In this section, we're going to talk a little bit about the people. What are the core roles and skills that are actually involved? What kind of people do you need for different hosting configurations? So what kind of work would they do? One of the things that we like to emphasize is that you're not just looking typically at a system administrator, you need to think in terms of a system administrator team. The DHS2, because it's Linux-based and open source system, this role involves knowledge that is typically different to what you often find in commercial enterprise software administration, which very often is windows-based. You need system administrator skills regardless of how the DHS2 system is deployed, unless you're using that last option of software as a service. It should be done as a team, not only one person, to ensure stability and continuity of system support and to reduce the risk or system capture. The reason why we emphasize this is very often we find that there's one person on the team who's the system administrator. If your system administrator becomes sick, if he gets run over by a bus, or if he simply decides that he's no longer happy with the salary that he's getting, he's in a very powerful position to influence the continuity of the system. So most good, stable implementations would have at least two system administrators who can stand in for one another. Often you might have one experienced person, and then you'd always try to have at least an understudy alongside who's building up the requisite skills. Frequently because these skills are not necessarily going to be available in-house, some of the skill is outsourced to local, country-level, or regional HIST groups. This allows for some economy of scale, as one HIST group can support multiple countries, and HIST groups can also, besides providing technical assistance, provide some sort of mentorship so that they are building capacity within ministry to eventually take over. System administrator skills are required for self-managed DHS2 system, regardless of whether you have it in the basement or whether you have it in the cloud. If you're self-hosting the system in the sense of you've bought your own service and you've set it up in your own server room or data center, then there are additional skills required other than simply system administration. Typically you're going to require a network engineer who's able to manage the network infrastructure, things like the domain name, service, the internet connection, firewalls, the like. You will need an infrastructure engineer who understands working with server hardware, data center infrastructure, air conditioning, fire controls, and the rest of it. What we've presented on this slide is kind of an example of, this is actually taken from a system administrator job description. What a system administrator is typically going to do is fault finding analysis, analysis logging information for reporting and performance, proactively monitoring the system performance, planning capacity for different patterns of load. He's going to be able to create and modify scripts or applications to be able to automate certain tasks. He's going to provide input on ways to improve the stability, security, efficiency, and scalability of the environment and would be able to conduct training and contribute to training materials related to server deployment and management. It's a typical skill set you're looking for here. Somebody who's passionate and interested in this kind of stuff, someone with fairly advanced scripting skills, including bash scripting, Python scripting, a reasonable track record, three plus years. We've sat here as a Linux system administrator, bachelor degree in computer science is desirable, perhaps with sufficient experience. It's not prerequisite. You want really in-depth knowledge of most of our systems run on Ubuntu server currently <IP_ADDRESS>, mostly 20.0.4. There are systems running on additional, on different flavors of Linux, but for the most part, we're dealing with Ubuntu servers. It's important to have good knowledge on containerization within Linux. Using either LXC also Docker is becoming increasingly important. Good, strong track record and experience with the PostgreSQL database, focused on taking backups, restoring, monitoring, etc. Good hands-on experience with Java, Java virtual machine applications. Knowledge of provisioning tools like Ansible, considered advantage, knowledge of configuration and administrating of DHS to also be considered an advantage. It's possible to take a system administrator that's never seen DHS to and to train them how to work with DHS to easier than taking somebody who's familiar with DHS to and training them how to be a system administrator. Strong problem-solving communication skills. A lot of system administration is really about problem-solving, and so you really are looking for somebody with that curious, inquiring mind. Fluency in English is often an advantage. We know in some environments that's not always going to be easy to get, but in terms of interaction with a broader community, it is certainly an advantage. Looking at this, you can see that this is a fairly highly skilled kind of person that you're looking for. It's important if you're putting out job descriptions to understand the skills, and it's an area where we can often assist. If we'll reach out to the University of Oslo, we have assisted, for example, in assessing potential candidates looking through CVs and occasionally even taking part in interview panels and the like. So, yeah, the skills require system administration. As we've seen above, require really years of experience and work to develop. We do run a number of one-week DHS to Academy courses on system administration. Typically, we do around two a year, but a one-week Academy is really not sufficient to develop the significant skills to manage a DHS to implementation. So these courses are really meant to provide the specialized knowledge about DHS to system admin, to people who already possess some fundamental skills and knowledge in system administration in general. The reality, of course, is that often people with those required skill sets are not readily available and might be hard to recruit. In those sorts of cases, you really do need to get technical assistance from somewhere. One of the models that we've talked about is taking advantage of TA that may be on offer from regional or national HIST groups. And a recommended approach would be to enter into some sort of long-term mentoring plan where you have identified people who have some potential in this area and they might attend academies and they would work together with your technical assistance resource to gradually build up skill. What we see is where you have good candidates in fit this sort of role. Realistically, it might take about a year of mentorship before someone would be ready to fly solo, if you like. In this section, we'll talk about after looking at all the considerations above what is said about making a plan. Things that are often overlooked when making a plan. People often focus on the server. We get asked often, what size of server do I need? How much RAM? How many CPUs? How much disk? Unfortunately, it's sometimes very hard to say, first of all, what size server you need. And also often it's not exactly the right question. Because the server itself is only one part of the bigger picture. I mean, there are other aspects like where is the server going to be? And what are you doing about backups? And who do you have that's going to manage the server? These are questions that are often overlooked. So I'm going to just run through a few of them here. It's possible to roughly estimate what the server needs in terms of its physical resources based on similar projects that have been done in the past. But we need to plan to review these typically within the first one to three months to assess the actual resource needs. Because every application, every implementation is different. There will be different types of load. And the important thing to do is to learn and understand the load you're getting and how well your performance is doing. It's worthwhile to reach out to Oslo because we have some experience looking at a lot of different implementations and say, well, this is what we're trying to do. And typically what we would do is say, well, that's similar to what these guys have done or it's similar to this is what they are using. So what you're going to need is probably something similar to that. In general, because we know that whatever first guess you make on how much resource you're going to need is only a first guess, the needs will only make themselves really clear over a couple of months. It's helpful to over budget at the start so that you can adjust if need be. This sort of oscillations of adding more resources, taking resources away will taper off or become less over time as the system stabilizes. Certainly by the end of the first year, it should be clear what the requirements are. Though it's worth bearing in mind that this can also change over time and typically would change over time as additional programs are added into the system or, for example, individual data collections added to an aggregated system, or there are shock events that can happen like, for example, the mass immunization campaigns that we saw around COVID. If you're going to have to implement something suddenly around a large program like that, you have to bear in mind that the resources you might have already dedicated would not be sufficient or might not be sufficient. So unfortunately, some flexibility is required in general budget over rather than try to make a tight fit. We've seen that there are different modes of hosting DHS too. Depending on how you go about which mode that you go into, there's going to be different budget considerations to take into account. Very generally, we can say that if you're using infrastructure as a service, such as using Amazon Web Services or LinNode or what have you, commercial hosting providers, it's usually going to be the cheapest option, though there are skillset considerations, as we've seen above. If you're doing DHS to software as a service, there's a limited number of companies that offer that, that specialize in offering you DHS to pre-configured. Usually costs a little bit more to do that, but it's certainly the easiest way of getting started because you're paying for a whole lot of infrastructure management at the back end to be done by somebody else. Cloud hosting in national data centers, sometimes it's a legal requirement to do this. From a budgetary perspective, it tends to be more expensive simply because these companies or government departments are not offering service to tens of thousands of clients, so it tends to be a little bit more expensive. The quality can be a bit variable depending on the maturity of the data center compared to commercial providers. Physical hosting, which is something that is often brought up as the beginning of a DHS2 planning project was to buy servers and build data centers and what have you. It tends to be quite an expensive thing to do if you've got to build a proper data center conforming to minimum data center architectural standards. It does require quite a lot of specialist skills and specialist architectural considerations. Typically you're not going to build a data center for less than a million dollars, probably more in many cases. Sometimes it's investment that can be viewed as worthwhile, particularly where the data center in question is not just for DHS2 but can be used with different health programs, different softwares and different government agencies may not simply be for ministry of health. Because that's such an expensive proposition, what's often done is people will try to make use of existing data center or an existing server room, converted storage room within the building or what have you. In general, most examples of what we've seen of installations like that have been inadequate in terms of environment controls, the cooling systems and power supply reliability systems, water leakage, road and control and the like. It's a fairly complicated operation to try to retrofit buildings or rooms like that and we wouldn't normally advise implementations to go that route. What we have on this slide is exactly a real example of a country who were transitioning, in fact, from one cloud provider to another. They had problems with their existing cloud provider, which actually was becoming quite expensive, but also the service wasn't very good. So they moved to a new provider. This one I think I can tell you, it's actually Linnote. It's quite a large installation. It's a big country with they've been running DHS2 for the last 10 or 12 years now. There are probably seven or eight different DHS2 instances. There's a staging environment for those. It's a training environment. This is an example, I guess, of the virtual machines that were purchased to meet those requirements and the monthly costing of each. As you can see, it's a number of large 64 gig servers, some smaller ones. The billing is monthly, so the figures there, you're seeing a US dollar monthly fee. Importantly, the backup plan was considered from the outset here. The most host providers will give you the option of snapshots of the virtual machines and so they decided to pay for that. In addition, they've got longer term S3 object storage, which turns out to be quite cheap. This is for handing all of them backups and they would be paying about $200 a month for that. So that gives them a monthly infrastructure fee of just under $3,000. They plan that on the basis that that would probably be consistent over the next two years, growth following two years, it may require that some of those servers would get a bit bigger. But it gives you an example of what a monthly cost would be for a fairly large DHS2 implementation. Similar examples we've seen of people putting similar infrastructure together using a national data center have come up a good bit more expensive than that, perhaps $15,000 in the region of that. But those kind of arrangements will vary a lot from one country to another. With commercial providers, you can get quotes which would be much more expensive than this. You can also get quotes which are much cheaper. Generally speaking, you'd want to be sure that you're dealing with a provider that's got a good reputation and consistent performance. Some of the things that are overlooked when one of people are making a budget is that it's not just one server running the DHS2, there's backups that need to be done. The backups need to be stored somewhere and often pushed off-site archives somewhere else. This requires additional services which need to be taken into account in the budget. Systems for testing and staging and training are really important for a living implementation. Again, it's not just having a production server. If you're going to deploy a new version of DHS2, for example, it's really important that you test that first. So you need to have another server where you can test that on. You're going to need to often have training sessions where you're going to get users needing to access the system. You do not want to be using your production server for this testing, staging and training. You need to have some spare capacity to be able to spin up resources for that. You need to budget for a fairly major operating system upgrade, database version, things like that. That might typically be every two to three years. Countries will typically run each DHS2 system, an HMIS system or an HIV tracker or a TB tracker, COVID-19 surveillance system or COVID-19 vaccination system. They would typically be running on separate servers. Unusual to run everything together on one large server. It's much easier to manage if they're broken down, but each of them need to be provisioned and need to be managed and budgeted for taking into account the ballistic larger picture. It's worth bearing in mind, particularly regarding test systems and staging systems and training systems, that they don't need to be on all the time. So you don't need to budget to have them running all the time. They may only be used for perhaps one month in the year. And so you've got some flexibility there. If you've got your own physical hardware, then you need to have excess hardware in order to be able to spin these things up on demand. Couple of closing thoughts. Remember that decisions that you make on hosting, whether you're in the cloud or whether you're in a national data center or whatever it might be, are not necessarily final. Often there are migration plans. Country may begin with one hosting option with a longer term plan to transition to another. For example, we see cases of countries that have begun by a hosting locally and are planning to transition that into the cloud. And very often also we see the other way around. It's very quick and easy and relatively cheap to start up on the cloud. And often it makes the most sense to do. But you might still have a longer term plan to bring that back on shore into a national or a ministry data center. So yeah, it's not a permanent decision. It's quite possible to have a hosting plan with a migration possibility. Many countries have a longer term ambition of building national data centers and infrastructure. Often because it's not just around DHS, it's about developing IT infrastructure capacity in general in the country. And so it's natural that there is this ambition in most places to build the skills required and the infrastructure. And as I say, it's quite possible to have this ambition in the longer term while still avoiding risky hosting decisions in the short term. So as a very common model is to start off with cloud hosting and bring it on shore as the prerequisites get put into place. In the previous slides we've looked at different ways in which people can set up their DHS either using the cloud or locally or whatever it might be. An important point to make is that, and this is something that we've found in many cases, even though you might have a longer term aspiration for hosting your DHS to a national infrastructure. Because that's a complex undertaking it can take some time and investment to do. It's not a reason not to necessarily delay your DHS to implementation until you have everything ready. Often countries have found using the cloud as a very quick way of getting started and over a period of time it's possible to transition. And we've seen people go the other way as well where people have started off hosting in nationally and over time moved their infrastructure over to the cloud. Moving from the commercial cloud into a national infrastructure often requires there's a different skill set that's required. There are a whole lot of behind the scenes things around managing infrastructure which were taken care of before by your commercial provider which you need to make sure you have in your national environment before safely moving. The other thing to bear in mind DHS-2 systems as we have discussed a bit earlier usually it's much more complicated than just a single DHS-2 instance. Often there are multiple DHS-2 instances and often there are different security considerations around each. For example a very sensitive tracker server you might have stronger security considerations around then perhaps your aggregate system. And it's quite feasible to have some servers in one type of environment other servers in another type of environment. This process of moving systems from one place to another and we saw in the in the costing example of our country that moved from one cloud provided to another. It does involve some quite a bit of technical work related to configuration of the new environment, migration of the data and very careful planning around managing the downtime. When ideally you want to have a transition which is seamless from the user's perspective minimizing downtime and unless you make a really good plan you can have a situation where you may be faced with a week or two's downtime which often is not acceptable. If you plan it properly the whole process may be may take you between one to three weeks but it can be done in such a way that you have perhaps one or two hours downtime while the final database is moved from one environment to another. So moving moving data between systems it's an operation that needs to be planned carefully and budgeted for the technical work involved. One of the things system owners can be legitimately concerned about when they host their system on the cloud or with some commercial cloud provider is what happens if for some reason they get cut off from their system. This can happen through not paying the bill or some other way in which the relationship breaks down. So generally a good strategy for dealing with that kind of risk is to make sure that you've got access to the database outside of the cloud provider. This can be done by regularly bringing a copy of the database back to a server in country. If you want to do that and it's generally it's quite a good thing to do you need to bear in mind that there you do need to provision some kind of server to receive the data and this has to be an automated processor something that's on all the time and there are costs to bear in mind in terms of the data transfer transferring DHS to databases can be quite large. An alternative strategy to that again not keeping all your eggs in one basket is to use a different cloud provider. So even though you have your primary account with a cloud provider where you keep your backups and the like you can also arrange to keep copies of those backups somewhere else sometimes that can work out cheaper than bringing the backups on short. Impact on project budget this is really important for planners hosting a DHS2 system can involve adding budget lines which often we find are missing in a typical project plan. Cloud hosting including as we mentioned a sufficient margin to adjust the hosting plan based on the actual server needs after the project is deployed. It could include purchase of physical servers which importantly is not just a matter of buying servers it's also budgeting for the surrounding infrastructure and installation and very importantly budgeting for human resources. We know that in all of these models except for software as a service you need to have a system administration team which means typically at least two people with system administrator skills often these folks are not going to be minimum wage employees they can command fairly significant salaries. Some costs would be recurring which need to be planned for as well. Most obviously in a cloud environment is your cloud hosting bill and we've seen many implementations get themselves into trouble because the bill has become due and they've not been in a position to pay so really important that that's planned for. Physical servers you need to bear in mind that once you've bought your physical equipment it's not going to last forever typically things like hard drives you're going to look at replacing approximately every three years or so technology keeps improving they become faster they become more reliable particularly if you have your your servers you know not very well environmentally controlled situation whether whether the the heating might be a problem or the power supply may be going on and off you can expect the lifespan may become considerably less. As mentioned above the other important recurring cost bear in mind are the salaries and training and onboarding of new staff and the like. In summary DHS2 hosting considerations involve both the technology and the people who manage that technology. DHS2 needs to be hosted somewhere software software needs hardware to run there are pros and cons of of physical versus cloud hosting and they need to be reviewed critically in light of the specifics of each implementation what the context isn't the country what the plans are longer term most of the hosting challenges in fact turn out to be people challenges you need to budget for the necessary roles and ongoing training capacity building for these type of roles are not short term one week training courses they take quite a lot of time and mentorship you need to include flexibility in your plan for adjusting the provisioning up or down sometimes based on the actual needs and remember that your hosting plan can and more than likely will change over time.


is about topology hiding computation for networks with unknown delays and it's with my many co-authors Rio Chenta, Wally, Tal and Daniel. This is about multi-party computation or MPC where a bunch of parties some of which may be corrupted want to run some protocol which is almost as good as this trusted third party who just takes the inputs and distributes the outputs to the parties. So what this means is that protocol should reveal nothing about the inputs except what can be computed from the output of the function and now what one can ask the question what about other aspects that the protocol could leak for example if you think of broadcast what about the sender of the message or the receiver maybe and topology hiding computation looks at one particular such aspect which is the network topology so parties communicate via complete network and they want to hide the communication graph and one justification for this could be for example social network where parties communicate with their friends and for example via Facebook and they don't want to reveal the friends of friends of friends of friends who their friends are so what about topology hiding computation we have a bunch of protocols already they look at different types of adversaries different classes of graphs and different setup assumptions and one disclaimer is that topology hiding computation always looks at looks at setup that is reusable and independent of the graph not to trivialize the problem and this is the only setup I will talk about here so these first four protocols consider passive adversaries the first two are only efficient for graphs with small diameter and the third works for cycles and trees and finally we have a protocol for all graphs then we look at more powerful adversaries for example a fail stop adversary who can crash parties and here we have these two protocols that both work for all graphs the first one requires a hardware setup so secure hardware boxes but one implicit assumption behind all of these protocols is a network assumption they all require that the network is fully synchronous meaning that the parties are synchronized and there is a known upper bound on message delivery time and there it's guaranteed that a message which is sent will be delivered before that upper bound but this is not how the real world works right the world is not synchronous messages are delayed parties are desynchronized and so in this work we ask what happens to topology hiding computation or THC for sure if we don't assume a synchronous network and sadly our first result is impossibility and we prove that in in a model where as usual for asynchronous NPC the adversary is allowed to schedule messages topology hiding computation is impossible and in fact we rule out quite a lot of settings because we only assume that we assume that parties are already synchronized a message between honest parties are delivered synchronously so there is a known upper bound but the adversary can schedule messages between corrupted parties and their neighbors and this already rules out THC so then we propose a model where the topology hiding computation is possible and here the messages are delivered with arbitrary random delays but independent of the adversary still parties do have synchronized clocks and we thought this was a milder assumption than this upper bound on the network delivery in particular it allows protocols that run as fast as the network the actual network not the upper bound of course we propose protocols for our model one for cycles and trees under standard assumptions and the second one for all graphs but we assume hardware so here are our results in the table we proposed this new model with unknown unbounded delays we consider passive adversaries and we have one protocol for cycles and then it can be extended to trees this is the same setting as here and one protocol and here we assume as some pki like setup and the second protocol works for all graphs but we assume hardware just like bbmm here so in this talk i want to focus on our model and the protocol for cycles for the impossibility result and the hardware protocol please see the paper i will just say shortly what what hardware means it means that every party has a hardware box is on and these boxes are preset with shared keys and they perform some secure computation on the shared using this shared key okay so what model um we start with the standard the parties communicate via this network functionality which has a graph inside and delivers messages along the edges and you can think of these channels implemented by this functionality as really secure channels so the adversary doesn't even know whether the channel exists or not whether the message was sent or not only the messages to corrupted parties are are sent to the adversary and then in the ideal world we replace this network functionality by the simulator who receives the output of the function and he's supposed to emulate the messages um sent to corrupted parties of course he learns the neighbors of corrupted parties and the graph if you're wondering is inputted by the environment directly at the beginning of the computation so how do we go about defining what um what it means to deliver messages with unknown unbounded delays random so first of all we need an ocean of delay and we need an ocean of time and this is what we do we add this clock functionality which synchronizes parties as I said parties will be synchronized in our model um this is the more or less standard clock functionality by cats at all and it measures um what we would call atomic clock ticks so think of it as as the smallest measurable amount of time for example one nanosecond and the idea is that protocols will run in rounds and around will last many clock ticks so a protocol will do something only every um are clock ticks where are is sufficiently large to account for the computation time so now that we have clocks uh we can define to deliver messages with random delays and this is done by enhancing the um the network functionality graph uh the network functionality with delay distributions so now every edge in the graph has a label which is a delay distribution and when the message is sent uh the functionality samples um a delay from this distribution and delivers the message after that many clock ticks so what this means is that there is no um upper bound on the on the delay the delays are completely arbitrary and they are inputted by the environment at the beginning of the execution together with the communication graph but we do not consider um infinite delays meaning that a message will be delivered eventually uh so we have we have channels with eventual delivery so that's almost it but as I said a nice feature of asynchronous protocols is that um protocols run as fast as the actual network and we would like to keep it in our model so what this means is that the protocol running time will actually depend somehow on these delays so we need to leak something to the simulator to to um to simulate the running time of the protocol and this will respond roughly to the sum of the delays of in the network um yeah so so we don't leak the actual graph but the sum of the delays okay so this is our model and now let's go to the protocol for cycles so first I wanted to tell you why some um simple solutions to uh transform any old synchronous protocol into this setting don't work so imagine we have some sort of protocol doesn't matter what it does yet and um in round i a party is supposed to receive the message mi but it doesn't so first thing that can happen in our model is that messages arrive late what does the party do so first solution maybe we just abort so the party will abort uh emulate the crash and the other parties are supposed to run a fail stop protocol um the problem with this is that fail stop protocols so protocols secure against fail stop adversaries uh have security with abort but in our model we have actually eventual delivery of messages so we would like to um have also eventual delivery of output so we don't want this a weaker guarantee of security with abort which is inherent in failed protocols also another caveat is that they leak as a non-negligible small amount of information about the network the solution would be to send a dummy message but this will cause the messages to clog in the network so we we now generate a lot of messages and then we have the worst that there are too many messages arriving together we cannot some of them because that destroys correctness and unfortunately in topology hiding computation if we destroy correctness we usually also leak something about topology the way we destroy the correctness um we cannot all of them because that reveals something about the distribution on the edge for example if now this party sends all of his messages then this party probably learns something about how many messages he got and then something about this edge which leaks the topology so these are the problems we are facing and here is our protocol for this simpler setting so we deal with all of this um in the hardware protocol using the hardware and here is our protocol in the standard model for the four cycles um so we will start with uh with a synchronous protocol and we won't construct mpc directly but we will construct broadcast and as we know we can compile any broadcast protocol into um into an into any mpc protocol and we will focus on bit broadcast to keep it even simpler and then of course you can run it many times to broadcast many bits and yeah we start with the synchronous so now we start with the synchronous broadcast on um bit broadcast on cycles and the goal is to construct uh broadcast topology broadcast on cycles for our model we have a bunch of parties on the cycle we have a sender um with a bit and what will the protocol do um consider for example this party down here who wants to receive the output so in the first round generate an ephemeral keeper start a secret key to himself and send an encryption of zero under the public key and this notation here will denote that he sends both the cipher text and the public key so this protocol is is based on on akavya moran it's it's very close to and akavya lavin moran the second to the last two protocols for um for passive adversaries okay so now in the second round the next party gets the cipher text encrypted under bit one and thus is to generate an ephemeral keeper on his own store the secret key to himself and send an encryption of uh of zero but under the product key so now the public key is living a group um and one can compute this product public key and transform a cipher text from encrypted under one public key to encrypted under the product public key and you can think of algamal encryption which achieves this key homomorphic property uh or you can just think that this bit is now protected by both keys so next in the next round we got to the center the center will do the same but um in addition he replaces the cipher text by the encryption of his bit so now we have encryption of the bit going to the next party who adds his key to the product key and finally after four rounds we have five parties we counted four rounds um we traversed the whole cycle so now for sure the the cipher text contains the bit um encrypted under the product public key of all parties but the last one but the last one doesn't need to include and then we start what we call the backward phase where parties delete their keys from the product key so in round one those messages the messages send back the party deletes um his key next deletes next key after we get to this first party you can decrypt and get so to get topology hiding broadcast we run this in parallel um all parties run this in parallel to receive their bits in both directions the center also acts as the receiver to hide who he is and one can extend to all graphs using random walks this will not be the case for our protocol um yeah so what are the problems with this so the first problem with this protocol if we go to our setting is that we don't know when to start the backward phase so for this first variant we will consider network with constant delays for simplicity then I will tell you how to deal with variable delays but for now let's consider constant delays uh unknown so still we cannot run this this first protocol and here the first problem is that we don't know when to start the backward phase so before we counted how many runs um the the how many runs rounds the protocol runs and after n rounds uh with n parties we knew that every party saw the cipher text and we could go back now we don't have this guarantee we don't know the upper bound on the full delay in the network on the on the delay in the network so we deal so we deal with this by not doing the backward phase only do the forward phase but we require setup perhaps not surprisingly the setup is the product public key so now every party has a secret key and the product public key of all public keys in the network and one difference here is that these keys are not ephemeral they will be reusable so how we modify the first protocol well at the start of the computation the party sends an encryption of zero but under the product public key and then every round so every clock ticks the next party will send something so maybe he didn't receive the cipher text yet so he will send an encryption of some garbage value doesn't matter under the product public key and at some point he will receive the first cipher text and since the first party sent the encryption of zero every round now after receiving the first cipher text the party will the next party receives um one cipher text cipher text per round so we rule out many of these problems of of random delays so what does the party do um as usual he deletes his key from the product sends it on the sender additionally adds his bit and after everybody deletes his key from the product key we get to the the original party and after the sum of all delays in the network the party gets the encryption of the bit under his key and gets the bit so here is the next problem with this and the problem is that the partial public keys send around actually linking for so here is the picture again and what if the party is corrupted so remember that this notation actually meant that we also send the public we make it public and the party can watch how long the public key sent by this guy is equal to the actual product public key and this means that this party actually hasn't received the cipher text yet and after the key changes uh he knows exactly after the public key changes this means that the guy already received the cipher text and this reveals exactly the delay on this edge which is not topology hiding so to deal with this now we won't send the public key around and we have a special encryption scheme with an algorithm that supports and changing an encryption of a 0 into encryption of a 1 without the public key and in the paper we define abstract properties of this encryption scheme that we need but directly an implementation based on Divi Helman so the the keys are Divi Helman keys and the group operation that we will consider is multiplication in the exponent and we don't compute it don't worry encrypt a bit under a public key we generate this Divi Helman key with a random value so here the second component of the cipher text is always the Divi Helman key and the first component this is perhaps a change it's either G to the R or G to the R squared depending on the bit now to decrypt we of course shave off the the secret key from the second component so this is done here and check whether it matches the first component or whether the square of it matches the first component and otherwise we output bottom so we already have some level of robustness in this decryption scheme in this encryption scheme to change a bit to change an encryption of 0 into encryption of 1 of course if your bit is 0 then you don't have to do anything but to change is we just square the first component this is quite easy we also need re-randomization which is obvious here and partial decryption where we just shave off this the secret key from the second component and this is to delete your part of the key from the product key so how will we use it in the protocol when the party receives a cipher text C and D he first tries to decrypt if it decrypts he outputs bottom if not sorry if he decrypts he outputs the bit if so this means that the cycle is traversed and this was his actual actual traversal it carries his bit otherwise he partially decrypts so he shaves off his his part from the product key re-randomizes and sends and additionally if the bit is 1 changes encryption of 0 into encryption of 1 by squaring the first component and this works this is this works for constant now how to account for variable delays and here we we make some assumptions so the first assumption is that each party can approximate somehow his distribution on on his edges not on the network but the edges that he can see he can approximate somehow and the messages are sent are that are sent are clock ticks apart so every round are delayed independently so not every clock tick this would not make sense this assumption but every round if a message is sent messages are sent two rounds apart one round apart then then they're independent and the idea is to simply make the delays constant by repeating message sends over many many rounds so this is how it looks in picture for example if consider the first round we choose this parameter t based on this distribution this will somehow corresponds to the medium of this distribution and at the beginning of the protocol the left party so we just consider one edge we want to make this delay constant and at the beginning of the execution the party generates his message for the start of the of the protocol sends it together with the index one and in the next round so after our clock ticks he will generate the second message and send the second message and the first message again so he sends two messages this is done until t rounds and in round number t he sends t messages so the first one the second one the third one and so on up to the teeth one and this means that the first message was sent t times over t rounds and t is chosen such that with high probability at least one of these messages arrive after t rounds so after t rounds we know that some of these messages may be more of this of these first messages arrived at the second party and then the second party can actually take this message so he ignores the message one before before t rounds and in round t he will process it and send it on as as if received we can stop sending them message number one but in the next round we send the t plus one message and this means that the delay is is basically constant but t times longer and this is our protocol now to summarize we proved that the fully asynchronous fully asynchronous topology hiding computation is impossible we propose a model where it is possible and the model is still much closer to the real world than the fully synchronous setting so we have a random unknown unbounded delays we have one protocol for cycles and this can be extended to trees this is what i showed you and we have a protocol for all graphs that assume secure hardware um and open problems there are actually a lot of open problems in topology hiding computation one immediate problem would be to to have a topology hiding computation with a non-delays for all graphs but without hardware so this is the same situation as for a defense of adversary where we had this first protocol with hardware and then the second paper removed this assumption um we could do the same perhaps for topology hiding computation here with a non-delays we could consider stronger adversaries for example fail stop i think an active adversary is still a widely open problem for topology hiding computation and then maybe the last question would be to remove the assumption of synchronized clocks from our model and propose protocols that are also secure without synchronization um there is also kind of it's also a bit hard to define because that adversary doesn't know the communication network so who schedules messages between honest parties and this is a bit tricky so i encourage you to to think about this too so thank you and


What's going on everybody? Got Kyle and Sean here with Layton Sports Cards and we are ripping. This one is um 2023 Bowman's Best Baseball, 8 box case number 36. Pick your team's style. Guesses begin now. Guesses begin now guys. Get your uh guesses in. Uh if you want to guess the Super Fractor we have a bounty going on. The um if we pull the super it's at 1450. It's at 370 if you are able to guess the super. Good luck on this one guys. We'll give about 30 seconds to uh get some guesses and appreciate everybody hanging out with us. Um I got Adam K and this one Brewers, Alex A with the White Sox, Andrew H Ace, Anton with the um Rangers Twins, Brad W with the Tigers, Chi Hao with the Reds, Christopher J with the Cubs, Don B with the Marlins Yankees, Edward P with the Cardinals, Evan V or Evan Y with the Pirates, um Harold S with the Rays, got Jack S with the Rockies, uh Jacob C with the Blue Jays, Josh S Braves, Michael D has the Royals, Nicholas G with the Astros, Patrick S Guardians, got um Paul A with the Orioles, Ralph P with the Red Sox, Ron R has the Mariners and uh Padres, Ryan and Philly, Scott F with the Mets and Giants, Shigenori with the Angels, Tim M with the Nationals, Wes R with the Dodgers, and William T has the D-becks. Alrighty guys that is it for the guesses. So everything above that we will count. Um good luck on this one guys. Let's see a super and let's hope somebody guessed it. Appreciate y'all uh grabbing some guesses there a lot in this one. Appreciate that. Let's see what we got. Let's see what we got everybody. Thank you Brent taking a Don Russ spot and a Beaumont Crohn basketball spot, Julie taking the Dodgers and a Diamond Icons, and Chayati Watt with a um couple of Beaumont Crohn basketball spots. Let's do it, let's do it. Some Beaumont's best baseball. Like a Cameron arrow auto, let's go H-Train. I'm down to rip some uh some raise autos here. Hope everybody's having a good Thursday. No uh no football on these Thursdays anymore man. It's uh it's sad, it's sad. I'm missing uh I'm missing the Thursday football. I guess we uh there's footballs on the screen but it's not necessarily what I'm looking for the Pro Bowl. All right let's do it, let's do it. We will get Diamond Icons going next. Got a Super Bounty going on there. Or no not Diamond Icons the uh Inaq, Inaq got the Logo Man Bounty. What's up Swaggins? Good luck guys. Come on Super. It's time, it's time Super. Gunner Henderson, there's Ezekiel Tovar on the Projections, and a rookie Matt McClain Refractor. Let's go Dodgers. Guys a huge Dodgers fan man, huge, huge Dodgers fan. Boris Hopton. Recently.  Very nice Salas. Young international signing, Riley Green Refractor. Scared of hand cramps. I like that, I like that Michael Toglia. That's obviously not why and I like I like that he he went with it. A fan of that. Yeah you're saying Luca just uh uh um uh Lamello was signing stuff. Jackson Holiday on the Wave. Um and Francisco in order 299. Sab actually got a Lamello back like a couple months ago that he'd been waiting on a few years. A few years. So yeah luckily he's starting to sign everything. There's a Golda 50 going to be Gabe Gonzalez for the Mariners. I believe he got traded. Got traded to the uh Twins now. That is a Mariners Gabe Gonzalez the 50th. Hey what's up Tyler? I am not sure man they got a plan for all day on Saturday so I don't know. I'd say like eight hours something like that something. Uh Chalacta of Salas. Probably longer, I don't even know. It's tough Tyler. I haven't really looked at the full list like to kind of gauge that or anything. Um Michael Harris Rookie on the projections but they have it planned for all day Saturday so nothing else is planned. That is uh that is the whole the whole day going to be doing that. There's a Daniel Montecino for the Padres. Jackson Holiday. There's a Mini Diamond Reel the Reel Justin Crawford. Carlson. Jalito and Taj Bradley Refractor Race. Just have Jake break it 36 hours. Jake will do 36 straight. There's a Lazaro Montes Reel the Reel. Mookie Bats. Jake's down. You can do 36 straight. Yeah I think it'll be a little combination of everybody ripping a little bit of it. There's Corbin Carroll the 99 on the Green Mini Diamond and Otto that's a nice one there. Masterpieces Drew Jones to 99 for the D-Backs. On the insert Otto. Gabe Moreno Refractor Rookie. Yeah I would say for sure over eight hours I'm not not a hundred percent sure what the plan is though. Ziko Tovar Rookie Mini Diamond and Masataka Refractor. Remember M's a pro bowler. No I feel you Shai. Absolutely man no uh no worries there. It is a big one. It is absolutely a big one.  Gabe Gonzalez. A blue Otto 150 Daverson Gutierrez for the Mets. The Metropolitan's. Ooh there's a Hymn on the short print for the Orioles that'll be a Jackson Holiday. Nice one there short print Hymn. Not one per case on those. We got a Ziko Tovar Rookie and Max Clark. Max Clark. Yeah I like those Hymns man that's fun. I like the uh they have autos on that set too. I haven't seen any of those yet. I want to see a Hymn Otto. Got a Wave Joangy Vargas and Roger Garrius on the lava to 199. Rochio Refractor Rookie. Braylon Savera on the Rookie Otto Orioles. Sean is just throwing out money right now. He bought French 10 cases of Diamond Icons.  There's Skeenstall Act and Lindor. Thanks Sean. Yeah no problem got you bruh. There's a Coloss and Blue to 150 Shea Langlars. And Skeensts, LDB on the Refractor base. Hello Rich. How we doing? How's things going? There's a Refractor Eddie Beltry. Another Padres Auto. Sean's a scholar and a gentleman that's I don't know what the scholar. That is at least 50% correct. Yeah I would say. There's a Rookie O'Hoppy and Davis and De Los Santos. A wave that one's calling. Howk. Matt's first picking the drafts. For sure a gentleman. Yeah. There's a Jacob Melton. Definitely not. Astros Prospect. Tatis. Crying in Swedish trying to put Ikea together. Oh man do I feel you there. Justin Crawford on the Minidiamond and Grayrod to 99 on the Green Minidiamond Orioles. Nice little Grayrod there. I feel you on that man. When we moved in, Sabin K-Raz had me doing all the Ikea stuff. He's putting together a few things. Entertainment, a couple beds, the dining room table. It is a mess sometimes. Go Dodgers.  Congratulations.   Straight out of comp. There's a Rookie Adley-Ruchman. Got Matt McLean. And 99 a Zagnetto. See what deal with here guys. See what I got to deal with. Go Dodgers. Yellow to 75 Colby Thomas. For the eights. This one there. Eights got Colin Hauke. Netto. Netto. I pulled a really nice Netto out of was Inception. Inception I pulled the Logo Man first base relative. That was sick. That was like a little piece of history there. His first, the first base from the first base hit he had. Brandon Maia on the wave and Netto. You got the closest to the pin really.  They're playing closest to the pin. Oh nice one there is a Wyatt Langford for the Rangers. Very nice one there Rangers. First draft pick there out of Florida. Okay we got Shipe on team Sean. That's problematic. We got Adley-Ruchman Rookie and Coloss on the Rookie to 250 for the White Sox and a Rookie Gunner Refractor. We got Shipe on Sean. Let's go. Dang it. Let's go. Yuri Perez. Peter Lanza. That's that's pretty fair though. Pretty fair statement to 299 Jackson Churio and Blue to 150 on the auto is Nick Moribito for the Metz. Shipe we're here to stir it up man.  That's true. He does like stirring. Corbin Carroll, Randy Johnson insert. Coloss. Stir it up and leave. I like it. Reel the reel, Niggie and Mike Trout. Come on Super. Come on Super. Here's a Roman Anthony. Base auto Red Sox. Edward Julian. Shilax Cam Collier and Rizzo. Alrighty guys three down. Box number four. Come on Super. Do not hide. Do not hide. Me and Sean will find you. You got that right. I don't know about that. I agree. I agree. Jace. Hello there. Hello there. That's the glue. That's the glue Shipe. I don't know. I don't know. Super glue baby. Let's say that's something. Junior Cammie on the projections. Got Chris Bryant. How we doing today Jace? How's things going? You're a person 99 and base auto Emmanuel Bonilla. Blue Jace. Niggie. Max Muncie. Bobby Huitz. Bobby Huitz. Thank you James. Taking a Phoenix spot. Kenneth M taking a racing spot. Thank you sir. Eric taking the Hornets in an iMac and Allen taking a mega dual case spot. Thank you guys. Spotsman moving in very nicely today. Reel the Reel Holiday on the die cut. Got Kodai Senga refractor rookie. There's a Gabriel Rincones for the Phillies and refractor Langleers for the Ace. Kubota. Is that like one of those like UTVs? Well Terrain Vehicles. One of those with the roof. You asking me? No I was asking Jace who was talking about it. Jace who was talking about it. Justin Crawford and refractor Arias. Hey appreciate that exquisite. There's a Red Defy. That's going to be Chris Bryant. Sorry 10. For the Rockies. Nice one there. KB on the red. That is clean. KB to 10. Three out of 10. For the Rockies. Behind that we got a refractor auto Dalton Rushing. Really nice Chris Bryant there man. Cub's Legend. There's a Masatake Yoshida on the Mini Diamond. Reel the Reel. Matt Mervis and a 250 rookie James Outland for Sean's Dodgers. Let's go Dodgers. For Sean's Dodgers. Straight out of Compton. Reel the Reel. Aaron Judge. Corbin Carroll refractor. Ace Otto Fraley and Carnasio. The Red Sox. Adley on the rookie. Yeah I know that was nice man. Very nice. We've seen a few out of that set man. I really liked the veteran autos in that set. There's only mostly Hall of Famers so you can't do too wrong with that. New box five. Good luck here guys. Gotcha. Gotcha. Let's go. Oh gotcha Kenneth. Thank you sir. I will try to remember that out. Oh yeah. I figured you were there. To the tavern. Oh boy. You need to mix in the water. Oh boy. Knew it. Chase hit the tavern on Thursday. Slowly alcohol on your breath. Nothing wrong with the tavern. Nothing wrong with the tavern. Ruiz. Yelly. Thank you Sean. Taking a few prism random team spots. You got it bro. 150 Matt Mervis and we have a Spencer Jones. Yankees. The Otto. Josh Young refractor rookie. Closest to the pen. Alec Ingolds. Closest to the pen right now. You just got Ingold. Drew Jones. I did. Alec Ingolds. And you know that was completely Alex. There is Taj Bradley on the wave. Um you can ask later Matt but I'm uh that's not a break for today so I'm not um taking any offers or anything on it. I only have one iMac today. You can ask whenever it does break if it's not full by then. But um not taking any offers it's not for today. There's a Davidson Gutierrez for the Mets on the Otto. Got Enrique Bradfield. It's selling out pretty well at the price. So we got Fopee Chalect. Xavier Isaac. Can I stay tonight? It's A Masterpieces Drew Jones and Jordan Walker. Yeah whenever it does break though if it's if it's coming close to it and you want to offer absolutely um no issue there but just not taking any offers at the moment. There's a Davidson De Los Santos for the D-backs. Davidson and Jordan Walker refractor rookie. How's this the Pro Bowl? Why are you playing golf? I don't know man. Why are we golfing? This shows you how terrible it is. Um there's Joey Vado to 199 Aqua Lava and Shohei Refractor. Are they Bay Hill? I think so yeah. Looks like Bay Hill yeah. The water one was at the Nona Park. Real to real solace um Gray Rott. Some of those guys are probably pretty nice offers. No, Thielen plays a lot of golf. There's a refractor of Braylor Guerrero. He's always like the Pro Ams. Who's Thielen? No, no I'm just saying he plays a lot of golf. Yeah these guys stink. Chalect your Jones and Jeremy Pena. All righty three more. Three more boxes. Good luck here guys. Box number six. Opening day to head. Shawn might have to make a trade. Shawn might trade some Dodgers tickets. He is a huge Dodgers fan. Yeah man. He is a huge Dodgers fan. He's got a Marfortie homey. He is a huge huge Dodgers fan. Straight out of Compton. Good luck here guys. Box six. White boy with an attitude. That's that's facts. Oh what the heck? We're gonna have to send a box with this. This is the Family Tree Auto. We have to do a random. It is um missing stickers. Missing the stickers. So that is going to be a random between the Rangers and the Twins. Rangers and the Twins. We are missing the autos on the auto. So we will send a box with this. Get that one replaced. We'll have to do a random either way guys. Again this is Mets on the front but it is a Rangers card for Luis Angel. So it's Twins and Rangers. We'll do a random between the two teams. That is uh that is missing the autos. So yeah we'll do uh we'll send a box with that as well. Vulpia on the projections and Yuri Perez refractor rookie. Come on now. That's terrible. Come on now. Well alright. Yeah no I haven't seen that too often. That was unexpected. That was unexpected. So yeah we'll uh we'll random that one at the end and then we'll send a box with whoever does win. That can get that one replaced. Went straight to the Rangers. Oh Tony's got both. There we go. We'll give it to Tony. Got you Tony. Perfect perfect. So we'll send a box with that Tony. Apologies on that. So Tony. Cunita 50 and Otto is the 250 K. Lockeliant rookie Otto for the cups. Yeah Mr. Tony has them both. Got you sir. Got you Tony. And Oswald Paraza. Yeah that was uh that was a that was a mistake there. That was quite a mistake there. Andrew Vaughn Aaron Judge. The first one of those I pulled too and I was like wait do they have base of this? And uh no no they do not. There's a Nato on the Wave. Juan Soto. And Welwyn Francesca. Nice one there. Guardians on the base Otto. Francesca Justin Crawford. She'll act of uh White Lankford and a Jacob Wilson. Just keeping it even. Just keeping it even shape. So Shohei Masterpieces and James Outman. Cunia. So a refractor Roman Anthony. Nice prospect for the Red Sox. Roman Anthony and Casas refractor for the Red Sox. Yeah Tony you do have the video and everything so that's that should be a pretty easy one to get replaced I would hope. Considering uh there was just no autos on not like a damage or something like that. It's quite obvious. Reel to Reel Corbin Carroll and James Outman refractor Dodgers. To 299 Hunter Brown and we got a base Otto M. B. Orris Tavares for the Braves. There's a Vulpia refractor rookie. Shalak Celestin and Esther Ruiz. Alrighty two more here got seven and eight. Saw that age train I did see that. I guess he's back in Thailand exactly. So it was Kingsborough I was thinking of. Yeah the new OC. The Acunias. They signed with the invisible pen you got to uh like um National Treasures. Gotta get the lemon juice and heat it up. I know how it works. I know how it works. I've seen Nicholas Cajun National Treasures. A Maneu Bonilla. Carlos Correa refractor. Otto Cam Collier for the Rets. Ethan Salas refractor. Rookie Davis Martin and a Jacob Wilson that is yellow to 75 for the Ace. Nice one there the first pick in the draft for the Ace. Coulson Montgomery. I think that one might be even rare. Gunner Henderson on the Wave Rookie and a Spencer Jones refractor. I think it might be more rare than that. Yeah then there was no autos on them. Both the autos were missing. There's a Dino Guillarte. Dino Guillarte. Drew Jones. Otto there for the Brew Crew. It's something. Alvarez on the Shalak. So Rookie Masterpieces J-Walk and Ethan Salas on the Projections. They saw the Randy De Jesus Angels in Oswaldo Cabrera. Rookie Tyler Freeman Guardians on the Randy Johnson set and a O'Hoppy refractor Rookie Angels. I'll check in a second. I don't think it was numbered. I don't think it was numbered. Let me check in a second. That Duolato. Really real Alvarez and a 250 Bonilla. Vaughn Grissom refractor. Got a thing on there.  There's a Greenhouse in 99. Dian Jorge for the Rockies. No. No I don't see any numbering Tony. I don't see any numbering on it. Shalak to Max Clark and Freddie Freeman. That's right Ramars. John Cena with the invisible ink. Alrighty last one here box number eight. Yeah what's up Ramars? How we doing today? Aloha Aloha. All right guys we'll get some diamond icons going next. I'm excited. We ripped a case last night. Only case I've ripped so far. It's really really fun stuff man. See some big ones out of there. We'll do our full um full case first and then we'll do some um some one box um a random hits. Taki Yoshida, Hunter Brown and Junior Kamenara. A Otto Sterling Thompson that'll be for the Rockies on the Bassado. Sterling Thompson. What are we doing?  There's a Shalak of Masataki Yoshida on the Minidiamond. Love that Minidiamond Shalak's got Oscar Coloss and Bryce Hoppe. Did he really get a triple one on one? Three one on one's in a box. Wave Seya Suzuki and Nolan Gorman. Oh that was close. That was close. There's Blue, Brian Rocheo to 150, Guardians and Emmanuel Bonilla Refractor. It is it is unique. It is should be a one on one. It is unique for sure. And Jackson Shuria. I don't think they probably did that to too many of them. Masataka to 299, Nato. And the 25 got Glader Figaro for the Rangers on the Minidiamond Auto. Glader Figaro, Casey Schmidt, Reggie Crawford and Francisco, Refractor Rookie. No way. Don't tell me that, Von. Come on. Real to real, Bryce Harper, please don't tell me that, Von. I can't. I can't start with these Orioles already. I can't. There's a Eddie Beltry on the Base Auto Padres. And a last pack here, guys. Last pack. Holiday, there's a Gunner Henderson, Schillax and Jay Ram for the Guardians to 199. Jay Ram there. And Matt Olson. Deal isn't done, but trending towards it. Dang it. Already starting this. All right guys, do a quick recap and then we'll do some diamond icons. Some diamond icons. 250 got Emanuel Bonilla, Outman, Colas to 199, Vado, Roderick Arias to 150, Langlears, Rocio, Matt Mervis to 99, Perez, Grayrod, Corbin Carroll, Neto, 75, Jacob Wilson, Gold of 50, Acunha and to 10, Chris Bryan on the red. Base autos got Eddie Beltry, Bonilla, Starlin Thompson, Randy DeJesus, Guillarte, Cam Collier, Tavares, Refractor of Roman Anthony, Welbin Francisco, Refractor Guerrero, De Los Santos, Gutierrez, Jones, Encarnacion, Refractor Dalton Rushing, Base autor Rincones, Bonilla, Roman Anthony, and Wyatt Langford, the Rangers. That's what I'm saying below. He has ALE spent. I don't love how quickly they're making moves. That was quick. Jacob Melton, especially for a stud like Corbin Burns, Refractor Eddie Beltry, Tvera to 99, Drew Jones, Masterpieces, Montecino, Salas, Caleb Killian to 150, Moribizo, Gutierrez to 99, Jorge, 75, Colby Thomas, Gold to 50, Gonzalez, 25, Glider, and then we had the dual auto without the autos on it. So we'll go to Tony, get those replaced for you, Tony as well. Got the boxes going with those. Alrighty guys, let's get going on some diamond icons.


I feel it's a lot like mental health at the problem because especially with those who are less severe, it's not noticeable really and people aren't aware. Understand that just because someone doesn't look typically autistic or whatever, it doesn't mean that they haven't got any issues at all and just out of anyone else treat them as an individual. Yeah I've evolved to fit into the environment that I live in you know and therefore it would be strange for society to adapt to a minority I guess. I suppose there needs to be a degree of acceptance about fitting into autistic people and this whole reasonable adjustments and it needs to be made to pick it up.


The last 30 years in Asia we have seen an economic transformation where millions of people will be taken out of poverty, millions of others will be rising to become part of the middle class and there'll be a new class of millionaires and billionaires. The question is what effect will this economic transformation have on the values of the Asian youth? What really determines value systems is what we call belief systems. What determines why we value power or fame or money there's something deeper there and that's that's belief systems. So it's not modernity per se but what modernity does and what technology does is that it makes any changes in values much faster so if there's a good change in values or a good anything for that matter that change will be much faster. On the other hand if that value shift is worse or or less constructive it'll also be much faster it'll also be much more amplified and it'll also have much more of a network effect. This dynamic between modernity and the change in values is happening all around the world but in Asia and many other developing countries the change is much more acute. Many people are are doubtful or concerned that there may be a clash caused by the combination of modernity and some of the more traditional values that many Asian societies hold. There's this illustration of this young lady who is walking down the street in in Rangoon. She's young she's wearing the latest outfit. She's listening to her iPhone with her headphones and somebody walks up to her and asks her what she's listening to and she responds by saying that I'm listening to some meditation recordings that my grandmother gave to me. Both modernity and traditional values can coexist.


Hey, what's up guys? It's coach Ben from soccer entrepreneur in today's video I'm gonna be answering a couple questions that I got From the last couple of newsletters that I sent out. So if you're not on my newsletter yet, definitely go jump on that right now It's free. I just go in the link in the description and you can click a button there and just enter your email address You'll get my weekly update there where I share a lot of tips and insights about how to start your academy So today I'm gonna answer a couple questions and the first question I see is from Greg and he says what should I do if a player on training is not committed and my answer to this is very blunt because I've been in that position before especially when I was starting I would train a lot of kids who were just uncommitted and it wasn't just the kids It was the parents as well kids would get there late. So their parents would not be there on time They wouldn't be mentally prepared They wouldn't be Into the session at all and there's only so much you can do as a trainer to motivate Encourage and try to get the most out of every session. But if a player is not committed Then there's no reason for them to be there because in the end of the day They're just gonna be wasting your time and you would rather be training someone else who would be in that spot Or you'd rather be training no one at all during that time And I know that's very blunt, but I kind of want you to reverse engineer Your onboarding process when players are coming in you should be finding out Immediately if they're a committed family or not and that's the thing I figured out with my academy is Before I even train anyone.  You know because yours you probably want to start this to do it because you really like it And so you need to attract players who? You want to train and that's gonna start with your onboarding process and the next question I see is kind of along the same topic And this is from mark and he says should I cut players from my program? who are Coming to my sessions late and my answer this is also very blunt and the answer is yes But you should have your own guidelines set up with players before they even step in your program this way like I said When I answer the last question you already know beforehand if they're gonna be committed or not and if they say they're committed and You feel like they are and then they go a couple sessions where they're late or they don't show up You need to reflect back on your terms and conditions page that you should have set up this way Before anyone steps in your program. They know what you're all about.  They know if they show up 15 minutes late They're gonna lose out on 15 minutes of time This is how you get people to respect you and respect your time a lot more if you have terms set up You don't have that set up No one is going to do anything that you want them to they're never gonna pay on time They're never gonna show up on time Their kids won't be committed and you're gonna be attracting a lot of people who ultimately are going to make you lose interest in training players So you kind of have to hit the reset button Go back to the beginning stages and figure out how you want Everyone in your program to be and so you need to set up a page on your website Or on your payment page to let people know this is this is what I'm looking for and once you have that figured out Everything else is very simple because now you can start attracting The right types of people in your program and you can eliminate Anyone who's gonna give you headaches and that's really kind of to recap everything is You have to be able to train people who you want to be around and if you're not doing that Then you shouldn't be doing this because what's what's the point of training people who don't want to be around you And who you don't want to be around there's no one's gonna benefit that way So going forward I want you guys to think about that You need if you're trying to start your or set up everything right now you want to have that in mind You want to know okay? This is who I'm looking for this is the type of commitment I want and this these are where those players are at that way you can just follow that very simple process this way you don't have to worry about cutting players or Accepting players who you you are kind of on the edge about you think that they might be committed But they're not you there's really no you know gray area there You have to be very stern on how you have things set up for yourself And this is going to protect you at the end of the day So that's it for today guys if you have any questions for me shoot me an email at start your soccer academy at gmail.com or just comment below this video and Below this video if you click on the description box There are a ton of different resources there that I've already set up I have my book called the startup soccer academy. I have a mastermind setup where I work with four coaches per year You can read all about that there just click on the different links below this video, and I'll catch you next time


Okay, let's take one more question on this Try to get it right now, all of you Here is the question This question comes to the diagram So first draw the diagram What this symbol means 1 kilometer per hour Speed Speed of the river 1 kilometer per hour A swimmer wants to go To point C Starting from A You get From here it wants The swimmer wants to go to C He swims with the speed of 5 kilometer per hour He swims with 5 kilometer per hour With respect to river Okay, so we MR is 5 Should the swimmer swim So basically I have to find theta What is angle theta What is the lack of gravity You know all about that Yes, the swimmer wants to find So 5 cos theta Plus 1 In next direction Find sin theta Success Time taken should be same So time taken Distance divided by velocity By 5 sin theta This should be equal to 400 divided by cos theta Plus 1 Equation to solve Plus 1 Is equal to 5 sin theta So I can have 5 times Cos theta minus sin theta Plus 1 is equal to 0 So cos theta minus sin theta Is equal to minus 1 by 5 What is this How to solve this Then square it If you square it You will get cos square theta Plus sin square theta Then minus of 2 sin theta cos theta Is equal to 1 by 25 So sin of 2 theta Is 1 minus 1 by 25 That is 24 by 25 Not 26 by 25 So 2 theta is Sin inverse of Find out that In motion in 2D In motion in 2D What I will start with the question itself Suppose this is a velocity In all gravity In all gravity The rate is falling at constant velocity The person should Tilt the umbrella So that The person Does not Get the Rain water Okay The person should Hold the umbrella Okay Now if I have to do V minus U This is U So this is Minus U So this is the Direction of Rain velocity With respect to the Observer This is what Of theta Now this is 90 degree So clearly Magnitude of The person's velocity Simple So I Could say that The person is running In an inclined plane Okay I can say For example This one The person is Going Along the Inclined With velocity U Okay And this is the Vertically down Is the velocity Quickly drawn There is an Opposite of U Minus U V minus U Is this 90 degree Theta And then You can V minus You can see that Every time Whenever you have to find The relative velocity You are essentially Subtracting the Observer's velocity Alright And you remember that The actual Power of the plane We have done this problem Right The particle Can move Yes or no Be pointed As if it is going In a straight line So The actual velocity Actual displacement Could be different Actual distance Could be different In terms of Relative Fine So Only time Is something Which is Same Time is not relative Whatever time This point A Has taken to Go from here to here Same time Point A Will take to Go from there to There As in In the relative time This point Is seeing this point As if it is going like this This is the Relative velocity of A This is the Absolute velocity of A Like that We have done this problem Okay Anyways So this was one Small part Which we have left Last Last Okay


Mom's two sons were uncontrollable on the plane. A stranger stands up and interferes. Unruly, misbehaved children are certainly a problem in the eyes of the public. But these two children were so bad that a stranger would intervene and try to set things straight. Nothing is such an embarrassment for a parent as the bad behavior of their own children who are acting out in public.  But being stuck on a train or airplane with your screaming children can be far worse. A child throwing a tantrum can go from bad to worse very quickly. Before you know it you have a nightmare on your hands. However, nobody said controlling little children is an easy task. They say the best way to deal with a tantrum is by trying to hold your child and suit them. But this woman had two young boys. It will seem as though the little nightmare has you wrapped right around its finger, but you just have no choice. This young mother of two came forward to share her experience when she couldn't control her children. Stuck on an airplane, three stranger women stepped forward to provide assistance to the young mother who couldn't manage her children.  It got to the point that a stranger approached her and asked if she could help take care of one of the boys. The distraught mother was more than happy to oblige and hand her child over to the other woman who was offering a helping hand. That would ease her slightly and give her a break since she was on the verge of tears. After the disaster had happened on the flight, mom was clearly not in great shape, so another woman came over to help her carry her bags off the plane through to the exit of the terminals. She was saved by strangers who knew exactly what she was going through, and it was great to get a helping hand.


I want to show you how absolutely cool Jesus is. Now, many of you obviously know and are in awe of Jesus, how really how awesome he is, but I just want to just show you by way of scripture how cool he is. Some of you all are familiar with Paul Harvey. He would tell you something, put something out there, and then he'd kind of go in detail and give you what, the rest of the story. So that's what I want to do. I want to do so really by way of kind of an analogy or comparison of someone else. But before we do that, let's go to the passage that we speak about today being Palm Sunday. Here comes Jesus coming in in this triumphant entry that we talk about. The crowd, this is Matthew 21.9, the crowd going ahead of him and those who follow were shouting, Hosanna to the son of David, very important. Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord, Hosanna in the highest. And so you've got these people they are just cheering for him. He's done all these miracles before them. He's healed people and so forth. He's made these great claims, these statements and the people that follow him. He's fed some of these people. Now, obviously that's going to change in one week's time. But what led up to this? So let's go to the rest of the story. But before we do, I want to give you a comparison. Many of you are old enough, some of you are old enough to know about a basketball player by the name of Larry Bird. Larry Bird was an excellent player. I think he's one of the five best players ever. Played in the 80s, got heard. So his career was a little bit shortened because of back injury. But at his best, Larry Bird was a trash talker. He would do things such as tell you what he's going to do and then do it.  But that became a little bit old news. He could just do that whenever he wanted to really. But he made a statement playing against the Portland Trailblazers and said, I'm going to play this game with my left hand. So tomorrow night's the last game of the trip. I'm going to play this one left handed. Now he's right handed and he played most of the game. It's not a whole game scoring with his left hand. It's against cursing. For Larry Bird. Lord with the left hand. Now how cool is that? He's not the most athletic, but to make a statement and to something so audacious and bold and then to back it up. Well, why am I using that? What does it have to do? I know of someone else that made some bold, audacious claims and back them up. So let's go back and see the rest of the story about God, about the Lord, how this him coming in in this triumphant entry on a cult and let's see how this kind of compares. This is a bold, audacious claim by the Lord long before it actually happens. Let's go back to the passage one more time. They're saying Hosanna to the son of David. That's also important. Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord, Hosanna in the highest. Where does that come from? Well, let's go back to Genesis 49. Remember in Genesis 49, here is Jacob giving these blessings to his son and he's speaking to Judah. Very important. He says, the scepter shall not depart from Judah nor the ruler staff from between his feet. Now remember, there is no kingdom. There is no king yet. As a matter of fact, they are in Egypt after a famine, after leaving their land. And so Jacob is pronouncing blessings. He skips the older voice and he goes to Judah and says, the scepter shall not depart. Well, the scepter is for a king. We don't have a king, nor do we have a kingdom just yet. But again, this is coming from God.  He says, until Shiloh comes and to him shall be the obedience of the people. That hadn't happened yet, but it will one day. And then notice what he says in verse 11. And we don't talk about this as much, but this is foreshadowing something that's going to happen. He says, he ties his foal to the vine and his donkey's colt to the choice vine. He's speaking about how great it's going to be in the future. And he uses a donkey's colt. Interesting. The foal of a donkey, this colt, he is going to, he's using this right now. Now, why is that important? Well, one deceptor, this king that we don't have yet, this colt that's not even in existence yet. Matter of fact, the town where they're going to be probably doesn't even exist at that moment.  And we have this day of atonement whereby there is a priest. We've covered this before, so let's go really quickly. Where there is a priest that mediates between man and God. We've got a scapegoat that takes a place of the sins of the people. So he carries the sin of the people away and then we have a sacrificial offering that actually becomes the sin offering. Well, that's in Leviticus 16. In Leviticus 17, there's a statement made by God. He says, for the life of the flesh is in the blood. I have given it to you on the altar to make atonement for your souls. When it comes before us, do it real quickly again. I just love this part. This is, it never ceases to blow my mind every time I think about this. But he says, and I have given it to you on the altar and to say this in Hebrew, just this word that's highlighted over here, this natatin, that's sufficient. That is, that's highlighted on the screen, that is, I have given. That's all you need. You don't have to have a first person pronoun to go with it. You don't, in the prefix and the suffix to the word, we can see I have givens. The tense and everything is also included. But something special about this is right before it. It says, I, I have given. Well, that's kind of a weird way of saying to say, I, I have given. He says, see, for the life of the flesh is in the blood and I, I have given it on the altar for you to make atonement for your souls. But why would you say, I, I have given? That is a way of saying, I myself have given. In other words, it's for him to say that I will be the one that will be given the blood, not that anyone else is going to do it. Not that anyone else is going to even qualify. I'm not going to have or send someone else to do it. I will give the blood. I will have given the blood for you on the altar. Remember that. Then we go to Zechariah 9. Notice where Zechariah 9 says that here's a prophecy. It says, rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion. Shout and, shout and triumph, O daughter of Jerusalem. Behold, your King is coming to you. He is just and endowed with salvation. Think about that. He is just and endowed with salvation. Amazing, right? Humble and mounted on a donkey. Even a colt, the fall of a donkey. Remember, it's not the first time that we've seen this before, going back to Genesis 49-11 and his donkey's colt to the choice vine. And he's speaking about this. Obviously, there's this imagery that's put forth about how it's going to be in the future. But in this colt is there this colt of a donkey and then going back to Zechariah 9, he says that Israel's salvation is coming, humbled and mounted on a donkey, even a colt, the fall of a donkey. Well, obviously we know what happens because we're going to see Jesus doing just that. But before we get there, let's remember what he says and there's a prophecy given to Daniel after or actually towards the end of Israel's banishment from the land that 70 years is almost up. And so Daniel was praying and an angel comes and tells him about these 70 weeks that have been prophesied. This is why this is important and how this relates. Notice this, he says, then after, after he gives the first sets of weeks seven and then 62, that's 69 a week total.  So now before we get to the part about the people of the Prince who was to come and will destroy the city of the sanctuary, before that he says what?  When will Messiah be cut off? Well, notice what I have highlighted. We had this wah and this acari, which is an after. That's why it's highlighted over here in the English, then after, then after what? After the 69th week, 69 sevens, the week just means sevens also. So 69 sevens, seven what? So seven years. So 69 times seven comes up to equal four, I'm sorry, 483 years. So from the time that he's given this decree to 483 years, what comes up? Him writing in on this cult. And then after that is right up to the date, right up to the exact year he shows up writing on this cult. Now let's jump to where all of these things kind of come together. This cult, this fall of a cult, this kingdom being established the after these 69 weeks. Look what Jesus tells his disciples to do. He says, go into the village. This is Luke 19 verse 30. Go into the village ahead of you. There as you enter, you will find a cult tied on which no one has yet ever set. Untied and bring it here. If anyone asks you, why are you untying it? You shall say, the Lord has need of it. Now, if we look at Matthew, Matthew also tells us that the donkey is there. The fall of the cult is also, the fall, this cult of this donkey is also there, bring them. And if anyone asks us, the Lord has need. So those who were sent away and found it just as you told them as they were untying the cult, it is the owner that says, why are you untying the cult as the Lord has need of it? And they brought it to Jesus and they threw their cults on the cult and put Jesus on it. Now remember, if we go back to what this passage says, speaking about Jesus, how he's going to come in even on a cult, the fall of a donkey. How's it going to come? Humbled and mounted on that donkey. How so or for what reason endowed with salvation? To do what? Just as he says in Leviticus 1711, that he is going to give or he's going to supply his blood for this atonement. Now, remember, this also has to be in leagues with this other passage. I meant to cover this passage also in 2 Samuel 7. We've got David who comes through what? The Lion of Judah. His son Solomon is going to build a temple, but then he makes a promise, a covenant with him. We call it the Davidic Covenant about another descendant.  Your throne shall be established forever in accordance with all these words and all the visions. So Nathan spoke to David. So he's speaking about his lineage on the throne. Remember, the scepters shall not depart from Judah. So someone out of that tribe, that is Jesus, is going to be a king and reign on that throne forever. So when Jesus comes in, what are they saying to him? Let's go back to it. They were saying, Hosanna to the son of David. Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord. Hosanna in the highest. So how do they say this? Son of David. Hosanna, glory to him, glory to him in the highest. Just like he said he was going to do, he said, I'm going to do this. I'm going to do this. I'm going to do this. And this is going to happen. And you will be saved. When you think about all of that that's happened and it happens just like he said to a T, perfectly the fact that this donkey and her foal is there, this donkey and this cult is there. And that one that's never been ridden, tied up. They bring them just like he said. Guys, whenever the Lord says he is going to do something in the scriptures, there is no altering to his words. There's no changing. We don't have to try to figure out even if we don't see it. If it doesn't make sense, it will happen exactly like he said. He is God of now. He is the God of the past. He is the God of the future. And all things work according to his good counsel. He didn't consult with anyone. He didn't ask for anyone to have something happen. He is God. Above all else, God is sovereign. And so this sovereign God tells you. He tells exactly what he's going to do and he does it. And even giving us the timing such as Daniel's 70-week prophecy after the 69th, 70. Not before or during the 70th, no, after the 69th, 7th. The 69th week, Messiah will be cut off riding after riding a cult, singing glory to, singing Hosanna, son of David, as it says in this prophecy or this covenant in 2 Samuel, we see it happening just like that. How cool is that? And as Paul Harvard would say, and now you know the rest of the story.