What's in the way of my camera? Let's put this thing over, okay. All right. That's not bad. You know, last week, I was saying to myself, next time I'm building something and I'm in a stationary place, I should just do it on camera and do it live. So I'm gonna try that. I don't know how it's gonna go. But I just started the camera with no idea what I'm gonna do. But I do know what the problem is. I wonder if I can get better lighting on a different angle. This is definitely not the best spot for lighting, but this is where all my tools are. Okay. So I've got this here, spear. It's a pole spear. It's pretty long. Now at the other end is some, is a rubber band loop, you know, surgical tubing stuff. This came off, but it's easy to put back on. That's not, I mean, that's a very minor fix, but that's not the major fix I need to do. Okay, so a few days ago, I was very determined to catch some big fish and get some dinner. So I went to a place where I know there are some fish and don't ask me, I'm not telling you where it is. And I shot two, like good size fish, right? And I got good hits on, bam, you know. Oh, so just so you know how these kind of spears work, presuming the rubber band is connected, right? You put your hand through the loop of the rubber band and then you pull your hand up on the spear and it stretches the rubber band so that when you let go, whew. So you basically pull your hand all the way up to the front of the spear, hold on to it so it's sticking out the back with the rubber band stretched all the way. And then you just kind of look for something. When you get it lined up, just let your hand loose and shoots out and gets them, right? So I hit, I nailed two fish, not all at once, but like within minutes of each other. And they both got off my fricking spear. And I got them really good. And I know that because there was like fish meat, this is gonna sound a little gruesome, there was like a little bit of fish meat stuck under this thing. So I got the fish like impaled like that far at least, right? But I got to get them in further. So this thing has a chance to go up and that prevents the fish from getting off, right? So I need to get more penetration, particularly on big fish who have scales and are hard to get through. So there are a couple of different things. I guess there's two main things I can do. Or two areas of attention, I guess. I can do something about the point, something to try to make this whole thing go into a fish more easily. And I can also do something about the rubber band end and just ignore the fact that this is not connected. Okay, the way this connects is this rubber band thing is hollow and I have a bead on the end of my string here and it's kind of melted, so it's stuck on there.  Anyway, presuming that's on there, I could somehow make the rubber band shoot harder. And I could do that by snipping off some of my rubber band before I reconnect this so it'll have a shorter rubber band so I'm stretching it further so it'll have more force. So maybe I'll probably do some combination of both of those. First, let's deal with the point here. And it's kind of in silhouette, you can't see it that well, but it's just kind of rusty. First, I need to get the rusty off. Let me see what you guys are talking about. How's it going, everyone? Oh my gosh, someone retracted a message. Oh no, how's it going, Sean? And Rich, what's going on? Okay, first I'm just going to get some rust off the end of this thing. This is not the best file for this thing. I've got, I have a lot of files. Oh, that's pretty good. This, let's go, James. What's up, spearfisher? We need the fishing content. Oh, speaking of that, I just plugged in my underwater camera. The only, okay, the reason I almost never use my underwater camera, I shouldn't say my only underwater camera. The camera I usually use is actually waterproof, but I'm not risking that camera because that's my main camera. But I do have a GoPro that's waterproof and it's supposed to be good and everything, but it doesn't have a, it has no screen on it. So I can't see what I'm getting. So like when I use it, I'm just kind of pushing the button, hoping it's doing its thing and then aiming at stuff. And I don't know what it's getting or whatever. So it's kind of annoying to use, but I did just plug it in, my old GoPro. I'm hoping the battery can still hold a decent charge and I'll see if I can go get some stuff later today. I'll try to get this, try to get this spear tip better, work on the rubber band a little bit and then maybe I can do a bit of spearfishing. I'm probably not going to be able to spearfish and operate the camera at the same time because I don't know, I could try. But that's kind of one of those things where it'd be better to have a friend. And my friend said, you know, when we go swimming, bring your camera in and I'll operate the camera. So next time I go swimming with my friend, I gotta bring the camera and he'll operate it. You know, this might just be a matter of getting a point. Like, I mean, obviously nice and sharp at the end, but just getting a really tapered point. So it's a, you know, less blunt. Just get it more pointy. Maybe I should angle grind it. Okay, another thing I could do is put kind of a few little barbs into the point to kind of help it grab on and maybe as the fish is wiggling to try to get off, it would just like have a tendency to get more on the spear as opposed to just coming right up. You know what, I'm gonna get my, okay, I'm gonna be really noisy for a minute. I'm just gonna try to get this. Yeah, turn down your volume, sorry. But that's super noisy. That was probably awesome on your, your phones. Did anyone's mom come in and say, what are you listening to? That sounds terrible. All right, what's going on in here? Do you want building? Yes. You wake me up for fishing. Do you, do you live around here? Do you wanna go fishing? How's it going? Where's the rest of the boat motor test?  Yeah, I'll try to get some fishing tonight or I don't know. I'll try, I gotta have a friend to do the camera. What I'm doing spear fishing. So I'll have to wait till he's not busy and he can operate the camera. You know, that's actually, that's a lot sharper than this was before. So I probably can't see this very well. Let me, let me try to draw what you're looking at here. So the point was kind of like this, but I just made it, I made it much more like a sword. So now it's, now it's kind of much more pointy and these, these side edges are sharp. Those side parts there. So hopefully that'll help it go, go into a fish more. You imagine being a fish and listening to this and see how we can kill those fish more effectively and not let them get away. Man, you gotta eat. You know, I think that might actually be good. Another thing I was, I was thinking about doing with this point here. So it has this thing here, right? And it sticks out, not a lot, but it's, it's wider than the, the shaft obviously, but I could carve the shaft a little bit, recess it so this fits in more. Let's see, let's see. You know, so it's flush. So as it goes in, it doesn't, it doesn't slow it down at all. But I'm gonna, I'm gonna try this. That's a lot sharper than before. And I think another thing I need to do is make sure I rinse it off every time I come out of the water, because this is not the, not the best stainless steel. The steel I used for this spear was from a, it was from a stove grate, which is kind of stainless, but I mean, if you look at like this pole is, I'm pretty sure it's 304 stainless steel and it's much shinier. This is, this is getting dull with rust. But I don't know, whatever. I just, yeah, I just need to rinse it off. Try not to let it get too rusty. Let me, let me see what's going on in these secure comments. How's it going? Yeah, we're okay. Where's the rest of the boat motor test? I just uploaded that. I didn't, I didn't put the title on it and stuff and, you know, make it public. Cause the earlier today I was just, I was just uploading it so it could get on. And then later tonight, you know, I'll put the title on it and make it make it public and whatever. Yeah, but the boat, the boat seems to be going faster, definitely with less power. Joseph the dreamer, sorry for yelling. Why not build a potato cannon to simply shoot the fish? I'm not trying to feed them potatoes. Glad to see you posting again. Well, thanks, Matt. Okay, who's, who's bokey, bokey, mini and why do I need to wake you up for fishing? Do you, do you live around here? Can we actually go fishing? I'm going to call that point pretty good. This thing's long, trying to find some place to put it. Okay, now the other thing I can do to get this more into fish, for anyone who missed it, a couple of fish have gotten off my, my spear lately and I want to make sure my spear gets more into the fish so they don't escape. So I made my point sharper and here's the rubber band end. I did actually make it longer than I then was kind of recommended. Cause I wasn't sure how much pressure this was going to put on my hand. And honestly, the first day, you know, you put pulling on this like this and then grabbing the spear, it's a lot of pressure on your hand. Man, I didn't feel good, but, you know, I started getting used to it and now it doesn't feel so terrible. I can do it a lot more easily. So I think I can make my rubber bands tighter. So let's cut, I don't need to go crazy here.  Oh, now I can make a tiny little slingshot. Okay. I don't remember exactly how I got this on here before.  How do I do that? I guess just shove it in there. No, there was some technique. I don't remember what the technique was. Oh, I wish I remembered what the technique was. I can't turn this in. What did I do before? Oh, I know what I did. I got some needle nose pliers. Stuck them in inside this rubber tubing. You know, if I'm gonna do these, some of these lives here, I should figure out how to get a bit better lighting. You know what? I think if I move the camera over right there, I'll have better lights. Let me just test it. There's nothing to put it on. Hold on, hold on, hold on. Okay. Thing with the lid. The lighting's better that way, right? Here, let's see. Can you actually see what I'm holding up now? Okay, the point was really hard to see before. Yeah, that is a little better, a little better. All right, I'm gonna have to work on the lighting over here. Or maybe I'll set up some spot where I can put some tools where there's better lighting. My kitchen has better lighting. That's why I always do the lives over there.  If I put that in the needle nose pliers, pull them open and jam something in there that'll hold it open. I have that's the right size.  Sure, I'll get it.  Oh, that's too big. Okay, now I get that. Open, I should get this in there. Excuse my clumsiness. Something to jam it in. Come on, jam her in there. Something that's not gonna wreck the stuff. Sometimes you get it. Really use some force to jam it in, but you don't wanna wreck the hole.  Yeah, sometimes you get it in so tight, it just doesn't come out. There we go. All right, that's supposed to be really tight, so that's good. Well, this is better than the other one, though. So now I just need to tie a little string around here to keep that from coming off. Cause when I originally did this, I just put them on like this, and I was like, well, that's on there pretty tight. But after like 20 minutes of fishing, these did eventually come off. So I tied.  So we're gonna have some string around here somewhere. There's a piece of string. This should be better than the yarn I used on the other one. Okay, now the shirt's coming apart. This doesn't need to be super tight. It just needs to keep this part of the rubber band from going over the bead. Not one more time. I wanna have enough space to make a knot. Oh, I missed. Why is it like way harder to tie a knot when someone's watching you? I need someone to stick their finger on this. All right. Looks pretty good. It's a little tighter than before. Tip. Oh, now you can see the tip better if I get it aimed at the light better. Yeah, you can see it's kind of like, now it's got sharp edges along the sides here. Let's put that down. So that should be able to go into a fish better. Now I'll try to keep the rust off this because when I did lose those fish, it was kind of rusty. So that does cause a lot more friction. So maybe I should polish this whole thing a bit better. Although what I think I really need to do is get a better this part. Like this is all shiny. This part's shiny. It's a nice stainless steel. And I'm not sure exactly what this is. It's some kind of low quality stainless steel because it's been in salt water. It's not that rusty, but definitely not as good as this. And I was looking around in my stuff. This might be good. I don't even know what this was though. I might have to put a little bit of salt water on one end and just see if it rusts. If it doesn't rust much, I might have to switch and put this in there instead. Because if I can keep rust off, it's gonna go in a lot smoother. This is a little bit thick. However, this I'm pretty sure is some kind of high quality stainless steel. Plus it's got little holes already. So I could attach my little, what is this thing called? This thing? Whatever that is. It's not a very long piece though. Well, I guess that part's longer. Get you to that part. Another piece of something. This is too thin though. It's too easy to bend.  So let me see what's going on with you guys. Mount the camera to your spear wrist hand. I was actually thinking about doing that. I'd have to, I mean, if I put it, if I mounted something on my forearm. Okay. Maybe I should think about that for the moment. Let's do the, oh God, it's been so long. Okay, so I grabbed the, I put my hand in the rubber band back there. Pull it all the way up to here. And then I'm shooting like this. So yeah, my forearm is pretty much lined up with where I'm shooting. So, oh man. Hand cramp, I've been digging for six hours. So if I line it up, yeah, if I had a camera on some kind of thing that went on here, I could totally do that. That would work. You know what I should do? I should put a laser pointer on here so I can get the fish right where I want them. Although aim isn't as big an issue as just like hitting a moving target. Like I can, if there's a stationary little leaf in the water, I, you know, I'll practice and I can hit it pretty reliably. Just a little leaf, you know, from like, can hit it. But the fish don't just sit there. They're like going around and stuff. So it's, it's harder to get them. I'm getting better at, here we go. Definitely getting better at that. Let's see. Nice to see that fart tank in progress. Great quality video by the, oh, thanks man. Yeah, the fart tank. I haven't actually tested it yet. I'm trying to let it build up the fart gas. I'm sorry, methane. Mount the camera to your wrist, hand. Yeah, what are you building, J-Dog spear? I'm just fixing my spear. I'm also building a bunch of other stuff. Oh, you thought it was a vegetarian? Yeah, I'm definitely not a vegetarian. I can imagine being a fish, but I can't hear anything. What kind of fish are you guys, wait. There, he's putting this down. What kind of fish are you guys imaging you are, hmm. I think that sentence didn't get finished. Cool, hi everyone. What's the biggest fish speared so far? Oh, I did spear a pretty big fish. It was like, I'm trying not to do the, that was this big thing. I'm trying to like realistically, yeah, about that big. It was a red snapper. Oh, that was a good shot.  I know they're easy to find. But when they start getting like this big, they're harder to find. And there were a whole bunch of like, this sized ones. And I saw the biggest one and he was like really red. So he stood out easily. And I was like, oh, I want to get that one. And then I nailed him. Just, yeah, oh, it was a good shot. That was not with this spear though. That was with the spear gun. The biggest fish I've gotten with this was a little smaller, but still, still, let's see, still a pretty good sized fish. Yeah. And then, you know, it's easy to get little guys. Although it's actually hard to get little guys that are harder to hit, but it's easier to find them. I can see myself being a blue grill. What's a blue grill? I don't know, bluegill. Oh, maybe a black crappy, like, what percentage of your protein do you figure you're getting from fishing? Ah, oh spit on it? Should I spit on my spear? Does that help? Maybe what actually? What percentage of my protein am I getting from fish? I don't know. Not a lot. Not as much as I should be getting. I mean, maybe I shouldn't say that because, you know, I go fishing now and then and I get some, but it's not like the main source or anything yet.  Although everyone else would be trying to get fish too, so they would become real scarce. But I was thinking today, I want to start catching more fish. The thing is, I'm like working all the time. Like sun up till sun down, I'm just going. And you'll see what I've been working on. I'm not ready to show you yet. Couple, I guess there's a few different things. Yeah, I'm working on kind of a few different things at once and they're all things where yeah, I'm just, whatever I'm doing, I'm working on them all at the same time. Where is the milling of lumber on the priority list right now? It is actually pretty close to the top. Of course, everything still takes time, but I was just working on the path to where I can get logs. And I'm pretty close to done. I figure it would take me like one full day to get that path to the point where I'm like, ooh, this is pretty good. But I also have a bunch of other stuff I'm working on. And it's also just grueling work. So what I usually do if I'm working on that is I'll go over and work on it till I can't take it anymore. And then I'm done. I mean, I'm not, I don't mean to move out to die or anything, but let's see. But anyway, as soon as I get the logs, I'm very eager to get my second and third floor up. I guess, can I hear mosquitoes? I guess there are a couple of other things that are also high priorities. I don't know, it's getting close though. You live on a sunny island and you're not using solar cooking. I was expecting to see that you build one in your original way, of course. Yeah, I need to get on that.  And I just have to pick what I'm working on. So that is definitely something I want to do. Like a solar oven, I wasn't actually thinking about it the other day. But it's not at the top of the priority list yet because I do have a way to cook. So yeah, I totally want to make something good for that. This angle really shows how massive your house is. Well, thanks, man. I thought you were gonna say how massive my muscle. I'm getting kind of skinny because I'm working so hard. Yeah, you want to see what it looks like? Like how far it is to the other end? Am I gonna stay in the shot? Yeah, I think no. Here, check it out. I'm still in there. Well, I think I'm out of the picture now, aren't I? Yeah, it's like 40 feet across, which is like 13 meters. I love having a building this big. It's so cool. And right now it's kind of cluttered because everything that goes upstairs is now on the first floor until I get the upstairs done. And some of the things that I got for upstairs, I just got them when there was a deal, you know? I do that kind of thing a lot. Like I'll get things when I'm not quite ready for them. But if there's a deal and I can get it for like half price or 25% price, I'm like, well, I'll just get it now until I'm ready to use it. So it's worth it. I like these camera angles showing the dome in the background. Lighting always looks good. Yeah, the lighting isn't great. The problem with the lighting in the dome, and people have mentioned that it looks dark in here all the time. So the problem with the lighting in the dome is it's a round building and there are windows all the way around. So anywhere I aim the camera, I'm always backlit. So it screws up the lighting, you know? If I put like a sheet here or something, the lighting would be much better here. But here's, you know, there's this window light coming in and then behind this plexiglass polycarbonate stuff. There's another window right there. There's another window right there and they're all backlighting me. So it puts me partly in the silhouette. But the lighting in here is great. Like I can see everything great. Is Jamie doing dragon hunting? Oh my gosh. Are they delicious? Can I eat dragons? Taking a break with some popcorn. Oh man. I skipped lunch today because I'd just been working. I might have to make some popcorn later. Taking a break with some popcorn salad and shaved parmesan. Ooh, sit down at the computer while eating and see that Jamie Mansell is doing some live streaming. Cool. Maybe wax the metal. You know, that's not a terrible idea. If I wax this a little bit, it should be smoother and go right into the fish, right? What is this? Ah, fine. Yeah, maybe I should try waxing this a bit.  I think it's in the fish, right? Or it's just wax. I could eat a little bit of wax. I do have some wax around here too. Where's my wax? Well, I know I have some way over in my wax storage section. Oh yeah, I have some right here too. I am gonna do it. Ah, I got some butcher's wax, paste wax here. Let's get a bit on my finger and smear that on. It's kind of stinky because it has solvent in the wax, but that should evaporate pretty quick. I actually kind of like the smell. Probably because I've done things with butcher's wax in the past that have gone well. So I have good memories of the smell. Thanks for the suggestion. Or maybe not, thanks for the suggestion. Let's see how it goes. Either way, thanks for the suggestion. I always like to try new stuff. Oh, now I can't touch the screen. Hold on. I think use some dish soap on that bead. It will slip right in. Yeah, I actually tried dish soap. The thing is that tubing has such a skinny hole in the middle. Even with soap, it was not easy to get on. But yeah, the needle nose pliers trick works really well. I just need to remember that next time I do it. See any sheep's head yet? I don't think so, but I could not identify a sheep's head. I'd have to look at a picture, but I don't think so. But I'm not sure. Hi, are you feeling good from moving away from the USA to that place? I am feeling pretty good about it, actually. Partly because friends in the States keep telling me about how the cost of everything is going up. Like basically, quality of life is going down while cost is going up. And you really want that to be reversed in any place you live. And I mean, the thing I really love about here is that everything I do here is dependent on me. I'm responsible for it, which means I can make my life better. It also means if I screw up, it's my problem to deal with. But I still like that. I still like it. I'd rather have the responsibility and have to deal with my own screw ups. And also be able to do the good things that work out well. I mean, screw ups are always, I shouldn't say always, you can also learn a lot from screw ups. Hi from Wood River, Oregon. How's it going, man? How about create an underwater refuge place for fish to hang out? I did, actually. I don't want to say any more about it because I don't want anyone knowing where. I have a couple little fishing spots that are good. Right now, I'm just gonna take this. It's getting a little bit late. So I'm just gonna go in beside my island where occasionally I'll see a decent size fish but usually there's just little guys. But maybe I'll get lucky today, see how it goes. Can't finish floor without boards. Can't have boards without stock. Can't have boards without logs. Can't get logs without big boat. Oh, you missed. Can't get logs without path to logs. And then can't get logs from path without the big boat. And then I still have to get them up the hill here. I don't know. That's every project Jamie had in the last six months. Yeah. I mean, it's the kind of thing where any step of the way in that list of stuff, I could pay someone to do it. But if I do all the steps myself, then at the end, I have all the stuff to do it. So it's the kind of thing where if I just bought the wood, my second and third floor would be done. They'd be done months ago. But I built a lumber mill. I built the boat that can move the stuff. I do all the stuff to be able to get the logs myself and cut them and blah, blah, blah. It takes like a lot longer. But at that point, I have all that stuff. So it's a good investment to me. Thanks, Jamie. I appreciate the answer. Love the increased output on the content. Bigger than Starship. Do you use Starlink for internet? I do not. Starlink actually uses a lot of electricity. I looked into it and I was like, whoa, whoa, that is way too much electricity. Like the thing I have is just an antenna on the roof that aims and I think it's something like 10 watts max. Starlink is like, don't quote me on this, but it was something like 60 watts. And when you're on solar power, that's kind of a lot. I would rather, I would much rather use the 10 watt thing. Plus it's cheaper. Perhaps use Vaseline. Oh, do a house tour, please. I could do a quick house tour, but I mean, I don't know how well it's gonna come out. All right, so I was obviously, oh, see, here's the problem. Everywhere I go, I'm back lit. Here's the tool area where I just was, which will be much bigger at some point. I don't know, I don't, you know what I should do when I'm gonna do a house tour is go up to the third floor and just aim the camera down. And then you can see everything. It's just a, it's just a big round place. There aren't even, there's no, no, there's, the bathroom has walls. Everything else is just like open. There are pillars, but there aren't walls, you know? I don't know, I'll do that sometime. I was thinking, okay, perhaps use Vaseline. It'll be waterproof and stay greasy at cooler temperatures than wax. That might, I do have some Vaseline too, somewhere. Use it for electrical connections. So it could be in my electrical stuff, right? I'll try that next. I was thinking bees wax, but hey, I'm sure you could redo it after a while. Well, yeah, this, the wax I just put on here, it's not gonna last. I mean, it'll come off after a fish or two. So I'll be able to put something else on. Pro spearfisher here. Oh, the point should be a three-sided. A three-sided 30 degree angle from spear length, giving you a sharp three-knife edged point that will not get blunt easily. All right, third, I got it right. So I'm presuming if this is a spear, it's like 30 degrees from there, not 30 degrees from flat, right? Like 30 degrees from there. It's like kind of pointy still. And then three-sided, I think that's what you're saying. Let's see, 30 degrees. All right, so I've totally screwed up this one, although it should still work. I mean, even before when it was worse than this, it was a four-sided thing. It was still, it still worked, but yeah. I'm gonna remember that next time I start grinding on a thing. Let's see, Pro spearfisher here. Man, I bet you could give me like a million tips. Okay, if you could just pay someone to do it, you wouldn't need to live in Panama. You could buy a house in suburbia with the toilet people. Yeah, that's true, I totally could. Fish heads, fish heads. That's really pulling fish heads. Yes, unscheduled awesomeness, yay, hi all. If you want to build something, you gotta build something. The solution dictates the choice. I totally want to build almost everything I could. Oh, James DePasse says 75 Watts. Is that how much the Starlink is? 75 Watts, that is so much. Like trying to run that for like, well, my internet's not on all the time. I actually turned it on so I could do this. Usually it's off during the day. But still, like, if you're someone who has your internet on all the time, like 75 Watts all day, that's a lot, so much power. God, I'd much rather have my like little 10 watt thing. Tomaters, you've been a member for six months. Excellent.  Well, any seafood I eat, I catch myself. So I do some spear fishing. I've not been doing any hook fishing lately, although I have. I probably, I mean, I'm just so busy all the time, you know, doing all this stuff, but I also have a trap and the trap, that's pretty good trap. Like a week ago, the trap had like two dozen, like like fist-sized snails in it. And I was like, snail, what do I do with those things?  So I took a dozen of the snails and let the rest go and I cooked them into, oh, I made spaghetti. Like I cooked them, I boiled them and then sauteed them. I didn't know what I was really supposed to do. Anytime I cook something and I'm not sure what I'm supposed to do, I kind of cooked the crap out of it just in case. So I'm sure I overcooked them, but they were pretty good, you know, rubber eats, like eating rubber bands. And then, yeah, I catch fish every now and then. My favorite fish is Spanish mackerel, which I've never caught, I've never even seen when I'm spear fishing. Those I've caught further out in the water on a, I just on a dragged fishing line. And what I usually do for bait is like, oh, here we go. Okay, so I shouldn't even call it bait for a lure. When I go fishing and I'm just dragging the line, I never use bait.  And then put the fishing line through it and then connect the hook. So it's just like this little plastic straw with the hook up at the other end. And that seems to work really well. Some guys around here showed me, like I was like, what do you guys use for bait? Cause I went to the store and like a lure was like 10 bucks.  So I asked some local guys who were in canoes and they showed me and it was just this, like a straw basically. And it totally works. Let's see, form follows function. You still have a wish list going. I do have a wish list going. I'm like 90% sure it's down in the description. Amazon wish list. And I do have stuff on it. I make sure I keep some stuff on it. And it's all, it's all stuff that I can totally use. I don't, I don't put anything on there, you know, just to put something on there. No, it's stuff. It's always stuff that I'm going to buy, but I'll put it on there for like a couple of months before I actually need it, you know, just in case someone buys it and sends it to me. And then it's like, yes, awesome. And then sometimes I'll just start that project a little earlier or whatever. You still have a wish list. Yeah, glad, glad I made you laugh. Catching fish always makes me so happy. Food, yeah. Man, when you, when you catch like a big, a good big fish. Oh, so exciting. And the other day, the other day, like when I saw, for anyone who missed the beginning of this video, I was just fixing my pole spear here because the other day I went, this was like a week ago, I guess, I went spear fishing and I was very determined to catch some dinner. And within minutes of getting in the water, I went to a special spot. I shot a fish and I got him really good. I was so excited, but the sucker got right off. Like it didn't, I didn't get him in far enough to give this thing a chance to stop him from getting off. And then like, I don't know, like a minute later, I nailed another fish and I got really good hits on both of them. And like, you know, there was like fish meat under the little lip of this little thing here, but it just didn't get far enough in to get, yeah. So hopefully this will be better, although I'm gonna remember from professional spear fishermen 30 degrees and try a triple point, try a three-sided point. I'm gonna do that next time, next time I sharpen a thing. And I do, I do want to replace the end of this because this is, I don't know exactly what it is. It's like some kind of low quality stainless steel. So it is getting rusty. But this is just 304 and it's barely got any rust on it. So yeah, I just need a better stick for that. Yummy, those are so good. I've only caught one of those Spanish mackerel. Sheep's head are gray and black stripes with human looking teeth. Oh, the sheep's head, right. I know what you're talking about. No, I haven't seen any of those. You said an F word? Wait, wait, wait, did I straight up say it? Or did I say, does it count? Let's see. Hi, Jamie, how long are you gonna need to wait for the new motor test drive? Oh, I uploaded it earlier. I mean, okay, here's what I did. This morning I put the video together and then I uploaded it and it takes a bit of time to upload. So I started digging and then between digging I came in and looked and saw it was done uploading but I wasn't gonna use my sweaty, muddy fingers to like do all the stuff. So I just turned my computer off and then, so the video is online right now. It's just unlisted. So as soon as I'm done shooting some spears and eating some dinner and stuff, I'll go do the title and make it public and everything. But yeah, the video is there. So I don't know, tonight, not too late either. Unless I forget, I won't forget it, not that time. Hello, Jamie, how long, oh, wait, wait, wait. You made, you should farm some pigs. You're right, I should farm some pigs. Nice one, your star. All right, I am gonna, all right. I'm at the end of comments here. I'm gonna go see how I can do with the spear. I've got my floppers over here. Although, you know, they're not here, they're on the boat. I have these flappers, you know, flip, what do you call them, flippers, flippers. I knew a guy in the Bahamas when I stayed there for a few months one time. He always called them flappers and I thought I was hilarious. So I was calling them flappers now too. But I have some flippers that I somehow inherited. I don't even remember exactly how I got them, but they don't actually fit my feet because my feet are huge, like size 14 in United States and while you can look up the rest from there. But yeah, I did, speaking of my wish list, I put bigger, bigger flappers on my wish list because I think, well, if no one buys them for me, I'll buy them myself at some point.  And I'm gonna grab my GoPro camera that doesn't have a screen, but I'm gonna see if I can get something worth sharing and I'll see how it goes. All right, I better get out of here. Have an excellent everything. Oh, like a couple more things. Did you happen to purchase a freezer fridge? I remember you said something about a cooler conversion.  So that project is like half done, three quarters done. But I just haven't finished putting it together yet because I haven't needed it yet. But it's, yeah, I've been thinking about putting it together, yeah, one thing at a time, you know? Oh, hold on, we got a pro spearfisher again. You would be better off using a Hawaiian sling, a bamboo shaft with the surgical rubber strapped to it with a hasp to hold the spear, aim like a bow and arrow, see Google images. Okay, so when I lived in the Bahamas, that's what I used. It's like, it was just like a... Okay, I don't have anything right here. Oh, no, I can use this. This is totally the wrong size. But this is what I used when I was in the Bahamas. So there's a PVC, a piece of PVC pipe that was skinnier than this and shorter than this. It would fit in my hand. And then there was a piece of surgical tubing longer than this, but it went on like that.  And it was longer, obviously. So you can hold it like this, put your spear in and then pull it back and I think that's what you're talking about. And I've used those and I do like those as well. The thing I didn't like about that is it would shoot the spear and then the spear is not attached to me. So if the fish swims away with it, I'm like chasing the fish, give me back my spear.  So that would totally make sense. But I do also like this style a lot because I'm always holding on to the rubber band part. So I'll pull this up all the way to the front, then shoot and I just hold onto this and I know the fish isn't getting away. I can pull them back and get it right back. And yeah, I've been enjoying this kind of spear a lot. Although I did like using the other kind too. So maybe I'll make one of those two at some point and just figure out what to attach to it. So the fish can't swim away. I'm a little bit wary of attaching like a string or something because I'm gonna get tangled up and in stuff. I don't know, but you probably know what to do much better than me. Maybe you write a book on your experiences. Well, maybe I should write a book on my experiences. I made a movie about my experiences a little while ago. He's talking about attaching the rubber direct lives to the spear so you hang onto the rubber after it shoots. Okay, so that's what I have though. OMG, Jamie, you're in and it is so good. Now I've seen your wrinkles under your eyes in 720. Did you get Starlink? No, it's just, I think the thing is probably on the weekend when I do the lives, everyone else is on the internet because it's a weekend. And right now it's just, I don't know, is it Tuesday? So not that many people are on the internet in the area around here. Okay, I'm gonna go see if I can catch some dinner. I'll try to get some video. Can't promise anything. I'll see how it goes though. And everyone else, have an excellent whatever you have.


Everyone, welcome to SiliconANGLE Cube News here for Mobile World Congress. This is a Mobile World Congress news update. Dell in the news here partners with leading infrastructure companies, Dell Technologies. Really setting up an ecosystem here. Dell with leading telecom and infrastructure players accelerating the network adoption. Announcing that is launching the Dell's open telecom ecosystem community. A community of multiple telecom partners and communications service providers aimed at becoming a unifying force in the telecom industry. This announcement comes just days after Dell introduced a host of new hardware platforms designed to help the telecom firms build cloud-native open radio network access also called RAN architectures. Using proprietary and sub-components for various suppliers. Dell's open telecom ecosystem community has already partnered with Nokia, Qualcomm, Amdox, and Juniper Networks to create new offerings aimed at accelerating open RAN price performance for communications service providers. This includes creating a new virtual RAN offering using open telecom ecosystem labs as the center for testing and validation, building next generation 5G virtualized distributed units and deploy and automated validated 5G essay network with various partners across the ecosystem. Dell's promising that this is just the beginning of the collaboration with the telecom industry as it seeks to accelerate the adoption of 5G networking technologies and solve key industry challenges. More access on the ground. Go to thecube.net. TheCube is broadcasting live for four days. Dave Vellante, Lisa Martin. I'm in the studios in Palo Alto bringing you the news. A lot of action happening. Of course, go to siliconangle.com to catch all the breaking news. We have a special report. We already got 10 plus stories already flowing. Probably have another 10 today. Day two tomorrow as MWC continues to power more news coverage for the Edge and cloud-native technologies.


What are your thoughts on this mayoral race? The mayoral race? Give me the first time we're going to have a woman as a mayor, which is finally, I think, but I think we have to make sure that we have a quality person and I think Joan is a person that's going to lead our city into the future. If there are like a few things on the ballot that most people skip over that you think are super duper important, what would you say Burlingtonians should focus on? Well, I'm really hoping that we'll pass this school budget. I want us to tell our future generations of Burlingtonians that we really care about them and making sure we have a high school is a big part of that. So please, encouraging folks to vote yes on the school budget. And that public safety tax is important. We're facing a deficit as a city and it will be really important to make sure that we have all the funds we need to keep people safe and fund our public safety personnel.  Well, as a trans person, I'm glad to see that the council passed a resolution a little while ago saying that trans people are welcome here in condemning hate. That's wonderful and also words don't mean as much as actions. And the fact that we're still seeing these transphobic stickers around town, that we have people who don't believe that trans children deserve to exist safely and openly are running for school board positions makes me nervous. And while I'm grateful for all the work in support of trans and queer people in our community that has happened, I want to see that work front and center as we go into the future. Why do you think it's important to put forward this public safety tax? Well, we've acted over the last couple of years in the city council to enter into new collective bargaining agreements with our police and firefighters to address recruitment and retention issues. If we're going to live up to the promises and those new contracts and we're going to be able to bring in new positions like community service officers, urban park rangers, stand up new teams to help folks with substance use, then there's a cost that comes along with that and the public safety tax is going to meet that need. Where is there anything on the ballot that you wish like or anything that you wish would have been on the ballot? Yeah, there's been a lot of conversation in the last couple of years about, you know, direct democracy in Burlington and ballot questions and also like the town meeting tradition, right, of towns throughout Vermont have a different discourse on town meeting day and Burlington is a big city and I think that when we get things on the ballot, that's a way that we can have like discourse around issues that are important. So I would like to see more citizen-led ballot initiatives making it onto the ballot. I'm supporting Representative Mulvaney Stanek. I think that she is more likely just based on her record to promote a bold vision, especially for housing policy for urban density here in Burlington, which is really my priority. I haven't worked super closely with her in the past, but I do know that her work in the legislature has been really consistently geared towards the interest of working people. What are your thoughts on the ranked choice voting approach this year? Yeah, I'm very curious to see how that will pan out. I'm hoping that it helps all candidates rather than favoring the incumbent, which our typical way of voting I think has, but we'll see.


Kia ora koutou, thank you for joining us in our session today. We would be talking about how we develop the Wahine Tua Women in Defence project. Kulaweza Hormin Aho, I work in the research team at the Air Force Museum of New Zealand and Christchurch, and I'm here today with my colleague Marauke. He's also from the Air Force Museum and Liz Milden from the National Army Museum Te Matatua. Together, along with Karis Bose from the Torpedo Bay Navy Museum, who unfortunately can't be with us today, we are the team behind Wahine Tua, an online exhibition that we created to mark the 125th anniversary of suffrage in Aotearoa, New Zealand. So, I'll briefly give a bit of background before I hand over to Liz and Marauke who will explain why we decided to collaborate online for this particular project and how we achieved this. Our three organisations are the National Service Museums for the New Zealand Defence Force, and we're based in three locations around the country. Navy Museum at Devonport in Auckland, Army Museum at Waiuru, Central North Island, and the Air Force Museum at Wigrim in Christchurch. Given the separate services we represent, not to mention our physical distance from each other, our museums don't often work together. But for the 2018 suffrage 125 Whakatū Wahine National Event Programme, which we're proud to be part of, we ended up pooling our skills and resources to work very closely producing this exhibition, and in the process overcoming a number of obstacles that have prevented us from working together collaboratively in the past. So when my original exhibition proposal on Air Force Women in Combat was accepted as an online exhibition, our director at the time, the late Therese Angelo, suggested broadening the scope to also include navy and army personnel. So then deciding to collaborate, it became a tri-service museum project with Karris and Liz joining me on the research team, interviewing personnel, and Maraika undertaking the huge task of video editing and designing the exhibition online. So collaborating in this way allowed us to interview personnel from around the country, and here—sorry, my mic's gone— here are a few excerpts from the exhibition. It's actually—it's not just about females anymore, maybe it's just about work-life balance across the board. So I wanted to do something that was challenging for me and something where I could express myself as a Māori woman. I didn't feel any different from a male trainee. I felt exactly the same. I was treated the same, and I was still expected to do the same things that a male could. The only thing that was different was that the physical test standards are different for females, because I'd say everything else was smack-bang. Kia ora. I'm Liz Milden. I'm the curator of Hildre at the National Army Museum, Tomatatoa, and I was lucky enough to be asked to work alongside Louisa and Maraika and Karris on this project. I'm going to talk a little bit about why I collaborate, but first of all I'd like to give a bit of background on the women in the services in New Zealand. So on the 29th of July 1977, the New Zealand Women's Royal Naval Service, the New Zealand Women's Royal Army Corps, and the Women's Royal New Zealand Air Force, which were separate from the main regular force, they were disbanded, and the women serving in them were integrated into other corps and units within the three regular services. With regard to the army, even though women were now part of the regular force and working fully alongside their male counterparts, there were still restrictions in place regarding which corps women could serve and in how far their careers could progress. Section 16 clause 2 of the Human Rights Commission Act 1977 meant that the NZDF, New Zealand Defence Force, could exercise a preference with regard to who they recruited within the specific corps or trades and also who was promoted within those corps or trades. Women were not able to serve in combat roles across the three services. Within the army they were excluded from corps such as the Royal New Zealand Infantry. Restrictions were placed on career progression within corps such as the Royal New Zealand Artillery. So they could still join the artillery, and their prospects of promotion were very limited. In 1987, so this is 10 years after the initial integration, it was only then that women in the Royal New Zealand Air Force were able to train as pilots, and in 1988 they were able to fly combat aircraft, but again not in combat situations, and the same for the Navy, they were able to serve at sea, but again in non-combat roles. In 2006, Human Rights Women and Armed Forces Amendment Bill removed all restrictions in relation to which corps or units women could serve in, and meant that women could now serve in combat roles, whether that be with the Navy, army or the Air Force. So, why collaborate? The three service museums, as Louisa said before, had never collaborated before on an exhibition, so one Suffrage 125 presented the perfect opportunity to combine skills and resources. You know, why would we not take the opportunity to work with our fellow service museum colleagues? The success of this collaboration could also provide leverage for pursuing further tri-service museum projects in the future. The legislation that was introduced regarding gender integration and the 2006 Amendment Bill was not just about one service, it was about moving forward and then finally abolishing gender discrimination across all three services. The project was an opportunity to try something new with regard to it being a collaboration. It was also a collaboration that was made more feasible due to being able to successfully utilise available technologies, Skype, Basecamp, so we could connect the team members who were based in three different parts of the country. By involving all three museums, access to resources and research materials was increased, which meant went towards providing a more thorough and balanced coverage of each of the three services. Team members could also utilise the skills and support of colleagues within their own museums. Each service and each service museum can have a sense of ownership in relation to the exhibition and the material that has been shared with the public. Awesome. Ki ora, everyone. My name is Mereika. I'm the communication assistant at the Air Force Museum of New Zealand. I'm not a trained exhibition designer by no means, but when the team asked me to join and work them sort of start off as an editing capacity, and then it developed into... Hang on, I'm quite curious to see what else I can do with this online thing because I am quite curious to see what we could do. So, just with that in mind. So, I'll just be talking to you guys a bit more about the benefits of going digital with this exhibition. So, the women's interviews were video and audio, so it made sense that it would become an online exhibition. It also meant that it was going to be more accessible. So, it meant that people who'd never physically stepped foot into a museum would be able to view these stories. And especially these stories which within our different service museums may or may not have explored in such a way in terms of these oral histories. So, it's also adaptable. It can be used on a variety of different digital devices. So, as you can see here, there are examples of the launch. So, we have here the launch at the Navy Museum. They also had a blackboard which they invited visitors that came into the museum to write their stories, share who their wahini toa is in their lives. And then we've got Liz there at the launch at the Army Museum. And as you can see, they have a touch screen at the entrance of the Army Museum as well, which can then explain to visitors a bit more about the online exhibition and also invite them to further explore this online. It's also very flexible. Being on a digital platform meant that we could update as we went along. So, it meant we didn't have to worry about reprinting any panels, which was great, especially with a deadline that was not going to move for us. So, it was really quite handy. It also meant that for the future, we could add more interviews. We could add more supplementary materials from our different collections to explain the wider context of the exhibition. We could also update the timeline that appears on the online exhibition as well as policies change or anything else that we need to add. We can also add more features. So, if we decided that we wanted to provide a space for people to share their stories by commenting, that's something that we could also look at doing because it's flexible and adaptable in that manner. The flexibility and adaptability also means that we can take these interviews and we can use them in different types of exhibitions. So, for example, if the Navy Museum wanted to do an exhibition around leadership today within the Navy, they could easily utilise the different interviews that we do have from the different interviews from the leadership there. It's also cost-effective, as I said, in the terms of not having to actually print or produce any print materials. So, that just meant that, again, yeah, sorry. That's basically how I've already said that before. Measurability. I know in previous talks everyone's been talking about measurability, Google Analytics. You can see how many people have viewed the page and the page has been viewed 2,489 times from the time of launch, which was 28th of November 2018 until this metric measured up until the 30th of September 2019. Each video is around 7 minutes long and we can see that people who have visited the online exhibition spend around an average of 10 minutes on this page. So, while we don't necessarily know how they interact with that just yet, it's something that we need to look into in terms of measuring that, we can make a sort of educated guess that they're at least watching either one in full or watching a few minutes of one and then deciding, oh, actually not really into this one, but let's move on to that one. All right, I'll just sort of carry on where sort of list started in terms of working collaboratively. So, as she mentioned, we used a cloud-based project base camp. So, we used this to manage the project as well as to communicate. It was also used to share files, ask questions in a forum-based environment which meant all team members could view this. So, for example, if Liz, Louisa and Keras were talking about interviewees that they needed to talk to, but I wasn't necessarily in that live chat. I could always go back later on and view that and kind of catch up in that sense especially because we're also physically removed from each other. It also helped us to set clear deadlines that we could all view as well by using the calendar function. So, in the beginning Louisa would set up all of the tasks that we needed to do and the dates that we needed to accomplish them by, which was also really useful for us to ensure that we are keeping track and if we're noticing that we're a little bit behind on something trying to understand why that is and seeing what other resources we needed to pull from our different organisations. We held weekly Skype meetings just to catch up on any issues that we may have occurred during the week and again just quickly realising if there's something that we needed a little bit more help with on one area and who could pick up certain things. So, for example, a lot of the interviews that were conducted with the Air Force personnel who were based up in Fenua Pai were conducted by Karris who was based up in Auckland, which was really great so I mean that Louisa didn't have to fly up especially just to conduct those interviews. We also used a cloud based computer file transfer system called We Transfer and this was mainly used for the large raw video files that were seen to me to then edit. So by using things like Basecamp and Skype we were able to maintain really good general communication. There was obviously also the old school telephone as well. Things got a bit tricky towards the end especially but overall we felt that that communication worked really well. And there's just a lovely little picture of the three of them having a bit of a Skype conversation. Alright, so I'll just talk to you a bit about the editing process which I was really excited to get my hands on but I had to be careful what I wished for. I got all the footage and then we were like, right, what do we do now? Because the beauty of this project was that we had no idea what we were going to receive. We had questions that we asked that was focused around the journey of all these females. Why did they decide to join? How did they find that whole process of joining in the beginning and where do they draw their string from in terms of their wahenitawa? And of course you don't know who's going to say what, how long are they going to speak for? Personalities are very different. It's also depends on where in their career they are. People tend to be maybe a little bit, wouldn't say short in the answers but they knew what they wanted to say when they were young and energetic and they were like, yes, let's go. Georgie Kress was a great example we saw that in the clip. Very energetic, just things of you, you're able to do it and go for it. We're all the same, let's go for it. And then you get really thoughtful interviews as well from Lisa Hun as well talking more about leadership and senior leadership. So you're getting a lot of different types of answers and so with that in mind we thought we don't really want to cut this up too much and say here's a slide, here's the question, here's the answer. We sort of decided, no, let's just we'll still cut it up just to make it a bit shorter for the scope of the exhibition. But we still wanted to feel like a natural conversation and they were just telling us their story. So at the time the Air Force Museum did not have the Adobe Premiere Pro editing software that I really wanted to use. However the Taranga Crash City Central Library came to the rescue with their availability of all the Adobe suite software. So I was able to actually go in there spend as much time as I needed to I didn't have to book in or explain really, I just went there and kind of taught myself quickly how to edit with some YouTube tutorials but there are stuff available to actually give you tutorials to help you with the basics of how to use the software which I thought was really incredible because it just showed you that if you don't necessarily have all those resources and you wanted to do something collaboratively like this there are resources out there for you to be able to do this. It was quickly also noticed that I needed a very clear brief on what we wanted. I needed to know exactly when I needed to cut and stop and start so again it was just a very clear communication to say, hey guys, this is we've got a lot of amazing things here but for this project we need to decide what exactly it is that we want so they're really great and actually provided me with clear outlines of what it is that they wanted. Stop at this minute, start at this minute when she sees this, do this and that was really really great, it really helped out a lot with editing. Okay, so I'll just go over to the current home of the exhibition. So we decided to host a Wahanita Women in Defence on the Air Force Museum of New Zealand's website so the website is hosted on WordPress which made it really easy to create an online exhibition as it is a drag and drop sort of function which means I didn't have to code I don't know if I should say to learn how to edit quickly but as I was already doing this for my job as a communications assistant I mentally stuck up my hand when Luisa asked me about the capabilities of doing this on a website and I said yes, I can do that, let's do it. We uploaded the final cut of the interviewees to the Navy Museum's Vimeo Channel and again it just shows you that collaborative nature of the exhibition by using other resources so again the Vimeo Channel is something that the Navy Museum already uses and it meant that I wasn't going to use up all of our space in our media library on our WordPress website. So now I'll just delve into the world of the design so I kind of took the approach that the videos would act as interactive exhibition panels like the ones that you would find in a physical exhibition at a museum. The final 13 videos encapsulates the overall viewpoint of the interviews time in the New Zealand Defence Force and they all differ in lengths and are on average just under 7 minutes so the colour purple was used to link with Suffrage 125 and it also helps distinguish the online exhibition from the rest of the Air Force Museum website. So I'll just do a bit of a walk-through. So the three images and first paragraph act as an introduction or overview panel you'd find at the start of an exhibition. So I am Linnitha Kearney from Taifo and went to Taifo University College. I joined in 80 and 90. So as you can see you can just walk through that. We used the Quo-Box to highlight key themes from each interview and we also used the colour purple so the purple banners you'll see as a way to indicate to the visitor that you're about to enter into a new section similar that you would find if you were walking through a physical exhibition moving into a new idea or theme. So historical context was provided by archival recruitment materials you seen previously in the slides and they were curated from the Navy Army and the Air Force Museum. It is displayed in the form of an interactive slideshow and you can also view that onto the website. Clear and simple timeline design was also implemented so the visitor can have a broader understanding of women in the free services since gender integration in 1977 and gender equity changes. And I'll just pass back to Louisa. So we've got about 5 minutes so I'll try and wrap up. So although the exhibition has been launched the potential for adding new content and linking related content to it, like blog posts that our individual museums are working on anyway is virtually limitless due to the exhibition's digital nature. However, each of our museums have our own other big projects that we've got going on and so we need to respond to those activities as they arise and so we need to ensure that going forward all three museums have shared Web Administrator rights to upload, edit and manage the exhibition independently from each other. This is most easily achieved by relocating the exhibition to its own Web domain. First and foremost this will enable any one of our museums to upload additional content to the exhibition even if the other two museums are engaged in other work. It also allows us to plan for the exhibition's future, archive it, expand the content and interactivity wherever possible and run a refreshed communications plan around its relaunch. A Web domain will require minimal but ongoing funding and so we'll be working on a proposal for this in the new year. Some other updates will include some written form content from RNZEF recruits, interview captions for our deaf members of the online community audience and souvenir leaflets to better promote the online exhibition to our real world museum visitors. Basically this whole project was an experiment for us and the exhibition development process was also experimental in nature working across three museums that all intersect with NZDF and its individual units or services was a challenge especially working within a defence IT environment so that's why base camp and Skype were so valuable to us because we can't file share very easily we can't Skype there's a lot of things that we have to, we had to think around around some of those challenges while we did this even though we all work for the same organisation essentially. But despite budget we didn't have allocated budget as well so we just kind of like asked for things when we did need them we didn't have an allocated budget but despite these constraints and challenges of distance we achieved pretty good communication and we also have identified areas for improvement and produced a process template which can be used as a guide for future projects of this kind within our organisations and and so we launched this about exactly one month ago on 28 November 2018 125 years since New Zealand women cast their first vote in a New Zealand election so I hope you enjoyed that and if we have time for questions we'll be, we can do that now or we'll be around for the rest of the day thank you


is Paul Diemeier and he is a professor at the George Mason University. Paul is an expert on the role of the land surface in the climate system and he's interested in the development and application of land surface model as he studies the impact of land surface variability on the predictability of climate and interactions between the terrestrial and atmospheric branches of the hydrological cycle. Paul we're looking very forward to your talk and it is so nice to not only look only at the ocean and the atmosphere but also the other components which do play a role in estrous predictability. Go ahead Paul. Thank you Judith and Anish again giving me a second chance to speak hopefully you see the full screen presentation I trust it's working all right. I'm going to end up in very much the same place as the questions that Andy just answered so well so but the starting point just as a reminder to the students and it's been four weeks now there's been so much coming past you just to kind of reorient that for the land surface what we're really looking for here is when and where is the land surface important to atmosphere weather and climate because it's not important in all places and all locations the in all times it's very similar to to Enso to the El Nino phenomenon you can think people even the general public now knows to sort of pay attention to ssts in the tropical Pacific that somehow that has some connection to weather and climate all over the globe over the US especially in the winter time right we that's something that we really focus on and maybe not so much in the summer it's kind of a similar situation with the land surface but the the pathways are a bit different in s2s forecasting sub seasonal to seasonal climate anomalies are driven by as you've been hearing for weeks these sort of persistent large-scale circulation features that's what we really hang our hat on it's really these long atmospheric ways that have remote sources from the the mjo or from the tropics or even coming down from the stratosphere communicated as it were to where we live which is basically most of us living on continents we're not living in the middle of the tropical pacific ocean where we live on continents it's rosby wave propagation right that's carrying the signal to us and so predictable s2s phenomenon are sort of delivered by the atmosphere to where we live in much the same way that you might say you know afraid companies delivering your amazon order or that your internet service provider is delivering you data to your house so if we think of this analogy then we can think of the atmosphere as being that sort of large-scale shipping but then like communications or shipping or things often break down is that last mile that last kilometer to your house right once the package is in your neighborhood 30% of the cost and most of the failures in this kind of shipping or in isps occur in your neighborhood at that final step to the customer's door and so this is a very similar analogy that we would post for forecast models if the land surface in your neighborhood in your country in your state in your continent is poorly initialized or if the couple land atmosphere processes are not well represented then the delivery breaks down or as lost or as garbled and so we've kind of transitioned from this dynamics fluid dynamics picture with the atmosphere down to something local that's a lot more thermodynamics we're talking about with the land surface and the atmosphere above it and it becomes much more of a regional thermodynamic problem so a quick review a quick reminder kind of where we stand right now about 20 years ago the the Glossier experiment revealed this notion of hot spots of land atmosphere coupling or feedbacks that tend to be in these transition regions between arid and humid locations and so these these hot spots were found initially through modeling studies only without observational data because we didn't have the observational data at the time and so the way this was determined in models was basically through a very clever design of a model experiment where we run a large ensemble of simulations and in one case all the ensemble members are initialized identically but the same land surface state and when the other one they're all sort of jumbled up they're all sort of randomized or or something is done differently and so when we do that we can look at the coherence within an ensemble as a measure of the feedback this omega parameter shown here so the idea is basically that when you have an ensemble and you specify the land surface to be identical and all the ensemble members and specify it you know potentially throughout the entire integration then if the land surface is actually controlling the atmosphere then the atmosphere should be kind of more constrained more coherent less spread in the ensemble members they should track each other more closely if the land surface states have no bearing on it then it won't change that spread at all and the ensemble will spread just as it did when you just did an initialization or just you know randomized surface so coherence is a hint of predictability and an increase in coherence say when you specify the same land surface state says ah this could be a source of predictability and its coherence then can potentially carry the signal in time to these sub seasonal to seasonal distances so in our gloss case this omega increased the spread when you increase the spread in land surface states it increases the spread in your ensemble forecast and that was our clue that's basically what this map is telling us a quick reminder just on the processes we see this as links in a chain so for instance the little pseudo equation at the bottom there if you have an increase in rainfall then you're going to have an increase in soil moisture that has the potential to lead to increase in evaporation more moisture in the atmosphere might lead to more increase in rainfall or sustaining rainfall that's the positive feedback idea and what we talked about before was when you have a high positive correlation between soil motion evaporation that means you're in a moisture limited regime variations in soil moisture are controlling the evaporation when you have an energy limited regime where you have a lot of water in the soil but maybe not enough sunlight it's not warm enough then it's actually the energy availability that's the limiting factor and that's what controls evaporation and then soil moisture is kind of along for the ride and it becomes negatively correlated that's what we see in that middle panel but for that to get communicated the atmosphere the atmosphere has to be ready and it has to play along and so the atmosphere has to be in a state where it's responsive to a change in surface fluxes and if all the pieces of the puzzle are in place then that's when soil moisture can control things like boundary layer depth cloud formation and the amount of rainfall we saw that that sensitivity does not occur in all ranges of soil moisture there's a particular range where we have a lot of sensitivity that's kind of outlined in red here kind of moderate amounts of soil moisture in the soil not too wet not too dry goldilocks sort of zone above some amount the moisture in the soil is so high that again evaporation levels off all the variation and evaporation is about the energy availability not the water availability and likewise at the low ends we can shut down to a point where there's basically no evaporation and again this is all thermodynamics it's not dynamics how these feedbacks occur is is through this pathway and as soon as the sun comes up you have energy potentially to evaporate moisture so if you're in that red box then you're sort of ready to go the slope of that line is the sensitivity the stronger the slope then the more surface fluxes change with the change in soil witness and we pointed out before that the atmospheric part also has different ranges of response and again kind of the medium range of evaporation is where precipitation seems to be most sensitive again you know not too hard not too soft the bed is just right for goldilocks glossay 2 was our prediction version of glossay not a predictability experiment but actually doing hind casts it was kind of like s2s before s2s prediction project and so what we saw there was a realistic soil moisture initialization improves the forecast and so what you see on the right here is temperature prediction skill the dots are significant areas yellow is good lead time is the different rows but here I'm also showing that the extremes really contribute to prediction skill so when we look at the extreme terciles or the quintiles are on the far right the desiles the top 10% wettest and driest soils are contributing almost all of the skill that we see in the whole range just like a strong El Nino or a strong line Nino is where we get most of our seasonal predictability when El Nino is weak and it's hard to hard to get a forecast same thing applies for soil moisture so the skill impacts are also longer where there's that memory where there's that persistence of a soil moisture anomaly it just happens to turn out over North America that the hot spot where the coupling is the strongest is also a place where the memory is weak so we see in these maps that the great planes kind of fades away after 30 days 45 days and is no longer an area of predictable temperature the coupling is strong there but the memory of the soil moisture anomalies just isn't there okay so this all affects prediction skill in Glossy 2 and as we said before a quick reminder if you're in kind of a dry area or it's typically kind of too dry to have much evaporation and you have a wet spell oh suddenly you've moved into that sensitive range likewise if you're in kind of a wet area where it's usually too wet for the variations in soil moisture to affect surface fluxes and have no response but you go into kind of a dry phase oh now suddenly that area is in a sensitive regime and so in each case if you're in that area with a strong slope of surface fluxes as a function of soil wetness then you can have land atmosphere interactions and potential predictability and potential prediction skill to harvest a great example of that wet area getting dry and suddenly being able to give a feedback is what we saw in northern europe in 2018 during the drought and heat wave in that region and we saw this plot before too a couple weeks ago the temperature extremes in this case it's the fraction of days in may june and july august of 2018 that were among the five percent of the warmest days for the whole uh 40 year period leading up to that time and in the bottom it's it's for soil moisture although we're taking the top quarter the top quartile instead of the top five percent and what we said was that there is kind of on the bottom of that scale there's the place where the the evaporation basically shuts down and any energy any any net radiation at the surface goes into sensible heat flux and just gets pumped right back in the atmosphere as heat that's this critical threshold this break point where we can really get an amplification in the strength of a heat wave because the land atmosphere feedbacks have now sort of cranked it up to 11 and so that's kind of shown in the bottom here uh bottom left figure but to kind of expand on that intensification idea so effectively when you drop below if you know any soil hydrology when you drop below the wilting point uh when when plants become very stressed and basically shut down and stop trying to do um uh any sort of photosynthesis and thus are also not transpiring any moisture to the atmosphere that's when we get this really strong feedback and that threshold depends on the type of soil that you have it depends on the type of vegetation the map on the left shows this climatological threshold that we've produced over europe for that soil moisture shutdown and there's a lot of spatial variability it's not just a function of latitude or or or anything and all that fine structure is because of different vegetation different soils in those different locations even orography can affect this and the hypersensitivity of the maximum temperatures on declining soil moisture is shown on the right the darker the colors the more quickly temperatures will ramp up as you cross down and dry out the soil by some increment of of wetness and so you see dark colors in places like in in iberia and in uh in turkey over ukraine even in sort of northern france around paris there's that band in southern britain for instance that you see that has the darker colors that's the area where they have chalk soils or chalk underneath the soils it's kind of a karst formation which has a very different interaction with the vegetation and the soils above it then further north in britain where you kind of have a typical bedrock substrate underneath so all these things have an effect even the geology we talked about that the time scale where this really emerges is in the s2s range i showed this picture before and compared it to our um idealized schematic it shows the land sort of peaking in the sub-seasonal range there's not a lot of impact of land or ocean at very short time scales because it's all an initial condition problem to the atmosphere all the skill comes from the atmosphere there's not much room left to improve the skill with the land or the ocean but once you get out five days a week two weeks three weeks suddenly it becomes from the atmospheric perspective a boundary value problem not an initial value problem but from the land or the ocean no what do you mean boundary it's us there's the atmosphere is our boundary to them it's still an initial value problem it was what was the initial soil moisture what's the initial ssts if you think about it as a system which is the way we should think about it as you know andy mentioned uh then you have to look at the whole picture and realize that it's it's a couple of feedback and you just have different components that have different memories and different uh scales to to persist their initial states so this land impact on prediction skill here we're showing it actually quantified um a realistic initial initialization initialization of the land surface can extend significant skill and prediction of air temperatures in this case we're looking at pentads what we see here is that how many pentads is significant skill extended beyond what we had before by using the right land initialization instead of say random or climatological initialization about 40 of the land area of the globe has skill extended by at least two pentads 10 days or more about 80 at least five days or more extended by doing these pentad averages which suggests neglecting initialization is going to be a big problem for forecast skill and we can also look at it kind of the way the cpc always looks at you know monthly chunks if we look at month one month two month three then we see a similar picture that 30 to 50 percent of the globe has skill extended by at least one month looking at temperature and here also humidity and dry season subtropics three months or more and this is with the old cfs version two which is not a state-of-the-art model it's a really kind of a kind of an old beater of a model at this point it's kind of been in use for nearly 15 years now the new ufs model is being developed has a potential to improve upon this by improving the models as well not just the initialization let me skip this one i want to get to the initialization question assimilating soil moisture this came up and the last couple talks about soil moisture so this is actually showing information content this is from information theory in of soil moisture in these different products the x axis is called metric entropy if it's really high then you basically got noise random noise if it's really low on the left side zero means it's periodic and somewhere in between is kind of a mix of the two the y axis is the complexity in the signal how much information content is there and what we see is that in situ measurements of soil moisture outlined here in blue what you have is is the our kernel density are high our high blob here is really it's not too noisy it's not too periodic it's got a lot of information when we look at the models they kind of replicate that to some extent they're a little too periodic a little too deterministic our models you know they tend to have trouble expanding and getting the whole envelope but what we see here is that the the satellites the old satellites at least ever soil moisture which were not purpose built to measure soil moisture mostly are just noise there's not a whole lot of information in them the SMAP satellite from NASA soil moisture it's still got a lot of noise but man it looks so much better and in fact the information content looks very useful and much more comparable to in situ measurements which is really giving us a lot of promise for initializing the land globally a lot of forecast centers already do land data simulation of satellite soil moisture data for initialization ECMWF did this starting with era two and it does it operationally so does medial France does it KMA does it the Environment Canada does it some places don't do it and so it's going to be a couple years before they get their system going but eventually that will come in okay so to wrap up land models and atmosphere models have been developed separately and sort of plugged together it's a system we need to consider model development as a system the coupling is very important it's important for predictability and prediction until recently we didn't have a lot of data either the in situ or the satellite data of good enough quality of good enough coverage to really do this sort of validation but now we can and now we're starting to do that and so this is a picture like to show nature land and atmosphere are involved in this in this beautiful elegant dance going back and forth and our models historically have not represented this in a very elegant realistic fashion but now we have a chance to model nature much better and improve our S2S predictions which is really where the land could have a lot of impact because it is a coupled system and I will stop there oh one thing here's the references that were were cited in the previous slides thank you thank you very much very comprehensive very educational thank you so much I I have a question so please post your questions or raise your hands but I wanted to ask you about uncertainty so yes we often have that problem in in the atmosphere that we're under dispersive and that problem gets probably worse on the S2S scale and I was wondering if you could say about the uncertainty sort of in the land parameters and if you have enough observation to constrain them do you have that same problem of under dispersion and in that context can you talk a little bit about um separate scale heterogeneity yes uh wow that is a lot of that question uh yes absolutely uh yeah you under dispersive is the right term and we have exactly that same situation with the land surface um parameter choosing is a big problem um as is the case with say you know rainfall data and so many other things we have a lot of information in the developed world uh so you know Europe North America East Asia Australia we have a lot of good data on soil parameters you know in situ that have been gathered and so forth and vegetation we don't in a lot of parts of the world we have to rely on satellites to give us the global coverage and then there's the usual problems of interpreting the satellite data although some clever people have worked out ways to try to back out the kind of information we need from the variability they see in long satellite records but it's still a little bit klugey in that regard one thing I didn't point out but is relevant to the heterogeneity is that when we do the in-situ validation that's a site and even if you have a flux tower that flux tower kind of has a footprint of at most a square kilometer usually on the areas of you know thousands of square meters which is much smaller than any of our model grids so there's also the concern about scale and heterogeneity is always an issue it doesn't matter how how fine you go with your model there are always scales that are finer than your highest resolution and for the land surface in particular surface heterogeneity can drive mesoscale circulations which can contribute upscale to a lot of what we see at the grid scale and are simply not resolved in our climate models especially getting to these convection permitting or cloud permitting scales of models has it has a lot of promise is going to help quite a bit but there's still heterogeneity below those scales potentially that could be important and we have actually right now a CPT climate process team project with NOAA to look at heterogeneity in the land surface and how that affects the atmosphere actually two projects there's another one that looks at heterogeneity and atmospheric radiation and how that affects the land surface and so we're actually trying to address that to create a sort of a subgrid land surface parameterization kind of on the scale of what we have in atmospheric models now for convection like club for instance that can be used and coupled to these subgrid unresolved convection models so that we can get the land surface drivers more correctly done in our in our core scale models. Yeah and if I my comment I've been involved in a few collaborations with NOAA where we looked at perturbing the parameters in the in the land model in the hurry at the time and unfortunately we introduced huge biases when we perturbed things like hydraulic conductivity and so in our experience it was beneficial to perturb the initial condition but not to I mean the idea was representing subgrid scale heterogeneity the bias was just too big to to to be more beneficial than the representation of uncertainty Jan has a question please go ahead. Yeah thank you very much for this very interesting talk my question was a little bit in the direction of the one plot where you showed the predictability on S2S timescales that comes initially from the atmosphere and then the land surface kind of on the second probably to fifth week timescale and in the context of this high sensitivity of the soil moisture to heating to changing atmospheric conditions and that you showed over Europe for example and my question is a little bit okay I'm trying to face it well so if we can predict for example blocking over over Europe better so we increase our prediction of the atmosphere on those timescales up to two weeks does that would that have an impact then on on the land processes I hope certainly yeah and increase predictability potentially I hope that came across as yeah no yes no certainly and because it's a coupled system so um in order to get the soil moisture forecast correct three four or five weeks out in advance you would like to have the right rainfall you would like to have the right temperature and that radiation at the surface and that would come from having a better atmospheric prediction you'd like the clouds to be correct so and then in so doing then if you have the correct soil moisture that could then feedback and and help improve the atmospheric states so yes very much so that you know the places where we do have the land controlling the atmosphere you would like the land states to be correct we talked about there being that sort of break point where you have the higher sensitivity in a heat wave or a drought you would like your model to be on the left or right side of that break point when reality is on the right or left side of that break point or you like it to cross that threshold the same time your forecast cross the threshold the same time the real world is crossing the threshold so these are the kind of details that we're that we're looking at so yeah i mean it's i have this you know cynical thing i say that a forecast model is just a carefully balanced set of errors and when you correct and remove one error then all the other errors are upset and start manifesting so um you really have to look at all the pieces of the puzzle you can't just put all the blame on one component or all the the attempt to to correct a bad forecast on one component it's all connected thank you thanks so much i should memorize that one yeah i have a question back related to your coupling work and first of all a very nice presentation it's always interesting to see this even parts i've seen before so enjoyable so in the coupling aspect you mentioned that one of the key pieces is that memory you know where you have strong coupling and where you have strong memory right you need to predictability but do you think that our models are evaluated to see if their memory is correct or not i mean do we know that they tend to have good memory due to whatever parameters and incineration yeah now that that's something that we we're starting to look at i should say starting we've been doing this for some time where we have in situ soil moisture measurements um we have been evaluating soil moisture memory and comparing that to models again where are most of the measurements it's it's in the u.s it's in europe it's in australia it's in china um places like uh sub-saharan africa where there's where this where soil moisture is such a critical component we know from modeling studies we just we don't have data in those locations we've got some satellite data now um snap has only been up for five six years now so it's kind of hard we're just sort of barely getting to the threshold where we might start to have enough data to hang some significance on that i think as time goes forward we'll be collecting more and more satellite data and we can make a better assessment of memory but yeah persistence of anomalies is a problem oh and one problem with the satellite i didn't mention uh these microwave-based uh satellites is that they're only seeing a couple of centimeters of the soil and if you got much vegetation at all they're really just seeing the water and the vegetation they're not even seeing the soil so what's going on subsurface is much more of a mystery and not easily addressed by satellite so as you well know Anish is that a new hand or the old hand it's a new hand so yeah my question is i was recalling the study from GFDL i think Gabe Becky and group had the study on the ENSO teleconnection in the 2015-16 case and how the teleconnection was not the canonical teleconnection on the western u.s that the southwest u.s was not wet and the opposite in the pacific northwest and they showed that the land initialization on the seasonal timescale played a big role in in getting the teleconnection right at least with the GFDL model right i was wondering so how much is the land surface land atmosphere coupling a function of the regime dependence especially over western u.s and do we understand that fully and how much it modulates the ENSO teleconnections into u.s yeah i can i don't know about that that's the specific case of the western u.s but certainly yes that that has to do with the thermodynamic state of the atmosphere and whether it's responsive to to variations in the land surface and that can be controlled to some extent by whether you're in a ridge or a trough for instance they're going to have different different responses different stabilities different profiles of moistatic energy or dry static energy so yes it's it it is all connected and and furthermore some of these large land anomalies large in magnitude as well as extent particularly when they are over elevated terrain such as well in the u.s would be over the western u.s over the rocky mountains or the the canonical example is the tibetan plateau when you have a an anomaly in land surface states on elevated terrain it's kind of effectively putting any heating anomalies up into the middle troposphere right away so it's kind of similar to having an alnino signal and there can be a lot more response to the atmosphere and teleconnection patterns from the land surface anomalies in those locations the bolivian altiplano is is the third area in the world that kind of has this large region where you could have that when you have a similar say temperature anomaly or humidity anomaly at land it's near sea level it it just doesn't get up into the atmosphere enough to affect anything but sort of the local and the regional areas it doesn't create a planetary scale wave but when you have the anomalies on elevated terrain it can so that's another thing that's actually relatively new just in the last a few years have people started looking at that and there's an ls4p project at yung kong shui at ucla is leading that's really looking into that and doing some some really interesting modeling studies thanks thank you and the questions i don't see any heads um so um this concludes our day for today thank you so much pal for giving us a few and um i see everyone tomorrow at 9 a.m for the last day of the workshop thanks to all the speakers and all the good questions from the audience see you tomorrow


It's pretty surreal to be in the spot where there was so much loss and to see it today and how many people come through honoring the past. It's pretty surreal and the different ways that people honor it. It's very interesting and very cool to be part of.