Greetings from the National Archives flagship building in Washington, D.C., which sits on the ancestor lands of the NACOTS tank peoples. I'm David Ferriero, Archivist of the United States, and it's my pleasure to welcome you to tonight's discussion on A Life of Selfless Service, Sacrifice, and Civic Engagement, Cyril Rick Rescorla. This year marks the 20th anniversary of the events of September 11, 2001, events that are recorded in documents, audio-visual materials, artifacts, and first-person testimonies preserved in the National Archives. America witnessed many heroic actions during and after the attacks on September 11. Although Colonel Rescorla perished in the attacks, he is credited with saving the lives of 2,700 fellow employees of Morgan Stanley and inspiring all those around him. Our panel tonight will discuss Rescorla's lifelong courage, service, sense of community, and inspirational leadership as a model for our youth on a day in history that we will never forget. Our 9-11 commemorative program is especially important this year, since 20 years later our school children have no memory of the attacks and know them only as an event in history. For this in mind, our National Archives Education staff have created a number of activities in our free docs teach.org resource to help students learn about this turning point in history. At this time, I'd like to share a video highlighting moments of Colonel Rescorla's life of civic service and sacrifice narrated by Sarah Lyons Davis, educator and curator at the National Archives at New York City. Through the lens of the holdings of the National Archives, we commemorate the 20th anniversary of the September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center and highlight the story of Cyril Rick Rescorla, one of the nearly 3,000 people who lost their lives that day. My father grew up in the aftermath of World War II in Cornwall, England. His first exposure to the U.S. was through his relationships with U.S. soldiers stationed nearby. He listened to their stories and loved watching the westerns they invited him to see with them. He's a big western fan. Through their eyes, he saw America as a place of wonder, adventure and opportunity. Must have seemed like a totally different world to a child playing in bombed-out buildings in World War II. When he came to the U.S., he was without any family here. He didn't even have a job or any connections in America. He stayed in the Brooklyn YMCA until he was accepted into the Army. Through his military service, he was offered a path to citizenship and education through the GI Bill. He was always grateful for the opportunities that our country afforded him, and he viewed service to his fellow Americans as a member of their community as a treasured obligation in return for those opportunities. Rascorla immigrated to the United States in 1963 and enlisted in the U.S. Army with a recruiter in Times Square, New York City. We see these important dates noted on his report of separation, or DD 214. Rascorla's dedication to duty was recognized with awards both during his life and posthumously. Duty carried Rascorla to Vietnam, where he served with distinction. Rascorla graduated from Officer Candidate School in April 1965 and was assigned to the 2nd Battalion of the 7th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division, as the 2nd Lieutenant of the Bravo Company. Shortly after arriving in Vietnam in 1965, Rascorla's unit saw combat. He would earn the Purple Heart, two bronze stars, one with a valor device, the Vietnamese Cross for Gallantry with gold star, and a silver star medal for his actions at HLZ X-ray and Albany. Rick Rascorla was a strong battlefield leader, always the first one to fix bayonets. His platoon was known as Hardcore for their tough realistic training in the high discipline standards placed on him by Rick. Noted on the award of the Bronze Star Medal for Heroism with V-Device, 2nd Lieutenant Rascorla distinguished himself by exceptionally valorous action on 3 October 1965, while serving as a platoon leader on a search-and-destroy mission in the vicinity of An Ki Republic of Vietnam. Rascorla's conduct during the battle foretold the bravery and leadership he exhibited the following month during the three-day battle of Yad Rang, November 15-17, 1965, often considered the first and one of the most significant battles of the Vietnam War, and a turning point in the military operation. The military company would be the only unit to fight both at HLZ X-ray and again at HLZ Albany. Acting to reserve for Hal Moore's battalion on HLZ X-ray, they would be instrumental in stopping enemy attacks on the morning of 16 November 1965. Less than 24 hours later, Rick's platoon would once again be called into battle to rescue their stricken battalion and leap into the tall elephant grass off their Huey helicopters. During the night, Rascorla personally led a three-man element to crawl forward and rescue the nine remaining members of his decimated Charlie Company. Hal Moore would later write that Rick Rascorla was an extraordinary battlefield leader, quite simply the best platoon leader of infantry you've ever known. His Silver Star citation recounted, as 2nd Lieutenant Rascorla's platoon came under intense hostile fire, he demonstrated courage, strategy, and professional competence, which ensured the successful accomplishment of his platoon's mission. He was most instrumental in the defense of the landing zone and the defeat of the Viet Cong Battalion. We see Rascorla with his rifle and bayonet in the psychotic combat photograph taken by Associated Press reporter Peter Arnett on one of the battlefields of the Yad Rang Valley. To his men, he was legendary, fearless, and always calm under extreme stress. He was always led from the front, never asking his soldiers to do anything that he would not himself do. He is also known for his devotion both to his soldiers and to his unit. During his military service, he was known for strong leadership, judgment, and dedication to his men. These same attributes would be recounted by those he led to safety on September 11, 2001. Colonel Rascorla represents the service and sacrifice felt by so many families on September 11, 2001. As vice president for corporate security for the financial firm, Morgan Stanley, Dean Witter and Company, he died while assuring that all other staff had safely evacuated the South Tower. This heroism saved nearly 2,700 lives and was documented through first-person accounts and later publications. From accounts of survivors, an image emerged of Rascorla calmly leading the evacuation of the South Tower. Using a bullhorn, he gave instructions for a safe exit, as captured in a cell phone photo taken by one of the employees. Remembered for softly singing Cornish ballads to soothe his soldiers during times of intense fear in Vietnam, he sang these same songs over a bullhorn as he told them that, today is a day to be proud to be an American. Security deputies Jorge Velazquez, Middle, and Wesley Mercer, right, shown alongside Rascorla are also listed among the fatalities of September 11, 2001. Although Rascorla had every opportunity to save himself, he chose to ensure all those working in his office were safely out of the tower. Rascorla was last seen headed into the tower instead of seeking safety. A U.S. Army military retirement identification card was the only piece of physical evidence recovered of Colonel Rascorla in the rubble of ground zero. Nearly 3,000 individuals, office workers, airplane passengers and crew, and first responders perished as a result of the terror attacks on September 11, 2001 at the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and the Shanksville, Pennsylvania site. Tens of thousands more who were exposed to the toxins released as a result of the attacks have suffered from chronic illnesses, and more than 2,000 have died since 2001. The holdings of the National Archives document stories of a nation, individuals, such as Rascorla, called to moments of action during extraordinary times. We honor their memories and preserve their stories through the documents of the National Archives. Visit DocsTeach, the online tool for teaching with documents from the National Archives for educational activities created by National Archives educators to support teaching about these important historic topics, including 9-Eleven, Civics, and Public Service. And now it is my honor to welcome our distinguished panel, our moderator is Megan Jones, Senior Director of Education Programs, 9-Eleven Memorial and Museum in New York City, and our panelists are Dr. Conrad Crane, Chief of Analysis and Research for the U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, Dr. Lisa Young, Assistant Professor in the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership at the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York, and Jenna Ryle, Director of Civics for All, Department of Social Studies, New York City Department of Education. Now let's hear from our panel. Thank you for joining us. Welcome to tonight's program. My name is Megan Jones, and I serve as the Vice President of Education Programs at the 9-Eleven Memorial Museum in New York City. I'm honored to be joined tonight by Dr. Conrad Crane, Dr. Lisa V. Young, and Jenna Ryle to discuss the legacy of leadership, selfless service, and sacrifice exemplified by Rick Rascorla on this eve of the 20th anniversary of 9-Eleven. His actions throughout his life and on that Tuesday morning serve as a powerful lesson for the next generation who have no memory of the attacks. On 9-Eleven, Rick Rascorla was the head of security for Morgan Stanley, where he gained a reputation for rigorous training and insistence that all employees, including and senior executives, participate in evacuation drills from company offices. They occupied 22 floors of the South Tower of the World Trade Center. Rascorla timed his employees with a stopwatch to make certain that not everyone loved. On 9-Eleven, Rascorla used a bullhorn to expedite evacuation of his employees on the 44th floor, as you saw in the film. Many employees of Morgan Stanley attribute their survival on 9-Eleven to Rascorla's decisiveness that morning and his planning in advance of the attacks. Here is a clip from an oral history of his co-worker, Dan Fitzpatrick, speaking about Rick helping during the evacuation of the South Tower. And the way I heard it is that when people were exiting down after the first plane hit the first tower, you know, a speaker came on, the loudspeaker for employees, kind of the public announcement saying, go back up to your desks and stay in the building, which was common protocol, I think, at that time because there was probably glass flying from the other buildings and, you know, debris coming down and whoever thought that a plane would hit the second building. And it's amazing to me that Rick stood on that 44th floor with that bullhorn, and he had the strength of character and the courage to tell people to disregard that and to exit the building. So not many people would have done that disregarding a public announcement like that. So I think that just says a lot about him. What strikes me beyond the courage and sacrifice that he demonstrated that morning was his focus not just on people's physical safety, but on their emotional well-being as well, something that he demonstrated not only on 9-11, but also on the battlefield. And we know this because of a letter written to Colonel Hal Moore about his experience in Vietnam. So I'd like to start our conversation with you, Dr. Crane, by asking you to share with us how you acquired the Hal Moore papers and what they reveal about the relationship between Hal Moore and Rick Rescorla. Thank you very much. I am honored to be a part of this program. I had the honor to meet Rick Rescorla at West Point in 1992. I then retired Lieutenant General Hal Moore and Joe Galloway came to there to talk about the 1965 Battle of the Aya Drang in Vietnam, which you've already heard about and described in their great book, We Were Soldiers Once and Young. Lieutenant General Moore brought with him a number of the officers who fought with him there at LZXRA when he was Lieutenant Colonel. And there was a truly electric atmosphere at West Point. No place honors warriors with more fervor. I had the privilege to have dinner with General Moore and his bands of brothers. I found Rescorla particularly gracious and witty, but it was very clear that this group had forged a special bond in the cauldron at the Aya Drang. Later I had General Moore's son as a student in my classes at the Army War College, and I stayed closely tied with the family until it was time for them to find an archive for his personal papers. We received them for the rich collections at the U.S. Army Heritage Education Center. In those documents, Moore often praised Rescorla, even selecting that famous iconic picture of the young Lieutenant for the cover of his book, We Were Soldiers Once and Young. In those papers, I found a letter that was scrolled written to help with the book, and I like to read some excerpts for the audience. I think that one of the big reasons, Ricco Scorla, could be such a hero on 9-11, that he'd been a hero before. The everything started on the two thirty in the afternoon on the 14th of November, 1965. He describes in the letter that the 38 men of the first platoon of Bravo two seven were sprawled in a dusty area of a stadium part of the Brigade Reserve. All of a sudden the Italian officers run up, stand by to reinforce one seven. Things are getting worse. There'll be you'll be up against NVA regulars. They're swarming down from the coup fond. The LZ is secure, but might not be when you get there. Situation worsening. No maps to the area are available. I called the platoon together for once every man was wide awake, hanging in every word. They'd been well trained before they properly prepared for heavy combat. We'll fight to the death because there's nothing else we can do. Remember, the NVA will take no prisoners. It's nothing personal. They don't have any way of guarding you or feeding you. Don't expect any mercy. I yanked on the fatigue jacket of a possible eight ball and jerked him to his feet.   Stay together as a unit, shop to each other, keep in touch in the high grass. Don't expect perfect targets. Every man must keep firing. Don't stop to help the wounded until you've dealt with the NVA. Our first big one. I was worried about hesitation from some of the inexperienced troopers. Forty percent of the draft teams. I mean, he really is his letter is a perfect example. How to bring a green unit into combat to get into the drop zone. He spends that first day taking up positions to help Colonel Moore.  He talks about the fact there were blood curdling scenes everywhere, describing the landing zone. One of the most tragic things the missions he has that day is when Colonel Colonel Moore comes up late in the day says, man, I need your help. He points to the clusters of bodies in the LZ. Those are my men. I want to take them home. I promise them that much. So at the end of that second day, he spends time helping Colonel Moore police up bodies. The various as he calls it, a hot, sad task. But the night that that night of the 15th into the 16th is when it really makes his mark. And that's going to recognize for in his in his Silver Star citation. They're there in the main defensive line. He writes about it. We took the last stretch before nightfall. I left my soldiers with they'll come at us fast and low. You won't have neat targets. Keep your fire at the height of a crawling man. Make them pass through a wall of steel. That'll keep them out of your foxholes. One of the youngest soldiers asked me, what if they break through? They break through and overrun us, but grenades around your hole. Lay them in the parapet.  Spray bullets at their heads. We do our job. They won't get that far. He goes back in and this is kind of the image of Rick Rascala. We all have what he talks about. It's dark. It's two o'clock in the morning. The booby traps start going off and flashes are all around. We can see nothing but it to our front. So he coordinates fires in the moment of silence. He says, I can count and encourage talk between the foxholes. No injuries. The silences grew tense. So I sang Wild Colonial Boy and a courtish rugby mining favorite going up Camborn Hill. Anybody seen the movie Quiet Man? They actually sing Wild Colonial Boy in the Tavern and Innisfree during that movie. I'm sure the atmosphere is very different there than it was on a battlefield with the eye of drying as he was singing. Slow and steady tune, shots of hardcore along the line told me we were standing firm. It comes in. The enemy troops get within seven meters of his lines. There are grenades blowing up all along the front, but his men hold and they survive. So when it closes out, he flies out the next day. He talks about the fact that most of the platoon was smiling. Suddenly a grenadier next to me threw up on my lap. I understood how he felt. He was like many. A man who had fought bravely even though he had no stomach for the bloodletting. Then at the end, he talks about the last hit at the end of the day. The night after a shower, but no fresh clothing. Then I joined the officers of 1-7 at the Holloway Club. We savored the cold beer, but did not go overboard. There was much to reflect on. There was no boisterous celebration of our victory, but a sense of unity. We had all lost close comrades. As the evening ended, we gravitated in a tight circle around Moore. The commander could not have moved if he wanted to. The nearest men were jammed against him like a rugby scruff. Every few minutes, the four or five men closest to the commander would be gently edged aside with elbows. That circle would then become the inner one, the inner circle locked eyes of the commander and unspoken mutual respect was exchanged. Now and then someone would grunt, Gary Owen or a swear word with the same tone as one would say, amen. All of the 12 or so sweating officers would learn something special about themselves and each other while serving with Moore in the cauldron of the 7th Calvary in the I-Draft. Thank you. Thank you. I'm wondering, you know, as you were reading excerpts from the letter and talking, I know that Resorla refused treatment for his wounds until his men were safe. Just another example of, you know, putting others before himself. And we see that same thing on 9-11 when he went back into the towers even though he knew there was danger. So, Karius, from your perspective, what do these documents teach us about Resorla's character as a person and the belief that he had in taking care of others around him when the danger was very real?  He cared for his troops. He did everything. He was tough when he had to be tough. He was really tough love with some of the guys, some of the new guys. He talked right to Alston in the letter about one of his old soldiers who, he was yelling at him because he wouldn't get down and the old soldier said, sir, that's okay if you're young guys, but my knees are bad. I can't do that. So he kept denying that guy through the battle to make sure that he didn't get, and he did. He survived the battle, they got through it. He cared about each individual, but he cared about a compsion mission. He helped, he bailed out Colonel Moore. Colonel Moore, again, Colonel Moore wasn't even in his battalion. He wasn't even in the same battalion. And yet he respected Rescorla so much, I call him the best platoon leader he'd ever seen. I'd like to focus in a little bit more on his leadership and his actions. From the World Trade Center on 9-11, Rescorla called his lifelong friend, Dan Hill, who served with him in Vietnam. And he told Hill that he was taking some of his security men and making a final sweep to make sure that no one was left behind or injured or lost, just as you were describing in the military perspective as well. And then he was gonna evacuate himself. So I'm curious, Dr. Young, what do both of these examples in Vietnam and also on 9-11 tell us about the characteristics of a leader and sort of the habits of mind that are required for someone to be a successful leader? Yes, thank you. I'm so honored to be here and so moved by being a part of this. So thank you very much.  And so I think when I think about Raskola, I think of someone who was consistently engaged in the right practice of reflection and really knew himself so that he could orient toward others. Like he was so service oriented and so otherwise oriented, but what made him really successful is that he knew himself very well, but he cared about others. And I think we try to engender that here at the Academy, that kind of sense of selfless service. And I think that's what made him so amazing for sure. And I'm also curious about the habit of singing. I've heard this several times, whether it was, you know, singing at the battlefield or again, I've heard so many oral histories working at the museum of people remembering that singing and that always resonates with me because you're in one of the most frightening moments of your entire life and you hear that singing. So from your perspective, I'm wondering, you know, why you suppose this was something that he turned to in these dangerous situations? Yeah, and I think it's again, what's really curious about his story is everything seems sort of counterintuitive on the surface, but really what it demonstrates is an amazing amount of empathy.  So he creates a very benign distraction that allows his soldiers to clear out that fear and engage in something that's, you know, that's unifying and at the same time completely benign. And in terms of helping soldiers manage fear, that's very key, you know, get them engaged in something that's not critical to the mission, but it also is benign enough that it doesn't distract from the mission. So that's why I call them benign distractions. And it's really critical in fear management, but Raskorla was so empathic that he knew this is what we need right now, you know, like he was, I'm sure he was feeling the fear, I'm sure it was palpable, but that's what I think is so wonderful about these stories about him singing. Because if you can imagine being terrified, that would be like almost the perfect antidote, you know, to have a team of folks singing with you. And I just think it demonstrates how empathic and how well he understood what fear was doing to his soldiers. And speaking of that empathy, just, you know, I'm curious with Raskorla's military service and his decision-making on 9-11, how does that illustrate or demonstrate what it takes to rise in a moment? I mean, to have empathy and to put yourself in the shoes of someone else to know that this might be the appropriate action right now with singing, you know, so what else does he show that, you know, or embody the characteristics of rising to a moment? Yeah, I think, you know, I think rising to the moment is really the result of a lifetime of practice. And I think that he did a lot of right practice over and over and over again. The other thing in terms of philosophically, what we do in the military is we train and we train and we train. So there's a level of automaticity in operations that soldiers engage in. And what that automaticity and familiarity with the mission does is it creates the bandwidth that allows you to think and to act. And I think, I really think that that's what was going on. You know, that fear grips your psyche, but if you are really comfortable with what you're doing, then you've got the bandwidth to think and act, if you will. And I think that I see that, I see his actions through that lens, that it's from a lifetime of, you know, reflective practice.  You know, often that if you can just stand still in your fear, then you're gonna move right through it and courage is what fills that gap. And again, a little counterintuitive, but it really, I see courage as fear just holding on a minute longer. So. Well, I'm glad that you brought up this idea of reflection because, you know, Jenna, when we, you know, when we talk about also our young people and particularly K through 12 students, many of our lessons and what we try to teach, whether they be adults or young people is to reflect on their learning and to reflect on, you know, on the lesson that's being taught or the concept that we're asking them to explore. So I'm interested to hear your take on after hearing both Dr. Young and, pardon me, Dr. Young and Dr. Crane. So what do you think are important lessons that can be drawn from Rick's story for the K through 12 audience? Megan, much like Drs. Young and Drs. Crane, I am thrilled to be here and I'm just kind of soaking in all of the insight that's coming from both of them. I think when we think about teaching both 9-11 but specifically K through 12 story to the students in K through 12, the most important lesson is that one person can have a significant impact and whether we're talking about this experience or we're talking about this experience on 9-11, I think kind of a mistake of teaching history and of learning history is whether intentional or not our students and our teachers, they take certain figures, they put them on pedestals and we start to think of them as kind of above humanity. And I think the most important lesson for our young people is that this was a person who made a choice to take action in a moment. And I think about that video from the start of the session and the reality that there were moments when he could have gotten out and he need the choice to return into the building. And that's such a moment for teachers to use to talk about agency with students, to talk about those moments in time where people make a choice to act or to not act and his actions at more than one moment in his life had a ripple effect that would likely be impossible to measure. That's also a moment where teachers can discuss scale with their students. We think of the 2700 people that he was responsible for helping bring out a live on September 11 and then the lives that those 2700 survivors impacted and so on and so on. So I think the biggest message from this particular story for our students is that that impact of one person through their service and sacrifice left in a measurable mark of the world. Yeah, and I'm glad that you brought up that point about stories because I've also been thinking about the power of storytelling and the story of even one individual because we do have a generation now. It's hard to believe that there was an entire generation with no memory of 9-11, right? And that connection might not be there but I have found working with students at the museum and with visitors in general that you can tell them that nearly 3000 people were killed on 9-11, but if you tell them one story like the story of Rick Brescorla or the story of Wells Crowther or thousands of other stories of selflessness on that day there is that teachable moment. So I think that that's, you know, it's very important. You know, speaking of Rick's story, another element of the story that was introduced in the film was the fact that he emigrated to the United States from the UK. So again, as an educator from that perspective, why do you think that's important for students to know? Why is that an important element of his story? I think from my perspective, first as someone who works in New York City where we have 1.1 million students who are all living in New York but who are as diverse as anywhere, what's so important for a good number of them is that they can look at this story and they can say, me too. I'm an immigrant to this country too. And my role as a member of this New York community, this American community is valid and vital and can have a significant impact. That's an important example for young people to see themselves reflected. And then for our students who cannot say, me too, who may not have that immigration experience, there's the window. That's a phrase we use for those who aren't educators, mirrors and windows when we talk about how we educate our students, how it's necessary that education holds up a mirror to our students so they can see themselves reflected but also provides a window so they can see the experiences of others reflected. So for students for whom Colonel Rascourla's immigration story is a window, it's a way to see an experience they aren't familiar with, a person living a story that doesn't look like their own and to recognize the importance of that person's impact and the necessity of their role as a member of the community. Yeah, what I'm hearing, there's a through line from everything that you've all been, you know, you've shared so far, which is again, this role as an idea of empathy in many different situations. And so I'm curious to know, you know, how Rick's story can allow us all as educators with different audiences, but nonetheless educators to use social emotional learning to talk about the attacks. So Jenna, in particular with, let's start with K through 12 students. Yeah, I think when we talk about social emotional learning before we even get particularly into how the story can tie into that, it's a really important thing for teachers to think about when teaching September 11th in general is how teachers will use aspects of social emotional learning throughout their exploration of the topic overall, keeping in mind that with any history that is steeped in tragedy, we can expect our lessons to elicit emotional responses in young people. So it's just a good reminder for teachers to pre-think and pre-plan and create that space for students to react to the realities of September 11th in the way that you imagine anyone to react in the same way those of us who were alive in 2001 reacted. But for a kernel or a spoiler of the story in particular, we can consider the goals of social emotional learning. So acquiring the knowledge, skills, attitudes to develop a healthy self-manage emotions, achieve personal and collective goals, feel and show empathy for others, which is exactly what you were just mentioning, establish maintain supportive relationships, make responsible and caring decisions. So much of what our students can learn through kernel or spoiler of the story shows an example of an adult with social emotional competency, which is what the goal is what we're working towards for our students. Absolutely. And Dr. Crane from the military history side of this conversation, why is the spoiler of the story important to the study of military history? And what are some important lessons you think that people can learn from this papers? Again, I think we've already mentioned the fact that individuals make a difference and Rascoro is a great example of one individual can make a difference.  He was actually a non-commissioned officer in the British army before he immigrated. So he comes to the United States and he's got a different military experience. And then he, of course, and listened to the army and has quickly put into officer candidate school and rises there. And it's interesting from military standpoint watching how he, I mean, that's where he picked up the singing and the songs he sang were all British rugby and drinking songs, which is interesting for an American audience. You kind of wonder how what the soldiers thought he was drinking while, as he was singing wild colonial boy in the plains of Vietnam. But, I mean, it's just, it's about individual agency. I mean, he just, he makes a difference. Every place he goes, he makes a difference. Through his whole army career, he does, and obviously on 9-11 that he did. So any, and Wellington once wrote that writing about a battle is like writing about a ball because everybody's got their own little experience, they've got a piece together. And that's what military history is all about. It's all these little stories. And Rascoro's story is one of the more inspirational ones you can latch on to. And Dr. Young, how is Rick's story used at West Point specifically? Do you use it with students or how is that used with sort of this next generation of military leaders? Yeah, so I think, and Dr. Crane, you can correct me, but I'm pretty sure that he's mostly highlighted in two departments. One is my department, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, and the other one is the Department of History. And all cadets are required to take a core course in leadership when they are juniors, and they're also required to take a course, a year-long course in military art and history. And in both of those courses, they have very different perspectives. The leadership course is social psychological base, interpersonal stuff, and then the military art and history class is all about the art of war and war fighting. And in both of those, Rick Rascoro plays a great role because his humanity is really important to highlight and leverage in the leadership course. And then his battle acumen and his military excellence is really important to talk about in the military history and military art class. So, he just continues, his legacy lives here and at the National War College. I mean, at the Army War College as well. So, sorry about that. That's okay. Yeah, that's okay. And I'm just thinking about the social emotional piece that Jenna, you were talking about, because I know, again, at the museum, we see a lot of different types of reactions from people to learning these stories, stories like Rick's. And sometimes it's usually the educators, for example, that become very emotional, and the students, not as much, not because they don't care. What I've found is it's more, they ask more questions. So, it's like the more questions they ask, that's how their curiosity is manifesting. And while adults are having this very emotional response, so it's interesting to see the interplay of students seeing their teachers becoming emotional. There's just a lot to unpack there. But I am curious if you have experienced any, are there any emotional reactions or how did the emotional reactions to Rick's story manifest within your experience with students and starting with you, Dr. Young, out of curiosity? Well, you can't talk about, well, I'm a blubberer, right? So, you can't engage cadets in a meaningful conversation about Colonel Rascorla without getting a little teary eyed. And it's interesting, cadets appreciate that level of authenticity. And it's really easy to make cadets cry because they're plugged in, right? And they're like hanging on it. So often, deep discussions, I mean, meaningful engagements about Colonel Rascorla end up in some tears here and there. And that's absolutely fine because it's really important for warriors to learn to connect with their emotions. And that's all about that getting to know yourself and feeling, developing efficacy around your own emotional landscape, if you will. And, but talking about Colonel Rascorla is also very inspiring. And it becomes aspirational for cadets as well. Like, I hope that I can be that one day, be that great one day. And that's what's kind of the wonderful element about talking about him. It's also sort of this grave, you know, very difficult history, but at the same time, this very inspiring story that becomes for a cadet and something to aspire to. It's interesting that you use the difficult history because I think all of us as educators, it's something that can be very challenging to talk about. And sometimes educators almost like that, like you're talking about fear, get in the way of their ability to teach some of that difficult content. And I think, you know, I truly believe that it is important that it's sometimes at the edges of our comfort that we learn the most. And so I'm thinking, you know, in terms of, you know, with K-12 students, what's the significance of teaching this new generation? I mean, talk about a very difficult topic, particularly, you know, with the 20th tomorrow, what's the significance of teaching this next generation with no memory of 9-11 about the attacks? And how does that fit in with civic education? I think just to kind of echo what you said, it really is a challenge for teachers, especially those of us who have been in the profession for a while, as we're teaching something we experienced and we have an emotional response to. I don't wanna speak for all teachers, but like I never wanted to cry in front of my students. It didn't mean I didn't, but you know, I tried not to. I do it all the time. Right, I mean, sometimes it happens. My first year of teaching was 2007. And so I was teaching middle school students and they were New Yorkers who had been between the ages of five and eight when the attacks had happened. So they had memory of the event. And I realized within a few years, I was teaching students who had no memory. And so the day's lesson went from kind of collective commemoration to a lesson in history, which is a challenge to teach something as history that isn't history to you. But I think one of the most significant reasons for teachers, despite all that, to teach young people about September 11th is it provides the context for the world that they live in now. And so for those of us who were alive on September 11th, 2001, we know very well that there was an America before and an America after. And as people who are living in and navigating the world solely in the after, it is in our students' best interests to understand why, understand the gravity of the attacks and the impact that they had on all of us who were alive to witness them and the impact that they had on both domestic and foreign policy. So when you think about current events, to talk to a classroom of students about the withdrawal from Afghanistan without laying out the context of September 11th wouldn't be possible. Perhaps I guess the more emotional and heavier reason is that we're teaching our students to be members of their community, to be active, engaged, caring members of their community. And on September 11th, in New York City alone, we lost 2,606, I believe, members of our community. And that isn't a loss that a city or a country soon recovers from. And it's one that we want our students to absorb and understand. We want them to know the stories of service and sacrifice that came out of that day. But we also want our students to know the everyday losses that an attack of that magnitude creates to kind of consider the impact that each of those individuals had on the communities that they belong to and the gap that that loss left in those communities. Specifically for connecting to civics, we know civic education is understanding that foundations are a nation and our government, yes, it's understanding the rights and the duties that go along with being a member of a community, but be seen an expansion of that rather simple definition. And comprehensive civic education includes thinking about our role as individuals in a society and how systems impact us, how we impact those systems. It's giving consideration to what it means to participate in society and what it means to be actively engaged. So there's so many connections between teaching September 11th and civic education as I mentioned earlier, there's the impact of the attacks that aftermath that it had in our government, our policies, but there's also examples like what we're talking about today. We spend a lot of time on leadership in civic education, K to 12, but particularly with our younger students, what are the characteristics of a leader in the hopes that they will become leaders themselves, but also that they will be able to recognize the leaders in their communities who are worthy of following. And so, Kernara, Squirla, countless others who left into action on September 11th embodied that leadership. Those are the examples that students may not encounter other than through the narrative of the attacks of September 11th. And so we can also use those stories connected to civics. And then a lot of times when we talk about civics, we think about advocacy. And so we can use the aftermath of the attacks to teach our students about advocacy within a community. There are so many examples of active engagement, incredible examples of individuals and organizations that advocated for victims, advocated for survivors, for public policy, for healthcare, for memorialization. And all of those are really important examples of civics that our students can learn from. Now, I think that's a great point. And I also think in terms of agency, I can think of, there's a young woman named Lila Nordstrom who was a senior in high school at Stuyvesant who witnessed the attacks and then went back very soon after the attacks in October, I believe. And advocated for health benefits for the students later on in their lives when they went into college and they didn't have insurance, but were affected by the air quality. So I think again, there's, whether you're talking about, you know, Rick Risforla and then connecting that idea of the principles and characteristics leadership we've been talking about with also young people, an 18-year-old doing something like this. I think there's, you know, power there. And also to your point, even now, what we're coming out of a historic turning point right now and young kids are living through, you know, the pandemic. And I think seeing those leaders like Rick and seeing others showing courage, I think that's why you saw so much of that appreciation for healthcare workers, frontline workers. So many, many connections that we can make from Rick's example to make it relevant for young people. I actually think, you know, we're actually coming full circle beautifully because again, thinking about commemorating the 20th anniversary tomorrow, there has been a lot of, particularly media attention, paid to the fact that there's now this entire generation with no memory of the attacks. It's definitely been something that I've been hearing so much about. And, you know, at the 9-11 Memorial Museum, our flagship education program is called Anniversary in the Schools, which debuted today. And it's a program that seeks to do what we're talking about. Bridging that gap between what is history for young people and is a shared memory, at least for all of us here in this conversation. So this free program is available at 9-11 Memorial.org slash webinar. And it connects viewers with family members, first responders and survivors of 9-11 so that we can expose them to these stories and they're telling their stories in front of artifacts in the museum. I'll just share that today alone, I spent about, my gosh, eight hours answering student questions of about 1.2 million students today alone participated in this program, which is a 30 minute film and then a live chat with museum staff. So there's a lot of curiosity and a lot of interest from young people to understand what happened. And again, we use Rick's story every time we talk about this idea of response and first responders and what it means to serve. So I can think that, you know, I think it's only fitting to sort of wrap up our conversation with one of the speakers that we featured this year in our program. He's a young man who describes himself as a member of what he calls the 9-11 class. And he embodies many of the same qualities of sacrifice, compassion and service as Rick Rascorla. So he's an example of the next generation learning the lessons people like Rick today. I'm Carlton Shelley, Florida native U.S. Army veteran. September 11, 2001, I was a fifth grader in ME Booker Elementary School. And that was a memorable day for multiple reasons. One, President George W. Bush was coming to my elementary to talk about our reading program. And I was one of the best readers. So I was excited. I felt like my work was part of the reason that the president was coming. And that morning I got up really early because he was coming. And while we're sitting in the classroom, I remember being happy and pointing out my friends. There's Michael, there's Victor, there's Isabel, there's Shannon, and this is gonna be a great day. I can watch them walk through the classrooms and just being happy. And then all of a sudden President Bush was leaving. I couldn't conceptualize all the things that were happening that day. And then as he began to explain what had happened, it was quiet. And I remember just feeling dark. And looking to my teachers for support of like, okay, what's going on? It's got really quiet. Everyone's happy. The mood changed a lot. And looking at their faces just saw confusion and fear. And then later I began to find out that as I watched TV and I watched the towers on CNN actually, that they were smoking and people were dying. And as a fifth grader, that's kind of hard to conceptualize. The whole idea of people not being there ever again and that many people not being ever again was really, really difficult to understand. And so through that class, one of our graduating speakers said in fifth grade that we are the 9-11 class. And throughout that, I think that's been important. You hear people say like, history repeats itself. But I'm like, I'm shaking because it is, it's almost overwhelming to stand in the 9-11 Memorial Museum and read words that I wrote about 9-11 when I was in fifth grade. Can I read this first paragraph? Yeah. All right. It's just a lot. Carlton Shelley, Mr. Jenkins graduation essay. We are the 9-11 class. With all the horrific events that happened this school year, which included terrorist attacks or thousands of innocent men, women and children were slaughtered or other countries on the verge of going to nuclear war and the U.S. economy going into a recession, I've become a better person in three extraordinary ways. I have more perseverance because I know this is just a storm that I have to go through. I am more patriotic because a flag is not just a cloth. It is a symbol for all Americans. And last but not the definitely not least, I've become more appreciative. I used to think that being patriotic meant that you just liked your country and proudly wore its colors. Now, I'm 9-11. I know that patriot for me is that I love my country and I believe even if you are Caucasian, African-American, Chinese or any race, we come together as Americans. We stand united to defend our country and its beliefs. In conclusion, over the last year, I've become a better person because I have more perseverance. I'm more patriotic and I'm more appreciative. I will always remember that I am one of the 9-11 class. Thank you. Since fifth grade. I believe that shared experience is where I learned a little bit of perseverance and a lot about service. And I think that's why when I was deciding what college I should go to, I decided I wanted to go to the United States Military Academy at West Point. And more so than that, it gave me an opportunity to be a Buffalo soldier. To be in a historically all black unit coming from West Point, that had just over a thousand black graduates ever, it meant a lot to me. My job as an armored scout was to go out ahead of the unit and find out what was happening, identify the enemy, and make sure that our unit had the best path moving forward. As I think back on the things that I've done from September 11th to West Point, to being a Buffalo soldier in my time there, one thing that I just feel and like am proud of is there's this feeling that I could do anything. So as we think about the events of 9-11 and even in the context of what's happening today, I think there are some things that are similar. Both times, it's just fear and uncertainty. You don't know what's happening, people are dying and you're scared. I think that the important part that I found on 9-11 is that you hold on to the ability to get closer, to go together and move together with one purpose and be together. And I think that is that hope and that resilience, things will get better is what I went through at that time period. And I found it really helpful now. That's what'll help you get through this. And on the other side of it, you're gonna be a better person for it and the world will be better because of you. So I'm curious to hear from each of you, your reaction or response to seeing this young man and his own words describing his experience on 9-11 and his reaction to that. So maybe we could start with Dr. Young, from your perspective, what's your reaction to seeing a Carlton story? Well, I told you, I gotta get all teary eyed. So yeah, that was beautiful. And what's so interesting is today, finally, the United States Military Academy unveiled its monument to the Buffalo soldier. And the whole Corps of Cadets was there and the first black, first captain was here, General Brooks, and it was just a wonderful ceremony. So I just throw that out, there's total aside. But yeah, his comments really resonated and, I mean, he's so moving. But it's interesting how, you know, powerfully shaped people are by violence and by acts of war.  And anyway, I just was really moved by it, it was beautiful. But I hope he knows that we did, that we finally dedicated the Buffalo soldier monument today. It was a fascinating dedication ceremony. And Dr. Crane, again, from your perspective also with the military, what are your thoughts on what Carlton had to say? I don't know if people realize the impact that the global war on terror at 9-11 has had on West Point. As far as percentage of casualties, this is the deadliest war for West Point since the Mexican War. West Point has paid the price.  But it has been, I mean, West Point has stood proud and it's done their bit and I hope the country appreciates it. Thank you, Dr. Crane. And Jenna, how might you use a story like this or what's your reaction as an educator to the power of Carlton's story with young people? What's your reaction to his words? My initial reaction, like the teacher would be so proud of the younger version of him. And it helps to illustrate, I think, often when we have current events that were national tragedies, we think about them as things that happened to young people rather than things that young people experienced and there is a difference there, right? So often, I mean, when you live anywhere, but particularly when you live in New York, often the conversations about September 11th and where were you and how old were you and all of those things come up. And when I share that my first class of students were middle schoolers who had been five to eight and how different it was to teach kids that didn't remember it. A lot of times the reaction is, well, like five to eight, how much could they have in their memory of September 11th or how much could they have experienced that? And I think the story makes it so clear that our young people are just as involved in our society, just as impacted by the things that are happening around them and then to see the longer term impact of how something that he experiences when a young person continues to impact him today is incredible. And I think it really validates for our young people that they are experiencing these things in a very real way. So I would love to use that with students. Yeah, I hope again, anyone who's watching this evening, if you're interested in hearing more from Carlton, we have then five other speakers, including two young women who lost their fathers on 9-11, talking about their path to healing and two first responders who survived the collapse of the towers. And then also hear from young people from this next generation who weren't alive on 9-11, but what questions they have, you can view that again for free at 9-11memorial.org slash webinar. Again, it's free and available on our website. And if you have any questions for us, you can click the chat bubble and we will answer those questions for you. I just wanna thank all of you so much for taking time out of your evening to discuss this important topic and to really honor the legacy of Rick Rascola. As I listened to everyone share this evening, it reminds me of a section of the mission of our Memorial and Museum, which is just a share of one part of it is, may the lives remembered, the deeds recognized and the spirit reawakened the eternal beacons which reaffirm respect for life, strengthen our resolve to preserve freedom and inspire and end to hatred, ignorance and intolerance. And it was people like Rick Rascola, Carlton Shelley and all of the first responders and people who came to help in the aftermath of 9-11 or any tragedy that serve as these eternal beacons. So thank you all so much. And again, for taking the time and for sharing the thoughts on this, the 20th anniversary of 9-11. Thank you.


Good evening folks welcome today to fruit show and tell my name is Melissa and tonight. I will be hosting Tonight we're gonna first we're gonna start out with got Thank you for going with me first I am frantically trying to get my good old going I'll just talk about it. Did you want to go? Yeah, give me like five more minutes. Okay. No worries. I'm close Okay, well we are gonna go with Jeff for now Hey there Yeah, so I have a prototype board from the more that I've been Trying to get working. This is the board with a camera and an ESP 32 s3 microcontroller SD card slot some fun connectors like stem of QT and You know, I've been working on the camera stuff I think for about 18 months off and on and we're getting to the point where we actually have kind of An all-in-one thing that we're putting through the paces. So it's in like a Camera app mode right now. You can kind of see my my face there actually and if I hit the Button it'll take a photo and save it to the SD card. So that's kind of how it's going Really excited about this because it's like related to work I've been doing for a good long time and it's like how do we Create a camera app. We've got kind of diamond controls two buttons here a shutter and an on-off and Yeah, we'll make some cool projects out of this You know soon within the next two years. I'm just certain of it That's really cool. So is that running with circuit Python? Yeah, that is running with circuit Python You can also access the camera using like a program that you write directly in ESP IDF, but I don't think you can do it in our do you know at the moment, okay? but yeah, this is all running in circuit Python and It it operates very smoothly like in terms of the refresh rate of the the screen. It's really First circuit Python program doing pretty good Yeah, we'll since it's a Wi-Fi microcontroller will potentially do things to use Wi-Fi With the I think these are I Don't know what that three-pin connector is but like, you know remote shutter release Yeah, and of course all your stomach QT sensors and whatnot So you'll be able to expand this and I think this is a battery slot So you'll be able to go mobile although I'm tethered right now and yeah So just I'll be giving you updates about this probably for a little while while we get it all working. Cool I Thank you for stopping by. Yeah, you're welcome. Have a good rest of the show. Thanks Yeah, let's give it a try. Okay despite the truck that's backing up so What I've got here is This is showing what you're showing here it's confused it's a Display with the USB host featherwing on it So this is an RP 2040 and I haven't tested this yet. So let's hope the demo gods are on my side but I've got another circuit Python board And it's one of those that it goes straight into your USB slot. So we'll see what happens When I connect one into the other so circuit Python starts up It looks like maybe it's in safe mode, but that should be okay Maybe it won't work it should be looking for a USB device here Do you want to try it again? Yeah, I think I did press a button when I put it in Just give it one more shot. I haven't tried to see it. I've been testing on the IMX not on the Not on the RP 2040 so I've got more work cut out for me Looks like I think searching devices waits 10 seconds, so let's just wait a little bit Anyway, so what's happening is I've been working on mass storage device Which is what's the circuit by drive is so what this demo if it worked would do is it would? list the files on the second USB device the circuit Python device and be able to like write to it as well All from the host of us Okay This is a lot simpler to show then of all of the wires that I've gotten going all over my desk But unfortunately, I've got more debugging to do Now I've got work for me tomorrow Thanks for hosting. Oh, and I should say If folks know I used to do deep dives where we talk about all this stuff On Fridays at 2 p.m. Pacific we'll be doing I will be starting to host deep dives again starting this week Thanks to foamy guy for covering for me for so long while I had a kid And foamy guy will be continue streaming on Saturday mornings and also filling in for me on Fridays Everybody and next step we have Liz Hello hi So this project I did this week It's a four by four rotary encoder midi messenger And so it's using four of the quad rotary encoder breakouts Which you see saw and they have an interrupt pin which is going to GPIO that's on a feather are between 40 That's right under here with the midi feather wing and it's using async IO to read all the encoders like pretty quickly So I coded up to use MIDI control change messages Which are used often with controlling external gear I kind of format the code at the top So folks can enter in the messages at the end values that they want to send by default And I have it set up for a guitar pedal values so folks can edit if they want But right here I have midi berry, which is my preferred kind of midi visualizer So if I turn this rotary encoder, you can see the screen updates And then if I press it sends and the value just came into the input. I'll send a couple more and Yeah, so I'm hoping this will be a good example for folks to use async IO Because I had never used it before it kind of felt like my brain was being turned inside out But hopefully folks who maybe use a sample for doing a slightly more intense Project with a couple different parameters and just the blinking in LED Which is a really great starter But then I'm seeing how you can use it for also updating a display and updating neopixels and Doing a couple different things. So guide is available now on learn Yeah Well, thank you for stopping by and showing that off. No problem. Thanks for hosting tonight. Yeah, no problem And next step we have John Park Hello, hey, I've got a update on project. I've been working on a little bit So this is my DIY version of the ambient machine Which is an existing project that was sold in like a super limited number in art galleries thousands of dollars So this is going to be the IKEA end of the spectrum and this is literally a couple of drawers from an IKEA birch Baltic birch Organizer set that I got and I cut some holes in there I lasered them out you could use a drill with a template and so far I've got 10 of what I think I'm I'm gonna go with the full 20 Switches on here unless I need to redesign and the reason I may need to do that is What I have in the back here is a speaker and there's a little amp. There is a Metro M7 in there and an SD card that I'm reading off of I'll open up in a second, but What this is meant to do is allow you to flip a knob and I'm gonna turn on a second little mic here that hopefully you'll be able To hear this a little better Flip one of these switches and the idea is you won't just have annoying robot voices saying numbers But instead soothing bell sounds and water and piano with long reverb tails and strings And you can mix them to kind of make your own Sort of sound machine meditative machine ambient machine Right now you can see I'll be able to play a few of them at a time And those are find it there. Those are wave files that are playing off of the SD card Running into issues with how much bandwidth I've got coming off of the SD card over the regular SPI bus since this is a SD card IO based Library on the Metro M7 So we'll see there's there's some ideas floating around there's some things Lamord told me to give a try But I just wanted to kind of give you a little peek at the insides there. You can see I'm using one of our little Metal swirly grids there to connect things to if I keep pulling it apart there. You can see I've just got speaker and wires to there and that's the the bulk of the operation there is the M7 the SD card reader amplifier and I'm using an Expander IO expander to read those switches there So I'll give a deeper dive into that tomorrow on the show and maybe even have more sounds Those were working pretty well, but right now as I add more voices is essentially trying to stream more wave files off of SD We get some choppy stuttery sounds, which I'll demo tomorrow as well So that's the progress update on the ambient machine That's pretty cool. Thank you for coming by and showing that off you bet. Thanks to see it And next up we have Aaron same plane Hello, so I've been working on a project where I took a teddy rex pin Which is one of these I'm a tiny bears from I think the 1980s and I've scanned him and I've put him inside of this pigment doll right here He fits just almost perfectly And I'm now in the process of updating the voice files and eyeball files to Customize them even further. So I'll just turn him on here for a second and see if you can talk to us Hello, Billy. Hello, Daisy Would you like to hear a story? so Billy and Daisy are my two nieces and my plan here is to also get my my mom to record some audio Telling some stories, maybe my aunt and you know some maybe grandpa who's in Australia Can I'll tell some stories and then when they squeeze on his hand, you know instead of the Original files like he's he talks here. We're gonna be able to have custom files With the kids memes and you know the and the voices of the the folks they know so this has been a fun little project He's a he fits it perfectly inside the figment doll. I did have to split his head open In order to make the eyeballed lineup a little bit perfectly, but you know gluing jewels always fixes everything So I'm working on this project this week and I just got him talking So I'm pretty excited about it and I'm looking forward to getting this completed and getting some video of my baby nieces That sounds great so far. Yep, lots of fun Well, thank you for stopping by and showing that off. All right. Have a good one. Thanks And that's all we have for today and in about 15 minutes We'll have the Ada fruit or the ask an engineer and that will be coming next at 8 p.m. Eastern


Hi everyone Joe for jazby's case of breaks comm coming at you with a four-team a random number block randomizer that finally unlocks flawless Basketball pick your team ten if you're looking for that. That's in a that's in a different video big. Thanks to this group for making it happen There are the numbers right there. Let's roll it. Let's randomize names and numbers four and four eight the hard way one two three four five six seven and eighth and final time Gretchen down to Angel on him One or the other four and a four hard eight for the numbers one two three four five six Seven and eighth and final time We got nine down to one All right, Gretchen with nine two and four Andrew with eight and zero Gretchen with seven five six Andrew with three and on hell with one Let's sort by number and coming up in in the next video will be the flawless break itself We'll see you for that jazby's case breaks comm


What's happening in those days? What's happening? You're in this city, you're not part of the old, whatever your father did you do. And by the way, the profession of women was not... Doesn't exist, because you were an individual. You didn't count.  Like who's my political leader? I want to make that decision. And not somebody else making that decision for me. And that's why you get... Relative freedom. It's why at this point you get the heart procedures or the publics where people can actually vote for their own leadership. It's why suddenly the idea of a rich marriage disappears. It's why suddenly the guilds fall apart and suddenly people are choosing their own profession.


From theCUBE Studios in Palo Alto in Boston, connecting with thought leaders all around the world, this is a CUBE Conversation. Hello everyone, welcome to this special CUBE Conversation. I'm John Furrier, host of theCUBE here in Palo Alto, California in our studios. We have a remote guest here talking about cybersecurity and all the industry trends and the recent news and announcements around Fortinet with John Madison, CMO, and Executive Vice President of Products at Fortinet. John, great to see you, welcome back to theCUBE. Great to have you back on for some commentary around what's going on in the trends and your recent news, so thanks for coming on. Thanks John, nice to see you again. So you guys had earnings, congratulations again. Another successful results, you guys are doing well. Cyber is super important and that's the top conversation. Cloud computing, cloud native, we're living in a pandemic, new things are exposed. Clearly, the environment has changed in the past four months in a major, major way. So a lot of demand, a lot of needs out there from customers. So you guys had some earnings and you also have an update on your Fortinet OS for 7.0 platform with major updates. Let's quickly hit the news real quick. What's the hot topic? Yeah, well, you're right. Things have accelerated in some ways in this cybersecurity world. And the recent SolarWinds incident that's also made people look really, really closely at their cybersecurity strategy and architecture. We announced our results yesterday for Q4. For Q4, we had over 20% product growth which is a key of course, the future growth. We also, for the full year in 2020, passed three billion in billings for the first time for the company. And we're really proud of that. We're proud for a lot of reasons with our people and our team. But also, we're not a company that goes and makes large acquisitions to boost revenue and billings growth. We've done it predominantly organically over the last 20 years. And so we're very proud of our achievement. And obviously a big thank you to our partners our employees and our customers. We also have been covering you guys for many, many years. Congratulations. Well deserved. Good products win the long game as we say on theCUBE. And that's a great testament. But now more than ever, I really want to get your thoughts because everyone that I talked to is really kind of sitting back saying, wow, look what's happened in the past three, six months in particular, a lot of sea change and both on the technical landscape, the intersection with society, obviously with cyber, you mentioned solar winds. That's been kind of hanging around. More data is coming out about how pervasive that was and how native it was for many, many, many months. So what's out there? We don't even know what's next. So this is causing a lot of people to take pause and really reevaluate their environment. Can you share your perspective and how Fortinet sees this playing out and how that you are advising your customers? Yeah, well, we're leaving compliance and regulatory to one side for now because that's also a driver of cybersecurity and focus on the two main drivers. One is the threat landscape and I hinted a bit around, you know, that supply chain attack, which affects a lot of people and in solar winds incident, they got hold or got onto a device that has privileged access across a lot of servers and applications. And that's exactly what they wanted to get to. So state sponsored APTs, there's still volume out there. We still see now ransomware doubling every six months, but that's very scary. The threat landscape around state sponsored. The other driver of cybersecurity is the infrastructure and whether that be endpoint. So as you know, people are working from home as I am for the last eight months. So there's on and off network endpoint, kind of a zero trust architecture there that people are looking towards. On the network side, we've seen these edges develop. And so whether it be the one edge, LAN edge, cloud edge, data center edge, even OT edge, those need protecting. So that's a big challenge for customers. And then also on the cloud side, where the applications have moved to cloud, but different types of cloud, multi-cloud. I've even seen building cloud recently. So that's a very, you know, adaptive area. So challenging for the customer in the, in the terms of the threats and weaponized threats, as well as the ability to cover all the different parts of the attack surface going forward.  Every hammer looks for a nail. That's the expression. Now more than everyone, you have this no perimeter environment, which we've been talking about for many, many years. That's not new. What is new is that everyone's now thinking about architectural systems approach to this and thinking systematically around the platform of what their business is. So in your announcement that you guys just released for OS 7.0, there's really some meat on the bone there. You have the secure access edge, SASE, and then the endpoint protection, which are defined categories by the analysts, but those are the areas that are super hot. Can you translate that into the architectural equation? Cause you and I were talking before we came on camera around how it's not just one thing. There's multiple layers to this. Could you break that out for us, please? Yeah, if you look at historically, and I'm now coming up to my 20th year in cybersecurity before 40 net, I work for an endpoint company. If you go back a while, I can. Between 2000, 2010, the endpoint vendors were the big cybersecurity players because endpoint was where the data was and everything else. And then over the last 10 years, the network security vendors, the next-gen firewalls have been the most important vendors out there. And it's also reflected in revenues and market cap and everything else. What we're going to see over the next 10 years is the platform. And that platform can't be just an endpoint platform. It can't be just a network security platform or just the cloud platform. Cause you're only seeing and defending and protecting a part of the overall, we call digital experience. Whether it be a device in the factory, whether it be a person dialing in from somewhere or connecting from somewhere through the network and through to the applications, you got to measure that digital experience. And so that's going to be very important to be able to provide a platform that sits across all your devices users across your whole network, including new networks like 5G and across the applications and in the cloud. So the platform to us extends across all those areas. We've been building that platform on what we call our 40OS operating system. The latest release is 7.0, which released yesterday. It obviously upgrades and extends all parts of the platform, but we did major parts of the release yesterday, we were around a chassis, which of course is the cloud edge. So we're adding that cloud edge to our component. We did acquire a company opaque networks a few months ago that's now we've integrated that technology. And then just as importantly on the access side, a zero trust network access capability giving access per application. In fact, again, with this, I've talked a bit about this in the past about all these Garner acronyms. I don't think zero trust network access is the right wording for the application access because that's what we're going to move to application specific access versus just getting on the network and getting access to everything, but something that gives you context. So those are the two big things, but there's 300 plus new features across networking, endpoint and cloud across management inside the release. So it's a major release for us and it gives our customers the capability to really protect that attack surface from the endpoint to the cloud. Yeah, there's a lot of meat in there on that release, got to say, but it's basically you're saying devices and users have access, that's been around. There's been tools for that, you hire people, you get some tools, network access, it's been around, it's getting evolving. Now apps in the cloud, cloud native is a hot area. And people that I talk to, I want to get your reaction to this comment that I hear from people and customers and CXOs and developers. Hey, we bought a tool for that. We hired a bunch of people, they mainly left or the environment changed, we bought another tool and then we bought a tool for that, we bought a tool for that and then they have this kind of tool shed mentality where they have tools that don't even have people to run them, right? So you have that problem there, kind of tools need to be upgraded. And then you have this hot trend of observability on the app side where now you have new data coming in on the application side. Those are new tools, you got all kinds of stuff competing for that. How do you talk to that customer? Because this is what the customer hears, all this noise, all this action, they need to have it, they got to have the staff, they got to be trained up. What's going on there? What's your reaction to that? And how do you talk to customers who have this problem? Well, it's a big problem for them because, and by the way, when I speak to a lot of customers about cloud, they don't go to cloud because it's cheaper, it's not, it's actually more expensive. But they go to cloud to give them more agility because they want flexibility in the way they deploy applications as they go forward. And again, this pandemic has made a lot of companies realize they need to be more flexible in the way they deploy IT resources. I'm faster in the way they bring up new services and applications. And so, but there's quite a few elements, I say, of cybersecurity and networking, which to me and to us are just features. You shouldn't be buying 40 different networking and cybersecurity vendors. You just can't staff and maintain that. And so we do see some things consolidated and converging into a single platform. We're a leader in the magic quadrant for SD-WAN. We're a leader for network security. We're a visionary in Wi-Fi. And many of the times in each of those magic quadrants, it's a different vendor or if it's the same vendor, it's a different platform. For us, it's the same platform in each one. And we pride ourselves in building not only best of breed capabilities, but also it's the same platform, same management system, same API. And that gives the customer some capabilities in trying to manage that. What we say to customers is it's not a question of going from 40 vendors down to one. That's no good. But go from 40 vendors down to maybe seven right platforms, but make sure those platforms can interoperate. They can share policy and they can share threat intelligence. And that's why customers are looking to more of an architectural approach to cybersecurity, but also they feel cybersecurity and networking has started to converge at the same time. You know, one of the biggest stories we're covering these days in 2021, besides the pandemic and how people are going to come out with a growth strategy that's secure, trusted and scalable is the rise of the new executive in business and the enterprise where they're more tech savvy, right? You see executives like Saty Natel, Natel rise with the CEO of Microsoft, Andy Jassy rise with the CEO of Amazon. You're seeing lawmakers in DC become more techy, less lawyer oriented. So you're seeing the rise of a business techy person. And I think this speaks to this holistic fabric philosophy. You guys have as you talk to customers when they look at the business impact of cybersecurity, for instance, you mentioned SolarWinds earlier. I mean, these are deadly company killing events. This is real. So it's not just an IT problem. It's a business problem. How do you guys talk to customers? Obviously that you have the security fabric and you're stitching things together. What's the conversation when you talk to customers like that? No, one interesting thing I've noticed, and I did quite a lot of customer calls each week, executive briefings. And pretty early on, I noticed that both the infrastructure networking of the CIO team and the cybersecurity, the CISO teams were on the same video call. And that's got more and more as we've gone on. And I think what companies have realized is that if they want to move fast, they can't have these silos or this layering of capabilities. When they build something, they need to build it securely from day one and have that as a joint team. And so I don't think the teams are not merged, but they're definitely working more closely. And I think the responsibility of the reporting back into the board level again is not just, oh, this is an IT project. Oh, by the way, we've got a security project. It's the same project. And I think that's again, points to this convergence of networking and security. Yeah, the silos are got to be broken down. That's been a theme that's been more highlighted, more than ever, the benefits and the consequences of doing it or not doing it are clear to people, especially at all levels of the corporation and tech. That brings up my favorite conversations. I always ask you whenever you're back on theCUBE, giving me an update on what's going on with Fortinet, I got to ask you how it's going with data. Because data again, which is a consistent theme, we always talk about how we're exposing that data, how we're protecting that data. The role of data as people continue to get more data and figure out how to use machine learning, how to use AI, how to democratize it, all kinds of things are happening around data. What's the latest in your opinion? Yeah, I think there's progress, but I always say there's progress on both sides. The cyber criminals, big AI networks and machine learning just to counter what the cyber security companies are doing. I think right now we're processing hundreds of billions of events on a weekly basis. We've got the largest in store base of network security out there, over 500,000 customers. And so processing that event is going well in that we're able to determine really quickly for specific threat vectors and specific geographies that this battle good, it's a battle good file, it's about a good URL, it's a vulnerability that's associated with a severe. So we're able to kind of use machine learning and volume against a specific application to get a good result. The key going forward for us, and I think for the whole industry, is using the AI to start to discover campaigns in the wild like the SolarWinds ones, which is going on without anybody knowing. And that takes a lot of compute, takes a lot of threat intelligence and the AI piece needs to understand the relationship between the different elements of threat vectors, the command and control and everything else to get you that result. I do think a couple of things, one is the cybersecurity industry, and I've said this before on this broadcast, is I'm not walking together as I should and sharing this threat intelligence across the industry as soon as they find something. I actually applaud Microsoft on the SolarWinds side, they got information out really quickly and did well. And so we did the same. I think the industry needs to do more of that more proactively. And then I do think that, again, I see a lot of companies, cybersecurity companies claim a lot of things without any evidence that it works whatsoever. Yeah, they call them out. I mean, the world's got to call them out, the consequences of not having the things work as they're advertised and or sharing. Your point about sharing, there should be some recognition for folks that are actually being fast on the sharing side. It's not like, we need our own militia for against the bad guys. That's what's kind of going on here. So great stuff. I want to get your thoughts on the edge real quick. I know we talked about it briefly, broke it down to three categories, device users, network, and then apps in the cloud. The hottest topic in our recent Cubon Cloud Editorial virtual event we had was the edge. And edge being industrial edge and also just the edge of the network with humans and users and devices. How are you seeing the current situation out there, a lot of hype obviously, the reality of that, that we're in a distributed network, the internet and the web and the cloud. CloudNate is coming. What's Fortinet's thoughts? What's your thoughts on how the edge is evolving and what people should pay attention to when they look at, as they're architecturally planning for building out and managing and securing the edge? You know, given there's a zero trust conversation on users and devices, and given that people are familiar with the cloud and how they're going to use cloud, I think the network is becoming a really important, very important area. And some people say, oh, don't worry about the network, you know, just go to the cloud. The network is very important in providing that digital experience. But what's happening with the network is, it's being stretched, it's being extended into factories, it's opening up on the one side, you've got people now working from home, you've got that edge that used to be just the data center edge is now cloud edge and SAS edge. And so you have to pay close attention to those edges. And what you can't do is say, oh, well let's, I know I've got all those edges there, let me overlay some security on each edge because it's going to be different the way you deploy that on a WiFi device versus a cloud edge. And so what you need to look towards is convergence of a capability either at the cloud edge or the WAN edge or the OT edge. It's got to be converging networking and security. Otherwise it's too operationally inefficient, too complex to do. And so I think this is a really important subject and area for customers because as I said at the beginning, it provides that digital, we acquired a company called Panopter a few months ago which actually focuses on the digital experience monitoring marketplace. What are users actually going through in terms of availability and quality and performance all the way from their device all the way back into the application. I think that's going to be very important. And the network edges have to be secured but you can only do it through a convert solution. You know, that's a great point. You know, architecturally you might have a good technology or product look on paper but the complexity is the vulnerability. That's a really, really great point. John, always great to have you on. Thanks for coming on, sharing the update. Before we end, I'll give you a quick minute to plug the news you had. Quickly put a plug in for the release you guys just put out around the new OS 7.0, for the OS 7.0, the features. What's the most important point about that release? Share, take a minute to explain. Yeah, 40 OS 7.0 is our big release our operating system is big news because it allows us 40 OS to sit at any edge across the network whether it be the one edge, cloud edge, data center edge we've extended it into the cloud edge with Sassi in this release. We're also bringing in zero trust network access capabilities, but overall it includes 300 features across the network, endpoint and cloud. So a very important release for us and our customers and partners. John, great to have you on theCUBE again and get the news. You guys doing a great job. Congratulations on your earnings but more importantly, congratulations on the product success and how you guys are thinking about as a platform. That's what customers want and you guys are continuing to do a great job there and congratulations on the news. Thanks for coming on. Thanks, John. Okay, I'm John Furrier here inside theCUBE for a CUBE conversation and getting the update on Fortinet and cybersecurity. Look for our cybersecurity coverage on siliconangle.com and of course the CUBE's coverage continuing to talk to the thought leaders and the people making things happen securing our networks and our cloud and deploying cloud native applications. Thanks for watching.


African literature is very exciting just because people are starting to pay attention to it and realizing that literature doesn't have to be written by old white men from England or France or anything. I think it's more in tune with people, like it's more about today's society, today's youth and the problems we face in a post-modern world. Before we had the grades like a chip and a sharing card and I feel like they had a reason to write what they wrote. They had responsibilities, they had things that they needed to say but now with this new reawakening like kind of like renaissance of African literature we are more free to talk about different things, open the discourse, explore different topics. The surrounding modern story which is what I think is a key element of West African writing right now is that modern voice of travel, of interconnectedness, of identity, of search for self. I like the diasporan aspect, I like the youth, I like the freshness. I like the fact that we have a voice and we can have a voice. I think more women are standing up to say yes I'm a writer, I can do this, I can publish. It doesn't make any difference about my gender and more women are confident nowadays to do certain things to write, to publish, to run their own publishing companies. I think what Shimamanda means to me is what she means to a lot of young women of my age.  Women are of greater concern in the literature. In my own writing for instance I feature women and that's sort of axiomatic simply because women form a large portion of the population and their concerns reflect on the development of the individual countries as well as the region. So it makes sense that we will find that a lot of them are being discussed in the novels. The three words I would use to describe West African literature today would be dynamic, astounding and complex. Energetic, forward-looking, inspirational. Colorful, insightful and very rich in context. Expansive, diverse and incredibly challenging. Interesting, scary, hilarious. I will describe West African literature as passionate, romantic and energizing. What is African literature? It is multi-generational, polyphonic and timeless. Inspiring, insightful and brave. Can't be done.


There are some data relating yogurt consumption and variations in body weight. Almost 15 years ago, Michael Zemel published a clinical trial in African-American, demonstrating that there was a decrease of 5 kilos, almost 5 kilos of body fat in response to a one-year yogurt supplementation. More recently, population data have also contributed to document this issue, particularly a highly cited review of literature by the Harvard group, demonstrating that regular consumption of yogurt over time is associated with a small decrease in body weight compared to an increase in most other food groups that were analyzed in this study. So there are not so many data documenting the issue, but what is currently available is reinforcing the idea of a facilitating effect of yogurt consumption on body weight stability. Energy intake might be influenced, at least under some conditions. There are data indicating that when yogurt is offered as a preload, there will be an impact on appetite sensation, in a sense favoring facilitation of appetite control, and in some cases, there is also a compensation in energy intake at the subsequent meal, a complete or a significant compensation in energy intake. The issue of the study of yogurt composition and thus yogurt design is certainly a hot topic now. We have indications that calcium variations is an important point, but also proteins is a key issue. Whey protein that is a rapidly available protein, which is more rapidly digested compared to casein, has been tested in different formulations, and of course Greek yogurt is a good candidate to see an impact of yogurt on appetite control. Because of the high protein content, and if there is a formulation that has a rather low fat content, theoretically Greek yogurt is a food that might normally facilitate appetite control.