Although most cases of hypothermia can be easily prevented and treated, this condition can turn fatal if you wait too long to bring your cat to a veterinarian. As soon as you see signs of hypothermia, call a vet immediately. Cats normally maintain a body temperature between 100.5 and 102.5 degrees Fahrenheit. If your cat's temperature falls well below this range, it may experience hypothermia. This dangerous condition is mainly caused by exposure to cold weather, winds, or water, and can affect any cat, although newborns and cats with short hair are at greater risk. Cat owners may notice a hypothermic cat having trouble breathing, shivering, or having skin that is cold to the touch. Symptoms of hypothermia in cats The more severe the case of hypothermia, the more observable the symptoms will become. If the cat's temperature drops too low, the cat may fall into a coma, which is why it's important to take action the moment you notice signs of hypothermia. Some of the symptoms you should watch out for include. Difficulty breathing. General weakness. Shivering. Cold skin. Loss of consciousness. Rigid, stiff muscles. Low heart rate. Low respiratory rate. Lethargy. Dilated pupils. Causes. Hypothermia usually occurs in cold temperatures, although newborns may suffer hypothermia and normal environmental temperatures due to lack of body heat. Solar breeds in very young animals more prone to rapid surface loss of body heat are at higher risk as well, as are old, geriatric, pets. Animals under anesthesia are also at higher risk. Other factors that may increase risk are diseases of the hypothalamus, the part of the brain that regulates appetite and body temperature, and hypothyroidism, a condition characterized by low levels of the thyroid hormone in the body. How Hypothermia Occurs. Being exposed to cold air is the most common cause of hypothermia, especially if your cat's fur is also wet. Cold water can also trigger hypothermia if an exposure happens for long enough. Other causes can include shock, toxic shock, malnutrition, and conditions that affect the part of the brain that regulates body temperature. Negative Effects of Hypothermia. Tissue perfusion is impaired by hypothermia and shifting of the oxihemoglobin curve to the left decreases oxygen unloading. Metabolic acidosis develops as lactate levels rise secondary to poor perfusion and decrease hepatic metabolism. Blood glucose levels may rise and complicate interpretation of laboratory results. Metabolism is slowed and liver function is impaired, delaying the breakdown of anesthetic drugs which will prolong recovery times. The requirements for inhalant agents drop as temperature decreases and if the anesthetic depth is not closely monitored, animals will receive a relative overdose. As a patient cools, the amount of anesthetic required to produce apnea decreases, and responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia are blunted. In human studies, intraoperative hypothermia has been linked to increased postoperative wound infection. This is a result of poor perfusion to the periphery, a so constriction, and low oxygen tension at the surgical site. Hypothermia also impairs immune function, including the killing ability of neutrophils. One veterinary study linked wound infection to the duration of anesthesia 6 and there is no doubt that maintaining normothermia is in the best interests of the patient. Cold animals take longer to recover and this is documented in dogs. During recovery hypothermic animals shiver to generate heat. Shivering increases their metabolic rate and heat production, but also increases oxygen demand. Hello. This video is sponsored by Beemix Pets. Are you looking for high quality cat collars at an affordable cost? Check out, BeemixPets.com. Use coupon code KittenLife, to get 20% off. As soon as you spot signs of hypothermia, bring your cat into a veterinarian's office immediately. Tell the vet all of the symptoms you have observed, and when you first begin to notice them. If your cat has been left outdoors or exposed to cold temperatures in any other way, make sure you mention this to the vet as well. The vet will begin by checking your cat's vital signs, which include temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate. Once the vet notices the cat's temperature is well below normal, he will most likely make a diagnosis of hypothermia without performing any further tests. If you are not aware of a time when your cat would have been exposed to cold temperatures, the vet will need to perform a thyroid function test to determine if the cat has hyperthyroidism. However, because hypothermia is such a serious condition, these tests will usually not be performed until the cat has been stabilized. Treatment of hypothermia and cats. The treatment will depend on the severity of your cat's hypothermia. If the hypothermia is considered mild, the vet will cover your cat with insulating blankets to raise his body temperature slowly. It's important to make sure the cat is not on a cold surface during this procedure, and if he is, cover the surface with blankets to protect him. Cats with wet fur will need to be dried gently, either by hand using blankets or towels or with a handheld blow dryer turned on a low setting. If the cat's condition is labeled as moderate, the vet will most likely use heating pads to warm him up, as this is more effective than covering him with blankets. Cats or other cloths will be wrapped around the heating pad to prevent burns. A bear hugger can be used to blow warm air. Cats with severe hypothermia will need more aggressive treatment. This approach focuses on warming cats from the inside out to prevent the load temperatures from damaging internal organs. To do this, the vet may administer warm water enemas and stomach lavages. He may also use a ventilator to provide heated air to the cat's lungs or in four to circulate warmed fluids. During each of these treatments, the vet will be closely monitoring your cat's temperature. In more severe cases, the vet will also need to monitor your cat's heart rate and blood pressure. Recovery of hypothermia in cats. If you bring your cat to the vet as soon as you spot signs of hypothermia, your cat will most likely make a full recovery. However, the longer you wait to get treatment, the riskier the situation becomes. Watch your cat carefully in the first few days after treatment.  Prevention is key once you have your cat back at home. Keep your cat inside during cold or rainy weather conditions since these could cause hypothermia. If your cat is outside, make sure you take the time to create an area where he can go when he needs warmth. The space should be completely covered and insulated with blankets. Living in management. Once your cat's temperature has stabilized, no further treatment is likely to be necessary and hypothermia cases do strictly do exposure to cold. However, you should continue to watch your cat over the next few days. If he's not completely back to normal by then, contact your veterinarian. If there were other reasons for the low body temperature, your veterinarian will prescribe additional treatment such as antibiotics or an improved diet. Be sure to follow your veterinarian's directions. Prevention. Thermal losses should be minimized. Although re-warming is possible in the post-operative period, rapid re-warming can cause vasodilation, which is not well tolerated by some surgical patients. Hypothermia can be prevented by avoiding prolonged exposure to cold temperatures. This is especially important for at-risk animals. Factors that increase a pet's risk for hypothermia include very young or old-age, low-body fat, hypothalamic disease or hypothyroidism, and previous anesthesia and surgery. High-risk or newborn animals with low blood sugar, hypoglycemia, are at risk for hypothermia even in normal environments. Long-term care may be necessary, such as incubation to keep the body temperature stable. To prevent hypothermia in anesthetized animals, the patient should be kept warm and its body temperature monitored after surgery. If you enjoyed this video, kindly press the like button. Also don't forget to subscribe with notifications on, so that you don't miss out on videos like this. Thank you for watching.


Hi everyone! My name is Amanda Miller and I'll be graduating with a Bachelor's of Science degree in Biology with a Psychology minor. My favorite memories in Immaculata definitely include leading the search spiritual retreat. It was just a great weekend. I learned so much about myself and I met the most amazing people along the way. In addition, I loved being a new student orientation leader and welcoming the incoming freshman class. I was so excited to share my experiences about IU and just to spread my love for this campus and the great community and I worked with some pretty amazing student leaders. My future plans include attending Drexel University starting in September for the ACE Accelerated Nursing Program and hopefully after graduating becoming a nurse practitioner. Thanks IU! Hi, my name is Abby Carter. I'm graduating with a degree in the Bachelor's of Science and Chemistry. My favorite memory from IU is being part of the softball team and winning the CSI championship my sophomore year. My plans for the future is to participate in an Accelerated Nursing Program and become a nurse. Hi, I'm Amanda Hyde. I am an early education, a special education major at Immaculata. I have so many great memories from the past four years but my top three would have to be going to the service trip in New Orleans with the campus ministry. My second one is Caroline this year with the rest of the seniors, especially Hope and Carly because we got to bring in Jesus to the major and my third and final favorite memory is going to the Armory with the Traff Team this year. It was at New York. It was such a great experience. We had never been with such a cool team. I'm going to miss Immaculata but I'm excited for the future. I'll be moving to Westchester and teaching at St. Agnes in the first grade, Costner. Hi, my name is Lauren. I'm a communications major at Immaculata with a concentration in digital media and minors in both theology and marketing. My favorite memories from my time at IU would have to be my final carol night as well as late night breakfast. Late night breakfast is always a great tradition to unwind before the stresses of finals week and have a nice meal, especially the cinnamon with your friends and my final carol night was awesome because I was able to stand around the tree with my classmates and sing Christmas carols. My future goals and career plans are to get a job in the communications field, hopefully managing and creating a website content as well as social media content. So thanks IU for four great years. Hi Immaculata. My name is Sarah Antwy. I am a social work major. Some of my best experiences at Immaculata University is when I went to the African-American Museum in Washington, D.C. I got to explore the city and try new food. Another memory I have at Immaculata University is when I participated in Immaculata's annual fashion show which was a great success. After graduation, I hope to continue my education by pursuing my master's degree and social work. I want to thank all my teachers, my advisors for helping me through this journey at Immaculata. Thank you. Hi, my name is Leanne Berches. I'm a dual major at Immaculata in business management and marketing management with a minor in criminology. One of my favorite things about IU is the school spirit that we have um and love that we all had for the sports teams and my favorite memory from IU was when one year my roommate Abby drove my other roommate and I sent me to a women's lacrosse game at the University of Delaware but unfortunately the game was at DelVal so we had to rush all the way back to DelVal for the game and made it for half time. My future goals are to be in Homeland Security. Thanks. Hi, I'm Kelsey Galato and I'm an education major here at Immaculata University. Some of my favorite memories that I have made over the past four years is joining the cross-country and track and field teams. I was so lucky to find my best friends and made so many fun memories and had so many laughs with them that would definitely last a lifetime. I'm also so happy that I got to go to Peru and experience some really amazing opportunities with some close friends and got to meet so many amazing people and finally just being a part of the education division here I got to work alongside so many professors and made such great friends that definitely made it a lot easier to get through all of our long classes. Hi everyone, my name is Jess McHugh and I'm going to be graduating from La Calata with my degree in chemistry so I wanted to share with you all one of my favorite memories from my time here at Immaculata and it happened last winter when we had like a little surprise snowstorm. We all had off class for the day so my friends and I got together on front campus and had a big snowball fight, we're building snowmen but I think the highlight from that day was the fact that eight of us were able to fit across three sleds and make it down the entire hill on front campus without losing track or anything. So it was a really fun time. I'm going to miss those little memories like that but it was definitely one of my favorite experiences here. So once I'm done with my classwork and all I actually am going to be starting up a job as a chemist at a pharmaceutical company in my town so I'll be starting that in May and I'm really looking forward to it and I think my experiences from Immaculata definitely have prepared me well for this so I think it'll be a really great experience for me. Hey everyone, my name is Rachel Hess, my current senior to Immaculata class of 2020. I'll be getting my degree in fashion merchandising. My plans after graduation when everything opens up again I will definitely be in the fashion industry whether that be the fashion styling or social media marketing anything that I'll be working in. Of course when I can apply again obviously. Definitely one of my favorite memories at IU is being part of the cheer team. The years that I was on it I made great memories with my cheer sisters getting my cheer with them and having team bonding really contributed to my good times in Immaculata and I made so many good friends out of it and I'm so grateful for it. I hope to see everyone soon and I hope everyone stays in. Hello my name is Maddie Stillman. I'm an interactive digital media major with minors in graphic arts and film studies. Throughout the semester I've been slowly building up my graphic design business so after school I plan to continue growing my clientele as well as continue teaching dance classes on week mix. Coming to Immaculata I was nervous because I went to a tiny performing arts high school and it has super tight knit community and I was worried that my college experience would match that. So I've been super grateful that Immaculata has such strong community values so my favorite memories on campus. I've really just been spending time with my favorite people and getting to know people. Getting to collaborate with my peers and sharing my passions with them. My name is Victoria Miller and I'm majoring in professional health sciences with a minor healthcare management. My favorite memories at IU are Caroline's and my plan for the future is to go to school to become a cardiovascular technologist. Hi my name is Cindy Sergel. I'm graduating from Immaculata with my bachelor's degree in exercise science pre-occupational therapy. One of my biggest takeaways from my time at Immaculata was meeting people who became my best friends and getting to have fun with them and make memories with them at events like Catillion, going to sporting events and doing other fun things on campus. My future plans include going to graduate school at University of the Sciences in Philadelphia to get my master's degree in occupational therapy. Hi my name is Kayla Zidourian. I'm an exercise science pre-physical therapy major at Immaculata. Some of my favorite memories from being at Immaculata would probably be on the basketball team and creating friendships that will last a lifetime. Also being able to live with my best friends the past three years is something that will take with me forever. I'm going to miss them so much. Next year I plan on entering the workforce in pursuit of entering grad school and becoming a physical therapist. Hi my name is Katherine Campbell and I'm an education major at Immaculata University. My future career goals are to end up in an elementary classroom and some of my favorite memories from Immaculata include joining the cheerleading team, joining the sorority omicron pi epsilon, being part of the education division and getting to go with some of the members of the education division to Peru over the summer. I've been able to make so many great friends and memories with all of these people and I'm so grateful for the opportunities that I've had. Congratulations class of 2020! We did it!


Čakaj, večo. In pričačam moj prezentacij, vznikam moj kolega in friči na obježenje projekte. Zelo sem zelo več zelo. Zelo sem zelo več zelo. Pri hranju, da smo se v tudi v svetu po vitalijskih ljube, tako... ...mačaj za moj englički. Tako, da vse pravam, da so tega oprej na pomejnje. Zvukovite, ki ste, PHD, ...zvukovite tako reakciju. Prof. Caso, oprej na oprej. Tudi je bilo zelo površen. ... sorry, but I have to publish in the core journals. Bye-bye. I think on one end this reaction depends on the lack of information of open access. On other end, probably, it depends on bad policies about the relationship between open access and evaluation of research and academic career. I think we share the same drink. We imagine a world with open, decentralized, multilingual open databases and open scientific databases. My argument is to realize this kind of world of open databases, we have to break the monopoly power of closed, proprietary databases. And to break this monopoly power, it is necessary reform copyright law, we generally write, but also reform and rethink policies about open access and the relationship between open access and evaluation of research. In the first part of my presentation, I briefly summarize the monopoly power of databases, closed, proprietary databases, and some side effects of this monopoly power. In the second part of my presentation, I used Italian experience to show some bad policies about open access. And in the last part of my presentation, I described some good policies about open access. From my point of view, copyright law is a sort of a zombie, is a legal tool, probably obsolete and useful only to certain traditional business models based on the right of reproduction. And this kind of a zombie is against the science. If you want to know more details about this history, you can read the last article of Jerome Reichman and Ruth Okedigi. You can find on Social Science Research Network an open access repository in the Social Science field and 120 pages about the collision between copyright law and science. Ok, what are closed proprietary databases? What is the dark side of the force of the proprietary closed databases? A mix of legal tools, copyright law and suigenerist rights, license agreement and technological protection measures or digital rights management. These kind of legal tools enable a perfect control of the data, of the data. Also the back files and the retrospective content. Through this kind of control, perfect control of the data, the closed proprietary databases can do some business models, in particular you know very well the bundling, the so-called big deal. And third point, this kind of control is related also to the evaluation of the research and the science. I named, I called, bibliometric power. According to Robert Arton, 42% of all scientific journals are published by three publishers, Elsevier, Blackwell, Wiley and Springer. And I think this kind of monopolistic power has a deep impact on the pluralism of science. Think about, for example, to the dominance of English in the science field. This is not a revenge of Roberto Caso. But in the field of evaluation of research, the power of the proprietary databases is probably stronger, because we face two huge databases about the evaluation of the research. Easy Web of Science of Thomson Reuters and Scopus of Elsevier. Ok. The Italian experience. What is the Italian experience about the policies? This is the standard Italian politician. Is a parody of a famous Italian politician. I don't remember the name Silvio Berl... Man, I don't remember. In Italy, we don't have any open access mandate at the government ground. And we have few exhaustive institutional policies about open access. Usually not mandatory. So this is a very unfriendly legal environment for the open access. In this context, the ministry of the research and the national agency of evaluation of the university and research, AMBUR, is the name, has delivered a regulation about the research assessment exercise and national scientific qualification, the first step for the tenure track in Italy. This is a policy or a sort of policy or a show, because the only two point of reference in the field of research evaluation is Easy and Web of Science in the bibliometric scientific sector. In not bibliometric scientific sectors, we have a sort of a classification for very rigid and flexible of the quality of scientific journal, ABC. And last but not least, a rigid taxonomy of the scientific product. Article in Journal, chapter in book, monograph and so on. The last point is the impossibility to submit in the research assessment exercise the preprint or postprint. You have to submit in the internet, secure internet only the publisher version of article. This is a policy against open access. But in Italy we are trying to change the landscape and with some other colleagues, I think in particular to Maria Chiara Piovatolo, Antonello Derobio, Paola Gallimberti, Paola Gartulio in La Ria Fava and so on. I don't remember all the name but most of them are female and are women. We are trying to change this landscape. It's very hard task. I like gold road but I prefer to stress the importance of green road in these aspects related to the government policy. Legal core of open access is the following. The author retains the right to license in open access mode. There is a deposit in institutional or disciplinary repository and the last step is the Creative Commons licenses or other permissive licenses to enable, use, reuse, copy and so also modify the materials. I think we need this kind of policy at the institutional level but the ideal policy is a multi-level policy. A government mandate to open access, exhaustive institutional policies and the use of open access publications and data for research and scientific assessment. Only through this kind of policies in my point of view is it possible to reach a world of open scientific databases. A world in which we face unbundling interoperability, redundancy, open data offer to new kind of metrics and peer review. So a world of that data in metadata as comments. But from my point of view, this is a question not only about the law. It is overall a question about ethics and social norms, norms of science. But as Nudel said, it's only my point of view. Thank you for your patient attention.


Madam President Sumaruga, your Excellency Premier Lykke Chang, distinguished heads of state, distinguished heads of government, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, dear members of the World Economic Forum. When we met last year, we were quite full of optimism. Now we are meeting again, and it looks like as if the world would be at the crossroads. Two ways to go, the way of collaboration, the way of mutual respect, on the other hand, the way of polarization, extremism. At the end, it's our choice. And here, I think this assembly is a great example for collaboration. Collaborations of all stakeholders of global society. I'm very pleased to welcome here officially the 1,500 business leaders, the 300 members of government, the heads of civil society, the young generation, the media leaders, our experts, a true representative reflection of global society. We are here committed to improving the state of the world, to look at all the issues under the same, the new global context. I have to ask you for your understanding that our program is so complex, there are over 300 different sessions. But I think this meeting is different because it reflects all the challenges we have on the global agenda. And what we want to do is to deal with those challenges in a holistic way. I also would like to ask you, and you are doing it already, as I have seen today, to engage as much as possible. The forum has become the institution for public-private cooperation, and we are launching here during this meeting 10 different global public-private cooperation projects. First we have to restore trust in our world. Trust is a very, probably the most precious good. Now we have to show the world that we are trustworthy. And the best way to do it is to respond to the needs of those who have entrusted us with leadership responsibility. So we have a great obligation to look not only after our own interests, but us you are doing to engage in many fold ways and to make sure that this meeting is at the beginning of a renaissance of trust in the world. Now it gives me great pleasure to welcome you, Madam President. Madam President, I want to use this opportunity also to thank the Swiss Federal Council, the Swiss authorities, the Swiss people, but also the people and the authorities of Graubünden and of Davos for the great hospitality. In 45 years we are here, this has become our home, and this was only possible by the support of the Federal, Continental and local authorities. So a big thank you. Madam President, we know that you, in your government work, but also before you joined the government, you showed a particular solidarity with the people who are not so privileged as most of we here in this hall have. And it shows by your commitment to issues, I just mentioned migration, which is very close to your heart. And I'm sure, Madam President, when looking at our program, you will have seen that many sessions reflect your concerns. So ladies and gentlemen, let's welcome very cordially the President of our house country, Madam Sommaruga. Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, many of us already met last week at an unscheduled event in one of Switzerland's neighbouring countries. The attack on the editorial staff of Charlie Hebdo was an attack on the concept of a free society. How did people in France react to the attack? They came together for the largest public gathering in France since 1944. Several million people took to the streets, their message was clear. We stand united and we say what we think. I was greatly impressed by the demonstration of unity, not only the fact that so many people took to the streets, but the way in which they did so. They remained calm and peaceful. There was no aggression. The people on the streets knew that this was not the time for anger. The Paris March was a demonstration for freedom and for our universal values. The Paris March was a demonstration of human dignity. Today, we once again assure France and its citizens of our solidarity. And we thank President François Hollande for his determined, yet humane reaction to the tragic events. Ladies and gentlemen, the theme of this year's annual meeting is the new global context. If I had to describe this global context in just one word, I would say it is one of uncertainty. I'm not only talking about the current conflicts and crisis regions. I am also referring to the situation in the comparatively prosperous countries of Europe. Of course, Europe is not short of problems, but historically speaking, it has probably never been a better place to live than it is today. Nonetheless, in many countries in Europe, nationalist and populist parties are on the rise. They are critical of globalization, reject immigration and incite skepticism towards the EU. It is particularly ruling that such political parties enjoy popularity even in countries with low rates of unemployment and strong economies. How can we explain this? The answer to this question is complicated. One thing is for sure. Overall, globalization has led to greater prosperity and reduced poverty, however. That is not the case everywhere. Organization induces in many people a deep-seated sense of uncertainty. Even in prosperous countries, more and more people feel that they will only be able to hold on to their jobs if they become even more efficient, more mobile, more flexible and more industrious. Are we creating an economic environment in which only high performers working under constant pressure can prevail? Such fears are not entirely unfounded. Competition is growing for the highly developed economies too. In more and more countries, workers are still paid low wages, but now offer highly skilled labor too. This means that even leading economies can only remain successful if they are prepared to continuously make structural change. Structural change in itself is not a bad thing, but let's face the fact. Structural change produces winners and losers. And that, ladies and gentlemen, is something we cannot simply accept. I repeat, globalization has a range of effects. So let us talk about both sides of the coin. We may suppress or gloss over the unpleasant things, but sooner or later they will come to the surface, and when they do, the force of the impact is unvariably twice as great. I am sure that one of the reasons why national conservative parties in Europe are popular right now is that globalization has caused a vague sense of uncertainty. These parties invoke a nation's sovereignty and a native country symbolizing familiarity and safety. We know that this describes an ideal past that never was. And we don't have to look far back into Europe's history to find bitter poverty, misery, and conflict. Yet, it will be a dangerous mistake to ignore the uncertainty felt by many people. Many citizens find it difficult to identify with an economy whose dimensions have reached unimaginable proportions. Many are asking, how far is the balance of power shifting if the turnover of some global corporations is higher than the gross national product of many states, as is the case today? What do we think when we hear that shares are no longer held for several years, but for an average of 22 seconds, as one economist recently calculated? How much confidence can we have in financial institutions that break the law and end up paying billions of dollars in fines? What values do they communicate? Ladies and gentlemen, who can provide the people with the answers to these questions? Many business leaders have avoided assuming the responsibility for answering such questions for far too long. What we need is business people who want to earn money, but who also want something more. We need business people who want to give others a chance. We need employers who set benchmarks, not only in terms of profit, but also in terms of corporate culture. And we need, for example, commodities groups that prohibit all forms of forced labour and exploitation and which recognise basic rights, for example, workers' freedom of assembly. Ladies and gentlemen, policymakers must also accept their share of responsibility. They must put in place a sound framework based on the rule of law, legal certainty, no corruption and the protection of human rights and social justice. These elements are key to a healthy economic and social order. It is the task of politicians to introduce and enforce these elements where they do not yet exist. And it is for politicians to protect and defend them where they already apply. And this requires determination, clear values and steadfastness. Nothing has greater value in politics than credibility. It was an important gesture for politicians from around the world to take part in the march in Paris to defend freedom of expression. And what is far more important is to defend human rights day after day in one's own country even when there are no TV cameras around. Here in Davos, let us also discuss the fact that in many places in the world, journalists are being imprisoned, even punished by flogging, simply because they write what they think. Ladies and gentlemen, many of us are asking questions following the attack in Paris. Existential questions that we have perhaps not asked ourselves for a long time. Who are we really? What values are so important to us that we consider them to be universal? What does dignity mean to us? I believe we also need to ask ourselves these questions here at the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum in Davos.


Greetings and salutations. Hello. Hello, Amy. I hope that there's no offense taken that the spelling of your last name. It just, I haven't been able to memorize just yet. I want to go by Amy nearly everywhere. Also, I did mess with people by making it smart up here and, you know, I did this. I did it myself. It's fine. See, I came to help. You are not from the government is important. I mean, I could be from the government or like the weird Canadian railway thing. That's fun too. I'm not aware of the weird Canadian railway thing. It's like s in CF. I can't remember. It's too late in the week for all of this. Whatever. It looks like we have like a full agenda today. I think so. Yeah, we've got. Sorry. Too many things going on. We've got. Yeah, I think so. We've got some follow-up items from the work streams that were introduced last week or the last time we met. A couple of individuals that, that I expect to see on the call to talk through two of these. So Michelle, and Nick Jackson are two folks that I'm hoping will show up in the next minute so we can go. Yeah. Does anyone else have agenda items? Cause this is the, the most appropriate time to call them out and put them in. I have a tiny, tiny thing. Housekeeping note. Zoom is about to start gatekeeping, um, meetings on pass codes. Um, it seems like we are going to roll with the universal pass code of five. Um, So, It should be fun time. Apparently you can also embedded in the URL, which, um, which I find hysterical because it renders the entire exercise utterly pointless. Um, but there we are. I have no comment. Um, I'm going to be updating all the calendar invites. Uh, if you get locked out of the room, it's going to be on the public CNCF calendar, so I'm going to, um, I'll be kind of lying in wait to let people in if they get locked out. So, I'm, I'm still just absolutely laughing about zoom doing this. And then you just stick it in the URL. So we're going to replace it.  Um, Yeah, but we've decided that the universal pass code is the best way to go around this. So here we are. I'm not sticking at you. I'm sticking at that zoom. Sir, this is a Wendy's. All right. Back to you, Lee. All right. Very good. Well, let's, let's get started. Let me share the meeting minutes just to make this a little more interactive. Um, so it's good. So we've got, um, um, Ed is here. Amy is here. Um, Thomas is here. Josh. Abhishek. Matt. And did. Yeah, I think I called everyone's name. Very good. Um, Josh and is it Thomas or Tomas? Um, it's Thomas. Good deal. Very nice. Very nice to have you, Josh and Tomas. Um, Thanks for coming. Thanks for coming. We, um, just by way of introducing, um, for you part of today's agenda, and that is to follow up on. Um, some work stream items that are within the service mesh working group. And the service mesh working group, the slides and charter for it are, can be seen here. Um, the CNCF SIG networks charter is broader than a service mesh focus. But we've had, we've got a, sort of enough people here that are, have their current focus oriented towards service meshes. And there's enough to do there that there's a working group that's in the service mesh. Um, that's a group that's spun up and in lieu of other more pressing. Um, Concerns with different projects. We're using this time to advance some of the. Um, initiatives within the service mesh working group. Um, there are about four. Um, initiatives within that group right now. We just as a brief recap for. Everyone. Um, we've had a little bit of a, a little bit of a, a little bit of a, a little bit of a talk about service mesh interface conformance or SMI conformance. Um, For those that were like paying really, really, really close attention. I think yesterday, maybe the day before, yeah, I think it was yesterday or Tuesday. There's a little bit of a leak.  Yet another service mesh. Um, that's being announced. Um, It's been in the works for a while. I hesitate to name it because it feels like. It was an accidental announcement. And, but this particular service mesh. It uses SMI, um, entirely as its rest API. Um, or rather it uses, um, yeah, its implementation is done through SMI. And that's the only interface that it has. And so I highlight it just as another, um, Some of the steam building behind SMI. Um, the other, another project inside this working group is SMP service mesh performance. Um, another one is with, um, Part of the envoy project, the, the Nighthawk, um, Load generator. And trying to help, trying to, you know, trying to make, um, To have load generators distributed. And. Coalescing there, you know, doing statistical analysis, coalescing those results. Um, Examining things in a distributed world. Then the fourth, um, aspect to our. To this working group is a bit about service mesh patterns. And so depending upon. Who else shows up today, we might actually get to those patterns. So. Any comments or questions on the. Service mesh working group. This, this thing. And so all of those, yeah, all of those four areas we, um, We're going to use this time if Michelle is on to talk about SMI conformance specifically about the tests that are asserted. To validate conformance for SMI. And I'm looking at the. Yep. And so, yep, Michelle, Michelle's not on. Um, Missing the topic and maybe be on record to answer a recent question that Michelle had had, not that, not that we need to be on record, but so one of these initiatives is SMI conformance. The more service meshes that are out there, the more that, um, people, uh, projects might like to. Confirm. Sort of officially that. Um, They're that they are in conformance with the APIs that SMI sets forth. To perform this type of conformance. Really it ends up most of the tests end up needing really end to end tests, which means there's a fair bit of, um, Provisioning and like environmental provisioning. So, um, I think that's a good example. Workload of load to be generated for that workload if necessary. And then to, you know, assert that a particular behavior would have happened and to validate that behavior. And so there's a lot of. It's kind of a lot of tooling. And so the service mesh management plane. A meshery is. That's what's being used to help. Um, Run or orchestrate those. Tests. Um, So, um, I think the piece of work has been, um, Well, something that was established as a goal. I thought about a year ago, last October. And a couple of. Um, bright students have worked on this for a few months. And then they sort of handed it off to a couple of other bright students. And. And we're essentially, um, at a place in which this, This is the. There's, um, Every as a tool supports eight different, um, service meshes today. Some of the later ones that it supports our open service mesh, Kuma are kind of prominent examples of two service meshes that, Uh, claims support for SMI. validate SMI with today. There's kind of a lot to, not a lot, but there's a few concerns specific to how you would do conformance testing or in this way. One is that, you know, similar to there being, I forget, like at one point there was 80-something Kubernetes distributions, maybe there's more or less now, I don't know, but to be able to claim that you are, that the software that you're shipping is in fact Kubernetes, it needs to adhere to and behave again, you know, in accordance with the signature of Kubernetes APIs. And so, you know, in the same fashion, should a service mesh claim conformance with SMI, it should behave and respond in accordance with that specification. And so that's what this initiative is about. So if, as each individual service mesh project and as just service mesh users are able to perform validation, it's important consideration that one to acknowledge that not all service meshes intend to fully deliver on SMI specifications. Some of its specifications, they just don't ever intend to have that capability. So it's important to acknowledge that there's a difference between capability and compliance. So if the mesh has that capability, is it in compliance? Or if it says, hey, it's never going to have it, then that probably doesn't, you know, it doesn't, it's not failing a test because the test is inappropriate. That's kind of a point of discussion, I think something that probably not enough eyes have been on. Let me call upon the collective minds that are on this call right now and get in a couple of opinions. This thing about capability and compliance, no doubt each of you understood the difference of what I was articulating there, but as you would look at a report that says these service meshes are in compliance or not, does it also make sense to you that that same report would itemize particular APIs or a whole, an entire API that a mesh will never be, you know, like is it, that a mesh will never have that capability? Like is it possible to be, this is just a mind exercise for everyone on here. In your mind, is it possible to be compliant with the specification and yet not implement a certain percentage of it? So it's a lack of implementation. Yeah, so traditionally speaking, if someone says I comply with MumbleMumble, I would expect whatever MumbleMumble is specified to actually work. And so if you have sort of a partial, if you want to get a general compliance in a partial way, you sort of need some way to talk about the subsetting in a sane sense, right? So you can say, okay, we support SMI and we support, you know, profile one, profile three and profile seven. So that you actually can understand clearly what's being done and that it's being done correctly. Yep, I agree. Here's a, to play this thought out or to see if this makes any sense to be able to, so some service meshes have part and parcel to their design. They have gateways, like an ingress gateway and an egress gateway. Others don't have that as part of their architecture.  And so to them, an SMI spec that calls for gateways to be able to be, you know, for you to be able to configure a gateway in such a way. Do you, is it still like just sort of edit in accordance with what you were saying? Generally, like it would be, in most projects, it would be simplified to just language like, well, assuming that they're passing, that service mesh is passing every other test, and that the gateway tests made up 30% of the spec, this service mesh is 70% compliant. I don't think the percentage tells you anything because I could be 70% compliant in the way you just described where I just simply aren't, I'm not implementing a gateway.  And there's literally no way to distinguish there. It may be useful to think about how long running standards have dealt with some of this. So, you know, I come out of the more traditional networking world, and you've got standards like BGP that have literally been with us for decades.  What you'll talk about is sort of like, I'm complying with this or that, you get sort of a common shell of them that most people comply with, and then you're like, well, and I comply with this RFC or this draft, which brings new features to the protocol. Now, there's not a lot of mechanical difference between somebody introduced to something new to the SMI spec versus you don't support gateways. In both cases, you need some reasonable way of saying very succinctly what you do and don't support. So basically saying, being able to say, I support, and part of this has to be back to the SMI community, right, about how they classify their stuff, because they're the ones that should come from. But being able to say, I have 100% compliance with SMI core, and I have no compliance at all with SMI gateway, for example. Okay, well, clearly, you don't support SMI gateway. It doesn't mean that you're screwing it up. You're just not even trying. And that's really quite different, because somebody who has a really poor compliance score on something they're trying to do, that could be a poor indicator in general of software quality, where you've got really, really stellar compliance scores on all the things you claim to be compliant on. That's quite different. It pleases me to hear you say that, yeah, because as we were talking over it initially, I had brought this up, was to really sort of acknowledge that, hey, wouldn't really feel fair to some, or like it's not necessarily about fairness, but it would feel like a misrepresentation that a given mesh might have a stellar implementation, but always be represented as a 70% pass rate, because they... Comparison often helps. Like, if you want to talk about not only being useful to users, but unfair to service meshes, right? If I'm a service mesh that has nailed the part that I'm doing, and I have a 70% pass rate, but I'm doing 100% of everything I set out to do, and I'm doing it correctly, to have someone look at a table and sort by pass rate and see a service mesh that's trying to do everything with an 80% pass rate that is just screwing up left-right and center, that's a deeply unfair way to couch the comparisons, and very unhelpful to the poor Schmuck who's trying to make a selection decision. So part of it, so the visualization of the test results in some respects, or like, but whether it's visual or just the table or the result set that identifies the posture of a given mesh, according to the specs, sounds, in this discussion, sounds fairly important to be able to articulate. So there are four SMI specs. I mean, I'm saying some things that some of you know, but there's four SMI specs. These simple verbal statements are high-level descriptions of some of the tests that will be asserted and verified.  And so the thinking here is that the result, the table that's displayed would, or the result set or the spreadsheet or the whatever that's displayed, list each of the individual test identifiers, you know, the monikers for what that test is, whether or not the, and the thought was whether or not the mesh is capable, and if so, what their status is in terms of compliance. And I don't know, this might be more specific than it needs to be. It might be that, you know, that there just needs to be a kind of a binary black or white, they're either capable of having gateways or not, not like, oh, they're partially capable because they can, they're capable of having an ingress, but haven't implemented an egress. So yeah, so that's, and you're right, like this is... So the model I always go through is somebody making a selection decision, right, which is, I'm going to go and I'm trying to make a selection decision out of a mesh. So there are a set of things to care about. There are a set of things I don't. Maybe there are a set of things in the middle where, yeah, it'd be nice to have, but it's not really a deciding factor. And how do you present to them the information that enables them to crisply see how to make that decision? It makes it, yeah, it makes a lot of sense. Hey, good. I think... Yeah, within a particular shell of features, percent pass rate is fantastic, but failure to support a feature doesn't strike me as the same as failure. Right. Yeah, at least not in many cases. That's helpful. Yeah, I wish I'm an SMI maintainer, but I'm one of eight. The other two people that I mentioned were, it would have been three of eight, or like it would have been, this is a fantastic input. I'm remiss. I'm sad that there aren't a couple of others here to help concrete that. Maybe just the last item on this topic of SMI conformance was... Michelle was going to come today, and I think it was for the first time sort of earnestly digging into trying to, now that she and her team directly represent a service mesh, was coming over to engage and identify, understand whether or not the tests that are defined today are all that we need, and they're absolutely not, like the team of open source contributors that have put this together has only taken, only defined a certain number of tests. We really need the rest of the community to, the SMI community to articulate what those tests should be, and so as she's looked at it, she'd asked this question here, and in my mind, I think the essence of the question sort of comes down to, well, the answer that many of these tests, like a traffic split test to, and please correct me if I'm, if what I'm about to say, if anyone sees it differently, like to validate the traffic split as an example, splitting a certain percentage of requests to one end point to the next, to verify that a given service mesh implements that in accordance with how SMI has defined it. The reason that we put this tooling together is in part based on the premise that I don't know that that's, that you could with high confidence affirm a service mesh's compliance without doing an end to end test, or without doing, if you think about that for a minute, like, yeah, you know, the nearest related project to this SMI conformance tool is Sonoboy for, which does, you know, conformance testing for Kubernetes. And it's a batch base. It's a different system. It doesn't have all the same complexities that running services and sample workloads has. Cool. So anyway, the thought, my perspective is that, yeah, you need end to end testing. And Michelle's example of a need that they have is a perfect test case. So any other comments on SMI conformance testing? It was two other topics, at least on the agenda as it is right now. Let's, given that Nick isn't here, because he was going to lead this discussion on SMP, let's skip over to this third one, which is about service mesh patterns, identifying patterns and helping people understand them. So hopefully everyone is able to open the link in case we're not able to see it very well. But if you would have a gander and have a comment, these patterns are broken down for the most, broken down into different areas. They're not identified really by what is foundational and what is advanced. There are a few that say foundational next to them, but I think there's a number of these that are just foundational as well. Like the notion that they're a pattern of using a service mesh to do retries, that's probably somewhat foundational. The pattern of doing chaos engineering with service mesh that might be more advanced or implementing business logic in your data plane more advanced. So to orient all of you to this and to hopefully have you influenced it and make comments on it, I'll say that this first area is most more of a recognition that there's more than one service mesh out there. And also part of the notion here is that through a pattern we would be able to show that a service mesh isn't just for well the operator or just for the developer, but is for both of those personas and is for the product owner or the service owner. And to demonstrate how that how a service owner is empowered with more intelligent infrastructure to affect the behavior of a given set of services through configuration. And so that that's kind of what this group, this collection is about. This next one is just how do you get up and going doing it either locally or remotely. Different service mesh architectures, a popular pattern of there being sidecar proxies being used. There were service meshes of past and and current service meshes that also use a node agent like a daemon set model. There's also sort of a more more recent concept of proxy list service mesh pattern there. So I won't walk through all the patterns but but take a look if you would. So depending upon how many folks get engaged and how much time there is, we might be able to assist in pointing people to resources about these patterns, having a published list of the patterns, having the patterns well described. But for the most part, I think the ask that at least for my part that I have of folks is just to look this over and see if you think that there are any patterns that are missing. All in all about 60 patterns. Cool. Okay. Well then I don't know that I'll go into this discussion. I'll point out to people if you haven't looked at SMP service mesh performance to go have a look. It's an emergent spec. But I don't think we'll jump into this, the discussion that we were going to have just because Nick isn't here to present it. So with that are there other topics? Any ambassadors due diligence? I don't think Matt's on the call yet. He was. Oh yeah still. I can check in on that. We have a call next week where we're going to be discussing how to better scope some of the due diligence projects for people that are coming in either at incubation or if they want to move from sandbox to incubation. More to come on that. Okay. I'm trying to thank you. Ed, did we have the NSM annual review? That's long since gone. Is that all reviewed in history? No, it's still a little bit underway. There were several months and then the talk came back to it and they had some really, really smart questions.  So for example, they asked what versions of Kubernetes do you support with your releases? And we've done sort of very broad testing across different kinds of environments, various public clouds, etc. So I went back through on that question and actually re-ran our CI going all the way back to 1.12 and just for good measure going all the way forward to 119. And we basically in the course of that found all that was always well across that range and got that up on the release notes pages and then commented to do that. I've still got a few more questions they've asked for. Unfortunately, to really do a good job of answering some of their questions, I'll need to draw some pretty pictures because they're asking about things like what new features came in here. And I can do sort of a dry bullet list, but it's not going to help the talk, I don't think, because they're not day-to-day in the muck. And a couple of pretty pictures actually on the release page, you should make that really clear. So that's kind of where that is right now. So I've still got a few more things to do to answer some of the questions they came back with, and then hopefully to go back to the talk. Okay, very good. Curious, any... 1.19, not 1.9. Oh, sorry. So good. Any questions on governance or in and around governance? Not at this time, no. They thought actually asked any questions on that at this time. Well, I'm trying to rack my brain. Do we have other topics? We've got a lot of other projects. There's a number of projects that I'm not able to keep pace with. I was talking to a Google Summer of Code participant that just got done working on some machine learning in core DNS, and the use case, I think, was about just kind of DNS blacklisting, DNS filtering, and the machine learning around that. And for my part, I always enjoy hearing about interesting projects or getting updates from the projects within the SIG. So we've yet to establish much of a cadence of having the occasional report from those groups. Ken, Ed, Amy, do we... Is that... Is getting report... Is having some of the, you know, maintainer from each group, from each project present once a year, twice a year, not to put a burden on them, but just inviting them to do so as a forum for highlighting, you know... Yeah. So I mean, my experience with that sort of thing is that a lot of it comes down to the tone with which the invitation is extended. I've seen people get very excited about, hey, you know, we have a venue here. We wanted to offer the opportunity for you to come in on the cadence that's comfortable and tell us about your progress and sort of spread the word a little bit. That invitation goes super well. We have scheduled you for blah, blah, blah date to show up and report to this committee about that invitation goes really badly. It's remarkable how much of a difference tone makes. Yeah, and kind of to follow along with that. One thing that has kind of changed as far as like people getting talks at KubeCon, which I know is a huge thing, we've now limited projects down and SIGS down to one 35-minute session because, frankly, we're hearing from like community feedback that there's too much content and it's overwhelming. So being able to extend the opportunity for projects to be able to come and showcase their work in another format that still is available to all to be able to come and participate and go up on YouTube would actually be quite welcome. So yeah, I'm curious.  But the, oh, this week in a week where not a lot else has happened that I've noticed going by that I'm going to waste my time in, there was this talk that's being given or had been given last week on this topic over here. That looks interesting. That's often much less overwhelming for audiences than we have 500 talks. Which one would you like? And Ed, you characterize it really well about the intent of what I was asking, which is mostly just like, my goodness, there's a lot of very interesting things going on in these groups. And I don't know that they know this is an open forum to, you know, a platform to elevate their works and to get some feedback on their works. Well, again, quite honestly, I mean, I'm literally in these meetings almost every time and it would never have occurred to me to come and do that here. You do sometimes get this thing that happens with people and it varies by personality, where it's like, oh, the SIG is doing important stuff. So I want to be very respectful of its time and sort of treating it as a platform to promote my projects for some people that might feel forward, not everyone, but for some people. And so just the, you know, like I said, I think the well-toned invitation could be really powerful. Yeah, good. Yeah. Actually, I'd gotten a question from Jim, who's the last one. I think it's St. Lager of, currently of Intel. He's been on these calls a few different times, has asked some good questions. He'd recently asked about the relationship between the CNCF SIG network and it wasn't the Kubernetes SIG network, it was the Kubernetes SIG network multi-cluster or some, one of the many networking. It does get difficult to keep track of all the subcommittees in Kubernetes. It's a very effective way for it to internally self-organize, but it does get to be a bit of a thicket for folks who are just trying to casually track from the outside. And so that was a good reminder to me that, what you just said, is that folks don't necessarily know that this is an open venue to them or that... Well, and one thing, I don't know how much work it is, that might be helpful, is just having an index of, these are all the things going on on a regular basis that CNCF SIG networking thinks might be of interest to people who are interested in networking in the cloud native space. So here's the relevant meetings that are happening in the Kubernetes networking SIG and committee space and here's these community meetings that are happening for these communities and that kind of thing. It's sort of like, I really love the CNCF landscape, but it has gotten to be so big and so daunting that maybe just sort of like a smaller scale, hey, this is the CNC and probably not as graphically designed. This is the CNCF SIG networks notion of the landscape of cloud native networking. That might be interesting. You would not be the only SIG to be put in together a landscape as well. It's actually quite easy to be able to fork and build your own. Oh, see, now you're just tempting us. Welcome. Nice. Hey, I have suggested something and you can take it as you want to. And Lee, I've also dropped in an enthusiastic guest to be able to help projects come on over. If you need help getting in touch with them, I'm happy to help. Thank you. Beautiful. And was that the suggestion, Amy? No, the suggestion was if you wanted to look at the landscape, I'm pretty sure that SIG app delivery is also kind of running down the same path. Nice. Nice. Yeah. Okay. I think for my part, I think we'll take you up on one of those offers. Good. Well, as we can, any other topics that you think we should cover today? No, I think we covered everything well. If we could. So we're going to be giving time back. But before we do, since I got to say, my hand's been sort of shaking. I haven't had like actual human contact in a while. I didn't get my cube con in. And so I've got to be friendly and social a bit. It's a yash. Since you're on the call and Thomas, do you guys mind introducing? I'd love to get to know you some and just what what you're into, what your focus is. Yeah, sure. I can go first. So I work in VMware and I'm working on the Kubernetes on vSphere product. And so actually, so this is just a way for me to keep in touch with what you guys are doing. And so I've just been attending some of the meetings. So this is just me looping and then figuring out some of the things that you guys are working on. Yeah, very good to have you, Yash. For my part, if any of this strikes an interest to you, you know that your comments are very welcomed. For me, I think so to give you more of a background, I'm working on the Qubelet equivalent team. We run equivalent of a Qubelet virtual Qubelet fork on ESXi. So I'm working on that team. So a lot of the networking is a bit higher for me, but I'm just interested in learning about it at this point. Yash, something else to maybe click on and spend 30 seconds looking at is this. There's been a collection of folks who've been working on helping define cloud-native networking and some of its concepts and principles. It's a resource. It's been a point of discussion in this SIG in the past. So there's a link there. And then Thomas. Sorry, do you hear me? Yep. Yes. My name is Thomas. I'm a staff engineer at Dana Trace and I'm an observability company. I'm dealing almost with cloud-native and community staff and have a strong interest in networking. So I worked as a network technician about 10 or 20 years ago. Yes. And I want to get more in depth about service measures and cloud-native networking. And this is why I'm here. Very good. Very good. Well, Thomas, I'll try to catch up with you in Slack just to give you, to socialize a bit, give you a breakdown of some of the activities that I know about that are going on. This will be very cool. Fair enough. Very good. I'm going to go shake down Michelle and Nick for not showing up today. Other than that, I think that's a wrap. See everyone in a couple of weeks. Thanks, everyone. Thanks, everyone. Bye, all.