We will get started with interaction between regular surfaces that is non black surfaces first. So, before going for lunch we looked at interaction between one I mean two black surfaces or multiple black surfaces in an enclosure. Now, what we are saying is let us look at a diffuse gray surface what we mean by a diffuse gray surface we already seen when we looked at Kirchhoff's law in detail that is a surface where things are not dependent on the direction and the wavelength. So, if I have any regular surface I am just going to go slow at this part afterwards once we go to the concept of space and space resistance and surface resistance I am going to go fast. So, what this is we will see any surface you have G is the incident radiation that is coming in and rho times G is the reflected component of that incident radiation epsilon times E b would be the emitted radiation. So, we are talking of a regular surface. So, epsilon is going to be there E b would be the emissive power of the black body at that same temperature the surface of black epsilon would be equal to 1 otherwise it is epsilon E b. So, radiosity therefore, we define as rho G plus epsilon E b. So, epsilon E b i plus rho i G i is equal to J i. So, this is going to have dimensions what per meter square for a diffuse gray surface what did we say that epsilon equal to alpha that is one thing. If I if I make an assumption of an opaque surface. So, please make a note here non transparent and diffuse both are going to go together. So, these are important things only then can I get some relationship which I am going to direct. So, non transparent means opaque tau is equal to 0. So, alpha and rho are related by alpha plus rho equal to 1 and then if I say diffuse gray surface this is rho plus epsilon equal to 1 because of Kirchhoff's law. So, Kirchhoff's law tells me Kirchhoff's law tells me epsilon equal to alpha for diffuse gray surface. What have I said if I have a regular surface i G is coming in rho times G is going out G i is coming in epsilon i E b i is what is emitted, emitted plus reflected component I call as radiosity. So, J i is equal to rho i G i plus epsilon i E b i. Now, I am saying alpha i plus rho i plus tau i equal to 1 tau i is 0 because it is opaque. So, rho i therefore, is equal to 1 minus alpha i and with Kirchhoff's law I get this as 1 minus epsilon i. So, I can recast this as 1 minus epsilon i G i plus epsilon i E b i what is the use of this where what am I trying to do? I am trying to do something which is going to help me to get temperature distribution or heat transfer effect from one surface to another surface interacting regular gray surface is what I am trying to do for that what do I need? J is referring to radiosity associated with that particular surface E b is something which is because of its finite temperature epsilon i is a material property associated with that surface. Now, this G this is not going to be dependent on the receiving surface it is going to be something which is coming from outside. So, this is the incident radiation. So, that depends on the other surface. Now, what I am saying is if I write this like this for one surface I write it for another surface third surface etcetera I will have a similar set of equation 1 3 surface let us say J 1 epsilon 1 E b 1 1 minus epsilon 1 G 2 plus 3 it could be some G let us say only 2 surfaces this would be G coming from 2 to 1. Similarly, for surface 2 I will have energy going from 1 which is going to 2. So, I will have a family of equations of this can which can be solved. So, right now we are looking how to formulate things for one surface. So, we will complete that and then go to interaction. So, this J is there this J depends on something from outside and a material property epsilon and its temperature. So, if I have a black body this is epsilon is E b i is sigma t to the power 4 epsilon is equal to 1 and then for a black body this is J equal to E b is equal to sigma t to the power 4 how do I get that because epsilon is 1 this goes to 0 we know that now I go to equation it absorbs all radiation. So, reflected component is going to be 0. So, G is what is coming in everything gets absorbed that what is going out is nothing but E b epsilon is 1 E b is equal to J for a black body it is an important relationship, but again there is no need to memorize it it just comes from fundamentally you draw this diagram what I have drawn you will get when you substitute epsilon equal to 1 rho will become equal to 0 you will get what I am saying. So, for a surface that can be approximated as a black body epsilon equal to 1 it is a very very useful relationship radiosity therefore, can be found out as nothing but emissive power of the black body sigma t to the power 4. Thus radiosity of a black body is equal to emissive power where is this useful you will see when we solve problems it looks very innocuous, but it is a very powerful equation this equality makes life very easy for us when we are trying to solve a problem if the surface becomes black. So, having come this far we will now say I know what is happening for one surface let me deal with two surfaces which are diffusion grade. So, what do I do during radiation interaction we are going to see radiation leaving the surface and what is the incident on a surface that is the net energy transfer always we remember this one thing net energy interaction is related to what is coming in also. So, what is going out minus what is coming in is what is going to be the net energy transfer remember that cubical enclosure that we saw some 300 and something watts was kilo watts was coming in I mean sorry 1000 something watts was coming in and only 300 was going out there was net energy coming in.  So, much is going out per unit area this is the total watts that is going out what is coming in g i. So, e in minus e out is what I am doing I am taking this control volume here control surface e in minus e out plus e stored equal to e dot s t e dot s t is 0 steady state we have reached. So, every every object is at a prescribed given temperature what is the interaction. So, e out is this e in is this of this g what is participating what is giving what is important in the net heat transfer what is important in the net heat transfer the full thing because the reflected part we have already reflected part we have already taken care here when I am doing a budget of what is coming in I am not bothered about what happens to it after it comes in. So, this surface c is g times i which is coming in. So, we have to be careful we should not introduce rho or anything here that rho part has already come here because this involves epsilon i e b i plus rho i g i times a. So, this we have to write carefully. So, this is the total energy coming in e dot in this is e dot out going out I have put this is been flip the other way does not matter it is the same energy balance. So, if I know to write this now it is just algebra. So, j is this therefore, I can write g is equal to what am I trying to do and why am I trying to do what I am trying to do g we have taken this is coming from another surface another surface multiple surfaces have to be budgeted before I calculate a g. So, you are sitting in a room there are in my room there are some 25 tube lights I have to take energy coming from each of the tube lights into me that budget becomes very difficult for me at for every time. So, if I can recast this g in terms of j and epsilon by some algebra like this. So, what I am doing I am just rearranging j is this is definition of j. So, I write for g i in terms of j and e b i just using the definition and then what I do let me write me do it on the white board it will be easy for you. So, j i is equal to epsilon i e b i plus rho i or 1 minus epsilon i because of the usual assumptions of diffuse grey and opaque. So, I am using this relationship directly. So, 1 minus epsilon i g i I do not want this I do not like this I like this and this. So, I will say now I will write g i is equal to j i minus epsilon i e b i divided by 1 minus epsilon i what I do next I substitute for this here because why you will see that in a minute. Therefore, q 1 is equal to j i j i a i minus substitute for g in this part directly I will get a i j i minus e epsilon i e b i divided by 1 minus epsilon i I have just substituted nothing else I have done. Everybody I hope is with me please do this now I multiply this by 1 minus epsilon i I will get j i a i there is a plus j i a i minus j i a i which will cancel I am left with minus epsilon i j i a i plus epsilon i e b i a i divided by 1 minus epsilon i what have I done I have just multiplied this and cancelled of a i j i term that is all I have done. So, when I do this I get some one very useful very important result actually this will give me rearrangement q i therefore, is equal to a i I will keep epsilon i I will keep e b i minus j i divided by 1 minus epsilon i implies e b i minus j i divided by 1 minus epsilon i divided by epsilon i a i this result as far reaching implications let us just stop and look at what this is what is this is talking about a surface let us take a surface i this has a this is a gray surface. So, it has a property epsilon i associated it is at a temperature t it is m s a o power is given by this one it is reflected part is given by rho i g i and this is the g i coming in this we together called as j i what am I saying I did this energy budget as j i minus g i times a I did that, but now since I do not like g i because I have to account for 25 different surfaces which I am interacting. So, instead I have casted in a form of e b i minus j i I have not got a solution or anything I am just writing it in a convenient form because this quantity I do not know this quantity has all the g embedded in it. So, it is not something which I can get from a text book e b I will know because of a temperature, but j has all the g embedded in it from source 1 from 2 3 4 all the budget has been taken care here, but this result tells me something much more important though it has been done from a convenience point of view what does it tell me we know from conduction t 1 t 2 it flows like this l over 3. What was this when there was a temperature difference this was the resistance associated with conduction heat transfer this was the heat flow from high temperature to low temperature what am I saying here when let us listen carefully what is e b I e b I let us go back one step to the definition of j i j i is epsilon i e b I plus 1 minus epsilon i g i correct this was what I got from energy balance if my surface were a black body what did I say j i is equal to e b I we proved that by putting epsilon equal to 1 that means radiosity of a black body is same as MSU power. Now, when my surface is a grey surface what am I saying because of the fact that my surface is not a black body anymore there is a difference between what is e b I and what is j I how are they related they are related by this expression. So, by virtue of being a black body the heat transfer from it the net energy interaction from it would have been e b I equal to j I which is equal to 0 because black surface is this e b I equal to j I it absorbs everything MSU power is the same as radiosity. Now, for a real surface by virtue of it not being black there is a difference associated because of it surface material characteristics epsilon emissivity that it is not able to behave like a black body that difference in that behavior that potential difference which is responsible for this heat transfer from that surface because it is not a black body because it is not a black body what it has to do it has to throw out something it has to reflect something it has to do something more than what a black body would do that is this potential e b I minus j I e b I would have been the MSU power of the black body at the same temperature. If this body behaved exactly like a black body this would have been equal to 0 numerator now because it is a real surface this j is going to be some quantity which is different from e b I and what does that some quantity which is different from e b I depend on that depends on whatever is coming in and also it is own temperature. So, this concept is exactly like what we had in conduction except that we are not dealing with temperature differences we are saying this potential this driving potential exists for heat transfer because of its difference of from being a black body and this quantity we call as a surface resistance. So, this surface resistance is not there when I have a surface behaving like a black body because epsilon is 1 this would go to this will not be there j equal to e b I. So, there is whatever the surface emits that is the radiosity that is the black body, but in real life there is a potential which exists which is different from the black body potential and that is what we call as a we quantify that difference by what we call as a surface resistance.  Therefore, e surface which is diffuse gray which is at a temperature will not emit energy equal to e b I that is going to be quantified by this. Now, let us quickly go. So, direction of the net radiation heat transfer depends on relative magnitudes of course, we know that if e b I is greater than j then it will be from the surface to the outside and to the surface if j is greater than e b I we saw that in that cube problem a negative value means it is coming in going out so on and so forth. So, now we will come back to this radiating surface little later let us quickly go to another concept this is also an important concept which is very useful in radiation that is called as space resistance. What is this? We said if I have two surfaces interacting with one another two surfaces are interacting they are arbitrarily positioned energy net energy transfer between i to j is nothing but what q going from here to here minus q coming from there to here. So, q 1 to 2 minus 2 to 1 is the net energy transfer. So, what is that? Let me just write quickly this q i to j two arbitrarily space surfaces 1 and 2 that is q 1 to 2 is nothing but q 1 minus q 2 what is that energy leaving 1 j 1 a 1 is the total energy of that what is going from 1 to 2 is only a fraction of it. So, f 1 to 2 times this quantity is what is going from 1 to 2 1 is in all direction only 2 is seeing only this much minus f 2 to 1 this is 1 this quantity f 2 to 1 j 2 a 2 is this quantity.  So, I can pull that out a 1 f 1 to 2 j 1 minus j 2. So, just only when there is a temperature difference between two surfaces can I have heat transfer only when I have potential difference in the form of radiosity difference can I have energy interaction radiosity is not just emissive power please remember it is emissive power contribution plus the reflected portion. So, by chance if j 1 and j 2 come out to be the same even though there are different temperatures we will still have no interaction because of this. So, this quantity q 1 to 2 is j 1 minus j 2 divided by 1 minus a 1 f 1 to 2 what is this quantity. So, this quantity which is there because of the relative position of the two how did this come this view factors are embedded in this relationship this heat I have not derived anything from the air. I have just written energy balance I am saying heat is going from 1 to 2 2 to 1 what is how is it related it is related like this. How much heat will go from the net heat transfer how much will it be it depends on what is j what is j 2 what is f 1 to 2 and what is a 1. So, this quantity essentially is dependent on the geometry the related what is view factor definition let us go back it depends on 1 by a 1 double integral a 1 a 2 right 1 by a 1 double integral a 1 a 2 cos theta 1 cos theta 2 d a 1 d a 2 by pi r square. So, it depends on theta 1 theta 2 d a 1 d a 2 and r. So, relative sizes relative positions orientation whatever you want to call. So, this quantity therefore we will say is now called as the space resistance why is it called a resistance when two objects are placed very close to each other that is you put your hand just above the gas stove it will start to burn that is because the space resistance the view factor is almost equal to 1 use whatever is coming out is being received by you. If I take it away I have moved away it is the same hand the same gas stove that f i j has changed because of r now I think it is easy to imagine because this f i j has changed the net heat transfer between 1 and 2 has changed that though nothing has happened to what is coming out from 1 nothing has happened to this relation it is just that f i 1 to 2 has changed. So, this is a thing which is related to the space aspect of the of the two geometries and j i minus j j is the potential difference if that goes to 0 there is no heat transfer positive means heat is going from i to j negative from j to 1. Now, if I have multiple surfaces I am not going to go into the details of this if I have multiple surfaces interacting I will just write it down and show it to you all of us are familiar with this.   So, such a diagram we can draw for any set of geometry and that is what is written here we have shown here. So, this surface and summation of all space resistances I have done this for one surface now we are we are talked of surface 1 talking to 2 3 and 4 surface 2 similarly can talk to 3 surface 2 can talk to 4 surface 2 is already talking to 1. So, I will write what do I get what do I get for surface 1 if I want to write this I will get I will get a set of equations which are going to be identical in form for each of the surfaces for surface 1 I will get an equation which relates e b 1 j 1 and e b 2 j 2 e b 3 j 3 e b 4 j 4 this I have done for surface 2 if I write I will I will relate whatever is happening at this surface to what is interacting between 2 3 2 4 1 1 2 like that I will get a family of relationships with equations which will have to be solved what is known in doing this we have forgotten the picture temperatures if they are known radiosities are unknown what is the net energy transfer that I do not know. So, this might be known these will have to be calculated how many radiosities j 1 j 2 j 3 b 4 4 equations should be there if I write for all 4 surfaces I will get 4 equations 4 unknowns technically I should be able to. So, how you solve it go to a computer mat lab math card matrix inversion software whatever it is you will be able to solve it. So, that is what is explained here. So, combining this what am I writing surface and space resistance whatever it is coming at this node see you do any complicated circuitry, but energy balance is again valid 100 kilo watt is coming from here to here e b i minus j i divided by r is q dot i that has to be split that is all we are saying.  So, that also has to be there. So, a space resistance associated with all the interacting surfaces. So, how to solve I am not going to do you will have a set of simultaneous equations there are two things surface with heat transfer rate specified that is ok surface with specified temperature all the j's would be unknown you will get a set of simultaneous equation and you can solve for insulated surface pre radiating surface q dot i equal to 0 what do you mean by insulated surface no heat transfer nothing goes here. So, q dot i has to be equal to 0 and q dot i equal to 0 would give me j is equal to e b. So, please bear in mind one thing black body boundary condition black body condition also gives me j equal to e b correct that comes because epsilon equal to 1 that is because of the nature of the surface on the other hand nature of the boundary condition insulated boundary condition makes what 0 epsilon does not become 0 this is therefore, j will be equal to e b it is not because the surface is black though the end result is the same the cause is totally different one is because it is a black body other is because of a boundary condition that has been imposed this we have to be very careful in explaining and this surface such a surface is called as a re-radiating surface. So, that is what is written here n algebraic equation j 1 j 2 j 3 are the unknown heat transfer rates can be calculated once the matrix is solved for j 1 j 2 j 3 and j n and what is the heat transfer rate I do not have to do anything I just if I if I draw this diagram I will know. So, what if I know this and from here to here this is the heat transfer the net heat transfer rate we can find out like that. So, we will just quickly go to now two surface enclosures all of us have just finish this and you can go q 1 to 2 two surfaces if we are talking of black bodies then sorry if you are talking of regular surfaces we are dealing with regular surfaces q 1 to 2 is q 1 that is q dot 1 equal to minus q dot 2 what we are saying is net interaction is such that if so many watts is going out this surface is going to receive the same amount of energy. So, how are we going to write that that is written essentially by this network in this network resistance network that we have drawn there is a surface resistance associated with one surface resistance associated with two and there is a space resistance between one and two I will just write for one geometry because we are doing it for the first time two two surfaces one and two there is a surface resistance e b 1 j 1 between j 1 and j 2 we have a space resistance a 1 f 1 2 this is 1 minus epsilon 1 by epsilon 1 a 1 j 2 there is another surface resistance 1 minus epsilon 2 by epsilon 2 a 2 this diagram should have all these ingredients. So, direction of heat transfer the relative respective potentials differences which will be there and the associated resistances and the net q therefore, is e b 1 minus e b 2 divided by summation of all these plus 1 minus epsilon 2 by epsilon 2 a 2. So, I have all this so once I write the resistances I know the temperatures I can calculate the net heat transfer e b 1 e b 2 put sigma t to the power 4 you are done. So, small object in a large cavity all the subsequent cases that I am going to show are special cases of this formula. So, if I am talking of a small object in a large cavity f 1 to 2 1 refers to the to the enclosure 2 refers sorry 2 refers to the enclosure 1 refers to the body. So, net a 1 by a 2 is approximately equal to 0 f 1 to 2 I said the table tennis ball in this large room whatever energy is coming out of the ball is going to be received by this large room. So, f 1 to 2 is equal to 1 based on that you can simplify this. So, you can divide I mean a 1 by a 2 is approximately equal to 0. So, you divide appropriately you will get terms which involve a 1 by a 2 you can neglect that the other terms will have u factors f 1 to 2 this will be 1 and you will be left with a 1 sigma 1 epsilon t 1 raise to 4 minus t 2 raise to 4 this is what we have used actually brute force we have used this in various problems before dealing with radiation inherent assumption was that whatever is leaving the surface in this problem is going to interact with all other surface it does not come back to it and no other surface is there that is what is the inherent part. So, sigma a epsilon t 1 raise to 4 minus t 2 raise to 4 infinitely large plates a 1 equal to a 2. So, this a 1 can a 1 and a 2 will come up it will be just a simple a if you are talking of f 1 to 2 between these 2 the view factor is equal to 1 what will happen I substitute view factor is equal to 1 take a is up it is just 1 minus epsilon 1 divided by epsilon 1 that will be 1 by epsilon 1 minus 1 plus 1 plus 1 by epsilon 2 minus 1 minus 1 plus 1 will get cancelled. So, I will be left with these 2 terms a 1 equal to a 2 you will have a a here up that a is missing here a is missing here if you want to write it in terms of heat flux then this is the appropriate expression and infinitely long cylinder I am not going to go into all these view factors again area is written in terms of the radius surface area. So, 2 pi r l or pi d l concentric spheres 4 pi r square. So, area ratio is r 1 by r 2 square inside to outside view factor is 1. So, I can do it appropriately this is a simple problem which illustrates the use of this formula direct application. So, I have 2 surfaces 800 and 500 Kelvin determine the net radiation heat transfer between 2 large parallel plates maintain at the same uniform temperature 800 and 500 emissivities are given. So, 1 surface resistance another surface resistance space resistance you put all that you will get this formula directly and I mean you will get this formula and substitute the numbers you will get 3625 obvious this is at higher temperature this is at a lower temperature heat is going to flow from top to bottom. So, this number has to be a positive quantity. So, most of these things are common sensical actually. So, with this I will stop will give it to professor Prabhu he is going to do the last part involving radiation which is multiple surface enclosure re radiating surface business.


Guys always think that I have to be the funny one. I have to I have to get her to like me I have to say the thing that's gonna make her Fall for me. No One of our female assistants actually said it best one day because I was talking about a similar thing and she said it's Far more sexy far more attractive far more important to be interested Than it is to be interesting Guys always think that in order to get a girl to like them they have to be the funny one They have to be the charming one. They have to be the star The vast majority of women out there They want to be the funny one they want to feel as though they're the charming one They want a guy to make them feel like they're the sexy one It's your job to provide the framework for the conversation. It's your job to lead the conversation It's your job to give her the opportunity to fill the conversation With the beauty with the things that women are great at filling her lives with with the the funny stories and the giggling and The laughter that you're just sitting back Poking fun at really tell me more about that.   It's the same thing When it's a girl you don't care about you're like no, that's really cool and she just won't shut up It's a girl you like all of a sudden you won't shut up because you're trying to impress her so much What's changed the girl or you? Why has the reaction changed from the girl? Simple we over complicated in our heads because we've got something to prove not to them, but we don't feel like we have enough ourselves We don't feel like we're good enough.  That's essentially you put yourself in a woman's path and give her the chance to impress you I'm not trying to to reach any hook point with girls.  I know you're sitting there like man. What girl's gonna want me? Oh, man. I do need some tricks. Absolutely I am at a low point But then we get out there and maybe start working out a little bit We maybe start taking care of our cell we get good night's sleep We start being productive in our professionals get on a good streak. We've all been there How many people have had a hot run where they've been in a really good place and people have found them attractive charming and valuable show Of hands, please. I'm right and how many people have had runs where they've been cold Where nothing's going right where shit's just in the gutter, right? Yeah.  I wave my hand all day at that What's the difference the outside world?  I'm lucky when I'm in those spots I have things that I can immediately make myself do that. I didn't have the option to do my first breakup or my first heart acre when I was Much younger. I now have strategies that I can take to to get myself out of that place a little bit faster But we've all been there and we all obviously have been in the opposite We've all made we have dropped hooks We all have just shut up and let girls talk talk talk talk and we've all escalated just fine The only problem is sometimes even though we know how to do it intellectually and even though we've done it in the past We forget right here And so yeah, it sometimes takes a little memory jogging sometimes it's like I'll be sitting there I'll fall into old patterns.  It's constant.   No is is the greatest power those ruts and that negative you have just that that Persuasiveness to actually make us feel that it really is so bleak That's really their only power is making you feel that it is hopeless that there isn't a tomorrow that it's not gonna get better but man It's all about reminding yourself of that simple shit that gets clouded that gets thrown off and the more you hear it Then the more you not only hear it But the more you go out and experience it and feel the more hooks you drop and see Exactly what I'm talking about in your experience said back to you hearing me talk about dropping hooks and how girls react Yeah, it sounds cute and you like it But after you go out and you practice it hardcore for a weekend where I'm pushing you into every single one of them like this Is changed it's all about giving yourself the experience in your life to constantly fight against it constantly build yourself up to constantly Get better. There's never perfection. You're never gonna win All you can do is take that next step forward and improve yourself that much more What I can promise you is that it always does get better as long as you're you're always moving forward You're better today than you were a year ago today, weren't you? Anybody disagree with that unless you were just in a harsh breakup or a harsh traumatic experience is anyone worse off now than they Were a year ago No, I mean, it's right there man stop making it so complicated start doing what you know how to do and yeah It's okay to remind yourself every once in a while when you need to Cheers I still have time to So I want to open up to questions. I love questions Ask me anything you could possibly ask me and I'll be excited to ask them answer them Any questions? Yes When you're dropping hooks to you So I'm trying to figure out how you end up getting the girls that you want and how you Figure out the girls that you want you drop the hooks and then then you know the girls that Respond you you figure out which of those you like or how do you do that? Really good question? Really good question. I drop I try to drop as many hooks as I possibly can old ladies at the bus stop You know dude at the gas station anywhere like oh, yeah, having a good day today. Great I'm gonna try to like oh, that's a that's a lovely book. You're reading ma'am. Whatever it happens to be Why because the principle behind this is that? Approaching is especially vexing for us because we've got two things coming together We've got a perfect storm of anxiety hitting us not only do we have the she's a pretty girl And she makes me wet myself when I see her anxiety that pops up, right? We also have another anxiety going on and that anxiety is just a general fear of talking to strangers that we have that We've been raised with Most parts of this world you've been raised to know that strangers are the devil and that you should avoid them at all cost Or they will poison you with candy with razor blades and apples like this We all know this right has anyone not been taught this from the time they're little so for approaching We've got those two different points of anxiety. We've got yes girls are gorgeous And they make my heart beat faster and they make blood rush other parts of my body I know that but then we've also got this other thing. I drop hooks everywhere because I want to this is still gonna happen and The more positive reactions you get from girls the less this is anxiety and fear and the more this is just excitement to Get more physical and get to know them better like this is the power that drives you forward that that gives you an extra snap on Your punches when you compliment her and look her in the eye This is how she believes you when you look her in the eye and tells you she's sexy and show She knows you're not just full of shit But this thing I try to minimize this as much as possible in my life Because I know that approaching this girl dealing with this is gonna be a hell of a lot easier If I don't also have to deal with this fear of strangers that we all have as well So I'm looking to and in terms of who I like. Yeah, sometimes I'm attracted to people that I talked to sometimes. I'm not The ones I'm not we might be friends or we might not the ones I am So we should hang out sometime. She's like, yeah, she already agreed to give me her phone number So when you agree to hang out with me that thereby concludes that we have to exchange numbers Another question You you were talking a second ago about that the idea that you know You shouldn't believe that a woman is up here and you're down here I guess what I wouldn't what I wanted to know is do you do you believe in the idea then of Qualification that you need to qualify yourself to a woman or is that?


So Eric DeCosta, who I think there were a lot of people who didn't even see this one coming. He had a sort of mini press conference today live from the combine. It was very hard to hear all the questions that were being asked. I could hear his answers clearly, but couldn't really hear the questions. But anyway, he had a presser today and he talked about several different things. Of course, the one that everybody's been talking about, everybody's been thinking about Lamar Jackson's contract. What is the status of his contract? What's going on? Is it going to happen? And Eric DeCosta said the same thing he said last time. He said, hey, we're going at Lamar's pace. We're going at his urgency. And he said that Lamar knows how to find me and I know how to find him. He did say that they've talked recently about it. But as we can see, there clearly has not been a contract that has been agreed upon or signed. And to me personally, that's no surprise. I do not think that it's going to happen this offseason at all. If it does happen this offseason, I will be shocked. I'll be shocked. But again, it's important to just just watch out for stuff. I want y'all to watch out for stuff. Watch out for different reports that come out about Lamar Jackson, especially when it comes to him not having an agent because so many people feel like, oh, these reports, they come from agents and they could come from agents, but also a lot of the time, a lot of these reports, they can come from the team because the team may feel a certain way and they don't want to just come out and flat out say it. So they can go talk to a reporter or something and be like, hey, drop that. Say that, put that out there. Because public perception, it's not everything, but it does have a huge impact. So just look out for stuff like that just to give y'all a little heads up. But anyway, he did talk about how he envisions Lamar Jackson being a part of the Ravens three, four years from now and them having won a Super Bowl multiple Super Bowls and that would be a beautiful thing. But it's going to take a lot to actually get it done. Now, he talked about some different rookies that are coming out about the draft class. And one of the things that he said that they look for is if the guy has a chance to really put the team on his back and make the organization that he's playing for better than they were before. So when it comes to drafting a player, does this can this player make us better? He said that the old line is strong in this draft class. The edge guys outside linebackers that they're strong and cornerback is very strong. Then he switched gears and he talked about J.K. Gus and Justice Hill. He said that he's looking forward to all of them coming back stronger than ever. And yes, we certainly are. And he said that him and J.K. Dobbins are actually, they were neighbors. I didn't know that. So since J.K. Dobbins is a neighbor of Eric Acosta, that means J.K. Dobbins ain't never going anywhere. Shout out to John Harbaugh. Anyway, he said with Rashal Bateman that he had made great progress through the season. Yeah, we did see that. And then with Rashal Bateman, it was so crazy that like his first game, like he was ready. He was ready and it was like, okay, let's go, bait. Like, so this guy, he gonna be something, man. Rashal Bateman is gonna be something. But anyway, Eric Acosta said that Rashal Bateman is a great route runner and has really good hands. He said that as far as with Lamar Jackson, when he was coming out of the draft, he said they really studied Lamar and they tried to keep their interest on them very, very quiet. And they did a pretty good job of that. I mean, we had heard that they had visited with Lamar and then that's when they had signed RG. It's just the way that they did it. Well, no, that's when they tried to sign RG3. They tried to sign them. So they had given us like these signs that they were looking to go into a different direction. Oh, yeah. Then they tried to sign Kaepernick, too. So they let us know without letting us know. Like, all right, we're trying to go into sort of a different direction at quarterback without actually coming out and saying it. But yeah, they said that they tried to keep their interest on them super quiet. And he said, this is, I love this part. He said, it's very important not to be swayed by public opinion or the media. You have to have conviction in a player. So if the media is saying all this and all that about certain players, it's important that you know that player. You've watched film and tape on that player. You know what that player can do for your team. Now, with Eric Dacosta saying that, I also feel like as fans, it's just as important to go by that same thing, to not be swayed by public opinion or media when it comes to players. Because the media, they can twist a lot of stuff, as you all have seen before plenty of times. So just a little heads up. He said a few years ago, when it came to Lamar Jackson, he was very different from a lot of other quarterbacks. But in now, he said there are a lot more mobile type QBs in the league. He talked about the pipeline. This is one of our favorite discussions. He talked about the pipeline that helps you get accurate information on different players. And now an example that he gave was like with Ozzie Newsom, with his connects with Alabama, how he was plugged in with Alabama. So that helps them with all these Alabama players that they were draft. And then he brought up John Harbaugh and Jim Harbaugh, the obviously brothers, so they kind of closed. But he brought up how that's helped them with players that come from Michigan. So I know a lot of people feel like that's a, some people feel like it's a great thing. Some people feel like it's a not so great thing. Now, this next part, so I had to really sit down for this one. I appreciated it because it is very true. He said that if we think we can win a Super Bowl like we did in 2000, the game has changed. So you know the 2000 that Raven's defense was everything and more. One of the best defenses, obviously not just that year, but really of all time. But the game, you simply, you can't win like that anymore. But he did say that the passing game is more important now than ever. But you still have to play excellent defense and great special teams. He talked about how it's a QB driven league, but it can't just be the quarterback. Again, listen to the wording that he was saying. And again, watch the presser for yourself too. Don't just take my word for it or what I'm saying. Listen to it for yourself so you can have your own interpretation of it and whatnot and what you took away from it. Please listen to it for yourself. But he said you have to have great pieces around the quarterback as well. So can't just be on the quarterback. You got to build around him. So we'll see how that goes this off season. He said that he talked to Kaleas Campbell and he, he sounded like, again, Eric Acosta, Mr. Poker face, but he, when he's talked about Kaleas Campbell, it sounded like he was in the dark. It sounded like he ain't watched the video that we did with Kaleas Campbell came out and said, Oh yeah, no, I'm playing this year.  Let me know. Let me know because I want you to play. I want you. I want to bring you back. Just let me know. But the way he said it made it sound like Kaleas has not let him know, but we'll see. He talked about with cornerbacks, the great corners that they can catch. They can make an exception. They can even score and they just make game changing plays. And that's true. The great cornerbacks are known for that. They know for just knocking the ball. They ain't really known for catching like that. But a lot of great cornerbacks saw, but great point. Eric Dacosta back to Lamar Jackson when he was coming out of Louisville. They said that their scout start that Lamar Jackson was a very unorthodox player and that he was not a traditional quarterback. And he said that they were very thankful that James Urban was in the building and that James Urban had been around Michael Vick. So he had experience with the quarterback similar to Lamar Jackson. Even though there are a lot of differences between Lamar and Vick. But anyway, he said that that helped him a lot. And then he mentioned Greg Roman. He brought up Greg Roman. He said Greg Roman had always been a coordinator that could scheme up the running game very well. Again, didn't mention anything about the passing game. And just said he could scheme up the running game very well. And that was interesting. And I know they were talking about running and what not, running out of all these different formations and the exotic runs and all that stuff. You know, we're not even going to get into that. We could talk about that another time. But he said that Greg Roman came up with an offense that teams just had never seen before. But that offense is he said it doesn't last forever because teams they scheme against you and they study you. And that is very, very true. So it's important that the offense that they once ran, that they evolve, that they move forward, that they progress. So hopefully this year they continue to do that. Now, this is where it got a little funny for me. This is where it got a little entertaining when Eric, the cost was speaking because he said that they met with Evan Neil. Some people think he'll be the number one overall pick in the draft. That the latest number three. But I've seen number one or seen number two. But yeah, he going to be one of the top picks in the draft. But he said that they met with Evan Neil and he was extremely impressive. Said he was strong. He's a great run blocker. So when he mentioned his name, I was thinking, alright, even though Raven's obviously not drafting that high, but cross that off the list. Then he said, oh, Charles Cross is an outstanding athlete. And I was saying, oh, Charles Cross. Okay, cross him off the list too. And then he said Tyler Lindenbaum, the center from Iowa, said they've had great luck with players from Iowa like Marsha Yanda. Cross him off the list too. If Eric Dacasa comes out and says a player's name, like specifically, yeah, take him off. He trying to build their value up so other teams could take those guys so he can get who he really wants. But just my opinion though, could be wrong. We'll see. We'll see in about a month or about two months, really. Wow, it's already March. That's crazy. February flew. Even though it's super short, but it still flew. He said teams picking in the top 15 have a great chance to get some really good offensive linemen. So they go Eric Dacasa's trying to boost them offensive linemen stock even higher. So whenever he does pick, if it's at 14 or if it's later on, because I don't think it's going to be early on, you never know, but you kind of know. But anyway, whenever he picks, again, he trying to push them offensive linemen to the front. So hey, take those guys. Take that guy to that. I got who I really want who that is. Hey, we'll see. But it's going to be fun trying to figure it out along the way. And of course, free agency will be a big part of that because free agency, depending on what they do and depending on what they don't do in free agency, that can tell a lot of the story when it comes to the way that they'll draft because in free agency, you want to try to knock as much out as with the roster that you possibly can. And then with the draft, you try to add to that. So you really can do best player available. But even if you go best player available, you still got to mix in need in there as well. So anyway, it was fun. This was a fun listen. Like I said, make sure if you haven't watched it already, listen to it for yourself so you can see exactly how you feel about what was said. I love y'all team. Keep it clean. I appreciate y'all. This is a busy week. We out.


Hi, it's Bridget. Welcome to Sunday Morning Coffee with Bridget. It's my pleasure to connect with you today. Today, I'd like to talk about old weeds. I guess weeds could be considered new weeds also if they are the kind, you know, those dandelions that grow all green and pretty with the gorgeous yellow blooms. Oh, yes. It's dandelion time here as the spring opens up and the buds on the trees begin. I can see there's less gray and muted brown tones to the trees. And now there's green, that kind of lime green, that bright, vibrant green of new growth, which brings with it, for me, allergies. So you see those old weeds. That's where we begin today. I was digging out a bit of the flower beds in the front yard. I am not a gardener. I've never found joy in digging in the dirt. I know that will shock some of you who love the plants and the greenery. You see, I love the trees. I like nature very, very much and I love and appreciate trees. But those little plants, those shrubs, even the flowers that are beautiful and gorgeous that I can admire in the neighbors yards. I just don't find enjoyment in tending and taking care of the beds that they grow in. And so today I found myself wanting to be outside as the temperature was creeping up to the middle to upper sixties, which is like a heat wave here in Minnesota in May, early May. And I found my feet in the dirt, my hands gloved reaching in to clean out the shrubbery. There were lots of old vines, old weeds that were dead. Not new weeds, but old weeds left over from the fall last year that were coated by the snow in the winter and they just lay there. Taken up space underneath some of those old vined piles. There was some new weeds, some green grasses even that were growing. Some new growth to some of the shrubs also starting. I found myself rather enjoying the clearing out. Oh, yeah, you bet. This Sunday morning coffee might be, we might be talking about releasing or clearing. And we do, I do find myself talking to you about that often. Don't we? We do talk about that a bit because, you know, I talk about the cycles of the moon and how the full moon is great for Releasement and clearing every single month and the new moon is great for connecting planting seeds, planting dreams, connecting to your wishes and your desires. And so it would make sense then that here in the springtime we could embrace the same concept of the cycles of the seasons, even if where you're at doesn't change this dramatically like we do here in Minnesota. You and I, we can have this conversation once again in a different way, talking about old weeds. So my question for you is as we begin this contemplation is what old things do you have just covering up new growth? What old, thick, weedy like, they're so crunchy. I have to say it's so funny because I'm thinking about this. They are like crunchy like when I step on them. They're crunchy and they're hard to cut like with the shears, the planting shears and things. They're hard to cut. They just aren't easy to let go and they're so thick and interwoven and they, those old weeds, they just hang on like tightly wound in patterns. Think about this, like really feel this, you have old weeds. So do I, we both do. You and I both have old weeds and it might take some doing, some time, some care, some attention and some hard work. Some dirty work with feet in the dirt, hands gloved to protect from any thorns or spikes that might come through when you are pulling apart.  There's not going to be new life on these vines. Oh, no, no, no, no, no, no, there's not. And beneath them, there's some things that are hiding and some of the things that are hiding are good things that you want more of abundance, prosperity, growth. And there are some not so good things, some things you would not choose some more weeds, some fresh new problems, some fresh new nemesis to thwart your path. I mean, truly, it's that simple. We are just like these flower beds. We need care. You and I both need care. We might not be grand gardeners, but we are responsible, wholly responsible for the condition of what we are growing in. The whole concept, you've heard the term bloom where you're planted. We have the responsibility to ourselves to take care of the soil to give ourselves the optimal conditions in which to grow. So the old relationship patterns must shift and change if they're not serving you. You have learned and I understand that you might be afraid for change. When you pull out and weed the garden and see what's beneath you might feel like there's lack or scarcity or not sure about the value of what's beneath. But I assure you that rich, moisture rich human soil that you have been set into bloom is going to help you thrive. And it is indeed your choice and responsibility to pursue the passions and dreams and desires that you have. The wants and the needs also fulfilled in this same flower bed in this same prepared soil. We need nurturing. We need loving. We need care. You need to provide that for yourself. You are responsible not to request other people to provide it to you or for you. But if indeed it's a relationship scenario or situation that comes to mind first, whether it be career and employees employer workplace or significant other lover friend family member parent child sister brother whatever it might be. Just know that you are at the source core of this relationship and that there is indeed a collaborative dysfunction that is occurring. So by you accepting or rejecting that there is an issue or need to be tended to you are not helping either one of the components or the parties involved in the relationship or exchange. So you see this need to take care of yourself is essential for not only your benefit but for the most important relationships of your life with your spouse with your children with your parents with your with your job and and underneath the rich beautiful soil. The roots of you the core of who you are the relationship with yourself. I do not know what that looks like for you. I do not know the answers for the perfect life just add water plant these seeds and your soul will grow. No no no year after year cycle after cycle pattern after pattern you must show up and clean out the flower beds. Clear room make room in the soil for weight make some room on the ground for you to grow and expand to invite new experiences into your life. You got to release some of the old dead gray viney branches that are covering up this great spot in this flower bed for you to to cultivate and create some new relationships new experiences opportunities.  And do the work do your work do your work it's not a one and done kind of thing. You're going to have to come back I'm going to have to come back and pull out some weeds in a couple of months from now and in a month from after that in a couple of weeks after that as the growing season gets faster and faster and and growth happens and development creates a momentum and. The sun and the conditions become more optimal for growth that means the good stuff is going to grow but so too is some not so good stuff there's going to be some weeds and I'm going to be in awareness and I'm going to tend to my needs. And I'm going to weed the garden you have to do that.    But you just can't bring yourself to do it because the weeds of that thick old gray mass of that one person that told you one time that one thing is still there. Covering up the growth the opportunity for you. I'm not telling you this stuff to make you feel bad. I'm sharing this with you for perspective you and I it's time for us to grow. It's time for us to really let ourselves be what we need. What do you need do you need more light do you need more positive inputs inspiring people in your life. Maybe it's even your favorite YouTuber or a great author or a pet. Receive the light in the ways in which it shows up for you and amplify it make a bigger. Make it awesome. What do you need. I'm thinking of the elements of light and water. Waters about flow and waters connected to our hearts and our emotions. What is your heart need. To grow. Growth isn't by the way when I say the word growth. Growing abundance prosperity. I'm not talking about hustle work motivate go try to secure goals do it do it do it. I'm not talking about hurry hurry rush rush do do task task when I talk about growth. I'm talking about spirit. I'm talking about expansion. I'm talking about freedom. The kind of freedom you call me and we talk in session about you desire freedom. You desire freedom and you can have it. It's your choice. It's your intuition and your spirit working together with your heart allowing the energy of that element to flow that water understanding that emotional freedom that you desire. Be there for yourself. Let yourself free your emotions. You don't have to share everything with everybody but share it with yourself. Be honest with yourself. Energy flow use your tools like writing. Right. Use your tools like movement dance. Listen to songs and music that align with the emotions that you have and let your emotions flow freely. Growth is about expansion expanded room for you to be yourself and you've got to be yourself with yourself first. Before you can be you fully in any relationship you're in whether it be in a job and a career in a romantic relationship in a partnership. We deserve this time now. We deserve to understand that growth is about expansion and it's not about pushing and hard work doesn't mean intensity. Hard work means showing up for yourself and letting yourself feel that is you guys. You guys listen to me right now that is the hard work letting yourself feel connect with the water energy vibration with the heart heart space and the heart chakra. Let your spirit rise up with the light like the sun in the solar energy area of your body which is your spirit which is your gut and your belly and let it. Rise up to meet the heart and the water element and to work together with the flow of things. Now I might I know I know right now as I'm talking to you I'm talking at you and your brain is going wait a minute Bridget I don't get this. Why are you bringing in elements and the sun and the light and the water and the heart what are you talking about I'm talking about how nature. Our human life gives us clues and information and tips on how to connect with energy within ourselves. Externally we have clues mother nature is giving us clues when it's time for clearing when it's time to weed the old dead weeds get them out. So we can see what the new stuff is that's cropping up so we can discern and sort out what we want and what we don't want we can make choices we have responsibility to care for ourselves. And when we use the tools that God universe Earth consciousness has given to us through the elements like the sun like the rain like the water and the flow of hearing the river of the ocean of the babbling brook or the stream. Those things are directly connected to our heart and our soul and together that relationship that sacred relationship is what will create the opportunity for growth and expansion for you. And in turn then as you bloom where you are planted you will then inspire others in through the relationships you have and the patterning that you are role modeling you are just living your life by taking care of yourself.  That's the hard work this is the hard work is feeling your own feelings that's the hard work and guess what what you're going to discover is probably very close to what I have discovered recently on a recent trip that I have taken. When I was by myself I was solo traveling and I was focused on nature and the surroundings and just being I realized that the stressors and the pressures and the anxiety that I feel most often are not mine. They're not me stopping me they're me as an empath connected through other humans throughout this collective human experience and relationships and expression. And I am feeling everybody else's stuff and that the truth is I am really a happy person I have discovered this I am really a really happy person like all the time not just sometimes when I'm doing this with you. And I'm sharing my videos and I'm in session I'm not just only happy and finding joy and feeling amazing when I'm doing that showing up and sharing in spirit. But I'm genuinely at my core as a human I am happy person I like life I appreciate nature I do and I love the elements and I love the sunrises I am so inspired by the sunlight and I appreciate the smell of the rain. And the symbolism of this is the most beautiful messages I could ever receive. And I want I want you to understand this that for you I know you are an empath I know you're feeling other people stuff that's why you're drawn to me and my work that's why you're listening to Sunday morning coffee because you want the positive inspiration. And by working with a very real human topic like anxiety like stress like clearing like old patterns. And I know this that most of the stuff that you're feeling that's weighing you down is none of it's none of your stuff it's nothing you ever really believed about yourself. It was that teacher's projection on to you or maybe a parents or maybe a boyfriend or some mean girls in school or a boss whatever that voice was it was never yours. So the feelings that you have are real they are real they are not meant to be stuffed or stifled and the old weeds cover that feelings up the feelings must be flowing like the water they must be free to be felt by you. It is scary. I get it because I am scared to feel my feelings to because I feel like if I feel my feelings too much I mean I might go crazy.  I might get so sad that I'm in bed for three days and I have things to do like I got four kids take care of a family to manage. I got a business to run. I got stuff to do. I got to show it for other people right. Do you feel like that.  Yes Bridget. I feel exactly like that. If I start to feel when am I going to stop the point is is this is about freedom for you. Give yourself the permission to feel the anticipation and the resistance feels so much worse to you I guarantee it than the actual feelings itself. And if you are one of those people that's afraid of this avalanche or opening the floodgates of feelings which I understand I'm raising my hand you can't see it because it's an audio. I'm raising my hand. I feel that too. Get a counselor that you can talk to on a routine baseless once a week at first and then maybe twice a month and then maybe once a month and then maybe every couple months but get a counselor or someone that can help you sort things out. If you have major trauma in the past and you're afraid to open the floodgates to that and feel feel feel. It's natural to be afraid to like be re victimized or to re feel the trauma whatever it might be whatever the degree of that experience is or was to you. The fear of feeling the feelings in general that are layered upon layered upon layered upon layered that you've been collecting over your lifetime. I understand that fear. Believe me. I understand it. This is the work. This is the work. This is what it means to show up for yourself to take care of yourself to love yourself. This is what it means. This is what it means. It doesn't mean a massage and getting your nails done. It means this the work this. That means you have to get some support whether a life coach or an online class that's going to give you positive inputs and connections to other people where you can talk about things whether it's through a Facebook group or in small groups etc. Something like that or with a counselor and oftentimes employers will offer like a series of like four or five free counseling sessions to keep their employees mental health up to up to par. And oftentimes it's called EAP employee assistance program and it's free and sometimes on the back of your insurance card or your medical insurance card there will be a help line to call for mental help mental health help to talk to somebody.  There are structures in place that have grown that have come through growth and awareness for mental health that it's a normal thing just like physical health just like getting a mammogram for us women every year. Mental health is a thing that's real. It's not something that happens when there's a problem. It's something that use that there's already a support structure a growth structure in place that you can tap into might be a life coach might be a best friend. That's amazing. Like that you can really trust that's not going to give you advice and tell you what to do, but that's just going to listen. It might be starting with just your journal and talking to your dog.  I'm not kidding you or inviting in an archangel or a spirit guide that you love to work with like Archangel Michael or Archangel Raphael and just sharing, speaking out loud, letting it flow and loving yourself for it for the showing up part. So wow, this is deep. This is deep. We're digging deep into these weeds and proud of you for listening to this. This is not about pushing or efforting. This is about being your natural amazing self. Take a breath with me. Nice deep breath. Nice deep exhale. Big exhale. Come on. Relax into knowing that you are beautiful.  And that's what you seek is connection to your own growth. So show up and start, start to take care of yourself. Maybe start by clearing out some of those old weeds. I hope this helped to inspire your spirit to fill you with some hope and to empower you to live your life because this is your life after all and you got to live it. Just live it. This is Bridget. Thank you so much for listening to Sunday Morning Coffee with Bridget. I hope you're enjoying the videos that I share on above life channel on YouTube if you're interested in other positive inputs and intuitive support videos and such. You can follow me on my fairy grasshopper YouTube channel. You can also find me on social media on Instagram and Facebook at Bridget inspired. Thanks for being here.


Okay, because of time purposes here, we'll have to go quickly through my travel pictures. So this is the main cathedral in Florence, beautiful architecture. This is the dome inside the cathedral. It's got medieval paintings on the top. I don't remember who did this. Michelangelo did not, so I'm not sure who did this, but very famous paintings. And if you go way to the top, you can climb inside the outer shell and pop out up above there and look around at Florence. So here's a close-up. And it's basically biblical things.  It's very interesting. You can spend an hour just looking at the various murals here on the inside of the dome. And this is, as you go up inside between the outer wall and the inner wall where the dome is, these are old popes that are sitting there inside. These are statues of old popes. Okay, and then the higher up you get, the closer you get to the dome. All right, cornea. Let's go ahead and we'll just start with just zigzag. Now let's go this way. Let's go this way. All right, let's go over layers of the cornea. All right, so starting it underlined that as the epithelial basement membrane. And then there's the corneal stroma and then decimates membrane. Excellent. All right, let's talk about the corneal epithelium. What's the epithelium of the cornea like? It's a stratified squamous. Okay. How many layers thick usually? Five to seven. Five to seven. Exactly. Now, I'm going to ask you one more question. What kind of stain is this and why am I showing it? What is PAS stain? What is PAS stain for? It stains, I think, basement membranes. Exactly. So why would I show you this picture? Well, it looks like it's highlighting the basement membrane of the epithelium. And what is not staining here? It looks like Bowman's layer. Exactly. So it's very important that you remember Bowman's layer is not a basement membrane. So the basement membrane of the epithelium is this thin little line right up here. And so Bowman's layer does not regenerate. So if you're looking at a pathology specimen and there is no Bowman's layer there, it's a historical record that something happened to Bowman's layer. And so Bowman's layer does not regenerate. It's a condensed part of anterior stroma. Now, tell me a little bit about the stroma. What lives in the stroma? So the stroma itself is made up of collagen, collagen fiber wool. It's also keratinocytes. It's dehydrated so it can be clear so you can see through it. And the thing about the corneal stroma is the fibers are all regular. There's a regular array of these collagen fibers and they run limbus to limbus. So if you cut them, even if the cornea heals, it still does not have the strength that it had before they look back. Now, some of the differences between cornea and sclera, why cornea is clear and sclera isn't, the fibers in the cornea all line up exactly the same. So if it's detragested, it allows light to come towards it. The sclera, they're at random angles. And the sclera is not detragest. That's why the sclera is white and the cornea is clear. What layer are we looking at right here? The sclera, cornea is the stroma and then decimation. All right, now tell me a little bit about decimation membrane. What forms decimation membrane? Decimation membrane is the one that can be packed together to protect junctions. That's the endothelial cells. Where does decimation membrane come from? Decimation membrane. Decimation membrane is actually the basement membrane of the endothelial cells. So when there's pH positive, that's important because bowman's is not. Now, if you did an EM of decimation membrane, the anterior layer of decimase is what we call banded. And so the collagen fibers are banded, whereas the posterior is non-banded. And so the anterior part of decimase comes congenitally. Whereas the posterior part, it's thicker with age because it is the basement membrane of the endothelial cell. All right, what are these right here? Closer to the endothelial cells. Now, that's something, take a look at that picture. You never see these in the path lab because the endothelial cells are rarely healthy when you do a cornea specimen. And so this is what a healthy endothelium looks like. Now, tell me one of the functions of the endothelium. That's barrier function. Okay, and what is it about it that forms that barrier? It's been said, but say it again. Exactly, so when you look at these endothelial cells, they are cuboidal when you look at them in cross-section. But if you look at them in 3D, they're hexagonal and they're shaped like a geodesic dome. That's how nature covers the curved surface. And so they have tight junctions between them, which acts as a barrier to keep the fluid from the anterior chamber going into the cornea to keep your gist as the cornea. What else does endothelium do? It dehydrates the stroma. Okay, so does that usually by the barrier, what else does it do that helps it stay dehydrated? Yeah, there's actually some pumping capabilities to that, both directions. So that will lead us to what else? What else is going on here? What else does it do? It can transport nutrients. Yeah, so it'll actually pump nutrients from the anterior chamber into the cornea itself. So there is a function there where it'll actually pump nutrients in. Alright, let's talk about some corneal diseases. What are we looking at right here? Alright, so what is it that forms band keratopathy? Casio. Alright, now here's a close-up. Now it's interesting, what am I showing here on this close-up? Why would I be showing this? What are these little round spaces here? They are actually where the nerves penetrate through the stroma of the cornea up through Bowman's layer. And so in the area where the little nerve penetrates, you don't get calcium deposited, so you get these little lacunar spaces. So that just kind of shows you where the nerves come up through Bowman's layer to the epithelium. And you set it, this is caused by the composition of calcium. So what kind of stain for bonus points do we use for calcium? This one, the alizarin red. Okay, so you can use two of them. One is alizarin red, the other is von Casin. So those are the two, and so this is the red one. And here's epithelium. Here is Bowman's layer, and here's all that calcium. So that's band keratopathy. We'll just swing over. John, I'm showing this picture, and here's all this calcium. Here's Bowman's layer. What is this stuff? So what's it called when you have fibrous connective tissue in between the epithelium and Bowman's layer coming out from the limbus? Panus. And so this is the panus. Now, how do we subcharacterize panesisms? Panesisms. I don't know, what is plural for panus? Panus. Panus. Panus. Panus. Panus. Panus. Panus. Panus. No, no, because that's on the surface. So what kind of panus, what makes up this panus? Panus. Fibrous tissue. Fibrous tissue. Fibrous. This is a fibrous panus. And then we look at this, this is a fibro vascular. So here's Bowman's, here's the epithelium. Here are all kinds of vessels along with the connective tissue so you can get a fibrous panus, you can get a fibro vascular panus. And it all extends from the limbus under the epithelium on the surface of Bowman's from chronic inflammation. And as we showed earlier, chronic inflammation also causes vancaryotopathy so you can get the two of them. Excuse me, running together. Here's epithelium, fibrous panus, calcium along Bowman's and calcium here so you can get panus and you can get vancaryotopathy running together in the same patient. All right, what are we showing right here? All right, so what does that, what is that called first of all? Arcus. Yes. Well, senelus, people don't like that word anymore so it's an aging change but it's another term, it's Arcus senelus. What is the material that forms in Arcus senelus? Lipid. Lipid. And if you look, whenever you see a clear space between the limbus and the deposits, that's a sign that diffusion is what causes it. So it's diffusion of lipid. And what kind of stain do we have to do to stain lipid? Oil red on. Oil red on, what do we have to do to that specimen to get the stain? Keep it fresh. Exactly, so this is a freshly frozen one. It's interesting if you look at it, the deposition of the lipid is power glass shaped meaning there's more of an anteriorly, there's more of a posteriorly and it thins out in the center so if you hallucinate, you know, pathologists are good at hallucinating because we spend a lot of time sniffing formally so it affects our brain cells. And so you can see there's anterior deposition, posterior deposition, it thins out in the middle, kind of an hour glass shape. So that is, is Arcus senelus. Now, it used to be taught in the olden days when I was a resident that this was a sign of high cholesterol. But you had to work up a patient for high cholesterol. It turns out, yeah, high cholesterol could do this, but it's not necessarily that it's high cholesterol associated with this all the time. It's just occurred in normal aging. Sir. For unilateral Arcus, do you guys still consider like carotid occlusive disease? Yeah, you need to work that out because this is by definition a bilateral disease. Something if it's unilateral, something is going on to the supply of nutrients to that eye. All right. What do we see in back here? Who came in here? Tell me. Yeah. All right. What kind of, what kind of material have we put in? What stain did we put in here to take this picture? Fluorescene. So this is a fluorescene stain. And you can see the fluorescene stains areas of denuded epithelium. So when you look right here, you see that this is denuded in the center. It's got these little bulbs. So if you're going to scrape that for a culture, where would you scrape it? Right. So not in the middle where that's denuded, but in the edges where you still have viral fibers that are going on. So you said herpes. Which one? Which one? Yeah, most likely one. There have been reported cases of two. But usually it's herpes simplex one, which is the same thing that gives you a cold sore. So herpes simplex one is usually it. And then we look at the pathology. What do we see on the pathology here? You get a few scattered mononuclear lymphocytes in here. Yes, sir? You just bring the edges. You're talking about the terminal. Well, yeah, you can do it so long as you've got partially next to where the stain is going on. You don't want to take it right in the middle where they're staying because there it's all denuded and you may not pick up anything. So that's what a normal epithelial herpes dendrite looks like. What is different right here? Believe it or not, this is a patient with herpes. I think this geroma looks a little more intact here, but there's still what looks like a little break in the epithelium. A little break there, but what's going on down here? It's an organization in the posterior cortex. So you're seeing a lot of inflammatory cells here. So this has now gone from simply epithelial herpes to what we call stromal herpes.  So this is actually posterior. So this is inflammation posterior in the anterior chamber here. And these are giant cells along decimates membranes. So when you get stromal deep herpes, sometimes that can be even thought of as an autoimmune disease. Something changes the herpes, change the antigens on there. And even when there's not active disease going on, you can still get ongoing inflammation in the stromal herpes. And this is actually scraping before we had, you know, good immunoproxidized stains and good assays for herpes. And you can see inclusions here, both in the nucleus and also a little in the cytoplasm. A lot of these intra-nuclear inclusions here with herpes. All right, what do we see in here? Well, it looks like there's a lot of information. A lot of contraltidal hypnosis. Maybe what could be like a subconge hemorrhage. Some opacification of the cornea as well. Some kind of discontinuity. Or it looks like maybe the surface of the cornea is... Okay, if this were infections, would this be viral or bacterial looking at this?  But I would guess, you know, just taking as bacterial. Yeah, and I believe there's a little bit of discharge down here. So this is a bacterial ulcer. If you see a bacterial ulcer that's this extensive, you really got to jump on it right away because that's a sign of a pretty aggressive bacteria. This turned out to be a pseudomonas from this patient's contact lens. And so this is a pseudomonas ulcer. And the thing about these ulcers is it is really an up-downing emergency because these can perforate a cornea in 24 to 48 hours if it's an active bacteria because the bacteria itself can put out collagen uses and protein uses. But so do the body's immune system. So the body sends in these PMNs. They dump out all of the bacterial that's in their granules, which can melt corneas also. So this is truly an up-downing emergency. And what happened to this cornea? Well, it looks like the whole kind of anterior half. So there's a big ulcer here. What is this? That looks like it's probably a bothic mass perforation. Exactly. So this actually perforated. And if you look right here, you see that's white. That's pale. That's necrotic. It's not the normal pink colors of the stroma in the cornea. And here you see all these inflammatory cells. And when we look closely as opposed to herpes, this is more of an acute inflammation. So this has PMNs in it, but also lymphocytes, but PMNs. So this is an acute inflammatory cell reaction. And unfortunately, if you don't treat these right away, you can get this. So what's happened here? That's how it will be. What's happened here? So this also seems like some sort of perforation of the actual stroma. Okay, what is this thing? Is that like the curling of decimates? Does decimates have pigment? So it's u-yield tissue? Okay, what kind of u-yield tissue? My pars... So we're just pulling, we're yanking, pulling, pulling now. What lives behind the cornea? Iris. Iris. All right. And so believe it or not, here's ciliary body, here's iris. That's iris. So when you get a perforation, the iris can go right up in there and try to plug it up. So this is a perforated corneal ulcer with iris plugging it. And how do we know it's iris? What is unique about the pigment epithelium in the iris compared to the rest of the eye? I'm not sure. Okay. Evan, what's unique about the pigment epithelium in the iris is it's close to the rest of the eye. And by the way, saying you're not sure is good. That's better than just digging deeper. Oh, is it this? Is it that? And when you take oral boards, they'll look at you and they'll go, tell me more. And when you say that, that means, oh my God, I'm getting deeper and deeper. And then you say, I do not know and move on. So what's different about the pigment epithelium in the iris compared to the pigment epithelium, say, of the ciliary body and elsewhere? Both layers of the iris pigment epithelium are pigmented. Whereas in the ciliary body, only the outer layers pigmented, the inner layers non-pigmented. That's how you know it's iris. You have pigment epithelium, both of them pigmented. All right. What are we looking at right here? Short. So for you, Brad, you're as long as Brad. So what if I told you this is a potato farmer from Idaho. This has been going on for three or four weeks. Now it's the fall. I just did the harvest. All right. So the word we use is indolent. And so instead of an acute presentation, it's indolent. It smolders for several weeks.  And so finally they come in. You see this. I want you to look, not only is there this lesion here where it's white, but look at that fluffy white video around it. And this is the stain that we did. What does this show? Excuse me. All right. And what kind of stain do we do for fungi? GMS. Gamorimethanamine silver. And so it stains fungi as silverly, silvery black. So if you look right here, you'll see all these little yeasty beasties in here throughout the stroma. So that's a fungal. Also a little bit more indolent than a bacterial, but harder to treat. You know, fungi don't react real well to the antifungals, which are pretty toxic to the eye in any event. What are we seeing right here? So this is an external photograph. Acornia looks pretty diffusely easy. Concentrated essentially there's said to be a ring infiltrate. And then the epithelium looks to be denuded with kind of a whole margin.  Persona is having a lot of pain. I don't think you can't the meba. If they were amusing topical stear, topical and propericine. Exactly. Now topical and propericine, topical anesthetic use can give you a chronic non-healing also, but it usually doesn't give you that ring infiltrate. So you said acanthamoeba. What stain is this? All right. So we remember gridly because it stains the corneal stroma green. And sure enough, here are the cysts of acanthamoeba all throughout the cornea. So we do a gridly stain. You can actually see these on H&E stain. They don't pick up the stain, but you can see the outline of the little cysts even on H&E stain. Now these are very difficult to treat because you have to get in there. And once they insist, they're a little bit resistant to treatment. So the problem with these is they can get out beyond the cornea even into the limbus and into the stroma and along the nerves. That's why they're painful. So this is acanthamoeba. You want to recognize these because if you treat them early, you can sometimes save a cornea. And it's interesting. We treat them with swimming pool disinfectant. That's basically the drops we use nowadays for swimming pool disinfectant. It kills the acanthamoeba. And here's an EM showing you this triple walled cyst. And so once they insist, they're pretty resistant to treatment. All right. What do we see in right here? An external photograph of the red eye. That's drawn to the cornea. It looks pretty interior. You can see some irregularities of, most likely the epithelium. I'd be concerned for map dot fingerprints. Okay. Let's say we do a slit lamp and it looks like this. Does that help? Not really. If you look at that right there, what does that look like? It looks like little finger prints. It's like a fingerprint. Exactly. So when you have, we call it an epithelial basement membrane dystrophy. It depends on which pattern you get. Map dot fingerprint is literally descriptive. So it'll look like the edges of a map, like this first one, where there's the edges of a map here. It can look like a fingerprint, which is here, or it can look like a dot, which is there. So this is all caused by what? Basically like redundant epithelial tissue. Or specific, not redundant epithelial tissue, but redundant epithelial what? Basement membrane. Exactly. So this is a basement membrane dystrophy. And if you look, I apologize. One of my fellows took this picture. I'm always in the focus. So whenever there's something that's out of focus, blame someone below you. If you're an intern, sorry, you're, it doesn't go lower than you. All right. So this is actually a, what stain? Yes. Yeah, yes stain. And here you see this thickened epithelial basement membrane and you've had recurrent erosions and then the epithelium grows over them. And so the problem with map dot fingerprint is you can get recurrent corneal erosions. And when you treat that, you often have to scrape off all the epithelium and all the basement membrane and give it a restart to grow. And so this is a scraping we had. Here's the epithelium. Look at all this. This is all thickened basement membrane. So this is actually a map dot fingerprint that was scraped. And that is all markedly thickened basement membrane. And so epithelial basement membrane district. All right. What do we see in here? So this is the map photo. What do you have? Diffuse little interior cyst-like deposits. All right. So these are kind of, you know, once again below the epithelium, but they're really almost like specific little whitish deposits. What do you think about here? District B is so short. Okay. Here's the pathology. Again, what kind of stain would this be? So PAS. PAS. You see, Bowmans is not staining. And you've got this PAS positive stuff underneath the epithelium. So this, it's hard because these dystrophies, they all look the same. They're pretty difficult. This is called Miesmann's dystrophy. And it's interesting, the pathologists who first described this call this peculiar substance. So it's interesting that they weren't quite sure what this stuff was. So they call it peculiar substance. So you get this peculiar PAS positive substance underneath the epithelium. And that is Miesmann's dystrophy. All right. What are we looking at right here? Let's see. So again, it's the largest. This is the center. It looks like the entire stoma is based on a slightly passive part. Believe it or not, that's a weird way it's coming off. So this is mostly anterior again, but it's really diffuse and feathery. And what could look like this? I mean, so. So here's the pathology. And what I want you to look at here is the distinct absence diffusely of Bowman's layer and then kind of a condensed stroma underneath it. What dystrophy gives you that? Exactly. And so the Butler's got a, whatever, a lot above it's Buchler's dystrophy. And there are various different types of Reese Buckler's dystrophy. So you need to know those for boards and for corneal lectures. But the pathology is really kind of an absence diffusely here Bowman's layer. So those are kind of the anterior corneal dystrophies that have unique pathology. Now we're going to jump down into the stroma. So, Nama, tell me what the mnemonic is that we use to remember corneal stromal dystrophies. All right. So Marilyn. Macular, Monroe. Euclopolysaccharide. Euclopolysaccharide. Really? Recessive. Recessive. Because that's easy to remember. Now the rest are all dominant. Gets. Now also the really always. Always. Alchemy blue. So which one would this be? If you look in between these deposits in the stroma, there's haziness. So that's macular dystrophy. And then what kind of stain is this? Alchemy blue. Alchemy blue. Stains the mucopolysaccharide. So here is Alchemy blue stain. And it'll stain this mucopolysaccharide, this dark blue color here in the stroma. And that's a close-up again, showing you this granular blue mucopolysaccharide material. Okay. Next one down the mnemonic. Gets. Man. So on track. So here you see granular now. The way you tell granular from macular is there are these red crumb looking deposits, but it's clear in between. So you see the deposits, you see that the stroma in between is clear. And here's your retro illumination. Multiple. Multiple deposits here, but clear spaces in between. And then m. This one's trichromes. Here's a trichrome stain staining this highland material here in the anterior stroma. All right. I guess we come back. L. Ladis. Ladis. A. Amaloid. Amaloid. California. C. Congo red. Congo red. So this is the lattice dystrophy, these lattice lines that you can see coursing through the stroma. And this is consistent with amaloid. And so this is the amaloid stain, the Congo red. Kind of a misnomer. Kind of a bird to orange rather than a red. But in any event, this is Congo red. And why would I be showing you this picture? What does amaloid do under the microscope if we treat it the right way? Yes. So it's got birefringence. So if you take polarized filters and cross them, you get birefringence of, believe it or not, this is a picture through the scope of all these little areas of amaloid lighting up. Now, if you, if we suspect amaloid in there, normally when my technician cuts regular histopathologic slides, they're about three to five microns thick. That's not thick enough to bend the light for birefringence. So if you're worried about it, whenever we do a stain with the Congo red, I always tell my technician, make it a little bit thicker, more like almost five to ten microns thick. And then when you cross-polarize the filter, you end up getting this cross-polarization. You get the amaloid material Now, the other thing you want to remember is amaloid doesn't just occur in lattice. You can also get systemic amaloid or local amaloid effect in the eye. Believe it or not, this is a cornea that underwent a transplant and this turned out to be amaloid. So here again, we're trying to cross-polarize a little bit. Congo red stain, you can see amaloid everywhere in this cornea. So systemic or local amaloid around the eye can also do this in addition to lattice. What are we seeing right here? So it's an image of a cornea. It looks like it's pretty obtusely opaque, but there's also some texture to the surface. It looks like it could be some things like utada. So we go ahead and we do a retro-lumination. It looks like this. Yeah, so again, it kind of looks like I guess I'm not sure which surface that would be based on this. Believe it or not, this is all posterior. But again, it looks kind of textured and bumpy, which again would be considered consistent with utada. And which entity of utada is seen in? Fuchs. Fuchs. Endothelial dystrophy. So we're not working our way through the cornea. We've gone from anterior dystrophy to stromal dystrophy is now a posterior area. And so this is a patient with fuchs and they'll often say this is a beaten metal appearance. So I don't know, in the olden days they would totally segregate people in junior high. Boys would go to shop, girls would go to home act. I mean, how's that? So you guys would learn to cook and we'd learn how to hammer and do manly stuff. And so one of the things we did is we worked with sheet metal.  Now, how do I know this? If you take a round hammer and hammer the heck out of a thin piece of sheet metal, you get this appearance. And so they'll often call it a beaten metal appearance. And so these are utada and what are utada characterized by pathologically? So there's the utada. What the heck is this right here? Oh, so that's where decimates would be. That is decimates. What's different about that? Yeah, so decimates membrane will become diffusely thicken. And then because this is an endothelial dystrophy, as the endothelial cells are affected they start to lay down extra material which then gathers and clumps these so-called utada.  So the end result is you get corneal edema. But here decimates is markedly thickened. Here's the utada. And if you see them, they're flat top. They look like buttes. On the west, buttes are those things you see when you drive across Wyoming. Flat top, steep sides. That's what these utada look like. So Fuchs endothelial dystrophy. What do you see in here? Oh, pushing. I'm not like, for boards they talk about like the peripheral, like hassle-handling utada that are asymptomatic. What's the difference? You know, pathologically they look exactly the same. Why don't we still get like endothelial? He says they're only at the far periphery. So they're what we call a watershed effect. And so anywhere in the eye where you are kind of at the end of nutrients you can get breakdown as you get older. And so if you think of it, the nutrition in the anterior chamber comes from the cellar body through the pupil up into the anterior chamber and eventually by the time you get to the cells right by the trabecular mesh work all the good humors have been sucked out of that. And so over 50, 60, 70 years those cells start to break down so you get little utada right near the limbis right near the trabecular mesh work called hassle-handling warts. So they're a watershed event. Kind of like at the far peripheral retina where, you know, blood supply before you get to the orserata the good humors are all taken out of that. And so in older patients you'll often get little schisis, little splits, little cysts from the peripheral retina, same idea. So when you look at hassle-handling warts they're exactly the same as utada. It's just they're an aging effect in a watershed area in the far peripheral retina. All right, what are we seeing right here? This is an external photograph of a patient looking down gaze attention drawn to the right eye you can see there's some indentation of the lid crease because it's all the monson sign. This is monson sign. What is this a sign of? Cardiconis. So it says to be pretty severe you can actually see the cone when you look at it but this is what they talk about. You'll often hear people talk about monson sign and so this is a sign of severe caroticonis. Of course now with good topography we can pick up caroticonis a much earlier degree of differentiation than this and so that's severe caroticonis. What is caroticonis characterized by pathological? So it's a breakdown in decimace we can see here pathologically. Break down in, I know your brain set up decimaceous. You always say what you think not what you said. I tell the nurses that to give me the instrument I need not what I asked for. So I knew you meant bomins. It's a discontinuation of bomins here and so it's thought to even be a bomins dystrophy so you get these focal breaks discontinuities. Now the stroma is thin in these areas which is why it poaches out and you often will get these breaks in bomins. All right Abbey this patient comes in they're wearing contacts for caroticonis and they say wow my vision suddenly went really blurry. All right? All right so hydrox. So if you get a break in decimace and the way I think about it is when you have severe caroticonis it stretches it stretches it stretches it stretches and finally decimace breaks and then you get a gush of fluid into the corneum so you get an acute corneal edema and here we have what kind of stain is this? Yeah yeah so sure enough here's bomins layer that broke and you can see bomins has got some elastic properties too so it curls up and then the fluid gushes into the corneum so you get corneal edema. So here's a close up of decimace and you can see that acute break and so you get what's called acute hydrops acute corneal edema. Okay what kind of stain are we doing with our Prussian blue and what is Prussian blue stain? Iron how do we remember that? Dr. Patel is not the only one who asks you history questions. Who are the Prussians? Exactly so they were the German militarists and so Prussian blue stains iron and I always equate that to iron iron is what tanks are made out of and bullets and guns and things so Prussian blue stains iron this is a Prussian blue stain so now you guys know all of the various iron depositions in the cornea that will stain but this is the staining that you can get and so let's pretend this is the base of a cone keratoconus patient and this epithelium has iron in it what is this called? I don't know. A pleasure ring exactly so there's various different rings that can stain the cornea but the bottom line is they're all due to iron deposition alright we've got a cornea right here it's got a bunch of sutures on it and we've cut it in half before we process it and it's totally white. What would you be concerned about here? What makes a cornea turn totally white infusely? Corneal edema exactly so when we look right here what are we seeing here? Deporated from bones. Alright so you can see what we call a bull eye which is a nice way of saying just a blister so there's endothelial damage for whatever reason and then the fluid will start percolating through it will gather in these epithelial cells on the base the cells will eventually pop in the form of a bull eye look right here this is actually epithelial basement membrane which is different than bull minds and so technically these bull eye don't dig underneath the epithelial basement membrane there in the basilar layer of the epithelium which then pops. You leave the basement membrane still on bullmen's layer but then the epithelial layer is popping and you eventually get this bull eye and so bullish keratopathy a sign of diffuse damage to the endothelium and then we say goodbye to the dome on the Dromo and floras. Questions in two minutes. Yes I was on a transfer center call of the emergency department physician used the term Wesley you ever heard that term? Wesley's immunering is literally just a deposition of we think it's immune cells that make it term white but I don't know we really don't ever use that term so I'm not sure what that means First it's a ring it's a ring infiltration due to infiltration of white blood cells usually mononuclear cells in the cornea but we usually don't use that term much but when you get a call from the ER and they tell you something just go look at it yourself please you don't know what they're seeing so just go look at it yourself other questions do we still do like anterior stromal puncturing from all these like EVMD or current erosions or is that like crystal? Well no but it is a way to get it to stick down and so if they're getting recurring erosions from say a map dot fingerprint or something similar you want to help it scar down a little bit and the way we used to do it is micro puncture in Bowman's layer and that will actually diffusely get it to stick better nowadays we will often remove the epithelium completely put a bandage contact lens on and let it regrow from the lens out or you can even use an eczema laser to remove all that abnormal base membrane and kind of caramelize what's left of Bowman's layer they're hopefully allowed to smoothly but if you have recurring erosions and you've tried everything and nothing is worth micro puncture you just take a band 25 gauge needle it almost looks like a little cystotone that you used to make an antiochepsalotomy and cataract surgery make a bunch of micro punctures and that will again get it to stick down better