Welcome to Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Ayes Academy for the date 1st August 2022. Let us begin our discussion with past year problems question. We have taken two questions today, one from polity, one from modern India. Next, after discussing problems question, let us go to permafrost. We will discuss what is permafrost, the significance of permafrost, the composition of permafrost and finally, we will discuss about the consequences of declining permafrost. Very important topic from geography perspective. After permafrost, we will be discussing about autism, what is autism, autism spectrum disorder, symptoms and cure for autism. So, after discussing autism, we will move on to digital currency. In this topic, we will be discussing about digital currency, central bank digital currency, the pros and cons of central bank digital currency. After this, we will move on to SEBI, we will be discussing about composition of SEBI, powers of SEBI and functions of SEBI. Very important topic from permafrost perspective. After this, we will be following with national geophysical research institute and significance of such institutes. After NGRI, we will be moving on to national film archives of India. We will be discussing national film heritage mission also. And after this topic, we will be going to legislator councils. We will be discussing about composition of legislative councils, the states which have legislative councils and finally, we will discuss the process for creation and abolishment of legislative councils. After legislative councils, we will be discussing about Dholavira, an important Indus Valley civilization site. And finally, we will be discussing about prelims practice questions. We will solve some prelims questions for today's topics and after prelims question, we will move on to main question. So, we have wonderful list of topics. Let us begin our session. Past prelims question. Now, let us take up this prelims 2017 question. This question was asked from polity. It is regarding the relationship between fundamental duties and fundamental rights. See, as I have already said, polity is a high priority subject. The cost-benefit ratio of polity is very high. Every year, 10 to 20 questions are asked from polity. And many of these questions are asked directly. So, make this subject high priority. Revise it many times. Practice more questions from polity. Now, moving on to the question. In the context of India, which one of the following is the correct relationship between rights and duties? Now, let us see the options. Option A, rights are correlative with duties. Correlative means mutual relationship. Option B, rights are personal and ends independent of society and duties. Option C, rights, not duties, are important for the advancement of the personality of the citizen. Option D, duties, not rights are important for the stability of the state. So, these are the given options. See, fundamental rights and fundamental duties have an organic relationship. A person cannot enjoy a right if others do not do their duties. Let me explain this with an example. Imagine a person. Let that person name be Ironman. See, if Ironman wants to enjoy his right to a clean environment, then others should perform their duty of protecting and conserving the environment. If others do not protect and conserve environment, then the environment will be polluted. So, Ironman cannot enjoy his right to a clean environment. We can see the mutual relationship between fundamental duties and fundamental rights. So, in order to enjoy a right, other person should do their duty. So, the correct answer is option A. Rights are correlated with duties. Fundamental rights have a mutual relationship with fundamental duties. For safety options, let us assess other statements also. Take option B. Rights are personal and ends independent of society and duties. See, this statement is wrong. As I already said, fundamental rights and fundamental duties have mutual relationship. They are not independent. And there is also a concept called collective rights. But the option says rights are personal. So, this option is wrong. Rights can be personal as well as collective and it is dependent on society and fundamental duties. So, option B is incorrect. Now, take option C. Rights, not duties, are important for the advancement of the personality of the citizen. See, this statement is also incorrect. For example, we have a duty where it asks us to develop scientific temper, humanism and spirit of enquiry. This is one of the fundamental duties. So, fundamental duties are important for the advancement of the personality of the citizen. But the option says not duties. So, this option is also incorrect. Both fundamental rights as well as fundamental duties are important for the advancement of the personality of the citizen. C option is also incorrect. Now, let us move on to the D option. Duties, not rights are important for the stability of the state. See, even by using our common sense, we can eliminate this option. Rights are very important for the stability of the state. Without rights, there is no restriction on government. There is no restrictions on people. So, this will lead to anarchy. This will lead to authoritarian rule. It will affect the stability of the state. So, rights are important for the stability of the state. But the option says not rights. So, this option can also be eliminated. The correct answer is A, rights are correlated with duties. Now, let us move on to the second question. See, this question was asked in prelims 2018. It was asked from modern India. There is a reason why I have chosen this question. See, conceptual understanding of historical events is required for civil service preparation. But many aspirants go for factual understanding of historical events. Required conceptual understanding. We should know why that event happened, what was the consequence of the event. Such kind of conceptual understanding is required. That is the reason why I have chosen this question. Now, let us see the question. Economically, one of the results of the British rule in India in the 19th century was the, see the keyword is 19th century. They are not asking British rule in general, they are asking British rule in 19th century. So, this is the question. What are the options? Option A, increase in the export of Indian handicrafts. Option B, growth in the number of Indian-owned factories. Option C, commercialization of Indian agriculture. Option D, rapid increase in the urban population. So, these are the given options. First, let us take Option A, increase in the export of Indian handicrafts. See, this option is incorrect. During the British rule, there was a decrease, not increase in the export of Indian handicraft. This is because Britishers wanted their products to be sold. They discouraged Indian handicrafts. So, they decreased the export of Indian handicrafts. So, this option is incorrect. Now, take Option B, growth in the number of Indian-owned factories. This option is also incorrect. See, as I said, the keyword is 19th century. They are not asking about 20th century, they are asking about 19th century. During this period, there was no growth in the number of Indian-owned factories. That is the reason why, read the question properly, understand all the keywords in the question. It is best if you read the question at least twice before answering it. So, this question is regarding the 19th century. We can eliminate Option B. In the 19th century, there was no growth in the number of Indian-owned factories. Now, move on to Option C, commercialization of Indian agriculture. See, this option is correct. Britishers favored commercial crops. This is because commercial crops are financially rewarding compared to food crops. So, they forced the farmers of India to grow indigo, tea, rubber and coffee. These are commercial crops. So, this option is correct. Commercialization of Indian culture was due to the British rule. So, Option C is correct. Now, let us take Option D for safety reasons. Let us assess Option D for safety reasons. Rapid increase in the urban population. See, this option is wrong. During British rule, there was a decrease in the urban population. There was not increase in the urban population. See, as I already said, Britishers, they decreased the export of Indian handicrafts. They also imported a lot of British goods. So, the handicraft industry in the urban areas got severely affected by British rule. So, because of this loss of occupation, many people migrated to rural areas. This event decreased the urban population. It increased the rural population. So, Option D is incorrect. Due to British rule, there was a decrease in the urban population, not increase in the urban population. So, the correct answer is Option C. Commercialization of Indian agriculture. Now, let us move on to the article discussion. Now, let us take up this news article. This news article is regarding Parmafrost. So, in this context, let us learn what is Parmafrost? Why it is important? Why it is vanishing? And what are the consequences of declining Parmafrost? Let us go into this discussion. See, the relevant syllabus is displayed on the screen. Interested aspirants can go through it. First, what is Parmafrost? See, Parmafrost is any ground which remains completely frozen for at least two years. This is the basic definition of Parmafrost. So, if a ground remains frozen for two years, it remains frozen for two years, then it is classified as Parmafrost. Where can we find this Parmafrost? See, Parmafrost are usually found in high mountains. For example, they are found in the mountain ranges of Himalayas and Andes. And they are also found in the higher latitudes of Earth, for example, North and South Pole. This is because high mountains and higher latitudes have very low temperature. And because of this low temperature, the ground can freeze and it can remain frozen for a long time. This is why Parmafrost are usually found in mountain ranges and higher latitudes. Now, we have a question. Why Parmafrost is significant? See, Parmafrost covers large regions of Earth. For example, take Northern Hemisphere. Almost 25% of land area in the Northern Hemisphere has Parmafrost. So, it occupies a huge area on Earth. So, whenever a thing occupies a huge area and is starting to decline, there are going to be consequences. It is going to affect the dynamism of the Earth. This is why Parmafrost are very significant. Now, another question comes to mind. What is Parmafrost made of? See, Parmafrost is a combination of materials. It has soil, it has rock, it has sand, and it also has organic matters. What are the organic matters?  So, the soil, rocks, sand and organic matter are held together by ice. This is Parmafrost and because of the low temperature, they remain frozen for a long period of time. Now, look at this image. Look at the grayish white layer. This is Parmafrost. We can see the frozen white layer. It is a combination of sand, rock, gravels, organic matter, and soil. Now, let us move on to the core issue. Why Parmafrost is vanishing? Why this layer is declining? That is the core issue. See, we all know that the Earth is experiencing climate change. It is becoming warmer and warmer. So, because of this warm temperature, the ice in the Parmafrost is starting to melt. So, this is the reason why Parmafrost layer is declining. It is vanishing. Global warming is the main reason. So, once the ice melts, the layer is no longer frozen. It leaves water, soil, sand and rocks behind. It no longer remains frozen. So, what is the problem? Why melting of Parmafrost is so bad? What are the negative consequences of it? Let us see them one by one. See, as I already said, when Parmafrost is frozen, it has a lot of organic materials.  These organic matters in Parmafrost are frozen due to the low temperature. So, they do not decompose. They do not rot away. See, decomposition depends on temperature and humidity. High temperature and higher humidity favors decomposition. Since the temperature is very low in these areas, the organic matter in the Parmafrost do not decompose. But now, because of climate change, the Parmafrost is melting. The organic matter in the Parmafrost no longer remain frozen. They become active. The microbes in this layer start decomposing these organic materials. The dead leaves, plants and animals, they start to decompose. This is very dangerous because the byproduct of decomposition is greenhouse gases. During decomposition, greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane are released into atmosphere. So, the melting of Parmafrost releases green houses like carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere. This is very dangerous to our environment. This is because greenhouse gases can increase the global warming effect. It can increase the temperature further. I hope this concept is clear. And there is also another problem. See, as I already said, Parmafrost layer remains frozen for a longer period of time. Some Parmafrost layers in Arctic and Antarctic remain frozen for centuries. So, they have already trapped a lot of greenhouse gases. See, we are not talking about the decomposition. We are talking about the trapped greenhouse gases. Already some of the Parmafrost will have trapped greenhouse gases. This is because they have been frozen for a very long time, even for centuries. So, when this Parmafrost layer starts to melt, these trapped greenhouse gases will be released into atmosphere. This will again cause global warming. See, the first consequence is decomposition. The next consequence is trapped greenhouse gases. Both these consequences will aid global warming. Now, let us move on to the next problem. See, as I already said, Parmafrost layer remains frozen for a very long period of time. Some layers are frozen for centuries. So, they have a lot of trapped greenhouse gases. In addition to these trapped greenhouse gases, they also have some naturally occurring minerals also. For example, let us take Arctic Parmafrost. This Arctic Parmafrost has a huge collection of natural mercury. This is a huge problem. See, we all know mercury is a potent neurotoxin. It is very dangerous to human beings. So, once these Parmafrost layers start to melt, these naturally occurring minerals like mercury will be released into the environment. I hope you can follow me. Similar to the trapped greenhouse gases, these natural minerals will also be released into the environment. So, the neurotoxin chemical like mercury will be released into our system. This can cause huge problems to human health. So, this is another dangerous consequence of melting of Parmafrost. Release of dangerous minerals. Now, let us move on to the next consequence. Again, as I already said, this layer is frozen for a very long period of time. So, the bacteria and virus in this layer remain inactive. They have been frozen for many centuries and they are inactive in the frozen state. So, as long as this layer is frozen, these virus and bacteria do not pose any threat. But now, the layer is melting. It is diminishing. So, the frozen bacteria and virus will become active. These newly unfrozen microbes can make humans and animals very sick. We can be exposed to new and dangerous diseases. This is another danger consequence. Let me explain this with an example. Take smallpox virus. They have almost eradicated smallpox virus. We have only vaccine. We do not have cure for smallpox virus. But these layers may have smallpox virus. Smallpox virus could have been frozen in this layer for many centuries. So, due to the melting, the smallpox virus can be again released into the environment. So, this is very dangerous. So, this is another dangerous consequence. Now, let us move on to the next consequence. The next consequence is regarding the local landscape. See, when permafrost is frozen, it is harder than concrete. It remains very stable. But when it starts to melt, it loosens up. The ground loses its stability. See, we have already built lot of houses, roads and infrastructure on these layers. Because these layers have been frozen for many centuries, they have been very stable. So, we have built lot of roads, houses and infrastructure. But now, it is melting. It is startening to loosen up and the ground is becoming unstable. This can cause lot of destruction. Many of the buildings and infrastructure can crumble. This has already happened. For example, take Arctic Russia. The permafrost layer in Arctic Russia is receding. It is starting to melt. And there was infrastructure which was storing oil in Arctic Russia. This infrastructure crumbled because of the melting of permafrost. The ground became unstable and this building collapsed. And it caused a huge oil leak in Arctic Russia. So, the melting of permafrost can change the local landscape. It can cause many buildings and infrastructure to crumble. It can cause lot of landslides. It can also increase soil erosion. So, these are the consequence of melting of permafrost. So, we can see permafrost is a potential area of concern. It is a ticking time bomb. So, we have to prevent the melting of permafrost. This is why this layer is very important. How can we prevent it? The most obvious solution. Control the climate change and global warming. This is the only way we can prevent the melting of permafrost. I hope this topic is clear. With this, we have come to the end of the discussion. What did we discuss in this topic? We saw about permafrost. We saw the distribution of permafrost. The composition of permafrost. Why it is melting and what are the consequence of melting of permafrost. This topic is highly important from geography as well as environment perspective. Now, let us move on to the next part of our discussion. Now, look at this article. See, this article is related to autism. Medical conditions and diseases are favorite topics of civil services exam. So, this is why we have chosen this topic. What is the news? See, according to this article, Zain Foundation Trust is organizing an autism awareness right. Zain Foundation Trust is a non-profit organization. So, in order to increase awareness regarding autism, this organization is conducting an awareness right. You know, we have seen in the news a group of bikers going for a ride and they'll have a lot of banners to create awareness. So, they are organizing such a right to create awareness regarding autism. See, the news in this article is not that important. You may use it as value addition in your main sensor, but the news is not that important. The keyword is autism. This topic is important from film's perspective as well as main's perspective. So, in this background, we are going to learn some important details regarding autism. Come, let us move into the discussion. The syllabus covered by this article is given below for your reference. Interested aspirants can go through it. First, what is autism? See, autism is also called as autism spectrum disorder, AST. It is a development disorder. It affects the communication and behavior of the affected person. This is autism. See, as I already said, autism is also called as autism spectrum disorder. Why it is called a spectrum disorder? This is a unique term, right? Spectrum disorder. Why it is given such a name? See, autism doesn't follow the same symptom or pattern. Autism exhibits white variation in the type of symptoms. It also exhibits white severity when it comes to the symptoms. Let me explain this. Now, look at this figure. This is the autism spectrum disorder. As we can see, it is a spectrum. It has a huge collection and ranges of symptoms and severity. Look at the symptoms. Depression, fixation, abnormal speech, noise sensitivity, social difficulty, anxiety, abnormal posture, poor eye contact, fidgets, aggression. And look at the severity of the symptoms from lower to higher. You have almost five levels of severity. So, if a person is affected with autism, he can fall in any range of the spectrum. That person can have depression. He can have depression or fixation or social difficulty or he can have a combination of the symptoms. Also, the severity of the symptoms will also be different. That autistic patient may have severe depression with minimal social difficulty or he or she may have maximum anxiety with low depression. So, we can see the severity of the symptoms and the combination of symptoms is very varying. It doesn't follow the same symptom or pattern. Autism spectrum disorder has wide variation when it comes to the type and severity of the symptoms. This spectrum is represented in this figure. This is why it is called autism spectrum disorder. Now, coming back to autism. See, autism is found among all people. It doesn't discriminate. It is found among all ethnicity. It is found among all racial groups. It is found among all economic groups as well. But there's a difference. Autism is found four times more common among boys than girls. So, it affects male gender more than female gender. For every one autistic girl child, there is four autistic boy child. This is the ratio. See, autism is a lifelong disorder, but it is not life threatening. With proper treatment and services, we can improve the symptoms and ability of function of the autistic patient. Proper treatment and services. This is very essential. Though this is a lifelong disorder, we can manage the symptoms. We can also increase the ability to function. Now, we have a question. What causes autism? Why people develop this disorder? See, the cruel truth is, scientists are yet to know the exact causes. They haven't exactly discovered the causes of autism. They have narrowed down the causes. For example, they believe environment plays a role, biology plays a role, genetic conditions plays a role, but they can't pinpoint the causes. They are yet to discover the exact causes of autism. This is why many parents are worried about this condition. It is tough to predict, since we don't know the exact causes of autism. See, so far we covered about autism, what is autism spectrum disorder. We also discussed about the causes of autism. Now, let us move on to the symptoms of this disorder. See, as I already said, autistic patients have wide range of symptoms. Also, the severity of the symptoms varies from person to person. Now, let us discuss some of the common symptoms. See, autistic patients have difficulty with social communication and interaction. They find it tough to communicate with other person. They also have very restricted interest. They also exhibit repetitive behaviors. See, we have already seen people with these symptoms in our life. You know, a person with difficult social communication skills, a person who has repetitive behaviors. We have seen people like this, but due to lack of awareness, we have treated them as weirdos and outcast. They may have this condition. That is the reason why this topic is very important. Autism awareness is very low among people. We treat autistic patients as outcast. We don't agree with their behavior. So, we have to develop awareness regarding autism. Now, coming back to the symptoms, as I already said, they have difficult social communication and interaction. They have restricted interest. They have repetitive behaviors. Apart from this, some autistic patients may experience sleep problems. They can also be very irritable. They can get annoyed very easily. So, these are some of the common symptoms. A more detailed list of symptoms of the disorder is given below. We require the aspirants to go through it. See, as I already said, autism exhibits wide varieties of symptoms. Also, the severity of the symptoms varies from patient to patient. I have this in mind. So far, we have discussed about the negativities of autism. Now, let us discuss about the positive side of autism. See, an autistic patient also possesses some strength. For example, they have better ability to learn. Some autistic patients learn things efficiently and quickly. They can also retain information in the memory for a long time period. They are also strong visual and auditory learners. They retain information for a long time. They have a strong memory. Some autistic patients are also interested in fields like mathematics, science. They are also interested in creative fields like music and art. So, they have wide range of talents. Some of the famous celebrities and scientists are autistic. For example, take Albert Einstein. He exhibited some autistic symptoms. Take Sir Anthony Hopkins. Sir Anthony Hopkins is an Academy Award winner. He won't ask her. He played important character like Annie Ball Lecter in Sirens of the Lambs. He is autistic. But in spite of this autism, they have excelled in their field. This is because with autism, there is also some strength. We have to bring that strength into the limelight. Now, let us move on to the next topic. Cure for autism. How can autism be cured? See, as of now, there is no complete cure available for this disorder. This is the sad truth. We can only manage the symptoms. There is no cure. So, early diagnosis of this disorder is very important. We have to begin the treatment at an early stage. We have to manage the symptoms at the early stage. Early intervention and proper treatment services can improve autistic patients. They can overcome the development disorder. So, so far there is no cure, early diagnosis and proper treatment. These are the solutions available, as of now. So, these are the important points regarding autism. With this, we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion, we saw about autism. What is autism spectrum disorder? What are the symptoms of autism? And what are the positive sides of autism? And finally, we discussed about the cure for autism. Now, let us move on to the next part of our discussion. Now, look at this FAQ article. This article is regarding digital currency. To be precise, this article is regarding central bank digital currency, CBDC. So, today, let us understand what is CBDC? What are the pros and cons associated with central bank digital currencies? Very important topic from economics perspective. You can expect both problems as well as main question this year. The syllabus for reference is displayed on the screen. Interested aspirants can go through it. See, before going into CBDC, that is central bank digital currency. First, let us discuss about digital currency. What is digital money or what is digital currency? See, digital currency is like normal currency. It is similar to our 100 rupees. It is similar to our 10 rupees. It is a normal currency, but this currency exists purely in the electronic form. That is the key point. We won't have a physical note. We won't have a physical coin. Right now, we have 100 rupees note, 10 rupees note, 1 rupee coin. We won't have such physical assets. It won't be tangible. We can't hold it. It will be in electronic form. Virtual money. So, we need computers to access such digital money. We need computers and technology like smartphones, credit cards to access digital currency. They are not tangible. They don't have physical presence. This is the main difference between normal currency and digital currency. Now, let us come to the main topic we are going to discuss. Central bank digital currency, CBDC. See why we are discussing this? See, recently Reserve Bank of India, our central bank authority, has shown interest in digital currency. It is planning to issue its own digital currency. This is why we are discussing CBDC, central bank digital currency. What is this CBDC? See, CBDC is similar to the digital currency we have discussed earlier, but this digital currency is issued by a central bank. That is the most important feature. It is not issued by a private player. It is not issued by a corporate. It is issued by a central bank. Now, look at this official definition given by RBA for CBDC. A CBDC is the legal tender issued by a central bank in a digital form. Legal tender means money. So, this is CBDC. It is issued and regulated by the competent monetary authority of a country. In India case, RBI, Reserve Bank of India. It is a virtual money which is backed and issued by a central bank. To put it in simple words, it is similar to a normal currency, but only differences. It exists in digital form and it is issued by a central bank of the country. So, these are the important keywords. Electronic form, central bank. Now, we have a question. Is CBDC similar to other digital currencies? Whether it is similar to cryptocurrency? Whether it is similar to Bitcoin? Whether it is similar to Dogecoin? There are a lot of digital currencies in the market. Now, we have a question. Whether it is similar to those currencies? See, CBDC is not similar to other digital currencies. It is not similar to cryptocurrency. It is not similar to Bitcoin. It is not similar to Dogecoin. It is not similar to other digital currency. Why? This is because other digital currencies are issued by private players. They are usually issued by individuals or corporates, whereas CBDCs are issued by central bank. That is the main difference. Also, cryptocurrencies like bitcoins are decentralized. They are not controlled by a single authority. They are usually controlled by the market, whereas CBDC are controlled by a single body. In India case, it will be controlled by Reserve Bank of India. So central bank digital currency are centralized. This is very important. Cryptocurrencies are decentralized. CBDC are centralized. A single body or authority will issue this currency and it will back it up. So these are the main difference between cryptocurrencies and CBDC. They are centralized and they are issued by the central bank. Now there comes another question. Has any country already issued CBDC? Yes, Bahamas has already launched CBDC. It is the first country to launch central bank digital currency. The name of the currency is Bahamian sand dollar and this currency has become widely popular and this is why many countries are in research of CBDC. Now India is also planning to launch one. Why do we need CBDC? What are the advantages of CBDC? See in recent times there has been an increasing demand for digital currencies. Many citizens of our country are now interested in digital currencies. So they are starting to invest in many private digital currencies. For example, they are investing in cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Dogecoin. They are showing a lot of interest when it comes to digital currencies. But there is a problem. See private digital currencies like Bitcoin, Dogecoin, they are unregulated and they are also highly volatile. So investing in these private digital currencies have damaging consequences. Many people have lost a lot of money by investing in these digital currencies. So this is why our central government is planning to issue our CBDC. The CBDCs are sovereign backed. They are backed by a country so they have more credibility and they will also be less volatile compared to cryptocurrencies and they can also be easily tracked by authorities. So because of these advantages and because of the new interest in digital currencies, our central government and RBR are planning to issue CBDCs. There is also another reason. See in order to produce currency in note or coin, we need raw materials. We need paper, we need metals. This is costing our government because we need huge quantities of paper and metal to produce physical currencies. And it also takes a lot of time, energy and money to distribute these notes and coins. These issues can overcome by issuing a CBDC. Since it exists only in electronic form, its production is very easy. It is only digital and its distribution is also very easy. We can transfer CBDC through electronic form. We don't require raw materials. We can transfer it easily using digital media. So the cost of production and distribution of currencies will come down. It will be more environment friendly since we will be using less metals and paper. It will also be sustainable in the long run. So this is the reason why our RBI is considering issuing of CBDC. It will be more real time. It will be more efficient. It will be quick. It will also be cost effective. I hope aspirants can follow the information. So far we have discussed about digital currency, centrally bank digital currency and pros of CBDCs. Now let us go to the cons of CBDC. Is there any risk to central bank digital currency? Yes, there is a risk. See in future if CBDC becomes popular, people will start buying the CBDC instead of depositing money in the banks because CBDCs are also credible. They are backed by government. They are issued by RBI. So they will go for CBDC in future instead of depositing the money in the bank. It is more convenient and it is more user friendly and it is also the way forward. So instead of keeping deposits in the bank, they will go for digital currencies. They will go for CBDCs. They will also withdraw money from their bank accounts and will start investing in central bank digital currencies. Again this is in future and if CBDC becomes popular in future, this will pose a threat to our banking system. Let me explain why. See we all know our banking system work. We deposit money in the bank and with those deposits bank give loans to customers. This is how our banking system works. So if we don't deposit money in bank or if we withdraw money from banks, banks won't have sufficient funds to give loans. So imagine in India without loans. We'll find it tough to give education loans, housing loans, car loans, personal loans. Our people will suffer because the vulnerable section and the middle class of our country heavily depend on loans for development. They depend on education loans. They depend on housing loans. They depend on all kinds of loans for their development. So if CBDC becomes popular in future, there may be a chance deposits will be withdrawn from the bank. People will go for more digital currencies. People will go for more CBDCs instead of going for the banks. So this will affect the banking structure of our country. It will affect the loan system of our banks. Banks may have insufficient funds to give loans without loans. It can endure our development. So this is a risk posed by CBDCs. So what can be done? What is the way forward? CBDCs are way forward. It is the future. So we have to bring it. Otherwise we'll be forced to bring it. We have to adapt. So we have to overcome the negative of CBDC. This article gives a solution. What is the solution? We need to reduce the withdrawals from bank. If we reduce the withdrawals, bank will have sufficient funds and they can give loans. So how can we reduce the withdrawals? We can provide higher interest rate for deposits. So higher interest rates of deposit will reduce the withdrawals and it will also attract deposits. So it won't affect the banking system. It won't affect the loan system in India. The article also suggests an extreme measure. We can impose negative penalties to prevent mass withdrawal. So if a person is withdrawing a huge amount, we can impose some negative penalties. We can impose some fines, some restrictions. So this will also reduce the withdrawals. Another solution is RBI can set an upper limit for the amount of money that an individual can hold in the form of CBDC. So it can cap the amount. It can place restriction on CBDC. A person can only have only this much of amount in the form of CBDCs. After that a person cannot buy CBDC. So having such restriction will reduce the withdrawals from bank and that person will be forced to deposit money in the banks. So this kind of solution will ensure the efficiency of our banking system. It will make sure our bank will have sufficient funds. It will make sure our loan system will not be affected due to CBDCs. So these are the solutions given by the article. And finally, there's also another solution. This is an obvious solution. RBI can inject money into banks so that their ability to create loans is not compromised. So whenever a bank is suffering from insufficient funds, RBI can inject money into those banks. This is the final solution given by this article. Let me repeat. What is the way forward? Reducing the withdrawals. How can we reduce the withdrawals? Provide higher interest rates for deposits. Impose negative penalties for mass withdrawals. And also we can limit the amount of money which a person can buy in the form of CBDCs. And RBI can also inject money into the banking system. So these are the solutions given in the article. So with this, we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion, we saw about digital currency. We saw about central bank digital currency. Why it is needed? What are its advantages? What are its disadvantages? And how can we overcome it? Very important article. And I think this article will keep on repeating this year because it is a news in progress. Make sure you understand the concepts properly. Now let us move on to the next part of our discussion. Now let us take up this news article. This news article mentions about SEBI. Recently, SEBI has taken few steps to promote investments in our country. It has made the bond market more functional. See, if the bond market is more functional, it can finance for many industries and infrastructure projects. So SEBI has taken a lot of steps to make this bond market more functional. It has taken steps to remove restrictions on this market, thereby promoting investments. This is a gist of this article. See, this news is not that important. But this article mentions the keywords SEBI, Securities and Exchange Board of India. This organization is very important. SEBI constantly repeats in news. So it has high probability of being asked in problems. So in this context, let us know some basic information regarding SEBI, Securities and Exchange Board of India. Let us discuss about its function. Let us also discuss about its composition. These are the important information relevant to the problems. Now, coming to SEBI. As I already said, SEBI stands for Securities and Exchange Board of India. It was first established in the year 1988. It was established as a non-statutory body. So in 1988, it was established as a non-statutory body. See, why was SEBI established? SEBI was established to regulate securities market. What are securities? See, securities are shares and bonds. We have come across these terms. Share market, bond market, purchasing of shares, sensex, nifty. So these are the shares and bonds. Shares and bonds are called as securities. And SEBI plays a crucial role of regulating these securities market. Now, let us come to the most important point. See, SEBI became an autonomous body in the year 1992. It also became a statutory body in the year 1992. This is very important. SEBI was initially established as a non-statutory body. But in the year 1992, it became a statutory body. In the year 1992, SEBI Act was passed by the parliament. And because of this act, SEBI became the statutory body. These points are very important. The headquarters of SEBI is situated at Mumbai. Mumbai is the financial capital of India. So obviously, it is situated at Mumbai. What are the basic functions of SEBI? See, SEBI protects the interest of the investors in securities. It promotes the development of securities market. It also regulates the securities market. These are the basic functions of SEBI. Promote the interest of investors. Promote the development of securities market. Regulate the securities market. These are the basic functions of SEBI. In addition to this basic function, SEBI also has some other functions. It is displayed on the screen. It is given here for your reference. Interested aspirants can go through it. See, when we are talking about the powers of SEBI, it has legislative, judicial, as well as executive powers. So SEBI is a quasi-legislative, quasi-judicial, as well as quasi-executive body. It performs triple function. See, what is quasi? Quasi means almost. See, SEBI is not a legislative. It is not a judicial. It is not an executive body. But it has legislative, judicial, and executive powers. This is the reason why it is called quasi-legislative, quasi-judicial, and quasi-executive body. It is almost but not really. This is the meaning of quasi. See, SEBI can draft regulation. This is the legislative power of SEBI. It can conduct investigation. It can also enforce actions. This is the executive power of SEBI. It can also pass rulings and orders. This is the judicial power of SEBI. So we can see it has triple function. See, SEBI also has a tribunal. The name of the tribunal is Securities Appliate Tribunal. So if SEBI passes an order or a ruling, and if you are not satisfied with that order, you can go to this tribunal. This appeal process creates accountability. And as I already said, the name of the tribunal is Securities Appliate Tribunal. It is a three-member tribunal. This tribunal years and disposes appeals against orders passed by the SEBI. And even after this tribunal, if you are not satisfied with the ruling, you can go to the Supreme Court. The second appeal lies with the Supreme Court of India. So these are the basic information regarding the appeal process of SEBI. First SEBI, then comes Securities Appliate Tribunal and then comes Supreme Court of India. See, as I already said, SEBI derives its statutory powers from SEBI Act 1992. In addition to this act, SEBI also derives some powers from other acts. What are those acts? Securities Contracts Regulation Act 1956. Depositories Act 1996. Companies Act 2013. So in addition to the SEBI Act 1992, SEBI also derives power from these acts. Now let us know about the composition of SEBI. See, SEBI has a Charman and eight other members. This is the composition of SEBI. The Charman is appointed by the central government. Of the eight members, five members are appointed by the central government. So Charman and five members are appointed by the central government. In the remaining three members, two members are from the offices of Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Corporate Affairs. And one member is from RBA. Let me repeat, SEBI has a Charman and eight other members. The Charman and five members are appointed by the central government. Two members are from Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Corporate Affairs. And one member is from RBA. So this is the basic composition of SEBI. The terms and condition of service of Charman and members are given here for your reference. Interested aspirants can go through it. What are the important points? Charman and eight members are appointed for five years. The age of retirement is 65 years. They are eligible for reappointment. So these are the important terms and conditions. With this, we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion, we saw about SEBI, SEBI Act 1992, functions of SEBI, powers of SEBI and composition of SEBI. Very important topic from prelims perspective. Hope this discussion is useful in your upcoming programs. Now let us move on to the next discussion. Now look at this article. This article is regarding a recent study on earth's magnetic field. This study was conducted by NGRA. NGRA stands for National Geophysical Research Institute. So this body is undertaking this study. What is the important information regarding this study? See, according to this study, it takes 48 hours for the solar storms to hit the earth. This information is very important. This is because solar storms has the potential to disturb telecommunication system. It can affect our geomagnetic fields. It can affect our GPS system. So learning about solar storms is very important and NGRA is conducting this study. So let us discuss about NGRA. What is NGRA? What are the functions of that body? How this body is beneficial to our society? Let us discuss about it. See, as I already said, NGRA stands for National Geophysical Research Institute. But before learning about NGRA, we should know about CSIR. This is because NGRA is a part of CSIR. CSIR stands for Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. See, CSIR is a common term which constantly repeats in use. So first, let us learn about CSIR, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Why CSIR is important? See, CSIR is known for its research and development. CSIR conducts research and development in diverse science and technology areas. This is why CSIR is very important. It is a multi-disciplinary industrial R&D organization in India. See, CSIR was set up in 1942. This information is very important. It is a pre-independence body. So in problems, you can expect a statement. CSIR was established in post-independent India, which of the above statements are correct. So this statement will be incorrect. It was established in 1942. It was established during British era itself. And it was established as an autonomous body. So these are the important information regarding CSIR. Now let us come to the ministry. CSIR comes under the administrative supervision of Ministry of Science and Technology. This is another important information, Ministry of Science and Technology. CSIR is a pan-Indian network. It has 37 national laboratories. It has 39 outreach centers. It has three innovation complexes. It is distributed throughout India. It has a pan-Indian presence. It provides technological intervention in many areas. It plays a huge role in our society's development. For example, CSIR conducts research and development regarding environment, health, drinking water, food, housing, energy, farm and non-farm sectors. The areas of research and development are diverse. It can be highly beneficial to our society. CSIR caters to the technological needs of India. It also caters to the technological needs of foreign industries based in India and abroad. So it plays a huge role in our society. It is an important organization in India's development. The key points set up in 1942, autonomous body, administrative supervision of Ministry of Science and Technology, and diverse scientific fields. These are the key points regarding CSIR. Now let us come to NGRI, National Geophysical Research Institute. As I already said, NGRI comes under CSIR. It is a research lab of CSIR. This lab was established in 1961. This lab carries out research regarding our earth system. See our earth system is highly complex. It has complex structure and process. So NGRI tries to understand the system. It carries out research regarding our earth system. See, only by understanding our earth system we can make informed decisions. We can use our earth resources sustainably. It will also help us to understand natural assets. We can be more prepared. We can be more resilient towards natural assets. It can help us to minimize loss of life and property. So understanding our earth system is crucial to achieve these goals. And NGRI plays a huge role in understanding our earth system. See, the research activities of NGRI are carried out under three themes or three divisions. What are the three divisions? Geodynamics, earthquake assets, and natural resources. These are the three themes or divisions. First, let us see about geodynamics. In geodynamics, we are trying to understand the fundamental aspects of earth system and process. So NGRI, through geodynamics, tries to investigate and model fundamental aspects regarding earth system and process. The key word is earth system and process. This comes under geodynamics division of NGRI. Now let us move on to the earthquake assets division. See, in earthquake assets, NGRI studies the surface and subsurface of earth crust. By studying the surface and subsurface of our crust, we can understand about earthquakes. We can understand about landslides. We can also understand about pollution levels in groundwater. We can also understand about the pollution level in our soil. And we can also understand about the changes in our climatic condition. So NGRI, through earthquake assets division, tries to understand these issues. It conducts research on the surface and subsurface areas of crust. And from those studies, it tries to understand the causes of this issue. And it also provides solution regarding these issues. Earthquakes, landslides, pollution level of groundwater, pollution level of soil, change in climatic conditions. Now let us move on to the third team or the third division, natural resources. See, as the name says, through natural resources, NGRI tries to identify the primary geo resources, you know the minerals, groundwater, hydrocarbons. These are the earth resources. And through natural resources division, NGRI tries to identify these resources. Through this division, NGRI identifies alternate energy resources as well as minerals. So identification of primary earth resources or geo resources. This is the main keyword from this division. So with this, we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion, we saw about CSIR, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Next, we saw about NGRI, National Geophysical Research Institute. We saw the main functions of NGRI. We also saw about the three themes of NGRI research activities. Geodynamics, Earthquake Assets and Natural Resources. These are the important points from this discussion. Now let us move on to the next part of our discussion. Now look at this news article. According to this article, NFAI has acquired over 450 glass lights of Derungu cinema. See, during the old times, glass lights were used to market the movies. So these glass lights are considered to be culturally significant. They have heritage values. So NFAI has acquired these glass lights. So this is the gist of this news. Now in this context, let us discuss about NFAI. What is NFAI? National Film Archive of India. This is NFAI. It was set up in 1964, post-independence. It was set as a media unit of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. So another key point, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. It functions under Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. See, what is the primary objective of NFAI? See, this institution acquires and preserves Indian cinema heritage. This is the primary function. This includes preservation of film as well as non-film material. For example, celluloid, photographs, stills, glass lights, posters, lobby cards, scripts and song booklets. These are considered to be Indian cinema heritage and NFAI acquires and preserves these valuable items. And now it has acquired over 450 glass lights from Telugu cinema. Where is the headquarters located? The headquarters is located in Pune. See, when we are talking about NFAI, we have to talk about one important mission. What is the name of the mission? National Film Heritage Mission, NFHM. This mission is implemented by NFAI. National Film Archive of India implements National Film Heritage Mission. NFAI is the nodal implementing agency of this mission. This mission was launched in 2017. Why was it launched? What is the objective of this mission? Preserve, conserve, digitize and restore old films. This is why this mission was launched. So through this mission many old films are preserved, they are conserved, they are digitized and they are also restored. This is the core objective of National Film Heritage Mission and NFAI is the implementing agency. So these are the important information regarding National Film Archive of India. You can expect a problem's question from this topic. Now let us move on to the next part of our discussion. Now let us take up this news article. According to this article, Telangana state government is not in favor of conducting legislative council election. See, recently some members of Telangana legislative council retired. So currently there exist vacancies in legislative council of Telangana. Election has to be done to fill these vacancies but Telangana state government is not conducting these elections. According to the Telangana state government because of the pandemic they are postponing the legislative council election. This is the gist of this article but the keyword is legislative council. Highly important topic from polity perspective and problems perspective. So in this context let us discuss about legislative council. See legislative council is also known as Vidhan Parishad. It is the upper house of the state assembly. It is presided by the chairman and a deputy chairman. When it comes to assembly it is speaker and deputy speaker. When it comes to council it is chairman and deputy chairman. See not all states have legislative council. This is the most important point. Currently only Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh. Only these states have constituted legislative councils. Then why other states did not constitute a legislative council. See many states think the existence of legislative council will delay the legislative process. Right now they have only legislative assembly. So only passing of legislative assembly will confirm the bill. But if they have legislative council then they have to send it to legislative council. They have to get their approval. It will be a legislative delay. So this is the reason why many states don't go for legislative councils and it is also an expensive institution. See maintaining of legislative bodies is very expensive. You have to pay for the infrastructure. You have to pay for the security. You have to pay for all those things. It is a very expensive institution. So many states do not want this additional burden. So they do not constitute legislative council. Currently only Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Uttar Pradesh have constituted legislative councils. See from this we can make an inference. Legislative council can be created as well as abolished. There is provision for this. This provision is given under article 169 of our Indian constitution. According to this article legislative council can be created where it doesn't exist and can be abolished where it already exists. So we can both create as well as abolish it. We can say Tamil Nadu for this example. Tamil Nadu once had legislative council, but it was later abolished. Now we have a question. What is the procedure involved in creation as well as abolition of legislative council? This is very important. See according to our constitution parliament, the keyword parliament has the power to abolish or create a legislative council. But there is a condition. The creation of legislative council will only happen if the legislative assembly of the concerned state passes a resolution to that effect. So this is the condition. So if Tamil Nadu wants to create a legislative council, the legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu should pass a resolution. Then only parliament will create the legislative council and this resolution must be passed by the state assembly by a special majority. Special majority is the toughest majority. So the legislative assembly of the state should pass the resolution to create legislative council with a special majority. Only after that special majority passing parliament will create legislative council for that state. See what is special majority? Special majority has two conditions. The first condition is that majority must be total membership of the assembly. Let me repeat, special majority means a majority of the total membership of the assembly. This is the first condition and there is also second condition for special majority and this majority should be not less than two-thirds of the members of the assembly present and voting. So only when these two conditions are satisfied we can say that the resolution has been passed with special majority. Let me explain this with an example. Hypothetically imagine assembly with 100 members. What is the majority of the assembly? 50. So first condition is this resolution should be passed by more than 50 members. Then what is the second condition? Majority of not less than two-thirds members of the assembly present and voting. So imagine that assembly is voting on Monday. On Monday 90 people are attending the assembly. So the first condition is it must be passed more than 50 members and the second condition is two-thirds of the members present and voting. So on Monday they have 90 members. What is two-third of 90? 60 members. So 60 members should vote for special majority. So it satisfies both the condition. If more than 60 members vote for that resolution it has satisfied both the condition. It has satisfied for the majority. It has satisfied as well as two-thirds. I hope this is clear. Let me give you another example. Imagine same scenario. Assembly has 100 members. They are voting the resolution on Monday but on Monday only 45 members are attending the assembly. So this does not satisfy the first condition. The first condition is 50 members. Majority of total membership. What is the majority of 100 people? More than 50 is majority. So since only 45 members are attending this condition is not satisfied. Even all 45 members vote for the bill. This will satisfy the second condition that is more than two-thirds members of the assembly present and voting but it will not satisfy the first condition. Total majority of those. So this is why special majority is a tough majority. It has to satisfy both these conditions. I hope this explanation is clear. Now let us come back to legislative council. Now let us see some of the features of legislative council. See it is a permanent body. It is a continuing chamber. It is not subject to dissolution. Legislative assembly can be dissolved whereas legislative council cannot be dissolved. That is why it is a permanent body. See legislative council also checks the defective and ill-considered legislation made by the legislative assembly. So it acts as a scrutiny chamber. Legislative council can make provision for revision and thought. So it can check the defective and ill-considered legislation made by legislative assembly. This is the second feature of legislative council. What is the next feature? See legislative council is a representation of eminent professionals and experts who cannot face direct elections. See one-sixth members of legislative council are nominated by the governor. So during these nominations, governor nominate eminent professionals and experts. So this chamber is a representation of eminent professionals and experts. We can also say it's a specialization chamber. So these are the important features of legislative council. Now let us come to the composition of legislative council. See the composition of legislative council is given in our constitution. It is given under article 171 sub clause 1. According to this article, the maximum strength of the legislative council is fixed at one-third of the total strength of the assembly. Let me repeat. The legislative council size can be a maximum of one-third of the total strength of the assembly. Suppose if the strength of the legislative assembly is 180, then the strength of legislative council is 60. Maximum strength I mean. Maximum strength of the legislative council can be 60. One-third of the total strength of the assembly. The constitution has also fixed minimum strength. The minimum strength of the legislative council can be 40. So the maximum strength is one third of the total strength of the assembly. The minimum strength is 40. This is given in the constitution. So we can see the size of the legislative council depends on the size of the assembly of the consent state. But there is another point. Even though constitution has fixed the maximum and minimum limits, the actual strength of a council is fixed by the parliament. So parliament abolishes or creates the legislative council. It also fixes the strength of the council. Now coming to the selection of members of legislative council, MLCs. These members are indirectly elected. They are elected by the system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote. This is how MLCs are selected, member of legislative council. What is the tenure of MLC? The tenure of member is six years. But one third of the legislative council members retire on the expiration of every second year, similar to the Rajasabha. And these vacant seats are filled by fresh elections. And they are also filled by the nominations of governor. These elections and nominations are done at the beginning of every third year. Every second year, members retire. That is one third of the members retire. And at the beginning of every third year, fresh elections and nominations are done. So these are the important points regarding legislative council. What are the key information? What are the important information from this article? First important information is the states which are legislative councils. Next important information is the process involving creation or abolition of legislative council. You know the legislative assembly, special majority, and finally the parliament creation. That process is very important. Next important point is the strength of the legislative council, the maximum as well as minimum strength. And election process of the legislative council, system of proportional representation by means of a single transfer group. And finally, tenure of the legislative council and retirement and selection of MLCs. So these are the important points from this article. Now let us move on to the next part of our discussion. Now take a look at this article. This article is regarding Dholavira. See, recently Dholavira become a World Heritage Site. So in this context, this article has been written. July 28th, Daily News Analysis by Shankara Ayase Academy. In this video, we have already discussed about Dholavira in great detail. Interested aspirants can go through that video. Very important topic from prelims as well as main topic. Very important topic from culture perspective. You can expect question in prelims as well as main. So make sure you go through that video. Now let us move on to practice prelims question. Practice prelims question. First question. This question is regarding SEBI. Consider following statements. First statement. Securities and exchange board of India. SEBI is a non-statutory body. Second statement. It also functions as a quasi-judicial body. Third statement. Appeals against the decision of SEBI go before the securities up a late trip. So three statements are given. Each of the statements given above are correct. Option A, 1 and 2 only. Option B, 2 and 3 only. Option C, 1 and 3 only. Option D, 1, 2 and 3. Now let us take up the first statement. The first statement is wrong. See, SEBI become a statutory body in the year 1992. In 1992, SEBI act was passed and because of this act SEBI become a statutory body. So this statement is incorrect. Second statement. It also functions as a quasi-judicial body. This statement is correct. SEBI has quasi-judicial, quasi-legislative and quasi-executive body. It has legislative, executive and judicial powers. So second statement is correct. Moving on to the third statement. Third statement is also correct. Appeals against the decision of SEBI go before the securities up a late trip. So statement 2 and 3 are correct. The correct answer is option B, 2 and 3 only. Now moving on to the second question. With reference to national film heritage mission consider the following statements. First statement. It is being implemented under Ministry of Culture. Second statement. The objective is to preserve, conserve, digitize and restore the old films in mission mode. Which of the given statements are correct? Option A, 1 only. Option B, 2 only. Option C, both 1 and 2. Option D neither one nor 2. See, first statement is incorrect. It is not implemented by Ministry of Culture. It is implemented by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. This is why I am saying statements regarding ministries are very important. UPSE usually goes for these kind of statements. So first statement is wrong. The correct ministry is Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Now look at the statement 2. This statement is correct. The prime objective of national heritage mission is to preserve, conserve, digitize and restore old films. So only second statement is correct. The correct option is option B, 2 only. Moving on to the third question. Consider the following statements regarding Council of Scientific and Industrial Research CSIR. First statement. CSIR is India's largest publicly funded industrial R&D organization under the Ministry of Science and Technology. Second statement. CSIR is presided by the Principal Scientific Advisor to Government of India. Which of the statements given above are correct? Option A, 1 only. Option B, 2 only. Option C, both 1 and 2. Option D neither one nor 2. See, first statement is correct. It is a publicly funded industrial R&D organization under Ministry of Science and Technology. So all the keywords in the statements are correct. Now moving on to the second statement. This statement is incorrect. The Prime Minister of India is the President of CSIR. It is not Principal Scientific Advisor. Prime Minister of India. Prime Minister of India is the President of CSIR. Ministry of Science and Technology is the Vice President of CSIR. So second statement is incorrect. First statement is correct. The correct option is A, 1 only. Moving on to the fourth question. Consider the following statements. The amendment of the Constitution for creation or abolition of Legislative Council is an amendment of the Constitution for the purpose of Article 368. Second statement. Constitution mandates by-cameral legislatures for all the states. Which of the statements given above are incorrect? This is the keyword they are asking incorrect statements. Option A, 1 only. Option B, 2 only. Option C, both 1 and 2. Option D, neither one nor 2. See, take the first statement. The first statement is asking whether creation or abolition of Legislative Council is an amendment under Article 368. This statement is wrong. See, this is a very important point. Make sure you note it down. The creation or abolition of Legislative Council is not considered as an amendment of the Constitution. So it doesn't come under Article 368. So first statement is wrong. It is incorrect statement. Remember, the question is asking incorrect statement. Now moving on to the second statement. Constitution mandates by-cameral legislature for all the states. This is an extreme statement. All the states. So this statement is also wrong. As we have already discussed, currently only few states of Legislative Council. Constitution does not mandate by-cameral legislature to all the states. To put it in simple words, it does not mandate Legislative Council to all the states. There is no such provision in the Constitution. So these kind of extreme statements can be easily eliminated. It is incorrect statement. But the question is asking incorrect. So both the statements are incorrect. So the answer is option C both 1 and 2. The main questions are displayed on the screen. Interested aspirants can write the answer and post in the comment section below. With this, we have come to the end of the analysis. If you like this video, click like, post a comment below and subscribe to Shankar Aayes Academy channel. Thank you.


4 Positive Ways To Motivate Students In The Kindergarten Classroom How To Motivate And Keep The Students Interested In Learning The English Language To teach at the kindergarten level the teacher has to be mindful of keeping students' attention and maintaining order. It is important to have structure and routines. To ensure the students are comfortable, happy and engaged while learning and practicing English there needs to be a balance between patience and strictness. To keep their attention, it is good to enlist fun little games to help maintain order in the class. It is important to understand your students.  To make learning fun your plan should include activities that get them moving and participating in English. Extrinsic motivation is a drive that comes from within a person. People are intrinsically motivated when they enjoy doing an activity. Extrinsic motivation is a drive that comes from outside of a person. People are extrinsically motivated when they want to gain a reward, like a prize or a good grade, or avoid a punishment. 1. Make Class Communicative When teaching the students about the alphabet you can teach them the song to help them remember it. Like the alphabet song, nursery rhymes you can even make one up. Use seating to your advantage and ditch the traditional rows and columns. Arrange student desks to make larger tables to encourage communication among them. Spell out words together as a class, this will help the weaker students as they are not trying alone, as they might not have the confidence when saying the word out loud by themselves. 2. Make Class Fun Use games to keep the class interested. Try hangman, charades, telephone, and hot potato. Keep the words short, as if it is too complicated you could lose the student's interest. Use pictures when spelling animals or numbers. This can help get the student to understand what the word means. And afterwards you can hang the pictures on the wall. 3. Forming a relationship with your students is important as you may be the only English language person they will speak to. Supporting your students is something you need to do before you can motivate them. 4. Give Feedback Give positive feedback, like compliments and encouragement, as well as positive comments. Give positive feedback, like compliments and encouragement, as well as positive criticism. This can help your students grow. When you have criticism to give it is better to deliver along with some positive feedback. Celebrate their achievement encourage peer feedback and self-evaluation. A good way to motivate students to participate is to have a simple reward system with specific criteria to meet. This way all the students will have equal opportunity. In summary, motivating students is a part of every teacher's job. Extrinsic motivation, making things fun and positive are a great way for teachers to assist students. When we also encourage intrinsic motivation in the members of our classes, we set them up for success even after they leave our classrooms. Do you want to teach English in kindergarten? Speak with an ITTT advisor today to put together your personal plan for teaching English abroad. Send us an email or call us toll free at 1-800-490-0531 to speak with an ITTT advisor today.