Of course there are a lot of things going on in Twitter at the moment But one of them is a word all this game where you can guess a five letter word And I thought okay, that'd be an interesting challenge. Can we implement it in a spreadsheet? obviously Without VBA as well. This is just gonna be Neat, so we set a random number up here to generate a new word and then that's let's start guessing them So hotel that's tell me there's an H in it No other letters Shirt maybe Well, it begins with an SNH Rug I'm not sitting played fully But if I could figure this out in real time I would do that and so it works and I thought well, let's not just do a straight-up tutorial about this Maybe I'm just unpack the code behind this and show you what this can do you kind of think a bit programmatically about what's gonna happen so let's Get my grid lines headings formula bar back on and go back and hide a couple of things Oops, I need to actually also unprotect my sheet, so that's on hide That show where that's doing soon Unhide that you can see oh, it's such a check that's the answer and Unhide some stuff down here That's telling me what these letters when I'm striking that and then I'm gonna unhide my word list So the start of this is really you've got to find the right word list This was actually quite difficult to do because some You get lots of different word list crossword solvers and stuff like that and some of them are short Some of them are way too long. They might have thousands and thousands of Five-letter words in but they're actually random letter combinations. They don't work and this I can't remember. I found it I think it was a plain text file. I found hosted this worked really well Because it contains most actual words without going into random letter combinations It's fairly complete and it's also it's already randomized So if I type in a random number up here Number's too high. That's five seven five seven. Let's go five seven seven. That's the top one pupil So it's not gonna be from a to z for instance So what's this happening so the first thing we need to do is select a number of given the List of words here a named range called word list It's the only name range I've used which is quite unusual, but it's in there as one anyway and I've also used it as Sort of a semi-dynamic thing because I've just inserted the entire column. That's what that's referring to And you try to count here. So once it's tried and round to number between one and Count count a being the function to count the number of cells with contents So that will give me the list the total length of that list And I'm only putting the random number in here randomly because if you do a round or round between Updates every time you press the return button So in order to refresh it you would need to use a VBA or a macro type thing And I wasn't going to do that. So you have to put in the number randomly for this version And it will look it up using the index Function you can use X lookup or V lookup for that. It doesn't really matter But index works just fine And then I've got one two three four five here because these are the positions of it And so what I've got is a mid function to try and split this up into individual letters and mid tells you where Tech what text cell it is. So that's a three there The start number Which is going to be one two three or four five and then give return me one character So if I turned that into two for instance, it would give me two characters worth Now I have covered in something previously about How to do that with a spill formula in Excel now, but I haven't bothered in here I've just done this as one two three four five because it gets reused and I know I'm not going to extend this out of five So I'm not going to really make that dynamic or anything like that I could make this based on the length of the word and just Extend it to six laces if I wanted to but it's not necessary And so now here the inputs And those are going to be the guesses now. What am I doing here to create this? Well, this is a monster formula, but I will try and break down What it's actually doing Basically, it is attempting if you can see here. I'm extracting. This is a mid If the mid of that equals The thing up there and I return yes, and then I'm seeing if that's false I'm giving a much more complicated formula here. It's in it. If is there a match I've got that mid thing to extract the letter out again Without reusing a second cell If you can find that in this List here, so there's a match function that tries to find this text in that array that I've opened up All five of those letters separately into an array if you can find that in there It will return a number if it doesn't find it in there it returns an error So I use the is error function and is error returns True or false so I can stick that in an if statement So if it is an error means it hasn't found it it brings up n and then if it does find it m Which I've used for maybe Now what I've then done is if I come up to home and go to my conditional formatting I've made it turn red green or yellow depending on whether it's yes. No, or maybe it's what the n y and M4 and that applies to that entire grid there and to give it a little bit of an effect. I've actually just Created a semi transparent beveled thing to go over the top makes it look a little bit more like the emojis that you'd see on Twitter Right, then is it correct or not? That is simply just count if count the number Count the number of yeses in here, so count if that range is equal to yes And then a little bit more conditional formatting so I was good to manage rules Yes, let's just bring that up. Here we go icon set That's just a standard icon set if it is greater or equal to five tick if it's greater or equal to three Give it a little explanation mark if it's less than that put the X Now to the right of that I've actually got another this is something that checks Whether your input is valid or not So if I put just hot instead of hotel it says not five letters So I've basically put it if the length is not five Not five letters, so this is means difference here and then if that's Checks out and it says it is five letter words. It tries to match it into the word list and Returns if that produces an error the is error triggers it goes not a word I've also put an and function in here with not blank So if I got rid of that and it would actually say not five letters and trigger automatically when he is so Put that and function. I will say in excel Ifs and and statements and if else is actually really difficult. This is really pushing what this thing is designed to do I would not recommend doing a lot of nested if statements with excel This is not the software to use for it. This is just playing around with it to see what it can do not what it is designed to do So that all in mind what I got over here This is doing the same sort of thing. I'm breaking that up with a mid function To produce the the same thing and this word if I didn't have concat here I'm just gonna delete that Briefly I'll just show you how that works. This is what this will spill to the right. There you go HOT in fact, I'll put hotel back in here HOTL But if I then wrap that in Concat that concatenates it and the spill disappears It just actually what this has done is it splits the word up and then concatenates it back together But what you can do then is add an if statements. So Put that back here the if This arrange here this this range in the middle equal. No Yes concatenate it if not Concatenating and nothing and then I've put an ampersand So what this actually does is this keeps a running total Of the number of letters that have been striked out as read with no so you can see all these letters SHCK It maybe I've reused them a couple of times, but this should be a running total of all the letters that have been Declined by it and that is what this grid is counting here because I'm Seeing if I can find a particular letter from this keyboard In this column, I've done a little bit of an indirect function to try and find the highest one the latest one that happens And if it return And if it does find it it will return a number if not it will return an error and I've used that if error again Just to return zero And this is complicated because this is conditional formatting go wrap rules here I've used use a formula where this is true And I've done if b18 is greater than zero Okay, so what this is doing is if this Wasn't that function if this was five or something it's found five copies of it or it's found in the fifth Position it doesn't matter. Um, it will turn gray and strike out. That's conditional formatting And using this relative positioning with conditional formatting can be a bit tricky You got to go to like say a new rule Use a formula to define it Set that cell Remove the dollar signs I'm going to format that Let's just fill it with red for now Just to show it. Okay that now it's greater than five. It'll do that Exactly the same as before and we drag along And then just do fill formatting only It will take that conditional formatting across So you will have to do that maybe in two directions. Oh, I've copied all those letters If I do fill more formatting only it goes back to where it was So Probably go back to that rule. Just make sure I've got the grayed out version So that is a little bit about how you can use a spreadsheet to actually build something like this is a small game It actually does work You just want to hide Your answers hide a couple of Columns that are helping you And what you can do is hide even the fact that it's a spreadsheet by Getting rid of all of those You can hide the Word list. I don't think it helps you too much. Anyway, unless you manually go searching for it and then just Review protect the sheet lock that so now we can't actually select anything except these inputs And what was it again? Pull wasn't it something like that And there we go. I've got a couple of extra bits for me. I just to Um fill this in is all six Uh, so that has all been assembled kind of piece by piece by trialling it and saying, okay Well, what do I need it to do next? And then adding maybe an extra bit in and it is it's incredibly fiddly to do with excel. So this is more like a Approve of concept you weird. Um Yeah, this is what you can do if you want to have a bit of fun with it and try to Learn a bit of programming without doing just all programming It would certainly be easier to implement in python or javascript or whatever You could be a bit more flexible and I think We've you did Did a double letter. I Not sure how this quite reacts to double letters when it finds something twice Um the actual proper game that's that's going around probably handles that a little bit better. Um I suppose a few other things we could do like if We go unprotected again Um Let's put all these back on Unhide that where I've got this conditional formatting being read From a separate grid. I suppose I could also Do this grid separately as well and then reference that And then I could highlight the let put the letters in here and take the conditional formatting from somewhere else This is all about making the conditional format Um based on whether it's returning a particular number Ah, yes, that reminds me. Um, you can probably see These cells are empty They do contain something but they do not display and That is really that's a really useful trick. We've gone. I've added in a more Uh custom format here. So if you go to format cells go to custom and type in three Um semi-colons What that basically does is Translate this into a date But it doesn't set the format of the date and so the kind of the formatting options kind of gives up and doesn't display anything at all Um, so it's a good hack if you want to just use conditional formatting to display something And not actually see the number or the letter behind it And therefore you just get the color And then I'll put this grid over the top of it. Um, it'd be cool if each cell had its own individual border Um, but the borders are shared with each cell So if you did the top right of the cell I've got highlighted It would be the bottom of that one and the left of that one. So you can't quite create a bevel effect Um, that's very reproducible in excel. It is it's I mean it's it's an accountancy bit of software Well, come on. What do you want from me here? Um, but that's how you do it That's how you can implement a small game in it without vba


Hey, I'm Daniel. Let's hear Sandy. We're from Saskatchewan, Canada You're watching Trucker Josh with his buddy diesel on TJB. Enjoy That's early. I don't even think the good Lord is up yet. Where am I going? My coffee's this way So we have a fertility appointment today And they moved our appointment without explanation Earlier And we had to drive almost two hours of traffic to get there So our appointment was for 9 30 in the morning, I think which was already kind of you know It's about as early as we wanted it, you know, we have to leave here at 7 30. It seems like a good time and they called yesterday and apparently Either they double booked or someone just you know came in that was more important than us more important her and Bumped us and took our 9 30 and then they gave us 8 15 So now we've got to leave at 615 well before 6 30 it's 6 15 right now So we got to leave now Or we need our coffee first That's okay. We still get a scene of the doctor today. We just don't we were kind of Put off about why they would change our appointment time and not give us any explanation Here we are It's the woman of the hour You don't have much for lighting in here No, it's too early for that stuff. Well, there you go. Well, could you guys not see me before? I'm only half awake. I haven't had I only had half a coffee the woman of the hour What this whole day is about? True I do help so yet today we got to We're going in for our IUI course Counseling counseling meeting. I think they're just explaining what it really entails and making a sign consent before they Yeah, you specifically she's she they want to explain to her exactly what they're going to do and Exactly, I guess what the risks could be and the probabilities of practice They want to explain every little detail to her and then get her to sign a consent form so that which makes sense I mean, so I can't see them. They're messing with your body So you have to know exactly what exactly what they're going to do and what the risks are if there are any I haven't heard of any risks. I mean, it's just IUI. It's not like it's IVF That's a little bit more of a invasive procedure about the same with invasiveness. It's just that It's a different process because oh, yeah, I guess because they remove your eggs first with IVF Whereas they don't have to remove my eggs with this procedure So we're not going in for the procedure today We're just going in for that consent and the course today to teach us what it's all about and make sure that it's what we Want to do and we already know it's what we want to do So it's not going to happen today, but probably next month I'm guessing we're gonna make an appointment for as soon as possible and pretty much what this is is To put it in simple terms. It's the elevator ride. I was telling you about it just takes all All my guys and just you know, they usually have to take the stairs So the doctors are just gonna put them in the elevator and give an elevator ride to the top instead a little lazy They're truckers They're professional sitters like me Yeah, so That's that we got to go into Winnipeg Almost fell almost careful on that curb YouTube will be very upset if we fall and hurt ourselves So we're here in Winnipeg we just parked so we want to go see the good doctor Looks like the IUI will probably be early next month. I've got to be home right on the right day Because As soon as we get to go ahead that she's ready. We got to go in the next day So I've got to be home then It's not supposed to be as painful as my HSG x-ray, but there is a high risk of tubal pregnancy Because I'm releasing so many eggs Yeah, so we went through all the risks and everything I had to sign the consent form and See where we're going from here. Maybe next maybe next month first We have to go into the clinic here and do some more blood tests for Brett Because I've got hypothyroid Very mild I'm a mess The only thing that's good about me is my fertility and unfortunately, that's the only thing Josh got wrong with him. Yeah Well, like I said I got Plenty of players Maybe I shouldn't call them players. I got plenty of guys plenty of guys, but they're a little lazy They just need to take an elevator to the top. They don't want to climb the stairs as well Yeah Of course today is the first really cold day of the year. It was about minus 27 when we woke up It was about minus 30 this morning Well, they didn't take all our blood still left just enough in there for We're back at Steinback We're going through the car wash because this this vehicle is filthy It was filthy when I got into it So we're getting the car wash here got a run a few errands around town and then we got a run home and try to get my Still a minus 24 when we got back to town here my block heater was plugged in all night and all morning So it should should start the batteries don't like being cold all the time I always forget about those Well, there we go Park Shut the engine off That dudes thing See how the the batteries don't always like Being cold they don't always have full charge So I may have to charge them up a little bit today yet this afternoon before I get it going But should be able to get the truck going which means I get to keep him longer. Mm-hmm. I Should be able to get it going the trucks always been good, and I have all the stuff I need for any problems that could arise But diesel diesel have a park Diesel have a park diesel have booties Does diesel have a toke? No, then you should just leave him home with me. Oh, what about me? It's too dangerous for him got to protect our children What about me though? You've got tooks You've got plenty got a whole bag of them up in the closet At home. I do have a big inventory of tooks.   She'll take your stuff when you're gone. She'll throw it out Only if it's gross Nothing useful or in good shape. My mom does the same thing. I have to start locking my stuff up locking up all my clothes and stuff I always get you new stuff That's true. I have a pretty big wardrobe. I have lots of clothes probably more clothes than her More that fits you anyway Well, I washed the truck remember before I parked it and I thought I had de-iced the locks turns out in minus 30 They'll they froze saw it again. Anyway, we don't have any de-icer, but I have my wife's hairdryer Let me in Let me in I want to get in Nice Nice. Oh now the door is frozen shut. Oh, there we go. Whoo. Thanks See if she starts. Oh Neutral is not detected. We're not in neutral. Of course we're not. Oh, why did I leave in gear? Come on girl to give those batteries some extra juice So the batteries are pretty much on their last legs and we're placing them next month They do hold the charge, but if you leave the truck sitting the charge only lasts about A few days maybe And there's nothing drawing from it because I turned off the cold weather isn't helping So we go into our drawers and we get some extra juice. Oh, it's nice and warm in here right on We washed the terrain in town So I just turned the heat up in here a little bit to dry it all off and That doesn't do the same thing All right, here's our power Going to hook this up for about half hour to 60 minutes at 40 amps on 12 volt Half hours to do it, but it might take an hour depends. It's really cold out so it needs a lot of juice So while I'm getting ready to leave on my trip, I'll let this charge I have to do this pretty much every time in the winter. It's it's a pain even with brand new batteries this cold weather minus 30 with the wind chill like With the wind chill it's feeling close to minus 35. Maybe minus 40 It's it's cold. Nothing wants to move and that truck's been sitting there all weekend and doesn't want to wake up So it's it's it's pretty normal. It's not out of the ordinary for this to happen That's why I have this on hand But those batteries do need to be replaced and I do have a plan for that So this is where the batteries are on volvos I have four of them in here And they all need to be replaced They're doing all right now. They're just definitely definitely on their way out, you know, I can wait another month Let's just hold this with the other hand Let's connect this So you connect the positive to one side over here. They're all connected Negative over here. Just gotta plug this in and uh fire her up and Oops, my glove was getting in your way there, but And we wait All right, we're gonna go try to start this thing up again I went and tried it after a half hour. It still didn't have enough juice. So it's been another half hour Hopefully it's got enough to Turn her over these stairs up here This I can step up there Make sure it's locked in there Like that Okay Do it cycle. It's cold. It's cold Here we go. Here we go. You guys ready? Nope, still not. It must not be charging properly All Chevy to the rescue I've done this before I might need to get a new charger or I don't know but I'm gonna hook my pickup battery to the truck Boost it with the pickup over some time. I've done that several times before it does work. It uh Doesn't always go quickly, but That charger doesn't seem to be charging. So we're gonna try this Gotta get this truck started got freight to deliver winter time Well, we got her running Oh Boy, oh boy. Oh boy. Oh boy. I'm happy so up to easel Wheeze. I can't see you I can't feel my face Uh, we just tied down our load It was cold.   I'm an honest man I'll look you right in the eye It was cold. You want to see it? It's pretty simple. Thank god Let's go take a look at it There she was That's our low It's a little lumber going down Oh, it's windy out here. Thank goodness. We we're finished. Let's get out of here Joseph Mary and baby Jesus. Whoo That's cold. It's colder than a witch's heart out there, man That's not the saying either. Whoa wipers calm down calm down That's not the saying but it's colder than a witch's heart out here It's colder than a witch or something else too Let's get out of here. Okay, you know what actually Let's take I'm not gonna need my steel toes now because I'm leaving the yard. Let's take those off I have different driving shoes. They're not as clunky as my They're uh, they're not as clunky as my big steel toes But it took all day. I got the truck running at 4 30 in the afternoon. It was pretty much already dark And now the time is seven o'clock So we came all the way out here Picked up the trailer where it was waiting for us. I think we're ready to rock and roll. Well, I can feel my face again. Oh, that's nice. That's nice Who wants to talk to me?


Welcome to the 12th annual global climate and energy project symposium, so it's quite extraordinary that here we are 12 years later with at least some of the people here in the room having participated the entire time. So that's absolutely terrific. I myself joined in 2007, and of course this was started by Professor Lynn Orr, who's currently the Undersecretary of Energy back in Washington D.C. So each year I think this symposium provides a really unique opportunity to gather a group of people together who typically don't get together. We have leaders in policy, we have leaders in technology, we have NGOs, we have students, and it's a great time to be able to spend about two days thinking deeply about the future of energy and grappling with issues like climate change and energy access. So I hope that as we're here that you not only enjoy the talks, but I hope you sort of look around. We set this room up with tables for the specific region that it might encourage conversation. So if you're students and you're all sitting with your fellow students, you might at some point think about moving out to other tables, high students. So anyway, well that's terrific. So the theme of this year's conference is deep decarbonization. And as I think back to the origins of GSEP, our goal was always to work on the next generation of technologies in the sort of 10 to 50 year time frame. And I think in the back of our mind was always the idea that we were working on deep decarbonization because in fact there are many technologies that are relatively mature, such as wind turbines and now even photovoltaics. So we were always looking out. And so I like to think that back in 2002 that we really started on this path to deep decarbonization of the global energy system. So to set the stage for deep decarbonization, I want to begin with this chart that was prepared as part of the synthesis report for the IPCC, the Fifth Assessment Report that was completed in 2014. And I've been reading about climate change really since the middle of the 1990s. And in many cases we rely on models to forecast what we would anticipate changing. But there were often so many moving parts, so many variables that it was difficult to sort of get to the essence of the challenge that we faced us. There are apparently so many pathways. But I think that this graph, which basically illustrates the concept that we have a carbon budget. And what we mean by a budget is that there's only so much carbon dioxide we can emit into the atmosphere before we can have a high degree of certainty about what the temperature increase will be. So that's the idea. So we have cumulative emissions since the beginning of the industrial revolution. And that's plotted as a function of the temperature change. And there's a little red line there, which is the 2 degrees C line. And we are striving globally for 2 degrees C to limit the temperature increase to 2 degrees C or less. And if we're going to try to achieve that, that we need to limit our cumulative carbon emissions to about 2,900 billion tons of carbon dioxide. Okay, and that will give us a 66% chance of staying less than 2 degrees C warming. And so today, if we look at this budget that we have, we've used up about 2,000 billion tons. Okay, so we've used up 2 thirds of that budget. And so when we think about deep decarbonization, it tells us that somehow we need to manage this energy transition with a limited capacity to put any more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. So that's our target. So we can look at the history of emissions. This is a chart that was prepared by the Global Carbon Project showing emissions from about the 1990s to present. And today we have about 36 billion tons of carbon dioxide that we're putting into the atmosphere. And for a long time, this has been rising. It was actually stable last year, but that is probably a temporary stabilization. But if we were to be able to never emit any more than the amount that we're emitting today, this 36 billion tons, by 2040, we will have completely used up that budget, okay? So not only are we on the path to deep decarbonization, but there's an urgency in doing so. Because unless we can begin to turn this curve down quickly, we are not going to be able to achieve this. Unless, of course, we're able to take advantage of things like negative emissions, which could actually scrub carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. But while promising, those technologies have a long, long way to go before we could count on them for gigaton scale reductions in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Okay, so we want to get to this two degrees C or less. So what does that mean for the pace of change for carbon emissions into the atmosphere? So what this chart shows us is that if you look at the red band there, the bottom one is what we would need to do in terms of having assurance of remaining below two degrees C. And the three degrees is shown by the second bar up there. So if we look at the light blue line that says minus 4% in emissions per year, basically it says that's what we have to do if we want to be able to achieve this two degree C with a 66% degree of certainty. So 4% a year, so what does that look like? This is just a simple little chart saying, okay, if we're reducing emissions by 4% a year, what will these emissions look like? And the blue curve there shows the emissions that we would need to achieve that. And if we look by 2050 or so, this is a 75% reduction in emissions. Now this isn't really a new story, but again, I think looking to the IPCC, I think the clarity with which we can tell this story is even more compelling than ever. So that sets us on the path for deep decarbonization. So the question then is where? Where are all these carbon emissions? And this is actually some data that was developed very early on in the Global Climate and Energy Project. It did a couple of things. One is it sort of looked at the global energy resources using the concept of exergy and which allowed us for the first time to put all the global energy resources into a single chart with a single set of consistent units so that we could really compare them apples to apples. And at the same time for the entire global energy system, we looked at both the energy that was used and the emissions associated with that. And so this is a little chart that provides quite a bit of granularity on that. And you can see that the big four are electricity, heating and cooling, materials processing and manufacturing, and transportation. So these are the big four. And you can see that there are two of them that we pay a lot of attention to today. We pay a lot of attention to the electricity sector. And we pay a lot of attention to the transportation sector. But you can see that even if we were to be remarkably successful in those two domains, there's still a lot of work to do on decarbonizing, heating and cooling and decarbonizing material processing and manufacturing. And so again, there's a little more granularity on this in the electricity system. Certainly going after trying to reduce emissions from coal with regard to transportation, road and rail are the big ones. But if we look down into again some of these sectors that haven't had so much attention, manufacturing, chemical production, metal purification, non-metal processing, natural gas processing, and refining. All of these are significant targets for decarbonization. Similarly, if we look in the heating and cooking domain a vast variety of energy services that are absolutely crucial to the well-being of our economy. So I bring this up to point out that we need to begin now to look beyond transportation and electricity if we're going to be able to achieve this 4% reduction per year. So last year, actually early this year in February, we had a workshop with all of the GCEP sponsors. We called them the Future Vision Forum and it's a fantastic meeting where we gather together with industry and academic and students and so forth to talk about an issue. And we decided to talk about deep decarbonization. Again, thinking about this very broad landscape. And in terms of framing this, what we developed to us is the idea is that there's sort of four major buckets of tools that we have for going after this issue. And that if one looked after these four buckets, then one could figure out how they apply to each of these primary emission sectors. So in terms of what are really the knobs, what are the opportunities we have? Well, the first one is to reduce energy use by conservation. There are many parts of the world where we simply probably consume too much, use too much, use too much energy and behavior decisions. Behavioral decisions can make a big difference. The second one is that we can reduce energy use by improving the efficiency. So these are technological fixes in terms of better end use devices, better efficiency and primary energy conversions and so forth. The third is to look at switching to lower carbon or no carbon fuels. So making that switch where we relied on a harder carbon resource today, switching to a low carbon option. So of course these are renewables, nuclear power as an example. And I think one of the keywords here is switch. What we've seen historically in the global energy system is every time we find a new energy resource, and once it gets to be inexpensive enough, we use it and it's fantastic. We go ahead and use that. But if you actually look at the trajectory, there is no energy resource that we use less of today than when we first started using it. And I know that probably comes as a surprise. But even if you look at biomass, wood, you know, wood was the primary energy supply, you know, back in the middle of the 1800s. And, you know, other forms came along, but we globally are as using as much wood for energy today as we ever did, even though many other forms have come along. So as we think about the introduction of renewables and so forth, we also have to think, are we making a switch or are we simply adding more energy to our system? And the final category that we have is carbon capture and storage, that we can capture the carbon dioxide from emission sources, we can compress it, and we can pump it back underground, where it's sequestered. That's the most mature approach to carbon capture and storage today. But there are certainly other people working, academics and researchers around the world working on alternatives, such as mineralization or even CO2 utilization, though that will certainly take a little bit longer. And we have to make sure if we're utilizing that carbon, that it's actually a carbon neutral cycle, that it's not just sort of a slightly more efficient cycle. So, okay, so these are the four major opportunities. And so then we can look in, you know, each of these categories.  We, conservation, we can educate people, we can provide incentives with regard to reducing end use, of reducing energy through efficiency improvements. There are a huge variety of end use energy efficiency improvements that can be deployed through new technologies or just more efficient systems. And switching to low carbon, low carbon energy sources, certainly the renewables are here today. I think if you look at wind and solar, you know, it's extraordinary what's happening in California. We, on a good sunny day, we're producing about 10 and a half gigawatts of solar energy, solar electricity in the middle of the daytime. That can be, you know, up to 30 to 40% of the total supply of the state at that moment. So certainly those come along. And nuclear power, I think, is really struggling. But I think that in imagining a world with deep decarbonization, we really need to look carefully, can we afford to let this go? What are the consequences of letting it go? And if we decide we don't want to let it go, how do we make it, how do we design markets and so forth so that it's not penalized due to its lack of flexibility as an example? And then finally, clearly carbon capture and storage could be deployed on coal plants equally well, especially thinking about a world with deep decarbonization deploying carbon capture and storage on natural gas plants probably makes a lot of sense. Not only because it's actually sometimes cheaper to produce electricity that way as compared to coal plus CCS, but natural gas plants have the flexibility to help with the deep integration of renewable energy resources. So that's an example. And one can walk through the same kind of hierarchy with transportation. There are clearly, you know, conservation options, walking, biking, we can improve efficiency through better engines. We can electrify the transport fleet. If we are using electric vehicles, we can use the wind and sun or geothermal carbon free sources to power those electric vehicles. Alternatively, we could be producing hydrogen with renewable energy resources and using hydrogen and fuel cell cars. And one would ask does carbon capture and storage play a role in deep decarbonization of the transportation sector? And certainly if you think about heavy duty transportation with using fuel cell vehicles for heavy duty transportation, certainly one of the most well-established technologies for producing hydrogen is to do it from natural gas. And if you're sequestering that carbon during the process of producing hydrogen, again, you have a pathway to deep decarbonization based on CCS, even for the transportation sector. So looking briefly to some of these other options and material processing and manufacturing, conservation, use less stuff, you know, we've become a very material intensive society. And certainly there are many people who are emerging from poverty who need to probably use a lot more. So those of us that already have a lot, you know, I think should be thinking about conservation. If we look to other options for material processing and manufacturing, really thinking about what's the role for hydrogen? That, you know, there could, where we need heat, could that be provided by hydrogen if it were inexpensive enough? And again, finally electrification of manufacturing and materials processing. And again, if we're using carbon capture and storage, we can provide that electricity in a decarbonized way. So there's a role for everything. I don't want to go, there's a lot of detail here, but I hope that you, you know, it's clear the way we're thinking about the options across the board. Okay, so to try to, you know, really pull this up together, you know, going back to the notion that a portfolio is needed, we can't simply afford to wait until we fix electricity and we fix transportation. We need to do this simultaneously. So if one were to imagine the world where we forecast future carbon emissions based on the energy demands that would be needed by the, by, you know, developing world together with those who already have lots of access, that we would have some baseline. And there's a sequence of actions. We can conserve energy, which would save carbon emissions. We can improve energy efficiency, which would save carbon emissions. We can switch to renewable energy, which would save carbon emissions. We can switch from coal to natural gas, which can reduce carbon emissions and play has played a really instrumental role in the success of the United States at actually having reached peak CO2 emissions about six or seven years ago. We can switch to electric vehicles, which improves efficiency and can result in decarbonization if you have a clean carbon, low carbon electric grid. We can use carbon and capture and storage to further reduce emissions. We can ensure a healthy nuclear to reduce emissions. And then finally, we're certainly going to be needing new technologies as well, a world where we have this providing all the energy services we need with 75% or less emissions is going to continue to create new demands on innovation in order to get there. And I highlight one, that being negative emissions is if we can find technologies that both provide energy and at the same time extract carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, those could be very beneficial. The most prominent example of that is something called BEX, Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage. But doing all these things alone is not going to be enough because we're going to have the enabling, we need the enabling infrastructure to achieve this. We need a robust transmission system to bring renewable energy from where it's plentiful to where it's needed. We need to modernize the grid to make both the supply and demand flexible so that we can at every moment match supply and demand. We need to have a robust vehicle charging infrastructure to support electric vehicles. And in particular, really thinking about daytime charging, which would enable using the sunlight, using solar energy, which really you should do during the day. To guide all of this, I think we need a firm foundation of technology and energy systems analysis. What are the best choices to make now? What will be the best choices in the future when you consider both emissions reduction potential, energy efficiency and cost? We need to integrate all of those. To support the development, particularly of new technologies, we need to appropriate policies and financial mechanisms. And in the long run, we need a stable system that sends a clear message that we are going to go after this carbon problem. We as a carbon tax or cap and trade system that sends a very clear and not fickle signal to the markets that this is something we're gonna get on with. And finally, people are gonna be incredibly important. People make choices about what they're going to drive, how much they're going to drive, how big their house will be, how much energy will they use for heating and cooling. So the public is absolutely important to achieve this. So we really need this portfolio of solutions. We need everybody to contribute. We can't wait anymore with people sitting on the sidelines. And it's again, not just about technology, but it's finance, it's policy innovations. And we here in groups like this need to think about inventing the future. So that sets the stage for deep decarbonization. I'd just like to highlight a couple of, I guess I would call it cool science and engineering that you're going to be hearing about as part of this event. One of my favorites has always been some really fantastic work from Professor Shanwe Fan who realized that there was an untapped energy resource that the resource of the darkness and very cold temperature of space that the earth is actually always radiating energy out into space. And if you can devise a particular device that radiates very well and that radiation is not blocked, you can actually cool something by taking advantage of the spaces the rear four degrees Kelvin. And so imagine being able to cool without needing an independent source of electricity. So you'll hear about this work and actually we have a startup company that you'll hear about that is pursuing this concept. Biofuels is another very interesting area particularly in the context of negative emissions. And you're going to be hearing from our team from Princeton as well as Steve Tillman looking at can we imagine an agricultural system that's both producing biofeedstocks for energy resources but at the same time is sequestering carbon in the soils and how can we optimize this? And so you'll hear about that to a very important emerging area. You're going to be hearing from Professor Mike McGeehy about some really exciting new work on perovskites. You know, this has been the hot field in the solar PV area. And Mike just had actually a fantastic publication talking about a tandem perovskite cell that is truly exciting and he'll say more about that. And then finally, you know, historically, GCEP was really focused on energy resources and energy conversions. But recently we've had a somewhat broader view of our role and we've started some really interesting work with Professor Reinhold Duskart looking at light weighting of components, the car windshields, for example, and he'll talk about that. So some really exciting developments that could result in significant efficiency improvements in the transportation sector. So just hopefully a teaser for some exciting things. I will say, I think we have an absolutely fantastic set of plenary presentations. We'll start with Laurence Tubiana who will talk about COP 21 and all of the important work that was done there and what's next. We'll hear from Gary Smith who, from GM about the future of mobility. And then we'll hear from Rishenda Van Duven about work that she's done for a long time on energy access through the United Nations Foundation. So I'm really looking forward to those.  We've been at this for 12 years. So we actually have four fantastic presentations which will be led off by Richard Sassoon talking about sort of the impact, the scientific and engineering impact of GSEP over the years. But we'll hear about chemical making fuels, making carbon neutral fuels from Tom Haramio. Mike McGeehy will give the big picture on solar. Professor Yixue who's done fantastic work in storage. We'll talk about advancements there. Electricity storage. And then finally, we'll hear from our Lignin team about biomass energy conversion. And they've a team that's worked with us now for about seven years and done a fantastic job on making some real fundamental inroads. We also have something fun teed up for you. We decided as a last session that we would have an interactive debate discussion session where we'll be asking the audience questions and you'll be listening to what we're saying and basically providing feedback to us in a way that I think will be very engaging. We've got a fantastic group of people who are going to do that. Jeff Ball at our Steyer-Taylor Center for Energy Policy and Finance will moderate that. So anyway, that should be very lively. I really encourage you to come. So I'll be there, Burt Richter on nuclear, Dave Danielson on renewables and innovation, Jim Sweeney on efficiency, Arun Majumdar on storage, electric grid, Nate Lewis talking about carbon negative fuels or carbon neutral fuels and Nancy Funn talking about innovation. So anyway, that should be very lively. And of course we have our technical sessions. This is a great place to hear literally what is the latest and greatest? And we have three sessions, one on CO2 conversion to fuels and chemicals, another session on solar energy conversion and final one on biomass conversion and transport. We also have a new feature this year. We're very excited actually, as we've been doing research and working away here, we've also spawned a number of companies and in partnership with the Tomcat Center for Sustainable Energy, what we've found is that a lot of the GSEP students who did their PhD studies, at some point got the bug to do something with making a company and the Tomcat program has been able to help them make that leap to a commercial venture. And so we'll have a special showcase with them joining us and they'll talk about where they are and what they're doing. And finally, last but absolutely not least is our student events. We've got our distinguished student lecturers which always do an amazing job. They put usually us faculty to shame with how articulate they are. And we have a great poster session. We have a special lunch for networking with the students and we have a student social. So anyway, enjoy the meeting. I'm really looking forward to it. Thank you all for being here and let's go on. So thank you.