Welcome to module 2 lecture 13. The previous class we introduced ourselves to permeability and seepage and we discussed about the quick sand condition and then we said that the quick sand condition is not a type of sand it is a condition which actually happens when the water flows vertically upward in soil in some certain situations. So this lecture is titled as permeability and seepage 2. So what we discussed in the previous lecture is about the quick sand condition in the final leg of the lecture we discussed about quick sand condition and we said that the quick sand is not a type of sand but a flow condition occurring within a cohesionless soil where its effective stress is reduced to zero due to upward flow of water. Quick sand condition is not a type of sand but a flow condition occurring within equation of soil when its effective stress is reduced to zero due to upward flow of water. So quick sand condition occurs in nature when water is being forced upward under pressurized conditions. So why does quick condition or boiling occurs mostly in fine sands or sills because of their low binding tendency. Some practical examples also we discussed they are excavations in granular materials behind the coffer dams along the alongside rivers. Every place where artesian pressures exist that is where head of water is greater than the hydrostatic water pressure or when a previous underground structure is continuous and a connectivity of place where head is higher or behind the river embankments that is levees which are actually constructed to protect floods. In reality contrary to the popular belief it is not possible to drown in quick sand. The reason is the density of the quick sand which is nothing but a mixture of water and sand particles is much greater than that of water consequently it is literally impossible for a person to be suckered into quick sand and disappear. So a person walking into quick sand would sink to about waist depth than the then float. Let us based on the discussion whatever we have made let us consider this example on the boiling condition. In this problem the sand layer of the soil profile is shown in the figure here which is under artesian conditions that means that we have got a stiff clay layer here and a sand layer and a rock strata here. And this particular sand layer is subjected to some artesian pressure that means that this particular sand layer has actually has got a continuous source of water where it can actually maintain a head of water which is equivalent to 5 meters. That means that when you measure the pressure here the head of the water is actually measured as 5 meters. Now in that situation if you would like to dig a trench here a trench is to be excavated in the clay up to a depth of 4 meters then we need to find out what will be the depth of water hitch to avoid boiling. That means the sand layer of the soil profile is shown and basically it is a stiff clay which is actually having a unit weight of 18 kilo Newton per meter cube and the depth of the trench which actually has been made as 4 meters. Suppose here determine the depth of the water hitch to avoid boiling. So this can be solved like this. We are interested in this point P so at point P the stress at this point is nothing but gamma hw that is whatever the resulting war burden which we are going to put into 6 minus 4 that is 2 into gamma clay that is the silty clay which is nothing but h gamma w plus 2 clay and at P the water pressure is 5 into gamma w. So at P the effective stress is nothing but gamma w h plus 2 gamma clay minus 5 gamma w for sigma dash is equal to 0 for boiling condition to occur here if you apply this one what we get is that h is equal to 1.33 meters. So if you are able to maintain the height of water which is in the fill say at least 1.3 meters minimum then we can actually avoid boiling condition. That means that for example say by mistake the excavation has actually happened and there is a anticipation of some boiling condition. So the one of the immediate remedy is to fill the trench with water to prevent the caving of the excavation. Now we actually have discussed that when the water flows from higher energy higher head to the lower head it exerts an energy on soil particles in the process of flowing from higher head to the lower head. So that these particular forces which are actually exerted on soil particles are called as seepage forces. So water flowing past a soil particle exerts a drag force on the particle in the direction of the flow. For example here if you consider a stem which is actually having a head hitch and this is the water level and if this is the length of the sample then water flows vertically upwards in this direction. If you consider an equilibrium of a soil particle here the weight of the particle is acting downwards, binant force acting upwards the drag forces act in the direction of the flow. The drag forces surrounding the particle they act in the direction of the flow. So this is the direction of the flow which is upward in this case. So the drag force is caused by the pressure gradient and by viscous drag which is actually occurred because of the water solid interaction and also the head pressure gradient which is actually maintained here. Now further if you look into the equilibrium of an element having cross section area A in the direction of the flow the FBD of the soil is that the weight of the soil mass is W and the pressure which is actually exerted by the water is actually acting at the base here. So this is the free body of the soil particles or a particle or a grain which is actually shown here. At critical condition H tends to become HC, at critical condition H tends to become HC. So it is nothing but Gs plus E by 1 plus E gamma W into Al, Gs plus E by 1 plus E into gamma W into Al. So this is nothing but the saturated unit weight acting over area A and length of the sample L that is the weight and based on the pressure here HC plus L into A into gamma W which is nothing but the upward pressure is actually acting at this point. So by simplification what we get is that IC is equal to HC by L is equal to Gs minus 1 by 1 plus E. So Gs minus 1 means Gs is nothing but the specific gravity of the solid particles and E is the void ratio of the soil matrix. So the critical gradient HC is equal to Gs minus 1 by 1 plus E and considering the free body diagram of the grain in the direction of the flow at I is equal to IC. So with this once we if you simplify this we will be able to calculate what is the seepage pressure, seepage force acting in a given volume where the flow is actually occurring and if you are able to take the seepage force per unit volume of the fluid phase where the flow is occurring you will be able to get the seepage pressure. The seepage pressure which is nothing but the seepage force per unit volume the units of the seepage pressure are nothing but kilo Newton per meter cube. So now the free body diagram of the grain once we consider the weight of the dry soil particle is equal to frictional drag force acting on the soil grain in the direction of the flow plus the bionic force. So frictional drag on the acting on the soil particle can be obtained by Wd that weight of the soil particle minus B. Weight of the soil particle can be obtained by dry unit weight of the soil particle that is Gs gamma W by 1 plus E into A into L minus B is nothing but the volume of the solid into gamma W. So this we can write it as Fsc as Gs gamma W by 1 plus E into Al minus V minus Vv by V into V gamma W. So what we have done is that Vs what we have replaced by V minus Vv by V into V gamma W. So factor this frictional force that is nothing but the applied on the soil particles is nothing but Gs gamma W by 1 plus E into Al minus 1 minus N into Al into gamma W. So this is upon simplification what we get is that Fsc that is the seepage force acting or applied on the soil particles is equal to Gs minus 1 by 1 plus E into gamma W into V. So this once we write it as at I is equal to Ice it can be written as Fsc that is the frictional force which is actually applied in the direction of the flow as Ic gamma W where Ic is equal to Hc by L which is nothing but Gs minus 1 by 1 plus E into gamma W into V. V is the volume or which the fluid flow is actually occurring with a higher head to the lower head. So if H is actually say less than Hc where the critical head is not yet reached then the seepage force Js is nothing but I gamma Wv. So when H tends to become Hc that means that when the H tends to become the critical head which actually can make the effective stress equal to 0 in that situation the seepage pressure is given as Ic gamma W. In case the when H is less than Hc when I is less than Ic the seepage pressure is given as Psc is equal to I gamma W. Both the seepage force and seepage pressure act in the direction of the flow. The seepage force can also be applied by this particular deduction for this to happen consider a rectangular element let us assume that this element is actually having dimensions in two dimensions like delta L in this direction and delta L in this direction and assume that this is the direction of the flow because here the pressure head maintained is H1 and here the pressure head is maintained H2 then the assuming that the H1 is greater than H2 the total head the difference is nothing but delta H it is actually happening over L and L that means that the head available here is H1 – H2 that is delta H by the time actually the water flows are erupts out of this particular point it is having a head available that is the head loss which actually happens is almost complete 100 percent that is delta H is equal to 0 here and delta H is equal to full head will be here. So area per unit width of the section is nothing but delta L into 1 if you consider if we consider the unit width perpendicular to the flow direction means that 1 meter here 1 units here then the area over which the flow is actually happening is delta L into 1 and volume affected by the seepage force is nothing but delta L into delta L into 1. So delta L square into 1 is the volume of the fluid phase. Now by writing the expression for force applied to sand particles as a difference of force applied on the left hand side here and the right hand side here from here to here there is a drop which is actually occurring and this is the direction of the flow and this is called as this distance between these two points is called as the flow channel. So the force applied here is nothing but gamma W H1 into delta L into 1 force applied here is gamma W H2 into delta into 1 as H1 is greater than H2 gamma H1 minus gamma H2 into delta L into delta 1. So here there will be a bracket which is here. So with this what we can write is that the force applied to sand particles is nothing but gamma W into delta H into delta L into 1. Now by writing gamma W into delta H by delta L into delta L square 1 we can write delta L square 1 as the volume and delta H by delta L is nothing but the hydraulic gradient. So with that I can write I gamma W V. So this is nothing but the seepage force which is I gamma W V, I is the hydraulic gradient which is nothing but here the definition is that delta H by delta L because delta H is the drop between the points left hand section and right hand section which is shown in the previous slide and gamma W into V, V is nothing but the volume of the fluid phase which is nothing but delta L into delta L into 1. Seepage pressure is can be given by seepage force per unit volume which is nothing but I gamma W. So the critical hydraulic gradient and quick condition, the quick condition occurs at a critical upward gradient Ic when the seepage force just balances the bionic weight of the soil and shear stresses on the sides of the element are neglected. So here the shear stresses on the sides of the elements are neglected. So the critical hydraulic gradient is typically around 1 for many soils fluidized beds in chemical engineering systems rely on the deliberate generation of quick condition to ensure that the chemical process can occur efficiently. So in some cases where fluidized beds in order to generate the chemical processes the quick conditions are deliberately generated so that this actually serves for the purpose. So the critical hydraulic gradient is typically around 1 and in considering these deliberations what we have discussed, what we have neglected is that shear stresses on the sides of the element are neglected. So let us consider another example problem. The problem is described like this here. We need to determine and plot the total stress pore water pressure and effective stress diagram or we need to plot if in case 1 H is equal to 1 meter, case 2 H is equal to 4 meters and H is equal to 2 meters. So this is the H which is actually shown here the difference in water level between the this portion of the stem to the this level at a small a. So this particular portion of the stem actually has got a cross section area a and having soil thickness of 2 meters and this is the C point is at the midpoint mid distance above d and this level is actually considered as a datum. The saturated unit weight of the sand particles is given as 20 kilo Newton per meter cube. So this level is C, D, B and A. So in case 1 the hydraulic gradient is nothing but the length of the soil sample is 2 meters. So I is nothing but H by 2. So here when the H is equal to 1 meter it is 0.5 and H is equal to 4 meters it is 4 by 2 that is 2 and case 3 I is equal to 1. So in one case I is equal to IC another case is I greater than IC another case I less than IC. So in the three conditions based on the three conditions now in the case 1 I is equal to 0.5 in all the three cases which is actually shown here because this H is actually greater than this the water actually flows in vertically upward direction. So the flow occurs in the vertically upward direction. So this is the datum and this D is at the small d is at the this at the datum level and C is at the midpoint and B is at the top surface top of this soil surface and A is the top of the water surface. So at point A that is at the top of the water surface on the right hand side stem the pressure head is 0 and the elevation head is 4 meters because it is 4 meters above the assumed datum.  At point D pressure head is 5 meters and elevation head is 0 because it is on the atom. So the total head is 5 meters at point C here what actually happened is that 50% of the head which is actually available as actually already dissipated.  So with this when we plot this diagram with the D, C, B at these points and A at this point the total stress can be given like this the total stress diagram in units of kilo Newton per meter square can be plotted as 20, 40 and 60. So at this point actually it is 20, 40 and 60 and pore water pressure with the whatever the total heads we have derived we can actually say it is 20, 35 and 50 kilo Pascal's so or kilo Pascal's or kilo Newton per meter square. So in this case here it is nothing but the effective stress which is nothing but sigma minus u we can say that which still it is actually having a 10 kilo Pascal's effective stress at the base and 5 kilo Pascal's or 5 kilo Newton per meter square at the mid height and here it is 0. So this is for a case of i is equal to 0.5.  So here when you plot the diagram based on the head which is actually available we can write the total stress as like this which is same and then here in this case the because of the change in the head conditions here because it is 4 meters it actually gives 20, 50 and 80 kilo Pascal's or kilo Newton meter square. So this indicates that when you take sigma minus u this indicates that all the pressures are actually negative that means that quick sand condition would have already occurred because the head is so high the quick sand, quick sand condition would have already occurred.  At point D now because of 2 meters head which is actually maintained h is equal to 2 meters with that i is equal to 1 is maintained for that with elevation head is equal to 0 the total head is 6 meters and point C which is pressure head is 4 meters, elevation head is 1 meter and total head is 5 meters. With this we can actually write for the case 3 as at this point sigma total stress is same but pore water pressure u which is nothing but 20, 40, 60 when we take a subtraction of sigma minus u at all points you can say that it indicates 0 that means that this is when i when head of 2 meters is it is subjected when you neglect all the frictional forces it can be said that this just subjected to a quick sand condition, just subjected to a quick sand condition. Another example problem which is relevant to the field conditions here a large open excavation was made in a stratum of clay with a saturated unit weight of 17.6 kilonewton per meter cube. When the depth of the excavation reached its 1.5 meter the bottom rose up that means the heaving of the bottom is taken place and gradually cracked and flooded from water by mixture of sand and water. So subsequent boring showed that the clay was underlined by a bed of sand with its surface at a depth of 11 meters. So compute the elevation for which the water would have resin from the sand surface into the drill hole before the excavation was started. So we need to calculate elevation for which the water would have resin from the sand surface into a drill hole before the excavation started. So the problem is that 11 meter thick soil underlined by a previous layer and in which the excavation which is actually planned to a depth of 7.5 meters and H is the head which actually may cause might have caused the heaving. So for that to be determined what we need to do is that what we have saw the way we have done in the previous problem we can calculate here at point A the effective stress and this can actually can lead to the failure when the effective stress at point A is equal to 0. So we can actually by knowing the saturated unit weight we can actually calculate 17.6 into 11 minus 7.5 this is which is available and this particular portion of the soil has been excavated minus 10 into H that is nothing but the 10 is the unit weight of the water which is actually taken as 10 kilo Newton per meter cube gamma into H. So with that we can actually get the answer as H is equal to 6 meters that means that when the head actually suppose the sand layer here at this point when it is subjected to head of artesian head of 6 meters then there is a possibility of so that might this particular head might have actually caused the so called heaving of the excavation in that particular problem. Another example problem in this case we have the problem statement is like this determine and plot the total vertical stress pore water and effective vertical stress distribution at levels A B and C. So the soil strata which is actually given like this it is 6 meter is silty clay and below that there is a core sand. So A is top of the surface and water table is actually assumed to be at this surface so the hydrostatic water surface is actually at this surface and the C which is nothing but the joint interface between silty clay and core sand and 3 meter is the thickness of the clay layer of the 3 meter is thickness of the core sand layer core sand layer thickness is which is actually having a 3 meters and the specific gravity of the solids is gs is equal to 2.65 and void ratio is 0.833 and the silty clay which is actually having gs is equal to 2.7 and natural moisture content of 45.2 percent and the head of the water which is actually measured here is assumed that it is 4 meter above this ground water table. So the given problem an artesian pressure exists in the lower sand layer so that is what actually what we have understood the artesian pressure prevalence in the lower problem lower sand layer at A B and C and B is C is located 1 meter above the datum so in this given problem and this particular surface is assumed as datum this is actually assumed as datum and here this particular point is 1 meter above the datum that is C and A is actually 3 meter above the datum that is at this point and then we have here there is a saturated sand layer and here it is a dry soil layer and so here we need to determine sigma u and sigma dash at point A B and C in the previous problem this solution need to be worked out based on the given data here however this problem solution we can actually look into it this problem is different from the problem statement which is given in the previous slide in this this is also subjected to artesian pressure but what exactly happens is that the head actually loss occurs from point when the flow actually takes place from point B to point A.  So 7 plus this being the datum what we get is the total head at B is equal to 7 meters. So because of this the delta H which is actually available the head loss here is nothing but 2 meters occurring over the loss the flow is occurring over a length of 3 meters at C is a point which is actually 1 meter from the datum. So at point B that is sigma can be obtained as 18.51 to 1 that is the gamma D into 1 meter thickness plus 19 into 2 that is saturated unit weight of the sand layer below the hydrostatic water table plus 17 into 3. So with that I have got 107.5 kilo Newton per meter square and at point B U is equal to 10 into 7 so 70 kilo Newton per meter square. So sigma dash is nothing but 107.5 minus 70 which is nothing but 37.5 kilo Newton per meter square and at point A we can actually obtain the above the that is at point A is at this point sigma is at this point sigma is nothing but 18.5 into 1 plus 19 into 2 which is equal to 56.5 kilo Newton per meter square and U is equal to 10 into 2 which is 20 kilo Newton per meter square. So sigma dash is equal to 56.5 minus 20 is nothing but 36.5 kilo Newton per meter square. So at point A the effective stress is this much at point B the effective stress is this much almost of the same order and at point C which is in between point A and B where total stress is given as 90.5 and pore water pressure is given as 10 into pressure head at C. So here based on the discussion here the head which is actually available here the full head drop is actually available which can take place is 2 meters and this is the length of the so hydraulic gradient here is nothing but 2 by 3 meters that is 2 by 3.67 is the hydraulic slope of this line. So here at 50% of the clay thickness that is 1.5 meters we will have the head of only 1 meters but here because of this head which is actually available is 1.33 meters. So we can actually write the pore water pressure is nothing but 10 into 5.33 which is nothing but 53.33 kilo Newton per meter square. The effective stress is nothing but total stress minus pore water pressure which is nothing but 38.2 kilo Newton per meter square. So the total head at C is nothing but total head at B minus i into z which we can write it as 7 minus 2 by 3 is nothing but the hydraulic gradient that is nothing but a 2 meter head loss over a length of the soil layer as 3 meters that is 2 by 3 into z is equal to 1.  So because of that the pressure head at C what we consider is 5.33 is explained here. So with this for the given problem what we discussed in the previous slide the total stress diagram which is actually shown like 56.5 the units are in kilo Newton per meter square the units are in kilo Newton per meter square 56.5 kilo Newton per meter square 90.5 and not 7.5 and the water pressure is nothing but 20 and at this point it is 53.3 and 70 and here the effective stress is nothing but 36.5 38.2 and 37.5 is having a constant effective stress of about 37.5 average effective stress of about 38 kilo Pascal's. So the measurement of soil permeability is so we have said that permeability is a property of the soil where different types of soils exhibit different values and this is actually used for different conditions different applications in civil engineering construction and it is very it will be interesting to know how this permeability is actually measured. The permeability can be measured from either from the indirect methods or it can be measured from the laboratory test or through the field test. So the rate of flow of water q that is volume over time t through a cross section area is found to be proportional to the hydraulic gradient I according to Darcy's law.   See the coefficient of permeability of a soil is a measure of the conductance that is the reciprocal of the resistance that is provided that provides the flow of water through its pores. So it is a property of the soil which actually determines which actually tells the ease with which the water can flow through the soils. As that has been mentioned in the in the previous discussion the value of the value of the coefficient of permeability k depends upon the average size of the pores and is actually related to the particle sizes and their packing. So we actually have said that the pore diameter can be approximated as void ratio times the effective particle size. So if you take effective particle size of a sand and effective particle size of a clay and clay is actually having very low effective particle size with that we can say that the pore diameters of the clay is very fine compared to a sand. So it is approximated that 20% of effective particle size is regarded as pore diameter. So the value of the coefficient of permeability in a prima facie depends on average size of the pores and is related to the particle sizes and their packing and particle shape particularly whether it is angular or whether it is rounded or sub rounded the shape and the soil structure and that is nothing but the arrangement of the soil particles whether it is a flocculated or whether it is a dispersed structure or whether it is bulk structure. So it depends upon the whether it is a loose bulk packing or dense packing in case of a bulk particles. The ratio of the permeabilities of typical sands and gravels to that of the clays is to those of the clays is of the order of 1 million times. That means that the ratio of the permeability of the typical sands and gravels to those of typical clays is generally of the order of 10 to the power of 6. A small proportion of the fine material in coarse sand soil can lead to a significant reduction in the permeability. That means that if you are able to add a small proportion of fine grained soil to the coarse grained soil and that can influence the permeability. The number of tests can be used to measure the estimate of the permeability in the prima in primarily in the laboratory the two types of tests which are actually there called the constant head test used basically for high permeable soils and falling head test used basically for relatively impermeable soils. So the constant head test is actually basically used for high permeable soils and falling head test is used basically for relatively impermeable soils. As it was mentioned earlier there are indirect methods some correlations which are actually available based on the grain size distributions that is based on the D5, D10 and other particle sizes basically for sandy soils some correlations are actually available by knowing the effective particle size will be able to estimate the coefficient of permeability based on the grain size distribution. Also from the oidometer test or a consolidometer test when the soil is actually subjected to consolidation in a consolidometer test indirectly we can actually compute the permeability based on coefficient of consolidation and coefficient of volume compressibility and the unit weight of the water. And these are the possible laboratory methods in the field there are methods which are actually possible are called pumping test and borehole test which are popular known as the Packer's test which are actually conducted with single packer or double packer systems. So in determining the permeability of coarse grained soils particularly the large quantities of flow occurs in short periods of time and a small quantity of flow occur over long period of time for fine grained soils. So in case of fine grained soils very small quantity of the flow occurs over a long period of time. In case of a permeability of the coarse grained soils what will happen is that in a short span of time a large quantity of flow takes place. So two aspects that need to be careful attention for all types of soils are that to ensure that flow occurs only through the soil not at the interface between the soil and the mould in which the soil is contained. So in the laboratory while determining particularly the leakage from the edges required to be arrested that is that to ensure we have to ensure that the flow occurs to the soil not at the interface between the soil and the mould in which the soil is contained and the soil sample is fully saturated before recording observations. So one is that the either coarse grained soil or fine grained soil the soil sample need to be completely saturated. So for determining permeability of a soil sample by using concentrated permeability test. So in the concentrated test the setup which is actually shown here has got a sample of length L and having some head of water which is actually maintained constant and so here the head of the water which actually maintained is say H over a length L. So the hydraulic gradient is nothing but the H by L. So any additional amount of water which actually flows through this one is actually collected as a discharge here. So in a given time over the cross sectional area of the sample perpendicular to this direction of the flow. So the direction of the flow is in this direction. So that is nothing but the A. So the discharge which is actually connected in a time t is nothing but Q is equal to A into V into t and V is nothing but the we can write it as K into H by L into t where K is the coefficient of permeability which is required to be determined. So by rearrangement of the terms here by measuring the discharge in time t and over a length of the sample A and A is the cross sectional area and H is the head which is actually maintained with that we can actually determine coefficient of permeability of the soil through by using constant test. In the constant test one need to establish the steady state conditions. After establishing the ensuring the steady state conditions 3 to 4 readings need to be evolved. The average of this readings can be reported as the average permeability. And main features of the constant test include it is suitable for soils having coefficient of permeability in the range of 10 to power of minus 2 to 10 to power of minus 5 meter per second which applies to clean sand and sand gravel mixers with less than 10 percent fines. And it can be suitable for soils when usually in their completely disturbed or remolded states such as for drained materials and filters to confirm that their performance will be adequate. So it can be suitable for soils when usually in their completely disturbed remolded states such as for drained materials and filters to confirm that their performance will be adequate. In this particular slide where the setup for the falling head test or variable head test is actually shown and here because at the amount of water which is actually flowing through the soil or entering into the soil is less. So a stem which is actually having a very small cross section area is actually provided on top and like the constant head test in a given amount of time the head drop from H1 to H2 is actually measured. So here the cross section area of the stand pipe is say A and the cross section area of the sample is say A. So this is actually called as a rigid wall perimeter. At time t naught where head is H1, at time t1 the head is actually H2. So let H be the head of the water at any time t and let in time t that dt the head drop by amount dH. So we can actually write the quantity of water flowing to the sample in time dt from the Darcy's law can be obtained as we can write it as dQ is equal to K into I into A into dt. So which we can write it as K into H by L into A into dt. So the quantity of the discharge can also be expressed as because in a small cross section of pipe when there is a drop of water from H1 to H2 when H1 is greater than H2 what will happen is that there is the dQ is equal to minus A into dH we can write. As the time increases the head decreases. So we can actually write minus A into H1 to H2 into dH with that we can actually equate these two discharges and integrating from t is equal to t naught to t1 we can by simplifying that we can write it as K is equal to 2.303 Al by At log to the base 10 H1 by H2. So this is actually expression which is required to be used for a falling head test. The main features of the constant head and falling head test basically include in the constant head test the permeability is computed on the basis of fluid that passes through the soil sample while in the falling head test K is computed on the basis of the fluid flowing into the sample. So in the case of fine grained soil the what we in fact is measured is water entering into the specimen. In case of a constant head test is that the permeability is actually computed on the basis that flow which is actually occurring through the sample. So the main distinct difference between a constant head test and falling head test is nothing but in the constant head test the water flows through the soil in the falling head test water flows into the soil. Here in the case of a falling head test the type of the soil which is actually being discussed or being determined for permeability is fine grained soil which is actually highly influenced by the you know which is actually having the effect of the soil structure and particularly the mineralogy which actually plays a bigger role. So in the constant head test the time required to accumulate the fluid volume necessary to perform computation and basically extreme care would be required to prevent leaks in the apparatus and evaporation of the discharge water and with the falling head test the duration of the test is actually shortened and care is required to prevent evaporation of water in the inlet tube. Another problem which is actually which we have given discussed in the slide which is shown here the problem is again shown here. So this problem can be treated as an assignment problem where here the soil strata which is actually having 6 meters and the silty clay which is actually having Gs is equal to 2.7 and water content is given as 4.45.2 percent and coarse sand which is nothing but Gs is equal to 2.65 and E is equal to 0.833 and this particular layer actually has got an artesian condition. So with that it is the problem statement is actually like determine and plot the total vertical stress pore water pressure and effective vertical stress distribution at levels A and C and B is at a point at midpoint of this that is actually at this point that is 6 meter is the thickness of the clay layer. So this silty clay layer so B is at a mid distance from the this particular point. So in this particular lecture what we try to discuss is that we have introduced the you know seepage force how it can be measured as how it can be calculated one is we said that seepage force J is equal to I gamma Wv and the seepage pressure is nothing but seepage force per unit volume which is nothing but I gamma W which is the units of the seepage pressure are kilo Newton per meter cube and which is actually resulted in the this see both seepage force and seepage pressure occur in the direction of the flow then we have introduced ourselves to a couple of practical problems where when there is a soil status subjected to artesian conditions how we can actually compute these total stresses pore water pressures and effective stresses because of the resulting upward flow because of the artesian conditions and then we have actually discussed the methods for measuring permeability of the soil particularly we have actually have got two methods one is constant head permeability test and following head permeability test these are actually widely used for in the laboratory in the following head permeability test there are also one like two distinct apparatus which are actually used one is called rigid wall perimeters other one is flexible parameters in case of rigid wall perimeters the stresses cannot be applied on to the soil sample but however in case of flexible perimeters the confinement stresses can be applied and then the permeability test can be done by using the similar concepts of following head permeability test. So with this the effect of the confinement stresses on the the permeability of the soil being tested can be obtained and the main distinct difference between a constant head test and the following head test what we discussed is that in the case of a constant head test the water actually flows through the soil and in case of a following head test the water actually enters into the soil and however what is actually measured is that the small amount of change which actually occurs and we also said that the for a typical sand and clay the distinct difference is actually about you know the permeability of the sand is 10 to the power of 6 times more than the a particular typical clay that means that distinctly different to permeability is the reason and the factors affecting the permeability of soils and the some field testing methods along with the some testing data we will be discussing in the subsequent lectures.


This is the giant Orion Molecular Cloud Complex. The image covers an area with objects that span about 75 light years. It holds a number of beautiful and well-known nebula, including of course the Orion nebula itself in the upper right. The brightest three stars on the left are the three stars that make up Orion's belt. The top star is Minotaka, about 900 light years away, but the middle star is Alnolam. It is a blue-white supergiant around 1,300 light years away. The lowest star is Alnatak. It is only 700 light years away. So you can see that these three stars are in line with the Orion cloud, but not a part of it. Below Alnatak is the flame nebula, an emission nebula in filaments of dark brown dust. Just to the right of Alnatak is the famous horse head nebula. Moving over and up to the Orion nebula, we also see the running man nebula just to the left of Orion. This Hubble mosaic of the Orion nebula covers 24 light years across and reveals numerous features that reside within this nearby intense star-forming region. More than 3,000 stars of various sizes appear in the image. The Trapezean open star cluster contains hundreds of brand new stars. The first of these trapezean stars were discovered by Galileo. They got their name because the first stars looked like a trapezoid. As we scan the outer edges of the nebula, you can see the illuminated walls of the Orion cavern, along with beautiful elongated jets created by nearby stars being born.


Yeah, we're back. We're live. I'm Jay Fidel. This is Stink Tech on a given Thursday. And we are talking with Clear Engelberg. He is an expert and an author on Feng Shui. And in fact, he's written a book recently about Feng Shui in real estate. We're going to talk about that today. Welcome back to the show, Clear. You've been on the show a number of times, but we have to keep current with you. And this is our effort to do so. Welcome. Thank you very much. It's a pleasure to be back. So, Feng Shui in real estate, of course, that would be a natural, wouldn't it?  Can you talk about your book and what you attempted to cover in your book? It's directed for buyers as well as sellers, and there's a section for agents. Most of the book is for buyers because I'm very often called upon. People have their floor plans that they've found for a home, and they send me the floor plans and say, should we get this home? And I'll give them my opinion, the pros and cons on that particular floor plan. And then I'm often the agent will sometimes call me to help with selling a home that isn't moving, and I'll help in that case as well. But the most of this book is directed for buyers so that the home they get is one that doesn't have the worst Feng Shui problems, and that's how I wrote the book dealing with the worst problems first, and then working my way down so that there's certain problems in Feng Shui that are so onerous that it's best not to try to fix them. It's best to pass on that home and get a different one. Well, let's start with that. Let's start with what you can get if you don't attend to Feng Shui. If you don't think about it, don't look at the book. I don't care. What kind of problems could you have for the lack of Feng Shui? Well, the oldest kind of Feng Shui Jay is called landform, and it's about the form around the house, what the land is shaped like around the house. And what a person doesn't want is what's called bad landform. And that would be that behind the home, the property slopes down very severely, like a cliff, like the ocean side, that kind of view of the land sloping down should be in front of a house, not back behind the house. So that could be a mistake that someone could easily make is to get the big downhill view from the back windows. You want that downhill view from the front windows from behind the house.  This reminds me of a guy I used to know, and we would have lunch, and he would always take the seat with the wall behind him, always. He was Chinese, by the way, and I always thought there was a reason for that. Is there? It's the command position? It is the command position, and I've worked for a good many women whose husbands were first responders. And when I start talking to them about the command position, they'll look at me and they'll say, that's how my husband sits in a restaurant. He will never sit in a restaurant with his back to the door. And what I've just described about the landform is situating the home itself in a command position, not just the people within it, but the home itself. And that really is the oldest and most important thing in Feng Shui. Just for interest, I live in a home where the front door is on a hill. And if I walk out the front door, the hill goes down to my right and goes up to my left. So it's neither of the two options that you describe. Where do I fit? Am I violating Feng Shui by having the right go down and the left go up? No, you have what I would call interesting landform. And what the recommendation would be would be on the part of the property, on your lot, the part of the property that slopes down, I would have some evergreen shrubs.  It's also small slope ups on each side of the home. It's referred to as the armchair position.  And that brings balance to the home. Well, it also brings the notion that you can change it. That if you're concerned about not conforming with Feng Shui, you can you can build those armchair pieces and you can change the formula. I mean, change the way the home works and good news. If you're selling, your agent is advising you or you clear are advising me, you can help me. I'm not a dead duck about this, right? Right. That's why I get called is when there are problems, I'm there to suggest solutions. And I've been doing this for over 30 years. And the clients I have that are the most problematic that say, oh, I couldn't do that. No, no, that's not my style. Oh, that's not feasible. Those are the clients that have made me a better Feng Shui consultant because the solution that I come up with has to work for them. Otherwise, I'm wasting their time in my time. So I need to come up with something that they will actually do. Now, in this book that I wrote, the first thing I cover is severe landform. And I just tell people pass on that home. But in addition to that, I also give remedies like I just gave to you about the shrubbery, just in case there are other reasons that somebody needs to get that home. Let's see another picture of that book just so I can clarify to everybody, is this book available on Amazon? Where do I find this book? It's Amazon and bookstores. And you've written a number of books on the subject. Are they all still in print and available on Amazon and bookstores? They are. This is my seventh book in my 70s. And I think that's cool. It's not a lie. It's not a lie, Claire. It's nice to have you on the show. Okay, so let me ask you a fundamental question. Suppose I violate this and other rules, which we will talk about. Feng Shui principles, if you don't mind. What happens to me? Does a lightning bolt come down from heaven and injure me? Is my family subjected to bad luck every day? What happens? Well, the important thing, and this is super important to understand about Feng Shui is that your life is like a circle, like a pie. And there are these wedges. Part of it is your education. Part of it is how you've treated people. Part of it is what kind of friends you've made. And part of it is the physical objects that you control on planet Earth. The things that are in your home, your home itself, those physical objects that you control. And the takeaway from that is that Feng Shui is not the whole picture. There's a lot more going on. With Feng Shui, you are working with that one wedge, that one piece of the pie that concerns the physical objects. And as far as I'm concerned, the main deal to even do Feng Shui is so that you are symbolically removing obstacles from your life so that you can achieve your goals more easily. And that's what I've very often seen with people who are in very problematic Feng Shui homes is that they are not achieving any of their goals. So but there's the chicken and the egg problem. If you started out being on the wrong side of things, then you might pick a home that didn't have Feng Shui. The other side of that is if you didn't have Feng Shui in your home, maybe you would not be able to capture these principles of life in general. So which one comes first? The chicken or the egg? Or are they both intertwined? Well, the way I've noticed in my practice is that if someone is in a very problematic a home that has very problematic Feng Shui, they are very likely when they move to pick a home that has Feng Shui that bad or worse. However, if somebody's in a home with great Feng Shui, they are more than likely to pick a home that also has great Feng Shui. They're already used to having that good energy. They're already used to having a home that supports them. And where this book fits in is very much for the people who are on this downward spiral of things aren't working out, the homes aren't working out so that they can know what to look for and what to avoid. The book has several checklists so that someone can take it to a walkthrough if they're contemplating buying the home. And they're checklists that you can download onto your smartphone so that you can just very easily have it with you. It's not a lot of questions, but it will quickly help somebody to rule out the biggest problems. And once you've got the biggest problems ruled out, well, you aren't going to find a home with absolutely perfect Feng Shui. So your compromises will be ones that can be worked with in a way that will agree with your style and your budget. So I suppose I can take the checklist and put it on a worksheet and assign values, say one through five or one through 10 as to whether I'm confirming with the requirements of the checklist. And I'm assuming that it's not just a yes-no binary thing, that there are gradations for the satisfaction of the points on the checklist. Am I right about that or is it just yes-no? It's definitely yes-no. And there are, there's only four checklists, a checklist for buyers of free standing homes and check, actually it's yeah, and a checklist for buyers of condominiums and apartments. And they're divided up between things you really shouldn't try to fix. If you've got that problem, just go to a different home. And then there are some severe problems that if someone is willing to spend the bucks to move a bathroom, because that can be a really big problem, if it's in the wrong place, then yes, it would be okay to get that home if that's the only big problem. Okay. I wanted to do a glossary of terms with you, but before I do that, I wanted to ask you if Feng Shui is different in different neighborhoods? Is Feng Shui different in different islands of this state? Is Feng Shui different in this state as opposed to other states, Montana, Colorado, Wyoming, Ohio? Is it different? Well, if you're simply referring to Feng Shui as the energy of the place, well, yes, of course. But the principles of Feng Shui aren't different. Okay. And that means globally? Yeah. So what about China these days? In China, nobody will argue China has changed since the classical days when Feng Shui was first identified and studied and developed, which I suppose was a very long time ago. Is Feng Shui still in play in China? I don't really know the Chinese situation. I don't have a good idea. My guess is that the common people of China probably don't use a lot of Feng Shui and that the main form of Feng Shui that probably is practiced in China is probably what's called compass school, where based on when a person is born, they are assigned a lucky number, a lucky direction, that sort of thing. And that's not the kind of Feng Shui I practice. It's the older kind that I practice, land form. And it doesn't really pay attention to north, south, east, west. It's looking at what is the home shape like? What is the land around the home shape like? What is the room shape like? Where is the person's desk in the room? So it's about the form, the shape of things. And this is a lot easier, I feel like, for Western people to grasp and to be willing to practice because if you're going to have to make that leap of faith into numerology and astrology, a lot of people, myself included, are not going to make that leap of faith. What about the possibility of consulting with someone at distance, effectively by remote, through, for example, a video tour of the property or photographs of the property, or something not physical, not personal, when you're not there, do you have to be there? Do you have to be in the room or can you find another way to evaluate the room, the space, the home, the land? Well, I definitely do a lot of remote consultations these days. The only in-person consultations I do are on the island of Hawaii because I can drive there. I don't, so far, I'm not using regular transportation other than just cars. I have to see a floor plan. Without a floor plan, I'm really guessing. But if someone can send me pictures, then I've got something to study. And if we can use, and I usually use Skype, to just go in and say, show me that corner. I want to see what that object is. I get an idea, but I'm not sure what it is. And then they'll use the video aspect of the remote consultation to show me that. And on my very first remote consultation, I was with a woman in Texas, and she had never done that before, and I'd never done that before. And she had it on her laptop, that's where her camera was. And she was kind of rushing from room to room. And I started to feel funny. And I didn't know what was going on. And finally, after a while, I just had to say, I got to go. And I ran to the toilet and threw up. And I didn't realize that I was getting motion sickness because I've never had motion sickness. But now I know to tell people that until they've got the camera, still, they need to keep their finger over it. And then once they've gotten to a place where we can talk about it, then they take their finger off. But I don't want to see all that motion because it's going to make me motion sick. Okay, it wasn't a reaction to the Feng Shui or the play stuff. I hope they didn't think that. So, clear, I wanted to ask you about some of the terms. And this is in the context of, say, you and me evaluating my house to buy or to sell. And I want to connect up these things to, you know, the basic principles of Feng Shui, the basic glossary. Okay, so one of them is Bagua. What does that mean? How does that enter into the analysis? A Bagua, the translation of that means eight spaces. Ba means eight and gua means spaces. And it's like a tic-tac-toe grid that gets placed over a person's home, the floor plan of the home. And that grid divides it the home into nine areas. It's called eight areas because there's eight areas around the outside and then there's one in the middle. So there's nine areas in the Bagua. And one thing I stress in the Feng Shui for real estate book is that there are certain areas of the Bagua that are very sensitive and you don't want to have them missing out of the home, out of the floor plan of the home, or you don't want to have a bathroom in that area of the Bagua. The Bagua originally came from a simple yin yang that's S-curve inside a circle. That's what the Bagua came from. And it was a division between fire and water. And as the study of Feng Shui grew more complicated over time, it grew to encompass all five elements that are used in Chinese traditional medicine. And that's fire, water, earth, metal, and wood. Okay, talk to me about those. That was my next question, Claire. What are those elements mean? It seems to me they are part of a world that has long passed. I mean, they are the definition of a world that has long passed, but they all have significant meaning, import, in any world and in a world today. If you say fire, I think of kitchen. Have you say water? I guess I think of the bathroom and so forth. I mean, what are their meanings in the context of the evaluation that you and I would do as we walk through my home to see if it comports with Feng Shui? Yeah. Well, what you just pointed out is one of the most basic uses of Feng Shui in a person's home because the bathroom is about water and it's about drains. The kitchen is not just about water, it's about fire and water because you have sinks and refrigerator, but you've also got range top and ovens, microwaves, so there's a balance in a kitchen. But in a bathroom, there is no balance. It's water, water, water, drain, drain, drain. And that makes that room, according to Feng Shui, be the most problematic room in the entire home. And on the checklist, one of the things for the inside of a home, and that's for either condos or freestanding homes or apartments, is not to have a bathroom that doesn't touch an outside wall, but would be called a center bathroom because that puts that unbalanced energy in the core of the home and that's very out of balance, according to Feng Shui. Energy. Another word, and maybe it's related to energy, I'm not sure, is Qi. So this is largely about energy and I think it's largely about Qi. Can you talk about those two terms and how they relate to each other? They're redundant. Qi means energy. Okay. And what does that mean to Feng Shui? Well, it can mean a lot of things, actually, because think about the shape of a canoe going through water and that canoe just passes easily through the water because the shape of it allows it to move. The energy of movement allows that movement to be easy. If the boat was shaped like a square, it wouldn't have that same ease of movement. It would be really awkward to maneuver through the water. So that's one way of thinking about energy, looking at an object and thinking about how it accomplishes what its purpose is. It is the form of the object helping with the purpose. And then we also use energy when we're saying things like we used to call vibrations. A person has good vibrations, a home has good vibrations. Well, that's energy. It's something we sense more with our instinct that a place feels good. It isn't too cluttered. It isn't too dirty. It isn't littered on the outside. So the energy simply feels better. It's more of a phrase we use than something that is necessarily measurable. It strikes me, and this is my term, not yours, that this is an attempt to achieve harmony, peace, avoid conflict. Am I right? And that's especially so in terms of being at home and having a home that will allow those things. Am I right? Jay, you just took those words right out of my mouth. Well, you know, this is really interesting. I'm sure you've never been faced with this. Somebody said, I want to build a neighborhood. And it's greenfield. There's nothing on it. I want to build a whole neighborhood, even a large, even a city. I want to build this neighborhood. And it's all greenfield. And clear, I'd like you to help me design everything. The residences, you know, the common spaces, the institutional buildings, the public spaces, all that, all the space in the place. And if you applied Feng Shui to everything, I would have a neighborhood, arguably, that is in harmony. I would have a neighborhood that avoids conflict. I wouldn't have a neighborhood that is peaceful. And it would affect the way the people who populate the neighborhood would live. Do you think that could be done? It would be helpful. It would definitely be helpful. But remember, Feng Shui is a piece of the pie. So every one of those families that are living in those houses, they've got their own, you could just say their own personal karma they're bringing with them. And that's going to be part of the picture, what kind of education they've got, whether they are a person who has treated people well, that sort of thing, that's part of it. You can't just say that if you get the physical part right, everything is going to be harmonious. What getting the physical part right is about is making sure that part doesn't trip you up. Yeah, so maybe I have to look inward first in making my decisions about Feng Shui, because it won't help me all that much if I'm not leading a good and harmonious life to begin with. You know, it's, if you think about your life as the complete circle, it isn't really a first, second, and third. It's just taking things into consideration when they come up, when it's time to decide where to put your desk, put your desk in a place that you've got a solid wall behind you, and you can see toward the door of the room. And that's putting your desk in a position that's called the commanding position. Yeah, and you've touched on something. It's not just the physical building and the floor plan. It's not just where the, you know, individual operating spaces are located within the floor plan. It's what I do with my furniture. It's what I do with, you know, how I face the furniture, how I face the wall. It's a lifestyle thing as well. How important is that it to achieve the benefits of feng shui? It's crucial because frankly, that's how people in condos and apartments, that's the only way they can practice feng shui is by where they locate their artwork according, and usually I'll suggest to do that according to the bagua. So the part of the bagua that's in the far left, that's the wealth corner. And there's where I will recommend that someone have a picture of water or growing plants. And the symbol then is that the person's wealth is growing. Water in feng shui is a symbol for wealth, for money. And that's one of the reasons that drains are a problem in feng shui because drains are where water leaves the home. I'm reminded of an old Chinese statement in Mandarin, it's a shui dao chu chong, which means the water will always find a way. So clear, I should have asked you this at the outset, but you know, maybe it's better that I ask you at sort of at the end of our show. And that is, I get the idea, I've always had the idea, the feng shui was a kind of philosophy, it's a kind of intuition, it may be slightly subjective, there is mysticism in it. And we don't know exactly what, you know, what science, if any, is involved in it. Could you comment on that? Where does it come from? Where does it fit in human thought, in human tradition, human history, human philosophy? Well, it sort of depends on the type of feng shui. There is a type of feng shui that I don't practice that that where it fits in is consumerism, that this particular little lucky object placed in this particular place during this particular year is going to be good for you. And I just don't subscribe to that at all. What I subscribe to is that a home itself should be physically strong, physically well constructed, and should have the kind of symbolism that the strength and harmony goes on throughout the home, the things that you were mentioning earlier, that harmony and that sort of thing, those things can be accomplished, sometimes as easy as instead of having a picture of one lonely person have a picture of several people or several flowers, and that starts to suggest that there is harmony in the home. You know, it also suggests to me, just within the four corners of this conversation, that we're talking about real estate, we're talking about a sustainable environment, which will envelop me and help my life and be beyond just a place where I lay my head. It will provide strength, it will provide support, it will provide comfort for me, and in that way it will help me. So I want something beyond just throwing the thing together. I want that kind of support. Am I close on that?  Mayor, it's so nice to talk with you. You know, every time we talk, I feel I have a deeper understanding that I've never had before about this, and it has great value to know what you are doing, and I can only suggest that people ought to know about this. They ought to take a look about it when they have control over their surroundings, and in large part of society is better off if a society thinks along the lines that you suggest, and I only hope that the study of Feng Shui is increasing. There's a number of people who know about it, care about it directly or indirectly, including developers and architects and what have you, and decorators is increasing. Is that happening? Is this proliferating in our society? That's hard to say. Among some people, yes, and the way that I feel like it proliferates the best is where somebody tries it, has success, and they tell their friends and family, and that to me is a slow building up, but it's got a sure foundation, because the foundation is the truth of someone's words when they're talking to their friends and saying, I did this and next day here's what happened, because when I practice Feng Shui, I have no idea in the world what's going to happen to the person. What I know is simply the rules and I express to them what could be done in their space to make it better Feng Shui, and then when they reply back to me days or weeks later with these responses that say that wonderful things came their way pretty quickly, I had no idea that was going to happen. I don't know how Feng Shui works other than perhaps it's working with your angels. That's the only way I could possibly guess it. Feng Shui is not a science in the sense that we have like the science of biology, the science of meteorology, those kinds of things. It is more of an art. Yes, yes, but intrinsic in our life together on the planet. Thank you so much, Clear Anglebird, expert in Feng Shui and author of the book, Feng Shui in Real Estate. Jay, may I have a moment? I'm going to have a series of webinars that watermark publishing will present on this same topic early next year, and if someone would like to be notified about that, they should contact me by email. Thank you. You want to identify the email? It's clear at fengshui.com f-u-n-g-s-h-w-a-y.com. Thank you, Clear. It's always nice to talk to you. Aloha.


In their in-car explorers' talk, Catcher in the Sky, in-car scientists Christina McCluskey and chief pilot Scotty McClain talk about modern-day science, research, and aviation. I'm excited to share the research we've been doing over the Southern Ocean. We're looking at the clouds that are present in that region. They reflect a lot of solar radiation back to space, and so these clouds are very important for the global energy budget. We recently went into the field where we were probing these clouds with different instrumentation in collaboration with the research aviation facility here at NCAR. For my talk that's coming up with Christina, I'm going to talk about what it's like to be a pilot.  Then I'm going to show you some pretty cool pictures from all over the world, from some of the research we've done from Antarctica to Hawaii to the Midwest. We are living on an earth that is the only place in space that includes all three phases of water, and so when you look at a cloud and you think about all the physics that are going on, it's actually very complicated.


Hey Aloha, how you doing? This is Andrew the security guy not Gordo the Texar here on Hibachi Talk Glad to have you back this week. We got some really interesting stuff for you today. I'm sorry Gordo's not here to host He's off chasing his grandson and UH, you know, they're on I think their last away game this this week So and he's traveled with every away game. They've had which has been amazing with us today, I do have a new co-host for you the professor in direct from Capulia Capulani Community College Dave Stevens and we're gonna give you that nickname because you've agreed to co-host once in a while We're just gonna call you the professor. I'm excited to be here and I thank you and our guest today is Rochelle My my links again. Yeah, did I get it close? She's a she's the ICT president at Capulani Community College and We're gonna talk a little bit about ICT But first we'd like to know a little bit about you like where did you grow up? How'd you end up where you are today? So maybe take us through some of that, okay? I grew up in Honolulu, Hawaii. I was born and raised here. I actually have a Nutrition degree a sociology degree. So I worked as a as a nutritionist and we're doing a school You each and we know before high school sacred hearts. Okay. Okay, right on. I'll go school And then I went on to UH Manoa and I worked in a hospital for over 10 years. Wow, okay in nutrition. Yes, okay Did you work with who do what professors at Manoa did you have? I have a friend I cycled with it's a nutrition PhD there, but I can't think I'm intentional. No, it's a name Maria Can't think of her last name off-hand sorry So so a background in nutrition and health care. So yeah, what kind of what did you work with like geriatric or? Who were you feeding someone? The staff The hospital I worked at is primarily geriatric, okay But then I had a few like one start took care of was a orthopedic and then there was cardiology as well Okay, interesting. How was it? Well, she's with ICT now It was rewarding in the many ways, but I Kind of wanted to do something else. Ah, so it took a different career. Yes, right on You're not an easy career path at that. She actually represents a large portion of our student population, okay? Returning students. Yeah, so changing careers just second and third careers Oh, yeah, a lot of them coming off of disability or retirement from the military or laid off from a big change like Aloha Airlines when it when it changed to just cargo, right? So a lot of those students are with us now. I said we need a such a shortage You know so did you did you know there was a such a workforce shortage? Or did you just want something with a different type of challenge? Well, initially when I went to KCC I was going to do radiology tech Oh, but I had to take a lot of classes that I already took over again to be more competitive I was like, there's no way there's so many sciences that I had to take So I was like, I really like computers and when I used to work at the hospital the IT guys would come in our office And I'll be helping them. Oh, really?  Yeah Pre-train Listen, we do a little segment called you know got one tech job And I don't know if we could have straightened these guys out, but let's have a quick look at some people who shouldn't have had a job now See you had one job now see these buttons. This is probably on a remote control But that's that's not left. Is that I mean isn't that confusing when you read left, but the arrow points, right? But I'm dyslexic so that's perfect that so but do you ever get where you're going like I mean that's Eventually if you keep turning right, you're gonna make a left Okay, so so maybe you know some of those guys that you were helping they maybe they should have been doing something else So let's let's talk a little bit about ICT which is the information communication and technology club And I know there's one at KCC I know there's a group at Honolulu that have a different name I think and then a group at Manoa have a different name. We've had IT MSA on here from Manoa I think Shardler School of Business So tell us a little about the club that you have there. So um, our club is pretty new Dave actually Asked any of us if you wanted to start a club and no one really jumped to it Ah, so I emailed him and said, you know, I'm interested because I I was President for other clubs before for school and for my son. I'm PTG Her teachers guild. I have I have background. You have leadership. Yeah Yes, if you're not reading between the lines So I took that opportunity and I actually are at KCC there's about over 20 Registered independent organizations on campus. So the ICT club officially became a Registered independent organization in September. So we're still fairly new but we're still trying to get more members and hopefully it goes And how do you go about recruiting like what do you hand out flyers? You knock on doors. You move ahead You drag We announced it in class, but actually just this past Tuesday. We had an RAO day club On campus. So we had because it's open to membership is open to everyone at KCC Sure, and also those that are at UH West Oahu that are taking at least one course in one course at KCC Like IT also some of them had to cross over just because of their schedules or the right offering Midstream transferring in Articulating to UH West so they're doing a couple classes at KCC and doing a lot of classes over at UH West at the same time I see awesome And so you open that up to them and do you have are you pulling members from there as well? Is that working out? There are there actually are members awesome. So how do you get help? Do you have to run on you know when you get these volunteer organizations like no one helps you? You're the one who's running it I know I was gonna be president. He told me he's like, okay, so that's all I'm told. Yeah I don't know. I have all-in told people to be vice-president And so what what's the mission of the club what's you know, what's what's your vision for right? Well, our mission for the club is just to promote the IT fields in the community and also Around campus where we were trying to teach more like do like more community service kind of like Dave was saying Go to like retirement homes and teach about like cyber security like Seniors get scammed a lot big so we're trying to do that as well That's excellent. Some of the most egregious victimization of people through social engineers who are seeing your community We want to get out there and and teach them how to avoid that. Yeah, I know they're they're Predated right there. They're unfortunately. They're a targeted audience That's important to do that work for the community. So what about on campus? I'm kind of interested. Is there a is it a competitive right trying to recruit people into the to the sec field with like you So yourself went back for radiology, but end up getting an sec. What what do you find? No, our main people just are the younger they older like we talked about these some multi career path What what do you what do you see there on campus like what's the impact of sec? The population is young and I'm the mixture of Older Yes, so multi career so people you said some would come back for maybe second right And then we have a lot of a lot of that or a lot of students from UH who got their degree their undergrad and something else and Didn't enjoy the career field or couldn't really pursue a career field as far as they wanted to go in Wow so they're changing and we we have you know a few people that got a bachelor's in business and they're now in cyber security and One of them just interviewed and is now an official DoD cybersecurity contractor. Well, he's still taking my class The kids get hired right out of class. Yeah, so he's he's an he's an average student You know a mid-range student average age or about 26 to 28 years old Oh, so we don't we don't have so these aren't like teenagers. No, sir You've got a I would say to me a little bit slightly older popular slightly older than more mature right out of high school Very motivated sure Money's good. Well, when they see that they're tremendously motivated But they're motivated just to change their lives and do something to really want to be interested in for the rest of their lives So most people get into a career and they think oh my gosh But these are people like you know, they're motivated to change make that change and we support that and I think I see T So but you have you have other disciplines not just cyber security, right? You obviously if I have database sure we do the broad spectrum everything from media arts on down to gaming and databases and programming and Working and that were security and we do cyber and is is is the ICT club opened up all those disciplines as well Like you're okay. Good. Awesome. So Let me see. So What are you pulling to the club that same mixture or is it more more order is you know responsible? Or what would you try? What are you getting in your club? What's your what's your? Yeah It's a mixed year The original intent of the club really I wanted to get them all to an industry standard conference full black hat and Defconn right next year And I was informed by you know upper management at the university that I should start ICT club on campus and promote that and do fundraisers for that club so that club can go to the conference So that's what we've done. We're trying to do there that Evolved rapidly. So what we're doing now is we were talking about this last week I put out a feeler to all our IT advisory folks and I said look you all have companies Can we do some mock back black box spearfishing campaigns against your companies? And you give us a donation if we get anyone to click on our links and interest and personal information We had a very positive response at about 15% response So we're actually in our first cycle right now. We have our first customer. Are you and are you on the team? Yes, no, what's your favorite? Are you a technical fisher or a bus? You're doing social engineering pick up the phone call No, I'm the research organizer Sure Yeah, yeah, exactly you go to the social media sites and then maybe you do I find out what their website is doing a couple banner grabs You know tell that to that site and see if you can pull back some information Are they running Microsoft IIS or they're running Apache and then you know, what are the exploits now? How can I get around this? How can I send an email without them knowing or knowing it's from me and outside their organization? It's sure so right now. We're in the research phase. Yeah, we've got 30 days to get this done Oh, we have to report is it? Yeah, I told them just Is How many is it teams? How are they how are you organized for that that particular effort because that's that's a donation I should a classroom effort or is it some boat? No, no, it's outside the classroom Okay, so this is this is a extra time that they're putting in on the careers And I'm really excited about that because they get the hands-on experience sure of actually doing this when they go into a company They're not saying oh, I did all this theoretical and lab stuff in school But now I'm ready for my on-the-job training. No, they're ready to hit the ground run it And you got this real life Test that got going on. Hopefully it'll evolve from this to maybe security audits Where they go in the organization, you know, what are your network ports? How often you change your passwords and stuff like that? So yeah, I'm really excited. You know, I just had to hand a little paper about the new NIST guidance for small business. I don't know if you saw that document Haven't seen it. It's it just came out a few days ago But it is it you know the small business is really struggling Hawaii has a ton of them, right? And they really struggle with just just even invent auditing their type of information that they have right and the minor assessments There's some minor assessment tools But I was thinking that your group could take something like this because many are in the supply chain to do D Which these are going to be requirements from their aqua's from this way is from a small vendor Yeah, and the these these controls that they need to implement based on this is based on Unclassified information being considered a moderate risk to well enough unclass information that sensitive can be compiled into Sensitive and terminal information exactly cute and attack. And so this I thought we'd not maybe not today But this is something that I think that you could take that time and help help consult to small businesses How to get implemented how to get started as many of them aren't aware They're gonna start losing their contracts if they can't fulfill these requirements Simple stuff to they just don't know a wireless router. You leave the default settings for username and password things like that It's really easy to break into some of these places. Sure. Just a just a punch list. Yeah, and it's an it's an absolute Vulnerability that's out there. So we're gonna take a break for about a minute. We'll be back with Rochelle and Dave We're gonna pay a few bills. We'll see you right after Thank you, Hawaii Asia and reveal. I am Johnson choice the host I'm looking forward to see you next month December 15, Thursday 11 o'clock Right here again. Aloha everyone. I'm Maria Mera and I'm here to invite you to my bilingual So we've a Hawaii on think tech Hawaii every other Monday at 3 p.m We are here to talk about news issues and events local and around the world. Join me. Aloha I'm Ethan Ellen host of likable science here on think tech Hawaii every Friday afternoon at 2 p.m You'll have a chance to come and listen and learn from scientists around the world Scientists who talk about their work in meaningful easy to understand ways They'll come to appreciate science as a wonderful way of thinking way of knowing about the world You'll learn interesting facts interesting ideas. You'll be stimulated to think more Please come join us every Friday afternoon at 2 p.m. Here on think tech Hawaii for a likable science with me your host Ethan Allen Hello, hi, welcome back to about you talking here with David Rochelle, and I got a security minute for you Came across a nice article about two-factor authentication And you know, this is something that it's something that you have something that you know something that you are And using any two of those three to help authenticate yourself or help prove that you are who you're supposed to be to a system like a Bank for example, you know you show up and use you have a card with you and you know the pin code, right? So that's an example of two-factor authentication There's a lot of other services out there that you may not know about they use things like Google authenticator Which is an app you can download that runs a constantly changing number and you can use that along with your password to log into certain sites Microsoft has one You can go look at the stuff I'm quoting is from a surveillance self-defense just a site And I thought you know have we talked about some of these things, but we really don't don't tell you where to get the information so You know if you if you're visiting places, and you need greater or you want better account security I would advise you to try these types of things and keep someone from sort of hijacking just your password Learning it and then getting into your site and emulating you or changing it and locking you out of your site things like that There's a couple of problems that you should know about with two-factor course if you lose one of your factors You may be locked out of that account until you can get your factor back Like if you're relying on your phone or like a mobile authenticator on your phone You don't have your phone with you obviously you may not be able to get access to that data Most of these sites do allow you to have a one-time code of some type that can get you in no matter What the remember if you're keeping that you've kind of defeated the purpose So don't if you have something like that keep it very secure You can definitely go to two factor off org for more information was just flashed up there The other thing I want to talk about was a lot of these we use SMS messaging right to send you a message for a one-time code and SMS goes in the clear so that that Code is going out and it's captureable by people who are seeing with me today who'd like to capture this kind of stuff So anyway But anyways, it's still better to have a single factor authentication So if you don't know about 2fa go to 2fa dot to factor off dot org Get some more information and see if you can keep yourself a little better protected All right, that's it for my security minute for today back to our guest Rochelle from the ICT program a KCC the president and the professors here with us today again Dave Stevens, so Let's talk about how we marry up these services. So, you know, you're putting together a penetration testing Capability that you're gonna offer out to the community to try to it would be much cheaper than a professional pen test But it lets an organization find out where they're at in their vulnerabilities And then they can make a donation to the club that helps get the students off to places like def con or black hat So great opportunity for community Awesome coming out of KCC, but how do we get the rest of the campuses engaged because to me? I think we need a hundred of these teams running around we have like 70,000 small businesses in Hawaii that could take advantage of this I agree with you and what we're gonna do is we're gonna take this in the next level and offer the system-wide So what we're doing right now is creating a nonprofit organization separate from the university that will hire out just these Interns from the University of Hawaii cyber system. So we have 11 Physical campuses in the university system right now two in the big island Three on the big island and we want to bring all of them together to do these kind of services for their local communities So once we get that going once the students graduate We'd also like to give them employment in the organization while they wait for their first gig Oh, and if we're making enough donations, we can actually give them a living stipend So that is their first paying job in cybersecurity Wow have to go out into the community having no actual job experience right and they can help Rochelle manage the committee Are you are you interested in driving helping drive this to actually across the state?  Sure. I mean that's basically that's what it is Okay, so getting that next job is gonna be that much easier. Yeah, and there's I mean there's no shortage of jobs You know, you'll get sapped up quickly here in Hawaii is What what so you start with social engineering? So when we talk about a penetration test for social engineering, right? We're really talking about manipulating someone's internal email getting someone inside of a company to click on a bad link or something like that Are there other types of services that you guys folks are looking to roll out all the security audits are next plan Okay, you know some kind of a security that we walk in the organization How do you how do you do your business day-to-day? Okay, and what are the potential threats that could come out of that? What are your vulnerabilities and what are the access points to your organization? We'll go through you know basic punch lists We'll send students out to evaluate that that that organization and say based on this We recommend these seven steps to get you to a basic security level that'll take you know The the script kiddies off the off the table. Okay, we'll just running, you know scripts against your your organization Random attacks, right random attacks I like what you brought up just a moment ago when you're talking about cell phones and sending in clear text Most people don't realize that a cell phone is a radio It's sending messages every direction all the time clear text unless you put specifically encrypted with an end user So it's it's an important point to realize that you're just walking around with a radio and somebody said everybody else So they're old scanners that used to pick up the police bands You need the same with a cell phone you just turn to the right frequency and you get all that information So yeah, you send something out here SMS. It's basically in the clear in the clear unless you've encrypted it So there and I was talking with Bob Monroe who was showing me a software to find radio Was this stuff used to be super expensive hundred grand. He's built it on a raspberry pie Tunable to whatever frequency I want. This is a couple hundred bucks device right with the antenna costs in the most The pies 40 bucks and the soft the software is open source free software today So, you know very rapidly that the technology for sniffing signals has gone from six figures to Something almost any person could afford and this is scary When you go to black hat and Defcon like I did last year you see kids walking around with backpacks on an antenna sticking up Oh, yeah, and so they tell you don't take your cell phone or turn it off. Oh, yeah, you got to have a burner Yeah, and don't don't take any credit cards, you know the mag strip can be read Oh, yeah, so this close hook in the radio frequency chip on your card, right? So a lot of these radio frequency chips used to transmit all the information about you But now they transmit a serial number and that's it Yeah, so you go you transmit the serial number and whatever reader you're attached to Can equate that serial number to your personal information, but you don't carry the personal information around with you anymore But some of the old ones.  You're done.  Yeah, it's a it's a scary place to be but you get to meet the worst of the best of the worst Yeah, and we had we have a friend who set up just a rogue access point in his In his suitcase he was dragging around a major trade show in Vegas, right? So and using up to get the the tool that knocks you it basically knocks people off of the Local access point and emulates it and then attaches it to him. Oh, yeah, and in for our before lunch He had 36,000 logons and passwords from people that were using the public Wi-Fi 36,000 Wow, this was a big show, but it was that easy just just to roam around So I mean, I don't use public Wi-Fi things like that. It's scary. You can do that with cell phones, too Yeah, exactly exactly if you're talking on your cell phone You can be bumped off that channel and get on someone's roving. Yeah unit and that's more the more that I think that Yeah, and look law enforcement. I know there's those those radio kits that they're using, you know So you're driving through a town you think you're on a real cellular network, but you're actually on their cellular network, right? Yeah, and they're passing you through, you know, they're in certain people Interesting information is in it. So is that are you specializing in in cyber or like offensive defensive or have you decided yet? Where you're where you're headed my career. Yeah more security. So but defensive. Yeah, okay. Gotcha. Yeah I'll have to do both in the in the major right there. We did a security class first and then we went into office of security So we do the defense. How do you defend your network? Mm-hmm. I mean we do offense. How do you get around all those? Sure, and it's been a real and what do you think? What have you told do you think anyone can really be secured like no technique. I love that. I'd even finish my Right there with the research. Oh my gosh. I'm like so paranoid And it goes it goes back to real history all this stuff, although it's Electric goes mechanical right anything that can be built can be unbuilt. That's right And she witnessed it in a classroom. I actually challenged the students in a class And they did it. Oh, they've actually hacked me. Yeah In physical and with the DNS are poison in one class or in one class So the all 23 students got together you did a social engineering attack on me and in one Like one hour and one in one. No, no, no over the course of the course. Okay I was like that's pretty creative a thing. No, they really one guy said he never slept for five weeks But they did it and I'm really proud and feeling a little squeamish and vulnerable at the same time Sure, that's so I think and I've never I know a lot of groups that do pentesting They never fail actually, you know, they they don't actually ever stop I've never heard of anyone saying ours. We couldn't get in it's just a matter of time It's a matter of time and a matter of resources and a matter of effort So, you know that shouldn't scare people people should still defend themselves. You want to be difficult to attack, right? I mean if you the harder you make it the hopefully someone who's you know, really interested in getting in will either not be Smart enough or run out of time or run out of resources, right? Because it's good board move on sometimes You really hope that they just have had enough, right?  Yeah, just look at the yeah, I guess so we're blaming Russia now for the Democratic National DNC the DNC hack yeah, so if they wanted they'll get in and it doesn't matter where they are on the planet Yeah, nation states have a lot of resources, right? So I mean of all the the last person you want chasing you're those guys You're pretty much done. Yeah, you go on north you got you show them Norse like the Norse map of all the The ones that crack me up the ones that coming in from like central Italy Who's in Tuscany? They're just getting drunk and running a script I think they're using being redirected right so they've they've attacked somebody there They've got bots in there that are launching the stuff. It just seems like a random place, you know, Tuscany something along the al-Mafi coast Sicily, you know, Sicily Yeah, so give us a pitch about the club. We got a minute or so left and what what what can we do to help promote your the club here? Tell us tell us why we should join You should join You should join because Michelle You're gonna get to know her just Well, if you want to if you're really interested in computers and technology, I would definitely join our club We're we have a lot of things that we're planning to do and it's pretty interesting especially in the cybersecurity areas so That alone just excites me And they're doing real-world stuff right now, yeah So if you want to learn about the real world join the ICT club at KCC Join Michelle help her out. She's got a lot of work on she could use some help over there I think that's gonna wrap us up for the day. We normally have a Solo cup to give you this is episode 93 or 4. I'm not sure I will make sure you get that autographed by Gordo the professor in this case and myself and we'll get it delivered over to Your office there at ICT at KCC. Okay promise you that On the way out. We always just have a little thing we say on the count of three one two three How you doing? In case you didn't understand me University of Hawaii football team is gonna kick butt under all of it's this season So be sure to follow us on think tech Hawaii and Yobachi top. I'll be at every game and remember aloo