We want to see us at all welcome good On citizen security and on novel approaches to improve citizen security throughout the region We all know the bad news That Latin America has the highest Homicide rate in the world that crime is the principal concern of citizens in the region even surpassing the concern for the economy and for unemployment and there have been extensive diagnoses of this problem Most recently by development banks who have identified the lack of of security and the rates of crime and violence as principal impediments to sustainable growth and certainly to private sector investment but the purpose of this panel is different and it's to look at a number of places where things have actually gotten better and to explore the specific tools and the kinds of approaches that have contributed to those successes whether it's through technology or through the strengthening of social capital policies of economic reinsertion, etc. I Think you know everybody on the panel. I'll briefly introduce them in the order in which they'll speak Sergio Fajardo is the former governor of Antiochia the former mayor of Medellin Como estamos en su casa vamos a comenzar con él and He will be followed by minister of defense Luis Carlos Villegas placer verle de nuevo He was also formerly the previously the Colombian ambassador to the United States, so we've had ample opportunity to interact The minister will be followed by Carla Belitardo who is the vice president of strategy of for Latin America of Erickson working in Brazil then Rafael Fernández de Castro of Itam who is the director of international studies there in Mexico and Finally Robert Mugger who is the research director at the Igarapé Institute in Brazil, so Sergio will start with you You have presided and continued a remarkable transformation here in Medellin as it was noted yesterday the city used to have the highest homicide rate in the world Was associated with the name of Pablo Escobar and the and the Medellin cartel And now it has been designated the world's most innovative city What were the ingredients of that success and have they been sustained if you could address? Specifically the policies of social inclusion that you pursued how much time do I have? Just to begin with in English or in Spanish Please welcome. Thank you very much. I Want to speaking of the Spanish? I am going to explain two or three things that are very important when we talk about security And I am going to use a word that is the most common word which is integral But that's in the most difficult which is integral intervention because it's not only Intervention social intervention. We have to understand Unlawfulness we have to understand the illegal world. It sounds trivial But it's very difficult and we never don't look at it integrally normally we have Since the corner a number of youngsters who are about to come in or who are in the corner and then how? the corner of the neighborhood evolves toward a criminal organization on Site and then globalization connecting with that global world of crime those are the components and they're very different and We have to act differently on each in Columbia. We have made great progress We have made great progress in the ability of the Columbia state to understand security as a National issue it's not just something that pertains to age to mayor each governor in their territory And that is how it has happened in our country many years many decades But there is no doubt that without all our problems it's of its progress And we have to understand the problem in all those dimensions in the local Ground in the local arena if we know how to work with the police with the prosecutor a mayor has to know Each square meter of his territory. We have to know what illegality is in each square meter with each community If I concentrate for a second to concentrate for a second in social interventions Let us think about a door that opens to the world of Illegality they just came in around that door, but what can we do? How do we pull those who are just going in and how we prevent others from going in and that means? Building opportunities understanding the territory understanding the nature of the difficulties there and there's something that is very important there And we will talk about it later But let's never forget to work with the communities if we don't work with the communities The work with individuals is never going to be as fruitful as we want it to be And there's also something very important We have to empower the communities where they are at the entrance store with programs Especially designed for each vulnerable group. We always say that it's better to prevent than to cure So we work with society with all these others transparency the opportunities in every single instance Wow, thank you very much Then we will now listen to minister Villegas. I am now going to speak English I mean as Sergio Fajardo has said Columbia has made advances in recognizing security as a national problem What have been the principal ingredients of success in improving security in Colombia? Obviously, that's a very broad question And what new approaches are needed now to fight organized crime at this time at this critical time? when Colombia's at the port of a peace process and there is a great deal of concern about armed actors passing into new forms of criminal groups Thank you. Thank you very much, and I'm very happy to see you again as in Senua-nated by Sergio Fajardo, Colombia is a Very big success story in combating violence those of you who don't know the numbers in the year 2000 Our society had a 23,000 violent deaths a year and this year We will be below the 12,000 mark It continues to be a monumentally large number, but it's less than half of what we had some years ago and that has permeated in general all the Regions of Colombia and I would say that 90% of the rural area having said that of those 11,000 Homicides to take place this year if you take take away the armed conflict you may be Reducing it by 800 900 deaths and you still have 10,000 10,500 more deaths that are the result of a process of intolerance in calamity society and the lack of State presence and I would like to speak of a new word in Spanish I would like to make up and implement which is enforcement that is the need to apply force to apply Justice by force and yesterday We had the passing of the police code by Congress and that is part of this new strategy of giving society Civic obligations the need to look at all its own defects second organized crime that is the biggest threat that the post peace agreement Columbia faces not because it's Greater than in the days of Pablo Escobar But because in those territories where the government is going to intervene because a fork will no longer be armed And there there is a great temptation for organized crime to arrive there first So we are going to have a very big challenge an international challenge That Columbia must have stand up to and that is how to combat organized crime in a way That is truly effective and will allow us to use all of our States capabilities and for it to simultaneously be effective from the region's perspective because organized crime isn't just Chapo Guzman, but the small criminal gang that Steals small bow phones or kid naps and adapts So we need a national strategy and a local strategy to be developed hand-in-hand with the local authorities and the community Thank you. Thank you very much. Let us now Turn the microphone over to Carla. She is from I'll go to English because that's much easier for me Erickson has been a pioneer really in the use of information technology And its application to citizen security and there's been a pilot project In Brazil in south Jose de Campos and I was wondering if you could give us some of the ways the technology has been deployed On behalf of public safety Okay, I apologize for my portfolio, but I think it's better To speak the local language. Let me give you some context as to what the fourth industrial revolution is doing Erickson isn't doing isn't it isn't doing it through devices But it is behind the connectivity as well as the generations I we're talking about 2g 3g and today we currently have 4g available and That what does that mean in terms of its contribution to the fourth generation in The area of public security brought 4g broadband is very powerful for video and video will allow you to connect cameras and today first you know City societies once they are connected once they are in 3 and 4g than what we could integrate in terms of the connection between command and control of critical missions and responding to emergency calls and the San Jose de Campos example is a city in Brazil Where we have our plant and there we implemented a project that started in the year 2012 and we have implemented a command and control center That will take the emergency calls and would also do the dispatching of the corresponding Action and there we have the civil police the ambulances and the healthcare system as well as the civil defense and traffic management all combined so the experience and beauty of an of an integrated project is the Efficiency obtained thanks to do the technology that allows us to react to an emergency situation and for example to make sure that the ambulance can Move faster along the roads because it can go over red lights because they're all integrated as Our cameras integrated as well as the policemen with their tablets. So the San Jose de Campos Data ever since its implementation in 2012. They had the crime rate Be above 10 almost 11 percent. There was practically endemic and it continues to decline and today in 2016 we have a Ratio of 7 per 100,000 inhabitants that is our current crime rate There will be homicides. Yes, seven homicides per 100,000 inhabitants. So it is Continuing to drop month after month. So what the interesting is wherever you place a camera there You see a 70% reduction in the crime rate now The problem is the need to have several cameras available Otherwise, they won't be well placed and distributed but the technological potential is very interesting It's also important to know what's available and to find the ways and means to make it accessible which means that Mayors and authorities Can work with us with? Innovation in mind in the area of security. Let's now continue with Mexico need Researcher in the flagship report in 2013 that was produced by the UNDP and in addition to having an extensive sort of diagnosis of the problem in a An attempt to show not necessarily Causality, but the correlations between certain factors and certain kinds of crime you highlighted a number of positive experiences in there in the region from Fica vivo in Brazil to the gangtruce and El Salvador which obviously hasn't worked out so well But also the cases in Mexico of of Tijuana's you like what is can you identify for us? The kinds of policies also the the ways that civil society the private sector The public forces came together in producing those those Exitos I Would be delighted and what I would like to do since I was the report the regional coordinator for the report Let me say three things before answering your question first violence in Latin America is a regional issue and it affects everyone Mexicans let me share with you an anecdote in 2006. That's 10 years ago. I went to a radio talk show They we were talking about all the violence problems along our border with the u.s. At Talaredo and The radio talk show asked me. Do you think that Mexico will eventually become like Columbia? And I said yes, and I hadn't stepped out of the radio Show when someone called me to say Raphael. How could you be so irresponsible? What do you mean Mexico becoming like Columbia? And now we know what happened there after so no country in Latin America is safe from the situation and If there's anything we must focus on we have to focus on Crime because we are losing a hundred thousand people a Year to violent deaths. I mean this is true in Columbia, Mexico. I mean these are young males. I We are talking about 100,000 young males And that's why we need to focus on them in the state of Guerrero has become the most violent department Young males have three options have a terrible job That won't let me lead a decent life second to migrate to the United States, but that's practically impossible and now in this era of Trump, obviously, no one wants to go to the u.s. to be considered a rapist and then they Can be recruited by organized crime. So what we learned in the human development report and comparing this Fica Vivo case that we called Fica Vivo is stay alive and In in El Salvador there was this true implemented by maderos, which is very good now, but like Sergio Fajardo said the interventions must be comprehensive Meaning that they have to look at many aspects and that the state must work Shoulder to shoulder with civil society Private enterprise and the academicians and Fica Vivo is a clear example there ever and we need to work on the short term There's no near term here. If I were to be asked, what would you do in latin mark? I'd answer one thing I would say let's strengthen state capacities we have Many states fighting for the administration of justice night say that this is the number one problem in Mexico, for example We had these wonderful second and third generation economic reform reforms with President Peña Neto, but the lack of a Proper administration of justice not having jails not having police. I mean not having administration of justice. It has These highly sophisticated economic reforms on the verge of collapse So in Latin America what we need is to focus on the state Talk about Particularly seula Juarez the kinds of things that came together in in in that specific case Cindy Cindy's you that what is Todos somos what is we are all what is was a very important program because you that what is at some point You know in 2010 or 11 became the medellin of the 2000s and the 90s Meaning that it was the city of the world with the highest homicide rate monumental 220 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants and what was more difficult was the reconstruction of the social fabric But this is a program that's very difficult to replicate Because it's a very expensive program and I would actually say that The government the federal government forgot to see that what is an arrived late and when they came in they came in with lots Of money. Yes, they have done social fabric reconstruction and I believe there that the Private enterprise has pride a very important role. It was a medium-term comprehensive program and I would actually say that There is one criticism is That it was too expensive to honor us since you that what is at one point became the symbol of the federal government's Impossibility to maintain This region it was very difficult because you that what is is a border city with the u.s And highly integrated to El Paso. So a lot of money was put into it. It focused on youths and We were able to achieve spectacular results in terms of reducing the number of homicides But I feel that the cost has been very difficult and it is all even more difficult to Replicate elsewhere. That's my only criticism machine of production I don't know anybody who was more prolific in terms of writing on the issue of citizen security and the Institute Oigarapé where you are the research director has been in the forefront of of Developing of collecting data and deploying it for specific Solutions and for specific conversations about crime and violence in Latin America How has for example the homicide monitor? Driven these conversations about how to More effectively implement Prevention policies in specific areas. Thanks so much and thanks for the compliments and I'm not going to inflict my Porchangel on you, so I'll be speaking in English the lone speaker, but The first thing I think just to respond to your question is that there is still a deficit of data when we talk about Issues of violence when we talk specifically about issues of violence prevention And when we started to accumulate information on lethal violence on criminal violence in a data visualization that we created through our Institute Together with the UN office for drugs and crime What we discovered was as everyone knows a high concentration of lethal violence in Latin America the highest Concentration although it's heterogeneous in the world and when you start looking forward for the next 15 20 30 years You see a persistent increase not withstanding Wonderful experiments in Medellin and Rio and or Sifin and Bella Isantia You see a sustained increase in homicidal violence in contrast to virtually every other part of the world So said or as pair of us unless we get to grips with violence and lethal violence in particular We will see not just a sustained rate a continued acceleration and increase in violence given existing trends And so this I think is very important to put on the table The second thing we started to do with visualizations was we started to track all of the different kinds of citizen security Interventions that are taking a place because there's a rich Ecosystem of activities not just happening in Columbia although Columbia is a very has celebrated cases But all across the the dozens of countries in our region and what we discovered and looking at about 1500 different interventions Was it only 6% of them had any kind of real evaluation had any kind of sustained? Empirical assessment of whether they worked or not so although we think we know a lot about how to get violence down The fact is we have a relatively little limited evidence base and what we found across those cases that did show So you know impact we saw that where you have sustained leadership So sustained and continuous leadership, especially the metropolitan level You tend to have success where you have interventions that focus on places hot places hot people and high-risk behavior You tend to see important success and the third category is where you have really solid data good evidence Sustained information at a highly granular scale. You tend to see a better chance of success So in terms of technology I think one of the things to stress here is that we are in the midst of a technological revolution when it comes to public security Not just in Latin America, but but globally and I think we're very much at the beginning of this revolution the first revolution when it came to law enforcement policing and public safety in In the 20th century was when we had the the car which allowed police to get somewhere quickly We had the CB radio which allowed police and law enforcement to connect and we had the landline telephone Which allowed citizens to be able to call in for support today What we're seeing is a dramatic transformation in the second revolution, which I think is driven by big data And by a combination of biometrics big data cameras, which is already mentioned as well as mobile telephony This is transforming the nature of policing right now in terms of allowing police officers and others to become much more interactive But more importantly, I think it's almost it's empowering citizens and civil societies around the world who are engaging with these new Technologies in a really exciting ways across all of the cases that we're discussing here in Mexico in Monterey You have the CIC the Center for Citizen Integration, which is a wonderful example of using big data to get citizens engaged in public safety in Brazil You have a whole range of ecosystems of activities using apps to call in law enforcement police and Prevention services in Colombia. We have a number of apps and other forms of bottom-up driven technologies Which I think are transforming the nature of public safety and security So I think it's a really exciting moment, but we don't have a lot of evidence of what kinds of these technologies work And I think we have to be very careful not to be overly hypnotized By the the allure of these technologies and to really remember that we need to subject them to good evaluation Wonderful and thank you all for being so disciplined about the time Rafael you talked about the need to focus on on young people, especially young men How do you create economic opportunities? Maybe Sergio we can ask you to to to address that we're at a forum where there are many members of the private sector How does the private sector? How does even the public sector begin to create? opportunities in the legal economy for young people in poor neighborhoods where there is an absence of Of public services of good education. I mean what is needed to have the economic insertion? of these, you know vulnerable populations the I'm going to speak in English this part when I was talking last time. I remember my mother who told me always told me Hijo a la más despacio Dear speak slowly because it's at two minutes and I walk I talk very fast and I was worried about that woman They're translating so now I'm going to speak in English just to go a little slower with my answer now What's the place where a kid? Johnson They belong to where do they have to be in school? That's the best protection that a kid anywhere in the planet Could have so we have to make all efforts so that our kids would be in school Now how we get them? And how we pay attention and understand the difficulties that they may have and that's when I said that a mayor or Being in government you have to know perfectly. Well every square meter in your territory understanding the social problems for example in Medellin We have perfect perfect very good public services close to perfect Now that's not the problem and actually we are right now in Medellin in most cities in Colombia We have schools nearby so you have to think on how you move kids to those schools and of course Unemployment is much higher for younger people. That's true But if they don't have education you get good education and related to the community Characteristics that you have in there. There is no way and I don't know anyone who has solved the problem of Employing young people who should be studying So let's concentrate on what we have to do take them away as far as you can from that entrance door to the legal world And make sure that they go to school and you have to be clear on how the path will take you to the school So for some people you need some conditions from other people It's very natural and always work with the community so that you will build the support the nest That is needed for them to be school That's the best formula that I know and it works and we have to keep doing it every single day everywhere Minister Villegas and you talked about and we all know that tremendous transformation of Colombia over the last 15 years. What was the role of? institutional leadership and And reform in that process both in the armed forces and in the police When they're wondering what is whenever I am asked that what is the verb that Colombia has conjugated the most in the last 20 years? I answer the verb reform we haven't had a single public or private institution that has not Been under the magnifying glass of reforms Private sector went from a protected economy to an open economy the oil sector went from being state-owned to being global The textile industry went from being closed to becoming competitive and that that is true For everything except for one reform that we still owe ourselves Which is the reform of justice and that is the verb we need to continue conjugating in the future I would say that the Colombian military forces and police are undergoing Internal transformation processes that started some three years ago and that are projected out to 2030 the army has just Published its transformation of the chief of staff next week the Navy the week after that the Air Force by mid-July we will have the presidential commission of for reforming the police we have the police code we've reformed recruitment and Enlistment so in the defense sector there has been no exceptions in respect of reforming reforming and reforming the second thing Without if we do not a Secure continuity of public policy during an extended period of times, you know one or two generations then Transformations will not bear fruit. Colombia has had very good Governments in the area of security throughout the 21st century and now we need to have good Security Policies in the next in the years to come because we need government to commit to society particularly in the area of security Mentioned the danger of getting to enamored of technology of putting cameras everywhere and having screen, you know Fusion centers where everybody sits and looks at all the monitors and can respond rapidly If one is not going to be too enamored of the technology that has been put in place in this pilot project What are the other things that have been in place that have made the use of that technology so successful? First of all, I think something that we got here from from said Joe is this all about using the Technology properly it's about education We cannot have the technology Stand alone. We need to have educated personnel. We need to have the policemen knowing how to use it properly integrated and Better integrated to the society the examples the rubber just gave a minute a There a the system has been implemented. It was implemented 2012 and what is being done is trying ways within the technology park in the same city is to Engage also the the community in sort of innovative aspects to to understand and promote innovation But also bring these initiatives in the society an example That's very very interesting the same technology park of the same city where there is a connectivity a System for public safety now there is an engagement with the weather forecast company Mold the biggest one in Brazil climate temple To improve and to get sensors to measure a weather a humidity or for natural defense Which is also a problem. I mean the whole team in America. So now we are developing trying to get a capillarity for sensing so that you can Get the better information For even though it's to capture the big data that Robert mentioned but that we get efficient information more a Let's say specific but even better that you can faster Broadcast alarms in such as like SMS a short message messages to the area that the sensor captured And then you can really broadcast alarms urgently So that's that all the things we are trying to do that put in the community a to participate moving on innovation a Demonstrating all these aspects so that we bring into context so that the technology is not stand alone But that we have a platform that we can have apps that we can have entrepreneurs that we can have youth As everything we're mentioning here, but we put all together with the technology the technology stand alone Definitely is not enough. We need to put all these pieces together for improving and to getting the results Some of the things that have come up in the conversation up until now I think are directly relevant to Mexico. One is the use of of mobile apps To help the engagement of civil society another that Minister Villegas mentioned is the need for justice reform And I was wondering if you could comment on those two things as they apply to Mexico and especially about increased civic engagement in the search for Solutions to the crime and violence that that Mexico is experiencing Actually, it was last week that throughout the country we changed we Have gone from we've reformed our justice system and now we have an oral justice system in place In Mexico following the Anglo-Saxon law system the US system But one thing is to say it another is to do it It's very difficult to change the entire judicial culture that dates back centuries really And it's not proving to be easy, but I do believe and I agree with Minister Villegas in the sense that reforms are paramount And I would say that yes Reforms have been made by previous administrations, you know full disclosure. I worked with the previous administration monumental efforts were deployed particularly respect of the federal police and what we are seeing is That we have not secured continuity in Awareness-raising policies in Mexico or law unlike Colombia and the difference is notorious. So we haven't seen continuity I mean I worked with the one president Felipe Calderon who Used to speak too much in my view and would focus too much on security He was his own spokesperson and now the new government of Enrique Peña Nieto His strategy in the beginning was to not talk about security to talk about economic reforms And everything was going coming along very well until you know security exploded in our faces With the 43 youths that were murdered and we don't know where they are and they were murdered in Ochinapa Guerrero And you know we went from a president who spoke all the time to one who doesn't speak at all So we need to get to a midpoint. I Would say that Robert put on the on the table a very important aspect I mean, how can we use social media and how will social media allow us to Help people and we are seeing this particularly among the young in Mexico. There are four more engaged in these topics But I think we cannot forget certain fundamental issues I Bring here something from Mexico, but it pertains to all of Latin America Because it has created great controversy in Mexico this past week And it is the issue of pregnant teenagers in Latin America only and in Africa for only Africa beats us We have a very high number of pregnant teenagers in the Antioquia of Mexico, which is where we own which is this very rich State of the north of the Republic. It just happens that every year.  We have a huge issue there There's been a problem because the governor of the Bronco He's called who is the first independent person who to be governor of a state and and he will be running for president I think he created a dialogue and he said that girls who Were pregnant nobody likes them and they took them out of context and they said since in Mexico We have an enormous problem with a country with the most Problems of obesity of excess weight among youngsters People thought that he was criticizing. No, no, no, he wasn't criticizing obesity he was talking about pregnant teens and In the report that we did for human development in prisons We realized that half the people in the prisons are People who belong to broken families When a young Latin American girl gets pregnant and has a child under those conditions She is going to have a lot of problems So we have to combine fundamental things of the government With very advanced things, but we have to apply common sense and Understand That the response the answer has come from the state Security is a public good and nobody nobody should try to take over that responsibility from the state Against Too great being too enamored of of data and yet you gotta pay has Produced all of these ways of gathering data and focusing it and I was wondering if you could address a specific case In which this has really helped and then on the other side I was wondering if you can envision some way that the deterioration in Rio of the deployment of the upe pay Could be reversed perhaps by the use of the kinds of tools that you are producing Great. Just one small observation before I jump in it's something to say To echo some of the comments that mr. Fajardo mentioned already, but you know We know many of the kinds of strategies that work to prevent crime and violence Whether using technology or whether using sort of more standard techniques We know that early childhood intervention is Dollar-for-dollar the most effective way of reducing violence We know that keeping kids in school and retaining them in school is a hugely effective strategy. We know that dealing with drugs alcohol and guns in hot spots Works the challenge is the integration challenge and I think that was the first words that came out Today and I think that's an important message But let let us focus on those strategies that we know work and let us try to abandon those for which We know they don't because I think there is still a tendency in many cases and certainly in Latin America To be enamored with what's going on in the United States or Western Europe and to import and try to replicate strategies That often don't have necessarily great evidentiary base. So I just want to emphasize that point in terms of the big data question I think there I mean this revolution began it started really the late 1990s mid 1990s You know the most infamous example of using big data came from New York With Comstat, I think everyone knows the story of the evolution of sort of data-driven approaches And it was combined and I think as was already mentioned With a set of not just having big data and looking for correlations But looking trying to set up key metrics for which one examines the data trying to set a strategy around using big data to service Stretch strategic and tactical decisions made by law enforcement and others. So let's monitor homicide. Let's monitor violent crime Let's monitor sexual crime. Let's use those as our metrics of success and measure success in law enforcement based around those metrics That sounds really basic today, but that was a radical idea in the late late 1990s It wasn't about the number of police in the street It wasn't about the kilos of drugs you collected It wasn't about necessarily the number of guns that you found and you had your big photographic line out We we refined this the metrics of success around key impacts And that was a really big revolution in driving the shift in mentality and big data. I think helped with that Today what we're looking at right now. We have dozens of fusion centers that are developing in the States and increasingly in Latin America We have real-time crime monitoring systems, which I think are Enabled by the access to big data unstructured big data, which is then fed through often mobile telephones for police and others to respond We also have predictive analytics, which are emerging and this is the next big wave I would argue of being able to anticipate with a certain high degree of confidence Where we might expect to see a high risk of crime in the future again I just want to stress we still don't know if some of this new wave of research is really generating success We also are seeing the evolution of of cameras body cameras and this will lead into my example for Rio Body cameras is becoming a sort of sensation in the last I would say five or six years in the United States Especially in the wake of some of these high-profile killings involving police and minorities and we're now seeing a new wave of body cameras Coming down into into the parts of Latin America To complement the CCTV cameras, which have been here for a long time and what we're finding from evaluation Is that where deployed with fidelity where deployed carefully with training is that body cameras can? Reduce the likelihood of police abuse of force excessive use of force and it can increase citizen confidence in law enforcement And this is really important because often for many citizens in high-risk areas The police is the first often the only exposure they have to the state This is this is the front line And so when you have a police force that isn't responsive isn't inclusive isn't engaging with with with citizens You know it creates a certain wider tension in society So body cameras can play a role, but again I think they need to be subjected to very careful testing very careful evaluation The case of Rio for those who don't know there's been a large-scale probably one of the most innovative policing experiments in the world under undergoing since 2008 2009 Involving essentially a more proximity-oriented or community focused police force Rio has 43,000 give or take officers 9,000 of those were trained in human rights community outreach and the idea of the Passification program was to move often for the first time large numbers of these newly trained officers into areas into low-income You know unregulated informal settlements we call them for vellas as everyone knows And to permanently occupy an area and to in some cases I said, you know for the first time provide services And this was a really challenging exercise and it was it was to be accompanied by a social program That would enable public services that would re-harness communities to electricity to hygiene to garbage removal And essentially create the incentives for private sector actors to engage Where pacification was quite successful for the first four years was on that first part moving police into an area Securing the area having a permanent presence, and we saw some really important Improvements in public safety homicide rates went down by 65% in four years levels of confidence of citizens rose in terms of the police very difficult and challenging because we're talking about decades of mistrust But where it really didn't succeed was in the second part which was what restoring services providing benefits And I think citizens after a number of years didn't see the dividends They didn't see the tangible returns of this program and then 2013 during the protests in Brazil There were a number of inflection points one of which was the killing by the UPP And the torturing killing the disappearance and killing of a bricklayer named. I'm a real dough And this this in a way confirmed to many people when it was broadcast that somehow the police hadn't really turned the corner The police were the old repressive police and we saw a public opinion turn We saw a lead opinion turn we saw the press turn after four or five years of very very positive coverage And I think from that point on we saw in a way the real effect a bit like the Ferguson effect in the United States Which for those who don't know the Ferguson effect involves essentially high-profile killings by the police or you know involvements of police use of force a Rejection by communities of the police a police losing its own morale and not being proactive and and an ultimately citizens taking justice and security into their own hands and and this is many people argue it's still Controversial that the Ferguson effect accounts for that increase in homicide in the United States in the last two years across most cities After after 20 year secular decline So we're seeing a real effect in a way right now, and I think we're seeing People are in communities and and also in the middle class and elite are rejecting in a way the pacification experiment And I think unfortunately given the situation politically and economically in Brazil given the austerity now within the Secretary of Public Security budget Given the fact that the Secretary of Security had to cut the budget by 35 percent this year at precise the time when we need to double down on these Kinds of interventions and given the fact that these high-profile highly visible incidences of police violence continue to occur with uncanny regularity There was a real danger now the pacification is frozen if not going into retreat And I think right now the big question is will pacification continue after the Olympics? Is there the stomach and appetite within the society to sustain it? But I think there are some really important lessons that were learned from this initiative around training of police around very specific deployment in hot spots Keep in mind that 80% of homicides usually in any given city are usually taking place in less than 2% of the street addresses It's usually less than 1% of the population that may be involved in violent crime So once you target appropriately you can see some really important evidence, but you need sustained leadership You need sustained and continuous leadership, and I'm fearful right now with elections coming up We may not necessarily see that sustained leadership during this period of crisis. Great. Thanks We're coming to the third quarter of our of our hour We could continue I think in this conversation for a very long time, but I'd like to turn to the audience and ask if there are comments questions Please wait for the microphone identify yourselves and I see a hand here in the back Good morning, David molasko mayor of my municipality in Venezuela We're all very clear as to the situation that my country is experiencing I'm not going to give you details because we all know what's going on as a mayor I have given Priority to citizen security because I am close to Caracas and there's been a significant increase of Homicide I want to ask mr. Fajardo who has been always a benchmark as a regional authority in Venezuela and other parts of Latin America There's always a dilemma as to whether Investing in education or security you have done both, but what preventive policies would do recommend in a city as Violent to keep kids away from drugs and violence and the second question is what can a local authority or a Citizen do when there's the kind of impunity that we have in Venezuela, which is over 90% and it's where it's very difficult to coordinate local security policies with the government Bueno Sergio Okay, Sergio Mr. Mayor welcome Well, the first thing I want to point out is that one of the main issues in the struggle and in the context of security At all levels is corruption People don't talk about that because you normally talk about being strong and having measures But corruption is what opens that entrance door much bigger Impunity which goes hand-in-hand with corruption is fatal fatal If you and you have today in Venezuela the circumstances that you have defined that makes your task and everybody else is a Task hell it really is a world that invites it on lawfulness Illegality and that is always associated to violence now Part of all this and I think of what we have done here and I summarize it as follows now that you're in Mexico first thing is breaking up with policy policy but politics and Consist of understanding the issues and know where they concentrate. There's a natural trend to Talk to the cameras to use cameras everything but that does not solve the problem policies are key and in the second place Interventions with community the community is very important empowerment is very important You go to Medellin today and the reason why you come to Medellin is associated with our social urbanism Program which means recovering the public space what is most beautiful for the most humble And the power of the violence will always be fear and fear segments Segregates what do we do to to come together public space in our Medellin? What we could use to change the skin of the city to say we can meet here in this type of space But it was associated with education with culture with science with technology and that is what you see here And that is very significant, but it doesn't mean that I make schools that solve the problem It's how we understand the problem so that we can have the community Participate in the case of Brazil because the corrupt can and can go into any policy for example Participated budget in these communities and you must know what problem you are solving that way of involving the Community and participating is very important and it begins to work put all those things together And that leads me to the other part which is the The policies the territory always the community and then the youngsters and the youngsters because youngsters are our main Challenge so that the door to illegality doesn't open. It's to avoid that entrance and there We did another intervention which was calling preventing is better always preventing teenage pregnancy Raphael explained it Domestic violence that is a huge problem and unfortunately it is not given the importance that it has because it is key in preventing violence and That is a dark world that we are ignoring that we are neglecting and we should not neglected consumption obviously all that Consumption has to do with all those types of problems and the final example which I think is always important and I'm gonna take advantage of the fact that the ministry is here and It's something that we designed in Medellin most probably there's similar experiences elsewhere when we got to when I got to city hall I Remember how we took on a process to for the Reinsertion of the paramilitary when you are receiving people who are Reinserting into society if they leave prison prison because today Person leads to illegality. How can you prevent them from going back to prison? But they are vulnerable you have to look at them It's not like any of our children that we may have problems, but they're different How do you intervene and something that goes hand-in-hand with that and I give you an example We were intervening with some people that we were Reinserting that has got to do with our peace process now You have to build special programs of world of education of health what it means for family Incontinational that has to be very judiciously Designed but what happened then and you have to react very quickly and understand is that when you pay attention to a Reintegrating group the lady next door says hey my son has never been a criminal as he's sitting here at home Because he's got no opportunities So we designed a program that is called the youngsters with a future But how do you involve all the community not only paying attention to the vulnerable? But to those who have to see that they also have an opportunity because otherwise People are going to be discouraged And I think that that is one of the issues mr. Minister that we have in that process of peace for Columbia we Columbia's must understand that it's important for all of us not only the FARC, but all of us have to participate If you allow me I want to Based on these more legal local and regional concept that Sergio and the other panel members have brought That way I want to go to the other extreme to the region Because I think that the formulation of a long-term policy in Latin America Also besides the regional and the local aspects must have a global Horizon and I want to mention four points there The first one is that the developed world has discovered national terrorism Something that we discovered 50 years ago and that is going to change the criminal Way of evaluating armed actions in the world and I say so because for peace process that message of Hardening of the domestic armed struggles is very clear, especially for the ELN in the future The second is the middle class in Latin America The middle class is going to produce two Different forces one that is going to demand more security and another one that is going to protest against these measures And that requires a state force that understands the situation and is not lacks or repressive only and In the third place I get the impression in international indication so indicate is that I Says for example Europe Japan China Let's see in the United States what comes up is that organized crime is influencing more and more in the Financing of these terrorist shows in the world of that. Colombo also knows a lot Unfortunately, and in the fourth place, I think we have to be innovative in the way that we perceive those Two threats terrorism and organized Christ, for example in illegal mining Which is something that is just taking place in the world, but in Colombia. It's ever more serious In Colombia, we have to know how to legislate how to Persecute it how to cooperate internationally and with the trade illegal trade of gold for example with Brazil But in drug trafficking, we have to be more Innovative in Colombia. We are absolutely convinced I'm going to switch to spare to English said that our focus on peace had weakened our focus on battle against drugs and I have to say with a lot of enthusiasm that our innovation in the fight against drugs is a peace process The fight against illicit drugs Will be much more successful and strong if we have a peace negotiation with fire in the future with the yellow We have that innovation Let me ask mr. Brownfield if he has the same innovation for consumption Where are the good news on that field except the new legislation? I don't see any See if I could add something to that alcohol defective mental Mayor actually crime is expressed locally, but now that we took this walk We have not talked about international cooperation And let me tell you about something that hurts very much Which is the Orlando massacre the Orlando massacre? We're not sure whether it was a Yeehad issue a Muslim issue We don't know we don't know if it was a sexual hatred Situation, but what we know is that it was a weapons issue It was the impossibility of American politicians to control weapons And it is terrible for Mexico and for Colombian for the entire region If they cannot control weapons for their own purposes evidently Can you imagine the contraband of weapons towards my country toward Mexico? It's terrible The truth is that this is an issue that is highly global highly regional also and in international Cooperation where we're wherever the international cooperation in this field is that it's infant stages We're having trouble with money laundering and with the sale of attack weapons So I want to put that issue on the table I want to raise it this issue because it's very complex if we Latin Americans and I will conclude Latin Americans says we have the problem of so foreign dead in the 70s We Latin Americans did not have another such Regional problem I think that the time has come to get together to come to an agreement to learn Messages from Colombia and we have to look at it from the regional standpoint because it's really undermining the future of Latin America When it comes to arms small arms and light weapons on ammunition It's interesting to note that in addition having the highest rates and absolute numbers of homicide in the world Latin America has the highest presentation of firearms in those homicides So about 75 on average percent of all homicides in this part of the world are Conducted with a firearm in places like Venezuela it rises to 8085 in Brazil. It's up in 87 89 So the global average is about 40 percent in Europe. It's less than 20 percent So there's something about firearms as you were saying number one number two when it comes to where these firearms coming from I think in Mexico, it's absolutely clear that there is an overwhelming array of firearms spilling across the border There are 54,000 gun shops in the United States 120,000 plus if you count private distributors at online sales and there are about 200 plus minus thousand firearms crossing the border every year Illegally Mexico has one gun shop So it tells you where the guns are probably coming from now as you go further to Central America and into South America We do have another problem, which is that it's not just international trafficking There is a considerable domestic industry around firearms and a considerable leakage of firearms from local holders be it military police or civilians and so in Brazil where I live 75% of the gunshot related murders in Brazil in terms of the guns that are seized were locally Manufactured from tourists. They're not coming from Colombia. They're certainly not coming from Venezuela They may be partially coming from parts of Paraguay having been resold So I think we have to be careful when we talk about the arms issue That's not just a question of intelligence managing interdiction seizures and trafficking at the borders It's also an internal issue about corruption about managing oversight about transparency and about accountability Within our own security services and the private security industry as well Which as we all know there's at least two private security guards for every single police officer This is probably one of the fastest growing businesses in the Americas So we have to also be careful about the management of stocks from these areas So I just think it's a complicated issue. But again, we should shine data as our light on this issue in order to come up with the best policy prescriptions Wonderful. Well, we're out of time and it falls to me as the moderator to try to summarize some of the points that were made here So I will briefly summarize some of the principle what I see is the principle takeaways first The importance and the priority that should be given to early intervention To education and to community involvement As a way of reconstructing the social fabric Continuing processes of reform within state institutions, not just a reform that is made and then stops The continuity over multiple administrations and far into the future of state policies of security The use of technology as part of a broader set of policies and interventions And including the training that is necessary to go along with that The importance of emphasizing the problemas connexos, teen pregnancy Domestic violence as incubators of broader forms of social violence The need to innovate in looking at how to address organized crime and the growing and very disturbing Evidence of growing connections between organized crime and terrorism And finally the problem of arms, not only arms trafficking from the United States to Mexico and other places in Latin America But also what Robert referred to as the leakage and the issues of corruption And I think on that note, I don't want to end on a negative note and talk about how corruption I think is Something that that goes through all of these policies But also to maintain a sense of hope that there are places that have gotten much better Things that can be done things ways in which data can be deployed ways in which social policy and national strategies can be devised in connection with municipal strategies So thank you all for your attendance. Thanks to the panelists for their marvelous presentations and their expertise And we hope in many instances to continue the conversation. Thank you