast. I've added the new data points, the 12 months forecast to our chart here in orange. You can see it gives us a pretty good feel that it's going to give a good forecast for each of the 12 months coming up. Even though this seems like a tedious process, the whole winners exponential smoothing, double exponential smoothing really is a good tool to have. The new versions of Excel, Excel 2016, we'll let you do this in one click and we'll show you how to do that shortly. But just remember that any of you have an older version of Excel, you can still do whole winners manually and it's really not that difficult if you follow these steps.


I'm Sergeant Mike Farr, F-A-R-R, the Denver Police Travelling Investigations Unit. We've asked you here today to provide what would be a final report on the collision that occurred on September 11th involving the Legacy High School bus owned and operated by Adams 12 schools that occurred at DIA. The investigation has concluded and the word that we'll use to describe the findings is inconclusive. Most crashes, in fact all crashes that we investigate, have as contributing factors really three primary areas that we look. And that's human, vehicle, and environment. And this crash is no different. We certainly looked at all of those. So starting with the environment, the area, roadways were clear, the weather was good, the sun was still high in the sky, there's really nothing environmentally that led us to believe that an environmental factor was a contributing factor to this collision. We were able to inspect the bus with one of my certified inspectors. He found the bus other than the collision damage to be in good operating condition. There was nothing that they discovered that led them to believe that there was going to be any reason to think a mechanical failure on the part of the bus was going to contribute to the crash. So it brings us down really to that final of the three factors, the human. As we had indicated in earlier briefings with the public and the press that looking at the human you look at what may have gone wrong. We look at was this an intentional act or a purposeful act. As we've had an opportunity to look into the driver's background, Ms. Chopper, there is really nothing there that would lead us to believe conclusively that it was an intentional or purposeful act. You know, the word certainly will use is suicide. Was this a suicide attempt? Nothing in the background, nothing evidentiary was uncovered to lead us to believe that. Also then, of course, there's medical. There was some things about the collision that is the route back to the terminal as we discussed that was unexpected. We've certainly not been able to undercover in talking to any of the occupants on the bus at the time. Do we know why that route back to the terminal building occurred? And of course, in waiting for the autopsy in the coroner's report, they also as a result of the collision forces, the body was in such a condition that they could not conclude definitively that a medical condition is going to play a contributing factor in this crash. So as we stand here today and have really exercised talking to all the witnesses that were made available and known to us, the condition of the vehicle, the condition of the environment, we simply are going to have to call this one a mystery. There is no definitive answers as to why this crash occurred. So it really wraps up my comments. Are there any any questions? Yes, well, that very good point. We really try to provide answers. Certainly my job as a police officer is to look for potential criminal violations and whole defenders responsible. But that's not all of my job. Certainly a good portion of my job is to provide answers for loved ones for family members directly and indirectly affected by this. And it's troublesome when you're unable to do that because that certainly is one of my goals and objectives. But this is one of those cases that simply there is nothing in any of those factors that we look at that leads us down to a road where we can draw any any strong conclusions. Certainly our investigation did conclude that the bus was approximately 10 to 11 feet high, as I recall. The posted clearance for that part of the airport she was heading for is 9 foot 6. So one could conclude and we did not, at least that I'm aware of, try to line that bus up to see if it would actually fit physically. I left the scene prior to doing that. But based on the height of the bus and the height that's posted there, it appears it would not have fit. Is it there? You know, conceivable. It's hard for me to conclude that because again, we had witnesses on board the bus who indicated to us that there was no effort to stop emergency braking and there was plenty of room prior to coming to the entrance of four to apply the brakes in a non-emergency fashion to bring the bus to a stop if I thought that were the case. So while that's possible, Rick, I certainly, I would be skeptical if that were the case. There was room to bring the bus to a stop prior to that. You know, I think it was the fact that we had so many folks involved and that is we have the adult bus driver, the adult coaches and the kids on board. And great public interest in what happened here because we care about our kids. And so trying to provide answers and trying to at least find out what occurred here. And then is there something we can do to prevent future occurrences and we're unable to do that. So that's a little frustrating. Do we have an opportunity as earlier discussed to provide answers to the family of the decedent? And we don't and I wish we did. Rare, absolutely. It does happen, however. In the cases that I am attached to, very often we find a proximate cause. And that's the legal definition of what set this chain of events into motion. And very often we are able to identify that. In this case, we can't, it's rare, but it does happen. Certainly the other buses, there were three buses in the convoy. And the answer is yes, they did go back around because they are a pack. And they leave together, they arrive at the school together. Everything is done for safety together. My understanding is that there was no radio communication between the buses. And that they simply followed because that's what the lead bus was doing. We don't, the word is probative. That is when we look at video evidence like that, is there something that helps explain the story? And here, there really was not. And part of that is simply because we don't always get to pick where our video cameras are stationed and where our crashes occur. And so we're left with video that is sometimes grainy. And we can see dynamics, but we can't make out people. We can't make out certain evidence. But we can find out, let me look and see is there something about the travel nature of the bus that gives me a clue as to what happened. And certainly that wasn't the case there. Now, I had the chance to, through some witness interviews, ask about that very, as we were coming back to the terminal with the trip back to the terminal being unusual, was there anything else about that trip that was unusual?  And none of them answered in that manner. They just simply said, no, just we were going back and I didn't know why. But there was nothing else remarkable about the trip back. And that's the video certainly shows that there just simply isn't anything remarkable about what we see until the bus leaves the roadway. Yes, we have anecdotal evidence that is witnesses tell us about 35 to 40. We've not done any other analysis to see. I know that there are some onboard computers on the bus itself that may provide some technical, but I haven't examined those so I don't know if that has provided any window to that. Well, they have been examined, I just haven't seen them. My eyeballs have not laid eyes on them, that's all I'm saying. Yes, what I had and what I reported earlier is that we had some of the kids who said they heard someone say that it swerved. I never got to talk to anybody who actually told me that. I know in looking at the reports there were those folks who said they overheard someone else hear that, but I didn't get a chance to talk to anybody who said, yes, I felt it or I saw it swerved. I do know that the school district has that information. If they choose to release it or not, they can. I can go back and look and see if I have it, but the truth is, we're closing this one out. Why? Because I have no criminal charges that I'm gonna move forward with. And so I'm really closing this out because unfortunately, as important as this case was, it's not the only important case that my office is working on right now. It's time to move those resources to some other cases that can use our attention. So I know that sounds cold and callous. It's certainly not meant to be that way. But quite frankly, this is a case that we are concluding and we are gonna move on. Certainly not no. No evidence of that. That's probably a question better for the district. One last question. Posted at 1515. Thank you. Thank you.


It's Diddy Kane, I'm back today with another video. Two shots you for tuning in. If you're not subscribed, go away and smash that subscribe button. Give me a thumbs up and do not skip those ads. In today's video, we are gonna do three things. Number one, we are gonna do our first side job as a helper. Number two, we have an order on Go Share as a helper. And last but not least, number three, you know I'm a beast, we got an order on Friday. We about to get to this money and don't hate, let's go. I know you are wondering how did we get this side job? This is our first side job baby. My guy Mike hooked us up. I'm gonna explain to you guys what happened. So first off, we got a Go Share order. That joint came in as a helper. We about to do that right now. I'm gonna tell you guys about that as I tell you the story. Then my guy Mike hit me up because he is the person that's gonna be the driver for the Go Share order. So boom, he hit me up. He like, I know we have a Go Share order tomorrow but I also have a side job.  I'm like, absolutely. He told me to everything and guess what? 20, 40, 60, $60 cash. We had a blast and we only drove 18 miles. All we had to do was drop off a queen size bed. We went out and got that bread. Now I'm gonna give you guys order number two. Y'all know what we about to do, what we about to do? Get busy. Order number two is Go Share. We are gonna be a helper yet again, we're gonna drive 2.2 miles, six minutes of drive time and we're gonna receive a payment of $34.27 enough money to pay the rent. And we're going to Home Goods and we are picking up a desk in a chair. Let's put it in there. Are you ready? Let's go. Look guess what? Did he just break it or was it already like? There was screws, one of the screws all the way out like this bunch. So what happened? I know you just saw what happened baby. We went in Home Goods. We got the table in the chair. We rolled out to the truck, right? Me and my guy lifted up, put it in the truck, right? Guess what? When he was trying to strap that joint down, one of the legs came off. Why did the leg come off? Because hey, Home Goods you got a pocket. Home Goods, you did not screw all the screws down. So what would happen if you went to the custom house and that leg flew off baby? They would have been acting like we broke that zone. Y'all need to get it together, but either way it go, we about to run up this channel, let's go. Guess what? Yeah, we already getting paid. We might put up a new escalade. Guess what? We got an extra $10 for that last order. And instead of $34.27, we just made $44.27. We thank God for our blessings. We gon' keep getting this money. We ain't stressing, let's go. Guess what? It's time for another one. This one is on freight. We about to get this cake. This one is on freight. The pickup place is Rote. We're gonna drive three miles. The dimensions are 16 by 16 by 16. And we will receive a payment of $43.27. We're here to pick up this money so we can pay this rent, let's go. It's your time for us to get it on. I see some bags over here. Don't think that's ours? I don't know, comment below and let me know. Oh, I gotta pick up. How you doing boss? I have a caterer in order to pick up. Okay, thank you. You don't have a caterer in order to pick up. It's gonna be all of those five batches. These five, that's it? All right, thank you. You have a good one. Gotta hit him with the photo right quick. Pull with the photos. Let's go.  Y'all already know what I'm doing. I ain't bragging, I'm pulling up this wagon. Getting some of this money, my pants sagging. I've seen somebody else bring another big order in. I've just seen a dude pull up with a big order.  Let's go. Hey, how you doing Tiffany? My name is Jerome. I'm here with your Rote order. Yes. Is this the main entrance here? It is, ABV-1. ABV-1? Okay, thank you. All righty, bye-bye.  Do I just wait over here, or? Yeah. Okay. No. Do you need a wait for me? Okay, thank you. Stay back here with the photos. Hello. I can help you take it up if you would like me to. It's kind of a lot. It's getting pretty heavy. Whatever works best for you. If you need to, you can take the wagon.  Yeah, can he help me or not? Can he go in and help me carry it? Okay. I was just, I'm glad I didn't leave yet. Let's just carry him. Sure? Yeah, let's just carry him. It's only one flight, so if you can get. Okay, however many you need me to get, it's fine. All right, well, maybe get three and then all. Yes, ma'am. I'll take these two and it'll be good to go. All right, thank you. Thank you very much. You're welcome. Get out of here. Yes, ma'am, so I can just walk back up and it'll let me out right there, right? All right, thank you. You have a great day. And just like that, it is the end of the video. I hope you guys are doing the content. Guess what? Today we made 147.54. Yo, it's all on scope, baby. We're not gonna get busy. Now, I'm gonna tell you guys before we leave. Look, I have a video we're about to shoot right now. I'm just gonna give you a little hint. Got something to do with the van. I need tomorrow's video to get to 2,000 likes. If tomorrow's video gets to 2,000 likes in 24 hours now, 2,000 likes in 24 hours, guess what? I'm gonna shoot an even better video. So I'm letting you know right now, baby. So make sure you smash that like button. I hope you guys enjoyed this video. Again, if you are not subscribed, go ahead and subscribe and give me a thumbs up and do not skip those ads. And lock in tomorrow, because we'll get back to this bad. Why we get back to this bad? It's 2023. It's big bag season. We okay won't give more reasons. I'll see you guys on the next one. We going, we going, we flowing. You already knowing it, DDK. And I'm on my way.


Okay, so now we have to start again multiple reactions and the definitions we have taken, multiple reactions definitions, okay. And where we stopped yesterday was that we, we found that for higher order reactions, if the desired reaction is higher order, then maintain the concentrations as high as possible or if the desired reaction is lower order, maintain the concentrations as low as possible. And if temperature is also coming into picture, higher activation energy, favors, yeah, at high temperature favors, yeah, desired product if it is activation energy is more, okay. So these are the basic rules everywhere you have to use, right. Now the question is how do you maintain these high concentrations or low concentrations, okay. How do you keep C A R C B high R low? We are also imagining that B also is one of the reactants. How do you keep that? And we know that roughly that when you have mixed flow you will have high and all that. But what are the other possibilities? If I have batch system, batch, you can have, yeah, you can pour, okay, all this suddenly, yeah, okay. And then you may, anyway stirring is there. This is batch, this is A, this is B. So this kind of system at time t equal to zero, you just put these two into the system, okay. And then start stirring. So at that time you have C A C B both high, if it is B, yeah, right. Both high in this, yeah, in this kind of, you know, setup. That means suddenly you added both at time t equal to zero and started stirring. And if you are maintaining like that without any disturbance, then you maintain C A C B high and slowly the reaction is taking place and you know C A C B will be converted to desired product, undesired product and everything. But when you maintain this and if I have higher order for a desired reaction, so I will get definitely desired product more than undesired product, okay, yeah, good. So that is the one. So if I want to maintain only both low, for example C A low, so what we do is, okay. So this is A, this is B but add drop by drop, okay. So that it will be, yeah, you will be adding drop by drop, your idea is to maintain C A low C B low. So by adding drop by drop, what happens is that always you are keeping, you know, you are also adding drop by drop slowly and reaction is taking place, then C A will be low, C B will be low, right. We have not taken any reversible reactions, right, for reversible reaction also it will be the same only, it will not change. So then you can maintain C A C B low, if you have first order, I mean if you have batch system. Another possibility is you can either, you have to maintain sometimes either C A low or C B low, one of them. So again this situation is same, that is I will take, if I want to maintain C A low, C B high, what do I do? Yeah, C B is first put, this is B and then add, this is A, this is A, add A drop by drop, okay. So these are all the things, you know that is why the contacting patterns what we have discussed there, okay. So now for multiple reactions you have to choose what are the possible contacting patterns where our conditions are fulfilled, either C A is low, C B is low or both are low or both are high, right or temperature is high, temperature is low, right. So temperature is not that kind of problem because temperature high means I will put here a jacket and then maintain high temperatures, right but stirring and all that is there, right. Similarly temperature is not a big problem in choosing this kind of things but once you choose this how do you give the temperature whether outside jacket or sometimes inside coils you have to put, heat will be indirect touch with the reactants, so then you can also have high temperatures, okay. If it is required, if it is low temperatures again you have to cool it, all kinds of things we can do, right. So if I have continuous system what are the possibilities to keep the concentrations as high as possible in continuous system, right. So let me write here continuous in this system C A C B high, in other system we will have C A C B low, these two we will just try to find out, okay. So this side I do not have to give much information because when you maintain this is A and B, this is B F, then we know that definitely we can maintain high C A and high C B if I have this, okay, good. So then for C A C B low we have A B, this is coming out, right. Here in mixed flow normally you can always maintain, here I can definitely maintain C A C B low because that low also corresponding to the outlet concentrations, right. So if you want to still keep it very low, then you have to increase the reactor size and then maintain the concentrations as low as possible and then automatically whatever concentration you put that will be instantaneously mixing to that concentrations and you will get corresponding steady state conversion, right. This is one and we also have other possibility, you know this is not new. That means how do I replace this P f with tanks, I may put more number of tanks and we have also seen 6 tanks are enough to get almost P f, okay. Only may be 1 percent, 2 percent, 3 percent is left from 6th to or 7th to infinite number of tanks, right. So that is why to maintain high concentrations you can also put, so this kind of arrangement, again put here A and B and anyway it will come out as the product. This is another way of maintaining high concentrations. This is okay. Now if you want to maintain for example C A high and C B low, what do you do? C A high, this is continuous system again, I will write here C A high and C B low. For this situation what do we do? Not bypass, bypass alone will not help you. This is P f. You know C B low I have to put. A I will send here but B I distribute. This is one of the challenging problems for chemical engineers, okay. This is really wonderful problem. Definitely you can question how do you maintain plug flow and then still do it. It is not that easy but still things will work, right. That means if I, when you are introducing this there will be some disturbance, hydrodynamic disturbance. So that will definitely create some kind of mixing, right, when it is entering. You have the vertical tube or horizontal also and then you are putting various streams at various places and then open the tap. When it is entering definitely there will be overall flow is from top to the bottom. It is going like this. So definitely you will have some disturbances. But if you take sufficiently lengthy things I think you know we are almost near plug flow but still you will get some kind of small disturbance but you get good amount of yields, okay. That can be done beautifully but mathematically this is not that easy, okay. A and then B distributed over so that at any time I will choose my C B. In fact this is again an optimization problem which C B that means what is the concentration of C B and what will be the flow rates of C B. But I cannot maintain that because again stoichiometrically I have to do that. Yeah, yeah exactly. That will be limiting reactant. So I do not get you know the desired products. So that is why. C B will be high in this case. No, C A will be high. A is maintaining throughout you have you know high concentrations and B you are introducing wherever you want you know throughout that means at any point of time when I look at that at this position for example A should be high, B should be low. So similarly A should be high, B should be low concentrations. Yeah but you see here I am taking 25 moles or 30 moles and here I am adding only one mole per liter. If you are adding more B my concentration of B. Yeah but that I have to find out what are the concentrations which I have to use so that I will maximize my product. So here this mathematics will be very very complicated. Then I have to choose, flow rates also I have to choose. So these two I have to choose. I mean this is really a challenging problem. I mean when you are pouring C B at different cross sections say there might be a probability of mixing right. That is what I just told you. That is what exactly I told you know that hydrodynamic disturbance is there when you are introducing the streams at any cross section right. So due to that you will have some kind of disturbance but overall if I look still I may not get 100% perfect plug flow. By the way there is no 100% perfect plug flow except for conveyor belts right. So that is why that disturbance is there but in spite of that disturbance I will still get more desired product if I use this system. If I have to maintain C A high and C B low okay and also we have another nice thing is the same thing. Can you just imagine what is the next alternative? Because plug flow generally is difficult and then you know you have yeah so that also C S T R you can put let us say 6 you can take and introduce in everything separately. That is in fact is much easier but only thing is you have to handle 6 reactors in industry but whereas you have to only use one pipe I mean when you are trying plug flow right because again you know in industry many people hate maintenance. The more number of pieces they have then definitely the maintenance also will be high. So that is why they would like to go normally for equipment which is not moving that means moving parts are not there. If you are able to mix without even external stirrer it is excellent. You know there was some I think there are many many wonderful things I say if you are able to open for knowledge okay. Many people I think in 70s try to design motionless mixers static mixers. Another name for that is static mixers and motionless mixers. So the fluid will move itself and then there is no external mechanism where the stirring is occurring and then mixing is taking place. See human mind is excellent. I think there is no limitation for thinking. Only thing is you are not thinking for I mean you may be thinking other things I am thinking about chemical engineering that is what my worry is okay. So that is why all those possibilities are there but this one is easy for me to handle but except again in industry you know I have to maintain 6 stirrers 6 different tanks tanks may be same size okay and again if I have each tank has coolant that means if it is exothermic reactions you have to remove or add heat right you have to maintain some temperatures. So all these problems will be there yeah. Can we use the magnetic stirrer for doing it? Magnetic stirrer is LKG right because in magnetic stirrer how you can use in an industry where I have 2 tons 3 tons of liquid in a reactor right yeah I mean that is not possible no so that is why we go to I mean I think if you know also I do not know where in fluid mechanics you have studied what kind of stirrers we have? You will tell only turbine type and other one is parallel type propeller type only these 3 but if you go to actual suppliers of you know Google and then ask for yeah different kinds of stirrers thousands you will get thousands I am not joking really I mean so many you can get right so that is why stirring itself is one of the again areas where lot of chemical engineering and of fluid mechanics all these went in okay good but I think theoretically when you are discussing yes I can put some 5 6 tanks in series and now again you put B here A here this is easy to solve right this is easy to solve also and again for optimization I have to now try to find out what will be the you know the flow rates and concentrations concentration of concentration of A you know but concentration of B so that overall you will get here at this end the maximum okay yeah this will be quite interesting I say because you know I told you you could have had I am I am not trying to pointing out any bad things about you you know what I am not trying to say anything bad about you but you know if the sufficient information was there when you come here for MTech or PhD we could have discussed actually this kind of problems okay that means I do not have to explain again what is plug flow I do not have to explain again what is differential method what is you know integral method so straight away go to multiple reactions and multiple reactors from there you can go to temperatures and non isothermal systems and also RTD and all that right but now I have to bring to that level and then try to say otherwise okay whatever you have the knowledge if I start only with this kind of complicated things I am sure 90 percent of the brains will be switched off battery lost okay so this is the problem that is why again we have to do all this okay so now this is another way of operating for CA low CB CA high and CB low and vice-versa also what we can do good okay so now let us take an example here then you tell me which a kind of contacting patterns you can use I have a reaction these are very beautiful problems in loudspeaker you have to see those problems I think 7th chapter or 8th chapter and in third edition also I think it is 7th chapter okay wonderful problems particularly the examples are beautiful examples solve them I am just trying to give you so that you will have whatever we learnt I think you know just extension so that you can be involved in the class and then you can answer this right so wonderful problems he has designed no other book has given that kind of beautiful problem okay I am telling beautiful because they are simple problems to get the concepts if you go to Carberry and other complicated books you will have excellent highly complicated problems but you do not learn the concepts unless you learn here and then go there and then enjoy that book in fact if you understand all the concepts of chemical reaction engineering Carberry is the best book for enjoying I am not telling for marks for enjoyment enjoying is different that is what I told you know chemical reactor theory by Din B beautiful book like like novel you can read that like novel only so beautiful less mathematics wonderful explanations right so but I think again I do not know what is how many of you are really appreciating that right okay anyway the example is A plus B going to R plus T and I also have A plus B this is parallel reaction then S plus U same A plus B going to these two again A plus B going to these two then I will have here K1 K2 as the reaction constants then we also have here DC R by DT also equal to DCS by by DT equal to K1 CA to the power of 1.5 and CB to the power of 0.3 that is the rate for this first one for the second one we have DCS by DT also equal to DCU by DT equal to K2 CA to the power of 0.5 CB to the power of 1.8 our desired product is R okay desired product is R now find out what are the conditions so that I can get maximum R you can try desired by undesired undesired CS you can take okay CS or CU both are okay same yeah so what do you do you just took now DCR by DCS equal to what do you get K1 by K2 CA yeah and CB to the power of minus 1.5 so how do I maintain so that I will get this ratio high this ratio is nothing but again RR by RS so what are the conditions so that RR will be more CA should be as high as possible CB should be as low as possible very good I think all of you have got that I think you know yeah then then what kind of reactor I have to choose there is a name for that no PFR with side streams PFR with side streams is the best one or this MFR also with yeah side streams again you know wherever you know in each reactor you have to put that but definitely that PFR only will give you when compared to this number of tanks correct no definitely unless you put infinite number of tanks infinite number of times you cannot put because various things you know to keep infinite number of okay good so now I think you know the rules now that what are the rules we have if the desired reaction is having higher order then maintain the concentrations as high as possible okay so this rule I think I will tell you okay please make a note of this and also mug up remember right yeah for reactions in parallel the concentration level of reactants is the key to proper control of product distribution instead of a high reactant concentration favours the reaction of higher order the reaction of higher order comma a low concentration favours the reaction of lower order comma while the concentration level has no effect on the product distribution or reactions of same order not zero order same order because concentration concentration will get cancelled okay so that is the one that is beautiful this one you have to remember you would like to quantify now you see these are all analytical things only what we have discussed right so what do you do whether you are going to maintain high or low but if someone asks you now tell me what is the maximum yield you will get exactly a number quantification so then we have to go to mathematical equations right so now we are trying to do that mathematical equations then we will say that this is yield quantification and we have instantaneous yield defined earlier as phi equal to dcr by minus dca so this is the instantaneous yield phi instantaneous instantaneous yield is phi there so how do I quantify means yeah this equation we will take and then discuss if I have a plug flow how do I get the yield okay yeah now you have to think a little bit okay so how do I get a plug flow yield from this equation I call this equation as 1 how do I get overall yield that means capital phi p how do I get that for plug flow that is instantaneous yield where is this instantaneous yield insert the reactor only but at what point at any cross-section so now overall yield how do I get integration right so when I integrate what do I integrate yeah dcr phi dca minus this minus is there no now this one right so here what are the limits where is cr not normally cr not is 0 normally we never take a product in the beginning unless you have catalytic reaction autocatalytic reaction okay yeah and this is the other one corresponding to that is c a f okay now this one I can write as crf equal to minus phi dca c a not to c a f so this is the equation but this is not still yield this is not still yield what is yield definition yeah there are two definitions if I take the second one if I take the first one this will be simply c a crf by c a not this is 1 if I take the second one yeah phi 2 if I take then this will be c r f by c a not minus c a f right so that means if I take the second one for example first one is easy so phi p 2 if I take then this equation for yield will be this entire thing is c r f right this entire thing is crf so this will be 1 by integral c a not to phi dca so this is the expression where I have to integrate and then get it yes you are right minus is there because to take care of this minus correct no this is more and that is less so this is the one so that means now I should have this phi in terms of c a in terms of otherwise I cannot integrate right so how do I get that information okay we will come to that later so now if I have m f how do you find out phi capital phi phi m that is phi p so instantaneous yield also is there this is the definition for both but where is that instantaneous yield for mixed flow so I think inside the reactor outside the reactor outlet both are same so what is outlet concentrations so then this differential equation will be into difference equation where this is nothing but yeah crf minus cr not and this is also c a f minus c a not okay minus is there but I told only dca expanded so now that is the equation what you get so phi m is actually capital phi m is small phi m at outlet correct outlet means at c af because that same definition so then this will become delta cr by delta c a minus delta c a right so that becomes now crf by c a not minus c a so this is very easy and next another beautiful thing is our graphs so now how do I represent this information for plug flow on a graph sheet okay simply this one I am talking about this this one first yeah so I have to now plot this is again simple graphical representation this is phi versus c a right so you may get something like this concentration versus phi right I mean that is not the only way just I am showing you may get in one case like that then how do I find out from this graph my crf I should know area under the I should know first what is c a not c a not is this side because c a decreasing then this will be c af and this area will be very good that is c af right excellent now the same thing how do I get for this is for p f for m f how do I get that phi versus c a I get again the same thing right my c a not is somewhere here how do I get my crf from which rectangle I can draw any number of rectangles what is upper rectangle first of all I have to locate my c af okay I will equate it c af now tell me rectangle this one no lower rectangle lower rectangle okay abhishek lower rectangle middle part see compromise middle part somewhere here why average area here lower rectangle this is c af now tanks in series phi versus c a same shape then I have here c af I have three tanks so my c a one will be somewhere here c a two will be somewhere here this is c af c af c af two c a one of course this also is nothing but c a three very good you will catch me like that I am very happy if you catch me okay good so then how do I get now this is the one that is cr one this one is cr two this one is cr three you see now if you put infinite number of tanks what will happen how easy to remember graphs you know how easy how beautiful to remember graphs I think start drawing graphs I say it is really very very good but only thing is now you should have information of this phi as a function of c a how do you get that you have to go to laboratory and then take the whatever reaction that is you are studying and then mix the reactants take out the products and then analyze for all the components if there are three at least two you have to measure and then third one you can get by difference here okay so like that then you can list out now with various you know timings also will come if it is a batch reactor so for this c a what is c r okay if c r is a desired product or if c s is a desired product for this c a what is c s now you plot c r versus c a that is this function right so this may be for example one plus two c a square as an example c r equal to one plus two c r square or may be one plus c a plus c a square that you have to plot that line you have to plot okay then take area under the curves and all that that is beautiful as long as only c r c r you want to find out we are able to find out now but what actually you do to find out what is the volume of the reactor see here till now we are not talking about volume of the reactor no ya okay so one more thing I will just draw in some cases you may get five verses c a may be like okay like this decreasing because it is not in our hands anything may happen in the reactions so but this is still c a not this is c a f what is p f r e and what is m f r p f r will be simply area under the curve right this is p f what is m f so now ya so all this is okay similarly I may draw any number of graphs like that you know we may draw five verses c a okay may be it going like this and then at some time coming back like this but c a f is only here not c a f c a not is here c a f so what do we do so we will go till this maximum which reactor is the best this side and which reactor is the best this side here it is plug flow this is c a f if it is m f r I have to draw here only no highest yield ya I know all of you make a quantum all of you are telling ya know that is m no do not get confused there you are not minimizing the volume so we are maximizing the yield so this maximum minimization problem you have to remember I say you have only one maximization problem that is without reading how do you get yes okay forget about that and then see this so this is p f and here this is m f so like that any shape you can just again find out but here maximization not minimization please remember if it is reactor volume then you have to go for minimum but here it is the product this is c r this is c r f because first you have mixed flow from c a not to this concentration intermediate concentration corresponding to maximum phi right and then from there this is p f so it will be like that that is the setup very good this graph this graph did you understand this graph that is a combination of both you tell me because here c a not is starting here okay you tell me I would like to get that answer from you okay ya you see I have the again I will draw see I have 5 verses c a it is increasing and then decreasing okay and where is c a not here which side okay this side is c a not and somewhere here I need c a f okay may be 90 percent conversion corresponding to 90 percent conversion what is my maximum c r f okay good so now this we divided into two parts because one reactor may not give any idea there so now when it is decreasing that is decreasing is this okay m f r is best here because this is c a not this is c a f this is the extra volume also ya extra area also I have to take so that my c r f is maximum okay so now till here how do I draw the line okay if I take p f r here what area I have to take p f r ya p f r is area under the curve because that is the equation here right but if I take m f r this is your ya this rectangle I have to take so this entire thing okay so now did you put first m f r or p f r you are starting with c a not okay is it okay or still not able to find out ya to get maximum c r so we have maximum c r more area more area so we must take m f r m f r first and then here here if I take p f r what area you get and if you take m f r what area or p f r m f r for m f r you get only this right so that is why if I put 2 m f r then I will get I am losing all this area right if I get 2 p f r if I use 2 p f r then again I am losing this area so that is the reason why here p f r that is this portion is p f r and this portion is but you have to put c a not here c a here c a f here okay good


My name is Aziz, you guys first of all are remarkably quiet so hopefully we'll change that today and we'll get you guys engaged in the session. I'll first introduce myself to give you a sense of why I'm here. We're going to be talking a lot about the government today and we're going to learn about what the government does, the structure of government, how a bill becomes a law and and we'll kind of take the conversation from there and we'll see what issues we can get into today. A little background about myself, I grew up here in the Bay Area, grew up in Fremont. Anyone from Fremont? A few people? Okay cool. Where is everyone else from like the Pleasanton, Livermore area, Dublin, San Ramon? Most of you guys are from this area? Awesome, awesome. Well, so a little bit about me. I first got involved in government when I was 18. I ran for mayor when I was 18 years old. I had just graduated from high school and I felt like I was very disappointed in what our local government was doing with a lack of representation, a lack of kind of thought for the future and planning for how we would improve the Bay Area and make it a more attractive place for people to come and live and work and raise a family and all of that. So I ran for mayor of Fremont. This was back in 2012. I didn't win, otherwise we'd be having a much different conversation today. But I did stay very involved in government and so I ended up serving as a consumer affairs commissioner for Alameda County when I was 19. And then at 22 I got elected to local government. So I got elected to the Alameda County Water District's Board of Directors. We service the Bay Area, particularly Alameda County, and we deliver water. So all the water that you drink that you use to bathe, all of the water that reaches your home and that reaches businesses, we help make sure that there's enough water and that we can actually deliver that water. So that's some of the work that I do. When I got elected I was actually the youngest Muslim American to get elected within the United States. And so hopefully that's been broken now and we're going to keep getting younger and younger Muslims involved in government. But I really believe that it's incumbent on young people, young Muslims in particular, that we need to advocate for ourselves and we need to make sure that we're pushing forward policies that we think align with our values. And so that's really how I got involved and why I stay involved in government. And I think we're going to have a really, really fun conversation today about why government matters and the ways that you guys can have an impact locally and beyond that as well. Let me first start with a question. Have any of you guys ever thought about running for office or have been interested in government by a show of hands? Yeah, you've thought about running for office. What kind of inspired you in that way? The fact that I looked around and I saw there were quite a few issues that actually needed to be changed, like I don't know, for instance, school budgets. Yeah, awesome. Anyone else ever thought about running for office or anything like that? How about this? Have any of you guys been to a school board meeting or a city council meeting or some kind of like a public meeting where you got to listen to and interact with other electeds? Anyone ever been to a session like that? Do you want to tell me a little bit about that session? So I went to a council meeting because I was in this organization called the Youth Voter Movement and we were going around schools in the Bay Area and getting people pre-registered to vote. Awesome. And so we went there to get a certificate, but we also sat in and they were sort of coming up with ideas on what to do with the elder population, like a new community center for them. Okay, awesome. And what city was this? Fremont and New City. Okay, fantastic. Anyone else been to any kind of session like that? No? All right. Well, hopefully we'll change that pretty soon. So we're here to talk about government. I'm going to start to, I think everyone has the paperwork, right?  So we're going to start with one where we start to talk about, first of all, who represents us? I think everybody knows who the president is generally speaking, right? Does anyone know who their mayor is?  No? Yeah? Okay. Well, yeah, of course you have. Well, then, all right, we're going to get into this worksheet here and we're going to start to talk a little bit about who represents us. And then as we're going through that, I'm going to start to talk a little bit about what specifically they do and we'll start to talk about the levels of government because we have the national government, but then after that, we have the state government, the county government, the city government, and we're going to go through each of those layers. So why don't we start with that worksheet? This worksheet is called Who Represents You? If you want to pull it out. Everyone found it? So we've got a few blank squares here. I'm going to help us with the national one and then I'm going to turn it to you guys to fill out the rest of it and then we'll come back as a group and start to talk about it. So like I said, there's different layers of government and each layer of government has a different set of responsibilities and it has a different group of people who run that layer of government. So we start at the national level. Obviously, the national government, also known as the federal government, are you guys familiar with that term federal, federalism? Yeah? So the federal government controls things for the entire United States. From there, you go into the state government, which for us, they just focus on issues specific to California and then you have your county government. We're all in Alameda County and or Contra Costa County for some of you. Your county government will look at issues specific to your county and then it boils down to the city. That's kind of the four layers that we generally focus on. So the national government has an executive, an executive meaning that there's one person who is kind of the leader of the national government. Everyone knows who our executive of the national government is. Raise your hand or shout it out who it is. Joe Biden. Yes, it's your president. So in that first square there, we're going to put in the president and we're going to put in Joe Biden. And you can see in the square next to it, some of the powers that that executive has. So the biggest one in the United States is that you have control of the military. And so they're called not only the president, but they're also called the commander in chief, commander in chief meaning that they command the armed forces. Apart from that, they also oversee Congress. They get a lot of different appointments. So they get to like send ambassadors across the world to represent the United States and our interests. They give what's called a state of a union state of the union address. So every every year they will have to give this speech on kind of what's going on in the United States and their perspective on on how to improve the US basically. And then they you can read in that in that square the other powers that they have. Now, are you guys familiar with Congress? Do you guys know have you heard that term? Do you guys know kind of what they what they do? Raise your hand if you want to tell me a little bit about what Congress does. Otherwise, I'm going to start calling on people. All right, no one's no one's even looking in my directions. Do you want to tell us what Congress does? I know. Yeah. I know you raised your hand. So Congress does a lot of stuff. Yep. Thank you. Thank you for a great answer. So Congress, they're the big thing is that they are able to pass laws. So anytime you want any kind of law passed across the United States, you take it to Congress and they write a bill that bill then goes through the different chambers of Congress that I'll get into in just a moment. And once that passes, it goes to the president. Once they sign it, it becomes a law. So the big thing to always remember is that Congress gets to make the laws. So there's two parts of Congress. You have what we call the Senate and the House of Representatives. So the reason for that is because you want to have enough people to actually debate all of these issues. You don't want just one person making all the laws for the United States. That would be a dictatorship. We don't like those. So we have these two chambers and they're kind of given the same set of responsibilities, but they work with each other to be able to come up with these laws and they have to negotiate and debate each other. So you have the Senate. The Senate is made up of two people from every state in the US. So you have 100 members in the Senate. Every state gets to elect two people and they send them to the Senate. That's called the upper house. So they have a lot of power. Every state gets to send just two people. The House of Representatives is a lot bigger. So the way that that works is that every state, for every 500,000 people in that state, you get to elect one person that you send to the House of Representatives. So a state like California, therefore, will get a lot more people than a state like Wyoming. And the reason that we do that is because we want to make sure that where there's a lot of people, all of those people are equally represented. And so California, for instance, having a lot more people should have more say on the laws that we try to enact. So we're going to start to fill out this paper. We're going to start with the House of Representatives. Does anyone know who represents them in the House of Representatives for your area here? Yeah, Eric Swalwell. Yeah. So for most, I think for pretty much everyone here, it's going to be Eric Swalwell. If you live in southern, in like South Fremont or anything, it will be Ro Khanna, if any of you have heard that name. But I think for the majority of you, it's going to be Eric Swalwell. Now can anyone name our two U.S. Senators from California? I know this one's a little bit tougher. They're not as high profile or they are, but anyone know? All right. How about this? Why don't you guys Google this? See if you can figure out who our two U.S. Senators are for California.  Correct. Yeah. So the two U.S. Senators for California are Alex Padilla and Diane Feinstein. So in those two underneath where it says U.S. Senate, you're going to write down Alex Padilla and Diane Feinstein. Now for the rest of this worksheet, I'm going to give you guys like maybe 10 minutes or so. Why don't you, again, Google who your state governor and county executives and city executives are, fill it in to the best of your ability and then we'll come back as a group and we'll discuss it. And if you need any help or anything, just raise your hand and I'll come by and help you guys fill it out. And feel free to work together with each other too. Let's start to share some answers and then hopefully we can all fill this out together. So who wants to volunteer to help us with the state row here? So starting with the governor. Anyone know who our governor is? Yeah. Gavin Newsom. Did everyone get that? Gavin Newsom? Does everyone kind of know who Gavin Newsom is? Have you guys heard the name? Seeing some heads nodding? Okay. Great. All right. Now let's look at the legislative body with the state House of Representatives. Did anyone, so it's not, it's not actually called the House of Representatives, but did anyone kind of figure out what our legislative body in California looks like and what it's called? Yes. Exactly. Yeah. So we have a state assembly and a state Senate. And does anyone know who your assembly member is? Were you guys able to look that up and find it? There'll be a lot of different answers, but raise your hand and yeah, Alex Lee. Yeah. Anyone else have somebody, someone else's their state rep? Those of you in like Pleasanton, Dublin, San Ramon will have different people. Yeah. Bill Quirk is another one. Yeah. Anyone else? Yeah. Neobonta. Yeah. If you're up in, in, you must be in Oakland. Yeah. How about, did anyone put down Rebecca Bauer-Keyen? Is that, is that a name? Yeah. Perfect. So you must be in like the Dublin. Perfect. Yeah. All right. Cool. Now how about, so on, for state Senate, they have two lines. You only have one state Senator. So you can, you can cross out the second line. But did anyone figure out who their state Senator is? Yeah. Sorry. Yeah. Steven Glaser. Yeah. Some of us might have someone else. Baba Kowsky. Yeah. Yeah. Cool. I think that'll be, that kind of covers most of the, most of this area. So similar to the federal government, you know, where I said you have the, the Congress has two chambers. You have the Senate and the House of Representatives. In the state government, we have the same thing. So again, the state government can make laws. They have to go through the legislative body. And those laws then are applicable to all of California. So, you know, if we're talking about, let's actually take an issue that's, I think, near and dear to all of our hearts, climate change. So there's a lot that we can do to combat climate change, right? But there's very little being done at the federal government level, right? Trump didn't want to do anything. Biden isn't really doing anything. I think a lot of us who would want to see some stronger protections to protect the environment so that, you know, we're not polluting it or we're not worsening the situation. The federal government really isn't doing anything. So at this point, the state government here in California has stepped in and said, well, we're going to do something about this. And so they, at the state level, have started to pass more laws that are only impact California for better or for worse. But they want to make sure that we have some environmental protections, at least at the state level, because of the inaction at the federal level. Yeah. Didn't the Supreme Court actually pass something that stops the Environmental Protection Agency from regulating carbon emissions recently? Yeah, yeah. Actually, not even just recently. This was like three days ago, I think. It was this week. Did anyone hear about this news story about the Supreme Court and the EPA? A few people. So there's an organ. Does anyone know, have you guys heard of the EPA, the Environmental Protection Agency? Some of us have heard of it, maybe. So that's an agency that part of the federal government, and they are tasked with, as the name suggests, protecting the environment. And so Congress passed a few laws to cut down on carbon emissions, that cars need to be a little bit greener, things like that. And the Supreme Court, in all of their wisdom, ruled this week that the Environmental Protection Agency is not allowed to protect the environment, which is bonkers. But that's the state of the country that we live in right now. Along with some other very questionable decisions from the Supreme Court in just the last few weeks, they are ruining this country. But I digress. So I gave the example of protecting the environment. Does anyone else have any examples of laws that you find interesting or that you've heard that the federal government or the state government have tried to pass? Anyone? No? Okay. Well, let me think if there's another example. How about school funding, for instance? We'll get into that a little bit more. But I think you guys can relate to the fact that schools don't have a whole lot of money right now. They're just not getting a lot of funding. The federal government has not stepped up. They're not giving any more money to the schools, and they're not investing in students. And so the state government now has stepped up and said that, hey, we're going to start to put more money into our schools, pay teachers, get better equipment, bring more technology into the classroom, things like that. So there's a lot of work that can be done even at the state level when you have a bad federal government, when you have a federal government that isn't stepping up and doing really anything to tackle these issues. So a lot of power at the state level. Now let's move on from there to the county level. So one thing I probably should have told you guys, the county doesn't have an executive. So those first two squares you can just block them out. But the county has a very strong legislative body. Was anyone able to Google that and figure out what's the county's legislative body? What are they called? Take a stab in the dark if you're not sure. Yeah? No worries. It's called the board of supervisors. So in that square where it says legislative body, you're going to write down board of supervisors. Has anyone heard of the board of supervisors for the county? Maybe not. You met one of them. Yeah, Richard Baie. Yeah. Yeah. No, it's called Leg Bow. Yeah. Yeah, you know, well, let's talk about it. So at the county level, you have even more power, right?  I think a lot of you guys might know that, especially if you live in like the Dublin area, for instance, you don't have your own police department, fire department, things like that. All of that is done at the county level. So what the county does is that they say, hey, there's a lot of areas here where people need services, but there's not enough people for us to just hire someone specifically for them. So what we're going to do is we're going to pool all of our resources together as a county, and we're going to set up a new system where we can start to provide some services. So fire, for instance, is done at the county level. So you have the Alameda County fire department for any that protect anyone who's not in like a city, for instance. You have the sheriff's department. If any of you guys have heard of the county sheriff, that's also controlled by the board of supervisors, and they have more powers like that. So they get to do things on a more local level, at the county level, they can pool all of our resources together and give us more services. Now let's move into the city. So now everyone's going to have two different answers here for who actually represents them, but what do you call the executive of a city?  Yeah, the mayor, absolutely. Okay. So we're going to write down mayor in that square. Anyone know who their mayor is for each of your respective cities? Were you guys able to Google that? Yes. Lily May. Yeah, in Fremont, we have Lily May. How about for those of you who live in Dublin, San Ramon, Pleasanton, anyone want to volunteer? Yes, Union City. Yeah, Carol Dutrovernacci. Yeah, anyone else? I think in Dublin, it's like Melissa Hernandez, right? Does that sound familiar? And I'm forgetting Pleasanton and San Ramon. I'm forgetting the mayors for each of those cities, so you'll have to Google it. So the mayor has even more power, right? But at a hyper-local level. So the mayor is, like I said, basically the president of your city. So if you have a city-wide police department, fire department, they lead those. If you have like potholes or anything on the roads, or you need a new stop sign, all of these things, they sound kind of basic. But to have a functioning city, you need someone in charge of these things who will take care of all of these things. So the mayor is the point person that you go to who helps organize all of this. Now you also have a legislative body for your city. Anyone know what that's called? Yes. City Council, yes. So in that third box, they're under legislative body, you're going to put down city council. Now I'm not going to ask you guys to figure out who your city council members are because there's a lot of them and that'll take a lot of time. But similar to the mayor, the city council has a lot of the same responsibilities. They oversee the budget for the city, for your police, fire. In Fremont, for instance, we have our own hospital. So they help fund the hospital. There's so many things that you need for a well-functioning city. The other thing also is that they're in charge of bringing more housing to the city and more business to the city. Those are two of the very, very important aspects of what it means to be a mayor and city council member. Your job is to make sure that the city is very attractive for people who want to live there, who want to work there, who want to eat there, who want to raise a family there. All of those things fall under the purview of your city council. So that finishes our first worksheet here. Anyone have any questions? Were there any things that you felt weren't clear on this worksheet? Otherwise, we're good. So everyone had filled it out. We're all set to move on. Yeah, awesome. All right, let's see. Where do we want to go next? Why don't we pull out the local government information sheet next? Let's go with that one. So as you guys are pulling that out, for someone like me, I find a lot of value in local government. As I was talking about the things that the local government can do that the city council and the mayor can do, it's a lot of stuff that you can do and that you have control over within a city. You have a lot of tax money, a lot of people who you hire to kind of help run the city with you. Just as like a point of reference, Fremont, for instance, which is not a very big city, can you guys estimate how much money, how much tax revenue they raise just for the city of Fremont? Throw out a number. 10 million? You think about 10 million? Anyone else have a guess? Anyone? 50 million? You would think so, right? Fremont raises about a half a billion dollars in taxes every year. It's somewhere between 300 and 400 million dollars every year. They have, I think, about two billion dollars of assets, give or take, just for one city. That's a lot of money. That is a lot of money. There's only five people in Fremont, actually now seven people in Fremont who sit in city council. I mean seven people control almost a half a billion dollars and two billion dollars of assets. That's a lot of power, right, for those seven people to have. You want to make sure that they're spending that appropriately. Otherwise, you're going to have a lot of issues. You're going to have people who are just trying to take that money and pocket it for themselves, which is unfortunately very common. You want to make sure that you're holding your local government accountable and we're going to start to talk a little bit about what our local government does and on the next worksheet we'll start to talk about how you guys can actually get involved in local government as well. Actually, I'll give you another point of reference. The Alameda County Water District, where I serve, all we do, our job is to make sure that we have enough water, then we get that water from wherever it is in the state and we bring it here locally. So, actually, let me ask this question. Where do you think most of our water comes from? The water that you drink every day? Where do you think it comes from? Yeah, down near LA, okay? Sierra Nevada, yeah? So actually, we don't get any water from down near LA. We do get quite a bit from the Sierra Nevada. We get about 40% of our water from the Sierras. The other 60% or so, well, 40% of it, Sierras, another 40%, what we call local water. So that's like rain or, you know, we have a lot of rivers, like Alameda Creek that flow through our area and so we get a lot of water from them. Quarry Lakes, for those of you who have heard of Quarry Lakes, we store a lot of our water there. Another 20% we get from Yosemite. So I don't if you guys know, but Yosemite is actually owned by the city of San Francisco and all of the water that you get throughout the Bay Area tends to come from Yosemite. So we build these big, big pipes, these pipes that are like, I think 40 feet in diameter. So like if you took like eight of me and stacked them on top of each other, that's how big these pipes are and they bring water from Yosemite all the way to San Francisco and that's the water that all of us drink on a daily basis. That takes a lot of money. So for the water district, for instance, I'm in charge of a budget of about $130 million. So again, a lot of money and you want to make sure that you have the right people in place who are spending that effectively so that you actually have water, you know, passed today, especially in California where we're in a drought almost constantly. So let's get into this worksheet here. There's some questions on here. I'm going to give you guys five or 10 minutes. Work is a group. I want to see some interaction, but see if you can fill out as much of this as you can. And then we'll come back together and we'll start to answer anything that you guys had trouble with. All right? All right. So depending on what city you live in, I think everyone's going to have kind of different answers, but we'll see what we can come up with. So question number one, what is the form of your local government? For example, do you have a mayor council, a council manager, et cetera? Anyone want to raise their hand and volunteer a response? Yes. You have a council manager? Okay. What city do you live in? Arenda? I think, yeah. Arenda is one of the few cities that has a council manager. Awesome. Yes. In Danville? Okay. Awesome. I actually didn't know that. Very cool. Yes. For Pleasanton. Okay. Cool. Anyone else? I think everyone else, unless you live in those cities is probably going to be mayor council, right? So did everyone else get mayor council? Yeah. For like Fremont and Union City, Dublin, San Ramon, I think all of those cities are mayor council. All right. Question number two, when and where does your local government meet? So again, we're all going to have different answers, but let's get a few. Yes. Awesome. Okay. Great. Anyone else? Yes. It's the same? First and third Tuesday? Okay. Anyone else? Yes. Awesome. Okay. Let's get a couple more. How about anyone from like, yeah, go ahead. Great. That's Fremont, right? How about someone from Dublin? When does Dublin meet? The first Monday of every month? Awesome. All right. Now question number three, are any meetings open to the public? If so, which ones? So actually kind of like a trick question. Yeah. Exactly. Yeah. So public, sorry, government meetings by law, unless there's a lawsuit involved by law, these are all public meetings. So you can basically walk into any time the local government is meeting, and you are allowed as a member of the public. Even if you don't live in that city, you don't have to live in the city. It's a public meeting for everyone. And now primarily because of COVID, all of these have become virtual as well. So you can join by Zoom, you can join online. In Fremont, for instance, they actually have their own TV channel. So you can watch all of your city council meetings on TV. And if you have any comments, you can email them or call them. And they'll share that in those public meetings. All right. Question number four, how long is the term of office for the elected officials in your local government? Anyone want to take a stab at this one? Mayor's two years, council's four years. And what city is that? For Dublin? Great. Anyone else? I think for most of us, for most seats, it's about four years. Generally, most cities will do four years. So I think for all the cities that you guys have mentioned that you're living, I think generally it'll be like two to four years. Most of them four years. Number five, are the members of your local government appointed, elected by district, at large, or some combination? Anyone want to try this one? Go ahead. Yeah. Dublin's at large. Okay. Anyone else? How about Union City? By district? How about our friends from Fremont? Do we know? By district? Correct. Yeah. How about Pleasanton? Not sure. I think Pleasanton is by district. Is Pleasanton by district now? City council? Do you know? I'm just curious. Don't know? Don't know yet. Okay. Don't know yet. But yeah. We'll Google that after. Okay. Then final question for this worksheet. Number six, how many members are in your local government? Anyone want to try this? Yes. Nine members in Danville? Anyone else? Yes. Orinda has five. Okay. How about Dublin? How many in Dublin? Five in Dublin. How about Fremont? Seven. Yeah. What are the cities, do we say? Pleasanton? Do we know? Don't know. I think Pleasanton is five. I'm pretty sure. Cool. All right. Well, that finishes this worksheet. So we'll put that one to the side. Before we move on, any questions on that one? Did you guys kind of get a sense of what your local government does and when they meet and all of that? Do you have a better understanding? Yeah. Cool. All right. Now we're going to move on to this one. It doesn't have a title on it, but it's the one that has like four columns and one column has a bunch of different issues. So let's pull out this one. And this one, I'll be honest with you guys. This is one of my favorite worksheets because I really get to see a lot of the creativity from all of you. And so we're going to spend a little bit more time on here. Do everyone pull this one out? Everyone has this worksheet? Fantastic. So like I was outlining to you guys, there's different levels of government. There's different ways that people operate in these governments. And then there's different responsibilities that each of us has as just a member of the public or a different way that we can engage with each of these levels of government to make sure that we see what we want to see at the city, county, state, and federal level. Because at the end of the day, government is a reflection of us. They are accountable to us. We want to make sure that what we want to see in government, the policies we want to see, the laws we want to see, the way that we want people to be treated, all of that requires us to keep our government accountable. Before we get into the worksheet, I'll give you a really prime example of this that I think many of you guys may know quite well. And it stems from the Black Lives Matter movement. Were any of you guys involved in that movement at all? Not surprised that you're involved. Good. And how about any of you guys, right by show of hands or yeah, do you want to tell me a little bit about your experience and kind of what got you interested, I guess? I went to some of the protests. And I just thought it was important to raise awareness about them too. Awesome. Wonderful. How about anyone else want to share theirs? Yeah, absolutely. Absolutely. Absolutely. What a great message. Great message. Anyone else? Okay, by show of hands, who else went to some of these protests back in early 2020? Just a few? Okay. So let's kind of talk a little bit about why that even happened, right? George Floyd, for instance, didn't live in California. He didn't live in Pleasanton, Dublin, San Ramon, Fremont. Why does it matter to us, right? That's kind of the underlying question. What the killing of George Floyd showed us is when we do not hold police accountable for their actions, anywhere in this country, doesn't matter where they are, they will take advantage of that lack of accountability. And that is exactly what they did in that situation as well. And in many, many other situations. But that one was caught on camera. And so we all saw and witnessed what actually happened. So you want to make sure police is just one faction of government. You want to make sure you are holding everyone in government accountable. Someone like myself included. You want to make sure that they are actually doing what they say they are doing. And if they are not, we need to be in the streets. We need to be protesting. And we need to make them uncomfortable and make sure that they know that they can't get away with trampling on our rights. So I just wanted to kind of start with that. We're going to go into a few more issues and talk a little bit about what you can do as a citizen. And we use citizen more as a generic term. It doesn't matter if you're not a citizen per se. But as a member of the community, what can you do? Then we'll talk a little bit about what local government can do. And then we'll talk about what you can do in combination. So when public and government come together, what can be done to tackle these issues? So let's do the first one together. And I'm going to turn it to you guys. Have you guys fill out the rest of it and then we'll come back and start to talk about them. So the very first problem that we're trying to address is that there have been several car accidents at an intersection in your neighborhood. So let's kind of brainstorm here. A lot of car accidents at an intersection in your neighborhood, obviously that makes you feel very unsafe. So what do we want to do to try and mitigate this problem? Trying to address this problem and fix it. Okay? Yeah. Interesting. Okay. And so it was more just like people understood that they needed to yield and to stop. Gotcha. Okay. Anyone else? What do we think as just a member of the public, what can be done in a situation like this? Request the local government to do something about it? Absolutely. Yeah. And when we say do something about it, what are we thinking? Like put a stop sign, cameras. Yeah. Great. Anyone else? What else? What else as a member of the public can we do about it? No? Okay. How about what local government can do? I think we kind of, we can kind of dovetail off of that. You got stop signs. You can put up a traffic light. You know, speeding cameras are very common now as well, things like that. What else do you think the local government can do in a situation like this? Maybe like a public awareness campaign.  And then that kind of leads us into what can they do together? You know, public awareness campaigns require all of us, not just someone telling us what to do, but all of us buying into that. And so that's one way, you know, putting, once there's a stop sign, we want to make sure that we respect that stop sign and we actually stop and we don't just blow through it. Things like that. Okay. Do we kind of get how do we, how to fill out this worksheet then? Want to try it on your own? Or in groups? Y'all are hella quiet. Yeah, please. I'm, I'm encouraging you guys to work together. This one really requires you to brainstorm. So I'll give you guys like 10 minutes. And then we'll, we'll all come back together. Okay. So there's quite a few good ones on here. I want to kind of hear what you guys were able to come up with as a group. We don't have to go through this in any particular order. Does anyone want to have something that they want to share? They think that they came up with a good answer for any of these. We can maybe start there. Any volunteers? Can I call on you? Yeah. Parks and recreation. We said that citizens can donate money or request for more of them to be built for parks and recreation. Yeah. Okay. So citizens can pull together money and, and actually plan out a park that they want to see. Yeah. Yeah. How about what local government can do? We said build more of that. Build more parks. Yeah. Absolutely. That's that's what the job of public government is. They should be building more recreation and yeah. Love it. And how about what you can do together? I didn't really get one for that. I was confused. That's fair. Yeah. You know, not all of these will have an answer in every box. Did anyone come up with something that they want to share on for parks and rec? Can be similar. It can be a totally different answer. Okay. I'm going to call on it. How about you? Do you want to share what you came up with for parks and recreation? So I said that after the park is created, then the citizens and both the government can come together to bring traction to the park. Yeah. Okay. That's a good answer. I like that. Great. Okay. How about let's try another one. Chemicals and fumes from a factory are polluting your neighborhood. This is a very interesting one. Who wants to volunteer? Some of their answers for this one. Let's start with what citizens can do. Do you want to share what you put down? What citizens can do for this one? Oh, I'm looking at the next one. The chemicals and fumes from a factory one. File a complaint. Yeah. Perfect place to start. Anyone else? Did everyone come up with something similar to that then? File a complaint? Yeah. How about what local government can do? This is pollution. What can what can your government do to help with this issue? Do you want to go? Pass more environmental laws? Absolutely. Absolutely. What else? Yeah. Right. Right. So force them to move the factory where, you know, there's fewer people who live there and so there'll be fewer people who actually have to breathe in the harmful chemicals and fumes. Absolutely. Anyone else? Do you want to share your answer? No. Okay. Fair enough. How about what what can be done together? If you bring the public and local government together, what can you do to tackle this issue? Anyone come up with anything? One of the answers that I've heard in previous sessions that someone suggested was help organize a boycott. You know, if if this is a company that's ruining your neighborhood and they're polluting your your environment, then why should you give them your business? You know, and so they suggested you can work with your local government or even just your your community groups to boycott that company and stop buying their products, which I thought was a very, very interesting answer as well. All right. How about your sister has turned 18 and wants to register to vote? What did we put for this one? Yes. Okay. Yeah. That's fair. Yeah. No, that's that's totally fair. So it's already accessible. And so it's just the job of the individual to register to vote basically is what you're saying. I like that. Okay. Anyone else? So for this one, I think one of the things that to always keep in mind, and you know, we were talking about the Supreme Court earlier and some of their ridiculous decisions that they've passed, just because you have a right today doesn't mean that that right will last forever. You always want to make sure you're protecting your rights. You want to make sure that if you are registered to vote that you are exercising that that right, you are actually going out and voting voting is one of the most important things that you can do and one of the easiest things that you can do. But also always keep in mind, there are people who are trying to take your vote away. So luckily, none California and California were actually looking at laws to reduce the voting age. So they want to make it legal for 16 year olds, 16 and 17 year olds to vote pretty soon. So hopefully we'll we'll be able to pass that. But there's others. This is not a state issue, but in other parts of the country, they're advocating the federal government to actually raise the voting age. They don't want 18 year olds voting.  As soon as you turn 18, you want to make sure that you actually maintain that right to vote. So just something to keep in mind as well. Let's see. Okay, how about the last one? There's been more crime committed in your neighborhood recently. So what can citizens do? If there's a rise in crime, what can you do as citizens to try and combat that?  On either of you? You want to raise awareness? Yeah, that's, I mean, that's the perfect place to start, right? If there's crime in your neighborhood, you want to make sure that your neighbors are aware of that, and that they're taking the good precautions? Yes. Neighborhood, yeah, you can start a neighborhood watch. Absolutely. Yeah, those are actually more common than you would think. There's a lot of, a lot of different neighborhoods will come together.  I'm going to walk around the neighborhood and just make sure that I don't see anything suspicious.  But yeah, neighborhood watch is a good idea. How about what local government can do for this one? Yes. More law enforcement, yeah, getting more police to watch the area that's actually affected. Yeah, yes. Putting more lights in the area, absolutely.  Yes. Put up security cameras, absolutely, yeah. All great ideas. Anyone else? How about what you can do together as a more holistic community? Is there anything else that you want to add to this? No? Did everyone kind of come up with some similar answers on this one? All right. Those I think are some of the more interesting ones on this one. Unless anyone wants to add anything from this, I think we can call this worksheet complete. Yeah. Cool. All right. So I do want to be cognizant of time. I think we only have about five minutes left. So I think we're going to kind of end it there. There are a few more worksheets that you guys have. I encourage you to go through them on your own time and fill them out and see what you find interesting.  Yeah? Awesome. Okay. Well, I'm glad to see that.  And I know sometimes it can be like, oh, it's really boring and this, that, and all of that. But just know as you guys are getting ready to vote, as you guys are coming of age, there's a lot that you can do at the local level to have a positive impact on your community. And that's really where it starts. It always starts at the local level. So we might always have our frustrations with the federal government and all of that. But always know that if you want change, change starts at home. Change starts at the local level. So I hope and I encourage you guys to stay active in your local government. Always, always, always remember that you have to keep your local government accountable. You always need to keep these guys accountable. Well, at every level of government, I hope at some point maybe you guys will be interested in running for office. Always know that people like myself and other elected Muslims will always be there to support you guys and encourage you guys. And so whatever we can do to help facilitate that, you should always come to us and let us know. And always remember that you have great civil rights organizations like CARE and others who are doing a lot of work to protect the rights that we have. It's very, very important. And we're learning what the Supreme Court and bad legislators can do and the rights that they can take away from us. We want to make sure that we're protecting rights not just for us as Muslims, but as Muslims it's incumbent on us to protect rights for everybody. And so just always keep that in mind. And any other questions that you guys have, you can always reach out to me. CARE and everyone has my contact information. And so I think, I don't know if you guys shared that with them, but anytime you guys have any questions or anything, just reach out to me. I'll be more than happy to help. But I think that's where I'll conclude today.