Доктор Александр Бычков доделал кучу нуклеофилосайкалов. Александр, пожалуйста. Доброе утро, дорогие коллеги. Сейчас я бы хотела дать информацию о моем любимом суббекте нуклеофилосайкал. Я сказал в первый день, что в последний месяц, в конце октября, я был в нуклеофилосайкале в 40 лет, потому что моя диплома тоже была соединена с нуклеофилосайкаловым сепаратом Литиом Айзотопс. Это очень интересное, в начале 1980-х. И позже я делал много-много использований на рейтах, рейтах-сайкала, рейтах-сайкала, рейтах-сайкала, трансмутация, и так далее. Мои экспертизы, рейтах-сайкала, специфика в моем институте, в которой я работал 29 лет, Республика Института атомических реакторов в Дмитрию Град. Это один из комплексных институтов. У нас были 6 реакторов, большие в Азии, Материал-санкт-лаборатория, специальный комплекс для производства айзотопс, производство Калифорниям, это только два производства Калифорниям в мире, Окридж и Дмитрию Град. И, конечно, фасилит, производство МОКС-фюел и пара-кемикал-репроцессии. Это был уникальный период. Мы в Советском Союзе, и в России. Это только одна организация, которая действительно работала с Паур-Грейт-Паутонием, амирит-сим, и так далее. И я работал в фюел-сайкл, много-много лет. Я помнил некоторые очень простые вещи. Мы, как обычно, понимаем фюел-сайкл, традиционный ход для маяния ураны, для приобретения для сочетания фюел-сайкл, конвершин, сочетания, или, возможно, из-за природа для стольных реакторов за белью shareholders. Фюел-фабрикация, с помощью фюел-сайкацкого на кафе ураны, и luggageусси на кафе ураны, которое тоже может includo есть сочетания. Как обычно, мы на фюел-сайкл Это все операция с пио-уренемом, или в будущем пио-ториум, и с вершином все операция с риодетами материалов, спенфюйл, паутониум, а потом, может, с минуточкой ночи. И, конечно, сейчас у нас есть два философии из философии на философии для урениума. Я бы хотел поделиться. Один философий, открытый философий, и закрытый философий, когда какие-то продукты после урениума должны быть recycled в этом системе. Итак, если вы напомнили о моем предыдущем лекции, то шею философии и электричество, не так много, но все патты в нейротеке очень важны. Без философии мы не можем получить реакцию, и мы не можем получить нейтрон, не можем получить электричество. Так что философий тоже — один из... ну, часть нейротеки, нейротеки, нейротеки, нейротеки в сверху. И, конечно, философия и философия в сравнении с нейротеки, есть больше философий и системы. И, конечно, в сравнении с реактором. Реакторами more often and I would like first part of my lecture to demonstrate some trends on the basis of last 20, 30 years where slow implementation of some innovations give real result in economic and safety of fuel cycle. Of course, I would like to underline safety. Oh, it's improvement of fuel cycle. First of all, nuclear safety is key line, a number of nuclear fuel cycle, fuel and fuel cycle aspects of course affect on nuclear safety in different meanings of this point. Economics, it's also very important, non-proliferation, unfortunately production of weapon great materials, it's belong to fuel cycle and resources, resources for future development of nuclear power. Of course, from point of view of safety, we should consider two aspects. First, separational safety, it's using of nuclear fuel and nuclear reactors and so name long term environmental safety connected to spend fuel and its specific. You know, I think you know the traditional technology for production of pellet fuel for reactors, which is usual all reactors, not all reactors now under operation with pellet fuel, but it's more than 99%. Maybe some fuels for research reactors and mainly research and pilot reactors can work with different type of fuel. It's traditional system, understandable system, a lot of plants in the world that can produce fuel. Experts and specialists who works in this area continuously works in two specific points. One is quality control, improvement of quality control on the all stages of production of fuel. And next, fuel improvement. Improvement of quality of fuel and its characteristics. Very interesting picture. The agency every five years published, collected and published data about fuel rods failures in nuclear power plants. We have not yet officially published data regarding the period from 2016 till 2020, but you can see this tendency during the last 35 years. The drop of failures is really impressive. And the idea of some companies type of wisdom gauss 12 to reach so name zero filer is really ambitious, but truly speaking it's possible to find decision then fuel will work without any failures. Here is direct effect to safety of reactors, not from point of view of server accident, but taking into account release of radioactive gases and some accidents of those three levels. And big effect for reduction of the activity of low level and medium level waste from reactor. So specialists in the fuel works in area of improvement of current fuel fabrication, for PWRs, PWRs, BMK, VWR, pressurized water reactor system, light metal, fast reactors, all others it's old fuel. And main lines for improvement now, extension of radiation period. It also has very important effect of economic and if you have reloading period 12 month or 18 month, of course in that case the loading factor of reactors could be increased and increased. So high burn up also connected with these factors and economic factors. Of course the fuel is more expensive, but the growth of fuel price is less than benefits from this new fuel. It's very important point. Burning up servers, it's also very important additions for establishing more reliable radiation behavior program. And of course increasing coefficient if you would like to have high burn up and extension of radiation period. And new line, very important line after Fukushima accident, a lot of experts in the world facilitated the subjects of name accident tolerant fuel. If taking into account history of fuel development, we can find, I can say that now no new technological ideas. But it's mainly all different ideas were generated in 60s and 70s. But industry is industry. Industry is very conservative system. Uranium dioxide pellets, quality control and work. But if you would like to avoid some strong effect during loss of coolant accident, of course it's much better to implement some more stable fuel that can work in the future. These accident conditions without any effect to release of radioactivity and so on and so on. Of course this fuel would be useful for generation 4-2. And now in the world we have a lot of activities and the big radiation programs continue in US and Russian Federation. Key manufacturer of fuel in the world continue this activity. OECDNIA published some years ago very huge report about analysis of different conceptions. But I will not explain in detail. Second point related safety of fuel cycle. Of course connected with disposal of radioactive, spent fuel or radioactive waste generated after reprocessing of this fuel. I see this picture as minimum twice in your posters and our colleague also mentioned this important picture. If we can remove from the fuel before disposal minor actinates and plutonium, we can reach some name. Radiological equivalent of radioactivity with uranium ore after 300 years of life of this high level waste. Plutonium recycling can give us 10,000 years but decreasing dropping of the activity in spent fuel and used fuel. After direct disposal it's close to million. Of course 10,000 million it is not predictable from engineering point of view but 300 years. Till now we have some burials with very dangerous things. For example after some epidemic in Europe that truly speaking cannot affect to population now. This is one of example. And taking into account Egyptian pyramids and some ancient monuments. It's possible to predict behavior of materials during this year. Of course optimistic Vladimir. I can say as chemist technologist for example have solid fuel. Each cycle of reprocessing will give us losses of minor actinates and plutonium and truly speaking this life will move slowly. But it is a key tendency. A lot of experts working in this area for reducing of so-called burden for future generation. So next point very briefly to avoid production of high enriched uranium and weapon grade plutonium. Of course here enrichment factories and reprocessing facilities can be centers of production of these materials. And so here as usual in the world we use so-name institutional approaches to avoid any unauthorized production of these materials. But unfortunately in history we have some examples. Some countries were not signed a nonproliferation treaty and start the nuclear program. But in the agency and in INPRA also we try to develop some criteria, some system for evaluation of reactor and fuel cycle system for avoiding of production of high enriched uranium and plutonium. Next economics. Economics of course connected to whole part of fuel cycle from mining till operation. I mentioned some effects. And so here I would like to briefly explain that during last 40 or 50 years we have relatively good tendency in uranium exploration. Very specific change of technology in area of uranium mining by in city leaching technology improvement of process for enrichment. I also will explain. And of course development and improvement technology for fuel manufacturing from reprocessed materials uranium and plutonium. And of course MOX fuel is one of key technology not only for current recycling but for future fast reactor technology. And of course generation 4 reactors demand advanced fuel technology. I will explain this point in some details. First of all uranium exploration. If consider traditional system for exploration of uranium accepted I think till 80s 1980s. As usual it's traditional geological studies with expedition and so on and so on. But now we have so sensitive equipment that can be used for analysis of radon on different layers and if we can find some increasing of radon content in the air. Of course we can say here we have some probability that here we have thorium or uranium deposits. It's really big chemical effect in comparison of old technology. Geophysical methods including radiometry and some other other things. And so I worked in nuclear industry many years I remember in 80s and 70s many people told about we will have not enough uranium for development of nuclear power. But taking into account new geological studies investigations now we can understand that during next 50 40 60 years we have enough uranium for nuclear power. Taking into account very interesting effect. For example now we consider some mining places is very expensive. But after initiating coal mining process and production of uranium concentrate the prices can drop. Next very important but I think it's also revolutionary step. It was not visible from point of view of mining methods. We had in history open pit systems in the world we have a lot of places where till now these places should be remediated underground system. We have a tunnel extraction of some ore but I would like to underline that the ore with 1% of uranium it is it's rich ore. So uranium it is not no it's it's element distributed in geological formations and it has no some concentrated systems uranium and thorium. From point of view of so-name quark the content of these materials in air core they is not for example bismuth bismuth maybe it's more has less quark than uranium or thorium a little bit for good. But some elements that we have in the practice manganize maybe also has the similar content in the of core maybe. But here is technology of in city leaching there some special tubes pressed chemical solution and dissolved uranium and some other elements and important point. 14 years ago in the report of the agency we fixed that only 28% of mine uranium was produced by this environmental attractive technology. But now we close to two-thirds of production of uranium by these methods. Kazakhstan Uzbekistan some new mining facilities in Africa. Canada also changed the technology. And step by step we avoid very specific and long term effect on environment. Till now for example in Soviet Union we had a lot of places for open pit mining and after completion of this activity the tails were covered by special systems. In the beginning of 90's after destroying of Soviet Union all these systems stayed without any security and we received two effects. The standards related environmental protection now more stronger but from other hand many local people try to find some metals some scraps in these areas and these areas were destroyed and Commonwealth of Independence States European Union support to remediation of similar things. But if we will use this technology of course we can reduce drastically the problem related environmental effect of uranium mining. Good tendency. Next point in enrichment. Currently in historical enrichment process it is 25% or 50% of fuel cycle. All fuel cycle. It's more expensive. Why? It's differences between uranium 238 and 235 taking into account the six atoms of fluoride fluorine. We have very, very small separation factors in any technologies. But we have very good features of uranium to have gas compound uranium gas of fluoride. And of course first facilities. I lost one slide. First facilities include the so-called diffusional process. Diffusion of gases from membrane and separation by these processes. It's necessary. For example to reach 4% of enrichment it's necessary to have 1500, 400 procedures. So it's necessary to have very big cascades, system for operation of these cascades and to receive. And a lot of electricity for gas diffusional. But from other hand centrifugal process also was calculated, suggested. But unfortunately during very long period the world industry had no system for very precise mechanics. Mechanics with graphite centrifugery. But step by step and now we have very interesting picture. First of all I would like to underline that centrifuge process is very cheap from point of view of consumption of electricity. Gas diffusion plant as usual had power plant near. For example in France, in some first facility in Soviet Union. But centrifugal process request very, very in comparison of gas diffusion process for one unit for separation of uranium. More than 500 times less. And so slowly industry change this process and if compare 2000 and 2015 in 2000 the uranium in region market covered 50% by diffusion plant, 40% by centrifuge and 10% it was excessive weapon grade uranium. Last years we on the market receive mainly only uranium reached by centrifuge. It's from point of view of economics it's one point. But another it's very interesting effect. If you have cheap centrifuge systems, a lot of cascades, very good mathematical models for operation of these cascades you can use their depleted uranium after diffusion plant with content of 0, 3, 0, 4% of uranium. Not 0, 7% but 0, 4%. Of course maybe it is seems not practical but you can avoid the process of mining of uranium. Also expensive process for conversion of uranium to uranium hexafluoride plus we in the world have a lot of stock piles of depleted uranium. And Rosatom for example now has this program. First of all Rosatom works with Rosatom's tails in Siberia. And some years ago Rosatom start program for enrichment of tails from Germany, formally from Germany. But if take into account some specific market swapping system that service connected with Japan partly with some other countries. So it's very interesting business decision that can give chance to use very big stock piles of uranium hexafluoride. And next line recycling of spent fuel. And this very important point that's related not only to economics, it's related to safety, related to environment and related to public acceptance and other things. Тruly speaking we have relatively clear history in this area. In the world we have not first of all high burnable fuels. So this fuel is not so easy for reprocessing from point of radiation state, reduction of wastes. But from other hand in any case no many countries had regular commercial experience for reprocessing. France, Russia, India, Japan, small factory and new plant is not fully in the operate. UK unfortunately stopped their program. So, and in recycling we should consider three basic tendencies. It's also Michael X mentioned its direct disposal, disposal after recycling of plutonium and disposal after recycling of plutonium and minor actinates. As you can see here the decreasing of content of, not content, it's a volume of fuel waste for our repository. Currently it's demonstrative picture with Russia, UK, Japan and India with some reprocessing plant but more advanced plant now under operation in France. It's classical example. I really like this picture. It's demonstration of work of French specialist to improve waste treatment and reprocessing plant. We've taken into account design of UP free plant reprocessing of light water reactor fuel. Of course it was initially suggested to have a lot of different type of wastes, different type of matrices. But finally they decided to make concentration of medium level wastes till high level wastes and to produce glasses with orange and all other things technological waste should be compacted by pricing. And you see now the volume. It is not radiative activity of high level wastes in large plant. It is less than one quarter of volume of initial spent fuel. It's also good tendency. No many people knows but regular work in area of improvement of nuclear fuel facility as usual can give very good and important results. Some words about recycling and non-proliferation. Here it's also very important point from point of view of agency due to recycling of separated plutonium, should reduce risks, avoiding of accumulation of spent fuel also should avoid risk of production and using of plutonium for other systems. So we have of course some dualism in the world. Some states decided to has open fuel cycle but recycling can give more advances in comparison of direct disposal. We would like to underline very excellent experience of French industry on recycling of plutonium. Of course initial conception was connected with fast reactors but unfortunately national program of friends postponed fast reactors now. But instead of these French companies, they have maybe not so advanced factory but very stable production line for most fuel and taken to account the current fleet of French reactors. In neighbour countries plus very small flows in Russia for the end 800. Now it's around 5% of fresh fuel market covered by MOX. Now taken to account Japanese fuel to citizens. Step by step, step by step 5% in this market is relatively strong line. And this studies continues. In France experts especially try to modify MOX fuel in more advanced fuel assemblies, fuel radiation system for one of key line to increase of plutonium loading into reactor. Russia taken to account specific of there in comparison of classical PWR works in area of so name remix. That is where is uranium slightly enriched. So it's combination of reprocessed materials, so name remix. And also Russia has now very strong experience to recycle uranium too. Initially it was developed for RBMK many many years ago. Then fuel after mayac can be used for RBMK production. But now it's more advanced taken to account some process for reenrichment. And I can say some words about that reprocessing recycling. Recycling now it's industrial options. It is not only research and development and 40 years experience of reprocessing in France. MOX fuel ability to load till 100% of MOX fuel. Russian program for bayonet 800 is some restoring of MOX production in the world and new tendency to use in this uranium for thermal neutron reactors. 10 минут. I have long presentation but tomorrow I have also 45 minutes for lecture about legal institutional aspects. But this lecture is very brief. It's around 20 minutes only. And so part of this lecture will be given tomorrow. Okay. Generation 4. Tendency and fuel for generation 4. This table you see this table yesterday or day before. We have a number of six reactors. I did not include here other systems. And you see four reactor systems should take closed fuel cycle. One system is optional closed fuel cycle supercritical reactors. And only one system is considered without closed fuel cycle. So here it's interesting picture where they demonstrate what temperature and what irradiation effect we have for materials and of course for fuels in different systems. Of course in comparison of current fleet of reactors the temperature is higher. Irradiation effect is much higher. And so we should have some selection of new fuel. Of course we have in history a lot of candidates. Different type of ceramics. Nitrous, additional dioxide, nitrite, carbide. Different type of metal alloys. Uranium, plutonium, uranium with different elements. Some specific system with mix of ceramic metallic and different ceramics. Type of for example plutonium with so name inert matrixes. And molten salt, mainly fluorides. So we have this selection. But what we can use for realization of closed fuel cycle or fuel cycle for different generation 4 reactors. First of all sodium fast reactors. Not truly speaking. I think the key problems around these reactors from point of fuel and closed fuel cycle. In my opinion soft. We have ceramic fuels. Uranium, mox oxide, mix nitrite, metallic system. Аквастехнология, mainly for oxide fuel. That can be realized not only as separate for this fuel. But for example we have good experience in luck. And limited experience in... Okay. And limited experience in Mayak for reprocessing of the mox fuel of fast reactors. Sometimes it's possible to add these materials to main stream. For example, I know the history of reprocessing of not irradiated fuel of SNR 300. But that fuel contained high quantity of amurids. About 40 to 20 years storage. But Kajima or Areeva completed it. And fuel fabrication technology also exist. Pellets, vibroparking, injections. Melting. Not melting, injection casting. High temperature reactor, it's last. Lead cool fast reactors. Also closed fuel cycle. Mainly ceramic. Here it's some specific of possible interaction of metallic fuel with lead. Or lead-vismont has some limitation. Also it's possible to use aqueous process if you have a big facility. Or maybe pyro process if you have no big facility for reprocessing of fuel. It's possible to make some process for preparation. As usual spellet or maybe some type of ceramic elements. Gas cooled fast reactors. Also has the same as for other fast reactors. But here more dense ceramic is usually considered. Not oxide, but nitride. Or maybe carbide in future. So supercritical reactor. From point of view it's very close to light water reactors. But of course I think for reaching of expected characteristic. It's much better to use some more advanced ceramic materials. And maybe it's one of the line where it's possible to use vibra packing fuel. And of course aqueous process is main and pyro process is one of. High temperature reactors. Of course we can use here uranium, uranium plutonium, uranium thorium system. Uranium, thorium, plutonium, thorium, plutonium and some other. Here we have very good things. It's very high burn up. Very high burn up of fuel. But fuel is very complicated. And truly speaking it is not easy for reprocessing by some conventional methods. Of course we had some mind games around pyrochemical process of this fuel. Truly speaking it's possible. Truly speaking it's possible if it will be needed in future. And final line molten salt reactors. Close fuel cycle. But molten salt reactors is close fuel cycle itself. It's here we cannot speak about reprocessing methods. And fuel fabrication methods. It's only one thing. It's pyro process on site with this reactor. So I worked in the area of implementation of vibra pack fuel many years. Unfortunately we had not win competition with pellet due to quality control systems. Taken to account cladding bought many, many years ago. And related quality control in our facilities. But this fuel for fast reactors is very interesting. It's more flexible. And after radiation this fuel has similar structure as for pellet fuel. Here is our experience. This is old pictures from treat experiments of Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Also very unique fuel. It's trisoparticles. It's traditional with uranium, enriched uranium dioxide. But in the line of accelerated tolerant fuel. Some particles with uranium nitride covered by different layers of carbon. By pyrographite and carbon silysid. Silysid also can be used for high temperature reactors. So, Vladimir, I would like to take some words about reprocessing. Advanced reprocessing. Now we in the world in main reprocessing facilities we use a name purex process. That was developed for extraction of plutonium from spent fuel. Of course it was modified. For example in Mayak my colleagues works with separation of neptunium in some special line. And this process is very good established. We can count some specifics. For example for extraction of minor actinides from one side. And from other side tendency to have one flow of uranium and plutonium. One flow of uranium and plutonium. Some methods were developed in the world. So you can see the map of this acquisition methods. Other methods is pyroprocessing. Two years ago agency published status and trends in this activity. And for example this picture is one of step of reprocessing of uranium plutonium cerconium. Or uranium cerconium alloys where is spent metallic fuel in molten chloride salts. And used as anodic system. And after dissolution parallel it is continuous process. Can deposit uranium metal. Or plutonium can be also precipitated. Electro-deposited to liquid cadmium cathode. So in that case we can restore physical property of these materials after future casting. Purification of casting. The similar approach can be used for nitrite fuel. Due to nitrite also has electroconductivity. Relative electroconductivity for anodic dissolution. I walked many years process of pyroprocess for oxide fuel. It's more complicated. It's necessary to have process for dissolution of uranium and plutonium. Or spent fuel in molten salt by chlorine with presence of carbide. We use some changeable crucible from pyrographite especially developed for this system. We can produce after mox or uranium dioxide or precipitated plutonium as cathodic deposit. Here is also very interesting effect of uranium. Uranium dioxide is semiconductor higher than for degrees and degrees. So here we can organize so name flat growth crystal system. И after that this material can be treated for removal of salt by vacuum cleaning or washing. And after cutting can be used for vibropacking. Here it's my picture. I'm offer of this picture but it was especially right 30 years ago for presentation in Japan. Of our process in comparison of America. It was my first visit was in 1992. Yes it's agonist laboratory process. Cutting of metallic fuel after radiation. Pyroprocessing for removal for extraction of uranium plutonium. Casting of fuel and fuel pin productions with layers. Only some steps. It's only one, truly speaking, one chemical process. Truly speaking it is not full scale reprocessing. It's restoring or refurbification of fuel. Restoring of physical state. And the similar for oxide fuel. Декладинг. It's very unique process for high temperature decladings. You still have no attractiveness in liquid form with oxide fuel. And you can drop steel separately and receive fuel separately. Of course it's relatively expensive and very high temperature. Next step. Parachemical electrovining process. Дисселюция and electrochemical deposition. Crush of this cathodic deposit. Removal of salt. And production of fuel by vibroparking. And we have short brief close fuel cycle with pyroprocess. Of course we have some tests. Not very high but very unique fuel. For example fuel after bore 60 with radiation. With average burn up more than 21%. 20% of fission products. But it was possible to receive materials after pyroprocess. And we had a radiation program for some fuel pins after this reprocessing. So. And some words about activities of the agency in area of advanced fuel cycle. We have now study completed. It's not improv, but it's my colleagues in nuclear fuel cycle section. We have consideration of different approaches to fuel cycle from point of view of optimization. And I would like to underline mainly this study. It will be published soon. Existing in advanced nuclear fuel cycle technology options for waste burden minimization. We consider current technology and some tendency to improve and improve and improve. Till full partitioning and transmutation systems. I am also the co-author of this reactor. And last slide of my today's part. Реактор. Реактор and fuel cycle in one unit. First of all it's liquid fuel. Mainly fluoride. For thermal neutron people consider it chloride. But from chemical point of view chloride is more aggressive systems. From point of view of corrosion. So it would be no easy to find good materials. Технология of welding of these materials. And for this system next secondary circuit also could be used molten salt. Molten salt has very big capacity from point of view of thermal accumulation. It was different conception of fast reactors can work as breathers, as incinerators. Or sources of neutron, as we saw in one of presentations. And octinides could be dissolved in this system. And this system should have some online chemical reprocessing. May be during long period it's possible to operate without full reprocessing. For example only removal of noble gays and some noble metals. And add some fissile materials, plutonium, or mine art, and so on. And to start full scale reprocessing. For removal of full extraction of partitioning of some out of fusion product. May be after 10 years of operation of this reactor. May be after 15. With little more to start reprocessing after 15 years of operation of plutonium incinerator. Molten salt reactor, lead by accelerator. So, and I mentioned yesterday the project synergy where we in the agency discuss about current approaches to fuel cycle. Result of current research and development as next step. And we are expecting of some fruits of tomorrow research and development. So, this is last slide for today. And of course the philosophy of close fuel cycles now has very interesting reflection. In the area of United Nations system we spoke about circular economy. Close fuel cycle, it's really circular economy. If taking into account some specific, some specific idea for recycling of cerconium. For using coefficient product for different tasks for irradiation sources and so on. Really we have one of example of circular economy. Next, my part, it will touch some national policies. And some legal aspect of internationalization of fuel cycle. But I will connect it to these parts with my tomorrow's lecture. Sorry. My favorite subject. Thank you very much. So, we have time for the questions, comments. Thank you sir. So, how much percent of the fuel is recycled in general? In the world? In general. In general? A lot of years has been spent. Now it's less than 25%, but more than 20%. I have no direct information for current situation. But for example, in 2005 we had 25% of repossessed fuel. It's taken into account all flows of river, 440 in Russia. All Magnox and partly Lightwater Reactor fuel in the UK. Taken into account some overseas contract with Japan. Very huge program in France, French reactors from Germany. Old Italy systems, Netherlands, Belgium, partly Spain. And of course German. German has big programs. Plus old experience of US till 1977. Experience of India for heavy water reactors. And limited experience of China. But China now works. So, it's more than 100,000. I will check and will reply tomorrow. More detail. Okay, Dr. Lace. Thank you Vladimir. Thank you Alexander for your very interesting presentation. I am not an expert of this fuel cycle and repossessing. But that was a good question. What do you think about the strategy of what we call multi recycling of plutonium in lightwater reactors? In order to delay, I would say, to delay the development of fast reactors. Ну, first of all, I remember good lessons of Massimo Salvatore, who explained that two cycles is maximum for conventional plutonium after lightwater reactors. Taken into account that now we have growth of burn-up, the quality of plutonium dropped. But, I mentioned here some studies in France and in Rosatom, for using of plutonium for multi recycling of lightwater reactors. Here, it's idea to decrease content of plutonium, but increase of enrichment of uranium. In that case, they understood, I'm not physicist, we have some effect of compensation. And in that case, for example, for remix fuel, we consider it as minimum four cycles. It's possible. Of course, here is necessary to make some corrections. And in any case, it will be not very easy task. To truly speaking, we have different plutonium in each new fuel assembly after reprocessing. And sometimes, I worked with reprocessed plutonium. Every container has some deviation in isotopes. Sometimes, especially in 41 and 40, it's one or two percent of deviations. Абсолютно нет. И так, я думаю, что старая концепция, когда системы термонутронных реактов, и быстрые реакты, работают вместе. Один рецикл в быстрых реактах, и два рециклы. Один рецикл в термореактах, и два рецикла в быстрых реактах. В этом случае, мы получаем эквилибрию изотопичного композиции. И эта плютония может быть использована для термореактов. Но это компликатический систем. Это старые концепции. Но это возможно. Спасибо. Спасибо большое. Присаживай следующее. Спасибо еще раз. Пожалуйста. Так, если вы посмотрите на концепцию этой идеи, как исследователи, как инженеры, то идея этой цикловой цикловой циклы, конечно же, но всегда есть другие люди, которые любят брать какие-то brilliant ideas, экономисты. Так что, можно ли вы briefly provide any information about economic aspects and economic differences between closed and enclosed cycles? Потому что, как вы знаете, some countries accept only brilliant ideas decided to use an enclosed cycle. And, of course, they have some reasons. If short reply, the expenses for open fuel cycle and the expenses for closed fuel cycle are comparable. It's a similar level. But now we need to change the paradigm of evaluation of this system. Nobody can understand the expenses for a whole cycle of control and monitoring of spent fuel disposal. But we have experience to work with high-level waste without actinates. Here we can predict using of separative materials, can predict behavior of end expenses for high-level waste. But we cannot predict correctly all expenses for open fuel cycle. Yes, unfortunately, we have no initial data for full scale nuclear energy system assessment, as I spoke yesterday. Yes, yes, but this idea is comparable. So, we are coming back from fuels with energy.


Cars up for grabs right now in the Leta Kenny Credit Union members draw. Let's go back there and join Oshin Kelly. Yeah, John, welcome back here to the High Road. We're all set for the big draws to Nissan Juke Cars, the SV models in lovely whites are for the winners today. It's courtesy, of course, of iMotor's Indrum King and our special guest of honour. Delighted to have her here. I'm going to get a fist pump off her because we're live in Facebook as well, Anna. Good on you. That's Anna Hennessey, who recently competed in the Downsundrum World Swimming Championships, who is here. She's our special guest and she's going to make two people very happy because she is going to pick out the winning tickets, OK? It's a big job for Anna, so it is. And we've got Mick Yarra and Charlie McGlynn on the drum as well. It's already been spun several times. So, gentlemen, Anna, if you want to take it away, let's dig deep, get the hand in there, Anna, and pull out those winning tickets. And as we wait, John, on the tickets to go to the desk, over to Jimmy and Mora, to get confirmed what the name that relates to the number. You can see on our Facebook page, 2511 is the first one out. So we're going to get a name which is tied to that number. I'll give you some of the winners of the cash prizes, John. A 500-year-old cash. There was five winners today. Demela Callahan from Church Hill, Isabel Baldmore from Letter Kinney. Jacqueline Doherty from Letter Kinney. Deirdre Murphy from Remelton. And Laura Galbreth from Manor Cunningham are the five winners of the 500-year-old cash. So that's a nice lift for them as we head on to the festive period. We're just waiting on the first one. Yeah, once we get confirmation of the winner of the first card, then we'll do the draw for the second card. We're just waiting on the name. There's a drum roll there, John. Do you have a drum roll? Yeah. OK, not too far away. Up the road.  From Letter Kinney, it's not too far away, so it's not. Patricia Rob, if you're from Letter Kinney, you've just won yourself a Nissan Juke car courtesy of the Letter Kinney Credit Union members draw. So Patricia Rob from Letter Kinney, congratulations to you. You're the one of the first car. Well done. Fantastic. OK, then, Anna and Mick and Charlie, away we go again. Draw number two. Sorry, John, I cut across you. We're going to say something there. Yeah, I was just curious. Does Patricia go back in now? Is there like a chance that Patricia could win the two cars? Yeah, Patricia goes back in, does she, for the set? Yep, I'm getting an odd here. She could win the two cars. That'd be something else, wouldn't it? What's the chances? What's the chances of that? But well done to Patricia, she won the first car. OK, a thousand euro, John Cash, six winners today as well. So Catherine Purcell from Letter Kinney, Eugene O'Boyle of Letter Kinney, Emond Kaira Melton, Anne Gordon, I think it is, from Letter Kinney, Francie McDevitt from Fintown, and Thomas Tees from Letter Kinney, congratulations. You all won a thousand euro as well, and that's another nice lift for Christmas. So if you would like to get involved in the draws, which will be taking place in 2023, the best way to do it is to call in, if you're passing, and talk to any of the staff here who will be able to help you out to get full details off the draw, and there'll be details as well on the website, LetterKinneyCU.ie. I'm giving the staff extra work here, so I'm getting the nods. OK, John, car number two. Where's it going to this time? Have we got an address on this? We've got a town on this? Oh, just out the road. Heading out to Glen Swilly Direction. If your name's John McFadden, and you're from Brena, congratulations, John. You've just won yourself, and this and Duke car as well. So there you go, John, our two winners today. Patricia Rob from LetterKinney, and John McFadden from Glen Swilly. Congratulations, you've won yourself, and this and Duke SV model, and the second part of the draws from the LetterKinney Credit Union, so well done to them. That's a nice one, isn't it, John? Yes, it certainly is. It's a nice two, actually. Nice two. I tried again to get you on, John, but it didn't work out. So it didn't work out. So listen, congratulations to everybody. Congratulations to the car winners and the cash winners, and many thanks as always to Gordon and his team down here for having us for the draw, because it's always a popular event and a few people called in as well, and they're getting the tea and the coffee and the buns, and we can't forget about the star of the show as well. Thanks to Anna Hennessey coming down. Anna gets deserved a round of applause. She does indeed, she does indeed. OK, John, I have to go back up the road to work now. Yeah, yeah, that's right, and quickly. OK. Thanks, John, see you. Brilliant, so it was actually in there for live from the Kenny Credit Union for the big draw at Money as well. Let's not forget all those winners of 500 euro and 1,000 euro, as well as the two big winners of the Nissan Juke's, Patricia Robb in Letter Kenny and John McF...


In 1997, I had my first day as a sophomore at Valley Park Senior High in Valley Park, Missouri. It was a small school. Everyone knew everyone's business. In high school, my senior class was 75 people. Only 55 of them graduated. So that's how small it was. In high school, you have four first days.  You notice each first day, one of the most memorable things I always remember from like every year to year, was that people were changing. You hadn't seen a lot of them for three months. And when you get there on that first day, you start seeing some of those people who you hated before and all of a sudden they had a smile on their face and they were nice or they had changed. Their hairstyles changed. Their clothes changed. Their overall style changed. But also physically, they were changing as well. They were getting taller, fatter, skinnier, whatever, right? Like everybody was changing. No one looks the same as the year before. So the first day of my sophomore year, I noticed something about one of my classmates that sent me in a completely different direction than I had been going down. And this totally changed a lot of things for me. He was one of my arch enemies though. He picked on me all the time. So ever since we were in middle school, he was always constantly like, you know, banging up against me in the hallway or whatever. I mean, he was just complete DB, right? So the thing is, though, is that it wasn't like I was like one of these really, you know, like smart, uber smart nerdy kids, right? Like I made, I was a very average student. I didn't make great grades. I think I graduated with like a C plus average, right? I didn't participate in school sports. That probably had something to do with getting picked on a lot. But overall, I was a geek. But I had potential, as the teachers would always tell me. The teachers would constantly tell my parents in the parent-teacher meetings, oh, he's grades, I mean, but he's got potential, right? That's like, that's kind of a pretty backhanded thing to say, right? Like you start catching on to how kind of sarcastic or like just playing to your parents they're speaking. But this always followed a right home with, you really need to apply yourself, Blake. The teacher says you have potential and we want to see you use it. Focus on your studies. What's it going to take, Blake? How do you think you're going to get into college like this?  You're just like, but, you know, I'm not interested in any of this stuff. So here's why I think I found myself in this situation. So I'm going to back up a little bit. Since the age of 12, I have been teaching myself programming. Because I tried, I was tired of playing video games. And when I, I wanted to learn how they were made. So one day my mother took me to the bookstore to the nearest mall and she picked out, sorry, slides. That was Valley Park. That's being awkward. I had potential. So absolutely the keys aren't synced up here. I had to keep tabbing back and forth. So yeah, I had, you know, so I was at the age of 12, right? I would say since the age of 12, I've been teaching myself programming. So one day my mother was going to take me to a bookstore. She took me to a bookstore at the nearest mall, right? I think it was like a Walden books or something. There really wasn't many borders around at the time. This is kind of mid-America, St. Louis. They get the last of everything. So when she took me, I walked around the computer section. And this became a normal habit for a very long, long time. Afterwards was the bookstore. You go right to the computer section and you sit. But I sat and I waited there a couple of the books. It was a very small section.  There's literally like five aisles and you can't make any, you know, sense of what's what. But there was only a handful. And one of them was game programming in C. There's the image. That's somewhat close to what it looked like. It was a Sam publishing book. I couldn't find the exact image. But it was fun going through some of these old book things because that's what I used to read. But so I got this book on game programming. I had no idea what it was about. I just wanted to make a game. I thought you open the book, you read the thing, boom, you make a game. It's that easy, right? Like, that's all you need. You just grab a book and you do it. And whatever. So I would take this book to school. And when I got to school, I would sit there.  They were huge. And I'd have this huge book with all my other books in my bag. And I'd walk around with it like this. I would sit down at my desk and I'd open it up and look. I would never pull the book out of my bag that I was supposed to have. I never even had pencils. I was always disorganized. But I always had my book. And I'd sit at my desk and I'd even get to class early so that I could flip through that book and read it. And I think read is really the wrong word. It was more like I had no idea what I was reading. I had no idea what I was looking at. But after a few weeks, I had had some of my classmates convinced and teachers too that I created video games in my free time because I sat and read this thing all the time and I talked like I knew what was going on. I was like, yeah, you see that line of code that's doing this, you know, it's like moving the thing. And it was probably just, you know, incrementing a pointer. I don't know, right? So, but I'm going to take a step back even further. In fourth grade, my parents bought a 10 megahertz head start LX with Turbo Boost. It came with 12 CDs and at least eight separate manuals on how to use all the various programs that came pre-installed on it. I spent many hours learning how just basic operation of this, basically how to turn it on, put the CD in, and fire up a video game. That's about all I really knew how to do and play the games, right? And there were all these DOS-based games with like the huge pixels. So, also I would watch my mom use the computer as well. She always, the reason she got it was because she did a lot of word processing. So I'd watch her use the DOS-based Word editor. But I think one of my favorite things was to watch the thing print. She, we had this one of those dot matrix printers with a huge ink head and we would just go, and she would print out these huge banners from my class, right? Like when I had any kind of school project, she would always print out some like three or four-page banner where you had to rip the holes off the side very carefully as to not tear it. And I'd show up and be the coolest kid in school cool skid in school, because I had a computer printed banner in grayscale. But back to the game programming book. I finally got frustrated with not being able to write a game in C. You can only stare at this book for so long, and finally just get frustrated and just go, ah, I've been looking at this forever, and I haven't created anything. I almost kind of gave up. I was almost like, yeah, maybe this isn't for me. Maybe this is not what I want to do. But again, I was just staring at all this obscure code. It really wasn't crystallizing. But what I didn't consciously realize was that I had taken on something overly ambitious. I knew nothing about basic programming. And I wanted to jump into something as complex as game programming. Game programming is probably one of the most complex types of software you can write. There is so much that goes into it. Math, science, just graphics. I mean, it's just an enormous amount of math. And I hadn't even taken high school algebra yet. There was no way I was going to get this concept. So one night, while sitting on the floor in the den next to the books, those eight books that came with that computer, this was four years later. We'd had this computer forever. And I still would play the games on it. But I was sitting in the den, and I was just kind of like, I don't know, just messing around, maybe looking through magazines or something. And what I saw was that one of them stood out to me. And I noticed that it actually said programming. And these books had been collecting dust under the desk, the computer desk. I'd completely forgotten we'd even had them. And when I saw one of them, one of them was an introduction to GWBasic. It had been there the whole time I had this book. I didn't need to go out and buy this book, but that's what I thought I wanted to do. Again, overly ambitious. But I was learning something here. Because this book stood out, I immediately grabbed it. And I was like, an introduction. That's what I need, an introduction to just basic programming. So I grabbed this book, and I was super intrigued. The first chapter dove right in. And it taught the reader, oh, that's the Head Start LX. I actually found a picture of it. Awesome. Brought back memories. But this is GWBasic. This also brought back a lot of memories. But the first chapter, I dove right in. I opened up the editor, and I did exactly what it told me to do. I typed in GWBasic on the command line, and then this editor popped open. And it said, type this, print hello world. And I type print hello world, and it came out. My mind was blown at this point. I just told the computer to do something, and it did it. This was huge to me. I was just so filled with just excitement. I was just over the most trivial thing.   That was awesome. So then I thought, all right, time to write a game. I'm a programmer now. Let's do this. So the first thing I came to mind was something simple, because it was something I could just get my head around. It's just a simple little game, right? I think maybe I thought about tic-tac-toe first, but I hadn't figured out how to draw anything on the screen yet, so I was trying to think of something else. And I came up with something I creatively called number guess. Guess what it did. So after a much trial and error and many, many go-to statements, those of you who use GW Basic know that that's the only way you do things is go-to statements, I had a game that randomly chose a number between 1 and 10 and gave you three attempts to guess at it. And at the end of three guesses, it would either tell you when or you lose. It wouldn't even tell you you won right away. It would just tell you whether you won or you lose. It wouldn't even tell you what the number was. So if you win, it was one of the three numbers you picked. So as I did this, each little step as I was doing it, I would write a go-to statement, and it blew my mind that it was like, well, I can go back in time. I can execute a line of code that's already been executed. And I'm moving back, and then I go back through again, and then I can just do this thing iteratively. And in this if thing, this is crazy. It's like I'm just telling it if this, then do this, right? I was filled with so much excitement.  You're like, this is just, ugh. This was a feeling I had never had before. I had never felt like this. I don't, I can't explain why, you know? I just, it was kind of like a coming of age story, I guess, right? But I immediately, once I had this done, I'm just so filled with excitement. And the first thing, oh man, oh man. Mom, dad, come here. You gotta see this. This is just, and up the stairs they come, followed by my father. And I say, look, look at what I've done, look at this. And I show them, and I say, look, I'm guessing a number, and then it did that, and then the first thing, they were just like, and I was just looked at them, and I was like, and with far less excitement than I was filled with, they said, oh, neat. What? How do they not feel, how do you not see this? Look, this is, how do you not feel like I feel right now? I just guessed a number on a computer. That's amazing. Very cool, son, that's very cool. Yeah, that's what my dad said. Yeah, oh, you know, is that it? Yeah, is that it? What does he mean, is that it? But I could tell he was happy because I was happy, but he didn't get it. But I conceded to this feeling, I mean, I felt I was just so happy, I couldn't understand why they weren't. And the amount of excitement I had diminished. I was really looking to just share that excitement with someone, and there was no one there, right? They just, they didn't get it. So I thought, ah, maybe they're right. It's not all that exciting, it is just a number guessing game. So I conceded to this feeling, and I left and followed them downstairs and watched TV with them. But at some point after this drag of a situation, this kind of feeling of just like, oh, that sucked. They're just, I had this brilliant idea. What if, what if, follow me? It told you if you were getting warmer or cooler. Boom, chest exploded again, ran upstairs immediately. It was like, got down to the computer and was just like, ah, ah, just typing, just like grabbing the book and flipping through it and just like staring at it, right? I don't think I was really making those noises, but I mean, that's what I was saying in my head. And I was looking through the book and I was just like, how do I do this and how would I do it that way? And then how, okay, I need the end, and then eventually after a couple little bit, again, trial and error, trial and error, got it. It was working, mom, dad. They're gonna get it now, now they're gonna get it. This is it. They come running upstairs again, right? They came back and I made my mom sit down at the computer this time. I wanted her to experience it the same way I experienced it. I sat her down and I knew this time it was gonna happen. And after a round of it, she smiled and said, neat. Yeah, okay, right? Is there anything else that it does? I didn't get this. I couldn't understand what was wrong with her. So this went on a few more times and blah, blah, blah, back and forth, back and forth, right, I would add a feature, they would come back up and say neat, right? And every single time that they said neat, I just drained me and then it would take a while to get back into that excitement, excited mode. I'd have to think of something else, slightly more challenging to go up there and get that excitement and go do it again. So eventually I stopped showing it off and I kind of kept it to myself. I just worked on it, I did whatever I want with it. I refined the output. I played that out. I refined the code. I played that out. I invented a new feature and it turns out you can only invent so many new features to a number guessing game. Once you start writing to the file system for no reason, you're just like, I just did it because I wanted to learn how to open a file and write something to it. So I needed more inspiration. So, and besides, no one appreciated my number guessing game. So, back to the bookstore we went and I would buy something, anything, who knows? Who knows what I was gonna buy this time? So I had flipping through the books again and boom, I hit this thing and I see basic on it. It's called QBasic, right? It's like GWBasic but without the line numbers and a much better text editor. That's GWBasic, or I'm sorry, QBasic. So I grabbed the book, I get home and I immediately open it up and I'm like, what am I gonna do? What am I gonna do? I rush upstairs, I turn the computer on, I'm looking at the book and it said to start type QBasic at the prompt. So I type QBasic at the prompt and immediately, bonk, command not found. What? So I opened the book app and I went through and looked at that introduction that I so hastily jumped into the middle of the book and skimmed right past and it actually said, you need this version of DOS in order to have QBasic, it comes pre-installed with it or you need to get yourself a version of it, right? You need to purchase a version of it. Well, I had no money and this was my first pirating experiment. But I remember what, why? I'm like, I couldn't understand, I didn't really understand the concept of just not being there, right? So where do I get it? I was trying to figure out where to get it. So my version of DOS was old, the excitement was gone again, derailed. I was all those excited, I got up there and then poof, it went away. So I called my Uncle Don. Uncle Don, he did computer stuff at his work, right? He would know what to do.  It actually worked. But I had to wait days for it, like three or four excruciating days until the weekend. And that was just, when you're in anticipation for something, it's like three or four days before vacation, right?  You know, it's just like, I wanna be there. So while I was waiting, I was interpreting the code over and over, I had been writing it down on pencil and paper, right? I was just trying to keep like this excitement going. And once he came over, it worked. And when it worked, it was like, oh, yes, there it is. That was the screen I saw and wanted to see because that's what was printed in the book. When I finally saw it, I was like, ah, now I need to do something. So I thought and I thought, ah, I know. I'm gonna create a number guessing game. But it's gonna be so much better this time because now I have QBasic. I can do, it shows you how to do colors in the book. You can plot things on the screen. I'm gonna, it's gonna be brilliant. Oh yes, my first day as a sophomore, sorry. What was noticeably different about this classmate that I had saw was that the girls were drooling over him. It was disgusting. What made him so much better that he got all the attention just because he lifts metal objects in his free time? Like that's, I write software, I can program. I got a brain.  Total DB picks on me all the time. Hate this guy, right?  But I also realized that I was being bothered by this and I kind of remember not like having like this conscious like soul searching thing. Why am I so mad at him? Why am I not in touch with my feeling? It was just, my brain was just going on my own. I didn't know what was going on, right? I was just like, I had to do something about this. I had to show that like how ridiculous that that is to like be that much into somebody just because of like they can lift metal objects, right? So, I decided I wanted to be buff. So, one night I got home and I was like, I'm gonna go to the gym, I'm gonna do the same thing. Girls, I'm gonna be buff, they're gonna love me. Ladies. So, that night I went home and I begged, I mean, I negotiated with my parents to get me a gym membership. And after I exhausted all what little leverage I had with them, they agreed. So, a few weeks later, I was at the gym. And when I got to the gym, the gym is a zoo for the first timer. How many of you like gone like the first time you went to a gym, you were just like, just it's like they might as well play welcome to the jungle, as soon as you walk in, right?  I mean, there's like people like contorting themselves and like lifting heavy objects and screaming in pain. It's like, why do people do this? Why am I here? Why did I give up everything that I had like leverage just to get this? So, it was super overwhelming, but I was determined I wanted to get buff. So, I spent, well, I spent the first few weeks milking all the free personal training sessions that the staff would offer me, right? Because I didn't know what I was doing. I was actually following other people around as they were getting personal training and watching them from a distance and going, okay, like that? Yeah, all right, okay. The thing is is that that was personal training for them. They were trying to lose weight.   The other problem I would do is that I thought, I know, I can do this all by myself. I don't need to follow them around. I don't need a personal trainer. I'll figure this all out on my bone, right? I figured out writing software on my own. I can figure this out. So, I would go straight to the bench press and I would take the big 45 pound plates and I'd put one on each side and I'd sit there, lay down, grab it, put it up, right? And I'm stuck. And then someone would always have to come over and help me and get it off. But then the next time I would try, I was like, you know what, I'm stronger now. I'm totally, I ate a protein shake today. Feeling huge. I'm gonna do it again. And I'd just grab that thing and I'd push it up again and then on my chest, right?  Again, no results. You get no results that way, right? I was being overly ambitious. I wasn't trying to like take on small little things.  So eventually, after weeks and weeks, several weeks, in fact, of going there, I continuously went and I kept trying new things and trying to figure out what I should be doing and watching other people. And eventually a staff member took pity on me. And he came over and he started talking with me and was just like, hey man, I see you in here all the time. You're frustrated, I can tell.  I can't afford a personal trainer. My parents are paying for this thing, but they won't pay for a personal trainer and I need help. I don't know what I'm doing. And the guy's like, ah, no problem. So the first thing he did was strip all of the weights off of the bar. And he gave me the bar and he just picked it up with one hand and for those of you who don't know, the bar itself, a regulation bar is 45 pounds. So when you're lifting weight, you equate that in, right? He gives me this 45 pound bar. There's a 40 year old woman over there curling that, right? And here I am going, you know, like I can barely and he, I could get a couple reps out. And then when I got out, I like within three or four to like six reps, I was exhausted. I couldn't do any more, I fatigued immediately. Like it was an immediate fatigue. And I don't know, if you've ever experienced that, it's kind of, it's very frustrating because your brain wants to go one way, but your body just can't do it anymore. It just cannot physically do it and it is incredibly frustrating if you're not used to it and you don't know how to deal with it.  And I'd come back the next time and through all the exercises he was doing, he was just giving me basic movements, the bench press, the squat, the lat pulls, shrugs, whatever, right? And every time he would always just put it at the lowest weight possible and then just tell me to just rep it out, do as many as you possibly can until you fatigue. And eventually over time, I could do more and more and more and more and more. At that point, we'd start adding some more weight. But one day when he was helping me with my traps, these are your traps, right?  It's because their traps are huge, right? So he was helping me with shrugs. Shrugs is basically this. You grab the bar, you stand up straight, shrug, and he let it down. And that's how you isolate your traps. It's just a basic movement, right?  So he, his name was Joseph. He actually played for the St. Louis Rams. And in part time, he wasn't like one of the 20% that makes millions, but he wasn't underpaid either.  So he was also very close with this lady named Melanie who would come in and she stood about this tall. She was 42 and she had her own weight set. And it was this beautiful, like the bars in the gym, when you go, the used ones, they just look all nasty and rusty and just used. You don't even want to touch them, right? Hers was shiny and it was just perfect immaculate, but she had different weights too. She had these big, huge rubber weights and she was doing completely different movements than what I was doing. What she was doing was taking this thing, twice her body weight from the floor and lifting it over her head.  I was like, how did she, that, wow, that was in Joseph, that's Melanie. She's an Olympic athlete, she's a world champion. And I was like, oh dude, I gotta learn from her. Turns out she was also training a former student of hers. Guess what he was? Buff. I wanted to be buff. Joseph could only spend so much time with his, give me so much pity time, right?  So as we were doing these shrugs, Melanie came over and to say hi to Joseph. And I'm sitting there in the middle of a set and Joseph just says, keep going, keep going, keep going, and then starts chatting with Melanie. And Melanie just looks at me and she goes, Jesus, look at that kid's build, look at him. And I'm like, I'm fat, I'm pasty white, I got acne, I'm sitting here with a bar going like this. Like I was like, what are you talking about? She's just like, no, no, no, no, no. You've got potential. Yeah, I've heard that before. Oh. But what she told me was that it's, I didn't really quite have the body type to be like the dude I wanted to be, right? The totally ripped buff guy with the well separated muscles and everything, right?  And she was like, I'm done training him. I just enjoyed training. Come on, come on. If you're a friend of Joseph's, you're a friend of mine, let's do this. I was like, am I gonna get buff? You'll get big. I'm in. So, slides aren't working. So that's the, bad picture, that's the gym. This is Melanie, this was her record. If you look, it's hard to see, but her body, she weighed 116 pounds. I know this because she constantly obsessed, over the years I got to know her, she always obsessed about being 116 pounds because that was her weight class. And she had to maintain that constantly and she had to train with that or she would gain some weight to be able to lift, get stronger and then drop back down to 116. By the time she broke her own record, broke her record, she could lift over, double her body weight over her head. From the floor, pick it up and in less than a split second, have it above her head. It was incredible. She was all natural. I know a lot of you might be skeptical about that, but she was. The only time she was ever defeated was, by the way, another lady and she constantly hated on her for taking steroids, so. So that's impressive, 42 year old, tiny little thing. Boom, right? Like that's just amazing. That's skill. So she was, she saw something in me, right? Told me I had potential, whatever, wanted to train me. So when I decided, when I heard this and I agreed to this, that's when I began training to train like an Olympic athlete. I immediately wanted to jump in and do exactly what she did. She could take double her body weight over her head and I immediately went over to grab her bar and I was like, can I try? She almost decked me. Nobody touches Melanie's equipment, not even her students, right?  That was like everybody used. But I immediately wanted to put some weight on there and she, I remember correctly, I think she let me fail because she just wanted to show me that you can't just jump right into this, right? Like you can't, that is way too overambitious. I was gonna injure myself if I had put too much weight on there or didn't know what I was doing. There are two main power moves in Olympic weightlifting.    Most of them actually taught it wrong. It was, it's not as easy to just grab it and just go like this all day long, right? Like that's not a clean and jerk.  The other move is the snatch. This is what it looks like from the beginning and the clean and jerk is a two, three move thing.   The snatch is a little bit different. It's a one-step move. You start wider grip, bring it up, down like that, and then back up, right? So these two moves use almost every single muscle in your body. They put tremendous strain on your body if you haven't conditioned your body for them. Damn, I keep doing that.  All right, so again, they look somewhat similar but the first most important thing to learn about doing the clean and jerk or something this intensive is that it's technique. Technique is the most important thing. If you don't have the correct technique, you will be injured.  It's pretty nasty. I mean, all of these things can be done. It's a very dangerous activity, very dangerous sport, but if you have technique, it's much, much safer. So the second is conditioning. You have to condition the body. If you don't condition the body properly, you can't survive the impact that you're in the strain that you're putting on it during this. So there's things that you have to condition and you need to, because you use almost every muscle in your body, you have to condition almost every muscle in your body before you can even start attempting to do things like this. I mean, you can grab a light bar and start practicing technique. That's how you practice.  You just learn, right? So out of the things you have to do is your neck. There's a reason, because in order to lift that much weight, they actually don't put that much, as much effort as you would think into putting that up. It looks like they're putting more effort into it than they possibly could even have in their own body, right? Look at this guy. You saw that guy's face, right? I'll get to that in a minute. You need to condition the neck. The reason you condition the neck is because when you're coming up from both of those moves, the neck is the first thing that you use. It's a fast twitch muscle. So when you're coming up, what you'll notice is that you keep your back and you're coming and going and you'll notice that you bring the shoulders up first. And the bar just starts to float. You can't even feel it. Then you jump under it. This is where you condition your shoulders.   So when that thing comes down, you simply go like this and you drop, cushion, and your muscles are there to help cushion it, right? And it kind of scrapes your throat a little bit, that rough edge, right? But you feel it just go like this. I always had kind of like a callus here from this. That was just a, you know, battle scar. Also the legs, right? You're coming from this deep squat.  And now you have to power back up. Every muscle in your leg is being used. So you have to condition your legs now. You have to do squats constantly, isolate them, hamstring movements, right? Kicks, calves, everything.  So the other is triceps, because that's what's pushing that up. That's part of your shoulders and the movement up. And the forearms. Forearms are super important. Because in order to be able to lift that off the ground, you need a major F in grip, right? Because that is, you are holding on to hundreds and hundreds of pounds. And if you can't grip that bar, it's not gonna leave the floor. And you're not allowed to use wrist guards or any of that stuff, right? So, where did my water go? So, every two to three weeks we switched my routine up and we integrated new movements into it, right? Each day each movement. I also kept a log. I would say how I felt every day. I would like, I would lift something and I was like that was heavy or that was really easy. I didn't eat enough today. I didn't have enough protein today. I didn't do, I would just keep a log all constantly of what I was doing and how I felt each day.  Because as we would change routines or every week to week and I would go to do a set, I would look back at that log and say, oh that's right, I did 45 pounds on this and I can only do it for so many reps and I start fatiguing and that's what I had to eat that day and so forth and so on. So I could make a better judgment as to what I was going to try and accomplish today because I didn't want to try and be over ambitious again because that leads to mental defeat in the fatigue, the physical fatigue. That is that mental defeat that you have. So after a year and a half of this, I was able to lift well over my body weight over my head in a split second from the floor straight up. Both movements. My neck was swallowing my head. I had a huge chest. My shoulders were enormous. My stomach was mostly flat but Olympic lifters, well you got to pack on some meat, right? That's a lot of weight. But girls talk to me. I was buff. I did it. But it wasn't being buff. It was my confidence at this point. It was that I had just accomplished something I never thought I would even approach to do. When I saw her doing that I was like, that's cool, that's badass, I couldn't do that. What she came over gave me one little quick piece of confidence and I immediately jumped in, right? And you realize that it's just technique.  It's really an amazing feeling. And as you're doing this every day, every step of the way, you're like, I can take this and I might have gotten it up to here and then dropped it, right? But yesterday, or I'm sorry, last week, I could barely get it past my knees during the squat portion, the first phase of the lift.  That's why they have those big rubber weights, right? It's because they throw it, right? Otherwise it comes crashing down. The metal ones, I had to use those and man, that is loud when you drop those things. Loud. I was accomplishing something. This was the same exact feeling I had when I was 12, when I was working with a computer and making it do all these little incrementing things and guessing numbers and plotting colors and doing this stuff. Each one of those, just a big snowball and kept going and going and going and then my parents would say neat. And it would flush, right? I met my just, you could just, all the enthusiasm in my head left and it takes forever to recover from that. Takes forever. But those activities, that feeling, that is addictive. You wanna keep feeling that way all the time. That is gumption. That's what that is. It is the essence of achieving. It is the essence of getting something done. You have to be filled with gumption. I'm going to let the author of my all-time favorite book explain this one. This is a direct quote from the book. I like the word gumption because it's so homely and so forlorn and so out of style it looks as if it needs a friend and it isn't likely to reject anyone who comes along. It's an old Scottish word. Once used by a lot of pioneers, but which, like Ken, seemed to have all but dropped out of use. I like it because it also describes exactly what happens to someone who connects with quality. He gets filled with gumption. When I first read this book and I read that paragraph, I had to read it over and over again because I was like, oh my God, I'm not mental, right? Like, that's what that is. Now I have a definition for it, right? This is, you're connecting with quality. It's when you just think, whoa, brilliant idea and you just dive right in, right? It's what happens to someone who connects with quality. It's gas. This is what drives us. As engineers, all of you, I'm sure, have felt gumption before. The first time you wrote a piece of software, the first time you got two sockets to connect and send a byte across a network, right? It's like, holy cow, that was cool and then you keep going and you don't stop and you don't stop, right? It's that feeling of being invincible. The reaction I get when I mention to those, I see struggling with understanding things and constantly being frustrated. I always mention to them, the book. The book is, I think you already saw it. Oh, sorry. The book is Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance. I kind of blew that earlier, sorry. Many of you have heard of it, but most of you, I'm sure, haven't actually read it. Everybody's, oh yeah, yeah, yeah, I love that book about motorcycles, right? And when I tell people about it, I say, just please go read this book. It is one of the most amazing books you'll ever read. It's just crazy.  This book talks about all of that and the reasons why and he puts such good depth, good insight into it. Again, they immediately assume that it's about motorcycle maintenance and they're judging it, they're judging a book by its cover, they're not giving it a chance, much like they do with everything else in their lives or they just immediately say, you know, that's too hard. I couldn't do that, screw it, right? They just treat it the way they treat everything else and that is incredibly destructive behavior. My father and mother were greatly concerned with my decision not to go to college. They decided that I probably wasn't going to get a good job, I wasn't going to earn good money, I wasn't going to be able to provide for a family or I might just be a single bum and keep living in their basement, right? That's probably what they were more worried about, having to keep paying for me. So at the age of 16, I actually started writing software professionally. It was because when I was at the gym, I met this guy who knew a guy who introduced me and told him that I was totally individual basic at the time and he was like, I actually have this very small project. Man, if you have some free time, I would really greatly appreciate your help. And I thought, oh, that's awesome, hell yeah, I'll do that, right? And that began my descent into crystal reports for about four years.  And I became really good at that. And unfortunately, I constantly, it was always asked to do it at every job I went to, even though I signed up to do something else. Anyway, I'm digressing. But when I was out there at 16, I mean, even though I was only like an hour or two here and there, right?  I was doing real problems for real companies and I was applying this thing that I was so just ecstatic about doing and it just got even better, right? Now I'm actually doing it for other people. Other people are actually benefiting from it and are enjoying it. So much so, they're giving me money for it, right? And that's what I was kind of looking for when I was 12, when I was showing off my number guessing game. It's like, either say that is awesome or give me 50 bucks, something, right? Like, I need some kind of validation here. But, and I didn't really have much of a fear of failure. Either. And I think that's because I was able to just keep gumption going, right? Like, when you're in high school and you're sitting in class and you begin daydreaming, what's one of the first thing the teachers do? You're sitting there and then all of a sudden, Blake, Blake, what's the answer to the question? What was the question? I don't know. I'm sorry I was daydreaming. That is the most destructive thing they can possibly do to you. Because daydreaming, that is the start of gumption. Your brain has just went and made some connections somewhere, some external, out of, from the external environment that you're in. And just put something together. Neurons start firing, things start colliding, sparks are flying, your eyes are moving, your brain's going and you look like you're in a coma, right? But what you're doing is your brain is just like, just overcharged, right? It's in turbo power. It's like the little turbo button on that Head Start LX. Someone pushed mine. And it just went, got an extra mega-herd out of it. So, again, they never thought I was gonna get a real job. I worked for Anheuser-Busch, I worked for RGA, I worked for many, many Fortune 500 companies and I hated all of them and I never really thought I ever had a real job to begin with. But the most, but one thing I also learned about this was that I was able to survive in these companies with these boring, horrible positions doing boring, horrible business things like crystal reports. Because there was something about crystal reports I would find and then say, actually, that little piece, that's kind of interesting and then focus on that all the time. And then every report I ever did always use that feature in a new way, even though it probably didn't fit. But I was making a game out of it, right? And how many times can I do this and get away with it, right? How fast can I make these? How can I automate building these horrible things? I actually started using Ruby back in 2001. You know what I used it for? It generated Java, C++ and C-sharp. I spent all my days writing Ruby to do nothing but generate C-sharp and I wanted to see how efficiently I could get that to work and how long I could go without before someone actually realized that I was cheating. They wanted us to write it all by hand. Ruby wasn't authorized. But I installed it anyway, nobody knew the difference. This is what's missing from a lot of people's lives. They don't have gumption, they don't understand what it is. They don't know how to hold on to it when they do have it. Or they constantly are in environments where they're so distracted that it just can't get going. It gets that first spark and it starts moving and it just, boom, you hear it escaping from their head. That's lack, they lack gumption. So what I wanna talk about now real quick is just that. When you're in that mode and you're going and then someone opens the door to the conference room and you go, what, right? You were in the middle of this brilliant idea and they just destroyed it, it's gone, it's out. You know that feeling when you're driving on autopilot home from work and you're focusing on the road but you're thinking about something funny someone said that day or you're thinking about an idea and you're just kinda like trying to keep it going on your way home so when you get home, you can do it, you can implement that feature. And then all of a sudden you see a cop in your rear view mirror and then you're like, right? And you completely forgot. Everything that you were just thinking about no longer matters, you no longer realize now you're watching this guy on your tail and eventually he goes off, best case scenario. And afterwards you sit there and all you can do is just calm down, right? You're just like thinking about that.  Why do you have to ride so close? You know? And then you're like, what was that idea I had? Shit, right? Those are gumption traps. They happen. But try to, you have to avoid them. A cop coming on your tail like that, how you really can't avoid that, right? But they happen. So there's two things you need to learn which is how to recover from them and how to avoid them. But most importantly, trying to avoid them is truly key. There's another form of a trap is the first time you're focused on something, the first time you attempt to do something, you have one goal, right?  I just need to integrate it in with the rest of the system. You put it in there and then boom, you took production down, right? That's a mistake, you take a breath, even if you're writing unit tests, right? Like end-to-end integration tests, you need those. You need to run it through the paces, benchmark it, do those things, right? Because what you just did when you do that is you went out of sequence. You jumped an important, very obvious step because you couldn't control the gumption. That's almost as bad as not having it at all because it's also very destructive. Understanding when to shut it off for a second and come back to reality or discipline yourself that when you're in that mode to keep going, do those things that are really important, that's huge. That's one thing this book really didn't talk too much about. But there is another book called Flow. The last name of the guy has about 16 syllables so you know you have the right one, starts with a C. That book goes into more detail. But it's really, really a neat book because you can see all of these, he talks about all of these more modern, these just people and music and art and computer science and botanists, you know? I mean anything, like they all have flow. Some guy on an assembly line with the most mundane job can actually have flow and he's happy. And the guy next to him hasn't figured out how to capture it or even how to create it and he's miserable. They make the same amount of money and have the exact same job. This was a real study that they talked about in the book. And they asked him why, why is it that you are happy and you are not? And when the guy who had it answered, it was because he did exactly what I was doing with Crystal Reports and all these other jobs that I hated doing, but I had to do them. And I was, he made a game out of it. He actually figured out how to make it faster. He could get faster and faster and more efficient. He could crank out his job more times than anyone else on the assembly line, right? And he knew that he could get faster and faster and faster and better and better and better at it. That's also what I was doing with that number guessing game. I was making it faster and faster and faster and better and cooler and more graphics and this and that and eventually you can only get so good and you need to learn when to shut that gumption off and redirect it somewhere else to keep it going because eventually you will plateau and you'll get burnt out, right? So one of the ways to overcome the gumption traps is like the first time I grabbed that bar and I got fatigued. The first thing I did was felt mentally defeated and physically defeated, right? I was very frustrated. And I remember going, that's okay, no, no, no, no, no, put me back in, coach. I'm gonna do it this time, right? I hadn't let myself recover. Not only did I not let my brain recover from that defeat but I hadn't let my body recover either. In software engineering, our bodies take a huge strain as well, right?  You're just exhausted. You've been in that mode all day long.  And as soon as I can tell them my head is clear, I'll start then thinking about what is it that I did wrong? What did I miss? What did I, ah, that's what it was. So I write that down. But you've already put so much effort into doing that thing and then felt defeated, just the thought of going back and trying to fix that thing, you know that you're gonna have to start taking things apart and it's gonna require more work than you're mentally capable of doing right now and that is also a gumption trap. The key is to realize that you're just having a try, it's just a moment, it's a temporary phase. Just be like, ah, I'm not even gonna think about trying to fix it. I wrote down what I would do differently, but that's it, I didn't really write any specifics down. Now it's out of your head, it's on paper. Sometimes I actually do go back and then write a failing unit test or something and it just raises an error so that the next time I, when I go to bed and I get up the next day, I run make test and it just blows up and it says, this is what you were doing and I go, cool, all right, thanks, and then I get back to it and I'm like fresh, right? And then just get back into that flow. You've got gumption again. There's so many more of these gumption traps, but I highly suggest reading this book if you haven't. And if you have, read it, reread it. I mean, I've read it a few times, but when I was thinking about this speech, I had to go back and read that whole chapter again on gumption traps and it's still just timeless. You're just like, oh man, I totally forgot about that. That's just so crazy, that's so cool, right? So to me, I have three things that I like to do to try and get gumption going. Number one, or number three, I'm sorry, in reverse order, number three is just be quiet.  No noises can go off, someone's cell phone doesn't just ring and it just throws you off because when you're pairing with somebody, you can kind of be in the same flow with them, right? And you guys, all of a sudden, it's just like, you're just on the same plane and you're going, you know? So quiet. The next is tools. This is the most important thing. You need good tools. You don't need a lot of them. You just need good ones, a few good ones. A solid text editor that you truly, you know, just you know it. You've almost mastered it, right?  But the key is to master those tools. Like a great chef only needs a few things. Stainless steel pots, a knife, and pre-cut ingredients before he cooks the main piece over the fire. Because typically when cooking something over the fire, like that, it happens fast and you need to be able to get those ingredients on quick at the right time to get that right flavor. And if those things weren't prepared ahead of time or you didn't have the right tools to reach for and it took you longer than it should have, then you can burn the entree and you're defeated, right? So preparation is the key. Have what you need ready. And number one to me that I've discovered recently is that as much as I wanted girls a long time ago, I'm not coming out. Hold on, let's see. Let me start that over.  So that's what I wanted. And that's why I was doing these things was because Dave Chappelle put it really well. Why do we want the nice cars and the expensive houses and the everything? It's bait. So as soon as one of them comes and says, ooh, nice car, gotcha. Right? But at the same time, once you've done them, you've gone through all of that and you finally find someone you can settle down with, then you can focus more on other things. You still put a lot of attention into them and you work on that, but I've been able to get so much more done now that I'm not constantly worried about, you know, what am I gonna do tonight? There's a party over here, is there any girls? Right? And it, this also goes with, you know, maybe, I mean, if you're single, then having a part, Tom talked about this last night, having good partners, having good business partners. And the reason that this works is not only just because you can bounce ideas off of them because it's, they depend on you. That is the most important thing and you depend on them. You have this symbiotic relationship and that helps create gumption. It creates excitement. You wanna do something to just, just provide, like, just make that, you know, make life so much better, right? And to share, and just to have someone to share all of these, those crystallization moments where you go, ah, that was it. Yes, high five, boom, right? Let's go grab a bag of Coke and hang out for a minute, right? Let's relish in this. So, that's it, thank you.


Isaiah Kainer-Felepher is pretty much getting ready for a super utility role. He was in that shortstop competition, but now they're working him out in the outfield. Even emergency catcher has come up with Aaron Boone. Yeah, and it's something that Kainer-Felepher, that's how he got to the big leagues. That's how he accelerated his timetable. He didn't love catching, but he does love being a Yankee. This was his dream to play for the Yankees growing up, and obviously the first year for him was not as seamless or smooth as he would have anticipated, but he doesn't want to be traded. He wants to be part of this team. He wants to help this team win, and if it's not going to be as the everyday shortstop, there's so many different ways that he can help this team. He can play some third base. He can play some second base. They've worked him out in center field, in left field, and yeah, he's going to strap on the shin guards and start catching a couple of bullpens just to keep that skill set sharp as the emergency third catcher behind Jose Trevino and Kyle Higashioka. So with Kainer-Felepher in a utility role and Oswaldo Cabrera on the roster, Aaron Boone has so much flexibility on his bench. I think that's what a manager would want. Now, mentally, you want to have a good spring training, Brian, but most of the time you look at spring training numbers, especially for players who are well embedded in their major league careers or with the team they're with in spring training. If they have a bad spring training, that could flip the script early on. In the regular season, but we mentioned the mental aspect. So Luis Severino didn't get off to a really good start. Opening day is right around the corner. Josh Donaldson, we heard about all the work he put in in the off season to kind of, you know, get that last season in the rearview mirror for himself. They each had big games against the Detroit Tigers this past week. How important was that for both of them to have that kind of game? I think it's a big confidence boost for both guys, especially with opening day. Now in the single digits, it's almost time to head north. And so you want to start having some results kick in at this point in the schedule. And for Severino, his slider has been a real issue all spring.  And the hitters were letting him know that it did. And so that's something he's been trying to fine tune. And that start against the Tigers was probably the first time the Yankees this spring have seen it all come together. The slider was going good. The curve ball was going good. He struck out nine. He did give up a home run. But Severino said that he's probably going to wind up leading the Grayfruit League and home runs allowed. But those stats are all going to reset. And the important thing is being ready for when he needs to take the ball, which is April 1, game two against the San Francisco Giants. And then for Donaldson, he's really been grinding all spring. And he hasn't had a lot to show for it offensively. And that's kind of a callback to what we saw all of last year too. But the encouraging thing is, and Aaron Boone said this the other day, was that he was watching the batting practice of Donaldson. And he saw something there. And as soon as Donaldson came out of the cage, he put his hands on his shoulders and he said, that's it. That's it right there. That's what you need to keep. Lock that in. It doesn't matter if you get results today in the game or not. But something looks right.  And then lo and behold, he goes up in the fourth inning and bangs one off the scoreboard in the left field. Then he homers again in the sixth inning. So that is definitely going to make Donaldson feel good here. The Yankees have said all along that there's more in the tank offensively than he showed last year. Aaron Boone even said, you'd be crazy not to think that there's an offensive rebound in there. So Donaldson is going to get an opportunity here to show that last year was an aberration. And he can produce the way he did in 2021 and maybe even earlier in his career. Yeah, Brian, he said he's starting to feel like himself again. And remember, he's four years removed from a 37 home run year with the Atlanta Braves when he was in the National League. Now I know he's 37, but Wednesday against the Tigers is definitely something that could get him mentally ready for the beginning of the season at least. We thank you for your time as always, Brian. We appreciate it. We know you're busy and we look forward to talking to you again next week. But you got it, Chris. Thanks for having me.


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