And I'm detailed to as the director of the Defense Cybercrime Institute. So I'm here recruiting talented people to do research and development for forensics tools. Okay, what I'm going to do here, this is the fourth Meet the Fed panel. It's not kind of annual. We've been busy the last three years and we haven't had a panel for the last three years. The last one we had, I don't know how many of you were here for the last Meet the Fed panel that was in the tent on the roof. That was an interesting experience. It was about 114 degrees outside. It was three o'clock in the afternoon on a Saturday afternoon. It was 98 degrees in the tent and I'm going, who in their right mind would ever come to a panel in Las Vegas on a Saturday afternoon in that kind of weather. And I think we had about 1200 people in that tent. So that just shows you have, shows a lack of good judgment on your part. So let me rescind that. You could not work for the government. Well, maybe you could. What we're here for, the reason the Feds are here and our objective for having this Meet the Fed panel is kind of three-fold. If you've crossed the line, how many of you have crossed the line and hacked somebody's system? I think I can raise my hand. Thank you. I'm going to arrest that guy in the second row. I'm any illegally, Robert.  Half the system, half the guy sat down and we took pictures of all the rest. You guys didn't fall for it this time. So anyway, if you have crossed that line, I want to let you know that we're working together and we are sharing information and we will catch you and we will ruin your life. That's not a good thing. So if you haven't stepped over that line, please don't. First off, we've got enough noise. If you haven't noticed, there is a global war on terrorism and all the intrusions that we see, most of them are just noise that take valuable resources away from the global war on terrorism and other really significant things that we're trying to do, takes those resources away from that. And if you haven't crossed that line, we in the government are looking for good, talented people. We need a lot of help. Be careful there. We always need a steady flow of talented people. I'll get to questions in a second because I don't know if I want to listen to you or not. So that's kind of our agenda here and why we're here. So what I wanted to do is kind of start at the far end and introduce who's on the panel. Each person will later on get a one, two minute opening statement and then we're just going to open it up to questions from you guys. Also, just some random thoughts. After this is over, at two o'clock, I'm in the dunk tank. Well... So when Jeff called and said, you know, I don't know how to ask you this, but it would really be cool if we could dunk a fed.  So I said, well, where's the money go? He said EFF.  So what I did, we negotiated and the money for the dunk tank will go to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. So if you want to support a good charity, okay? Also, I do have a limited number. These are embroidered, okay? Okay? Okay? All right, so limited number of these and it's $49. Okay, at the far end is Andy Freed. He's a senior special agent with the Treasury Inspector General. Everybody loves those guys for tax administration and he does system intrusions there. He's been with Treasury for 16 years now. And before that, I met Andy back in probably 1986, 87. He was still working for Kennedy Space Flight Center. And just a side note, he wrote all the forensics tools that everybody in the law enforcement community used internationally until about 1993.  Next is Mike Jacobs. Mike Jacobs is a retired Fed. Mike joined SRA in October of 2002 as a senior advisor. But his real job as a Fed was that he was the director of information assurance for NSA. So lots of... I'm not going to go through all the awards that he's won, but what was really neat was he was also the mayor of College Park for four years. And he was on the city council there for 14 years. So not only is he a Fed, but he was a politician. So you really ought to hate him and the IRS guy. Thanks, Jim. Next in line is O.V. Carroll. O.V. Carroll is a special agent in charge of the Computer Crime Unit for the U.S. Postal Service. So anybody who's used an email, he's going to run a case on you because they just don't like email. He's got an extensive background. He was an O.S.I., Air Force O.S.I. agent for about 18 years before retiring and going to U.S. Postal Service. Don't make him angry. Most agents, when you travel today, you travel armed. They don't let Postal Service guys travel around. And then yesterday, I met Robert Marr Sr. I had met him a couple of times, just in passing, going up and introducing myself, and he sure didn't remember me. So yesterday, I happened to meet him up when I was picking up the speaker badges. And he said, well, do I know you? And I said, no, you really... I've met you a couple of times, but I'm sure you don't remember me, but the fact is I was the case agent on your son's case.  So he's agreed to sit in on the panel, but he's not allowed to talk. Just immediately to my left is Alvin Wallace. Alvin Wallace is a supervisory special agent with the Air Force Office Special Investigations, and he's a special agent in charge at debt 253 in San Antonio, which is co-located with the Air Force Information Operations Center. He's had an extensive background. We worked together as a computer crime investigator way back in 1988. He worked with me at the Defense Computer Forensics Lab, so he's got a very... So if you got technical questions, we're going to give them to Alvin. One guy is on his way. It's the FBI, they're always late. Special agent Tim Huff. He's in a cab, he's at the airport, and he's on his way over, and they're going to bring him in as soon as he gets here. He has a BS in computer science from Jacksonville University and was a U.S. Naval officer from 85 to 96 before joining the FBI, and now he's part of the FBI Computer Analysis Response Team. So hopefully Tim will be here pretty soon. So at this point, what we'll do is we'll start at the far end with Andy, let everybody take a two or three-minute opening statement, and then we're just going to open it up to you guys for questions. As he said, my name is Andrew Freed. I'm a senior special agent with the Treasury Inspector General for... I already said that, Andy. Basically, one of the things that's unique about our organization, for those of you who don't know who we are, we're actually like the IRS, internal security. Everybody here pay their taxes that aren't foreign? Okay, if you haven't paid your taxes, please raise your hand. Well, I can assure you...  I can assure you they don't give us any professional discounts either, unfortunately. One of the unique things about our organization is we're physically co-located with the IRS, Computer Security Instant Response Center. So we have a really good working relationship where we basically both work together at doing proactive testing as well as reactive cases to situations. We're located out of Lannum, Maryland, and basically there's about seven of us that are in this squad, and we refer to the squad as the System Intrusion and Network Attack Response Team, or CINART. It's kind of like space-trekkie, so we kind of liked it. Basically, we have done a lot of work with some of the people out here. I'd like to see a face with a port number that I've seen on our IDS. Thank you very much. But we actually have worked with a number of y'all. We've had some of the people come up and say, I always wanted to attack a Fed system, and we've given permission to do it with a couple of ground rules. So we're not actually anti-hackers, and we're not anti-computer people. In fact, this is my sixth year here. I enjoy the people here. I enjoy being here, and I'll certainly be willing to talk to anybody that wants to talk to us after the presentation. Thanks, Andy. I'm Mike Jacobs. It's a pleasure to be here. For about 10 years, I avoided judiciously coming here for obvious reasons. However, now that I'm retired, it's really been an enjoyable couple of days meeting with you, and during my time as the Director of Information Assurance at NSA, I often told my folks that the hacker community is probably our ally, and we need to pay attention to what they're doing out there. We can learn from what they're doing out there. That said, stay within the law. Now, I'd like to ask you all to stand for a moment. Come on. Come on! It's not that early in the day. A little test. Oh, yeah. Everybody who... You know, for years, DEF CON has run the Spot the Fed contest, if you will. I'd like to suggest that there's another contest that they might start next year. It's called Spot the Field. So all of you who are not foreign intelligence officers, sit down. Caught a couple. Playing defense is often more difficult than playing offense. And indeed, in my 38 years of playing defense, we were often outsmarted by those using the same techniques, technology, and analytical processes because they were just slightly better at playing offense. I would urge you to take your talents, your intellect, your curiosity, and your aggressiveness, and play defense. Thanks. This is $59.95. Ovi. Wow. I came empty-handed. As he said, I work for the Postal Inspector General's office. We do all the computer intrusion and computer forensics for the Postal IG. It's pretty simple. I didn't bring any trinkets, but I'll tell you what I'll do is whoever is the goon that's running the dunk tank, whoever donates the most money to dunk...  Whoever donates the most money to dunk Jim... Yeah, that's right, to Jim Christie, the shirt off my back, the one right here. How's that? We really don't work well together, Jim. I'm primarily here to say no comment. But I'd like to suppress a few rumors that I have heard about me and the others by saying that I have never been indicted for a felony, well, in the United States. Recently. Yeah, right, recently. You're so convicted. Is John Ashcroft here today? Okay, I'm sudden enough. Alvin. As Jim said, I am an Air Force OSI agent. The Air Force realized early on, as many of the people in this room did, that the computers were very important to the way society and information was going to flow in the future. The OSI established a computer crime investigative program back in 1978. Some of the best computer crime investigators in other federal agencies all came and had their start in the Air Force Office special investigations. And we're still actively recruiting because while we are one of the best and one of the best training grounds, we seem to have a retention problem thanks to industry out there and postal and other people like that. So we would like to encourage everyone out there. The Department of Defense realizes how important computers are to the flow of information and for defending the United States. And we're always on the lookout for good people. And what are we going to do to them when you find them? Well, we're going to pay them and we're going to pay them well. And there are also some programs that will allow for the relief of certain student loan debts if you stay as a civilian employee for a certain period of time. I don't have room for t-shirts as the rest of them do but I do have a few coins. Well, let's see. I lost one already, sorry. Okay, at this point we'll open it up to questions from the floor but please speak loud because when we repeat your question we're going to twist it up. Yes, sir. Very much so. It's active. It's not necessarily very easy to find but I assure you it does exist reasonably in large, I mean it's not hundreds and hundreds or something like that but it doesn't. And it's effective in the sense both in the sense it gives the people a very interesting thing to do for the few years that they needed going through college. But also it provides an important method of recruitment. Just as my buddy over here recruitment is very important and rather difficult for a number of reasons including of course the commercial and the business. There are two federally sponsored programs. There are two federally sponsored programs loosely referred to as the Cyber Corps. One is a Department of Defense program which is the one that NSA manages and the other one is managed by the National Science Foundation is considerably larger. There are today four or five hundred student scholarships at work at about 50 different universities across the country. You go to the National Science Foundation's homepage and you'll find it. Just last week Tulsa University hosted the Cyber Corps 2004 symposium and there was a job fair most of the federal law enforcement agencies were recruiting. I got 52 resumes. These are talented people both postgraduate and graduate level. You know and I got to tell you that we went back to our bosses and we said hi Don Tim, this is Tim Huff FBI we've already introduced you're clapping for you now but I went back and we have seven vacancies right now civil service vacancies. They were advertised at the GS 13 level. These guys coming out of Cyber Corps don't qualify for a GS 13. We went back and we're rewriting the position descriptions and we're going to re-advertise them so we can get these guys that have gone through forensics training, IA training to bring them on with law enforcement. Also those of you who have already gotten your degree and you're saddled with a large amount of student loans about two years ago to try and recruit people into the federal service and if you go out to opm.gov each agency is implementing differently but you can have up to 70-75% of your student loans forgiven based on government service within the GS. Do we have any Cyber Corps students here? Tim would you like to make an opening statement? Everybody's were in the question and answer and everybody's had a couple minutes to make an opening statement so now it's your turn in the barrel. You already went over the bios and stuff, right? Yes. There's not much more to say. I've been doing computer forensics now for seven years. I've been an agent for eight years. I've been based out of the Pittsburgh office for the first six years in the Bureau and now I'm at Quantico and I'm coordinating all the forensic activities for the eastern half of the U.S. Other than that, I'll sit and listen for a little bit. Come now speak up. Actually the airline maybe late by about three hours they also lost my luggage. I intended on showing up in a shirt that actually said FBI on it and I had this t-shirt that I wear when I travel. My apologies. Yes, sir. Yes. Pueblo. The city in Colorado. Are you asking whether it's difficult to be employed across the line? Most of the federal law enforcement agencies require you to have a clearance. So depending on what in that clearance and that background investigation, they're going to look at when you broke the law and everybody's broken the law probably during their lifetime except me. It depends on when you did it. If you were breaking the law yesterday and now you want to come to work for the government tomorrow, the chances are we're not going to select you because there's a whole lot of talented people that haven't crossed over that line in, let's say, the last five, seven, eight years.  I'm not messing the wrong audience. Would you guys want somebody? So it depends when you did it, what the severity of the crime was, things like that. So everything is taken on a case by case. Something you gotta look at. If we have an investigation on you because of your activities, I have occasion to... I've had some investigative experience with a couple people that have gone on and done certain activities and they didn't decide to charge them because basically they wanted to look at them a little bit more. And they went a couple years and now they tried to get a legitimate job and now applied for security clearance and they're not going to get it because we've got this history of them from two, three, four, five years back that we've shown that they have actually intruded upon certain areas. Just because they don't have anything charges abroad against you doesn't mean there isn't some kind of file on you of your activities. Well, that's good for the military. Law enforcement, I don't think it's got to go that far. And working with someone and hiring them are two different things. We'll work with anybody. We may not pay you. The term might be used. Could you stand up to project this for everybody? Yeah, Freedom of Information acts are taken very seriously by any government organizations. We all have huge bureaucracies set up to answer them. If you request information from an organization that does hold that information you will get a response. Of course. You already had your turn, sir. Right here. Stand up, would you please? That's an agency by agency decision. I can tell you that Jim and I were both at the Defense Computer Forensic Lab at the same time and we brought on an enormous number of people who had no clearances prior to applying for the job, both as government workers and as contractors working on the contract. Kids right out of college. No clearance. We get them an interim clearance and that limits what they're working on until their clearance is adjudicated. But we took it. And that's typically a thing. If it's a contractor's position, if it's a government position, you should be considered as long as you're able to get a clearance. The contractors often are worried about the bottom line. So if they bring you on with no clearance, right now it takes about 18 months for a full-up top-secret clearance. More than $50,000. And it's a $50,000 cost. So looking at you and an equally qualified person who has the clearance already in hand to put you at a disadvantage. Yeah. Yeah. Well, it is true that even the contractor community would prefer to hire people with clearances, but you can come and get my business card afterwards. We hire people without clearances. I'm not in that business anymore. I'm a contractor. Which agency did you attack? I filed all of them. Which one did you attack? I don't know what to start with. Yeah. There are some individuals who basically have blanketed the federal law enforcement organizations requesting information about whether or not they have a file related to them. And they will come back with an answer of no. Maybe two. That's it. Yes, sir. I couldn't hear it either. I think the original question was that the private sector will pay me $100,000 to eat donuts and sit at home. What's the government going to offer? The federal government, the salaries are beginning to get more competitive with the private sector. You can go out. They have made special considerations for the private sector. At the CIO level, at the CIO level of different organizations, they're starting to come out with some new programs. There is stability in working for the federal government. The leave is typically better than the leave that you'd get in the private sector.  There are advantages to it, but then again, there are disadvantages to the bottom line. And if you're that interested in donuts, the federal law enforcement gets free donuts. Thank you. I would like to shift the grounds of the discussion by just a bit because we're hearing about people who have difficulty finding jobs because they don't have clearances or it takes them too long to get them. As an employee of whatever organization it is that I work for, I go through a polygraph every few years. Normally, but let me tell you the questions from the last polygraph exam that I went through. First was, sir, have you ever committed espionage? Yes. Have you ever committed sabotage? Yes.  Yes. Now, there was some further discussion with the polygraph examiner, but basically that was the entire content of the polygraph examination. And I think you're going to understand that some jobs and some activities that people engage in are occasionally pretty damn strange. And I don't necessarily have much in common with the people on my right in that kind of thing. And that story just sits as it was. Mark. Are we in the back? Yep. Roll out. What? Our opinion of the Patriot Act. Oh my God. Andy, we'll start down your end. Yeah. No comment. I think that Mr. Ashcroft is taking attendance at this particular forum. Keep in mind that the Patriot Act was enacted after a catastrophic event. Similar reactions can occur in this government, despite the fact that we are a nation of freedoms after any catastrophic event. So if in cyberspace, catastrophic events begin to occur, similar acts can be enacted. There are things about the Patriot Act that personally disturb me in terms of individual freedoms. However, they are understandable in the context of the times we live in. And so further activity in other areas that can precipitate the same sort of response from the Congress further risks our freedoms. Can I add something to that a little bit? Just because the Patriot Act is out there doesn't mean every judge out there is going to give you carte blanche to go out and do all these things It takes a stack of justification and a great deal of investigation beforehand in many cases to get permission to do the things that the Patriot Act does ask or make available. So just because the law is there doesn't mean that all of a sudden we're tapping everybody's phones and we're doing all these things. We just don't have the manpower or the ability. We don't have the need to do that. We're looking at the people that are the serious bad guys. People on the fringes they're on the fringes. Right now for the FBI the importance is international domestic terrorism and that's right up there. Patriot Act does apply to a lot of those things but we've got to do our homework first to get justification to say this really needs to be done. And the judges out there, they're real hard asses about that sort of stuff. They just don't say okay you're an agent you get it. No. They look at it, they read it, they question and sometimes they deny it. They say you don't have enough information. So it's just not a big open book for us. I guess the last thing I'd like to add is how many people out here, please raise your hand, have actually read the Patriot Act and seen what's written into it. And how many of those people actually think that it's impinging upon your personal privacy and it's not quite as it wasn't quite as many but I mean the Patriot Act does not do many of the things that the popular press has put forward and does not impinge on the freedoms that the popular press has always indicated that it does. I mean it gives us some more flexibility but it doesn't remove the probable cause from a law enforcement investigation. Probably fewer. But their staff has read it. Privacy is always a balance between public safety and privacy. And you know that balance depending on the world situation is going to be an ebb and flow. So after a catastrophic event like 9-11 the pendulum swung the other way you're going to see it go back I'm sure. And then we'll have another event and it'll go back again.  So you guys have control. Try the side. Red Hat. Seymour's old boxes. I don't know what that is. I couldn't hear it so I couldn't repeat it. Seymour who? What are we doing with them? I know what you're talking about. I just didn't quite understand what you said. What are we doing with them? The job we're being paid to do. A GS18 or a Bev? Not anymore. But at one time yes. Kate. Next to the last row. 3 back 8. Loud please because we can't hear you up here. Well... All I can tell you... I just know when I came up to a judge to do any kind of warrant it was a stack of about an inch and a half worth of paper that we said this is what we know so far this is why we need this part of the Patriot Act enacted to go after this bad guy. And I can just basically say that many of the law enforcement and organizations have been very cautious in their uses of these and probably one of the reasons that very few have been denied is because they've done their homework and they've established the probable cause prior to requesting the judge to issue the warrants. Because the last thing you want as a special agent is to have to go back to your boss and explain to him that you went to a judge used his time used the good will of your organization for something that he didn't approve. There's also a pretty good vetting process so as it's going up the chain if it's not going to stand the smell test so to speak it's not going to make it up to a judge so that'll help. Yes sir. Selective enforcement in which way? We invest... we invest 8 crimes okay for the United States Attorney's Office they decide to prosecute. We don't make that decision. I don't have the choice. It's the U.S. Attorney's Office that says arrest them or don't arrest them or indict them or not indict them. We just investigate the crime, bring the stuff up to the AUSA's office and they make the decision whether they want to even take the case or not. So it's not in our hands whatsoever. Yes sir. I don't think anybody up here prosecutes. Right. They're the ones that make the decisions as far as any kind of court action. We do the investigation. Let me state that there's two basic mechanisms that we have to obtain information from an ISP. One is what we refer to as a 27 or 3D order and that has to go through the U.S. Attorney's Office and signed by a magistrate. And the second is a traditional search warrant which also has to go through the U.S. Attorney's Office and be signed by a magistrate. We don't issue under most circumstances any other mechanism for obtaining that information. Now being an Inspector General's Shop we do have the ability to issue an IG subpoena but for the most part since they're almost unenforceable we usually opt to go through the U.S. Attorney's Office. In most cases the ISP will not cooperate with law enforcement even if they want to until they receive a court order because it takes them off the hook for civil liability. So once again if I want to go after you there's other checks and balances between me and that process that have to be okay by the U.S. Attorney's Office. And I think most of you don't understand something else about the federal system. When I got out of college I was a street cop for five and a half years and when you go out and you make an arrest whatever that prosecutor is in the morning and starts dealing with it in the federal environment it's very different you work a case you go to a U.S. Attorney's Office and they decide whether they're going to prosecute or not just because you broke the law just because we can prove you broke the law doesn't mean we'll get a prosecution each office within the country will have separate guidelines so for instance when I was a special agent down in central Florida and south Florida you had two kinds of


JPMRC Joint Pacific Multinational Readiness Center is the Army's newest CTC Combat Training Center. We are thinking about how do we train for the hardest challenge possible and that is large-scale combat operations against a peer or a near-peer force. So someone who has capability that is equal to or in some areas greater than ours and that's what our brigade is facing here. They're facing an enemy who in some areas have greater capability and that challenge alone is is causing our our leaders to think a bit differently about our capability and how it's applied against an adversary who maybe the old number six the old the old coin strategy had isn't necessarily going to be successful when another guy can collect on you and another guy is operating in multiple domains like you and so I think that is a real value of JPMRC is pulling all these resources together with the foreign partners with the joint partners and creating that most realistic environment possible.


To start this evening, we want to recognize two of the graduates from the May 2017 for their outstanding achievements in MS in leadership and in public administration. Dr. Hall and Dr. Norvell, would you please come up to the front to hand up the students that were chosen. Good evening. It is a great pleasure to introduce you to Paul Paves, our 2017 Dean's Award for Excellence in Leadership, Academic Excellence in Leadership. Paul, if you would come to the front please. So Paul graduated from a leadership program with a 4.0 GPA, and I'm happy to say that he has not finished with his education. That he was just recently accepted into the doctoral program of education at Northeastern University. Paul, we want to give you an opportunity to say a few words after we present you. We'll get the picture wrong with you. It's much better. It's very brief because I know everyone wants to hear Dutch Clifton. So it's a little bit of a marker. It's a marker. I just want to thank Dr. Hall and Dr. Norvell for this very special award. This doesn't mean a lot to me. Most of you don't know, but my connection to Roger Williams University was back when it was a college. And my classes were held at the Sal Academy on Smith Street here in Providence. So that's 35 plus years ago. So this is very meaningful to me and I appreciate it. Thank you very much. I also want to thank you for putting up with me while I'm here. These are great programs, the leadership and the NPA programs. I had a lot of fun. I learned a lot. I hope I just gave back just a little bit to the program. And I'd love to do it all over again, unfortunately I can't. So I did the next best thing. I went to Northeastern University. And most people don't know, but Roger Williams is an offshoot of Northeastern University. It started in, I believe it was the YMCA upon Mary Bossett. So going to Northeastern is just like going to Roger Williams. It's very homey to me. I want to pass along this one quick note to the students that are here tonight. Take whatever you learn from Dr. Hall and Dr. Norvell.   And for those of you who are thinking about going on in education, you'll use it there for sure. And the reason I bring that up is because what I learned from Dr. Hall and Dr. Norvell, I've been able to use in the doctorate program at Northeastern. It was a jumping off point. And what I'm doing there is just an extension of what we did here in the night school. So for those of you that are even thinking, just a little bit about moving on in education, consider a doctoral program once you've got your master's. Thank you very much. One of my favorite awards is the one I'm about to give. It's named for John W. Stout, who was the originator of the program that is where we're here. A large number of us are here, the MPI program. So it is the John W. Stout Outstanding Graduate Award. And it goes to George LeBlanc. He is a professional police officer and now he is an MPI, which makes him a member of a very important profession. He has been active in the American Society for Public Administration, including the Rhode Island chapter. He was the first, and so far only, Rhode Island and Roger Williams asked for help. He set the bar high and we have some candidates going forward this year in large manner because he led them forward. So there I don't think I could truly be a more deserving student of this award in the history of giving it. So congratulations George. Sorry for saying the bar was so high. I was like, thanks Dr. Hall, Dr. Nobel, and all of the classmates that I met throughout this program. A couple of years ago I bought the Rosetta Stone. In that it says, you must immerse yourself in the language. So watch Spanish speaking television, read the newspapers. It's the same thing as this program. You immerse yourself in it. You immerse yourself in the literature, in the professional organizations I just asked about. And that's really the biggest thing to do is just get engaged, get involved, and you'll go far. Thank you. And wish them all the best in their future endeavors. Now please help me welcome our keynote speaker for the evening, the Honorable Judge Edward C. Clipton. As an Associate Justice on the Rhode Island Superior Court from 1994 until 2015. He also presided over the Providence County Adult Court from 1998 to 2004. He served as a member and later chair for four years of the Rhode Island Supreme Court's permanent committee on women and minorities from 1998 until 2015. He was one of the original incorporators of the Thurgood Marshall Law Society of Rhode Island Inc. Upon retirement from the bench, Judge Clipton joined the faculty of Roger Williams University School of Law where he has taught a perspective course for the last few years on the American jury system. He currently serves as a member of the Board of Directors of Roger Williams University School of Law. I'm the Development Corporation of Rhode Island. The Rhode Island Urban Debate lead and is a founder and member of the Black Point Authority Initiative Bannister Fund, a field of interest fund at the Rhode Island Foundation. In 2017, Judge Clipton served as one of the two honorary chairs of the Rhode Island Council for the Humanities Read Across Rhode Island Initiative which had selected just mercy as the 2017 book of the year. Judge Clipton was the first recipient of the Wheeler School Distinguished Communities Spirit Award and involved in many community activities. He also co-chairs and is the recipient of numerous awards. To me, he was honored to receive the Distinguished Service Award from the National Center for State Courts. The list goes on and without further ado, please help me welcome Judge Edward Clipton to the stage. Well, I'll speak longer than I was supposed to. Well, I'm not supposed to laugh at that. Thank you, Anthony. The topic that I chose to discuss is what I characterize as the historical racial discriminatory land policies that have existed in the United States and with their current effects on it. I'd like to start by quoting from a recent article that appeared in the Sunday Provence Journal on September 17, 2017. The story was entitled, Lipid Guild Residents Get a Chance to Tell Their Stories. The written article chronicled a number of stories from Black Provence residents that's selected by Ray Brayden, a local historian and owner of stages of freedom bookstore. According to the article, and I quote, Lipid Hill had been home to Black residents since the early 19th century, meaning 1800 onwards. When Moses drowned sole land on Holney Street to his former slave, Noah Brown, according to Rickwins Research, Noah Brown's descendants remained in the neighborhood until 1936. By the 1950s, Lipid Hill was described as a dense, historic and diverse neighborhood, which was desirable by today's standards. But deplorable in 1959. In 1959, the city of Provence contained the entirety of Lipid Hill. More likely, the city of Provence utilized the law under imminent domain to do so. The city of Provence then transferred all of the property which comprised 57 acres of land between North Main Street, Holney Street, Camp and Doyle Street to the city, more likely than not the province redevelopment authority. The individuals of Black individuals who lived there had little bargaining power. The Lipid Hill homeowners were forced to take cash settlements for their properties, and those who were renters received cycles to assist them with move-on costs. Formerly, Provence's largest Black neighborhood by January 1961, most of Lipid Hill had been razed, meaning all of the buildings had been torn down and removed. Relocation for those residents was difficult. The Black residents who faced a housing market that in 1960, it was legally permissible to discriminate. A study from that year by the Provence Journal reported that 85 to 90% of those Black residents of the formerly Lipid Hill relocated to streets adjacent to Lipid Hill. The second most common area was South Provence. A recent article written by George Hoxie appeared in Fortune magazine. It was taken from a record-heat co-author entitled The Road to Zero Wealth, and it concerns the continuing gap, economic gap, between white families' income versus Black and Latino families' income. And a projection of those gaps in the future, which are troubling, at least to me. According to Hoxie, who is the director of the Project on Opportunity and Taxation at the Institute for Policy Studies and co-editor of inequality.org, a median Black family has just $1,700 in wealth, meaning the total assets mining the total debt. 30 years ago, that same family had $6,800 in today's dollars. Latino families at the median have nearly similarly small assets, just $2,000, and have seen a decline over the past three decades. White median household wealth is significantly higher, $116,000 up from 102 over the same period of time. So what does Hoxie ask the future of Lipid Hill? By 2053, 10 years after the country as a whole is projected to be majority non-white. Black median families will own zero wealth if current trends continue. 20 years later, Latino median families will follow suit. White families will continue to have six-digit network. Hoxie wrote the following. The enduring legacy of slavery and the Jim Crow era contribute to the growing divide. For example, just 2% of the heavily subsidized mortgages made by the Federal Housing Administration in the 30 years following the Great Depression went to non-white households. Homes, Hoxie wrote are the biggest asset and most middle-class families own. So this sort of federally sanctioned discrimination created a huge intergenerational disadvantage for the Black and Latino families to let go. So you may be asking yourself some questions. Hopefully you are. You may be asking why did this happen? You may be asking how did this happen? And you may ask the question, well, how long as a nation have we been aware of this? In 1967, there was a commission called the Current Commission named after the then governor of the state of Illinois. The official name of the commission was the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. The current commission was created by an executive order of then-president Lyndon Vaines Johnson. It was charged with the responsibility to investigate the urban rebellions that had erupted between 1964 and 1967. The commission was charged with three questions. First, what happened? Second, why did it happen? Third, what can be done to prevent racial disturbances in the future? The current commission studied 23 cities which had experienced a racial rebellion in 1960 and racial rebellion. In 1968, just about 50 years ago, the study, the current commission included, quote, that the United States was moving towards two societies, one black, one white, separate, and unequal. They continued, African Americans experienced severe economic and social disadvantage compared to whites. Largely poor black populations were confined to the central cities while a predominantly white population moved up. As to what can be done, they answered the federal government had to intervene to improve housing. According to a number of academics, while President Johnson accepted the report, he did not support the conclusions and minimal efforts were made following the production of the report to address the problems that were identified by the current commission. Before I go on, I'd like to discuss some legal definitions that you will be hearing about shortly. The first is what is known as de facto segregation. And in the law there is a dictionary which is called Black Slaw Dictionary, that is the true name of the book. De facto segregation is defined in Black Slaw Law Dictionary as quote, segregation that occurs without state authority, usually on the basis of socioeconomic factors. Having effect even though not formally or legally recommended. Another legal definition is imminent domain, which is the inherent power of a governmental entity to take privately owned property, especially land, and convert it to public use, subject to reasonable compensation for the taking. That is to come under the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution, the so-called takings clause that requires that the government compensate the private land owner. The next term I'd like to discuss is what is known as a covenant. Covenants occur in marriage, covenants occur in land tax transactions. A covenant is a formal agreement or promise usually contained in a contract. Another term I'd like to discuss is what is known as a restrictive covenant. A restrictive covenant is a private agreement usually found in a deed or a lease that restricts the use or occupancy of real property, especially by specifying such names as law sciences, building laws, architectural science, and the use to what property may be put to, the use that it may be put to. Another legal term is what is known as de jure, it's D-E, capital J-U-R-E, segregation. That is defined as segregation that is permitted by law. Two other terms, less legal but nevertheless, I think it's worthy of discussing, is what is known as a ghetto. A ghetto is defined in American Heritage Dictionary as a slum section of the city occupied by a minority group who live there because of social or economic pressure. The second definition is a section or quarter in a European city to which Jews are or were restricted. The last term that I want to talk to you about is what is known as the inner city, which is the older central part of the city, especially when character was crowded, blowing from the neighborhood. Recently there was a book that was published entitled The Color of Law, a forgotten history of how our government segregated America. This book was written by Richard Rothstein, who is a research associate of the Economic Policy Institute and a fellow at the Thurgood Marshall Institute of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund. He's also associated with the Haas Institute at the University of California at Thurgood. And in the preface to his book, Rothstein wrote the poem. When from 2014 to 2016 riots in places like Ferguson, Missouri, Baltimore, Maryland, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Charlotte, North Carolina captured our attention. Most of us thought that we had an answer as to how the segregated neighborhoods with their crime, violence, anger, and poverty came to be. We said that the de facto segregation was what causes. It continued. We tell ourselves de facto segregation has various causes. When African Americans moved into a neighborhood, like Ferguson, a few racially prejudiced white families decided to leave. And then as the number of black families grew, the neighborhoods deteriorated. And white flight has been described, followed. Real estate agents steered whites away from black neighborhoods and blacks away from white ones. Banks discriminated with red lines. Refusing to give mortgages to African Americans. Or extracting unusually severe terms from them with subplot loans. African Americans haven't generally gotten the education that would enable them to earn sufficient incomes to live in white suburbs. And as a result, many remain concentrated in urban neighborhoods. Besides, black families prefer to live with one another. These were all of the things that a number of us felt was the real reason for the de facto segregation. And Boston continues, all of this has some truth, but it only remains a small part of the truth. Submerged by a fair more important one. Until the last quarter century, the last quarter, rather, of the 20th century, which please understand, we're talking about 1975 to 1979. Racially explicit policies of federal, state, and local governments defined where whites and African Americans should live. Today, residential segregation in the North, South, Midwest, and West is not the unintended consequences of individual choices. And otherwise, well-meaning law or regulation. But of the unhidden public policy that explicitly, I want to repeat that, that explicitly segregated every metropolitan area in the United States. The policy was so systemic and forceful that its effects endured to the present time. Without our government's purposeful imposition of racial segregation, the other causes, private prejudice, white flight, real estate steering, bank redlining, income differences, and soft segregation still wouldn't have existed with far less opportunity for expression. We all know that slavery officially came to an end in 1865. And the U.S. Congress in 1865 enacted the 13th Amendment, which formally constituted the abolition of slavery. Section one of the 13th Amendment reads as follows, Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section two of the 13th Amendment provides, Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. The next year, 1866, Congress enacted the so-called Civil Rights Act, that enforced the abolition of slavery, that additionally prohibited actions that it deemed, that Congress deemed, perpetuated the characteristics of slavery, confining people to so-called second-class citizenship. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 provided, quote, all persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. It continues, So, what happened? In 1883, the United States Supreme Court ruled in a case that although Section 2 of the 13th Amendment expressly allowed Congress to enforce Section 1, the United States Supreme Court ruled that that power did not accept, that exclusions from the housing market, prevention of people from the housing markets, could be a badge or incident of slavery. And not just people, we're talking about the black people, the African-Americans who were formerly slaves, up until 1865. The United States Supreme Court said, we don't consider that to be part and parcel of the right to be involved in bear housing, for lack of other words. Rothstein wrote that following the Civil War, black families began their first migration away from the slave-holding states. They moved to a number of distant states. And around, for example, in 1898, in the state of Montana, black settlers were living in all of the 56 counties that comprise that state. However, they were not welcome. The Jim Crow beliefs and attitudes that originated from the slave-holding states both sound and more, empowered some whites in Montana to practice the same ideas and practices found in the South. By 1930, blacks no longer lived in 11 of those 56 counties in Montana, which they had previously occupied. Some of this was accomplished by the local enactment of so-called sundown policies. These were informal policies adopted by the white community and forced by the local police or organized models that were made African-Americans to live or be within the town borders after sundown. During the Depression, during the administration of then-president Herbert Hoover, we all know that employment was dismal, businesses were failing, and some of the businesses that were failing at that time were the home-building groups in the United States. A national conference was convened of the home-building industry. And before the conference, a trade organization, the Better Homes in America, published when it was known as the Better Homes Network, consisting of a host of recommendations from its leaders. It's been the president of the Better Homes in America stated before the conference that apartments were the worst-hand housing frequently overcrowded because of, quote, ignorant racial habits of African-Americans and European immigrants. Some of the more notable attendees at the conference was a gentleman by the whose name was Robert Whitton, who designed Atlanta, Georgia's zoning laws in an attempt to avoid the precedent-setting case of Buchanan. Another attendee was the president-elect of the National Association of Real Estate Brokers, which had recently adopted ethics rules prohibiting agents from selling homes to African-Americans in white neighborhoods. Before we all probably have heard of the Federal Housing Administration, but before the enactment or the creation of the Federal Housing Administration, the role of federal housing fell under the jurisdiction of the Department of Commerce. The Housing Division was responsible for the national policy of housing. The chief of the National Housing Division of the Department of Commerce made recommendation to the people who attended that building conference. One was, quote, to buy partnership in the community. Restricted residential districts may serve as protection against persons with whom your family won't care to associates, provided the restrictions are enforced and are not merely temporary. So that was essentially the origin of a number of the restricted covenants that were found and may still be found in deeds that are contained city of Providence. I come from Texas, and during research a number of years ago on peace of land and on my father and stepfather, I found in black and white in the D, no African-Americans allowed on this particular peace of property. So the attendees at the conference included the president of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Which had a division that engaged in finance and home ownership. The president of Metropolitan Life, you know, Sophie. Okay, just so we keep this phone in context. He recommended that zoning laws be supplemented by deep restriction to prevent, quote, incompatible ownership occupancy. A phrase that generally understood to mean the prevention of sales to African-Americans. Later, under the control of the leadership of that president, Metropolitan Life developed, which then the largest planned community in the United States. The developments Parkchester located in New York, in the Bronx. And in Parkchester, African-Americans worked for duty. Before the federal housing administration came into existence, home ownership for working and middle-class Americans was virtually impossible. Bank mortgages typically required 50% down. They required interest only payments. And they required repayments within five years, five to seven years. So interest only means all that you pay, you never pay anything towards the principal. You're paying just for the benefit of having the money. So families who took out these mortgages, what were they required to do? So every five to seven years, they were required to refinance, usually under the same term. So this was like you would ever, ever, ever own your home. One of the problems facing the middle-class and low individuals, regardless of race, at that time, was foreclosure on their mortgages. To address that problem in 1933, the federal government created what was known as the Home Owners Loan Corporation to purchase existing mortgages and rewrite them in more favorable terms for the borrowers, lower rates of interest, amortized loans, meaning you're paying both the principal and the interest at the same time. You had longer mortgage terms used in 15 years. You had full ownership of the property afterwards. And in order to qualify for these mortgages, the Home Owners Loan Association needed to be reasonably satisfied that the loan would be granted to a borrower who would repay the loan. In part, this meant that the existing house would maintain its value. And to do so, the Home Owners Loan Corporation engaged local real estate agents to make the preliminary assessment through appraisals. These real estate agents were the same people who were ethically to the code of ethics that had been adopted early on by the society. And they were ethically bound to maintain the racially restrictive agreement that were in existence. The Home Owners Loan Corporation, in order to carry out their function, created color-coded maps of every metropolitan city in the United States. The color-coded maps, the safest ones, were colored green. The riskiest ones, red. We asked ourselves, where did the term come from? They came from the Home Owners Loan Corporation, a part of the United States government before 1932. If African-Americans lived within an area, even if it was solidly middle class by those standards, it was coded red. That did not automatically mean that the homes in their neighborhood would be denied the benefits, but it made it extremely more difficult. So, under the administration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the Federal Housing Administration was created. And understand that just like all legislation locally, nationally, that when something is proposed, it has to pass the house, it has to pass the center. So, compromise is always a part of any legislation that comes forward. The Federal Housing, and I'm going to come back to that in a moment, the Federal Housing Administration ensured bank mortgages of up to 80% of the purchase price, meaning that 5 people... The federal government had to take down 20% of the down payment, 20-year terms. The Federal Housing Administration assisted on its own appraisals. However, those appraisals included, again, the wife owner requirement, meaning that racial segregation became an official policy of the federal mortgages program. They used the same appraisers who were bound by their ethical code of conduct. The FBJ produced a number of manuals that it would give to its employees. One of them said, and this remained in effect until 1947, it said that, quote, if iniquity is to retain stability, it is necessary that property self-contained to be occupied by the same social and racial classes. A change in social or racial occupancy generally leads to instability and a reduction in the values. The appraisers were given further instruction. Give higher ratings where protection against some adverse influence is obtained. And that important among adverse influences are infiltration of inharmonious racial and national groups. The FHA discouraged banks from lending to homes that were not in a particular area. In addition to the FHA... Let me stop. Let me go back a second. The FHA federal house administration also favored mortgages in areas where boulevards or highways... End of saying 95, if you will. As it weaves its way through the problem these days. But the FHA favored mortgages in areas where boulevards or highways serve to separate African-American families from white families. Saying that, quote, natural or artificially up to African's barriers will prove effective in protecting a neighborhood and the locations within it from adverse influence, including prevention of the infiltration of war class occupancy and inharmonious racial groups. A section in the manual produced by FHA, a section 284 sub 2 says reaches follows. Carefully complied zoning regulations which require municipal action are the most effective because they do not only exercise control over the subject property, but also over the surrounding areas. However, they are seldom complete enough to assure an homogenous and harmonious neighborhood. It went on. Section 284.3 says this was part of the federal government manual. Recorded deed restrictions should strengthen and supplement zoning differences. Recommended restrictions included the prohibition of the occupancy of properties accepted by the race for which they are intended and appropriate provisions for enforcement, meaning you can go to court, must be contained within those. In addition, the FHA provided financing for a number of developers developing properties in the suburbs. So, and I'm not saying that this did happen, but for sake of discussion, let's assume that the developers of Garden City saw and obtained financing from this, that came ultimately from FHA. Obviously, they would want to get the highest loan for the lowest price. So, obtain one of those loans. Those loans would require that those provisions be contained in those particular documents. So, whereas the loans would say, and the documents would read such as, whereas the federal housing administration requires that the existing mortgages on the same premises, set premises be subject and subordinated to set restriction. So, that would be in the document, the deed covering all of Garden City. So, the owners of Garden City could legally discriminate against people, non-white people because they received the money from the federal government. Let's talk about another agency of the United States government, the Veterans Administration. How many here are veterans? None of us are old enough to be World War II veterans. Who all are familiar with a developer called Levitt? Nassau County, New York, between Himstead and Farmington, built by Levitt and Son, a Jewish family headed by Abraham Levitt and his two sons, William and Alison. The first planned community in the United States developed between 1947 and 1951. It was unique in that it had land donated for public elementary schools, traffic calming, curvilinear roads, no four-way intersection. First mass-produced suburb and is regarded as the archetype of post-war suburbs throughout the United States. In addition to Levittown, New York, they built one in New Jersey, Williamsburg Township in New Jersey, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and Puerto Rico. They were conceived as a rental property, but they were so successful that they decided, huh, let's sell these things. The properties were sold for $8,000, $65,000 in today's, and $2,009. Because of housing subsidies from the Veterans Administration through the GI Bill and other federal subsidies, the upfront costs to buy into Levittown were $100. A clause contained in the buying agreement stated that the property could not be used nor rented by individuals other than those of the publication race. Sales agents were aware of the restriction, and as a consequence, no black families were accepted. William Levitt, one of his sons, who served as a CB during World War II, we all know where the CBs were trained, don't we? He became the president of Levittown's son. In many years, when asked about the discriminatory policy of Levittown, he was quoted as saying the following. As a Jew, I have no room in my heart for racial prejudice. But the plain fact is that most whites prefer not to live in mixed communities. This attitude may be long and morally, and someday it may change. I hope it will. Another federal agency, the Federal Highway Administration. Rothstein maintains that many of the DeJure segregation policies aim to keep African Americans far from white residential areas. They shifted African American populations away from the downtown district so that white commuters, shoppers, and business elites would not be exposed to black people. Some slum clearances was a way to accomplish this through the mid-20th century. So when we think back to what happened to Lipith Hill, was the term slum, white, those are widely understood euphemisms for African American neighborhoods. Because black folks were prevented from relocating into the suburbs, the places where they live, they couldn't get mortgages to fix up their property. Of course they're going to get blighted. Rather than raise the blighted neighborhoods and allow for people to move into integrated communities, local communities, and the Federal Highway Administration collaborated in the construction of the Federal Highway System. In 1943, the American Concrete Institute urged construction of urban expressways for, quote, the elimination of slums and blighted areas. In 1949, the American Road Builders Association wrote to President Truman that interstates properly routed through metropolitan areas, they could, quote, contribute in substantial manner to the elimination of slum and deteriorated areas. The Federal Interstate Highway System buttressed segregation in many cities across the country. In Florida, the Florida State Road Department routed 195 to accomplish what unconstitutional zoning ordinances were attempted to do, but were unable to do, right-snacked gap through a section of Miami where Black families live, rather than going through an abandoned railway that ran parallel to where 1 to 95 is. That happened also in Los Angeles. So I'm running out of time and I want to conclude in a couple minutes. Earlier this year on May 19th, the Economic Progress Institute, formerly known as the Providence, I'm sorry, Poverty Institute, with the assistance of the Racial Justice Coalition of Rhode Island, published a report entitled, The State of Black Families in Rhode Island, Left Behind by Making Stomines. A contributor to the report wrote in the introduction of the following. From the early days of Rhode Island's colonization, and the subsequent reliance on Black slaves for both labor and trade, through widespread displacement and assets stripping through eminent domain via the federal housing and the use of redlining to perpetuate racial segregation in the 20th century, Black Rhode Islanders have been dealt an unfair hand. The historical legacy of centuries of unequal treatment manifests itself today through many socioeconomic indicators. In Rhode Island, another story. Access to the political housing in Rhode Island lands. Housing networks, faculty produce this. Rhode Island's overall home ownership rate is 60%, which is the lowest in New England and ranks 46 nationally. For white families, the rate of home ownership is 65%. For families of color, the numbers are more distressing. Latino families, 28% home ownership. Black families, 31% home ownership. Asian families, 50% home ownership. Because of the overall increases in prices of homes in 2016, only two communities, Central Falls and Providence, excluding the East Side, offered homes a percent that fell within the budget of a Rhode Island families with annual household incomes of under $50,000. For renters in Rhode Island, no one in the family where the average cost of a two-level apartment was affordable on a household income of about $31,000, the median income for renters. For renters earning less than $50,000, just six communities in this state had worked for Central Falls, Cranston, East Providence, Patucket, Nusocket, and Providence, excluding the East Side. Final note, here in Rhode Island, we've had a law that has been existing for a number of years. The legislature has mandated that each community in the state of Rhode Island have 10% of their housing stock, as long-term, de-restricted affordable housing. That was been on the books for 30-plus years. Only five communities thus far have met their goal. Central Falls, Newport, New Shore, which is block island, Nusocket, and Providence. To conclude, I'll quote from the access to affordable housing in Rhode Island. While Rhode Island has made progress in the areas of human rights and equality, far too many African heritage people in Rhode Island are still confined to the segregated and substandard neighborhoods and have limited access to employment, education, and affordable health care. Although it was depressing, but this is new. Questions, please. I'm just attracted about what was lost on drug distribution law. So, in Providence, especially, the West Side, Elmwood, those are incoming judgment signs. And I wonder if you think that that process has any causes or if it just raises the costs of houses and picks out renters or lower income people who are people of color? It does all of it. I mean, yes, it raises. Typically, gentrification has come to be known as where people move in and improve the housing stock. But in order to improve the housing stock, a lot of that housing stock, as you said, were honestly occupied by low income people. So, where do they go? I have some statistics as to the demographics, selected communities here in the state of Rhode Island. And I have a working thesis. And the working thesis is that as the suburbs took out in the 90s and some of this elsewhere, the former white occupants of the urban city of Providence, Kentucky, they moved out. And they now live in places like North East, like Narragans and things of this nature. So what I did to follow up on that thesis, and this may or may not answer your question, but so in 1940, the population of Providence, according to the census, was 253,000 people. In 1950, it was 249,000. It was made up of 96.5% white, black population was 3.3%, Hispanic or Latino, no measurable numbers. 1960, the population of Providence had declined to 27,000. 1980, 157,000. 1990, the white population of Providence had declined, I'm just going to go from 1950 to 1990. 1990, white population was about 70%. So where did they go? Let me give you the contrast. And I'm going to just pick randomly North Kingston. 1940, 47,000 people. 1950, 14,000 people. I'm going to just do across and across. I didn't do it 1990. But 2000, North Kingston had 36,000 people living in there compared to 47,000 in 1940. The 2000 census, 95.71% was white, 0.97% black, 0.55% Native American, 0.95 Asian. So yes, and so the black folks, the people of color in the west end in Elmwood who may be displaced by a gentrifying family. Where did you can let it go? Yes. So what are the legal tools, methodology in order for vulnerable housing to sort of come into an area where they're supposed to be and wasn't supposed to be there? How do you get these towns and cities to reply? It's hard. Because first of all, you have to get the land. The land has to be there. The land in and of itself has to be there. So it has to be a substantial amount because the zoning laws, while you can't enact the zoning law that required two acres for a one-day home, you still have some control. The local communities have some control. So it's a matter of trying to overcome racial prejudices, racial biases. It's a matter of an attack, and I don't mean a physical attack, but appealing to people's sense of understanding that the neighborhoods won't go down. The values of the properties won't go down simply because you have a different complexion of family moving in there. So it takes a lot of effort from the local community, the residents of the local community. It takes a lot of effort from legislators, the town council members in the local community. It takes efforts from the state legislator. It takes efforts from banks. It takes efforts from a number of people to just go in there and try to make it a common argument for this to happen. But it's not going to happen. So even though the law is on books, I mean, for the town's being, I think I've heard a couple of times. For example, maybe like in Barrington, there have been neighborhoods that have been developed, low-income developments who have received property, but they get the property and they apply within the neighbors in practice. Not in my backyard. Not in my backyard. So they litigate, litigate, litigate, and that is end of the court. And you have to fight, fight, fight, fight, fight over a countless number of years before all of the things are resolved. I'll be quick. Yes. Not so much a question, but going to our conversation that we had earlier and picking up on the community involvement, a little history, the environmental justice movement was a product of both the civil rights movement of the 50s and 60s, the environment movement of the 60s and 70s. In 1992, the National Law Journal published a report on the EPA implementation of the Superfund program. It found that environmental law finds, penalties assessed by the EPA were higher in white neighborhoods than in minority neighborhoods. The report also noted that hazardous waste were removed from the white neighborhoods faster than hazardous waste in minority neighborhoods. The following year, the EPA established the National Environmental Justice Advisory which was to provide advisement recommendations for the communities. One of the most important accomplishments of that environmental movement occurred in 1994 when President Clinton issued the executive order entitled Federal Action to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations. Rhode Island didn't pick up on the effects that had come into place until 1995. It wasn't noticed until, excuse me, in Rhode Island in 1995 with the Industrial Property Remediation and Reuse Act, it wasn't noticed until 1999 when the law was challenged with the Springfield School lawsuit which we were talking about and you were cited on that case that 83% of the population of the Providence neighborhood in Spring Street, it was the lawsuit claimed failure to have community involvement, students were mostly low income in non-whites, and the population less healthy and more vulnerable to harmful effects of exposure to toxic substances. And you did rule that the DEM was in violation failing to consider equality issues and failing to implement community involvement due to the process of notifying the abutting neighborhoods. And I don't think you can answer this and I think it's more that we're in the NPA program and the leadership. As you said, this was back starting in the 60s where the minorities tried to get housing rights. How can we as a group within ourselves and as a school help in this push to solve these problems? I mean, we need to start a discussion. I mean, your decision was that's 2005. We're still having some issues here. That's what I mean. I don't know if there's really any answer to this. I think it provides a partial answer and the partial answer was given by one of the awardees tonight who, hopefully, I'm packing an appointment, but information is what I think is an answer. So people need to be informed about what is going on. If you're not informed about what is going on around you then it's understandable that you cannot get involved in what is going on around you. But if you are informed then people can become more energized. They can go to their city or child council. They can go to the committees of those council. I read something else. Let me just give you, this isn't a roundabout, but the I-95 project just voted to rank the rights of a builder to build a hotel on the east side of the province river and some people have raised the question of whether or not the proposed building is in violation of the original agreements between the Ohio administration as far as the use of the land. So I think people just need to be coming informed about what's going on and use it. It's not a swear word.  Well, as we know, Central Justice is a very broad topic but just Clifton has done a great favor in drilling down into one of the key areas and has a lot to do with Central Justice and the current community. Thank you so much. Torca Paulino who are good officers persuaded to have Clifton to be with us today. My guest to be with us and we never let him leave in Canada. We have the MPA program faculty the MS Leave faculty the students in both programs we offer you this as our token. I appreciate it. As I said earlier, this is really the result of a lot of people putting things together and as you can see it came off pretty well. There's still food so be sure to leave with your freezer bags. If you don't have them, I'm sure you can get them. One final thank you. I think she did a wonderful job this evening in Sasha's Apada. I want to urge you to mark your calendar for March 7 for our second evening and I think we'll probably be in this room. And then May 2 which I believe we're going to do with Rick again so save those two rates and look forward to seeing you with those events and of course many of you in my class which will be held as soon as we start. So thank you all for coming and be sure to please take some food.


So when you're setting up a routine, make sure you give yourself enough time to transition. For me, the sweet spot, if it's been the entire day that I've been working, transition times probably about an hour. If it's just one thing to another within work, perhaps maybe five or ten minutes. It's very variable each time to each time, but making sure the routine and the transitions are in check.


That's a big one. Oh my God, he's going under your boat. Dude, I physically can't move. Oh, that's a fatty. Yo, what's poppin', people, welcome back to another episode of Kicking Their Bass TV. Thank you guys so much for the love and support. If you're new to the channel, hit that subscribe button. Share this video with a friend, I'd really appreciate it. Also hit the like button. If you guys have been enjoying the content. Before we hop into this video, I was gonna announce the giveaway winner from last week. I gave away, you know, our first kicking combo that we gave away on the channel. So I'm gonna go ahead and pop the winner up on the screen right now. If you could, shoot me a DM on my personal Instagram page at Noah Pescatelli, I'll pop it up on the screen as well. And make sure you show me proof that you own the account. Don't go DM me guys if you didn't win it, but I want the guy who actually won it to DM me if you could, that would be awesome. And if you guys would also like to check out the new merch on the website, we got some new Big Bass Energy merch, t-shirts and sweatshirts on KickingTheBass.com. The link would be down below. If you wanna check that out, I'd greatly appreciate it. But today I got a special guest, and it's a whole pleasure. What's going on, guys? How you doing? Dude, you're doing good, dude. It's been way too long. I know we, see, we went fishing last week, but it was like more of a photo shoot. And we had a good time. Like I ended up catching a tank. He got some good ones as well. And we had a blast, but we didn't get to do too much fishing. So today we're gonna be doing a lot more. I'm actually gonna be on the coat, the coat. I wanna be on the coat today. You're fishing out of a coat? Out of a coat? I don't know, that's the new thing. I mean, it was like 36 degrees this morning, you know? It falls in the air. It falls in the air. All is in the air. And then we got Cody Bob on this boat right here. So I'm gonna be hopping on this boat with him. And then Fletcher's gonna be on his boat right there. And then we're probably gonna film like a couple of videos after this. So I'll end up hopping on the boat with Fletcher. But for this one, I'm just gonna hop on the boat with Cody. And we're probably gonna be doing some jig fishing, boys. I'm trying to get on a good jig bite. You know, I caught a double digit last week on a jig. So it's kind of got my- You got your, your hose high? Yeah, it's got, it's just that tinglin' slinsation. Slinsation. Inside of me, you know what I'm saying? So we're gonna get out of guys. I hope you enjoy this one. We're gonna go ahead and hop on the boat and have a good time today. Let's get it. This is what we're gonna be throwing. Striking jig, green pumpkin, and rage curl. The jig is green pumpkin. It's got a little bit of chartreuse. The rage curl is just green pumpkin. I'm gonna go ahead and retie this real quick because the last thing we need is to break off on a giant today. Because I think the last time I retied this Cody was that 10 pounder. Yeah. So I think we should probably retie it. Cody, who do you think's gonna catch more fish? Me or Noah? I don't know if Fletcher's got home court advantage. Noah's got me on the boat. So I'm gonna go with Noah today. All right, y'all, I am going to cut these and biggie jiggy off. You guys were wondering about the weather. It's, how cold would you say it is right now? 50? It's, it feels, it feels like it's 70. Yeah, it's hot at all. Yeah. I woke up this morning at seven o'clock, took a shower, walked outside and there was so much ice on my boat, like just ice all over the boat and it was like 36 degrees and now it's beautiful out. And it's only like 1130 right now. So I don't, I don't know. It's not super windy, you know, we got some sun today. There we go. We're gonna go ahead and get started, guys. I'll stop talking.  Yeah, I know Cody's gonna thank me later for that one. I think there's gonna be some fish pulled up on these rocks right now and we're gonna smack a good one on this jig. So let's just hunger down real quick and make a lot of casts. Oh, what was that? That was a big one, wasn't it? So guys, there's some fish schooling out here. I got a trapperoo on, but I also got a whopper plopper. This ain't mine. Where'd you get this? This is Fletcher's. Fletcher's dad's. Watch him slam a slopper plopper. I think it's too cold, but. Oh, what is that? This thing is like a Jurassic Swords Rex, dude.  Dude, I mean, those aren't little blow-ups, bro. You got, he had you? Hold on, I gotta put this thing down, dude. This got me going crazy.  Trap daddy. Trap daddy about to catch a moob bass.  All right, I'm gonna double up. I'm gonna double up. This might be a 5,000. Are they right there? Big one, ain't it? Oh, that's a better one. Yes. That's dope. That's the best bite, too. I'm about to have so much fun, dude. You got a big one! Oh, no, she spit it! Did she really? Yeah. That was a four-pounder. That was every bit of four. Oh, she got the snack. Dude, she, goodness gracious, dude. This is recorded. That shows how one bait can get a lot more bites than another, don't it? I got one underspin left. Make it count. I will sure make it count. I'm about to have fun. That's my favorite bait to throw. Here you go. Please make it in the boat. I took a hook in the hand, but it's okay. All right, we're gonna tie on a little underspin. You guys know this is like, this is the bait in the fall and the winter. This is, it's so fun, too. It just catches them. He caught one on a spinnerbait and then he threw that underspin first cast. It seems like they want some of the blade. I was throwing that trap in there. I think it might have had a little too much vibration. It is a sunny day, too, so that blade's kind of hitting off that sun. It's a better bet. It's a little more subtle, too. And they're chasing bait fish. I think this matches the hatch a little better. God, dog, I'm gonna beat him up there. Bait fish every cast. Really? Every cast. Oh, dog. That's a big-ing. Like, yeah. That's a five-pounder, buddy. I can't even move him. Look at him. Look at him go, dude.  If I was on any other lake, I would think this is an eight-plus. Look at this, dude. Yeah, you might have a monster. Butcher, look at this. I can't move him. I physically can't move him.  You might have him. No, this fish might be like- You want me to net him? Yeah, yeah. Like, I physically can't move him. Are you trying to come up? This is over five, maybe six, seven, eight pounds, dude.  I physically can't move him. I might can get him. Hold on. He's big, dude. I ain't playing. Oh. Oh, I believe you. Oh. How big? Oh.  I don't- He's five, maybe. Dude, they just fight so big. You want to net him? Oh, that's- Oh, that's a fatty. That's a true- Holy cow.  They are fat. You talk about a hit. He probably did the same thing to you where they just went thump. Just thumped it, bro. That is the shortest fat. Fat and healthy. Dude, look at that fish. Oh my goodness. Look at that belly. That's the best time about the fall and the winter, dude. Dude, it really doesn't get better than that. When they just come up and hammer and you find them, they're just absolutely piled up. I mean, dude, that's a tank. I don't think he's quite five, is he? He's short, dude. He's just, he's a brute. Don't get me wrong. You want to weigh him? Yeah, I might as well. What do you think? He might be a, I don't know, four and a half? Four or something. I think it's five on the dot. Last time you said that it was five on the dot. Yeah, she's close. I'd say a high four. She's just so, she's not long, you know what I mean? Dude, that fish was fighting too, buddy.  What's she weigh? 4.74. Yeah. Almost a five pounder, four and three quarters. That seems about right. She's just so short, you know? Yeah, we might get on our best bite we've ever had in here. Dude, I'm ready. All right, y'all, almost a five pounder, the first fish of the day for me. That's a meatball, buddy. What do you call that, Cody? Meatball. Meatball. She's like a mini version of that 10 pounder I caught. She's fat, dude. Watch how active she's gonna be when I release her. Watch this. She didn't kick that hard. Pretty fish, though. Oh, man. When you catch them that fat, dude, that's the best feeling. This fall time, winter bite, you know, these fish in the fall, they're feeding up on baitfish so heavy for the winter. You'll catch them this time of year and they're so dang fat. It's fun catching them in the spring and stuff, but this can be one of the best bites you can get on if you get on it right. I think it'd be a lot of fun. They went and touched that trap. They're crazy. Seemed like he had some shoulders on him. Oh, he's just hammering me right there. You got him? Yes, sir. He ate out the boat. See if there's a school of them with him. See if I can double up. Is he fat? There's gotta be more with him, because you, yeah. There's more with him. Yeah. Dude, what is going on with these fish? I might have another big one, dude. I mean, yeah, I got another big one. Not as big as the, oh yeah. It's a nice one. It might be a high three. Yeah, they're stacked out there, dude. Yeah, that's a nice one. Look at that football. It's a three pounder. All right, on the side of his mouth, he might spit it. I know I got him good. Oh yeah, that's a three, three and a half pounder all day. Look at that, straight brute. All right, y'all, about a three pounder right there.  I'm gonna throw it back in there though. I'm gonna quit talking there. They're chomping. That's a good one. It's fat, dude. So healthy in this fall time. No, I was literally saying, I was like, you should have a school with that one because you missed that fish. Because that one came back and ate it. And right when I said that, he went thump. Oh, God, what in the world? My rod just went total flimsy mode on me. I don't know what just happened. Did you see that? Dude, I don't know what just happened to me. I kinda hooks at it really weird. That was the weirdest hook set of my life, but. The rod just went, dude, for some reason I can't turn these fish. There you go. This is the bite that we need to be on, buddy.  That's a high two pounder. Pushing three. Another good one. Look at that. What'd you say, two and three quarter? What? Really? All right, we're gonna get this back in the water. We're gonna keep going.  Nice, dude. Net that thing thing.  Don't let him beat you up. Yeah. Good job, buddy. Yeah, that's another four plus, ain't it?  They're stacked. What is that, a high three or a four? It's so hard to tell from here, ain't it? Dude, I mean, they're slamming it. Oh, dog. Look at that one. That one only two pounds, but look how cracked out he is. And he ate it in the back of his throat. Look at how that one ate it. That's how you want him to eat it. I'm gonna tell you guys, some of the best days I've had on the water is on an underspin. Look at how he ate that sucker. I mean, that's what you want. It's a little one and a half, two pounder. They're slamming it. This is the thing, guys. You get on a bite like this, especially this time of year that you just, it's cast after cast after cast after cast.  See where I just hit? And you'll catch them like crazy. One of the best days I had caught 84 fish on an underspin, back to back to back. It was crazy. That was actually my college recruitment Cody. That was my college recruitment day. And we went on the coach's home lake. I ended up catching 84. Had about, I think, 17 and a half pounds.  It was every cast. You couldn't get them off of it. I think that's three casts in a row for me, dude. See if we can get them right here. That's where I caught that five was out there. What's that? All right. That's where I caught that five pounder. There's one below my boat and right two foot below me. These fish are mean.  These fish are just, they're mean, dude. That's the only thing I can describe them as. Oh gosh. Yeah. That's a four and a half pounder. Look at the belly on these things. God. Same spot I caught that five. Yeah. Throw it right out there towards that bank, that point. It seems like there's some big ones right there, man. That's a good one. I'm gonna weigh him on. I got a scale. He's four or something. He ain't five, but he's four or something. It's a four pounder and a three pounder's body. Four 32. See it? You got one? Big one? This is a four 32. Dude, don't I look like a three pounder?  Good fish, man. This is a slaysash, buddy. This hit so hard. Yeah, he's a tank too, buddy. I got a freaking monster running at me.  Every fish I'm dang hooking right now is a four, dude. How big? About four. Ain't barely hooked. That's a three and a half, maybe. I don't know, he's heavy. Let's put him on the scale. He might be a high three. Seven, 80. Or three, three, seven, eight, seven, eight. Yeah, I didn't catch one. That's a good one. Almost four pounder. But look at that, that looks like a three, right? They're just so fat, they're thick. You know what I mean? It's like every fish I hooked a four pounder right now. I don't know. He's gonna eat it again. I'm gonna stick him. He hammered me. He hammered me again. Right here, that little pop. Come on, baby. Oh, dude. That dang fish hit it so dang hard.   Yeah, that's a four. I mean, God, dang. He hit that thing, look at that. Oh my goodness, you can't beat it, guys. I think he's four. If he's not, he's a high three. What do you think? Yeah, he's four. Four? I'm gonna call him a 394. He's gonna be high. I don't think he's gonna hit it. 386. He went for 392. I was like, oh. Another four pounder, technically. I mean, gosh. Every fish I've hooked, the last five fish, Cody? You got a 20 pound bag. We catching them today, boys. Catching them big ones. Big ones today. Fat fall belly bass. God, dog, that's another big one. Yeah. Oh yeah, that's four. That might be my biggest today. Really? Yeah. If he ain't, he's my second biggest. That's over four. Might be close to five. Oh gosh. Yeah, that, oh, that might be a five. I wanna see a five number. We've got a high four.  He might be. Yeah. He's five. I don't know, he's so fat. Look, he's a brute. Look at the belly on these dang things. All right, what are you thinking? He's a high four. I don't know. I don't know. He's in 42. Yeah, I don't think he's a high four. Now, his belly is just so big. I don't know, he might be a four and a half. He's four and a half. Four and a half. That's a big one. It's just a belly on him. See, but in reality, you think that would be a three and a half pounder. He's not in a four pounder's body. He's so fat. Hey, he's just so big. I'll take a four and a half pounder all day. I told Cody, I was like, dude, the last like five fish is 20 pounds. What in the world, dude? Yeah. It's in a three pound body, so beautiful. That's so cool, ain't it? That just makes you wanna go fishing again and again and again.