okay okay dad we're gonna we're gonna do a little libertarian interview now since you're kicking this off with politics tell me what you're doing right now I'm voting for all the Republicans that are on his ballot yeah okay but what so your mom are voting early voting this is early voting they mail it to our house because we're senior citizens don't have to go out there fight the line but you're but you're you're taking your time on a Thursday afternoon to vote right yes why because both of our sons were sleeping and totally bored with us so we decided we come out and do something but why do you think voting is worthwhile why do you think it's not just asking your question what you say earlier about your civic duty and all that because I want to have someone in there who I think can run our government properly yeah but you don't think you're going to make a difference to you well if everybody felt like that no one voted we'd have a we would have a another adult Hitler or maybe another Putin Russia running our country their point maybe the military we say okay we're just gonna point one of our commanders to run our country okay yeah I don't want that I don't want to have a military government I've heard that line of reasoning before okay no I don't think it really makes a lot of sense but I appreciate it doesn't make sense to a libertarian well different libertarians think different ways something you should maybe the problem I don't know all libertarians think the same way I guess because it's a new philosophy I don't mind what do you think why wouldn't libertarians kind of want to unite are you are you guys in the business to change the form of government that we have well I don't know what's going in different directions oh dad let's see how would I put that it's complicated topic but if you recall when I first voted in 1984 when I was 18 my first vote was for Reagan but I was registered Democrat if you remember why I was registered Democrat you remember why yeah you were registered Democrat because I kind of insisted that she registered you were always a Democrat but you're voting you just said you're voting Republican what that means I'm a registered Democrat I haven't taken you're still registered as a Democrat no yes I am you're kidding why did you never change it it's true but you're voting right you hey it doesn't make any difference what I'm registered it's where yeah you can't vote in the Republican primaries if you're not registered I can you can yes in Louisiana you can oh okay no why don't there is need to get more information man you're right you start the interviews well we take it we grab when we can okay let me ask you something my libertarian son if there's six candidates on here for a state board of elementary and set secondary education and you don't know any of them yeah what would you do leave it out or would you vote for somebody just out of the clear blue are they by are they by party Republican Republican Libertarian oh Jason France libertarian I'd vote for the libertarian or since I don't know anybody else I think I would all right good good all right good I feel man I yeah he's my man why would you vote libertarian because they're tend to be better than Republicans why because they're libertarians that I'm around although for what is it for school board member of the state board of elementary and secondary as you can I don't really know what he's gonna do what the hell they do yeah I don't know no one does I'm not too worried about now assessing I would I voted I used to go I would vote libertarian whenever there was one and if there wasn't I'd vote Republican unless basically what I'm unless I knew something I hate to say this but there's not be one libertarian on this entire ascension parish ballot oh that's just is that just ascension parish what about the what about governor this is state no this is state well wait wait wait wait wait what about I guarantee there's a libertarian for governor let me see I don't think so well there's a there's a burl bill out this is no party the yacht there's a Jeremy Odom this is no party mm-hmm there's a Eric Paul Osher on it says other I don't know I don't know what other means communist mother mommy not always say kill a commie for mommy that is let me see that ballot that I can't believe that I'm probably violating federal law by looking at this let's see here governor Republican no party Democrat Democrat no party David Vitter huh well maybe they didn't get ballot access and maybe the Republican libertarian is one of the others I don't know hold on a second here mom you hold this camera just pointed me I'm gonna do a little web search real quick and see who the Republican candidate is for the libertarian candidate for governor Louisiana mom put your fingers in the way take your finger there you go okay let's see here Louisiana governor libertarian candidate okay yeah you'll have these six right or not yeah you're doing all right I'm just trying to see who the raise it up so he sees tough he's here yeah that's good it must be a libertarian party of Louisiana are you supposed to be making a keynote speech at it I know I need to I need to bone up on my Louisiana politics libertarian party Louisiana hold on a second we're gonna figure this out okay you're gonna vote libertarian if I can find the guy I'm voting now well wait hold on for me well you can vote for mom can vote for it keeps saying David Vitter is he a little libertarian I give up I've heard of Vitter but I don't know much about him but um okay so dad do you remember one time when I was a teenager like maybe 14 and we were having dinner and you started getting agitated about the communists yeah and I started laughing because I thought you were exaggerating and you really lost it I know but you were like kind of like in a communist conspiracy plot rage so you so you don't like communists and you don't like Democrats but your register Democrat all right who would you prefer David Duke or Edwin Edwards when they ran against each other you voted for the crook the thug versus the crook what about the current election we got Trump kind of a thug I'm just saying we have who do you like in the election you like Hillary Clinton or Trump who would you pick okay Biden or Clinton how come okay Bernie Sanders are killer Clinton okay what about on the Republican side which one do you which one do you think would be right now I'm leaning I like Marco Rubio I like Carly Periani yeah I like Ted Cruz maybe you like them I like what they say I like the way they sound I like their track records you think you like how they want to start more wars with other countries they haven't said that oh really all they've said is they want to strengthen our military you don't think our military strong enough biggest kid on the block we already are the biggest kid you understand our military is like bigger than the top next 19 combined or something no it's not that's really that's false well who's bigger than us where where's your information this is like where could I go to get that it's widely known dado what about who hold on hold on mom hold the camera all right I'll find it for you I got it where would you go to find it just you do you go please don't go to the Pentagon no you just do let's see size of military by nation by country military spending you really need strength of military well you gotta have some okay this is listed countries by military expenditure here's a here's a chart what that's something you spend 600 billion dollars a year on the military the next biggest is China 200 one third of us Russia's at about 100 billion one sixth of what we spend and the other ones that are big why are they pushing us around in the Middle East that's but that's okay that's a different subject they're not pushing who's Russia yeah Russia's put Putin is pushing Obama around like a little kid well they have their own interest in will ISIS and we have our interests what do you want you want a new pressure president I said do you want to nuke Russia no I don't want to leave us alone well they are leaving us alone they're not over here are they well let me tell you how I feel about the Putin's ideas and supporting Assad in Syria versus Obama's idea trying on the door yeah I like to support it so now you like you know when when Bush got rid of Hussein in Iraq that opened up a can of worms it's been chaos over there ever since I don't care about their human rights records they had their country under control there was no such thing as ISIS the Taliban was screwing around over there trying to get a little power but every time they try to do something we're saying we're crushing yeah but all the other side we're crushing all I'm we trying to see we're gonna throw a side out Obama wants to throw a side out but he doesn't know who's gonna take that place but all these Republicans you're talking about want to go intervene again overseas this is what got us in trouble in Iraq intervening intervening why don't we just call our troops home and mind our own business right you like that mom that's why you letting dad vote for you he's gonna vote the wrong way well what do you mean our current president he's been less we're like president wants to just back out of everything let him push us around but you let him take all that all in the Middle East and we'll we'll be isolated why don't so then they're gonna come over and they're gonna take us you would you like to be controlled by ISIS I don't know that's like that's like Sanders versus Clinton who would I rather Isis or Barack Obama hmm that's a tough choice so I'm voting for a guy named Jason France let me know I don't know these people's area really for what office well you need to call him up and tell him that you know you're at my house and I just voted for him that you could be the keynote speakers the libertarian convention in April it's probably illegal for him to give you a payment for that vote though so okay well most people want money okay no no so here's my question for you do you when do you guys remember that I got into politics when when did you get into politics your life no second year in LSU really you don't know when you up there and all the podiums free speech alley yeah you don't remember you don't remember when I was in 11th grade at Catholic high and Miss Reinhardt got me reading iron rand and the fountain head and I started getting the philosophy and all that then yes I do remember well that she was the one she's one that did that mm-hmm is that good or bad who can say who can say no do you remember what you said when I said I was switching from engineering and I was going to law school remember what I said mm-hmm probably oh shit you weren't happy you come out said oh well I showed decision what did I say you were like why why I think I knew why you'd already been in two interviews and you came back completely disgruntled what you did you went to your first interview if I remember right it was either Texas instrument of boring I don't remember which one was first TI and it wasn't Boeing it was general dynamics okay so you went to TI first and you came back and you said the cubicle was too little in your room be just a little bit expect it part of this big enormous I don't remember saying that but that sounds right I don't remember that at all so you said I'm gonna go get my master's so you went to your master's and you went interviewing boy no general dynamics dynamic and you came back and I said well how did it go you said the only difference between having a master's degree and a BA degree is that the cubicle is about four inches wider in each direction really I said that yeah I don't remember that being my motivation at all completely disenchanted with engineering engineering huh so then you said law school so I said you want the law school and so halfway through law school or two thousand signs going up I was about the time I tore my shoulder up playing tennis and you came up to me one day and you put your hand on my shoulders and then a few years I'll be able to fix your shoulder. Oh I was messing with you? Oh I was gonna be an orthopedic surgeon? Yeah you meant that. No I was never gonna be that was a temporary flirtation orthopedic surgery. Was it really? No I never regret not becoming a doctor. Hell no. Oh no. You think that would have been a mistake? Oh yeah.  Yes by far. Okay. Oh are you finding any satisfaction at all in being a patent lawyer? Yeah it's it's it's been a challenging career. It's not boring. No it's not boring there's always new inventions and it's not boring at all. If you had to if you had to sustain yourself being a patent lawyer financially in Houston could you do it? Absolutely. What kind of income would you have a year? Oh it depends on it depends on what kind of firm you work out how many hours a week and all that. You work for yourself you're doing patent law now aren't you? Yeah. So how much money are you making a year working for you? This is going on the internet I can't say but it's okay yeah it's it's it's it's it's it's pretty good put it that way. That's all it counts. So what makes me happy is that you think that I've been preaching to you and Mike ever since you're old a little is whatever you do do something that makes you happy that you like to do. You don't dread the work. When you started out in engineering I couldn't for a while when you came back from the first interview I said well that might have been bad advice on my part but I didn't really promote you in engineering. I think he just kind of felt like engineering was the place to go. Why did you pick electrical engineering over chemical engineering? Because I like computers and I didn't like chemistry. That's a good answer. Good reason. So the bottom line is you're happy doing what you're doing. Sure. I'll rest my case. That's all it counts. But in retrospect I would do something I would do some things differently if I'd known. It worked out really well but I probably would have tried to get into MIT. I probably would have tried to go to Harvard. I probably would have looked into international law at first. Maybe international I don't know maybe lived in Europe for a year in school something like that. Those things didn't occur to me. Harvard and MIT are very good schools. They have good reputations. That's probably where some of the elite people in this country come from. Not too many come from LSU right? No I don't think that's true. You get successful people from all over. You never know where they're gonna come from. The fact that LSU law is the only school in the nation I think that teaches Napoleonic code. Well Loyola and Tulane do too to some extent. That's because of Louisiana's school. Yeah. But there's no schools out of Louisiana to teach that right? I don't think so. I think there's like Columbia or some of the others have a Roman law component or something. That's more academic and scholarly but no yeah of course the Louisiana schools focus on that. That's what I'm gonna talk about in my speech for the Libertarian Party Convention in April in Louisiana. Is that right? Yeah. The Louisiana code. Partly. Partly. Partly. Yeah. Louisiana system. That you're gonna do a good job out of this. Tie that into the goals of the Libertarian Party. Yeah yeah the tie is that there's a certain understanding of the kind of legal system we should have in a free society and legislation is not generally the way to go.  In the old days it would have the court system a common law system or a Roman law system. With judges hearing cases hearing the sides of both parties and making a decision and then gradually that law develops based on that. They could only decide the matter before them. They can't make the law. Well they could maybe make law a little bit between those parties but even then if it was outrageous then the judges that came after them wouldn't have to follow it. So there's kind of a natural limit on how far they could go and they can't just legislate from the bench. So they just have to basically decide who's right in this case A or B. And over time that develops a body of rules that most people think is common sense and works works fine. You know what happened in Ban Rouge this past week? We have a judge Pamela White who overturned a jury's sentencing of a convicted kill. Okay. He was sentenced to 30 years. He's been in jail for five years so she looked at the records looked at the jury's decision and looked at everything and she commuted 25 years of his sentence and let him out on her own. The jury found him guilty and the jury sentenced him to a maximum sentence of 30 years. For what crime? Murder. Well now she looked at it and she said well he was intoxicated at the time. You didn't know for sure what he was doing. So I'm gonna take 25 years off of his sentence and let him out of jail. She did that. It's probably more complicated than that. I don't know the details but the basic idea is that the state is very powerful and dangerous and so you want to have the state have the burden of proof to put someone in jail right? So one thing we have is we have the Constitution. We have civil rights. We have the rule against double jeopardy. We have the rule against being incriminating yourself the Fifth Amendment right? We also have the right to jury trial which means you have the right to have a jury of your peers and you also have the right for the judge to look at the law. So if the jury sets you free you're free. If the judge sets you free you're probably free. So there's all these hurdles the government has to overcome to put people in jail and that's a good thing because the the big danger is not these random criminals but it's the government. Governments killed a lot more people than these random murderers. But does the judge have a right to overturn a jury's decision? She does. In some cases not to not to overturn it but she can release someone like for example the judge could never convict someone if the jury acquits them. That's what double jeopardy means. That's what the right to by jury trial means sorry. Okay but this is just the opposite. It is the opposite. So basically either the jury or the judge can set the guy free and that's a good thing because that means. Any time after the sentencing? No I don't know the rules probably not but yeah I think judges and the right courts can. I can't think that a jury can come back. No the jury's job is done after the trial is done but let's say five years later someone protests protesting their sentence and they prove that they were there's evidence out there that wasn't considered or the prosecutor was unfair or hid evidence or that they're actually innocent. Or they paid the judge off a couple of mills to change the ruling. Well most criminals in jail don't have a couple mills. But maybe they have families and connections to it. Well judges have to give reasons for what they're doing okay so they have to have a reason she said he was intoxicated at the time of the case. Well you know I don't know the details. Is that a reason to commute to sentence because he was drunk? I don't know but but the same the same judge you're talking about in the same court you're talking about probably puts a lot of people in prison for settling marijuana, smoking marijuana, doing things don't hurt anyone. So they're the ones that are really dangerous. He sounded like Obama. Well Obama's not. He wants to release several hundred thousand prisoners in the United States. What do you think he wants to? If he wanted to he could do it. He's going to. Oh he's not. Put him back on the street. Yes. Well he said the prisoners are overcrowded. Some of them are getting 20 and 25 years for marijuana convictions and that may be unjust. It is unjust. How many years should you get? Maybe they are pushes. Well I think what he did commute the sentence of a few the other day. A few maybe a few dozen. I forgot how many it was. And they were all reviewed and they were all nonviolent. There was no other crimes involved and low level etc. And they had crazy sentences. Well why are these blacks killing each other black on black crime in all of these inner-city areas because of marijuana? Well because we have a well dad do you remember do you remember when we had prohibition in the country alcohol? I understand. Okay so you remember Al Capone and all the okay so we have a drug war because it's illegal. Well don't you think that the government making drugs illegal is why we have a drug war? I mean don't you think the easy way to stop the drug war would be to legalize drugs?  That's true. So why don't we just legalize marijuana and cocaine and heroin and be done with it? Free up resources? The cops can focus on real crime? Well if a guy is high on heroin and he runs into your family and kills them well how do you feel about that? Well make that it make that illegal then but you don't need to make the general. Wait a minute well you got to draw a line between making something illegal and illegal.  So if a guy is high on heroin and sugar alcohol and he runs into your family and kills them they make any different what he's on. Right he's hurting someone because of his own negligence basically. So it's considered manslaughter. It could be voluntary involvement it could be a necklace what do you call it reckless negligent homicide vehicular manslaughter. Well it wouldn't be first degree murder okay because he didn't intend to do it ahead of time it would be some type of homicide depends on the state's criminal code. Well I did vote libertarian on this one issue well that's good. Jason France remember his name. I hope he wins. What's he running for? Member of the State Board of Elementary and Secondary Education. Well probably unlikely there's not a lot of libertarian voters out here but what the heck. I think he's the only he's the only little boy I've seen on the ballot son.  Didn't you run for something in Texas or something like that. Now Court of Criminal Appeals. Court of Criminal Appeals. That's like the Supreme Court in Texas. Texas has a Supreme Court for civil matters and the Court of Criminal Appeals for criminal matters. So there's two Supreme Courts in Texas in a way. But that didn't work because people aren't. Well I didn't get elected. I didn't go to Austin. I'm really sorry about that. Especially when I was calling my mother and children that. I didn't vote for my son. I was the best on the ballot and y'all didn't have something up to realize it. Well I didn't campaign very much so I can't believe it. If you were in the state of Louisiana citizen and you could vote on this do you support an amendment to authorize the investment of funds for a state infrastructure bank to be used solely for transportation projects? I don't understand. I'd have to study that but probably no. Do you support an amendment to authorize the investment of funds for a state investment of funds? No. Let me tell you why I'm going to vote no for this. Back when Edmond Edmond was governor we approved a 4 cent per gallon sales tax on gasoline for road improvement and that money was supposed to be dedicated to road improvement. Yeah. That money ended up disappearing. Okay. Why shouldn't this money end up disappearing? Okay I guess that's a good reason of any. So that deserves a no. All right. You voting for mom too? Yeah mom's gonna vote with me. Mom do you? Yeah we vote together baby. We don't separate. You never voted separate. Do you support an amendment? This is this one now. Constitutional amendment number three. Do you support an amendment to allow any legislation regarding the dedication of revenue rebates and taxes? To be considered during a fiscal legislative session. Wait say it again?  Let me read it. Let me read it. Where is it? Right here. Do you support an amendment to allow any legislation regarding the dedication of revenue? God I don't know what that means. Yeah that is complicated. Looks like what they're talking about is there's a certain revenue stream they want to dedicate it to some purpose so I don't know. I guess I'd vote against no on anything I didn't understand. Yeah. That's exactly what I'm doing. Why can't they make this where a layman can understand what they're trying to say? Because they don't want to get it passed. All right we're gonna call it. This is some lawyer writing these things. It's not a lawyer. It's politicians. Don't confuse them with lawyers. Well most politicians are lawyers.  Do you support an amendment to specify that the add below on property tax exemption for public lands and other public property shall not apply to land or property owned by another state or a political subdivision of another state?


couple minutes to spare finally moving. I'm actually on my way back to Ashford which is where I was for my previous clinical placement, the peripheral clinical placement. I'm going there because that's where my final year for Oskis are. If you haven't seen my previous video you should go check that one out. But I've got a couple of resources with me here I'm gonna be studying with on the train. It's Ashford and there's a little bit of sunshine left. I realized I didn't actually tell you guys how our Oskis are gonna work. So we have three days of practical exams each day. We're gonna have a history station, a communication station and then also an assessment station and what an assessment station is is a mixture of a history and a practical skill or a history and an examination. They're here. What's good? Rachel, just hold on to this for a sec. I just didn't even go into my face. Please put that on. To be back here I really thought we had left this place for good. The good news is I've got a wonderful view and it's really quite nice. Got some food for tonight, breakfast for tomorrow, etc. That's not a good sign and that is definitely not a good sign. Look at this. So the thing is guys, the one thing that is bothering me is that there's no fat and it is really hot right now. Last time we were here there was a fat. If you remember from my previous vlog I'll put a little video of it here. I do not sleep well if I'm warm so we'll see what to do about that. Anyways let me go take all this food and I've got behind me. Put it in the kitchen. That is the next step. I got a haircut this morning and this just keeps sticking out to the side and it won't go down. Alright, whatever. It's staying. So I just had dinner. Not gonna lie I'm feeling pretty tired but there's just a few things I want to go through before I go to sleep. I know just the cherry on top, the icing on the cake, blah blah blah blah. Let's see what we've got. I want to have a look at CT scans, learn the scars, most common scars and then have a read through the do not attempt resuscitation form. So just a couple more things. 15-20 minutes hopefully and then I'm out. That's what it looks like in case you guys are wondering. That is it. I'm finished going through my script to do this. This is my schedule. This is what it's looked like over the last couple of weeks. Tomorrow is Oskie day number one. I can't believe we've actually made it to here. I just keep trying to remind myself that I've actually spent a lot of time studying, I've gone through many different scenarios and you know hopefully anything that I see tomorrow I will have if not done before, I've done something similar or have a framework to work through it in a systematic way. That's my hope. Wish me luck. See you tomorrow. And then it's kicking in properly.  I just chill for a bit before the exam starts. Here's the plan. Let me break the plan down for you. I'm gonna finish this cup of coffee, gonna go fix my hair, obviously. Gonna go brush my teeth, get dressed, just sit down and pray to the Oskie gods over and over again before it's time to go out. Cheers guys. Breakfast is finished. Hair, finished. Time to get dressed. That could have been a disaster. What do we think? Good exam shirt? Let me know. Shoes time. The outfit has been assembled. We've got shirt, brown belt, beige pants, light navy blue socks and brown shoes. Quite happy with that. But to make sure the fit is complete, but on the whole shebang. This is what I'm gonna be looking like in all my stations with gloves and an apron. The heart is racing. The heart is racing. This is when I wish I had a beta blocker to take to calm myself down, make my heart chill a little bit. But I'm asthmatic and obviously as we know beta blockers are contraindicated in asthmatics. So I take the L on that one. That's it. That's it. I'm out. I'm out. This is it.  The butterflies have hit. The adrenaline is running. But we've done everything we can, right? Yes. Any last words? That's what I'm about to say. That's what I'm about to say. Facts. Absolutely facts. All right. Catch you guys after the exam. It's over. It's over. All right. So that is day one finished.  I think it went well. I was really, really freaked out after doing one of the stations and A to E assessment station. But then I got some feedback from the examiners and they said many, many good things. So I feel a lot more relaxed about that. Here's the plan. We're going to hit Tesco. Then we're going to come back and we're going to get studying one day at a time. Two more days. Two more days. This is Rachel. First of all, you guys will have seen her in previous vlogs. So we just finished day one of our oskies. We had three stations. How did it go? It was okay. I thought it gets hard to tell, but we were just saying that the hot feedback you get is really good. Yeah. Yeah, definitely. I'm so much more likely to forget something during the actual exam. Like whereas when we're practicing these scenarios at home, you know, you don't forget anything. You've got your acronyms, everything's going well, but then something will throw you off and you'll just forget to ask it. But also, you always remember what you don't do and not what you do do. And actually, if I think about this year compared to second year, we stepped up. Oh, yeah. Like if I'd seen that ECG, I'd say an year. That's true. We actually read that ECG perfectly. Yeah. It was barn door. Good job. All right, let's do it. I didn't mess up any of the after you had made such an emphasis on that. I like really focused on it, but right before going into the station, I repeated it over and over again. Practicing some history taking between each other here in the flat. And then I just remembered like, I forgot you guys. I forgot you guys in my room. So come with me. I don't want to leave you out. I'm not going to lie. I've been laying down in bed for about an hour, just going through social media and relaxing. I feel like the Oski and then the practice really took it out of me. I got really tired, but it's time for something different. Just because I'm not in London doesn't mean I can't still get my exercise in. I'm going to run around the countryside here. It's actually really beautiful.  There's a lot of wildlife, sheep, big tractors and things like that. I've done it once before and I really, really enjoyed it. And I regretted not having done it more while I was here. So I'm going to go get a run in. And yeah, after that, do a little bit of prescribing probably with Kenji and call it a night. Day two of exams. Here we go. Let's get started. Look at this. That is very different than running in central London surrounded by buildings and cars. What a good change. I'm literally in a movie. Let me slow down so you guys can see this. What? Come on. Come on. Guys, I found them. I found the wildlife. Hey guys, how's it going? That was horrible. I apologize in advance. That was horrible. You species spotted. See you later, mate. All right, guys. So came back from my run, had a shower, just finished eating dinner. And honestly, I am in Arabic, we say mistwi, which means stewed, like a beef stew or chicken stew or something. Yeah, that's what it means. I don't know how else to translate it. But anyways, I'm going to muster up the energy to do a quick bit of prescribing practice with Kenji. It's currently 9 p.m. So I think we'll only be doing this for about half an hour. And then I think I'm going to get into bed, watch something a bit relaxing, take it easy and rinse and repeat this whole process tomorrow. But all right, let's wait for Kenji to join. I shall send him an invitation real quick. Actually, I haven't caught up with him since the exam. Hey, bro. How's it going? Same season, man. I'm good, bro. I'm recording you in case you missed my my WhatsApp message. Less nervous and less anxious than I was yesterday. I feel like since I've done the whole day once, I know I just have to go and do it again, even though I obviously don't know what stations are coming up today. But at least I've been through the experience once. We're expecting a women's health one. So an obstetrics or a gynae station. And then we're expecting another Pete's and then either another ATE station or prescribing. Prescribing is definitely going to come up. So yeah, catch up with you guys probably right before and then after. All right, guys, day two out of three, Oski is finished. Honestly, today went really well. I think better than yesterday. I got some excellent, excellent feedback from the examiners. So I'm really happy with that. And I felt like everything happened so fast that when I was standing outside the station waiting to read the questions, my heart was just pounding in my chest. For two of the stations when I was receiving feedback from the examiners who are both consultants in the hospital, they both said to me independently on two separate occasions that I should be really proud of myself and that if I was a junior doctor on their team or working in their hospital, they would be really happy to have me. Honestly, like I can't describe just how happy that made me feel. I honestly almost shed a tear. All of the imposter syndrome that I've ever felt over the course of this year just sort of like vanished and left my body. What better praise could I ask for? It was honestly, oh wow, it's like a fighter plane. And I mean, we feel really good about all the practice I've done, like all the time I've spent in the hospital. So paid off. I think today, we're not going to study nearly as much. I think we're just kind of done. We're actually about to head to the beach. Yeah, you heard that right. We're going to a sandy beach to lay in the sun, chill out and relax a little bit. Before tomorrow, our final day of exams as fourth year medical students. I think I should probably stand up now. You never said a word out loud before.  Dude, when I said dexamethasone in that station, I was like dexamethasone. And then I was like, it doesn't matter what the drug is called. Guys, look at this. There's like an actual sand dune here in the UK. Rachel says this is very common. I didn't know this existed. This is my first time on a UK beach ever. And there's like actual sand. It's a bit of a trike. Rachel's making excuses. Whoa, my team pressed. Oh my god. Oh my god. Guys, look at this. Whoa. That's crazy in the UK. Did everyone else know this? Just me. Am I the only one who had no idea this existed here? Must be such a tourist. I'm honestly amazed. This is beautiful. It's so flat. Apparently the tide comes all the way out here. That's mad. This is easily your first. I have my final exams at my fourth year of medical school tomorrow. Tomorrow's the last day and I'm here on a beach. But you know what, we've done absolutely as much preparation as we possibly can. We feel as ready as we can be and it pays off to clear your head, to be in a good mental state before your exams. So I'm happy with this. So full on cram. Yeah, it's full as well. It might be full of sand though. No. Okay, let's put it back. Let's put it back. Save the sea life. Save the sea life. All right, hiking back to the car. That was absolutely lovely. I'm really happy we came. The absolute cherry on top. It's a beautiful cord slushie. Then you've got a mint cornetto. So really. I've got a mint cornetto. A mint cornetto. Lovely. All right guys, this is it. Months and months of months of hard work and grinding until the last day. I finished the written test. Hope that did well. We'll see when that comes back. And now we've got one final day of Oski's tomorrow. I'm all out. I'm all out of studying effort. So yeah, that's it. Let's go time. And then check in with you guys tomorrow. So I'll see you then. Peace. All right, so I'm here with Al Hussain. Hello. Another fourth year medical student here at King's. I remember like first year like that and it's gone by so fast. Yeah, yeah. To think about where we were, man. First and second year, like trying to remember the order of the presenting planes and everything. Not even that. Trying to remember different cells and stuff like that in first year. Like all of that basic anatomy. Totally irrelevant now. Not at all irrelevant. It's been good so far. Oski's have been great. Great learning experience. Helps with confidence for when we do start, you know, our final year. Definitely. And eventually our foundation year. Touch with my coffee today as well. Yeah, come on in. Hop on the video. How are you feeling for the final, final day, final session? I'm just glad it's over. Yeah, pretty good. It's been good though. It's gonna fly by. Three stations. I'm excited to play your games after the result. Yes. We've been talking mad about video games. All right, let's get going. All right, best of luck guys. See you after the exam. Guys, it's over. I think today, unfortunately, was the worst of the three days. So it's a bit of a shame to finish on like a more negative note. I've discussed it endlessly with Rachel and other people. And I think it's going to be fine. I think it's going to be fine. We're just going to pack up now. Pack up our stuff, change, get in the car and head back to London and then start final year. Let's go. Six chicken nuggets. A medium meal with a phantom. Cheeseburger with fries and a phantom, but only ketchup and cheese and six chicken nuggets. Some nice fries coming out, mate. Ready when you are. Made it home. I'm back in my happy place. It's crazy. My next vlog is going to start off with me saying that I'm a final year medical student. Absolutely mad. For now, I'm going to close off this vlog. Thank you so much for joining me on this three day journey while I do my final year med school exams in my fourth year of medical school. I hope you guys enjoyed the video. If you did as always, please don't forget to leave a like on it and subscribe to my channel. See more content from me in the future and I'll catch you in the next one. Peace. I won't leave you. It's called Karma Medic.


Vojtek, that's how you pronounce my name. I don't know what these letters are, but that's the phonetic pronunciation. I'm a 3D generalized and a 3D printing enthusiast and I'm a free liberal open open source software user mainly GIMP and Blender Okay. Oh, by the way, my backup file storage is by Autodesk long-lived soft image For the ones who understood the pun, it's that So what is 3D printing? What exactly is 3D printing? I will just try and build on what Matteo just presented a minute ago. So it will be more like a base for what he was presenting 3D printing is an additive made of manufacturing So you build layer on layer basically This allows to have any complex structures built with no It's much easier to have complexity. It's cheaper to have complexity using complexity using 3D printing rather than normal traditional manufacturing Okay So I've shown a video showing How 3D printing works by Matteo had a much better video. So, you know and So the types of machines I will focus in this presentation. I will focus on open source machines So the FDM ones mainly that's fuse deposition modeling. So for example ultimaker These ones are the most popular in the open source Kind of community maker community Then we have the SLA. So these ones are the second one comming soon probably the second cheapest ones. So that's a stereo lithography. This is the second ones. It's this one They don't deposit plastic more like they solidify I resin using ultraviolet light because the traditional the one we use FDM Which are the most popular with us They just deposit melted plastic layer by layer plastic or could do chocolate or metal if you have let's say metal that solidifies fastener and the SLS the final one this is These are the most expensive kind of the majority of the current SLS printers. This is the laser sintering Selective laser sintering printers. They they are very expensive kind of in industry grade and they cost Tens of thousands of euros at least up to hundreds of thousands that the metal the metal solid Sintering printers that are really expensive you can print jewelry with So I want to really talk about them and there are not many. There is one project I heard in Texas that that they because the patents are expiring so they are developing an open source one But I don't see that coming to our houses anytime soon Since it's very dangerous. They use a very high-power lasers and you don't want to have that at home jetting by the way jetting is another type of another type of technology to bring technology does just being developed and it's Not really mainstream yet. So I won't focus on that. It's just being Okay, so I show very short history the first patent was by Chuck Hall in 1984 It was the stereolithography Patent he's now the Owns the systems So that patent is the main patent is expiring and there mean we might see some more arrivals in 3d printing this year Actually, okay, so the applications Probably medicine is the main application for tripping take the longest one over 10 years. It's been in use in especially in dentistry for example and Replacement Very recently there's venue. There's what there are very many Reconstruction surgeries done with that aerospace industry You can see some parts in some jet engines or are 3d printed But it's not widely used especially because it's not very cheap and it's on for very small parts and vital parts product design for Auto-typing for example whether you want to if you want to develop Quickly within a day you have one you have a concept design you can design it You can have it done within a couple hours for example a case for something and art art, which is probably there with with us with Enthusiasts is probably the most prevalent use of 3d printing. It's just printing small trinkets and like key chains So look you can see here some of the stuff I printed and Let me just say was the difference between 3d printing and additive manufacturing because vital is the same thing, but It's so happened that 3d printing is being used more as a kind of customer 3d printing is that is the printing with the Low-end kind of printers which we could have at home and active manufacturing is industry industry 3d printing which is Been used for a very long time for for 20 years and so in the Manufacturing industry Okay, so this is a this is called Gartner's hype cycle curve and This is where we are currently with consumer 3d printing on the top So we are at the peak of inflated expectations now People say because there are a lot of expectations with 3d printing and people just people start People don't believe in 3d printing some people are just the naysayers There's lots of people that just dismiss it straight away. Let's say it's just it's that you cannot print everything Which is partially true, but the technology is being developed so fast that There is there is a lot of a little a lot of possibilities with that and it's only up to us What we what's going to happen in the enterprise 3d printing, which is the industry one? it's actually in the slope of enlightenment so people just start realizing now what are the possibilities in 3d printing especially medicine and Product design design format for industry you can have lighter parts stronger parts and more more durable parts and at the same time you Yeah, you can You can have a your better designs which are Save materials Okay, so process comes most of that most of them already set ready. So I'm just gonna repeat quickly so technology is improving we'll see rise in in possibilities and a new arrivals especially materials and and The resolutions are gonna increase the printers that are coming out of our cheaper and cheaper It's waste-free the PLA polymer is a biodegradable. So it's it's even their batteries are food safe And obviously it's a subtractive. I mean it's not subtractive is additive metal of manufacturing So you don't waste any materials It's faster than molds if you want to develop quickly prototype something if it's for For low low amount of manufacturing if you want to manufacture a couple products as well It's very good because you don't spend thousands of you going through the whole process It makes everything in China. You have the freedom of creation and complexity is like it's cheap like I said it's and it's great community of course there is a and very good community around 3d printing especially in blender and in major cities you have hacker spaces and lots of people just use blender and The cons as currently is a speed and resolution can be unsatisfactory especially with the Lower-end printers the ones they are more affordable ones. You can get for a couple hundred euros You limit the number for materials and it's always gonna stay this way There's some materials that you cannot won't be able to print simply because of the prop properties The labor is expensive and education and it takes quite some time to learn 3d printing for now Because the software is just not ready for for entry level kind of users for for customers for everyday person that wants to design legal implications That's one thing that's worth mentioning For example that what if you design a toy and you give it to someone you sell it to someone and who's going to be Responsible if the if the toy if something happens to the child that uses this toy for example If it's dangerous are you going are you are you going to be responsible for creating the designing the toy or the person Don't manufactures it on their own printer or the printer manufacturer. So it's not clear yet And like I said, it's not for everyone requires requires patience Yeah, these are some of my broken prints. There is some like Christmas ornaments. You can see they're dead So open source of the empty printers so like I said open sources at the heart of 3d printing open source 3d printing That's how it started the customer Now the customer kind of 3d printing this it started in 2008 During the rep rep rep project It was started by makers, but people who want to create create their own machines that can replicate themselves. So now you have many many many Splinters of that of that Technology so with the rep rap family has grown immensely. There's many different deltas Mendel, there's many machines that are there available. You can build yourself. You can download the files and 25 30 40 percent of the printer you can basically you can Print yourself and then you just need to buy the mechanical parts, which are Not printable yet lose the lungs with Taz that's that's quite popular the printer pot, which is the one I own Ultimaker that's the most popular probably in in Europe Okay, so just a quick mention for the peachy 3d printer. It's it's a Canadian Canadian 3d printer. This developed by some Blender Geeks it's Very closely rated to blend to blender to use because there is a script actually in blender that the exports exports your Design as way files and it uses microphone to actually control the 3d printer through the microphone Port so it's really is really under an orthodox solution. It's really really funny Just okay, so the pipeline So the most open source 3d printers what you can what do people use especially for open source like the one I own for example, so You can use blender or any other software you can you don't even need blender You can just download the files if you don't want to design which then you need to slice the Slice into into like a flat planes your model with which then these are instructions for the printer how to On how to on how to print the object like it gives instructions to the extruder on how to move them the motors and Then the positive plastic So This is the 3d printing pipeline. So like I said you design the object you slice the object which produces the g-code this is the slices and then You need to set up some some settings obviously for in slicer, which is the slicing application in order to Desire in order to some designs that require different different settings basically because Some items cannot print Using the default settings so so to say and repet here is that just the last step is used to Just initialize 3d printing and control your 3d printer. You don't need to use it You can just use you can use SD card in many in many of the printers So blender design work of the workflow tips. There's just a couple things you need to keep in mind These are applied to all of the things you would design ever in blender to so the first thing The mesh has to be manifold, which means it hasn't it couldn't it cannot have send cannot have any holes so if you want to for example to I Don't know. I would just quickly show you What you couldn't print for example if you had a new sphere just a sphere and you had a Hole in the point in the sphere so you would need to fill in the hole in order to Be able to 3d print this object because you cannot have this thin thin surfaces Okay Overhangs so for example if you are 3d printing something and Let's say this one You wouldn't be able to 3d print some of the for example this this Inside there is nothing that would hold up this the ceiling of that helmet So then you wouldn't be able to 3d print it so easily in this case It could be maybe possible at the good resolution because Then the walls would hold it but for example if you if you wanted to create some like horns for example coming off here and Or something like that and then you wouldn't be able to 3d print that we just know not physically possible There's nothing to support that so you need to keep that in mind And And the slice himself we can actually generate that support in in many cases so so For some projects you don't need to worry about it for okay, so the the right scale for You need to use the right scale while designing in blender because it's actually it's the first thing that I when I designed something in blender Let me come back That I the object was so tiny and I wouldn't even see that in in repet yeah So the 10 blender units is only 1 centimeter. It's like huge in blender is the whole the whole grid in the default settings Okay, I spoke about the wall thickness wall thickness cannot be if your mother kind of be too thin because You wouldn't be able to print out some of the parts if the wall thickness is thinner than twice the Extrusion hole of your 3d printer models orientation It's important that you orient your models so it's so it kind of can be printed so the Let's say the thickest parts at the bottom. So for example elements, you would print upside down and Actually the origin in blender is not important. Where is the origin of the object? It's just important that the object stands on the On the grid And it's flat on the grid if it's just off the grid just a tiny bit the tiny teeny tiny bit This two will be enough. Your printer will start depositing here in the air So basically it won't stick and it would just It's not Not very good. You want you might be able to notice that the distance can be too small to actually be seen and some of these things some of the These the things can it can be checked using A 3d print toolkit add-on which actually checks for these These properties of your model whether they are met or not So we to apologizing you have a very dense mesh You have to use some of the blender decimate and remesh or trees to cut some of the functions If the dance the mesh is very dense It's very Possible that it would the long the slice you can take ages with a way too long or might even crash and 3d scans are not not manifold. So like they have holes that you have to remember to fix it Which is probably the most tiresome process Okay, so like I said the communities were really great there's hacker spaces and there is even like a social network for 3d printer owners, which Is pretty much everywhere around the world Okay, thank you very much for listening If there are any questions I Can pass it on these are some quick references where you can download any some of the source files for printers Or you can search them on Google. They are very they're widely available. They're open source Okay You can ask me afterwards on the party if I someone wants to speak about 3d printing I am happy to speak about it's really passionate So beyond the party afterwards How toxic are the materials you can print right now how toxic yes cuz How toxic so the main the most popular material I use for example with FDM 3d printers is a PLA so PLA is Cornstarch is made of cornstarch. So it's it's totally natural is biodegradable. You can throw it out and you just degrade I mean over time we just Come back to nature so to say we might have some additives some of the materials they have really bad additives So you cannot for example cannot eat from it But then you would have to console that you have to see what material you buy There's like endless amounts of these materials and then then there's ABS which is like them The other type of plastic so it is a bit more It's it's a it's a proper plastic so to say it's it's not really food safe or anything like that But it's not really toxic per se. It's well you have to Use your 3d printer in a you know opens. I mean a space in which you could I mean we each has like you have window open For example, you mean it's not safe to use it at your at home. For example, you know in a bedroom No, you know, I wouldn't suggest that Because it there are some fumes from the metal plastic especially there. Okay. Okay. Thank you another question How strong is the metal you can print so how hard is it? So that depends there are as many different alloys you can use with the SLS 3d printer I've never actually myself use a 3d print the 3d SLS 3d printer, but that all depends on a material again So you have titanium Is is widely used is very strong and is actually used in the Aerospace industry for the engines because the design cannot be manufactured for first of all plus the material is stronger So that that again that depends on what you use I bet the jewelry that's produced using 3d printing on like shapeways I bet it's not stronger than if you had it melted actual and made it, you know proper way Thank you. Okay And there's a session tomorrow If anyone is wants to go is it's quite far away. It's like 10 15 minutes by bus There will be a session at the local hacker hacker space. There were some guys there and we 3d printing Okay, you can speak about it with me tomorrow or later Okay, that's all them


Hi, my name is Nick Schmidt with Delta Modtec. So what do you do? So we are machine builders by trade. What you see before you is a web converting machine specifically designed for trans-thermal patches. However, it's certainly not limited to just that. So what is trans-thermal patches? Really good question. Now that could encompass a lot of different areas, whether it's a pain patch, whether it's a cease smoking patch, it certainly can be all over the board. It looks like a big machine. Yes, you're right. So does it do produce a lot of stuff? Is it mass production? Great question. And to answer that, it's a two-parter. Yes, and we can also do lab scale production. Really it's whatever the process and the customer calls for. And this is showing the animation of what's happening in the machine? Yes, so what we're going to show there is just the modularity aspect of it all. Delta's claim to fame, except for the precision and service and support, is going to be that modularity. We don't want to sell you a boat anchor. When you buy a machine initially, your business can certainly change in a span of a couple years, five, 10, 15 years. So we certainly don't want to slow you down. What you can do is you can remove each individual module, replace it with a different module, whatever the process calls for. Nice. It's like a really cool Lego. It's huge. It's like a really cool Lego. Is this also your company? Great question. A really fantastic question. So back in 2016, actually Delta's first and only acquisition frontier coding. We have found that the marriage has been a very successful one. You will notice we're doing very similar roll coding here, specifically slot die. So what we were able to do after the acquisition was able to combine those two technologies in order to provide a total manufacturing solution for something along the lines of a thermal patch, fuel cell, battery manufacturing, again, all over the board. So it's compatible with the stuff you're doing over here? Yes, sir. But it's like a different part. And it can be standalone as well, that is correct. And I see the Made in USA flag, so where are you based? Very proud of that. It is all designed in the USA, all the software engineering done in the USA, of course sales is done in the USA, located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. And how's it been here for you at the I-TechX show? Oh, another really good question. It's been good. A lot of new technologies, quite a bit of new people, so that's always good to see the new faces. All very well.


All right, good morning, everyone. Welcome, all of you here. So I wanted to jump right in here with some introductions. We can just sort of go down the line here. But all of the companies represented up here. We've got Twitter, Yelp, Uber, and Netflix. All of you have people here at the conference giving talks. And we know a lot about the clusters and the infrastructures that you guys are running. So I wanted to ask personally, as part of your introduction, not necessarily what your companies are doing, but what you personally in your career brings you up here on stage for a panel on the future of cluster management. So can I start with you? Hi, everyone. So my name's Ian. I think what is unique for me, I sort of started off with containerization very early on with jails on FreeBSD many, many years ago before joining Twitter. I joined the Mesos team as it was just being developed and growing. And so it was well underway. But we saw Mesos develop to take much of Twitter's workload. And so I've seen it scale through probably almost an order of magnitude inside the company. And now we're at the point where we're looking to bring new workloads onto the platform as well. So it's very exciting for me. And I'm Sam Eaton. I'm very loud apparently. What do I bring to the panel personally, apart from British Charm? I think I've spent the last 20 plus years working professionally in the area of operations and infrastructure back in the days when they used to call it systems administration. And like Ian, I've also worked with FreeBSD Jails, Solaris Zones, and seen containerization in pre-overtime. And in our time at Yelp, we've been working with Mesos for the last four years. And at this point, it runs all of our production infrastructure and all of our software building tests. So we've seen it grow and change and seen the awkward rough edges. That's been great. Hi, my name is Jitang. I work from Uber. So when I joined Uber less than three years ago, we started working on bringing container into Uber without class management. It was a fun period, but we quickly realized, OK, we cannot let the mask keep going. That's why we started introducing Mesos to Uber about a year and a half ago. And it's a very big success. We have been quickly migrating on most of our production traffic onto Mesos. And we are also learning a lot of things. So maybe you can share something here. Hello, my name is Sharma Podila from Netflix. I've been there about four years, mostly focused on designing cloud native schedulers that run on top of Mesos for mixed workloads, stream processing, batch service kind of workloads. Before that, I spent quite a bit of time developing schedulers for HPC-like batch workloads. And a long time ago, it used to be called Compute Farms. Nobody called it the cloud. So yeah, I've been doing cluster management for a while. Great, thank you. So for our next question, my own background is very open source strong. So I've been working in open source communities for over 15 years, starting with Linux distributions and then most recently working on OpenStack and now Mesos. And I like to say one of the reasons I joined Mesosphere is because I really believe in open infrastructures. But I am incredibly biased. So I wanted to ask all of you, where do you see open source playing a role in this community that we built in the industry today? How important is it? Is it essential? We can start again. Sure, well, mine will be short. When I think about open source, when we think about open source at Netflix, I like to borrow the phrase, we stand on shoulders of giants. We see tremendous value there. And where we see value of us adding to it, we contribute. There's plenty of open source from Netflix on GitHub. And related to Mesos itself, we open sourced our scheduling library called FENSO a couple of years ago. So we love it. So I mean, I quote my colleagues that Uber is pretty much built on top of open source from the very beginning. The open source is pretty much in every bit of Uber's infrastructure. There's some piece of open source software. I think in collaboration, one really great point of open source is that we can use existing story that's already better tested. We know that we have been growing at a crazy pace. That we know that we are barely catching up with our own growth. But with open source, we got to say, okay, we know this thing will scale in the next couple of quarters. So at least it will give us a lot of brief time to focus on other aspects of making it working with other parts of Uber infrastructure. And from our side, I think it's pretty hard to stand on stage and kind of go, no, open source is a bad thing. That would be a hard argument to make. Without it, then I don't think any of our companies would exist or be as successful as they are. I think working on the kind of things we do, contributing back to open source is a vital part of it. And so I'm not going to stand on stage and say it's a bad thing. So I can say that there are some trade-offs with open source, but on the good side, I think is that open source brings a lot of diversity in terms of everyone's perspectives, what their actually, what their workloads are, how they think about problems, and also diversity in where they are in their stage of development. So we, for example, started off a long time ago and we're seeing other companies now that are just starting. I think seeing that level of just all the differences and the different perspectives really helps to create a much healthier community. Great. So next I sort of wanted to talk broadly before diving into specific themes. What are some of the current, or some of the challenges that each of you faced while you were moving into these really large cluster management workflows? And perhaps for others who are in the audience looking to do this, is there anything that you did during this transition that was really hard to undo and you wish you really hadn't done?  I think some of our challenges when we first started doing this is that back in the early days of it we started working with Mesos and containers more back before the 1.0 release of Docker and it was very flaky at that point. The promise was definitely there and it's way more stable these days but the early days of that were extremely painful and it was a lot of kind of like, did we make the right choice here? Do we really want things to crash this often? And there was a lot of persistence required in that. And in terms of choices made early on in the process, I think it's kind of like, it's the peril of early adoption with anything which is that there are choices you make that later on the market matures, new products appear, people produce things that are kind of like, have less rough edges and if you'd have waited then maybe you'd have had an easier time but you wouldn't have been able to get the things you've done done. So I think it's like always that trade-off between adopting early and living with the pain and waiting for a more kind of polished thing to appear. Yeah, we had much the same thing where, for example, we don't actually use fast system images, we don't use Docker images or anything because when we built out our infrastructure we actually predated that. There was no real formalized concept of packaging up all your dependencies into an image. We've recently tried to address that and so we do have a talk from Santosh today about our challenges for that but we still haven't actually adopted fast system images for our containers because it's very painful for us to go from our current model where we run on the host file system. So I'm wondering if there's anything you would have waited on that you dove in really early technology-wise that you maybe wouldn't have? Well, I don't think we could wait. We had to move sort of fast and we had to build out the infrastructure. Yeah, we just couldn't wait. So it was possible because, for example, we run most things either on the JVM or Python so we actually made choices in the organization to say we can't quite solve this problem the way we want to so we'll choose this other way of building out our infrastructure. Yeah, I mean, besides the technology challenges, first we had to spend a little bit of time trying to define what the business value is and maybe more so for us at Netflix because before we moved to containers we already had microservices running on top of EC2 cloud using VMs. There was a scheduled service scheduler with autoscaling and all of that. We also had a good robust discovery mechanism and all of these things happening. So it was one of that and then there were specific challenges, technology-wise, making sure there's capacity for the applications when they need to run and trying to prove parity with what was already existing. I think one of the challenge with space is like remember that we moved from a non-cluster orchestrated workload into customer management. While we bring a lot of order and guarantees onto the quality, we actually see utilization starting to drop because we weren't able to pack things as crazy and pretend there's no quality problem at all. We're not able to address them. So we are still working on trying to bring the utilization just and curve back. And we don't necessarily need to run as hard as past but we don't want to keep the, get the machine more utilized and save the company a lot of money. So getting to our first sort of future question, what do you think our biggest challenge is moving forward? Just something quick and small, like just like your biggest pet peeve perhaps. Better isolation. That's probably kind of like the killer for us a lot of the time at the moment is noisy neighbors, tasks that don't cooperate or co-locate very well together. And so yeah, further advancements on that will definitely help us. I think I would say predictability. It touches upon some of the points there but predictability and the aggregator resources as well as down to an individual host. All right, so I sort of wanna start getting into some themes here. And the first one is around maintenance. So I worked on OpenStack for four years and one of the really hard things about working on OpenStack is it's got a lot of missing pieces. So when something goes wrong, it's really hard to track it down. So when I started working on Mesos, that was the first thing I went to. I was like, how hard is it to debug problems? Because as a community, we've done a really good job at the deployment story. We can deploy Mesos and we can get a system running. But once it's running, we need to be able to debug it and find problems and fix everything. So sort of broadly speaking in this space with deployment behind us, what are you seeing yourselves doing outside of the cluster maintenance-wise that you really wish were inside of the cluster?  Yeah, so we have lots and lots of tooling outside of Mesos, not only tooling itself, but also a lot of tribal knowledge as well and our engineers and how to keep things running smoothly. And there's a couple of things I think to there. One is around the general health of the agent itself. So it's offering an execution environment and some resources for the jobs to run in, but those need to be validated when the machine comes up or when the VM comes up and they need to be maintained. So maybe you lose a DIM or something like that. So that needs to be maintained. A couple of other things. We generally do rolling updates across the cluster where we update Mesos. That's all coordinated outside of Mesos. You know, we are made deploy to 1% and test out some new feature that we've got before we go sort of more broadly across the cluster. But yeah, we do have an awful lot of tooling outside. And for us, a lot of the extra tooling we've built revolves around scaling the clusters up and down. So we elastically scale on AWS a lot. We use Spotfleet heavily. And my colleague Kyle will be giving a talk about that later if you want to hear more about that. But that's mean we've had to build a lot of tooling around taking machines in and out of the cluster, understanding the cluster size and dealing with when we want to scale it that would be much easier if the cluster managers were more aware of what workload the frameworks were demanding from it, whether there was more work that it needed more capacity for we could do a better job of predicting its scaling demands. So I thought that in this point, like maintaining the Mesos itself, we have to do a lot of customer works on top of that. And besides that, we also want to help other infra teams like routing teams, monitoring related teams on how to manage their software and utilizing all the great permissions we provide. The thing is, because there are things that are relatively on the same level, there could be very strict dependency relationship between things. If you are not careful, we couldn't simply run them, there are things as applications, but you also don't want them to go to bare metal completely run as their own silos. So I think we create quite some work for ourselves to help these teams in special things. I hope customer management can find a solution for that too. Well, all good points. I'll just add one more point that's specific to us, which is we have integration into our cloud provider itself that is a code that's specific on the agents, and when we introduce new versions of those, we do have some pain in, because there's such a rate of change in that code, some way of introducing new agents that may actually be bad. There's definitely pain in those. All right, so I'm gonna put you guys on the spot a little bit with this next one because it's very related. You know, what things do you want to see built in and can you perhaps play a role in that since you all have this external tooling, maybe some things you want to open source? Come on. So I'm gonna say something, not answering your question. I think one of the difficulties here is that we've all developed these things separately and because I think it's out of necessity, these are very pressing problems. And so one of my concerns is that how do we come up with generic ways of solving these problems? I think that's one of the challenges for us is we have one way that we think we can do this and this is back to my diversity point. I think we need to increase communication around what people are doing, which is what we're doing here, but trying to find a way where we can come to some sort of consensus on what these common problems are. What he said. All right, we just created another working group, right here on stage. I'm not gonna do that. All right, thank you. So I sort of want to transition for a moment away from the underlying infrastructure and talk a bit about workloads. So the topic of mixed workloads comes up a lot. You've got a lot of different types of things running in your infrastructures and how they play well together. So whoever wants to chime in can talk a little bit about the types of workloads that you're using that are perhaps not really in a line with each other and how you're handling those workloads. And then sort of what the state of the art is with regard to handling different types of services and workloads. State of the art. Well, I'll start with ideally where it could be. People submit workload, applications come in and maybe they have a declarative way of saying, here's my service level objectives and assistance takes care of everything, whether it's batch workloads, stream service workload. And I would imagine within Mesa's community, a lot of people are using things like quotas, roles, reservations to achieve some of these. And we saw limitations in their current form. There's discussions in improving them. I think some awesome features would be coming up, but then we introduced some of that in terms of capacity guarantee. So when you mix workload, each workload gets what it needs. I think state of the art is somewhere around that. One thing that's still missing for us is looking at noisy neighbor situations on the agents that we test upon before and feeding that back in. So somewhere there is a state of the art, I think, for us. Yeah, I think the state of the art is there are a lot of useful functionality. There's a lot of interesting work going on to make this stuff better. But our dirty secret is, at least for us, the state of the art is statically separating our clusters to eliminate these kind of problems. That's why we care a lot about isolation. And I suspect that a fair few people are doing the same. Yeah, we do the same thing. So we have our status workloads running on one cluster and then our stateful workloads, our storage base, or our batch running in completely separate clusters. But I do wanna add one thing for our, even within our status workload, we do have a concept of production versus non-production. And so we've tried to push the state of the art in terms of over-subscribing the non-production workload. These are lots of test jobs or jobs that are generally idle. And we actually found that quite difficult and we have a talk about that later on as well. But it's even something as simple as identifying idle workloads and over-subscribing those resources to run other workloads and doing that all the way from the agent up to the framework, we found quite, to be quite difficult. So I think, yeah, to echo that point, like we are running different workloads in the same cluster, but we're sort of pretty much static partition of different agents. And even in this situation, we see that sometimes the converging time of scheduling, especially when new workloads comes in, it becomes unbounded. And we need to do special things and I think, I feel like that we need more primitives on Metal Slayer to help on this work or we need to find some other approach to address these. Yeah, that's a great segue into my follow-up question here is one of the really great things about microservices, especially I've heard a lot about this week, is that companies have been incrementally moving over to microservices and transitioning parts of their infrastructure and their workloads over to it over time. But in a case like this, with these mixed workloads and you're doing really hard isolation, could we make these changes to improve the situation incrementally or does there need to be a bigger shift there? So I think it's a combination of both. I think there are incremental changes that we can make. So we've identified different workloads inside Twitter that have varying degrees of requirements. Most of them actually have very substantial requirements before they could consider moving to a major managed platform and definitely very strong requirements before they could move into a shared platform where they were co-located with other tasks. But there are some workloads where, for example, they need some control over topology, over the placement topology on the infrastructure, which they've only got sort of small requirements that we could incrementally do. Yeah, I think incremental improvements are possible. We have some basics in the system and I think we're missing. It's a greenfield opportunity so it's easy to put incremental. But I wanted to add that there are technology challenges but sharing a cluster is also have people side of things giving the people confidence that their applications are going to get the performance they need even if they're sharing the cluster with somebody else. That's one of the harder problems on the people side of things to solve. Yeah, I mean, so you touched upon a little bit about specific changes that we can make. Do we have any other thoughts about how we can improve this isolation against noisy neighbors? When I was working on OpenStack CI, we were totally the noisy neighbors, so sorry. So I think there's two parts of the question. One is do we even need to run them on the same host? And this is not just mixed workloads. We do have noisy neighbors even within our status workload. The best isolation is to just run them on separate hosts. So if you could identify when there is contention. So we have the paper from Google on CPI squared. We're still not at that level where we can say these two jobs just contend for resources. Let's just run them on separate hosts. And that's the easiest thing that we could do. Yeah, great. Great. So that sort of gets us into our last theme of this panel. Right now it's a human decision about whether you wanna split these up between this noisy host and that one. You have to split them up based on what you know about the host. But one of the things that we've seen these big clusters be used for a lot in the industry is sort of machine learning and artificial intelligence. And that's focused on the workloads. So do you see somewhere in our future where, or maybe some of the work we're doing in the present where we can use the same tooling or very similar tooling to what we're using on our workloads for this machine learning work and put that back on our clusters. So maybe as you say, if the cluster can determine who is a noisy neighbor and then automatically isolate those or maybe you have other examples or some of the work that you're currently doing that has you guys living in the future already? Okay, I can start. Well, intelligence could mean so many things, right? And one of the things that we like to think about it is building upon what I said before, user submit workload, there's declarative objectives and the system figures out how to get it done without needing the cluster operator or the user to input anything else other than the objectives. And better yet, if people don't have to write their own schedulers that have smarts on how to get it done. I mean, the cluster manager should do it all. Intelligence is also in right sizing the containers. Users have a tough time predicting what resource usage they might actually see, both in terms of the size of a container and the number of containers, right? And intelligence is also maybe having some advanced users giving hints that it's like, yeah, I need two CPUs but this is how I plan to use those two CPUs and it's different from different applications. So it's not just the resource specification of what I need but hints as to how I'm gonna use it that would help intelligent placement of tasks and things like that. So one specific area of intelligence we are starting to looking at is how to improve our capacity planning story with cluster management. Like that may be sounds obvious for people but we are still, we have been experiencing the fast growing pace. So the planning is pretty hard in this stage and a lot of it's more like human ad hoc decisions rather than systematic data driven approach. So I think there's a lot of data, there's a lot of extremely valuable data in the customer layer already that can provide a lot of feedbacks and we can start into a market data driven approach rather than pulling teams. And on our side I'll talk about two things. One of them is the stuff we're already doing on our software build and test infrastructure called Seagull where we're actually learning how long our tests take to execute historically and using that to pack them more efficiently into bundles that take a constant length of time to run to reduce our overall test run times. And like that's been very productive but that's very much building outside the cluster. To propose a more kind of wild idea we do a lot of stuff with auto scaling on AWS at the moment in the kind of glorious future having a cluster scheduler that's aware of things like AWS costs and what the bid rates are for spot instances at the time and could kind of like scale the cluster in the most cost effective way and run the right instances for the workloads according to pricing would be a kind of an exciting thing to be able to do. How far away you think this is? A while. So I'm at a plus one on basically all of those things not so much the cloud because we run on our infrastructure. The one thing with Twitter is we run almost a lot of our workload on the JVM and so I'll give one last pitch. We have a talk I'll start to know with Joshua and Ramkey where we are working to automatically tune the applications running on the platform. So to tune the JVM using Black Box Learning where and this is tuning for a whole range of parameters where back to Sharma's point they just don't know how to tune the application necessarily and they shouldn't know it either. And particularly for us we have a very different platform where we have different generations of CPUs and different configurations. And so we're able to sort of work out the best configurations, the best parameters for the JVM for our users as part of the platform which I think is very powerful and that's stuff that we're actually doing right now. That's really cool. So sort of to sort of wrap this up as sort of a final question here. If you could, I mean a lot of the things you guys are mentioning are very, I think they're more in the near future. So if you could look down maybe five, 10 years, like what do you want your clusters to be doing for you that they aren't doing today that you haven't mentioned yet? In 10 years from now I'd like to not be thinking about clusters at all, like I'd just like to run work and not have to consider kind of like where it's running or what it's running on. We just kind of go, we want to run some stuff and we want to do it cost effectively, make that problem go away. Yeah, like we don't think about when you run something on your laptop about this needs XTPU, YRAM or anything else, we just say just run it. And so I think for our services, we want our customers to have to say run this at this sort of scale with this availability and just go from there. Yeah, I think so. Here's my card, make it happen. So I mean we are still driving our internalization so I feel like maybe dream that maybe after 10 years we don't even, don't need to care where the workload is running. It's going to run closest to our customer at the most reasonable location with the least current utilization and other things and our engineer will just speak and other things that happen magically through the internalization system. All right, anyone has any parting thoughts before we wrap up? Just where you think the future is and? I'll just share a quick thought I had earlier that we've come a long way. So like several years ago, we used to have resource sharing happening in actually a meeting of people and the way I like to describe to others how this happens is everybody comes with a baseball bat and say this is my quota, you're not gonna take it away from me. I think we've come a long way since then, there's a lot more automation and I think we only have forward progress to make. All right, thank you everybody.


Hi. The dogs, dogs have a, they make it safely? Oh yeah, they're here, they're here. Gus and Penny, you got it. Gus and Penny, yeah, nice. I got a question. So how does it feel to be the, the tallest Roberto Clemente You know, me and Dave Winfield, we're out of eyes. So we might, you know, I think, I think I tied the record, but this is, this is just like I said, a special, a special moment.  You're doing it right, bro. And congratulations on this, this award. You're very well deserving of this, much more success you have in your life. Just want to say what's up, brother. I appreciate it.


Hey traders, this is T Bradley 90 from the my investing club chat I'm one of the top mentors and moderators in chat as a special gift to our viewers on YouTube We have created a free two-hour course to help teach you how to start a consistently profitable trading business and identify high-paying setups in just 30 days There will be limited seating every week so register for the course and reserve your spot now Using the link in the description as a special bonus for everyone that watches the entire video We will give you the link to a free 10-hour additional mini course that has never been released to the public Register now before all slots completely fill up All right guys We have a new series this week in a special video for you today in which case out one of our moderators Sam Hajal Does daily recaps now and live trades and today he has a live trading daily recap of making $1,000 in 30 minutes on the ticker symbol work WORK and his thought process with it and while today is just a preview of the full-length video If you want to watch the full length or any of our exclusive content then become an MIC member What's up guys? It's Sam You're with a live trading video Just missed another fill on Slack here is trying to get a fill up here, but I was opening my OBS to record So I'm not gonna chase this low here. I want to see ideally break under 23 And get some continuation lower.  So We'll see it's a little small. I kept the risk. I read to green Sort of made the mistake here of giving it that little wiggle room and it did end up working out Which you know, this is it's just not, you know proper discipline. I Would have been stuffing out at the top here But my plan was to get an add in here Anticipating that right to green with slam. So we'll see here. I'm gonna set an order here For 2315, it's gonna be sort of using right to green as a guide Very jumpy here, but we do have some buyers and you get one more add in here And then that's it cutting it over this new high. I'm gonna see what she goes It's holding VWOP down here We haven't had that convincing break of 23 See lift. Wow lift. It's just Every single day lift has just been Getting destroyed Should have went full-size lift I saw it right as it went red, but Kind of focusing on work here a little bit. I'm sure we do have some bid support here It's not for lift. I'm gonna be waiting for a pop back up to Around here 4170 sort of this this line If we even get it In this case, I'll probably hit VWOP start scaling For this work, I'm just sort of waiting For these bids to get eaten Wow lift breaks 41. That's insane And look at that daily five days ago is trading Almost 48 Insane Uber is gapping Yeah, I kind of had a feeling to avoid Uber today Sort of dipped here went red And I didn't chase it. So for me I would read add I would look to read add somewhere up here into VWOP around 2250 If we get that pop that doesn't look like it in reality This is probably gonna wash 22 or something and I'm gonna I'm gonna be the fool for covering at 2223 but that's trading, you know, you gotta you gotta lock in your gains You gotta know you can't be greedy, you know, you gotta know when to take it off and Just have your plan basically like you know, my plan was to take it off at 23 or 2223 So I can't deviate from my plan and sit there Oh, let me squeeze out a couple more cents because in reality, let's say this was the bottom and then boom It just you know pops back up.   That's just gonna be It's just gonna help me For next time essentially like what could I have done differently? Hey traders, this is Tosh I go by T Bradley 90 in the my investing club chat Just wanted to reach out and say if you have any questions about M. I see joining M. I see maybe you're a member already You have three ways to contact myself personally and through M. I see you can hit our social media You can hit me through PMS in chat or you can contact us through my email at Tosh at my investing club calm That's TOS H at my investing club calm I will get back to you in a timely manner and I'm saying this because I'm here to help and I don't want anybody to be Afraid to reach out and ask any question that they have we are here for you guys. All right. See you guys


Now, let's move on to factors, and we're going to begin by creating a new section. So factors are another common data type used in R, and these are used to store categorical variables. So an example would be our respondent wall type variable that we used before that contained different building materials that these houses were constructed from. In those cases, all of the houses kind of fell into different categories, either mud dog, bird brick, sun bricks. And so essentially you can bin all of the different houses in those categories, okay? Similarly, these factors can be either ordered or unordered. In the case of respondent wall type, for instance, there's no kind of natural ordering or sequence to those different levels, okay, or categories. Whereas if we were talking about something like Olympic medals, we would have gold, silver, and bronze, which do implicitly have this kind of ordering, okay? So let's go to an example to highlight some of the kind of special properties of factors. We're going to begin by creating a new variable, which is going to be called respondent floor type. And here we're going to use a new function called factor. Again, because we're creating a vector, you want to use the combined function here within those parentheses. And we're going to insert four values here, earth, cement, other cement, and go ahead and create that. And respondent floor type will appear up here in your global environment. So you can already see within our, this kind of overview here, this is a factor, which has two levels, okay? The four elements, but they all fall into one of these two categories, either cement or earth, okay? And here you're going to see something interesting. You might expect to see actual earth and cement, these kind of string variables or string values that we inserted, but instead, r is actually storing these as integers. So instead of earth and cement, it's basically coded earth as a two and coded cement as a one. And you might wonder why is it that earth, even though it comes first in this list, why is that coded as a two or cement is coded as a one? The reason for that is just because c comes before e and r naturally kind of codes these things in alphabetical order. So again, there are some functions that we can use here to kind of inspect our new variable. So the levels function, I choose my respondent floor type here. This is going to tell me now what my two levels are here, cement and earth, okay? Likewise, I could use the in levels just to return the number of levels that contain that vector. And here we have two. So I mentioned that sometimes these factor variables actually have an order that's important to respect. So the way that you can kind of tell r that this is an ordered factor is by just adding an additional argument. So just to kind of run through this example, I'm going to create a new variable here called metals. And again, I'm going to throw in here three kind of levels of metals you can earn of gold, silver and bronze. And now here between these two parentheses. So after this argument, I'm going to add a second argument, which says ordered, okay, equals true. And this just tells r that again, these are factors with an order that's important to respect, okay? And in this case, you can see when I read this, that r is going to say we have these three elements here, but bronze is less than gold, which is less than silver, okay? All this is saying now is that there's an order that's being stored here along with the actual levels of that factor, but you might notice that r doesn't really know what bronze, gold and silver mean. And so it's saying that gold is less than silver. It's doing that again because of alphabetical order. B comes before G, which comes before S. If I wanted to specify that the order matters, okay, that gold is more than greater than silver, I could do that with an additional argument here. So again, I'm going to reassign this variable. And this time I'm going to use this additional argument levels, okay? And I'm going to say, let's put these, I'm just going to copy these over, but I'm going to put them in the order that I want them to be stored, okay? So I'm going to put gold at the end here, bronze at the beginning. And if I run it this time in print metals, now you can see that it's been reordered with bronze being less than silver, being less than gold, okay? So now I have the order that I want to just by using this additional argument here.