We are looking at advanced reaction engineering design equations. We have talked about design equations and we derived the design equations for various situations. Let me quickly run through all that. So, we said for a batch the reaction time is n is 0, 0 to x a d x a minus of r a times v. We have derived this. Now, we can plot this if for constant volume batch for example, then v you can take it out of the integral. So, that this becomes c a 0 by minus of r a. This is what I have plotted here c a 0 by minus of r a versus x a. This integral will be in 0 and x a whatever is the area under the curve becomes the reaction time. On other words if you have some data on your reaction you plotted in the form of c a 0 by minus of r a versus x a simply area under the integral from 0 to x a gives you the reaction time. That is for a batch that is only for a constant volume batch. Now, if the volume does change due to various reasons then appropriately we have to take into account the effect of volume change which also we have done and we have done some exercises to illustrate this as well. Now, the second situation the in fact I have shown this here the for the case of constant volume batch is what you are getting. Now, if it is for a c s t r we have written the design equations also we have shown that the residence time for a c s t r is given as c a 0 x divided by minus of r a. Once again we can make a plot of c a 0 by minus of r a versus x a. This data comes from our experiments I mean we have shown how to do these experiments and so on. So, this data comes from our experiments. So, that you can plot this and then if you want to take the reaction from 0 to x a then the area under this rectangle gives you the residence time for a c s t r. This what is written here residence time for a c s t r is c a 0 x by minus of r a which is the rectangle that you can see here. Once again the same data c a 0 by minus of r a versus x a is used to find out residence time for a c s t r. Now, we can do the same thing with this with a p f r once again we have derived a little earlier that the residence time for a p f r is c a 0 integral of minus d x a by minus of r a. So, when you plot c a 0 by minus of r a versus x a once again area under the integral 0 to x a this area gives you the residence time for a p f r. Notice here that the residence time for a p f r the integral the reaction time for a constant volume batch which is given as t r the area the integrals are the same. In other words we can look upon reaction time in a batch as equivalent to the residence time in a p f r they are they are the same because it talks about the time of time that the fluid element spent in the reaction environment. This is something that we have understood based on whatever we have done. We can continue this and perhaps look at a more interesting situation is something that could happen or it could have various other kinds of uses. Let us for example, look at a sequence of stirred tanks. What is the sequence of stirred tanks? Sequence of stirred tanks is reactor 1 reactor 2 reactor 3 I will put 1 2 3 here just to just to indicate that there are so many tanks. Now, what is it that we have? We have reaction taking place in reactor 1 reactor 2 reactor n that means fluid elements entering reactor 1 and the moving to reactor 2 then moving on up to reactor n and coming out. Now, we have written the design equations for a CSTR I mean something that we have written for quite some time. So, accordingly I have written what is the reactor volume?  What is the reactor volume 2? f a 0 x 2 minus of x 1 divided by minus of r a 2. Notice here in a CSTR reaction takes place at the exit conditions and the reaction rates at the exit condition has to be taken. f a 0 x 2 minus of x 1 is the moles of component a that is under gone chemical reaction divided by the rate of reaction gives you the volume of the equipment. Now, we can put it in the form of residence time by dividing by volumetric flow at the inlet that gives you the residence time in the stirred tank 1 residence time in stirred tank 2. Similarly, react volume of stirred tank n is f a 0 x n minus of x n minus of 1 this is x n minus of 1 what is entering here is x n minus of 1. Therefore, x n minus of x n minus of 1 multiplied by v a 0 this is the moles of component a that has been react reacted divided by the reaction rate gives you the volume. And residence time is simply divided by the volumetric flow. So, you get c a 0 x n minus of x n minus of r a n or in other words tau 1 is c a 0 x 1 minus of r a 1 tau 2 c a 0 x 2 minus x 1 divided by minus of r a 2. So, if you make a plot of c a 0 by minus of r a something that we already said versus x. So, you get this curve which is the performance of the of the reaction now if you look at this area this area going from 0 to x 1. So, this area you can see is tau 1 and you can see here this area this area is tau 2 c a 0 x 2 minus of x 1. You can say x this is x 2 x 2 minus of x 1 divided by minus of r a 2 this is the residence time for reaction 2 for reactor 2. And similarly, for residence time for reaction 3 and reaction n and reactor 3 and reactor n and so on. So, on other words what we are trying to say here is that if you have a stirred tank if you have a stirred tank sequence of stirred tanks simply you have to construct these rectangles. And then area of those rectangles gives you the residence time plotted in the form of c a 0 minus of r a versus x. So, what we are trying to say here is that we could have situations in which the reaction kinetics are not very easy to determine. But what is not so difficult to determine are this kind of data c a 0 by minus of r a versus x this kind of data is relatively easy to determine. And therefore, it is relatively easy to determine what is the reaction time that is required for a given extent of reaction. And that way you can you can use may be a number of stirred tanks or may be 1 p f r and so on to drive the reaction to the end point of your interest. So, this is the point that I was trying to clarify. So, our job now to determine what is the relationship between concentration and conversion for a single reaction that is what we are considering right now. If it is a gas phase reaction the reaction once again let me write down is a a plus b b equal to c c plus d d c as an example. So, what you have got here is that if it is a gas phase reaction this is a gas law which is p v equal to z and r t z is a compressibility factor. Now, at the initial state or at the entrance it is p 0 v 0 z 0 n t 0 r t it is a batch system. So, this ratio gives you v by v 0 z by z 0 n t by n t 0 r cancels gas constant t by t 0. Now, essentially what we are saying now is that since we already derived the relationship between n t and n t 0 from our stoichiometry. We know that v by z 0 can be written in terms of this ratio which is already derived in the last class 1 plus y a 0 is mole fraction of the inlet x a is the extent of reaction delta a is the change in number of moles per mole of the reference component a. So, in t by t 0 p 0 by p z by z 0 on other words now we are able to tell what is the volume of the equipment how it depends on the variables of the system which is change in number of moles arising from the number of moles changing because of reaction and change in temperature if any change in pressure if any change in the compressibility factor if any. Typically if concentration is what we are interested in because we want to express the reaction rate function in terms of concentration we need concentration which is simply n a divided by v. Now, n a by definition n a 0 times 1 minus x a because that is how we define conversion and v comes from the above equation as v 0 times 1 plus y a 0 x a delta a multiplied by time temperature t by t 0 z by z 0 p 0 p on other words using this relationship we are able to express concentration in terms of conversion x a. Similarly, we can do the same thing for components b components c component d and so on therefore, we can express the reaction rate function in terms of conversion this is as far as the batch system is concerned. Suppose, we have a flow system flow system means our previous relationship p v equal to n r z n r t is replace by p small v where small v is the flow rate through the system.  So, p 0 v 0 z 0 f t 0 r t once again we get relationship very similar to what you already talked about v by v 0 in terms of f t by f t 0 p 0 by p t 0 by and z 0. So, that now we can express concentration c a as f a by v f a is smaller flow of a at any position and v is volumetric flow therefore, by definition we know that f a is f a 0 times 1 minus x a because that is how we have defined conversion and v which is now coming from this equation as v 0 times 1 plus y a 0 x plus delta. This relationship v 0 in this ratio f t by f t 0 we already shown is equal to 1 plus y a 0 x a delta. So, we are able to express concentration in terms of conversion. Similarly, we can do for components c components c d and i. So, what we have done is that you have use a stoichiometry of reaction and then using the stoichiometry of reaction and the gas law we have been able to convert concentration in terms of conversion. So, that now we can substitute this c a function in the reaction rate function and carry out the necessary integration or solution of the algebraic equations. Now, just like we have done for component a we can do for component b if it is a batch system it becomes n b by v. Once again we get a nice relationship in terms of initial composition of component b and conversion x a and c a 0 and so on. Similarly, just like we have got for c a and c b we can do for c c and c d. So, what we want to now do is we just quickly show you a problem sheet from which we want to look at one of these problems. The problem we want to solve is that we have a reaction which is acetaldehyde undergoing decomposition thermally giving you methane and carbon monoxide. This reaction takes place at 520 degree c it is at one atmospheric pressure. We want to conduct this reaction to the extent of x a equal to 0.5 which is we want to convert 50 percent of it. We can conduct this reaction in a CSTR continuous input of component a continuous output is in a CSTR. We can conduct this reaction in a PFR where component a comes in and reacts and goes out. We can conduct this reaction in a constant volume batch reactor in the sense we put all the reagents inside close all the valves and conduct the reaction at 520 degree c or alternatively we can also conduct this reaction in a constant volume batch reactor. How do you get constant volume you have a piston which is able to move up and down depending upon the change in pressure inside. Therefore, if you charge this acetaldehyde in this volume and as the reaction proceeds there will be an increasing volume and it will keep changing the volume. So, that the pressure will keep changing, but volume will change pressure will keep constant will co volume will change. On other words you can conduct this reaction in CSTR at constant pressure in a PFR at constant pressure in constant volume batch reactor or constant pressure batch reactor. What we would like to do is to do perform a calculation to see what is the size of the equipment or the reaction time that you would require for each of these reactor operation choices. This is the problem we would like to solve. So, let us how do you go about doing carrying out a solution to a problem like this. Of course, we first have to write the stoichiometry to understand what happens component A component B component C. What we start with we are starting with pure component A what goes in is pure component A. Therefore, B C there is no inert these 2 are 0. What comes out by definition we have said whatever is the x A is the extent or conversion then what comes out is given by F A 0 times 1 minus x A. How much B is produced by stoichiometry we can say so much is produced and similarly, so much of C is produced. Therefore, the total number of moles that is coming out of the equipment is F T is F A 0 times 1 plus x A total number of moles you have put in is simply F A 0. So, what do we have you are putting in F A 0 moles which is coming in and what goes out is F A 0 times 1 plus x A which means there is an increase in the moles because of chemical reaction. It is a gas phase reaction. So, I said here does the gas these are all gases at the temperature of reaction. So, we will have to apply gas law to understand how volume changes as the reaction proceeds. So, we have already shown little earlier that V by V 0 is F T by F T 0, T by T 0, Z 0 Z by Z 0 and P 0 by P. It is a gas law statement we know this for from our early understanding of gas laws. Now, F T by F T 0 you can see from here F T by F T 0 is simply 1 plus x A. Therefore, if the temperature of the reactor does not change this we maintain the temperature at constant at 520 C and at the conditions the pressure also does not change much and therefore, this is 1, this is 1, this is 1. Therefore, simply V by V 0 is F T by F T 0 from this stoichiometric relationships we get V by V 0 as 1 plus x A. So, what we have been able to do is that we are able to tell how volume volumetric flow changes as reaction proceeds. Now, to be able to tell what is the concentration we know concentration is F A by V if it is a flow system F A is F A 0 times 1 minus of x A V just now we have shown is V 0 times 1 plus x A. Therefore, we are now able to tell that concentration at any conversion is C A 0 multiplied by 1 minus x A by 1 plus x A. So, in essence what we have been able to do now is that you are able to express concentration in terms of conversion. Now, in this problem it is given that it is a second order reaction that means R A is given as minus k times C A square it is given it is given in the problem statement. So, that now we have that if design equation for C S T have already done.  So, that is what is done here C A is C A 0 1 minus x 1 plus x A. So, I have put here. So, you get minus of R A you are taking the science into account. So, k times C A 0 square 1 minus x A whole square 1 plus x A whole square. So, the volume of this equipment is F A 0 times all this. So, when you put all these numbers first you calculate concentration which is P by R T calculated as 0.0514 moles per liter at the temperature of 520 C. So, what do we get? We get reactor volume you put all the numbers here F A 0 is given as 1 mole per hour we want x A of 0.5 or concentration at C A 0 is 0.0154 you can put all these numbers. We get C S T R volume as 16 liters and C S T R residence time is 878 seconds. We are looking at case 1 where we have a C S T R we want to get 50 percent conversion or x A equal to 0.5. We were not saying that to get 0.5 conversion we need residence time of 878 seconds the reactor volume should be 16 liters for this 1 mole per hour. Second exercise now we want to do the same thing we want to do the same thing in a in a P F R at constant volume. Which means we want to do this problem in in a constant pressure P F R where the molar flow is 1 gamma mole per hour pressure is maintained at 1 atmosphere temperature is maintained at 520 C. How do we do this? We recall that our design equation for a P F R is simply F A 0 integral 0 to x A d x A by minus of r we have done this earlier. What is r A is k times C A 0 square 1 minus of x A 1 plus this also we have just now done because we have derived C A in terms of conversion. So, you simply what is the volume of the equipment F A 0 times 0 to you have to go from 0 to x x A and we notice that we want x A of 0.5 in this case is what we want. So, we have put the rate function here. So, we simply have to integrate this to find the value of the size of the equipment that is required to do this. Now, this is a very simple integration I have done this integration. So, this how the answers look like that volume of the equipment is given by this relationship and you can put all your numbers F A 0 is known C A 0 everything is known. So, you can calculate the volume of the equipment to be 6.3 liters. Please recognize that in the previous case when you used a C S T R we got 16.0 liters. Now, the volume required is only 6.3 liters and the residence time defined as V by V 0 is 346 seconds we got 878 second last time. Now, what are we saying that means when you use a C S T R as the reaction equipment we require much bigger equipment and when you use P F R then you have much smaller equipment. So, we will come back to this in a minute. Now, one issue that we would always like to know because there is a change in volume and we are calculating our residence time as tau as V divided by V 0 where V 0 is the volumetric flow at the inlet. But the fact is that because of volume change the volumetric flow is increasing in this case therefore, actual time of residence inside the equipment is different from what we have found out based on V by V 0. So, it is a interest to us to actually find out what is the residence time that is experienced by the fluid elements. How do we do this then we derive what we call as the actual residence time that is required for this equipment. How do you define actual residence time d tau which is the actual residence time is simply d tau is d V by V that means if you take an elemental volume d V at divide by the volumetric flow at that position that gives the residence time for that differential element. Therefore, we can use the design equation for P F R which is d F A d V equal to R A and then simplify this and get what we call as actual residence time in terms of the rate function and so on. We already derive all these things in our area class therefore, this basically gives us what is the actual residence time now in terms of other measure properties like X A and so on. This can be integrated and we get a result like this it says that the actual residence time in a P F R where there is increase in volume can be integrated to get what this function where X is the extent of reaction or conversion. You can put your numbers X is 0.5 we know that K is known C A 0 is known I put all the numbers here you get actual time of residence is 261 seconds. What are we saying? What we are saying is that if we have a plug flow reactor entering at 1 mole per hour and then temperature is 520 because of this reaction even though the residence time based on inlet molar flow is 346 seconds actual time of residence is only 261 seconds because of the fact that there is an increase in volume or increase in volumetric flow rate as the reaction proceeds. The next issue that we would like to look at is what happens suppose we conduct the reaction in a constant volume batch reactor. How does it look? Let us see how it looks now our constant volume batch reactor we have looked at the design equation for batch input output generation accumulation. There is no input there is no output therefore, this is DNA by D T this is the statement of material balance for a batch reactor something that we have done. Now, once again C A is what N A by V and since this constant volume batch therefore, V is V 0 therefore, C A becomes C A 0 1 minus of X A. Please notice that the function C A if for a constant volume batch is C A 0 1 minus of X A, but for the case where there is constant pressure we have the effect that we have already shown. Now, you can substitute N A in terms of N A 0 and so on finally, the kind of equation that you have to solve is this is the kind of equation that you have solved. Notice here this equation looks very different from what we have done for a constant pressure batch. So, we can put all the numbers and then integrate and so on. So, we will get for a constant volume batch the reaction time is given by X A by 1 minus of X A times 1 by K C A 0. So, this is the integrated form for the case when there is a constant volume batch. Please notice that the final result we get for a constant volume batch is quite different from what we got for the other two cases we have considered. If you put your numbers you find that the reaction time for a constant volume batch is 196 seconds. What are we saying? What we are saying is that when we do this in the case when this is for a constant pressure CSTR, this is for a constant pressure PFR then we also looked at what is the actual residence time here. Now, we are looking at a constant volume batch reactor for this case we find that the reaction time for a conversion of 0.5 is about 196 seconds much lower than these two cases we have considered so far. So, the reaction time required for a constant volume batch is only 196 seconds. Let us see what happens if we conduct this the same reaction in a constant pressure batch. How do you get constant pressure? We get constant pressure by providing a piston which is able to move up and down. Depending on changes in pressure inside it keeps the volume it is volume changes keeping the pressure constant. So, what do we do? You allow the volume to change because the piston is able to move. So, we are looking at a case of constant pressure variable volume. This is the case of variable volume. So, let us quickly run through this how it looks. So, once again we are writing the material balance there is input output generation accumulation there is no input because the batch process there is no output because the batch process therefore, generation equal to accumulation therefore, d by d t f equal to r a v. Once again v by v this gas law will hold temperature does not change compressibility changes are not important there is no change in pressure because we are keeping the pressure constant therefore, v by v 0 that means change in volume of the equipment is n t by n t 0. We have shown from our stoichiometry that n t by n t 0 1 plus x a therefore, volume of the reaction equipment divided by the volume at 0 time is 1 plus x a. Now, what is concentration? We said concentration is number of moles divided by volume number of moles is n a 0 times 1 minus of x a therefore, we get we get that c a at any conversion is c a 0 1 minus of x a by 1 plus x a something similar to what we already got for constant pressure case earlier. So, we get the same kind of result c a is c a 0 1 minus of x a by 1 plus x a. Now, we know what is the rate function rate function we can therefore, substitute from our we can substitute for r a our rate functions are known therefore, we can substitute and integrate this to find our solution that is what has been done. So, left hand side d n a by d t is replace like this the right hand side r a v is replace like this. So, that you get d by d t of x a is given by this relationship. So, our result will come from the solution of this equation for the case of constant pressure variable volume batch when you integrate this is the result you get. On other words for the case of constant pressure variable volume batch reactor the answer we get is reaction time equal to this result. And you will notice that this is exactly the same result we got for the actual residence time enough p f r. On other words the result that we are getting for actual residence time in a p f r and for constant pressure variable volume batch is identical. Therefore, when you put all the numbers you get the actual time that is required t r is equal to 260 second that is what we got for the case of actual residence time in a p f r. So, what are we saying what we are trying to say is the following this is important we have the problem we are trying to solve is this that you have a reaction which is undergoing decomposition to give you methane carbon monoxide we are conducted the reaction in a constant pressure CSTR you conducted the reaction in constant pressure p f r you conducted the reaction constant volume batch and then you conducted this one in the case in a variable volume constant pressure batch. So, there are 4 cases notice here the initial pressure is one atmosphere pressure would change because of the reaction. Now, to understand this what I have done is I have just looking at how the different equipments would perform constant volume batch constant pressure batch constant pressure p f r constant pressure CSTR. I have just set out here what is the rate expression that we are getting for each case for each case what is the rate expression that we are getting. If you look carefully you find that constant volume batch the rate expression is k z 0 1 minus x whole square while in the other cases there is a denominator 1 plus x a whole square or in other words in a constant volume batch the rate at which chemical reaction occurs is always much much higher than the rate at which chemical reaction occurs if it is a constant pressure batch. And because the fact that the reaction rates are much higher in a constant volume batch the time of residence or time of reaction is much lower compared to the constant pressure batch. Similarly, if you look at constant pressure p f r once again we find that the reaction time is higher than constant volume batch. The reason is the rate expression itself shows you very clearly that the rate of chemical reaction in constant pressure batch constant pressure p f r is much lower than the rate of chemical reaction in constant volume batch that is why you get a higher time of reaction. Now, if you look at a constant pressure c s t r our rate expression if you see carefully is such that the it is much much lower than the others and therefore, you find that the reaction times are very large. So, what are we trying to tell what we are trying to say is that in our reactor design we must take care to see that the rate expression that we would choose or the equipment that you would choose should have very high reaction rates at every point of the equipment that is important at every point of the equipment. And that is why because it is very favorable in constant volume batch we get very small reaction time it is not so favorable in a c s t r therefore, we get very high reaction time. Therefore, choice of equipment really depends upon how well we understand the reaction kinetics. So, that we can maximize or minimize maximize the benefit or minimize size of the equipment that we use for our application. Let us just quickly recall what we have said what we have said is that we have a reaction and this in this reaction we are trying to look at what is the performance of various kinds of devices for a given reaction the reaction of our interest is we wrote this reaction as acetaldehyde C H 3 C H O giving you C H 4 plus C O correct C H 4 plus C O. Now, we looked at various devices are just summarize this just to bring to your attention some important features. What we have shown through our calculations is that constant volume batch reactor has the rate expression if you see the rate expression for a constant volume batch and compare this with constant pressure batch this is also a constant pressure C S T R. The rate expression shows very clearly that the reaction rates that we can achieve in a constant volume batch is much much higher than the reaction rates that you will get in constant pressure and then and in a constant pressure C S T R. In both these cases the reaction rates are less because the rate expressions are like that therefore, if we can actually utilize a constant pressure constant volume kind of batch equipment will get higher reaction rates that is one important point that we trying to get across. The second point we try to get across to you is that even if you are having a constant pressure process for example, a constant pressure P F R and a constant pressure C S T R. Now, both cases the reaction rate expressions are the same, but notice that the residence time is 261 for a P F R and 878 for a C S T R. How do we explain this? We explain this by recognizing that there is a fundamental difference between C S T S C S T R and a P F R because the residence times are very different. In other words C S T R because it operates at exit conditions of conversion conversion exit conditions of conversion the reaction rates that is achieved in a C S T R is that of the reaction rates at the exit. While in a P F R the reaction rates are at the instant positions at which the reaction is taking place. In other words on even though the reaction rate expressions are the same P F R has a much higher average reaction rates compared to C S T R. This point must be borne in mind in the choice of reaction equipment. So, this is one example that you would like to recognize. Now, there is another example we would like to take to illustrate how our system would perform when there are certain important changes taking place in the equipment. For example, the problem we would like to now address is there is a plug flow reactor. There is a plug flow reactor in which there is a reaction A going to be reaction A going to be and this plug flow reactor contains a catalyst. Now, what comes in the feed is coming in at 20 atmospheres and because of pressure drop the pressure that goes out is less than what is coming in and then the pressure gradient that we are expecting in this process is given as d p d w is minus of 0.2. On other words as fluid moves the pressure drops at this rate d p d w is minus of 0.2 pressure keeps on decreasing and because of decrease in pressure we expect some effect on the process and that is what we would like to quantitatively understand and evaluate. What are we saying that rate of chemical reaction is given as minus of k times C A. It is a first order reaction and k is rate constant rate constant is given everything is given. Now, what is being said in this problem is that you in an experiment in which you have feed coming in feed going out and so on you are experiencing as 86.5 percent conversion. Now, what is asked of you is what do you expect to see if there was no pressure drop you understand that this there was no pressure drop what do we expect to see that is one. Second point is that if instead of using a P F R if we had used a C S T R what do we expect to see. That means you have got some data based on in your experiments where you find 86.5 percent is the conversion because of this pressure gradient and you would like to know suppose first by some design of this catalyst you could have substantially eliminated this pressure drop due to this catalyst. What is the likely benefit you will see in this equipment P F R or alternatively what is the likely benefit you will see if you had a C S T R. So, this is the question that we are trying to answer. Let us see how to understand this. Now, our data says that it is 86.5 percent conversion using the existing equipment where there is pressure drop in this D P D R will use 0.2. So, we have to first model this equipment to understand what are the features of this equipment that we are using. What does it say D F A D V say by this P F R equation K A which is given as minus of K C a first order reaction. Now, it is a gas phase reaction therefore our gas law will hold V by V 0 F T by F T 0 T by T 0 P 0 by P Z by Z 0. This is gas law we know from our problem statement that pressure changes because it is of the pressure gradient D P D minus of 0.2. So, that when you integrate this you get that the pressure at any point is pressure at the inlet multiplied by 0.2 times W that means pressure keeps on decreasing by this relationship. So, that if you want P by P 0 we get this relationship. So, why are we writing this relationship we are writing this relationship because we know that our volumetric flow depends on pressure. So, how the pressure changes accordingly or volumetric flow is affected and if volumetric flow is affected we know concentrations are affected. So, you will find the pressure will have an effect on concentration and therefore it will have an effect on the rate of chemical reaction. So, it is that effect that we want to quantitate in this problem. So, what are we saying what are we saying is that D F D A D V is R A which is minus of K C A. Now, we have been given catalyst W. So, it is not volume that is given what is given is weight of catalyst. So, we would express this in terms of the data that is given that is what is done here volume is expressed as W divided by rho is volume. So, I put the rho on the numerator. So, we have this equation which tells you the first our what is called as our design equation. So, C A is what we said C A is F A by V, but F A is what F A 0 1 minus of X A from stoichiometry and what is V we have said just now we have said just now from here V by V 0 is what P 0 by P what is. So, that means this relationship appears here. So, when you substitute this into this relationship we find V by V 0 becomes our V becomes V 0 times P 0 by P. So, this effect this effect of volume V by V 0 what is V equal to V 0 times P 0 by P because T by T 0 is 1 Z by Z 0 is 1 F T by F T 0 is 1 because there is no change in volume due to reaction. So, but there is change in volumetric flow because of pressure variation that is the effect we are trying to quanticate. So, what we have got here concentration at any position is F A 0 times 1 minus of X A it comes stoichiometry when volumetric flow changes because of pressure variation is V 0 times P 0 by P. So, that now we see concentration C A is written as C A 0 1 minus of X A multiplied by this term which takes into account the effect of pressure drop. Now, we can substitute all these things into our design equation here. So, that you get D by D V or D by D W of X A rated which conversion changes with weight of the catalyst is given by K times rho times V 0 where are we this how it comes you have substituting for C A here. So, it comes relationships like this where K by V 0 rho which we do not know X A is given as 0.85 for this particular case of P F R. So, if you integrate this if you integrate this this equation essentially tells you how the P F R that we have got in our experiment is performing. That is what has been done that is what has been done and we find that when we integrate this we get a relationship like this.  Where beta is what beta is W by beta is beta equal to 0.2 I may have mentioned beta is 0.2 by p. So, that is beta. So, X A is given what is the alpha alpha is this which is unknown p 0 is known. So, this quantity is known beta by p 0 is known. Therefore, we can substitute the value of X A coming from our experiment that is what I have done. What I have done here is that in this solution I have substituted the data with X A is given X A not X A X A is 0.865 W is given. So, many K G beta is given p 0 is 0.01. So, we can put all the numbers and find out what is the value of alpha that is appropriate to our experiment. So, essentially what we have done so far is that from the data that is given to us we have calculated what is the value of we have calculated what is the value of parameters that describes this data. Our parameters are alpha by is the parameter of the process. Therefore, alpha is equal to 0.0476. So, what have we done what we have done is that we have taken a problem in which data is given X A is 0.865 then the weight of the catalyst is given in that pressures are given. So, we have characterized this in terms of what is the value of alpha that is responsible for this kind of chemical reaction. Now, the question is now that the alpha is known we can answer the question that we want to answer what happens if there is no pressure drop. What happens if you instead of using P F R if you use a stirred tank let us try to answer the question. So, suppose we have a plug flow reactor in which there is no pressure drop for which this value of alpha is known this is alpha this is alpha which is known in this case given as 0.0476. Therefore, what we simply have to find out integrate this when you integrate this you find that our P F R in the absence of pressure drop is given by this relationship this is the solution our solution is this. And what is the value of X A if I ask you alpha is known because alpha is 0.4076 W is known which is 60 kg. Therefore, you can find out what is the conversion that we would expect if there was no pressure drop. Now, the context to this question is the important why are we looking at the case of no pressure drop it tells us that what was 86.5 when there is pressure drop actually becomes 94 when there is no pressure drop. On other words there is considerable benefit in a process to significantly reduce pressure drop by a suitable design of your catalyst that is the point that is being made. The second question that is that we are trying to answer is suppose instead of using a P F R we had used a stirred tank that means what is the stirred tank you have a catalyst 60 kg of catalyst you want to support in on a basket that means you have a spinning basket into which you have to support the 60 kg of catalyst. It is not a very difficult thing to do appropriately already design this stir and so on. And once you do that you are able to put your feed your feed comes in and your feed goes out product go out. And your reactor design equation is V by F V equal to F A 0 X A by minus of R A. So, that you can put all your rate functions here rate function R A is we have just now been shown that R A is minus of K times C A the first order process. Therefore, you can find out what is the weight of the catalyst weight of the catalyst in terms of the parameters of the system what are the parameters of the system here alpha alpha is given. Therefore, you can find out what is the extent to which you can drive the reaction what is the value of X A what is the value of X A. So, let me do this calculation for you W 60 and then V 0 alpha is alpha is K by K by V 0 that is 0.0076 0.0476 equal to X A by 1 minus X A. So, you can find out the value of X A. So, what we are saying is that we can find out the value of X A since we know the alpha values. So, the problem that we are try to solve is in the absence of pressure drop there are significant benefits to be achieved if you have a plug flow reactor without pressure drop. Now, the idea of doing what is called as a CSTR spinning basket is something very important that you should recognize. Now, generally to be able to get good data on kinetics on a catalyst it is important to have temperatures around the catalyst to be uniform and spinning baskets give you very good temperature uniformity and this is what makes spinning basket reactors extremely valuable for catalyst evaluation. How well the catalyst performs under various conditions get good kinetic data. So, that you can model the kinetics properly which you can use for design. So, you will find that CSTR data is what is generally useful on the point of view of trying to get good kinetic data for design. Having said this about pressure drop there are few things that I would like to draw your attention from the point of your pressure drop in a process. I have taken an example here the example is that suppose we look at sulfur dioxide reaction sulfur dioxide giving you sulfur trioxide SO 2 plus half O 2 to the high SO 3. The very old process running may be for last 150 years vanadium pentoxide catalyst is well known. I have just taken some data from a 3000 tons per day SO 2 plant. The plant itself it is in 4 stages I mean for at after every stage the sulfur dioxide produced is taken for absorption and then it is put back. So, what is called as double contact double absorption process, but our concern here is something else typically the beds are about 0.25 to 0.75 meters thick and about 70 to 80 tons of catalyst what is used and the pressure drop that is observed is about 0.05 atmosphere. This typical pressure drops that we see in the sulfur dioxide plant. Now a 3000 tons per day sulfur dioxide plant because of nitrogen coming in along with oxygen and so on the actual flow at the reaction conditions is around 317 cubic meters per second. So, fairly large flow you have a pressure drop of 0.05 atmosphere. I put it in terms of newtons and then if you take the efficiency of blower to be about 70 percent which is about typical you find that the energy that is required to actually pump these gases into the system requires 2.5 megawatts. The point I am trying to put across to you is that the energy that is required to overcome pressure drop is a very significant part of our cost. And therefore, any work that we can do to take care of this pressure drop is would be extremely valuable. So, it usually shows in a sulfur dioxide plant we are spending about 2.5 megawatts of energy to be able to push the gases through the system and solve because of pressure drop. So, just to sort of emphasize the point that anything we can do to design catalyst better it will be great advantage from the point of view of energy consumption of course, from the point of view of cost as well that is the point I am trying to across. So, let us just summarize what we have tried to say in this exercise is that we have looked at design equations for idealized cases. And then we have said that the design equations various choices exist. And these choices give you various kinds of reactor designs and these reactor designs you know give you various kinds of performance. And those performances have implications in terms of cost and so on. And we took the example of pressure drop to illustrate how our designs must look for catalyst which is not very high in terms of pressure drop. We will go to the next item now we will is suppose instead of looking at what is called as a plug flow reactor we put a recycle. Let us say we are considering a reaction a a plus b b going to c c plus d d this is the reaction we are considering. Now, our interest in trying to understand a recycle are many why do we recycle we generally the recycle that you will up you will find in process industry is mostly because we want to make better use of this of the of the energy here. Because it is hot we want to make use of the heat that is one reason that of course, there are other reasons for looking at recycles. But before we do that let us just look at recycle from a more fundamental point of view. We want to set up design equation therefore, we want to understand how to handle recycle. So, to illustrate this what I have done I have just put down suppose there was no catalyst that means you have a recycle ratio I have taken an example here. Let us say the recycle ratio is 4 how do you define recycle ratio moles in in stream 4 to moles in stream 3 it is defined that way recycle ratio is defined as moles in stream 4 divided by moles in stream 3. There are some people who define this volume volumetric flow in stream 4 divided by volumetric flow in stream 3 instead of moles people might define in terms of volume. But you should be careful here because temperatures at 3 and temperature at 4 may be different therefore, those ratios are be carefully looked at therefore, I have taken recycle ratio in terms of moles if a moles at 3 to moles moles at 4 to moles at 3. Now, I ask you suppose there is no chemical reaction there is no there is no catalyst here therefore, you are putting a recycle ratio of 4 what are the flow rates at various points. Now, it stands to reason F A 0 if it is 1 what is F A 3 it has to be 1 because you know whatever course it must come out. Now, what will be F A 4 4 times this I have put 4 here what is F A 2 and 3 I have put the numbers on other words what we are trying to say here is when there is no chemical reaction or in other words when there is no catalyst in the reactor the molar flow rates through the system at position 1 and position 2 position 1 is 5 and position 2 is 5. Why is position 2 5 because there is no reaction why is position 1 5 because there is no reaction. But the important point we should bear in mind is that the fluid that is entering at position 1 is 5 units 5 units are entering. Now, let us let us say what happens to flow rates at all these positions when the extent of reaction is about 40 percent of x A is 0.4. So, if I say that we are entering at 1 mole per hour 1 mole per whatever the number may be per hour per second whatever is 1 if I say the conversion is 0.4 and if I ask you what is coming out at position 3 you will say it is 0.6. Why because 40 percent is the conversion. So, if I say conversion is 40 percent as I said mentioned here how much is coming out at position 3 clearly it will be 0.6 because 40 percent is converted.    So, on the basis of the numbers that I have given you will find that the flow rate at position 1 is 3.4 flow rate at position 3 is 0.6 position 2 is 3.0. The question that I want to ask you is what is the conversion it at position 1 what is the conversion at position 2. How would you answer this question what is the conversion at position 1 what is the conversion at position 2. A simple answer you would give me is between position 2 and position 3 there is no chemical reactor. Therefore, we should expect that the conversion at position 2 and position 3 must be the same. So, that means at position 2 conversion should be 0.4 position 3 also conversion should be 0.4 here we know that the conversion is here we know that conversion is 0.4 anyway based on our physical understanding. We want conversion here also to be 0.4 how can we make conversion here 0.4 by an appropriate choice of our reference. So, if we chose 5 as our reference that means if we chose 5 units as the reference on the basis of which we will define conversion inside the recycle loop then clearly we find that conversion here at position 2 is 0.4. What I am trying to get across to you is that whenever you are looking at a recycle device the choice of reference inside the recycle device is important. And that choice should be the moles of component a entering at position 1 in the absence of reaction because our reference is always on the basis of absence of reaction. How much is going into the equipment in the absence of reaction we know that at position 1 5 units are entering in the absence of reaction you can see here 5 units are entering in the absence of reaction. Moment reaction took place the amount of coming here is 3.4. Therefore, what I want to ask you is that what is the conversion that is appropriately defined in the presence of reaction at position 1. Now, you will tell me that in the absence of reaction 5 units are entering in the presence of reaction it is only 3.4. Therefore, conversion at position 1 is 3.4 divided by 5 1 minus. So, conversion here it would be 1 minus 3.4 divided by 5 this would be the conversion. Why divided by 5 because 5 was the units that was entering in the absence of reaction 3.4 is in the presence of reaction and 1 minus this is the conversion. So, what is it 5 3.4 divided by 5. So, this becomes 0.32. So, this becomes 0.32. So, what are we saying what we are saying is when we have a recycle device we need a proper reference to be able to work inside the recycle device. To work inside the recycle device we must have a proper conversion. As we can see in the slide that inside the recycle device if you define conversion on the basis of 5 units you find that conversion at 0.1 is 0.32, conversion at 0.2 is 0.4, conversion at 0.3 is also 0.4. Showing that as you go from 0.2 to 0.3 the conversion remains consistent with our understanding. So, this is the most important point in the recycle device we must choose conversion which is consistent across 0.2 and 0.3. Similarly, conversion at 0.1 should be consistent with respect to what enters at position 1 in the absence of reaction which in this case is 5 units. But, in expressed in terms of our variables what we are saying is that if F A 0 is entering the process what enters recycle system is R plus 1 F A 0. What we are saying is that what enters the reactor what enters the reactor in the absence of chemical reaction is R plus 1 F A 0. When R is 0 then what is entering is F A 0 when R is finite what enters the reactor in the absence of chemical reaction is R plus 1 F A 0. Therefore, inside the recycle loop our reference for defining conversion should be R plus 1 F A 0. We take up more of this when we meet next time. Thank you.


Hello, my name is Melissa Armo. Have you been wanting to trade the stock market? Maybe have you been thinking about doing it but need a strategy? Maybe you're trading right now and you're not making enough money with what you're doing. If any of those things apply to you, then come to the free webinar I'm doing this Tuesday, May 16th. You can make $1,000 a day trading stocks with one simple strategy, and I'm gonna discuss this in the webinar this week. If you'd like more information, you can email me at melissa at thestockswish.com or feel free to call me at 929-3200-GAP. So I have one strategy that I do. It's called Golden Gaps, the track record for the trade room calls for this year from January through now, May 15th. I've had 95 trade calls and only 18 losers. That's 77 winners and that's an 81% win ratio. You only need one strategy in order to make money in the market. In order to make $1,000 a day, if that's your goal, being focused is extremely important. Here's a trade from last week, it was M. This was a great short. I loved a short. One of the reasons I loved a short is that Pana comes into stocks very quickly. The short entry for M, this was Macy's last week, was here. How do you make $1,000 a day? You take the position, you put the stop, you size yourself and you get out when it drops into the target. I'm gonna show you that Macy's actually went to the first target, which was $26 and then went on to the dream target. Actually, it went past that. Dream target of Macy's was 25. It went to 24 something and even today it's trading around 23 something. Panic sets in to a stock when it comes into it quickly. My strategy though, looks at what institutional money is doing in a stock. Is it selling it? Is it buying it? That's the strategy itself that I look at. If you shorted Macy's per my system, it rated 23 points per the gap. Share quantity, 4,000. If you had done this and got out of the first target of $26, the profit you could have made was 3,080 bucks. So you can see very easily that that would be your goal for even three days in one good solid trade. And that was only one day last week. So if you had held it to the dream target, which not every stock goes to the dream target, but you could have a baby stepped and lowered your stop through the way down to hold it. Same size, 4,000 shares. You could have made over 7 grand, which would be more than your goal for the week in one trade. Every once in a while, we will get a gap. Their rate's so high, and Macy's was one of those, that you could have held this. And I did tell the room this is gonna go to $25 today, that was last Thursday, and actually it broke that number and went past it. So it's possible to make money in the market. You have to have a focus, and you have to have a strategy that consistently picks the right stock every day to trade. I usually do one trade a day, sometimes two. I'm very, very focused. You can use my method for options or day trading. If you'd like to learn more, come to the free webinar. It is Tuesday, May 16th at 4.30 Eastern time. I'm teaching people not only how to trade, but I'm also teaching people how to make money in the market. And the people that are in my trading room and are on the options trade letter are just taking the trades that I'm calling and making money. So it's very simple and easy to learn and simple to make money once you take my calls. Again, an 81% ratio, and you can't ask for more than that from the market. Very happy. Come to the webinar, click on the link here. It's free. Email me with questions at Melissa at thestockswish.com and I'll see you at the class on Tuesday.


Roedd y mosfyn fydd yw hwnnod befyrdd i gyfnodwyr complio yma i'r hyn ymdisiwn gyda holl. Roedd y pethau o modd fydd yn eich gweld yn ein gweld yn ein gweld yn ein gweld, dwi'n meddais i gael fydd gwerthodol sydd o'r myll gwaith hwnnw i fod eich gweld yn teimlo hwnnw i holl. Yn myll eich gweld yn eich gwaith yn ei gywe i'r gwahyddiadau a dwi'n credu sylwedd i'n gweithio heddiw iawn sydd y wahanol yma Rwy'n meddwl yw'n cynnig o'r ddechrau, neu rwy'n meddwl yma fydd yw'r amser hynny'n meddwl. Felly, rydyn ni'n mynd i'r cymdeithasol a fyddwch i'r ddisgwmwys i'r ddisgwmwys. Rwy'n meddwl y gyrsgol yw 40% Mary.  Rydyn ni'n meddwl i'r meddwl i'r meddwl i'r gweithio'r mhwy, o'r ddiag wahanol i'r ddechrau i'r hannol yn n Stanley. The reason we engage with the Culturally Responsive and Relational Pedagogy Programme was quite simply to close the gap between Maori and non-Mari achievements and we know that what's good for Maori is good for all. I think it was really important to in order to initially make change to explore the concept of whanowangatanga. That idea around caring connectedness, that relationship fundamentally important to the students a'r ffaenau. Mae o'r rhaid i'w ddweud ymwneud eich gweithio i gweithio eich gweithio, wedi gwneud eich gweithio i gweithio ddiwedd i gweithio i gweithio ar y Canongatanga, y idea ymgyrch ymgyrch gan hynny, ac ydym ni'n bwysig o ddwygau a'r ysgolwyr, yn ymgau a'r ysgolwyr. Mae'r tîn yn ymwneud i gweithio'r byd ac mae'r eich gweithio i'r tîn yn y rhaid i'r ddweud i'r cyfnogaethau. One of the biggest things we know that works for boys is about that they understand that we care so they don't care how much you know until they know how much you care is often a phrase that is bandied about. When they know you care and when they know you're genuine and authentic then that two way I guess teaching and learning approach becomes a lot more fluid and a lot more obvious and clear. The boys can feel it if you're genuine and that's around the spirit of Aql I suppose. We learn from boys as much as they learn from us. Embracing Māori culture has been another significant shift that the school has made. In fact when I first came to the school there was a poufary to welcome me and so that was really special and continues to be special for me. We have a school haka which all of the boys learn. We have school waiata which all of the boys learn and that becomes certainly our way of being. That's how it's going to be for every boy at the school. A cool change to see was Aqarapu schools embrace of Kapaka and how she enjoys watching and enjoys being a part of our growth as a group as a kapa. Encouraging us to push further beyond our limits as a kapa, as a kapa haka. It feels empowering that they are embracing our culture with our values and our ideals as Māori and embracing our language and our culture as well as our waiata bringing that into our symbolies. It's quite joyous that they are doing this and that they are embracing us as people and our culture and our language. In recent years we've had a very active and progressive group of parents who have been part of kouta kakitirangi. They've renamed it and rebranded that group of Māori parents who are supporting the school and they have influenced quite a lot of the things that we do in the school. For instance, they questioned the way in which we selected our prefects with a view to having more of our Māori boys become prefects and so we have widened the criteria and the manner in which those boys are selected so they can now be nominated by our staff and other students. Whereas before it was very much a self-promotion exercise which we recognised was not culturally responsive to the needs of some of those boys who were much quieter leaders. Over the past three years from the beginning when it first started to now it's been a massive difference in communication. First of all because we were just starting now you know they were a bit of just us getting initiated but now it's just back and forth back and forth all the time. You know them inviting us to some of their professional developments as far now. Since then it's just been a really good opportunity for us to be part of a group that can have some influences and we have a member that's on the board. So they bring back some of the communication from the board to us and we can give our thoughts with our representative to be able to take back to the board so there's all this communication happening. Team Solutions have been with us every step of the way on this process and really guided us through what for some people was reasonably challenging. I'm really happy with the level of achievement that we've reached and I think now for us as a school we want to maintain that level, we track really well against schools nationally. A good example at level 2 in 2014 we're sitting around 50% for a pass rate for Māori boys. That's now up to 80% so in 2017 we've got 80% of our Māori boys succeeding at level 2 and that's just one outcome, that's an academic outcome. There's all the other measures, the more intangible things I suppose and certainly when we speak to the boys they feel good about being here. So our next big step is to see how we can embed this process so that it's sustainable at boys high in the future because everything that we're hearing both from staff and from students and from the parent community tells us that we're heading in the right direction.


Today we're going to make acetosalicylic acid. That's the scientific name for aspirin. And you make aspirin by combining salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. We want to weigh out 2 grams. Actually we have 2.027 grams. So record that number. Now we want to add between 4 and 5 milliliters of the liquid acetic anhydride. As you can see, there's a little of our salicylic acid in our wayboat. So in order to make sure we get it all in there, I'm going to pour the acetic anhydride here, swirl it around a bit, and then get all of it in my Erlenmeyer. Then I want to mix. Next we add 5 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. This is making us an acid environment and it will also cause a reaction to go a little faster. We want to heat this in a boiling hot water bath for about 10 minutes. After 10 minutes you can see that the color has a sort of a yellowish brown tint to it. Now we're going to add 10 milliliters of cold water. Now we're going to put this in a cold water bath and allow the aspirin crystals to form. So you can see we have lots of aspirin crystallized in our Erlenmeyer. Now what we need to do is to filter our aspirin from the solution. And to do that we're going to use a sidearm flask and a suction filter and this aspirator. The aspirator creates a low pressure inside our container here and that will help gravity pull that water out and leave our aspirin inside the funnel. We need to put a piece of filter paper inside our funnel and when we turn the water on you see water is running down. That running water creates this low pressure here. We use just a little bit of water to make a nice tight seal and then we'll pour our aspirin solution into the funnel. We're going to rinse the sides down and we want to make sure we get all of the aspirin into our funnel. You can see here we have lots of aspirin and since we want to make sure we get it all we're going to lift the filter paper into our beaker and then we're going to rinse this with alcohol. This is ethanol and we will rinse the crystals off of the paper with our alcohol. Now we want to dissolve our aspirin in the alcohol so that we can re-crystallize. Re-crystallizing will allow us to get larger crystals of the acetyl salicylic acid. Now we're going to add 60 milliliters of warm water.  You want to stir that and now we get to wait again. We need to give this time for the crystals to form so we're going to put it back in our ice water mix. We're going to weigh a filter paper. The filter paper weighs 0.354 grams so make sure you record that number. I'll place my weighed filter paper in the funnel and set up my filtering apparatus again. Now we can turn on our aspirator and filter. Next we want to take out our filter paper with the aspirin on it and set it on a watch glass. Now we have to set it aside and let it air dry. Now we want to weigh our dried filter paper and aspirin sample. This is what one of the crystals up close looks like.


What's going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overload here We're gonna be talking about Chucky season 3 part 2 in this video here again today So we officially 100% know when or at least what month that part 2 will be dropping This comes directly from one of the networks that aired the show sci-fi in USA combined This is coming from sci-fi who states that Chucky season 3 part 2 is officially airing in May of 2024 This is just me doing an update to the last video I did calling it a rumor because I had already recorded it the night prior referring to it as a rumor However, sci-fi did announce this release date via a sneak disclosure in an article related to Ted and Chucky joining forces It says the second half of Chucky season 3 will premiere on the USA sci-fi networks in May of 2024 Now here's the other thing I've seen some of you speculate on that I thought was very interesting and possible too Didn't these episodes air on a Wednesday night and the very first day of May happens to land on a Wednesday night So is the series returning on May 1st? I guess we'll just have to wait and see as we get closer. Some people I know are already up in arms about oh, that's too long I mean Would you rather it drop in May or would you rather it drop in the fall now for those of you who rather it drop in the fall? Don't answer that that's for the people who definitely did not want it to drop in the fall Because I know some people they just wanted it as soon as they can get it And if May is as soon as we can get it, I'm fine with that Why does it may work for some of you who are not liking the May release? Let me know why down in the comment section below but With a May release though, I think it's certain that the fourth season which probably I still have to say I don't think it's going to happen. I don't see this happening It's most definitely not going to air in the fall of this year You won't get a season four during the fall of this same year If it were to happen, which again, I do not think it will it will release sometime in 2025 I just think that we are on the verge of seeing Chucky return back to the big screen. I just think that's what's in the cards I think that's what Universal and all of the higher parties involved creatively with the IP That's what they are going to try to do They're going to pull the plug on the show and we're going to get Chucky back on the big screen Let's see Devon and Jake on the big screen. I would love to see that I would love for them to have their own little solo movie related to the doll or One little final bow out for all the characters You can have have it be a legacy film finale to the franchise We're Chucky finally dies if the doll does not die in whatever happens or transpires during season three I've also seen some very interesting theories or one person one specific interesting theory that relates to how the good guy Doll creator could be involved or get involved in all of these drama and shenanigans with Chucky and Tiffany what if Tiffany is the one who kidnaps the creator after she escapes prison And forces the creator to make a new doll for her so she can transfer her soul and escape with Jennifer Tilly Obviously being pronounced dead as a result of this since they already deemed Miss Tilly to be insane Anyway, when she's referring to herself as Tiffany, even though we know that is Tiffany in the body of Jennifer Tilly But this can be her way of escaping by contacting the good guy doll creator having him create a new body And that's the body she uses to escape And then Tiffany will be found or Jennifer Tilly will be found Jennifer Tilly will be pronounced dead You know it'll go from there. That's how I can see the good guy creator getting involved That's a nice little theory of how he could get mixed up in it Maybe it's Tiffany who goes to the creator and Chucky will have nothing to do whatsoever with this person I still would like to know though, even if Tiffany is one who goes to him I want to hear from this man What he thinks about Charles what he thinks about Chucky and all of the drama that more or less probably Has impacted his life and how that's impacted his career and his contributions to Where we have ended up in their reality where things stand with the good guy dolls perception in that realm Let me know what you guys think about Chucky season 3 part 2 arriving in May of this year Some of you again are not fond of it others of you like myself really don't see the big deal I can't wait for me. I will also say what I plan to do is I will be watching the episodes as they air Week to week and then I will do recaps that same night So I'll be watching them with you guys this time around but what I will still do is I will have Things that I gain access to and I will tease you just like just like I've been doing with the past couple seasons past Episodes and I will let you know if the finale is conclusive or if it's a cliffhanger as soon as I find out Let me know what you think about this down a comment section below if you haven't already of course make sure you subscribe turn on post Notifications that you never miss a video in the description of links on my social media accounts I am on Facebook Twitter and Instagram you can message me there Of course, let me know there's any movies news or views you like me to cover in the future and with all that in mind Guys, I will see you in the next video


Hey, this is how we're going to test the QDPI ESP32S2s. I'm using a Raspberry Pi to do the test, and that's because I can run ESPTool really easily over USB to program using the built-in DFU bootloader. I'm going to use a GPIO pin to toggle the boot and reset lines to do that. And ESPTool compresses the firmware, so it's really the fastest way to upload a bunch of code to ESP32. And then I run a self-test, and one thing that I do because it's got an antenna is I have an access point created on the ESP32S2 QDPI. And on the Raspberry Pi, I do a WPA CLI scan, and I look for the access point and then check the signal. My hand's in the way, so it's 50, but usually it's about 40, so that means the antenna got soldered on correctly, and this has passed test.


We're going to talk about React and Meteor and Ionic. I only started looking at this because I see there's a lot of articles coming up about React at the moment. It seems to be the new core thing to play with. So I thought seeing as I'm a core person, I should check it out. So I'm not going to pretend to be a React expert because I think it's quite involved. So there's some really good tutorials out there and I thought I'd go through one. fel y gyfalu gyda'r tutorial, dy li fydd roedd hi wedi fynd fwyaf eich gweithio â'r un arwineb a sydd wedi gwneud o'ch iddo i ddim ddim ychydig Bringy Go ahead i ddim ddim ddim ddim ddim ddim a i ddim gofynnodd sydd wedi rhoi ddim dim oes y cyfalu Ac mae'r uchydig o'r sl こlydd ar y enghraffau sydd gennym ddim y cyfalu rydym weddyn ni'n gwneud â'r eich eich gofynnodd iddyn ni'n gwneud, mae'r eich gofynnodd erioedd o'r rhan i'r reich Ionic if you've not heard of it is this beautiful open source front-end SDK for building hybrid level apps. So it's kind of like a right once deployed anywhere type of solution built on top of the phone cap? Iaffs, this is a home market. It is a home market. They are in line with an app. It is an app for these kinds of apps. It is not native. It is on top of the phone app. If anyone thinks I am saying the wrong thing, they are afraid to tell me. It is a mobile app running in a browser. It's protecting that it's...  So it's not react-mated, which is another thing. Which is kind of is kind of like a native language. Let's go! Okay, so why do you want to learn React? Because, like I said, Google Trends is telling us that this thing is going up. And so if you're looking for a job, you're quite sure about it. Out of interest, Meteor is kind of doing pretty well too. So it goes back a bit further this one. But since February 2012, it's kind of been on the ascendancy and the whole. So I think the last month it touched a hundred on the Google Trend chart. Which means it's the most popular ascendancy in the last month. In terms of service. Okay, so Practical Water, I said that this thing before. I'm not a react-mater, but some of you, I'm sure, know more than me. So feel free to tell me if I'm saying something which is incorrect. And so I'm copying this... You're not sure of the video? Sorry? Oh, you want to get to her? Okay, so I've got a bitly link. You want to follow along the presentation. You've got a bit.ly slash Meteor SG dash MRI dash 1. That will give you the first... Can I just change 1 to 2? Yeah, exactly. That will be the gist of the article. And then if you want to follow the actual original page where we're copying this, if you go over from this at the top here. Okay. So this is an article that spots this off. It's a guy called Sam Corkos. And he's building this mobile app with Meteor React 90. This is what stage 1 looks like. So we'll go over this. Yes, so I'm coding. Okay, so I think the first thing we need to do is create a new Meteor app. So if you just do your regular Meteor create app name. Can you see that? Not really. Who's actually following along? Just so I know. It's not just me. I'm talking to myself. Again. There was a Meteor spike at the end of the year, which is just one of a graph copy. I guess that wasn't the same Meteor that we talked about. Meteor, right? Meteor. Meteor.js. Ah, okay. That's better. They may have been a Meteor in Thailand. Yeah, exactly. Because it's just a... Okay, so we've got a new app.  A regular stuff. If you're following along, that's step one. So step two, you just need to create some template directories here. Create the directories, client components, client styles, lib and server. Given up? Oh, done. Oh, you're done ready? Okay. Then we can just create some empty files here. Step three, just create some empty files on Meteor in even now. And then we can start out our text page. I guess thresholds probably be on. Sorry? Can I ask a question? Yes. Do you know what the difference has been? The browser file options can just even add them next? Yes, so... This part is... I'm not an expert on browser files. If someone asked that, I think it can help with this. So I know you have packages and browser files using the options. Yeah. But I haven't seen the browser files used before. Is it like a way to work stuff in global management? I think it's a way... I think it's to do with the fact of how to incorporate other packages into your functionality into your app. Does anyone know more about browser files? I'm sure some of you know more about browser files. Does anyone know more about how browser files work and what it does? I've got a high level understanding of it. So basically, when you write code in Node.js, you can import files on a basis by doing a bar or something equal to require something. So the require function is not available in the browser site. So a browser reply tries to deal with this yet by defining a require version in the browser, so that your code is written for Node.js and also run on the browser. So you write a code once and then use it on both environments. So you can decline site? Yeah, accessible. So step 5, we add browser reply and a few other packages. Let's see if my broker is... I just think I was in the wrong place. Okay, so then we have to add some section in for browser reply. Step 6, follow. Can we follow? Lost? Yeah. Okay. Step 7, we set up the browser reply file. Okay, I think I've missed out here. Look at that and our browser reply.js file. So I think this allows us to then use reacorat on the client side. We edit the packages.json file. Oh, sorry. Okay. Yeah, I think it doesn't have set all the parameters. I need to separate them in the comments to do one list. I copy each one of that. You don't actually need to detach me. What? In order to detach you. Did you get it too? How? This file doesn't work on Windows. Oh really? This whole tutorial doesn't work on Windows because you ask a lot too much. And my computer doesn't actually work the same way on Windows. Okay. Sorry about that. Okay, so this is a browser reply options file. We add some styling in the SCSS file. I haven't actually written any code yet. This is just setting everything up. Did you just put the script on this? Yeah, I messed them up. Okay, so basically that's just setting everything up. I can probably remove the three template files that media is created for us. In my case, that's the MRI file. Okay, then we start getting to more interesting things down here, so we start writing some code. So we've got our client components main HTML file which will be our head section for our pages. That's step two part one for the body. So for the body we've got an ID tag of app that we can use later on to add our render out page. Should be nothing there at the moment because I've ripped out all the default media or stuff. If you're at the same point on it. So then we can define our first component react component in the app body file. Media has now these JSX files so the strange thing about the media react stuff is that you'll see this HTML and the JavaScript together which I was taught was a bad thing because I'm quite old and that was generally what you were told many years ago is that pretty good JavaScript and HTML together was actually not a good thing, separation of concerns. Exactly. But then interesting I read an article I think it was yesterday about if you remember when we split JavaScript and HTML before it was actually a real nightmare because you could have jQuery in another file somewhere or JavaScript in another file you had no idea about changing something in your HTML that actually is going to affect some JavaScript somewhere else and vice versa. So what this guy was arguing is that it's better to actually separate your concerns by functionality rather than language which makes a lot more sense than it is about it. So knowing that your JavaScript to do with one part of your template or part of your view is all together with the actual view itself means you're less likely to fall into some horrible mess later on. So I'll try to put a link to that I thought it was quite good to read. I think that's not one of the things that what he's made. He got credit track. I mean he didn't credit track he was a team credit track so one of the things they said is that we coupling behavior anyway because we're adding all these fake classes through our HTML elements and then we're searching for the fake classes in jQuery which is even it's very hard to follow you can like you have a class you don't know if this is a class or some magical JavaScript class which you can't remove because you do behave or become with this the couple magic. Is that a video? Yeah his presentation will be told later on. Okay but I think it was a p-hump p-hump yeah I think. That's all right. Okay so that's our app loading component that would then add an app not found component which again is pretty much what it says. So step four is we add a home component for the home page so all these are doing are basically these are setting up the views for each of the main pages in our app. Okay. It's all react files. Yes this is all react. This is what is returning all those like earlier you had shown that image where you saw the screen and then on each one you click like if you click on one the thing then it will show you home right? Yes exactly. So you'll see that now in a minute when that catches up. So this home section here what react is going to do is when you go to the home page it will then use this to render the home page and then when you go to the not found page this is what react is going to put on the screen so whereas in normal meteor applications you'd have a template or something so you don't have that kind of concept anymore with react or the place in that whole place then the place. How does it know that it has to render so in a minute we're going to go to the routing and then we'll set up the routing so it will know which view to render on which you're up. This is the home page we've got the settings page and then other page so these are all basically the same thing slightly different text. So this is the part where we've got our routing in the outbody.js here so here we're actually saying putting in some roots here so we're saying the settings page here oh sorry it's going to be links again so these are the links in the toolbar it says go to this page here's the other page and then we have our react to root handler down here sorry these are the routes here so again we have a router.js file rather than a router.js file which we normally have so these actually define the routes roots this is a question that's like so if you go to home this is the URL and this is the hand that you need to render that page this is for the other page this is for the settings page and this is for our loading page and this is for our application and then we say when the meteor starts up let's set up all these routes for the application so one thing you might find is that you have to run meteor a couple of times to deal with can you read the bottom on this one hang a little bit of screen if you're not forced you can actually change the path for the hair if you're not forced to use the same name you can say instead of our you can say whatever whatever pages you've got you didn't save the file so so here we have our so we've got our home page we've got a settings page we've got another page so that's basically set up the few different routes there and if you run that we want to iOS do you think that we'll start from iOS do you think that we'll start from iOS do you think that people managed to follow that on? do you think that we'll start from iOS no, that's meteor I think that came out in that's version 1 it had it done so you can add Android as well so now we can do meteor run we can add the standard meteor tutorial that's that I think it does now I think after if you want to add it we should start the preview so we can see but then again I wouldn't be interested in it it's a part of the meteor tutorial it's one of the things how we run this I mean that it's a bit slow we're going to start from iOS again okay I'm going to give up on that it's all 453 part so we'll do part 2 we'll see we should have installed a plugin multi-meatup series okay I thought there was more to follow sorry camera sorry I killed them all killed them all they're all trying to learn functional programming see all the people that said yes they'll never show up they just come for the breeders see that last confession okay so stage 2 we're going to add some data into our app so let's see how we do that on the app okay so when client compares home so our home page here we need to add a mixing and it get meteor data function so my understanding is this mixing it's a little for my phone our mixing is a way we get data from and to react from my understanding and getting meteor data basically establishes what data is accessible to our render functions later what we do the memory so we'll just leave a placeholder for now without actually much yeah and another package for some fake data which is quite cool called Digilord fake articles you have any fake information fake users fake dummy stuff it's a bit like the anti-fake anti-fake yeah okay app is there just rename it iphone 6 plus and you'll really have it 6 plus s so we've got our app we've got our other we don't have to do anything special for to make that happen okay so we've got a fake fake data package is this still not the nature you are right so these apps are not native they will show up as an icon on your iPhone so what's the bonus of first upon one since this is not a very experience what's the bonus of this so you see it does create this oh yeah but it's all the question of time and money right so if you have time to hire 10 native developers time and money talk to yourself about because it depends upon the context you usually have to say like the simple form yeah I understand I use Fungab that provides that it may not be Fungab there are also other I think this is Fungab underneath Fungab is a construction where your job is your API while IoniX will give you this nice interface with the heat transitions so if you want to go to get some very rich lecturing you can go to transition line up so it wouldn't be the same if you just blank out a lot there is one more alternative to Fungab I can't remember the name of the trip there is more in one hi Tion hi Tion hi Conex hi Ioni we can use IoniX IoniX is not really alternative I think it's on top of it and then there was another one that presented a talk Jess about one and a half years ago it was called over but I think that got rolled into thrown out I think one was Apache and one was someone else's they're both same thing now right but I think one used to be Apache it's an open source project it will be split off as an open source project and now it's called Apache Catova ok so we'll add some data in so if we can just create an empty collection file and then we'll add our regular new monger collection so and then we'll just use this new digital faker package to create 25 new users and now we can actually access this fake data in our view for our home page you want to display these 25 fake users so we've got it client components home now get me to your data we just add users and then the view this render function so just copy out the render do what I was doing so this render function using ES6 I think it's simply to display go through the list of new users and display the avatar the name and the email of our users the one strange thing I've found is I don't know about that I couldn't get the avatar to display ah it's a you need to add permissions for each image they have also it's handy you need to add permissions for the folder which is your folder where you're storing it for the URL it doesn't load anything so what do you have the permissions there's a kind of setting file file it's all that point it's never in the documentation you spend hours on finding a solution wasn't in the tutorial I guess he's done it lots of times till you find a good soul has done it before what's the image part from the IMG where the source is fake right fake is probably coming from somewhere some external service is calling from probably some s3 container or something it's putting from anywhere so it's a probably just exposed or allow external fetch in fetching of external files probably some parts security security name ok that's the end of section 2 so is anyone else going along still? in our section 3 ok that's good ok so section 3 we're going to add a few modals add some tabs normally when I've done that we only have a couple of tabs at the bottom on the side so we can add a few here so again let's go back to our app body and let's add a new function getP4Props but I'll just copy the source section over here press out probably with this now we have some tabs being defined here and also display the tabs up here so with the tabs we're going to just see if that's ok ok so we've added our tabs here so we've got a couple of tabs down here down here down here so that's just the config in the meter yeah it is the mobile config file when you say allow this urocket that's changing meter 1.02 so every URL you're accessing outside if you're up you need to put the rule for it if you're live if you're welcome yeah you can be welcome that's what it is ok so for the modals to be triggered off those tabs we're going to put a new file which is quite component IonModal.jsx that's our new modal component again all this is doing is rendering some css and then we use this properties to get some data ring so we set the initial state of the modal to not be displayed so we have that to app body so it starts off as not being shown and we add a new function to change the state of the modal or IonModal at the modals state to the end of our render function do you have this? do you have this? yeah no because I think we're doing some s6.com I think we're doing some like that stuff like my script stuff it's going to go away with 1.2 right? the babel stuff things will come to you so it's integrated yeah so there's not need to use something yeah magic I can understand that this is where the magic comes in this is where the magic comes in so yeah you need to put inside the gif he didn't make the render so that's the opposite but not the end of the gif inside the output so just move it to one line up before the product you can't have in req you need to have a root it's the just on the one part so see I knew there's more people in there and finally we need to have a long click a pen handler for our tabs I think the only one that changes is the AHA now I've got some modals not looking very nice not quite apple but I doubt you get it from the app store yeah me too I'm sure Steve Jobs will he's wearing any ok so make it a bit nicer we can have some transitions to that we'll put a link to their design guide and that's it add this react css transition the line at the top of the app body this transition tab around our modal a bit of css the scss file when the modal comes in background a bit darker so we can see it so in the iron modal component add this backdrop finally we'll just let conditional say whether to show the backdrop the modal is there so in the app body.jsx it's a bit nicer we can get a slightly nicer modal again maybe you know the autism accent on the iPhone device I think come up with a transition screen yeah I will take this transition code it's ridiculous it's like in that little click handle on the side mine doesn't have a transition it just shows this crowd and it stops here the web one is fine oh yeah the web one is fine yeah the web one is fine click on the tab it should bring up the modal in the bottom and darken the background that's kind of half the tutorial of the react stuff maybe you learned something today maybe you didn't as an exercise for the reader follow up ok so a couple more things I think global hackathon happening meet your hackathon on the 10th to the 11th of October so all a lot of cities around the world are going to have a hackathon that weekend and it's starting to be announced and promoted the rest of the prizes top overall submission top 5 most innovative best meet your on the internet of things application best game this one is quite interesting best app under 100 lines of JavaScript maybe you can come up with some random jazz magic just get a show of how you can do this yeah I'm kind of interested I'll say it from what it is oh you can't be outside can you sky from there ok but maybe I'll put a message on the facebook page and they will find out the numbers of people who might want to join up we can have up to 4 people in one group and if there are a lot of people who speak with Sydney guys if there are a lot of people who can speak with Sydney guys or in Hong Kong guys as well at the same time they are in Hong Kong as well Sydney's got quite a few meet your guys so they've got a whole company studio down there they're all made of Sydney oh yeah the halls are quite straightforward it's obviously got to be built with meteor less than 24 hours 1 to 4 people you can start coding before the hack is on but you just have to make sure everything that you're doing is public you own your area of code which is quite nice of course and then if you want to be a legend before the prize you need to show your repo you need a video demo so it might need to ask Michael for himself ah you're a legend you're a legend you need a list of packages as well anyway I'll put it out on the on the Facebook page I think one thing they said about the hack is you can't write your own apps so they need to be useful because you're publishing and as a package they said you can't just publish a package which is your own app but it needs to be useful for other people it does say something about not being too sneaky and they specifically said that you can't just publish something which is not useful for your company as a package and then just like oh can they get the prize I think it'll be fun I think the meteor IOT thing is quite interesting I don't know if anyone's done an IOT stuff a mess drama of some IOT stuff does anyone have something what do you think I've got some devices but like a spark for like we know maybe need to maybe need to step up again um what else so anybody got any questions about meteor that they would like to ask the community try to help we have our meteor clinic session doctors doctors doctors I posted one we're just going to answer so do you want to ask a question do you want to ask a question on top of it do you want to ask a question where is it's basically about because I'm using two different apps right I split up one job queue which is on one server and then the client facing another one when I was sending an API call sending data between them that the data always reaches 100% the other side so obviously 99% of the time it's going to happen but I have to prepare for whatever the server has been down or has been updated right now or has been too busy or whatever and actually a don't get a status code 200 back in order to ensure that automatically it's been rescheduled so Rick and I played around a bit with the collection which is called the job collection BSI BSI job collection that's been pretty good but I'm thinking about maybe that's been too massive to install and maybe there's a shortcut to do it easier in it next we came up with the ABS Lambda service which is interesting as well especially as I saw it's been free for when it ends and 3.2 million seconds per month so that definitely especially when you're going to get the application that you like I think that gets you started quite well but you put me into the functional you can't have any state in those lambda functions so if anyone has any kind of easier year to do both of them will do both of them will do so the client facing app will basically only react on the fact that there is a new user and then in regular instances it will actually because it's a as you know it's aggregating data for various kind of services micro services and it will just push it over to the worker and the worker will do all the hard work and just push the results back to the network yes why using HTTP confusion to the network sorry I mentioned it's two separate databases it's not one database two separate servers it doesn't match it can still to the network over to different servers and DDP will automatically repeat I'm in trouble with methods it will repeat and there's actually a hard way where you can just disconnect then you do a bunch of stuff you reconnect and it just spawns a server ok so I can do it in DDP yeah so this was his name Bullet Proc Meteor from Arun Oda and he has an example for micro services communication there and he actually demonstrated a specific example there where you got the connection and you do something and you bring up the connection back and it puts all the data without you doing anything that sounds like the best solution so far because that's exactly what I'm interested in also because of security privacy I don't think that's fully documented in the DDP section of the full iterated data it doesn't say it's very good to make it it's specifically designed for DDP connections between and non-meter and a meter ok that's cool right now how do you do it get the iPhone then checking you sent the job well I sent some data then on the other side it's been inserted I sent it to the back end it's actually allowed to write your problem is that you send the data and you don't get the response right? yes because it's just like our mail system you just put a letter or a stamp on it put it in the box and you always say it's going to be delivered right? a couple weeks later we said that why haven't you paid your bill or put a check on the post what about you do the other way around you pull data instead of pushing that means I regularly have to ask if there is some new data right using DDP you don't so you can activate DDP to run a meter up and you don't need to pull because it will automatically notify you that's why I have the idea to post as soon as there is magic happening then I like it that's actually special then because the problem is if you call a meter call and the service goes down for a long period of time then you just spam it as soon as it goes up you spam it and it goes up again if it came down under mode you're going to kill it again as soon as it so there might be some that can happen when it's starting yeah so the other question that I posted is about stale sessions and I'm not sure if that is still existing so I found somebody putting up a package that is handling a stale session so everybody puts up a log out there and you can see the user never uses it and the question is if you have a lot of concurrent users and look on them and unfortunately never look up and that is going to add up actually is that still a problem in the meter that we have right now 1.0.3 or is that because the package was written when it was still 0.8 so I'm not sure about that if anybody knows because again that's floating the server with stuff that is not necessary so do you create like a session because a lot of sessions are not served in database sorry? sessions are not served in database right the user is served in the session and the idea is a couple of them so what does that mean what does it mean that the user can like walk in when the session is expired well the point that he brings up is that another user can impersonate a user oh wow really? yes so that's more again a security problem security attacking why didn't what why didn't what well I don't know how but he just pointed out he's not doing your work it's definitely some generic security thing that I think came out on the last meter that's why I'm asking it might be fixed and no longer it basically said like any meter app should be using SSL oh yeah it's very easy to just work with passwords so I think just leave some professional for the session of your moment you should read the article that your friend wrote I'm sure it is so you wrote off SSL it gives a link to how you sniff the dvp connection very easily if you can post that it will be quite interesting it seems quite easy to set up SSL because I don't know about you guys you start very very small and you never think about all this stuff unless you come to that and you say like oh I never thought what happens if the power server is actually down I never thought about hackers trying to steal my data so how can I just build that and make it as difficult as possible because in the end they can always hack and if you delete your database you want to limit whatever they can do anyone else who's got questions this is the question anyone who's used Meteor Kitchen um this is the pay oh no sorry three applications there's one it's a meteor which allows you to build meteor applications so there's a kind of form which you can fill in and it generates a JSON file and then you run the program of Meteor Kitchen and you build the app I haven't tried it but I haven't tried it sounds like the logo of my dream sounds a bit like too much magic on top of magic double down double down you can speak about it in the next video I haven't tried it so talk on it okay good okay we're always looking for people to speak so if you've got something to talk about in the next meetup especially if you're new it's nothing better than standing out in front of people you don't know and making a fool of yourself I highly recommend it brilliant tip so and the other thing we have Facebook we have Slack, we have meetup.com Slack we've got like 30-40 people on Slack now so usually it's like if you want to speak to someone in your time zone maybe ask a question you might get an answer from somebody which says I found the meetup forums are still pretty quiet yes that's my experience as well even though there's only 10 or 34 or something available I always get an answer here I'm sure they have seen a great list where I acted there where else in the what is it called learn Meteor.js properly and the code code buddies which is 600 people there's also only 4 people at the same time and I highly get an answer but lots of questions but lots of answers here so this is really more people will get on the better and you know like I said we're all at the same time so if you want to join a Slack group just send me an email or send somebody your email address actually of course you can and on they're done on here I'll let you kind of moderate to stop the meetup but send an email to me or you can give me your email address you can do it like the code buddies that somebody can go to the URL and just enter his email address and then everything is automated I don't know how they did it but I like it a lot more than just like okay actually you do it okay it's a hero who added it's a hero who added you write that alright we'll do that to make it even easier Facebook that's kind of general chat it's pretty active I guess but we'll just stop okay I think that's it leave the door he fell asleep there he fell asleep there he fell asleep there he fell asleep there