Greetings and welcome to the Introduction to Astronomy. In this week's Misconception in Astronomy we are going to talk about Polaris and find out is it the brightest star in the sky? So what do we know about Polaris? Well Polaris is not the brightest star in the sky. Let's start off by saying that it is also what is known as the North Star. So it is at or very close to the North Celestial Pole. Now if it's not the brightest star in the sky, it is the brightest star within its constellation. It is in the constellation of Ursa Minor and the star is Alpha of Ursa Minoris. Alpha means signifying generally the brightest star within that constellation. So the brightest star would be the Alpha star and Beta and Gamma and so on through the alphabet. Now what we know about Polaris we can look up its absolute magnitude and find that it has an absolute magnitude of about plus two. Now that makes Polaris not a very bright star. In fact it comes out right around 50th brightest star in the sky. So in even excluding our sun there are still nearly 50 stars that are brighter than Polaris. So why in this case then if it's only about the 50th brightest star why is Polaris so important? Well it's important because of its location in the sky. It is very close to the North Celestial Pole. Now we see here Polaris on the sky chart and you can see Polaris here and down here just a little bit below it is the North Celestial Pole where all of those lines converge together. Now that's what makes this very important because identifying the North Celestial Pole had been important in the past for navigation at sea. Now when you're traveling on land you have a lot of landmarks that you can use and follow to keep you going in the right direction. However when you're out on the ocean far away from land the ocean looks pretty much the same in all directions and you may end up wandering especially wandering north or south and it's very difficult to tell. However it turns out that the altitude of the North Celestial Pole is equal to the latitude of the observer. So if you could observe Polaris and watch its position in the sky that would allow you to navigate and keep yourself on from drifting too far north or too far south. If you found yourself drifting north you would see Polaris getting higher and higher in the sky. If you drifted too far south it would get lower and lower in the sky and you can use that then to adjust your navigation. Of course on cloudy nights that would not help you but it would be a way to help keep you going in the same direction in a long trans-oceanic voyage. Now here we can see a little bit as to how that works. Here is something a little further south. Here is Polaris and you can see the star there very close to the pole. Now the pole itself would be somewhere right in the center of all these circles so Polaris is not quite there but all of the stars do make circles around the pole and you can watch and the one that stays still is Polaris. Polaris holds pretty much the same altitude and that would be how high is it above your horizon? That would then tell you this angle would tell you your latitude so what is your current latitude? You just have to measure how high Polaris is up above the horizon. Now of course on land the horizon can be blocked by trees and buildings and such however when you are on the ocean you have a nice clear view of the horizon and can get a nice measurement of this and again that helps you keep your latitude relatively steady as traveling across the oceans. So let's go ahead and finish up with the summary and we found out that Polaris is definitely not the brightest star in the sky. There are many stars that are brighter than Polaris. It's about number 50 on the list and it is important still because of its location in the sky which happens to be near the North Celestial Pole which has been helpful for navigation in the past. So that concludes this lecture on Polaris being the brightest star in the sky. We'll be back again next week for another Misconception in Astronomy. So until then have a great day everyone and I will see you in class.


Good afternoon. I wish I could be there. First of all, it's almost, well, I've gotten into the habit of speaking to people in an actual room again. So this has actually been a while since I've done this online, or it feels like a while. It feels like in times of COVID, everything, the multiply everything with 10, but really good to be with you. I trust that Johanna introduced me, who I am, so I don't have to do that anymore. What I would like to do is to take you on a little journey about a capability called Futures Literacy. And I will talk for about 20 minutes, I think, and I will have some time left for some questions. So feel free to do so. And also, if you have a question in the meantime, don't be shy. I can see all of you. I think I can see all of you. So raise your hand and maybe I can answer it while I'm speaking. OK, I'm going to share my screen now for a little bit. And sometimes I will just stop sharing so I can see you. Can everybody see my screen? Yes. Fantastic. OK, good. You can also see that the title is Using Futures to Make Sense of the Presence. Now, I know this was a topic was to make sense of the future. But I think what we do is what I do is that I try to make sense of the presence by using futures visions and future scenarios. I want to start with a question. You wake up in 2070. And for those of you who are thinking, how old will I be? It's irrelevant. That doesn't matter. It's just a little experience. You wake up in 2070 in a post-normal world. So in a sense that you don't really recognize this world. It's very different. You have no idea what happened in the past 20 or past almost 50 years. But you have one question you can ask to make sense of the world around you. The question that can only be answered with yes or no. What would you ask if you can ask one question that can be answered with yes or no that can help you make sense of that world? I'm going to stop sharing for a second because then I can see you more clearly. Anybody? Should we just talk for you or should we just wish to answer? Maybe if someone can moderate it a little bit, that would be helpful. But yeah, but please speak freely otherwise. Is this real? OK, good. Next one. OK, good. Good. Next one. The only one I see or is it just a VR or something? Yeah, yeah. OK, good. I think we'll go away in a second. Do people with a sense of solidarity nowadays? That I didn't get. Do people value solidarity nowadays? OK, OK, good. Do we live or do people live peacefully together? OK, good. Good. Are my children alive? Are children alive? Children. OK. I think there was another one you wanted. Is that on the other hand, somewhere? No, mine wasn't really covered in there. Oh, really? OK. Yeah. Are these humans? Are these people humans? OK, OK, yeah. One last one. Welcome then to ecosystem collapse. OK, good. Good. Thank you very much. Really good questions. These questions give us a lot of information. Yeah, if I listen to your questions, I can already hear the assumptions that we have about the future. That sometimes we use the word still but we assume that there are people or we assume that the person that you are entity, you ask a question to understand the word ecosystem. It's also these kind of questions, also kind of have some similar themes in common. And there's what I hear, and maybe you do too, is this concerned for the world? None of you asked about the safety of your family? None of you. Which is, that's not what I intended, so this is just, I'm teasing you a little bit. But that's sometimes that happens too, right? Am I safe, where am I, where is my family, et cetera? But the question, do we live peacefully? Of course, it's also interesting to think about if the answer to that is yes, what do you know? Do you know that at that moment you, it is safe there, it's OK. And what is, would you say that we live peacefully now? And who are we to begin with, right? So my point is by doing this exercise is that when we think about futures, or when we make them explicit and talk about them, we can detect a lot of data, information, about what we find important. And it tells us a lot about where your concerns are, where your thoughts are, your worries, maybe your hopes and your dreams, et cetera. That is one of the fundamental basics, fundamentals of future literacy. Using futures, and you can see that because the questions are so, so different as well, that you are already thinking of, you have a different future image in your head. So we're using futures to make sense of the present. Okay, I'm going to share my screen.  OK, yes. So we're gonna leave this question a little bit behind for now. Of course, there's a lot to unpack, but I want you to remember that word assumptions when I said that there's a lot of assumptions lying underneath all of your questions. Assumptions about continuity and assumptions about discontinuity. I wanna start this talk with a quote. All that you touch, you change. All that you change, changes you. The only lasting truth is change. I don't know if there's anybody in the audience that likes sci-fi. I personally don't, but I like Octavia Butler. She's one of the few African-American sci-fi, female sci-fi writers out there. And in her book, Parable of the Sower, she describes a journey in a dystopian Los Angeles of 2025, which has eerily, eerily similarity with the current situation sometimes. But she describes this young girl who starts a new religion, a new community based on a new belief. But the belief is not about a deity or God, but it's about change. She really asks starts a community where they worship change. And I like this quote a lot because it challenges our thinking about change in itself. Is that we often talk about the times that we are in that they are changing very fast or that change feels more present somehow that we are living on certain times. But I would also argue that change is always constant. Times have always been uncertain and always been complex. They just feel more uncertain and things feel more that they are changing faster because of our assumptions about that continuity are being challenged at the moment. So change is already happening. And sometimes we think that we need to change if we want change that we need to actually act. And we do need to do something. But as you will see at the end of my talk that sometimes it's also very wise to not do something. Okay, what are we going to talk about? We're going to talk about the capability which is called futures literacy. What is it? There are some, there's no clear cut and paste, clear definition yet, but we're trying to explore the field in the field of future studies. But this is I would say a pretty accurate one. The capability of imagining multiple and diverse futures. So really stretch that imagination. And the practice of using those futures as almost lenses through which we look at the present and see the present differently. See the present and you detect new things that you did not see before. So we're using futures like we use our phones or headphones or our laptop. We really use it just for the time being to make sense of the present. Now, why is that important? A lot of the times what we think now by the future is that we're becoming very attached to a certain scenario. So we're talking about the future, first of all, like there is one. It's like, okay, that's the road ahead. We throw, we're rolling out a rope. And if we point, put a dot on the horizon and say, that's where we're going to go, let's see how we're going to get there. This is one guy in front that thinks he knows where he's going. He has some tools to balance and to create this sense of safety and we're just following on that road. But of course, as you can see, it has a false sense of security and safety. But that's how we often see the future. We talk about it like there is one. And because we talk about it like one that sometimes can imply that we become too attached to one line or one certain scenario or one path forward. That does not mean that we are eliminating risk or eliminating uncertainty. It's actually more riskier and more uncertain if we become too attached and only see one way ahead. And once we're on that path, it becomes increasingly difficult to diverge from that road. So we talk about the future, not only like there is one, but also like somehow we can create the future or shape the future or make it or that we are ready for the future or that the future is here. In all that language, we talk about the future like some kind of phenomenon out there that it is one and that we can create it. But I would tell you that the future does not exist. It only exists in our imagination, right? And only through anticipation is that we can actually talk about the future. And the future literacy and specifically in the chair within my chair UNESCO chair and the work that I do, we don't study futures. They're not really that interesting to me. They give me information about the present. They give me data and I can use them to start a dialogue, but it's very much about the present. So we don't study futures. We study how we think about futures. We study how we anticipate. Now, I know that this day is also the launch of your, of course, the toolbox with like great future tools that you can use as educators, as learners, et cetera. And in the toolbox, there are some really good tools to start dialogues and narratives and stories. And one of the tools to unpack that those stories that we use about the future is we're kind of looking at what is that we see in society what the dominant narrative is, for example. So for example, what is being communicated? What is in the headlines? What is in the newspapers? What is on Twitter? What is the dominant narrative? What the problem is today? So we can, whether it's climate change or migration or technology, et cetera. But under that dominant narrative that we sometimes see about the future in society, there are certain systems and layers underneath that are there, but you cannot necessarily see. And what you see here is a very famous or well-known model, it's called the causal layered analysis by Soha Inayatullah, who uses this kind of model to unpack the certain layers of narratives about the future to say, yeah, we talk about the future, but are we, what are we saying? What does it tell us about the system that is underneath, underneath the water surface? You can see here. What is the worldview? Do we talk about that as well? Do we share the same worldview? And is there a certain myth or metaphor that drives that worldview and that systemic cause? And by talking about unpacking our future narratives, we can actually get to the bottom of things. Cause often when we talk about change, we're changing the litany, we're changing maybe the dominant narrative. That does not mean that change there also changes the system, the worldview or the myth or the metaphor. But it's a causal layered analysis called not for nothing because if you start to change from the myth and the metaphor at the bottom, that has an impact on all the different layers. And it's very important that if we talk about futures that we do kind of look at it from a closer perspective and really look at it as a narrative and storytelling. Another example that I wanna say here is that this beautiful Nigerian proverb is that unless the lion learns how to speak, the hunting story will always glorify the hunter. It's kind of a similar approach towards the history is written by the victors. Now, what do we tend to do if we're wanna change a certain narrative about the future society? We say, okay, we should teach the lion how to speak because then we can listen to the story of the lion. But if we do that, we will be teaching an animal, a human skill. And I think it's better to say we can give that lion our vocabulary, our language to express itself. But why not look at the story, the narrative altogether? Why do we think the hunting story is worth telling and not another one? So it's about deconstructing the narratives that are dominant right now. So if we talk about future and if we're talking about how we use these narratives, these stories about the future, we always do this through what we call anticipatory systems. And anticipatory systems are ways to use the future, ways of using the future. And you see here, two pictures, they're both of me. And the most dominant ways of using the future is either for planning or either for preparation to prepare yourself or something. And you see, I think it's for you, maybe it's on the left side, you see me like a little bit on the forefront, walking towards the light tower all the way in the distance. I don't know if you can see it, but I have a pretty clear path in front of me and I'm planning my road ahead. It's pretty clear that's where I'm going. That's how we often use the future. That's a very common way to use the future. We plan for something we desire, we plan for something we like, we want to eliminate uncertainty. We just wanna make sure that this is going to happen. That's very common. That's what we do, that's how we function. That's how I plan to be here today. Another way to very common to use the future is to prepare yourself for something. So to imagine a future that might bore you or that is desirable that you think it's going to happen and you either prepare yourself for it. Now that picture on the right, it's me actually in Germany, I'm closer to the Brocken. It's in the Hartz Mountains, sure you know it. And I got caught in a kind of a pretty bad weather. And I was prepared. I knew that the weather is not gonna be great. I was wearing good bike hiking boots. I had a map, but of course, preparation can only bring you so far. So I was still struggling with my map. So I had plans for my trip and I prepared for it. But of course, there's always something, but at least I knew this, I'm assuming making the assumption that it's gonna be cold, it was February. So I'm gonna make sure that I'm prepared. Planning and preparation is how also, how we organize our educational programs. And I'm also an educator. I work at the University of Applied Sciences. And I know that every time we think about when we design or develop curriculum, we plan it from, you know, from front to cover, completely or all the curricular, all those classes and lessons are fully planned. And we say to our students, we will prepare you for jobs. We will prepare you for the future. Whatever you do here, although we don't know the future, we know it's uncertain, we're still saying that whatever we designed and planned is to prepare you for a life after that. And one of the reasons why COVID was, at least at my university, such a huge shock to the system because it challenged these ways to use the future. It challenged these anticipatory systems. Our planning, our desire to plan because we want to make sure our students reach a certain goal and our desire to prepare themselves for, to prepare them for unknown futures. So the response to COVID was to stick to the plan, but now we're gonna do this online. And what we could have done instead is really embracing the idea that we are entering a post-normal world. And let's see if we can explore that world a little bit more, yeah? Because you cannot plan or prepare yourself for any type of future. So if we, because if we continue to do that, we continue even when disruption happens, we want to plan better, we want to prepare better then how we respond to a problem might become actually the problem. So if disruption change, I think it's good to see what were we taking for granted and what were we not seeing in the first place. And maybe it's also good to think about, it's not how we got here that makes us feel so uncertain, but what were we thinking? Why were we thinking we would never get here in the first place? So constantly holding onto that one scenario becoming attached to a certain scenario to become more adaptive, to prepare yourself better is actually probably becoming part of the problem. So we need another way to use the future and that is exploration. And exploration, I mean literally exploring unknown territory. The future does not exist, of course, but you can, we can stretch our imagination and really try to imagine alternative futures, maybe whimsical ones, maybe silly ones, futures that seem absurd, that are fueled by stories or books and movies, et cetera. And by exploring alternative futures that we do not plan for or prepare for per se, we can identify our assumptions, the things that we took for granted in the first place. Like I asked you that question, when you wake up in 2017 in a post-normal world, all your questions had assumptions underneath. And if you would explore a little bit more in that world in 2017 that was post-normal, you would encounter said, hey, I'm assuming there are people. Why am I assuming there are people? What if I let go of that assumption? I'm assuming, I've already got, I'm assuming technology will be there. So I will talk to maybe robots, is this real? So there's an assumption underneath the question, is this real that I might be living in a virtual reality world? I'm not saying that's wrong. We all make assumptions all the time, but we're often not aware of them when we think about the future. And that can limit our thinking and creativity and an innovative mindset. So future literacy is about introducing another way to use the future, which is exploration. So we ask the question, what if, what if this, what if that, that's the exploration. And that's really difficult for us because as my mentor says, we are suffering from the poverty of imagination. So it's really important to stretch that muscle a little bit more so we can explore, literally explore futures and use that third anticipatory system. So all these assumptions that are make up for these systems, they're all, they're also different in a sense. If I, for example, say it's going to rain tomorrow, which is, I can plan or prepare for that. For that, I cannot plan for it to rain, but I can prepare myself for that. We call that anticipation for the future. I'm anticipating for something that I think is going to happen in the future. This is, can be based on data on my app, on my phone, weather reports, et cetera. It's pretty, often pretty accurate, yeah. But other assumptions that we make or predictions can sometimes be more based on agendas, assumptions that are not based on repetition or well-known data or known scientific facts. They can maybe express assumptions about this one, about technology that we don't know because we don't have a precedent for it. We have never been there. So this is a guess, but we often treat this assumption or this prediction with the same certainty as we do the first one. And it's important to kind of see what are certain assumptions? Are they more static? Are they based on data and repetition? And sometimes they're based on something else and they can be challenged. And of course, what I started with, the only lasting truth is change is also a prediction for the future. And this is what we call anticipation for emergence. If you are thinking about the future, but there's so much space and openness in that future, like change and constant change, you're anticipating for that change to occur. You're anticipating that emergence, uncertainty, risk, complexity will always be there. And that you can practice that anticipation for emergence through imagination and exploration of multiple futures. By understanding what are your assumptions, letting go of these assumptions and therefore creating openness and space in your daily lives, in your decision-making processes. I'm gonna go because I'm already, so I'm already pressing for time a little bit. One way to do this, to practice this capability of future literacy is through workshops and future literacy laboratories. And maybe you've been in one, I don't know, but there are some really good tools available to do that. But these are tools that's different than the actual capability. The capability is navigating between those anticipatory systems. So the takeaways from this capability is that the future is fiction. It only exists in our imagination, even if I say tomorrow morning, the sun will come up. It's still fiction. It hasn't happened yet. I'm pretty sure it will, but still. How we anticipate matters, because it changes the present. It makes sense of the present. We plan and prepare to eliminate uncertainty, but uncertainty can never be fully eliminated. And explore alternative futures can help us being open for novelty and emergence. And that is the anticipation for emergence. We use the future to create more openness in the present. And we need both. We need both those anticipatory systems. We need to walk on two legs, we call it. And that is the capability of future literacy. And within my chair, we do research towards the impact of this skill, this capability. And these are the three learning outcomes, as you will, that we have identified. We see that after going through a training and a longer journey, we see an enhanced perception within people. So can they see different paths emerge in the present? Do they see more, literally observe more? Can you embrace uncertainty, a complexity? So can you appreciate uncertainty? Can you let go of certain dominant narratives or societal scenarios? Can you see them for what they are? But also understand that the underlying causes are a lot more complex and resisting the urge to make it complicated that we cancel, but appreciate the complexity. And the last one is a new sense of agency. Once you become future literate and you allow for that emergence and novelty in your decision-making process, then you can also think that, hey, maybe I should not do, not just always act or change or innovate or do something, but maybe there's a wisdom in not doing. And I don't mean not doing nothing, I mean not doing. And just observe for a while and see what is already changing around me. And if you're aware of your assumptions about the future, you will see that you will observe and see a lot more novelty in the present. And that can open up a lot more thinking towards new possibilities and opportunities. And if that makes the future better, that we will never know, because we'll never know what happened if we didn't do it, but it's better to be aware and it's better to stretch our thinking and to try to overcome the poverty of imagination. Thank you very much.


Carlos, the first comment I have for your postdoc, did you ask him to play the lottery? Did I what? Did you ask him to play the lottery? Did I ask him to play the lottery?  He had done his PhD in this area, but what he does now is actually grape breeding. His actual postdoc project was to develop a genetic map of grape that was successful for the future of the New York Times, for those of you who are interested in that kind of thing. Yes, I have no question we'll get posted. Yes. One first question here. She was actually first, but... Excuse me? She was first. Who? I hear. She came before me. Oh, okay. Go ahead, please. Okay, thank you. This is just, I'm blown because now I'm thinking, what about then climate and all the sort of discussions that had gone on to the early sort of adaptation to climate, which is associated with, you know, pigmentation, malaria, all of these things. Can you then kind of make that connection or disconnection so I could change some of the way I've been saying this when I sort of just say, oh, if you study genetics, you'll find this, if you study geography. Thank you. I can take it for you. Go ahead. So, I mean, it's interesting that, you know, I would say if there's any dogma out there, it's that vitamin D and folate are linked to skin pigmentation. But in fact, it still remains this area that we don't fully have the entire picture figured out. And I sit on the board of PLOS and we get many different hypotheses about, you know, trying to link the causal relationship. I think in this particular case, you know, it's one of those that there is an impact on skin pigmentation as well of this allele. No, but we also know that they, that at least in human skin pigmentation, that this has, there has been selection and climate and radiation has been a very, very important part of it. But I don't think one should look at any one of these as monocausal. You know, we are the results of forces that have gone on for a long period of time and presumably multiple ways of getting there. Next question. Hi, my question's for the entire panel. There's so much enthusiasm for people to go search for their roots, their genetic roots, because I think as in the last panel presentation, it helps them with their identity formation and with being part of a, I guess, shared identity, whether it's from Africa or with some, trying to trace their family lineage. And there's also evidence that this genetic stuff can be influential with health disparities research because I guess some, as the presentations mentioned, there's increased variation and people with a certain genetic expression respond differently to certain treatment compared to another population. But my question is, how are you gonna get some of these same populations to have the same enthusiasm for the clinical research needed? And specifically with the clinical research that a lot of you have done, how did you get so many people of, so many minorities to be, to do the clinical research that you have done and how can you continue that fire for all the other clinical research that's yet to be done? That was easy and I'm very proud of that because the NIH has been moaning and groaning that we don't get minorities in clinical trials and you go to the good old boy networks that have all the clinical trials and they're all non-minority physicians and they can't tap into it. And I was a young punk that came by in 1998 and I, being Hispanic myself, having grown up in Hispanic neighborhood, I just knew how to go, get all the Hispanics on my side and I just got off my butt and I went to minority serving clinics and lo and behold, we now have 9,000 kids. That's the largest pediatric study in the United States of asthma and the NIH just invested $60 million in the study called SOUL and they got 16,000 Hispanics but with my little study of $6 million, we got 7,000. So we're doing this, we're doing this in the minority community. The key thing I think was to have good connections, we had minority recruiters, we had minority physicians, I made millions of community presentations, we got community buy-in, we had the National Medical Association involved which is the largest and oldest black physicians group in the United States. They backed us, they're backing us now. It just makes common sense. It was easy for me. Yeah, I just like to add a little bit to that from my own experience in doing studies in the U.S. and outside of the U.S. I think it's important, the message we convey to people. So one of the ways I say, if you want your clothes to fit you, you have to show up at the tailor so you get measured. If you don't get measured, you're gonna rely on other measurements and you hope that these clothes will fit you. That's precisely what Carlos and others on the panel have showed, that there are certain genetic variation that are specific to populations and if those populations don't show up, guess what, those clothes will not fit. Yeah, we have to be mindful of Tuskegee and other atrocities. Exactly. And the Native American groups haven't participated, but the fact is the genetic train has left the station and there have been a million benefits that have derived from the Human Genome Project. Unfortunately, they're gonna be applicable to just a few populations and it is a civil right, in my view, to participate in clinical trials and an obligation to participate in clinical trials so that all of us benefit from the fruits of the Human Genome Project. So I'm gonna give you a somewhat more general answer. So over the last week, there's been a major report published on the status of U.S. health. Don't wanna get political, although there's nothing you can say in this town and not be political, so here goes. So I think the bottom line, despite whoever comes from any political persuasion, is that the U.S. among 14 other pure nations we have the worst health that we spend the most money. So whatever the wisdom is of whatever we are doing, it just doesn't work. And there are many reasons. Health disparities are a very big part of it. It appears that we all ingest too many calories. There's too much violence, meaning firearm induced violence at home and outside. And all of you should read this report. It's a sobering sort of view having nothing to do with being a geneticist or everything to do with being a geneticist or being a health expert, I think every American needs to read this report. So I agree with what Esteban just says. I think it's an obligation for us to hold all of our politicians accountable in the sense of, and for us to, but it means we need to participate. On the genetics equation, I think I have a broader view. I don't know what's gonna happen. I wish I knew. If I wish, if I could wish the answer, then I think I could design the studies in a much more simpler way. I really think I don't know. Genetics might be in many cases, and in some cases, like the example you saw on PCSK9, it's probably the easiest way for us to intervene and find a drug that could affect, in that particular case, are lowering the effects of the worst LDL, of the worst cholesterol and reducing heart attacks. But in many other cases, might not be the most effective way. There are other things we could do. We could vaccinate every child in this country, and that could prevent other kinds of illnesses. So I'm not a genetic exceptionalist. What I do is very near and dear to me, but I think we need to fit genetics into the larger healthcare equation, and in that, our ancestry will play a very strong role. Beat on the gene side, beat on the environment social side. And I said that what I'm gonna say is gonna be political because I think our healthcare system has to embrace both. There's no other way. We can't just hide our ignorance by saying it's only social factors or it's only genetic factors. We also gotta have academic community partnerships, because as you know, the number one cause of death in young black men is violence. And there are ways that we can get around it. We just started an academic community partnership at San Francisco General and UCSF to implement wrestling programs in elementary schools, which will allow kids to get out their aggression, to have positive thinking. And that's something that is near and dear to my heart. It's not genetics, doesn't get me funding, but it actually is an important contribution to public health. I think we'll take just two more questions. Yeah, we have the last two people. The last two people. And if we can keep it short, we'll move forward. Please. Well, it depends on their answer. How long it takes? Yeah. You've discussed genetics and health of Hispanics. Now, as far as I know, there's no genetic predilection for speaking Spanish. So what do you mean by Hispanic? And what is it that you really are looking for? What do you think that word Hispanic is standing in for? What is it you are actually studying? So because of the first slide I showed you about the significant differences in the rates, prevalence rates of asthma in the United States, highest in Puerto Ricans, highest in African Americans, lowest in Mexicans. When I was a young medical trainee in 1997, I was very inspired by that. And I made it my life's career goal to study that. So we only recruited individuals that self-identified themselves and their grandparents as being 100% Puerto Rican or 100% Mexican or other Latinos. Now, that is actually a beautiful population because, and I didn't show the data, but they're a tri-hybrid mix of Native American, European, and African. Now, we could look at it from the purely genetic factor and adjust for those racial differences and get down, and Chris Jean knew who's my graduate student here, just identified a gene, a novel gene for asthma that tended to be, had significant ancestry differences, African versus Native American versus European. I am mindful, and I tried to make that clear, that this identity, this social identity of being Puerto Rican or Mexican or African American is like a shopping cart of other social experiences. So like African Americans, it's not just about African ancestry, it's the social experiences of perceived discrimination, which might lead to increased stress, which might lead to increased blood pressure, which increases your risk for kidney disease and heart disease. So we tried to be very comprehensive, and that's when I started that large study, the Gala and Sage study. We measured all those factors. Charles here is a big proponent of looking at the whole picture, and I think I came to that first, and then you joined me, or... No, no, no, from an epidemiologic point of view, we try to look at the whole picture, not just are you Hispanic? There's genetic and social environmental factors. Last question. Yes, this has to do with what's happening now and moving forward in terms of training, the whole idea of who's coming through medical schools, who's coming through public health schools and universities, how do you see this information changing the way? Because it is slippery and it's moving, and it's messy in some ways because it's not just the science and it's not just the genetics, but it's also culture. How do you see this affecting the training of people whose job it will be to do this work in the next generation? I think it's super, sorry. Go ahead. No, I think it's fundamental, and one of the issues that, so I run one of our T32 training grants at Stanford and I'm also involved with some of the NIH decision-making around training grants, and in fact, that's a very political issue, right? The NIH is now rethinking, different institutes are rethinking where they're going to invest. There is the sequester, there's a reduction in NIH funding, training is unfortunately one of the areas that will also be impacted, and I don't think there's an easy answer except to say that if we do not train both a diverse workforce and a workforce that can think about these problems, we are going to be in a tremendous amount of trouble. Our, the proportion of GDP that gets spent on healthcare is just going up and up and it really is unsustainable, so. You know, in 1813, all, the number of black physicians in the United States was 4%, 2013 is 4%. We're doing a terrible job, a terrible job, and unfortunately, you guys are funding it and so we need to put political pressure not only on medical schools, not only on the NIH, but we also have to work, we have to address the pipeline issue. It begins in grammar school, begins in kindergarten, and we need those, the Head Start programs to keep going. So let me just add just one more thing. There's actually no doubt that we live in a much more complicated world, even a complicated academic world that alone the world outside. And I think there are three parts. The science is important, I agree with you, but I think our students are much more savvy and much more exposed to the societal aspects of at least the information. And the third part, which I think is really a part that's missing on much of the non-medical science or non-medical graduates is we teach human biology only to physicians anymore. We do not teach it to others. And I think this mixture of teaching human biology the much more detailed molecular science, by the way, that also includes quantitative thinking, as well as understanding how the information is relevant to the world outside. I think it's a new concept. It is changing, but change comes slowly. Even in Hopkins, we have a new curriculum that's called from genes to society. It's taken some time to get there. Some have said that changing curricula is like moving a graveyard. It's not easily done, but I think we are... There's a very, very important part. We are not so separated from our subjects or universal communities as we used to be. I also want to say two things. Number one is that one of the agencies that is particularly under fire is unfortunately the National Science Foundation. I think the National Science Foundation does extraordinary work. They are really the only agency that's taking on K to 12 training in STEM areas. I can say that the only reason I'm in science is I was part of a National Science Foundation program when I was in high school. If not, I was gonna be a lawyer. And also, I cannot fail to mention that I was an intern in this building. And so I think the Smithsonian and other institutions have an important role to play as well. And I think all STEM areas are important. All STEM areas are great. We should just be pushing and pushing and pushing and saying, look, you cannot cut in those areas. It really is about U.S. competitiveness. Every dollar that gets spent in STEM training is returned multi-fold, right? I mean, it's just absolutely crazy to not continue to invest. Thank you very much. We're gonna have to come to an end to this session. And I wanna thank the panel. And we're gonna move directly into our next panel on arts and culture and ancestry. And we will not be taking a break after that panel. We will move into the last panel and complete our day. So we will move the tables now and have a very different conversation with our moderator, Dr. Cole, the director of the African Art Museum.


This paper proposes a new method called optimal graph coupled semi-supervised learning, OGSSL, for EEG Emotion Recognition. The proposed method combines adaptive graph learning and Emotion Recognition into a single objective, improving the label indicator matrix of unlabeled samples to directly obtain their emotional states. Additionally, the key EEG frequency bands and brain regions in Emotion Expression are automatically recognized by the projection matrix of OGSSL. Experimental results on the C4 data sets show that OGSSL achieves excellent average accuracies of 76.51%, 77.08% and 81.29% in three cross-session Emotion Recognition tasks, demonstrating its effectiveness and discriminative EEG feature selection and identifying the gamma frequency band, the left slash right temporal, prefrontal, and central parietal lobes as being more correlated with the occurrence of emotions. This article was authored by Yong Peng, Feng Zhenjin, Wanzin Kong, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Right on when this trihalytes reacts with water and forms boric acid, boric acid that is S3dO3 plus Hx. Next write down in solid AlCl3, in solid AlCl3 aluminum is octahedrally coordinated it means it has six coordination number and two chlorine atoms in each octahedra are shared between the two chlorine atoms in each octahedra are shared between AlCl3, this is crystalline AlCl3 solid liquid form and there is octahedra okay I will just explain what it is see AlCl3 actually in solid form it exists in the form of its dimer dimerization the expression okay so AlCl3 when dimerize it forms what Al2Cl6 right now the structure of this is we have aluminum one aluminum is coordinated we have an octahedra see octahedral geometry is something like this this is suppose any metal M and we have suppose this elements present this is octahedral geometry this octahedral is what square bi-terametric bi-terametric right so square is this and bi-terametric this octahedral geometry okay so Al2Cl6 exists like this aluminum we have here the center one chlorine here one chlorine here this chlorine atom actually it is bonded this is the dimer structure of this its rate is lone pair no AlCl3 this is two kind of banana bond banana bond B2S6 how it forms this here it is actually it is the electron pair it is related to this aluminum so this is a coordinate bond this is a coordinate bond now this coordinate bond will represent by simple bond okay actually like AlCl3 is electron deficient okay so AlCl3 is not that state so crystal form a biscuit dimerized and becomes a state octahedral this chlorine also attached with the another proton atom like this all these things are more attached like this it is a chain structure basically the dimer structure is this but this is a coordinate bond you can represent like this also but nowadays we don't represent this arrow but we represent the simple bond like this structure is because it's just a rule if you have third period element then one single bond is nothing but a coordinate bond if it is possible means by looking at the structure or bond you cannot say whether it is coordinate bond or simple covalent bond you should have this idea it is the whole nitrogen and H4 plus if you write okay and H4 plus we write like this this is the coordinate bond so for third period elements we represent simple bond like this but for second period elements we represent like this even if you write this simple bond it will have this is also right this is also not like in the new addition new book they have adopted this particular rule coordinate bond we can actually it is it forms by the donation of a pair of electron so it is the new definition of coordinate bond is what that the electron pair is not originated from the same atom so it gives one electron to the atom and then sharing takes place as a definition of coordinate bond so nowadays coordinate bond is nothing but the type of covalent bond so you just give it a like so this right now in right now in liquid form LPLPM okay what in liquid and vapor form in liquid and uh six vapor form in it is coordinated with 4th chlorine atom why we draw the blue chlorine guys because this is octahedral uh it's coordinate six coordination number right so aluminium must have coordination number is what it is the uh bond the metal forms with the elements or ligands is the better word we use right so this aluminium has has six coordination number it was six bond with this chlorine atoms 3 4 5 6 this is factual it is observed in crystalline form solid state okay that too in liquid and vapor form aluminium has 4 tetrahedral arrangements so we prefer satisfying its coordination number over its octahedral octahedral it's it's true only for second period element in the third period so d orbital and cancel expander okay octahedral actually it's so this exists in vapor and liquid form right tetrahedral coordinated octahedral coordinated see these are the structure uh based on the fact okay uh when they have done this uh the research on the structure of this like we have many different spectroscopy that various methods of determining that structure right so in liquid state uh in crystalline form this is the structure possible and in liquid and vapor form this is the structure possible so what they ask you the third real question and here it is octahedral coordinated means six bond is there with each chlorine each each aluminium and here it is tetrahedral coordinated that you have to memorize liquid and vapor and this is this slide solid okay next slide down hydrides of boron right on the elements of group 13 combines directly with halogen hydrogen and forms hydrides and forms hydrides of m h thing type b h 3 is the simplest hydride two series of hydride actually it forms two series of hydride it's formed the one is b n h n plus four this is one type of you know compound possible and another one is b n h n plus five okay so it is b 2 h 6 the dimer form here and here it is b b 4 h that b 6 h 11 one of the compound is this is not important di borane belongs to this series of hydrides okay b n h n plus okay b 4 h 10 is done oh this is not five this six this is the general form of the hydrides which is di borane b b 2 h 6 okay b s 3 is the simplest hydrides of boron which is again electron deficient and to get stability it dimerize and form b 2 s 6 okay so b 2 s 6 makes you write down di borane di borane it is prepared by the reduction of it is prepared by the reduction of b cl 3 with li al h 4 lithium aluminium hydride li al h 4 lithium aluminium hydride li al h 4 is a very strong reducing it organic okay so b cl 3 with li al h 4 in presence of one b cl 3 with li al h 4 in presence of ether reaction right on b cl 3 with b cl 3 plus li al h 4 in presence of ether it forms b 2 is 6 plus li cl plus al cl 3 with 6 plus 1 li cl plus al cl 3 we have b cl 3 b cl 3 with li al h 4 it forms b 2 h 6 plus li cl plus al cl 3 okay another method is what this card if you do the reaction with h 2 this electric discharge it forms b 2 h 6 plus f 3 the reaction with lithium hydride that is also a method of formation of b 2 h 6 b 3 plus li al 4 also this we use forms li b m 4 oh yeah 6 b m 8 so boron dry fluoride with lithium hydride gives you b 2 h 6 okay another properties of this to write down it is a colorless gas stable and low temperature low temperature see low we generally don't define around less than 100 we can say 60 80 even in low temperature we also vote even in low temperature we also vote in minus 70 minus 70 but not that low it is around 50 so I don't at high temperature at high temperature it converts into higher boron and on red heat and red heat higher boron means when we can add over series so second one is the higher boron reaction is not there but the second one is the higher boron high temperature it converts into higher boron and on red heat it forms pure boron and hydrogen that it means extremely high temperature it forms pure boron and hydrogen see b 2 is 6 is the timer of b h 3 correct timer of b h 3 so this b s 3 the molecule you see there are three bonds of boron and hydrogen we have and the another molecule is also this what happens boron has both of this boron has one vacant b orbital this pair of electron is donated to this boron and this pair of electron is donated to this boron so we'll get a bridge bond here structure is h b h b h so here in this bond there is there are only two electrons four electrons are not there however there are two bonds present so what we say this two electron is shared among the three nucleus two boron and one hydrogen same thing we have here right so we have three nucleus one two and three so it is pre-center and since two electrons are shared so it is pre-center two electron attracted towards the three nucleus it's just they are in a bonding state with these three nucleus okay that's why this kind of forms okay so this bond we call it as bridge bond and this is pre-center two electron bond what is the other name banana bond why it is banana bond because you can make right with the etch in here but it looks like banana that's why so many more minutes wait let me finish this let me finish this okay thank you i see so just two minutes we'll finish this two reactions here okay your reactions you write down the stress in reactions we have 3 2 s is the reaction with O2 it forms P2O3 with H2O with H2O it forms S3 B O3 and hydrogen gas also POH B O2 and H2O O2 so these reactions are there but these are not very important the important reaction here is again the heating effect of this P2H6 with NH3 we call it as H2O 2 NH3 like we have hydrogen compound this we call it as H2O okay now when you heat this at 200 yes this converts into you know this compound inorganic benzene borazole right borazine inorganic benzene okay the structure of this is what borazole inorganic benzene


Now, the traditional three-date rule basically said, this came out about 15 years ago, is if a man hasn't gotten laid by the third date, you are not most likely ever going to get a fourth date. That's what the three-date rule was. Basically, get laid by the third date, okay? I'm activating a revised version of the three-date rule and the three-date rule is this. Number one, your first telephone call with a man is your first date. And there's something that you have to do during this phone call that's critically important, but the first phone call is the first date, okay? Second is your first meeting with somebody is a meet and greet. And we'll talk about that a little bit deeper in a moment.


Hello and welcome to the International Daily Roundup by People's Dispatch, where we bring you some of the major news developments from across the globe. A team of Cuban doctors reaches South Africa to assist in the fight against COVID-19. Bangladesh reopens government factories despite concerns over workers' safety. Refugee camp in Greece catches fire, renders over 100 people without shenters and one Lebanese protestor succumbs to police firing as protestant. We begin with our update on the global coronavirus pandemic. As of today afternoon, the total number of cases stood at 3.15 million and 218,000 deaths. The number of recoveries stood at over 962,000. Spain, which reported the highest number of cases in Europe so far, now stands among the leading countries in terms of recoveries. Spain, which reported the highest number of cases in Europe so far, now stands among the leading countries in terms of recoveries. The Spanish government has announced a four-faced easing of restrictions by the end of June. Spain intends to join other European countries like Germany and Switzerland that have recently eased pandemic restrictions domestically. France has also announced plans to ease the lockdown in a phased manner. These countries are among the worst affected in Europe that were able to contain the growth of infections and hospitalization rates over the past few weeks. Meanwhile, over 200 doctors from Cuba arrived in South Africa yesterday to assist the country in its efforts to contain the COVID-19 spread. With a total of 4,793 cases, South Africa is one of the worst affected countries in the continent. The doctors landed in Pretoria on April 27, celebrated across the country as Freedom Day, culminating the first election held after the fall of the apartheid regime. The government of Cuba sent 217 doctors following a request by the country's president, Cyril Ramaphosa. Following a quarantine period of two weeks, these doctors will be deployed to different locations as per the plans of the Health Department. Since the beginning of the global pandemic, the socialist state has already sent over 1,200 doctors to 22 countries including 250 to Angola earlier this month. In the meanwhile, a French civil society group, Cuba Linda, has recommended that the Henry Reeve international contingent of doctors the main arm of Cuba's medical internationalism for the Nobel Peace Prize. The recommendation was made by Cuba Linda yesterday for the doctors' work in the global fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. The organization noted that the medical brigade's work in assisting global efforts to contain the Ebola outbreaks of 2014 and 2015 was also very special. Thousands of government workers returned to work in Bangladesh on Tuesday, despite the rising number of COVID-19 infections in the country. Of the total of 7,600 government factories, over 2,900 opened up on Tuesday. The Bangladesh Government Manufacturers and Exporters Association expects more factories to start operations soon. Bangladesh should impose the COVID-19 lockdown on March 25th, leading factories to shut production. The reopening of government factories may provide relief to workers who experienced a delay in the payment of wages for the month of March. Even though a part of the wages was paid after protests from workers and interventions by trade unions, the full payment of wages is still pending. Though some factories have arranged for hand washing stations, masks and disposable caps, as well as temperature checks, most have failed to adequately implement physical distancing norms. Meanwhile, the fate of thousands of other migrant workers who come to the capital Dhaka from different parts of the country seeking jobs is uncertain. Bangladesh Home Minister Aziz Zaman Khan, after a meeting with representatives of the Exporters Association, announced that no worker from outside Dhaka will be allowed to enter the city for now. Notably, no trade union representatives were present at such meetings when their decision to open the factories was undertaken. A recent fire at the Vathi refugee camp on the Greek island of Samos destroyed several living spaces and tents in the facility, leaving around 100 people shut in this. The facility at Vathi is overcrowded, housing close to 7000 refugees, whereas it has a capacity for only 648 people. Close to 35,000 refugees are currently living on the Aegean Islands of Greece in unsafe conditions. Fires at different camps on these islands have put at risk the lives of tens of thousands of refugees. Another incident of a fire at the Vial camp was reported earlier on April 18. Meanwhile, the threat of a COVID-19 outbreak among refugees is looming large. The death of an inmate at a camp in Chios had triggered protests over fears of an outbreak in the vicinity, such anxiety is spread across camps in the country. Inmates of the overcrowded Moria camp held a peaceful protest on April 22 to denounce their ongoing suffering and demand security and evacuation. The proposed COVID-19 medical center on the camp has not been operationalized yet. Meanwhile, the hostility between islanders and refugees is also on the rise. And finally, one man died in the northern Lebanese city of Tripoli yesterday, succumbing to gunshot injuries. He along with several others were wounded when security forces opened fire on the protesters yesterday. Protests in Lebanon have been raging over the government's decision to depreciate the Lebanese currency and its inability to contain the economic crisis. The dead man was identified as Fawaz al-Saman, he was in his 20s. The protests had subsided for a few weeks after the COVID-19 pandemic hit the country, only to reemerge over the past few days, despite the risk of infection and the nationwide lockdown in place. Protesters in several parts of the country blocked roads and important highways, burned tires and took action against banks. Some of them also tried to break into the central bank headquarters in Beirut. Lebanon is witnessing its worst economic crisis since the end of the civil war in 1990. Massive inflation and high taxes have seen the prices of daily commodities and essential items skyrocket. The Lebanese pound has lost nearly 40% of its value in the last one year. It is currently officially valued at around 1500 pounds against the dollar. That's all we have in this episode of the International Daily Roundup. To know more about these stories, visit our website peoplesdispatch.org and follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Thanks for watching. I hope you enjoyed this video.


My name is Brijesh Singh. I work at AMD Linux Corona Team. Today I'm here to talk about AMD's new confidential computing technology called Secure Nested Paging, or SNP. SNP is the latest generation of AMD SCV technology designed for the confidential computing. If you have been following AMD's work, this is not our first foray. In past, we introduced SCV and then we introduced SCVES, which provides the encrypted state support. SNP builds upon existing SCV and SCVES feature and provides much stronger security guarantees. SCV and SCVES support is available in the first and second generation of the AMD APIC processor, whereas SNP support is starting available from third generation of APIC processor, which is announced this year. SNP is designed to protect the VM from a malicious hypervisor in a very specific way. It is especially useful in the cloud settings where a user may not stress the hosting environment or hosting environment does not have any interest in looking into user guest data. So just to recap, SCVES provides memory confidentiality. SCVES added registry state confidentiality, whereas SNP adds a new layer of protection through integrity. SNP is designed to protect the VM in a specific way. So from threat model point of view, it's a confidentiality is the first one. It prevents hypervisor from reading the guest data. It prevents in a way that all the guest data or guest private data is encrypted with the AES120A. In addition to the confidentiality, the new thing in SNP is the integrity. It prevents hypervisor from modifying or replaying guest data. So the way I look at the integrity is it implicitly says that if a virtual machine is able to read the data, then it should read the data whatever it last wrote. And that's the guarantee which SNP starts providing. SNP also provides protection against offline attacks, such as a cold boot, et cetera. It also provides supports against malicious interrupt injection. In SNP, there is also a new protection against lying about the hardware capabilities through CPU ID. So the idea over here is that guest owner can provide whatever the CPU ID values they want to expose to the guest. And the capability actually gets filtered through a PSP firmware so that the hypervisor cannot lie about it. There are certain things which SNP does not support. So first most is the availability. Hypervisor still retains the full control about the scheduling and allocation. What it essentially means is that a malicious guest will not able to create a denial of service attack on a system. Then some advanced physical attacks are not supported, such as voltage or database type of attacks and certain side channel attacks such as the Prime and Pro. The security guarantee of SNP is enforced through the combination of hardware as well as the guest software. So how we do this enforcement of the integrity? The way we do it is we have created this new big structure called a reverse map table RMP. There is one RMP entry for the entire system. It is created by the software during a boot. The basic property of RMP is it contains one entry of every 4K of assignable memory. RMP is indexed using a system physical address and entry may be manipulated by a special X86 new instructions. Those instructions are RMP, update and etc. which I'll cover a little bit later. RMP entry basically indicates the page ownership that who has the right capability. So for example, if a page is assigned to the guest, then only guest has the right capability to that page. Similarly, if a page is assigned to the hypervisor, then that page cannot be used as a guest private page. Or if a page is given to the firmware, then X86 software will not be able to make any modification or write to it. So the way RMP checks are enforced is during the CPU page table walk. In case of a native page table walk, once the virtual address gets translated to the physical address, then physical address is taken as an index in the RMP table. And the hardware is going to read the value from RMP table to determine the rightability of the particular software. If it sees that the RMP entry says that the page should not be writable, then it generates a page fault, RPF. The things gets a little bit tricky in case of a virtualized machine because there is two page table, right? One is a guest page table and then a nested page table. So in this particular case, hardware does the walk for first guest page table then NPT. And once it reaches to the, once it reaches to the physical address by walking the nested page table, then uses that physical address to find the RMP entry for that particular page. In addition to a typical, in addition to typical writability, it also checks the GPA. One of the entry inside the RMP table is the GPA where this particular page should be from a guest point of view. If these checks do not pass, then hardware is going to rage in PF. We will look a little bit more detail in data slide about those NPFs. So the next one is how we deal with RMP fault if it happens on the host machine. So this strategy over here is we try to avoid having an RMP violation or RMP fault as much as possible. So the first thing we do is when the page gets added in the RMP table, it actually gets unmapped from the direct mapping. So the kernel addresses, kernel should not be actually reaching out to that particular page. And if user space application on the host side attempts to write to a guest private memory, then he will get a sick bus. Things are a little bit interesting when it comes to the backing page support. So for example, if VMM allocates a guest memory and if the guest memory is allocated from a two meg entry from a large page, then while RMP checks are performed, one of the things which hardware does it, actually checks, whether it checks if all the page within that particular walk are in the same state. So what essentially that means is if a memory is accessed using a large page, then all the sub pages within that large page should have exactly same page state. One of the example over here, what I'm trying to show is that let's say for example, we create a mapping for a particular virtual address using two meg. And if you try to access that page, if one of the page within that two meg is a private, then hardware will raise a page fault. And the way we resolve that particular page fault is by splitting the page to multiple of four. And then just resume the guest. In case of virtual machine, if hardware encounters the RMP check failure, then it's going to raise NPF. And there are few bits, new bits added to the NPF in order to help us resolve those particular fault. One of the bit is basically RMP which tells it is RMP fault. Then there is a new bit called INC which actually tells when guest was trying to access this particular page, what's the CBIT it was using. And then there is a new bit for size mismatch here. For example, if the nested page table says memory is two meg and hardware on basically guest OS is trying to access that or trying to be validated that particular memory as a 4K, then hardware is going to generate a nested page fault with the size mismatch error. In a summary, the resolution of the NPF is produced straightforward. If we see a data write, and if the data write is for the C equal to one, then check the RMP table. If there is no entry in the RMP table, then add that particular page as a guest, private page. Just because we added the page as the guest private page does not mean that guest bill is still able to use that page as a private. There is another process which guest needs to take in order to complete the page state transition. Similarly, if we see guest is attempting to access a page with C equal to zero and if the page is not private in the RMP table, then we go and make it as a shared page. So, during a CVES development, one of the things which we developed, which we worked on is the GSEV specification. Guest host communication block specification. The idea behind this specification was that all other hypervisors will implement this standard and they will able to run any guest which supports the ESV specification. The reason why this specification was developed is that in case of the CVES, the registry states are encrypted. So, if let's say, guest makes of instruction, let's say, a CPU ID. If he makes the CPU ID instruction, then some values need to be, some register state information need to be passed to the hypervisor in order for him to assist it further. So, those information get passed through this are defined in the GSEV specification and then guest follows the specification to get the data to the hypervisor, hypervisor reads the data from the GSEV page and what not. That since SNP builds on top of ES, it makes use of the specification. But there are few things which SNP adds, those were not present in the specification. So, we enhance the specification with a few new mode VMG exit. One of the VMG, one of the most important is the page state change. So, the idea over here is that if guest wants to access a page as a private, then it will issue this page state transition of RPSC VMG exit to make a request. Similarly, there are other VMG exits added over here. You can take a look at it in the slide. I'm not going to go through each of them in detail. Another one the important one is the guest message request. So, one of the new thing which SNP adds is have guest capability to talk to the PSP. So, in order for it to talk to the PSP, there is a new VMG exit called guest message request. A guest can issue this VMG exit and hypervisor will pass down the information whatever it has received from a guest to the PSP and let PSP execute and once the PSP execution completes then it comes back. Another important one is the AP creation. Unlike the PSP, in SNP guest VM can create APs. And in order to facilitate that you don't, in order to facilitate that you use the AP creation VMG exit. So, as I was saying, one of the important part is that in this entire flow is the page validation right. We get the fault saying okay, page is not added in the RMP table. You add the page in RMP table. Now the guest need to take ownership and the way it does it by page validation. So, typically then page validation is two-step process. The first step is guest should issue a PSP, page state transition request to the hypervisor so that page gets added in the RMP table and once the page is added in the RMP table, then guest can issue a p-validate to validate that particular page. When guest is issuing the page state transition, it can actually batch multiple of the page state request in one operation. So, as you can see on the right hand side there is a structure which tells you we can batch up to 253 entries in one VMG exit operation. So this minimized number of VMG exits which we have to take in order to do the page state changes. In case of the PSC entry, there is this field called page size. Page size basically a zero means a 4K page one means a two-meg page. So, with the 253 entries we can cover up to 500 megabytes of data in one VMG exit. As you can see the page validation is two-step process. It's going to require the VMG exit then it's going to require the p-validate instruction. It can take a little longer depending upon the size of the guest. There are multiple approaches we can take to validate the page to validate the page basically validate all the system RAM. So, one of the approach is that we validate all these memory in the guest bios. So, before the virtual machine gets launched there are certain page which gets pre-validated. What I mean by that those pages gets pre-validated is as a part of a guest launch there is a command called launch update which actually puts the OVMF or guest bias in the guest memory space. As the data is getting put in the guest memory space those pages gets validated. So that's what this picture is trying to show is that before the first VM run is completed there are certain pages in the guest memory which is already validated. And once system boots OVMF takes over, OVMF in the PIE phase very first thing it does it actually detects the entire memory and goes through its validation cycle and validates all the pages. When it's validating it actually request the highest possible page size which is two meg so that we can minimize the number of PNG exit and number of pre-validated instructions which we have to issue. Another way to do this validation is actually do lazy validation. Lazy basically you do validation on demand and this approach which we could do is OVMF our guest bias can validate only the pages which it needs during its education and then there is a new memory type called unaccepted memory type introduced in the EFI spec and then OVMF our guest bias can build those EFI memory type and pass it down to the guest OS and guest OS can just validate the pages which was not previously validated by the BIOS. So this is a more of the future looking we will be looking at this adding the support after the base S&P is enabled. So now let's come back to the launch process how's the typical launch works so the very first thing we do is host OS initialize the AMD SEV firmware as a part of an installation basically a new random VM encryption key is created and that key gets loaded in the memory controller then host OS calls a bunch of command to put the initial image so in this particular case initial image is actually OVMF image or guest BIOS image it puts those image in the guest memory space and it starts running a typical flow is basically if I start mapping this up in the PSP and sequence then there is command called guest context create activate start update and finish so there are updates the command which is used for adding the pages in the guest memory space I will cover a little bit more in the next slide about the updates so there are multiple types of the multiple types when you are calling a launch update so one of the first one is the page type normal it means it is just a normal data page or instruction page which hypervisor wants to put into the guest memory space once he calls this then all the contents of that particular page gets measured then you have a VMSA which is typical register page I don't want to go through all this just take a time but one of the important one I want to cover is the page type CPU ID so the idea about this is very special page it can contain the CPU ID values which hypervisor wants to give to the guest OS the idea is the PSP actually reads the value from the CPU ID page filters out any values which he sees as security issues are if hardware is trying to lie out lying about certain capability which is not available then PSP is going to filter those out and if there is an error then PSP will actually come back saying hey this entry doesn't look right so in order to support the VM launch flow there are few new commands has been added in the KVM eye octal and so as you want to go through all those things in detail but here is typical commands which are added and for KVM we have added a new object to create an SNP guest this object is part of our RFC 2 will evolve it based on the community feedback and there are few new commands added on the host side so one of them is very standard it's called SNP platform status host OS can call this command to query the cv firmware and all those other version informations and then there is something called SNP get and set config these commands can be used to set the system wide system wide tcv version which will be reported during the attestation flow so one of the big difference between the cv and SNP is when to query the attestation report so if you remember in case of a cv or a cv es attestation report was generated before VM was booted so there was this command called launch major which used to get the attestation report but with SNP that model is changed in SNP guest OS can request attestation report at any time on multiple time so there are there is a new driver added call a cv guest driver that provides a few iachtas one of these iachtas is get report which typically gets the report and while you are getting the report you can provide some user supply data and stuff you can see those all details in the specification so where we are right now right so this is just the status of where the cv support is so a cv got landed in 4.15 a cv es is landed in 5.10 pretty much both the supports are already accepted upstream thing which is right now we are working is the live migration support so there are two type of live migration which is being currently discussed for for a cv one is a slow migration so slow migration is basically the pages gets migrated through the psp and psp is not one of the fastest processor so the encryption and decryption is a little bit slower that's why we call it slow migration then there is another approach where live we call fast migration in the fast migration there is a helper which can run inside the virtual machine and that can assist the migration some of this discussion is actually going already upstream so if you have any feedback please please provide those feedback or participate in those discussion so just on svsnp where we are right so guest and host kernel patches have gone through multiple reviews so right now they are at the version number 5 guest patches and hypervisor patches both are posted upstream and for ovmf we are at the version number 6 for qmu we have posted recently the rfc v2 all these patches is also available now in our staging branch so if somebody has epic 3 processor then you can use our staging area to fetch all these and run yourself so what is supported in the current patch set so in the current patch set basically supports a basic svsnp guest launch it provides most of the features provided by the hardware except there are few which I will cover a little later so one of the features which of course it does is provides the attestation report driver so you can query the attestation and it also has support for this filtered cpyd value where hardware can psp firmware can filter out the values and it also supports allocating the backing pages either from a 4k zone or from a large zone which is basically thp and stuff and so as I said in the current implementation guest bios is the one which validates the entire entire guest ram so guest os doesn't need to do any validation it only need to if he is trying to make a page as a shared page then he may need to make use of those psc and pvalidate to unvalidate the pages but it doesn't need to do any of those validations yet and it also has support for creating a virtual cpu so we can create as many number of virtual cpu so what are the things we are working on are right now our focus are there is a lot of work already going on some of them is being done by google and susha regarding the kvm unit test case enhancement so we are working on adding the kvm unit test for a cv a cv es and snp this work is already in progress and we are also looking at enhancing the case self test to have the cv and cv snp and es supports additionally we are also looking into adding the cv support in the avocado framework we have been trying to implement those things and what is not supported is the restricted interrupt injection so this feature is not yet supported in the current snp patch set which we will be working after the base is enabled and as lazy validation basically is not supported we will be looking into adding the lazy validation support in near future and k exit support inside the guest is not supported this is mainly because this k exit support will require the lazy validation thing first because one of the things which we want to avoid during the validation cycle is to double validate a particular page so we need some method of tracking which pages has been validated and not validated before we start implementing the k exit support live migration support is still not implemented we will start implementing the live migration support very soon and one of the one of the limitation right now we have is that we snp patches do not support the memory backing memory from huge tlb this is mainly because there is no way to split the two pages from coming from the huge tlb in case of snp there are some pages which need to be get is spreaded for example if a guest allocates one shared page or basically makes one shared page within a large page then the only way to do that is to spread the pages and right now huge tlb validation support is spreading so we will be looking into that area a little later and another thing which is not yet supported is the virtual tpm support so there is a specification posted by Microsoft on snp mailing list is called SVSM where Microsoft is proposing to make use of the vmpl a level offered by the snp in order to support the virtual tpm so these are the areas which we will be looking into after the base snp support lands in that's all i have that's all i have thank you so much for your time


So thanks for being on with us. Let's start with the jobs report. Was it anything in there, was surprised to you? It was nice to see some jobs added. I mean, I'll start with the basics. Well, the jobs that were added really helped the market move up and make more highs today. It's almost like the market is making brand new all-time highs every single day. Even when we had negative economic news, the market has been rallying. So I expected the market to close this week strong before the long weekend and the holiday. Strong no matter what, even if we had bad data, because when we have bad data, we rally. When we have good data, we rally. The market just wants to continue moving higher. So we've seen the highs. He said, bad days, good days, you know, we just finished talking to Bill Bailey from the NASDAQ, and he talked about smart money, getting in and buying a lot of the sectors, including real estate and seeing housing on the rise. Anything that could sort of put the brakes on this rally? Definitely, what could put the brakes on the rally is another shutdown. God forbid we would have something like that. They're talking about another COVID variant. I don't know if the administration would actually do something like that. That would be devastating to many of these businesses that really have not gotten their full footing since we reopened last summer. So that would definitely create havoc in the market. And at this point now, I'm not saying that that's likely or that's gonna happen at all. And I really hope that that does not happen, but I will say that anything is possible after 2020. So right now the market's breaking out. A lot of people really had bearish biases that the market was extended and couldn't go higher. You had shorts coming in really in the last few weeks and they're getting pummeled through and stopped out. That's pushing the market higher and new money, new buying is pushing the market higher. You're seeing the S&P move higher and break out. You're seeing the QQQs move higher and break out. You're seeing Apple rally today up to 240. You're seeing Amazon rally today. I mean, almost everything that you would think we've been waiting and waiting and waiting to finally go, specifically Apple's one of those ones, Amazon that's been sidelined for a while. They're finally getting some nice fine momentum into them. So there's been some beautiful bullish moves this week, which is really funny because it's the summer and you think it's slow in the summer, but actually it's been some great trading here in the last month. Absolutely. Like if you went in May and they went away, you'd miss some of the moves that have been happening here, right? We've had a couple of weeks now of gains. All the major averages are higher now for the second week in a row and hitting records at that. You mentioned Apple and that is one of your long picks and videos on there as well. Tell me about your three picks that you say go long and what kind of timeframe are we looking at? Is this for a few months or a long, hey, hold it for a long time or just gain certain percent? Well, these are short term moves right now. We're seeing the rally. We've been seeing the rally for the last few weeks in NVIDIA. And for a few weeks, I still think that's short term. And NVIDIA potentially, depending on what the next earnings are, could get up to some really crazy numbers like 900. I don't know if it's gonna go straight up there, but I really think that that is absolutely in the future for NVIDIA. It could be the next six months. It may not be this next earnings season, but it could be between now and the end of the year. As far as Apple goes, remember, that stock has not seen new highs for months. And I don't understand why, but finally now we're getting the buying. I remember earnings season starts right after the holiday, right after the July 4th holiday, the second week of July, we have bank earnings and then Apple is at the end of the month. So if you're a long Apple now, write it out. If you're, I wouldn't take a new position here because I'd wait till see what happens in two weeks with the earnings. But right now, Apple looks like it is going to flirt with the previous highs. Hmm, I love it. So as we look at what's going on here, I know on the other side of the coin, and we got some Boeing news today, right? We know that there was an emergency landing with two pilots in Honolulu, an expert landing, they made it out well and healthy and all that. That's good news. But Boeing and Walgreens are two of the names that you think have potential to drop. In this case, you actually are saying short them. But Walgreens has been a short for the last two days. It bombed on the earnings that fell $5 just in the last two days. So that was a beautiful short move. Could it be lower? Yes. It was hovering around 47 today. It could drop all the way down to 45 or even lower. So if you've got that short move, congrats. If not, you could take it down to see if you had another two bucks out of it. As far as Boeing, I called it short yesterday and then it tanked today. And I didn't even know there was going to be some accident. But the thing is that that still could be lower. I haven't really liked Boeing as long for more than a year, actually. So many people after the drop-off went long it. And I really don't think that that is a strong long until it gets over 300. And it really never got to that number ever since 2020, since we had COVID. And I really want to watch and see what that does on the earnings too. Potentially that could have a nice move up on the earnings. But right now, for now, I would not be long Boeing. It could fall again before it has a rally. So I think for the short-term period here, between now and the next earnings, I would be short Boeing if anything at all.


He was a very good baby, to be honest. He did not even bother me one day. I'm Sam, so he's just that. Larry and Christian's mom. Well, he was him. He played with St. Kevin's boys. Alright, I'm Karen Neal. I'm David's brother. And I'm David's mom. He's always been a very active, active person. To David, he was kind of like a happy baby. Always smiling, always joking, kind of stuff. I remember he walked 10 months and that was because he was basically chasing a ball or trying to get to a ball that had rolled away from him. He actually did both codes, game football and football, or soccer, but footballers really caught it. For a zombie code, he could buy both. Sometimes it's difficult. We used to change from going from Kevin's match to a Whitehall G8 club game match back at Carr, from one set of Gary into another. And that's what we did for a number of years. And if he wanted to, he always had a smile in his face. He wasn't one of those children that, you know, he was quite, quite preserved. But then when he needed to do something, he'd done it. And we knew he was going to be good from year two. To say, I think when he was two years old, he just loved football. Every time he was holding the ball, all the time. When he was six years old, we looked for a team for him. In fact, we were walking down there shopping more than we saw someone giving out flyers for football. Then he was so excited that, oh man, look, they're giving out flyers for football. I want to go there. Okay, we'll go there no worries. He used to love doing kick-ups. He used to do just kick-ups non-stop. And I would be there because I would be there counting. And he would sometimes just reach thousands of kick-ups. And it's crazy. I would walk off sometimes. I'd come back and he would be in the same set of kick-ups. He wouldn't have changed. I'll go downstairs in the living room and I'll see him watching. We used to have some kind of Santanta sports. I don't know if you remember that. But those Santanta sports, they used to have the football, old programs about old football players, documentaries, a lot. I used to fall asleep to those. He would still be sitting there watching it, taking notes, literally taking everything they're saying. He's not showing it. But Kevin's a quiet guy. He's of quiet disposition, determination. And he always wanted to follow his dream if he could. And if he got the opportunity, which he was looking to get. And so he did. And we were always, you know, nervous about him going because he went so young at 16. And because he was a quiet demeanor, if you like, would he be okay? Of course, he would be about as much as ma'am. But he was really worried. I mean, it's terribly at the start. Dave used to get their pain away and he sent a message saying, Nick, at seven, Christian would be off at five at my door. He already pressed up and he was standing by the door. And I would just come out and listen to the background and see him pressing his thing. I said, well, Christian, he'd be off at seven. He said, yeah, well, I don't want you to fucking... Yeah, we were at the studio. My family and friends now, they always say, he's always been a good boy. He's always been like, very polite, down to it. He's never given me any problems at all. So he's very, very... I don't know about professional, but very... I'm very, very... Down to it. Young man. He saw Kevin. We were best friends. We are best friends. We've been moved around a lot. And with every new location, I made new friends. I came into contact with new people. But we stayed, obviously, we stayed together throughout the whole time. And that made a quite strong bond between us. I don't know, man. The debut, I was going crazy. It was a great finish as well. Even more so. But, yeah, it was going crazy. It was going wild. It was getting cool. Left, right, and center. Dad was cool in. Mum was cool in. Friends were cool in. That's all. Let me just take in this moment. I remember that match. I was at home by myself at the time. And I had my team up, like, full blasts. And when he got scored, I literally was jumping around my bedroom, like, screaming. It was my support. Like, I'll be mad at you. Yeah, it was back by three. To make his league, his first proper league championship start against West Brom, start of season was absolutely amazing. And I'm brilliant. I'm brilliant for him. And we're so thrilled. And I'm proud of the match. Absolutely. But we're thrilled for him. And all his hard work is beginning to pay off. Great for him. You know, it's sure. When you go over 16 from Ireland, it's every kid's dream to, you know, play for first team. So when he says, could it go, I look behind. And so this question, running from corner to corner. And I was, I was jumping up and down. And then after I was behind, he said, who's that? That's his son. And I said, yeah, he grabbed me. And two of them were shouting. So I couldn't control it. I couldn't control it. And when he, the second one was an assist.  I was going to go have fun. It was amazing. It was really amazing. I was really surprised because I didn't think he was going to come on. So when he came on, I was like, I get so anxious for him. Like my heart is pounding. I'm like, oh my God, he's coming in. And I was, emotionally, I was like, my face was like, I couldn't control myself. I was smiling, mixed emotions at the time. I can't believe that he's playing on that. I was really happy for him. To see him on the screen with a crowd is, is amazing. Because I remember, I remember watching him back in, back in almost, well, literally days and in the academy days. I would just tag along because I was, I was very young. I would tag along with my parents and watch him. And I was there. I wasn't very interested at the time. But to see him come from there all the way into a proper stadium with fans everywhere. It's, it's really cool. It's amazing. It's just amazing to see him, like his growth really, like from a little boy at Arsenal to now playing first in the Bournemouth, it's an amazing journey. And it's just, it's what he deserves as well. So he works really hard. I can tell you what's really hard. And no Scott Parker's got to be working hard for him to be starting to Scott Parker. He must be doing something right. Yeah, just super proud. And just hope he keeps it up and he keeps it going. We were absolutely thrilled and so proud. So, so proud, yeah. And every, every one of us, the whole family, extended family, and uncles, brothers, sisters, cousins and stuff like that. And we actually probably have an informal, unofficial form and SE supporters come over here now. Especially in this round the side and North County Dublin. And I've not just relatives, it's friends, it's everyone. I'm so proud. You can't put into words how proud I am.  You know, and I had faith in him to go and do something. But I really had the, you know, the mental strength to drive and the support from the parents. And then some used to be there every week for my matches. If they support him and I know they've supported him all the way. You know, not only my family, but Zimbabweans are like, they love football. They do. It becomes, they've actually sort of adopted him. That's his big, big family has down there. And it was amazing to be honest. And my dad was like, I can't believe this is my grandson playing. Everyone was so chuffed because they were saying this child wasn't born here. He doesn't know much about Zim. So, so proud because knowing that this is my, my son, it's just so unbelievable. I don't know. It's that feeling that you can't explain.     Just keep living your dream. Do what you love and we'll keep supporting you all the way. Yeah, it's been a journey, but keep going. You're definitely on the right track. Keep up everything you're doing. I definitely want to see someone left-footed goals and stuff like that. We've worked on that very enough. You know what I'm talking about. But yeah, you're doing great. Just keep it up. Yeah, have a good time. Nanny loves you as well. She's so proud of you.  She's actually sleep with these programs on that bed, so keep doing what you do to be happy. He's been absolutely great from classic football. We're all super proud of him and thrilled for everything he's achieved so far. Albeit, it's still the very early days. And who knows where it's all going to go. Both. You know, we are really proud of him today. And the last thing I'd say to him when he noticed, because I always say it too, just keep the head down. Keep working hard. Keep listening and learning to the manager and coaches. And I always do the right thing. And at the end of the day, you can't do any more than that, Kevin. And I don't know if you can do that. And the hard work will pay off. And I think that's the most important thing. These are all good players, Zoe. They're all over there for a reason. Don't technically go. Otherwise, they wouldn't be there in the first place at 16 or whatever. But I think it's hard work and good attitude.  But I think it's hard work. And please, Gavin, keep up the hard work. I want you to keep working hard. Keep your head up or down. Wish you the best for it. You should continue the work. And be yourself. And respect others. Because normally they say, if you want to be respected, be respectful. I know you're very respectful. He's been a very, very good boy and up until most of the time. I remember his first game. He went to the right game. And after the game, I think he played for a couple of minutes. And I didn't make him run and run, to run. I was so scared for him. He never run like that before. And I said, that's what he would be doing and being there to go more. That's how he played. I would say to him, I would say to him, don't do dirty tackles. Oh my gosh. And be yourself. Don't be tired. Keep smiling, work hard. If you're tired, don't give up. Just get some rest. And every rough part will be made smooth. And you will reach whatever height you want to reach. As long as you keep your head down and listen. You've got one month to talk and two years to listen. So if he uses that, you accomplish his dreams.  He's very, very good. He's very calm and very strong. Strong-willed. I would say strong-willed is a great, great fitting life. And he's like like an anchor almost. Trying not to be emotional, that's... Yeah, no, man. I didn't expect it at all. But yeah, no. That was really nice. You know what it's like on Love Island one night. They see their family and they're like, because obviously I haven't eaten them too much. But yeah, that was really nice. It's lads. Thanks very much. That was very good, yeah. How does that make you feel? Yeah. Really good, yeah. You don't usually see him on the camera. So it's surprising, yeah. It was really nice, though, yeah. I really enjoyed that. Thanks. I thought I was going to crack one point. What's your reaction to that, Chris? Oh, it's just like it's just a good feeling, like seeing them sat there talking like so highly of me and then my old primary school teacher who's, like, from years ago he's always been there for me, still messaging me and stuff like that. It's just helps, like, knowing that they're behind me and stuff. That was... Oh, wow. You can't stop him because I'm not going to cry on the camera because that's just really... that's not me. But yeah, cheers, man. No, that was close. Oh, wow. How does that make you feel? Yeah, especially coming from her. Like, it's just... I couldn't... I couldn't explain, like, how close the relationship is between me and my mum. Well... That's... I don't think I've ever heard words like that, which I remember before, to be honest, but that... I was getting a little bit emotional listening to that. I appreciate that, guys. That means a lot.