If the Pro Bowl added a football game that was the retired guys versus the current guys, who would you want on your team and are you guys running the table or are you guys beating them? Consider that like a lot of us are like in decent shape. I'm going to ride with us, Chad, Ocho Senko, that's my guy, quarterback, it could be whomever. Patriots, right there. What about that one? Tom Brady. I'll probably go with Ryan Fitzpatrick.  Yeah, yeah, I like Ryan.  Very, very headsy, quarterback, very cerebral.


Steve shared with us a great tip that he found elsewhere on the web. He said, you know, how there's that that back tap thing that we can configure now on our phones to do a thing. And we've talked about how you had it set for screenshot for a little while. And I don't know, I just never thought to use it. Plus, plus there's already a shortcut for doing screenshot. Well, Steve says you use it to activate the flashlight on your phone. I can see that being really handy. The only thing is if you're getting false triggers of that back tap, your flashlight might just come on randomly and and potentially stay on. So that might be a bad thing. But but I that might be one of the better uses of backtaps so that you can just grab your phone, tap it, and now you got a flashlight. You don't have to wake up the screen and hit the button.  That's what we do. Thank you, Steve.


Hello, Myself Dr. Nidhi Ajay Mandana, 2nd year junior resident at Doctoral Hospital Medical College and Hospital, Jalga. Today, my topic for paper presentation is to study the role of magnetic resonance imaging in knee injuries. Introduction. The knee joint is major weight bearing and largest joint that provides mobility and stability during weight bearing and physical activities. Due to wide range of its function exposed to various forces beyond its physiological range and therefore bone and soft tissue of knee joint are at risk of injuries. Accurate evaluation for knee joint injuries is very crucial for proper management and outcome. Aim and Objectives. To study MRI findings in knee injury to correlate with clinical findings and other radiological investigations and arthroscopic findings whenever performed. Materials and Method. The study was conducted in Department of Radiodiagnosis of Doctoral Hospital Medical College and Hospital, Jalga Maharashtra. The study was done in 100 patient presenting referred for knee injuries to patient of Department of Radiodiagnosis for MRI imaging. MRI scans were carried out on 1.5 Tesla Siemens MRI machine. The following MRI protocol sequence obtained was T1 and T2 weighted sequence in sagittal plane proton density, weighted sequence in axial coronal sagittal plane and fat suppressed T2 or STER sequence whenever indicated. These were examined in supine position with knee extension and slight external rotation 10 to 15 degree in an extremity coil for optimization of signal to the noise ratio. Inclusion Criteria. Patient who gave informed consent to be the part of the study patient with the history of trauma to the knee. Exclusion Criteria. Patient who refused to participate in the study. Children below 18 years. Patient with contraindications to MRI imaging like patient with cardiac base maker ferromagnetic implants. These are T1, T2 weighted images in sagittal plane showing partial tears in ACL anterior cruciate ligament with great three tears in both horns and body of the middle meniscus. These are T1 and STER images in coronal plane showing horizontal tears in posterior horns of both meniscus. Observation Distribution of the patient according to the knee pathology. These are like anterior cruciate ligament injuries, posterior cruciate ligament injuries, meniscal injuries, collateral ligament injuries, bony injuries, joint effusion. So the ACL tier was noted in 21 patient, PCL tier in 5 patients, meniscus tier in 30 patients, collateral ligament tier in 7 patients, bone injury in 25 patients and joint effusion was noted in 40 patients. MRI analysis of the meniscal injury. So according to this pie chart, the middle meniscal injuries were more than lateral and then both meniscus were included. Distribution of the meniscal tier on the part of the meniscus. So the posterior part of the meniscus was most commonly involved in the entry and then body. Discussion Tier was the commonest pathology affecting the ACL most being acute in nature. The incidence of the PCL pathology in a study was 10% which is comparable to the 5.78% incidence reported by the Singh JP et al. Partial PCL tier was the commonest PCL pathology in our study which was in accordance with the reported literature. One third of our patient had bone contusion which compares well with the existing literature. TBR was more commonly involved than femur by contusion and lateral femur contile was involved more frequently than its medial counterpart. Our results are in agreement with the existing literature. Acute ACL tier was usually associated with bone contusion in our study similar association what is reported in previous studies as well. Grade 2 was the commonest meniscal tier in our study with contrast with the results of Argyugam et al. who reported grade 3 as the commonest grade of meniscal tier. Vertical tier were found to be the commonest type of the meniscal tier. This contrast with the previous finding of horizontal tier being the commonest meniscal tier by the Pasupatuli b et al. By all the vertical tiers in our study were associated with a history of trauma reported literature also described vertical tier as being traumatic in nature. Only one patient in our study had a bucket handle tier involving the medial meniscare. Literature also reports the most of the bucket handle tier involved the medial meniscus. Conclusion MRI evaluation in the patient with painful knee is of important as MRI can demonstrate the exact nature and extent of the body as well as soft tissue abnormality. It can potentially replace other imaging modalities like x-ray and CT scan for the radiological evaluation of a painful knee and is helpful in clinical decision making. Multiplanar imaging capacity and non-invasive nature of MRI enable a satisfactory diagnosis in such patient in whom a complete clinical examination is almost impossible due to pain. These are my references. Thank you.


So last Tuesday night, last Tuesday evening, a special exhibit opened at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Science Museum in Washington, D.C. to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the release of Stanley Kubrick's landmark film 2001 A Space Odyssey. And aside from its evocative beauty, this film raised some tantalizing questions about what might lie out there. I was a kid during the Soviet American space race during the 1950s and 1960s. And I followed the various flights and expeditions with tremendous interest and excitement. Kubrick's film literally blew me away. And I was so impacted by 2001 A Space Odyssey that I wrote a very extensive review of it from my high school journalism class. I still wish I had my hands on that review. Of course, the highlight of that time was the Apollo 11 moon landing back in the summer of July 1969. By the time I was ready to head off to university in 1970, the personal essay that I submitted with my applications to the various schools I was hoping to attend was an essay that dealt with the importance of space exploration. Going way back in human history, people have speculated about the intriguing question of whether or not there is life beyond our planet. During the terrible years of the Second World War, while confronting Hitler's Germany, Winston Churchill published an essay on March 8, 1942, in London's Sunday Dispatch entitled, Are There Men on the Moon? He mused that given the vast size of the universe, it would be strange if no living creatures existed outside of planet Earth. Most people seem to agree with Churchill. A poll that was conducted by National Geographic back in 2014 found that 77 percent of Americans believe that extraterrestrial life exists. In 2017, a locality study of 26,492 people from 24 different countries revealed that 61 percent believe there is some form of life on other planets. Since the 1950s, scientists have proposed that habitable zones near stars in space are the most likely places that life may be discovered. They propose that there are planets where it's more likely that life might exist because the conditions are more right. Some statistical projections suggest there may be billions of earth-sized planets in the habitable zones of our Milky Way. Other estimates are a bit more modest, but still in the thousands. Since the 1960s, there have been numerous efforts launched attempting to detect not just intelligent forms of life in outer space, but any form of life. In 2015, British physicist Stephen Hawking and Jewish Russian tech billionaire Yuri Milner teamed up to launch the Breakthrough Listening initiative to seek out intelligent, extraterrestrial life. This is a $100 million 10-year project that is scanning the heavens using some of the largest and most powerful telescopes available at this time. But with all of this exploration and these kinds of searches and the going on since the middle of the 20th century, nothing has yet been discovered. What does the Torah have to say about the possibilities of extraterrestrial life? Believe it or not, some of our sages, going back to the 15th century, were fascinated by this topic. Rabbi Chazdai Kreskis, who wrote a famous book of Jewish philosophy called the Or Hashem, Light of God, has a long discussion on the topic of extraterrestrial life and concludes that the existence of life on other planets would not pose any problem to Judaism. As supporting evidence for this, he quotes a passage from the Talmud and tractate Avodazara 3b that says God travels among 18,000 different worlds. And he understands this to mean that God supervises these worlds, which may imply that they are inhabited. Kreskis also cites Psalm 19 verse 2, which says the heavens declare the glory of God, which again may be alluding to the praises of God emanating from other corners of the heavens. This view, by the way, can also be supported by the familiar verse from Psalm chapter 145 verse 13, the ashray, which says your kingship is a kingship over all worlds. Of course, these sources are far from conclusive. Number one, the 18,000 worlds referenced in the Talmud may be spiritual worlds and not physical worlds. Number two, Psalm 19 may simply mean that the vastness of the heavens testify to the greatness of God. Not that there are people found in these different parts of the heavens that testify to God's greatness, but simply the vastness of the world itself testifies to the greatness of God. And number three, Psalm 145 can also be referring to spiritual worlds. Your kingship is a kingship over all worlds. It may be spiritual worlds. And secondly, a totally valid translation, alternative translation, is not that God's kingship is a kingship over all worlds, but that your kingdom is an everlasting kingdom. So the sources that we have so far, while they may indicate the potential for life on their planets, they're far from conclusive. The second voice weighing in our discussion at a similar time in history was Rabbi Yosef Albo, the author of the philosophical work Saifah al-Kharim. He lived in Spain between the years 1380 and 1444, slightly after Hasdaikreskis. And he maintained that there is no life on other planets. He insisted that the idea of life on other planets is an impossibility. And he argues this on theological grounds, on philosophical grounds. And he says that mankind, human beings, are the crown of creation and that the entire universe was created for our sake and for our benefit. And he reasons that since extraterrestrials would never interact with human beings, at least this is what he assumed back in the 15th century, they would have no purpose and therefore there'd be no reason for them to exist. This is the argument that Rabbi Yosef Albo makes. Rabbi Ariye Kaplan, who was an extraordinary Torah scholar and scientist who passed away in 1983, published a seminal article on Judaism and extraterrestrial life for the journal Intercom back in 1972. And Rabbi Kaplan offers support to the view of Albo from a passage in the Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Brachot 31a, that says, every land where it was not decreed for man to live was never subsequently inhabited. So therefore, since human beings are not found anywhere else in the universe, they would not be inhabited by anyone else. However, Rabbi Kaplan notes that this source as well is not an absolute proof since the Talmud may only be referring to those parts of planet Earth that are not inhabited. Of course, Rabbi Albo's argument assumes that we will never have interaction with extraterrestrials and that, as we all know, is not a done deal. From his perspective, back in the 15th century, he was able to assume that if you find another being on a planet somewhere a billion miles away, human beings will obviously have no contact with such a creature and therefore he assumed that since everything created was for the sake of human beings, if human beings don't interact with other beings in the universe, then they obviously have no purpose to exist and therefore he maintains there would be no other life on other planets. A third view is found by Rabbi Pinchas Eliyahu Horowitz, who lived in Poland from 1765 to 1861 in his famous Seifer Habrit, which was published in the year 1797. And he has a very extensive discussion of cosmology and he cites the view of Joseph Albo, who insisted that there is no life on other planets, but he rejects that conclusion and he believes that in fact there is life on other planets. He believes that the 18,000 different worlds that were mentioned in the Talmud, Tractate Avodazara 3b that we mentioned, are actually inhabited physical worlds. Rabbi Horowitz also cites along these same lines the last Mishnah, the last Mishnah in the entire Talmud, which is from Tractate Uktzin. It's a very famous Mishnah where Rabbi Yoshua Ben-Levy said, in the world to come, the Holy One blessed be He, will have every righteous person inherit 310 worlds. This is hinted at in Proverbs chapter 8 verse 21, which says, I have what to bequeath to those who love me and I shall fill their warehouses. And the word, which is the Hebrew word for what in this verse has a numerical value of 310. So again, God is saying, I will bequeath to those who love me, Yeh, which is 310. And these are the 310 worlds that Rabbi Yoshua Ben-Levy says, each righteous person will inhabit. Now some commentaries take these worlds as a metaphor for the spiritual delights that await the righteous people in the world to come, or that these 310 worlds might be speaking directly about spiritual worlds. Rabbi Horowitz understands this reference to 310 actual physical worlds existing in outer space. But this means that these worlds are inhabited. Again, we have a reference in the Talmud here to the fact that there are 310 worlds, are they inhabited? So to drive home his point that they are inhabited, Rabbi Horowitz takes us to a very interesting source. The fourth chapter in the Biblical Book of Judges describes how the Israelites were brutally oppressed by the Canaanite General Cicero for 20 years. The judge of Israel at that time was a prophetess named Devorah, Deborah. And she summoned a general named Barak to lead an army to fight Cicero. With the help of God, Barak's men defeated the army of Cicero. Cicero himself fled, but he was dispatched by a brave and cunning woman named Yael. The fifth chapter, the next chapter in the Book of Judges, is the famous Shiras Devorah, the song of Deborah, which praises God for the victory over the repressors. Now in this song, at verse 23, she quotes an angel who says the following, Cursed be Meroes. Cursed are its inhabitants, for they fail to come to aid God, to aid God against the enemy. And what is Meroes? What is this referring to? So many of the commentaries to the Book of Judges, including the Mitsudas Davide, the Radakh, the Rolbag, maintained that Meroes was a large city at that time near the area where the battles against Cicero's army was taking place. And this city was being cursed because they didn't participate in the battle. But there's a little bit of a problem. The problem is that there is no mention or record of any place named Meroes back then anywhere else in the Bible or any other source. So Rashi, in his commentary to this verse, cites two explanations about Meroes that are found in the Talmud, tractate Moe Katan 16a. One opinion that Rashi cites is that Meroes was an important leader at that time. The problem is, how can you curse the inhabitants of a leader if Meroes is referring to a great leader? What does the verse mean by saying and cursed are your inhabitants, Meroes? It doesn't seem to be reasonable. So the other possibility suggested by the Talmud is that Meroes was a star or a plant. Now, interestingly, a few verses earlier in Deborah's song in verse 20, she took note that the heavenly bodies came to help the Israelites in their battle. She says, from heaven they fought. The very stars from their orbits did battle with Cicero. And therefore, some commentaries, such as the Radak, take this idea of the heavens coming and fighting on behalf of the Jewish people. They take this metaphorically to indicate that the defeat of Cicero was so decisive that it was as if the very heavens participated in the battle. But the Talmud seems to take these verses more literally, and that while the heavenly bodies did come and involve themselves in the battle against Cicero, Meroes did it. And that's why it and its inhabitants were being cursed. Rabbi Horowitz also marshals a verse from the prophet Isaiah, chapter 45 verse 18, which says, for thus says the Lord creator of the heavens. He is the God, the one who fashioned the earth, and he is its maker. He established it. He did not create it for emptiness. He fashioned it to be inhabited. In other words, if there are inhabitable planets, they were in all likelihood created, Rabbi Horowitz suggests, to be inhabited. If there are places beyond planet earth that are inhabitable, Rabbi Horowitz takes Isaiah 45, 18 to indicate that they in all likelihood are inhabited. So based upon these and other sources from the capitalistic Ticune Zohar, Rabbi Horowitz concludes that there are inhabited planets in outer space. Next question he addresses though, is what would be the nature of these extraterrestrial beings? What would they be like?  That was I'm not sure a popularly held view, but it was a view that was held back in the time that Rabbi Horowitz was writing. He strongly rejects this view and insisted that just like creatures living in our oceans differ significantly from those that live on the land on planet earth, so Rabbi Horowitz says that inhabitants of other planets will be different from us earthlings. By the way, it's interesting that the Hebrew word for human being Adam basically means earthling because Adam from the Adamah we come from the earth. So that would be a good translation of the Hebrew word Adam. We are earthlings. So while Rabbi Horowitz believes that extraterrestrials can be endowed with intelligence and can be knowledgeable, he believes that only human beings down here on planet earth are created in the image of God and possess the spiritual component of free will. Ultimately, Rabbi Horowitz sees our world as the ultimate focus of God's creation and that in some way perhaps not always readily apparent, everything else in existence was created for our needs and to serve human beings. To support this idea, he quotes a passage from the Babylonian Talmud for a hope 32b. Says the following, the holy one blessed be he said, my daughter, I created 12 constellations in the firmament and for each and every constellation I have created 30 armies and for each and every army I have created 30 legions and for each and every legion I have created 30 infantry division leaders and for each and every infantry division leader I have created 30 military camp leaders and for each and every military camp leader I've created 30 leaders of forts. Hang in there everybody. And for every leader of a fort I have hung 365,000 stars corresponding to the days of the solar year and all of them in the heavenly host, all of these planets and stars, the Talmud is comparing the heavenly host to Roman military installations. God says in all of these in the heavenly host I have created only for your sake. So Rabbi Horowitz suggests based upon this passage in the Talmud that everything in existence was only created ultimately for the purpose of human beings. There's another famous passage in the Talmud which says and actually challenges each human being to always say that all of existence created for my personal sake, not just for the sake of humanity in general, each one of us should come to the point of saying that everything God created is ultimately here to serve me. Exactly how we benefit from the white cosmos is a mystery yet to be fully understood. The one loose thread that I should point out in Rabbi Horowitz's presentation is that if these extraterrestrials from the Rose as he insists do not have free will, then the obvious question is why would the inhabitants of this star be cursed for not assisting Barak's army? Normally you could only help people responsible and punish them if they have moral free will. So Rabbi Ariah Kaplan in his essay suggests that there happen to be rare occurrences in our sources where we see that beings such as angels are punished for wrongdoings even though they don't have free will. I want to discuss a relevant issue which we will see comes out of the passage in the book of Psalms chapter 115 verse 16. The psalmist writes the heavens are heavens to the Almighty but the earth he has given over into the hands of mankind based upon this verse and other verses such as Genesis 128 where again God gives dominion to the earth over to mankind. We see that God specifically has given dominion to human beings over the earth. If this is the case are we overstepping that which has been granted to us by exploring outer space meaning if God specifically has given into our dominion what's on earth and the heavens belong to him so maybe we shouldn't be poking around up there. So in order to understand this it's important for us to clarify what exactly are the parameters of heaven and earth and how far do they extend. One of the great commentaries to the Bible is the Malbim and he cites three opinions on this question. He cites the Ravad who says that the atmosphere above earth is called the heavens. So if you want to know where the heavens begin it begins just in our atmospheric you know area just above planet earth where we see the rain coming down that's already the heavens. My mononies the Rambam says that the sun the moon the stars and the planets constitute the heavens. The heavens don't start all the way down here you know a hundred feet above terra firma you got to go up a little bit. My mononies the Rambam says the heavens are what extend beyond the constellations. However the Malbim himself and the Italian commentary Soporno take the view that the heavens is that which lies beyond human reach. If you want to understand what the Bible means when it speaks about the heavens it's referring to any point beyond human reach which means any point within the reach of mankind has the status of earth. According to this view therefore space exploration is not poking around where we shouldn't be poking our noses. It's worth by the way bringing up Genesis chapter 11 where there was a plan to build a tower up to the heavens and that plan was thwarted by God. It's interesting that Ravionis and Ibishits writing in this 18th century suggested that the tower that was being built in Babel tower of Babel he suggested was some kind of either rocket ship or a launching pad. There may have been some plan for these human beings to get themselves way up in the sky and we see that God is not happy with that plan. So is this a possible problem for our exploration of outer space? So the Talmud deals with this story in tractate Sanhedrin 109a and the Talmud there teaches that the people building that tower had an agenda and their agenda was either to wage war against God or to worship idols or both but space travel that we undertake for more wholesome reasons would be fine. There's an interesting anecdote that's more contemporaneous. Professor Velvel Green began a return to his Jewish roots as a mature adult and in the early 1970s he was working with NASA on various projects seeking to find signs of life on planet Mars. A number of his Jewish colleagues challenged him and said you know what poking around in outer space like that is not something a nice Jewish boy should be doing. So Professor Green wanted to know if this kind of exploration was permitted according to Judaism and he sought the guidance of Rabbi Manachem Mendel Schneersen the Lubavitch Rebbe at the time and he was told the following the Rebbe said to him you should look for life on Mars and you should keep on looking and if you don't find it keep looking elsewhere because to sit here and say that there isn't life anywhere else is to put a limit on God and no one can do that. Now I wanted to briefly raise for consideration at this time the flip side of this that we've been discussing we've been discussing human beings poking around in outer space but there's a flip side what if the search for extraterrestrials has been turned back upon us. Many people today insist that UFOs are visiting here from other planets to make contact with us. Some people especially listeners to radio programs like Coast to Coast and various conspiracy theorists insist that they've actually seen these extraterrestrials and some people claim to have been abducted by them and experimented upon. I don't personally know what to make of such claims but there are some rabbis who have suggested an approach that can be found in Rabbi Moshe Chaim Lutzato's Derech HaShem The Way of God written almost 300 years ago. In part one of this incredible work The Way of God part one section five Lutzato describes beings that are in an intermediate nature between physical and spiritual. These beings are referred to as Shadim they are malevolent spiritual forces sometimes called the demonic realm and it's been suggested that at least some of these UFO encounters may possibly be encounters with Shadim but I would personally say that the jury is out on this one. One of the things that I personally find so interesting is that human beings for so long have been driven to seek out life elsewhere. It seems to be something that we've been fascinated by and driven by and almost obsessed with for many many years and to explore the incredible mysteries and vastness of the cosmos. There are many reasons why I think this is being undertaken. I think some people today believe that our planet is so messed up that we're going to need to find salvation elsewhere and there are probably dozens of other reasons why people today find it so important to try to seek out life on other planets. I believe that for Judaism there are also numerous angles to this quest. Rabbi Joseph B. Saloveitchek a brilliant 20th century Talmudic scholar and rabbinic leader was very open to the possibility of extraterrestrial life and he remarked that life on other planets would only reflect on the greatness of God. Of course on the other side of this is our reaction to the vastness of the cosmos and the greatness of God meaning if it's true that the hundreds of billions of galaxies in the universe and the hundreds of billions of stars in each galaxy reflect such a massive world when I was back in eighth grade our science teacher was trying to describe how vast the universe was and how if you go out into outer space you just go on almost infinitely and I just remember I always think back to this sitting in that class and starting to cry because my my head was was breaking open it was so painful for me to think about just taking off in a spaceship and never stopping because you can keep on going and going. I found that idea back in eighth grade of the almost infinite size of the universe to be painful to even think about and so while Rabbi Solomon says that the idea of such a vast universe and the possibility of even life on other planets would only reflect on the greatness of God it would get us to think about how small we are. Maimonides actually writes about this in his magnum opus and he says that there are two incredibly important Jewish values among others one is the love of God and one is the fear of God and he says that there are two surefire ways there is a surefire way he says to arrive at each of these virtues at both the love of God and fear of God. Maimonides writes when a person contemplates this wonderous I'm sorry when a person contemplates his wonderous and great deeds and creations and appreciates his infinite wisdom that surpasses all comparison he the person will immediately love praise and glorify God yearning with great desire to know God's great name as King David stated my soul thirsts for the Lord for the living God but when he continues to reflect on these same matters he will immediately recoil in awe and fear appreciating how he is a tiny creature standing with his flimsy limited wisdom before he who is of perfect knowledge as King David stated when I see your heavens the work of your fingers I wonder what is man that you shall recall him that you shall think of him. Rabbi Dr. Norman Lamb highlighted this last issue in his extensive article on the religious implications of extraterrestrial life if Rabbi Lamb asks we are not alone and there are other inhabitants of the world who may even in some ways be superior to us do we retain our intrinsic worth are we special as human beings however the Torah insists that our worth is never diminished even in a much larger and more complex world the Torah might teach that we are inferior in some ways to angels we're not superior to angels in many ways we're inferior to angels but we are unique in that we were created in God's image and we have free will and this is ultimately what was behind the argument between Moses and the angels regarding who should receive the Torah when God was about to give the Torah to the Jewish people the angels protested and the angels said you're going to give the Torah to them they're just slimy puny little human beings they don't deserve it the Torah belongs up here in heaven with us angels and Moses responds to the angels by saying one second you guys have parents that the commandment to honor and respect your mother and father should be relevant to you do you guys ever think about stealing other people's property do you think about stealing something from your fellow angel and he went on to explain that the Torah is obviously not meant for angels it has no relevance to angels it's only relevant to human beings living down here on planet earth even with the possibility of extraterrestrial life we don't lose our significance and intrinsic worth or by Tzadka coin of Leblin famously said that not only are we required to believe in God he said we have to believe in ourselves as well human beings may never lose sight of the fact that we were created as very special creatures by God that we here on planet earth might be one among billions of other creatures inhabiting the universe but our Torah teaches us that in some way maybe at this point we don't understand everything else is here in order to serve us in a famous midrash after the creation of Adam and Eve the rabbis teach us that God took Adam and Eve by the hand and took them around the Garden of Eden and said I want you to see what a beautiful world I created he says to them make sure you don't destroy anything in the world because if you do there's no one who'll be able to fix it after you it's the human being that has tremendous responsibility over the world we have responsibility not just for our world if we end up visiting the moon and mars and being on other planets we will have responsibility for those places as well I'm going to end with one final thought the Talmud characterizes different kinds of things that do damage Talmud speaks about four damaging agents one is fire as a pit one is the ox and they all stand they represent different kinds of things that do damage and one is a mysterious category called Mav'eh called Mav'eh it's not entirely clear what Mav'eh is but one of the explanations of the Talmud is that Mav'eh refers to the human being that we as well human beings cause tremendous amounts of damage but what is the etymology of this word Mav'eh so it comes from the root meaning to seek to inquire to seek and what the Talmud is saying is that what defines us as human beings is our quest for knowledge our quest to understand our quest to know our quest to explore and I believe that all of the energy that we put into space exploration and trying to seek out the possibility of intelligent life elsewhere I think it's a manifestation it's an expression of this internal spiritual drive that human beings have that we want to know everything that if we could we would like to be able to know everything we would like to know every planet life on every planet every kind of being that's why we're driven to go beneath the water surface and understand the thousands of different creatures that live in the seas and oceans because what God created is it is incredible it's beautiful there is incredible beauty everywhere everything that God created is an expression of himself and I believe that the human quest to find the furthest frontiers of possible life and existence beyond planet earth is really at its core seeking it's the human being that is seeking and ultimately what we're seeking is God himself that our desire to understand life and to understand all that was created is really at its core desire to connect with the creator and I think it's very healthy so I've tried to share tonight some of the total sources that deal with at least the potential for life on other planets and a little bit about what the implications are at least spiritually for us as God's creations


Welcome folks, we are the now industrials finished up 187, now is the cap of 106, S&P is up 29, gold contract up $4.60 trading at $18.82 an ounce, silver down 12 cents, $23.75 an ounce, light sweet crude up 43 cents, $75.06 a barrel, notes and bonds. Ten year note, down 17.6, 1.1402 the third year up for full point plus 19.6 at $128.10 and $king dollar, $king dollar up to 274 ticks, 103, 275, Euro 107, yen, what 32.23 in the British pound, $121 to $1 US dollar. We get over and take a look at the spy folks and what you have out here, you got a rejection of lower price and you do have lighter volume so that's saying this market wants to, it's going to bounce, it's going to still bounce, you know you can see this bottom line Friday we went up with 104 million shares, yesterday you had a failure, you did 73 million couldn't hold price, today you got to a low with only 59 million, going into 104 million, you closed over the high of Friday, the high of Friday was $389.25 and you're at $395.60, that says we're going to make the run at least to the high of yesterday and we'll see whether it's going to like, ice is laid up at $391, we got to $393 yesterday though, see the gap up here, this thing could actually go to $396 I think on the spy, we take a look at the queues, same type of setup in the queues, the queues and the queues were stronger than the spy out here yesterday and today, queues same type of setup, you know Friday we had volume of 54 million, the high of Friday was $269.94, we rejected that today, we only did 33 million, that sets up, now if the queues go to ice, that's a long way up, the queues that's a 278, so that's a big number, we go to the gold contract, there wasn't much action inside the gold dollar out here today, but you know they've had big moves so we couldn't expect that much, I mean yesterday, you know yesterday we had a spread in the gold of 1869 to 1886, today you had the spread of 1872 to 1885, 149,000 contracts, that's like contract volume but let me, we've had plenty of volume really in these, yeah it didn't get over the high yesterday, so the high yesterday was 86, got to 85, life volume, have a great night safe night folks, come back and visit Tommy tomorrow morning, kicks us off 9 a.m. We'll get him folks.


So anyway a couple things I want to talk about first of all We had a really really good day yesterday regarding about one of the big winners We're gonna talk a little bit about it ARC I but just really quick I just want to just cover a couple of things upcoming events guys Hopefully been enjoying your phase two classes that are going to be ending today and then and then next week remember phase three is with me on April 30th to May 1st where we're gonna take everything we've learned and put it to the test and it's always it's always a very new adventure a new excitement and You know the whole idea is going out there and learning from those You know those mistakes what we learned in the past which is by the way I do want to make a little exception this morning and talk about something very very specific regarding about You know we have a lot of new traders a lot of new students that come aboard and I just want to cover that so Let me just before we start getting into you're talking about what move like this great move here And a ARC I that we've traded that thing was just phenomenal like once again Nothing unusual And a couple of the pins trade you know the IPO pins Pinterest and to see and the CPR X I just want to talk about something very important and I need your guys assistants here Okay, all my students that have been here for more than six months a year you know, I Spoke to a student yesterday a new student and it was a little discouraged He was a little discouraged and not gonna bring up any names and you know what which never will never do that But it was getting a little discouraged regarding about he just now He's not getting it after the first month and not only that he started trading Very very heavily because he's seeing these great opportunities of stocks And you know he's seeing some of these runners and he's chasing it like something like this I went to nine and he's running back down to about seven eight and that got he got out because went to five But he's missing in the runs that like when they go from five to nine like yesterday and the biggest thing I was asking him is I asked him how many shares you're trading and right off the bat, he was starting to trade thousand share lots, you know and For the students that have been here a long time What is the most important thing that we teach you when you first start out when you start learning this the theory behind cyber trade diversity? How many shares do we have to trade when you first get started? He says one share That is really really hard because people compare one share to like demo and I'm like, you know what just trade one share to be in It right very very small. I try Kathleen Lewis very very small Hundred Elaine right hundred shares just start off. Well, his argument was I can't make money at a hundred shares I can't make money and and what do I tell everybody? You're not here to make money on the first, you know in the first month of trading You just have to learn to lose money losing you need to stop learning from losing money and you're gonna do it and So I wanted the you know him to hear, you know exactly some of your feedback everyone here because my next question to everyone is this When do you feel? When when you'll start being very consistent How many months does it take you before you think like oh now I'm starting to get it and then how many months will it take? Before you start really getting good at it Ken says to Ken, you know how long it takes come on Ken. You've been doing here. You've been here for a while Many many months Elaine says And I'm bringing this up because I know everyone is here wants to start out They you know, they get into the program and they just don't let it to take to take it take a to take a chance Slow learning a slow learner. I be Well, listen Ken You've been here for a long time, right? You've been here for a long time and you know, you know We knew and I we always had conversations about and I said listen just take it take it easy Take it easy take your time and then boom look where you are if you go back and look at your journals when you originally Started and this goes at anyone see where you're at right now takes a while Andrea says took me about four to six months, okay? So But but remember, you know and Ken, you know for for you, you know, if everyone here I mean listen a lot of people look up at certain traders in here if it's if it's been if it's Ken if it's Andrea, you know You know all these traders in here. It doesn't happen overnight. It didn't take you a month, right? so the most important advice that Just got to make one Understanding and I want to spend too much time on this because I want to go through the watches and I'm gonna I'm gonna talk a lot About this in phase three, but the most important thing The smartest decision that everyone makes is getting themselves educated and being part of the cyber training diversity program Because listen, this is not a sprint. It's a marathon. All right, you know, if you're here, I'll just use I don't know I'll tell you something new I'm doing myself. You know, I'm at an age right now. I says listen I'm happy. I got a great wife great great family, you know But now and I spoil myself and now I want to get myself healthy only get in shape and Let me tell you it's the same the exact thing You're not gonna you can't just go to the gym and lift weights for one day and think you're gonna be you're gonna make it and say Oh, and I want to be mr. Universe. It takes months if not years So you can't do it in one day. You can't do it in a month You know, so when it comes to trading You got to be patient the first month is very very hard very critical And I know a lot of people get very overwhelmed and very hate use the word jealous, you know But it's like damn. He needs so much money on that tree. I wanted to make it.  All right.  I'm only bringing up this one. I mean He was alone BPth with echoing from 13 to 70 they're there all the time just be patient guys learn learn from the students be in the class, you know when you're supposed to be and you know and Even though it's great that you get the archives you can go back and review it But sometimes you got a question and you did so much easier to explain it when you're in class Most of your time you need to focus on the lessons remember when we trade there's a very small window of opportunity to trade Only the first hour in the last hour. All right, so Well, thank you very much and you know listen, we got a friend just made a May 21 cents on our BZ. All right. You see that? There you go. Now by the way, one last thing I just want to point up and point out because this is another thing that I want everyone else to know I mean and for one of the biggest rules that we always preach because we don't want to discourage Nutrators in the room is you'll notice Very rarely if not any we never tell you how much money we make It's always up in points Because Frank could have did a thousand shares or you could or Frank could have 10,000 shares or did 10 shares? Okay, the goal is to make a day's pay in points. Okay, because we see somebody says oh, how do I want to make $1,000 a day? I want to make $1,500 a day, you know But he could have did it with 10,000 shares to do with a one share if that's not the goal The goal is to make your days pay in points. That's why we always show no one here saying oh, I made this much money that much money It's always 21 cents 70 cents 30 cents, you know, and you could use the imagination to have many shares But the goal is not to discourage young traders Versed veteran traders because we're all trading for the same goal to make those sense. All right, so Sorry about taking that little time out there, but I just feel sometimes we need to go out there and share our our experiences and You know what the hardest thing to do is get through the first month of trading and a lot has to do it with just bad old habits You know, alright, so let's go talk about some of the stocks that traded yesterday So obviously, you know about that one another big winner. We had yesterday and this thing was just so damn strong Was the CPR X that thing's been going from $3 the beginning up until March and You could see just had a really held very strong there in April and did a nice pop yesterday There was a nice little winner right there also pins another one that's been doing phenomenal here The stock has been a great great IPO. I actually just kind of went long on pins yesterday I'm pretty upset because I wish I bought it sooner and I wish I you know But I was on vacation too. So I don't like to trade on vacation, but pins is doing really really well breaking all-time highs You know, this is what I was trying to tell you about the lift trade lift they just overpriced it and it's funny because we all know that uber is coming out and Uber I obviously want to see what's going on with lift. You got to remember about these companies too, you know They don't have any profits. Okay. They're losing, you know, I heard something really funny on there on on TV I was watching the financial stations. I want to share this out. You know how people always saying that Amazon does not pay taxes I don't know if anybody heard about that. This is all Amazon's not paying any taxes this and that and I'm like Well, why is Amazon not paying taxes? Well, I'll tell you why they're not paying taxes and someone actually explained it pretty well They were carrying a loss if you remember I remember Amazon in 2000 when it first went public it was trading at 3000 times earnings, okay, they were losing money and losing money and like Okay, well, you know, listen, it's 19 years later now.  It's just like stocks, you know You know, you could have a great year But you don't any people here that are trading that have lost so much money in 2008 and you might not be paying taxes You might say oh I'm up a quarter million dollars in trading. Oh, you need to kill in taxes No, not necessarily because you know before I met Faust those type of trade diversity I lost a quarter million back in 2000. So you're just carrying it over so I just thought it was pretty interesting the reason why I'm bringing this up is because You know these companies like Pinterest and and and Lift and so on. Hey, they're looking at what's gonna happen five ten years from now So when you're seeing that Something to always know that there's always a reason why they're not paying taxes not that they have friends in Congress It's just that they're carrying big losses over so I thought that was a pretty good tip Just got to share with you guys with that when whenever you hear that situation I'm always wondering like how they're not paying taxes because that they're carrying huge losses Just like lift is doing right now and you know and also uber now Let's talk about what is moving this morning because there are a couple of stocks that are moving listen. It's Friday I'm not really sold this morning. I didn't see a lock going on. There are a couple of stocks We do want to keep an eye on I know this PT this P. E. T. X is doing pretty well up 37 percent It's got great orders out here. Look at this. There's a look at these orders out here I'm gonna solve right here. You got a 23,000 share buyer at for at 471 You got 10,000 so you got a lot of big iceberg orders out here holding this support level So kind of like this stock right here. You could see him sitting there on the level 2 version. That was not bad the T. E. U. M. That one also Spelt it wrong that fingers U. M That one is pretty decent start up a lot, you know, it's up 8% 180,000 shares got a nice little trend going on That one's not terrible. I like that one too. Yeah, that I didn't get to that one yet Rbz, you know Glenn. Yeah, that one, you know what that's also stock You could see it was $80 stock got destroyed this stock a lot of you remember we traded it not too long ago We traded it when the stock was at about back in the end of March the stock went from like 12 $13 I think it was and it went to almost 37 in one day And then we traded this year the stock's got a great short squeeze But be very careful do not try to play the stock If they click oh, it's going back to 80 the stock has a very It's you get it's got a fun short squeeze in it and and by the way another thing I'm going to bring up to also which this fellow student also had an issue He was trading stocks that were not in his level Remember in phase one when we go over level one two three four and five if you're not a level a level Retrader and you stuck on a level one you stick with level one stocks Okay, so one just be very careful. This is going to be probably in a three or four category. All right now We all know the great news. I'm so excited Avengers finally is out I was going to go last night at 11 o'clock at night to go see one until two in the morning And I found out was three hours But the company got some great great reviews. They said it's going to probably be one of the best movies You know ever made you know as in revenues They said it might get close to to avatar as in revenues So Disney is cleaning up now, you know this you can see Disney obviously has done really really well You know keep an eye on it these movies if it's a video game, you know That that we know video games are I know we're adults So a lot of people like really video games. Yeah, these are billion dollar industry So anyway, they're expecting this company to probably make close to two billion dollars a movie So Disney's gonna do pretty well on it and that's why the stock is obviously keep a close eye on it Now I know it's expensive.  They came out so good news after hours a little bit of a brand name stock moves Little quickly. Don't let that stock fool you because it does get it does get volatile and then Intel took a huge hit Yesterday, you could see it. They didn't do too well on their earnings announcements. So that one came pretty came down AKTX is the last one. I think I had up there. Yeah, that won't keep a close eye on it, too That one we traded it up four percent hundred seventy thousand shares So that's what we got pretty much for for pre-market other than that, you know, not not the greatest guys It's the end of the month kids are still offered from vacation from school depending on where you are But you know, my kids were off for for Easter vacation spring break until Monday.  We've done pretty well All right, anything on this thing I did not call out Michael says the PETX is a buyout. I think yeah, you know what when you see a flat line That's where it didn't then probably what it is. I put a ton of Disney on Monday Amazing week Lee said and listen Lee, you know what like Disney hate Disney personally I don't like Disney, you know, I've been there that park has been outdated. I go universal But doesn't mean I'm not gonna trade the stock, you know, love the movie. So that has a lot to do with it You know, it's gonna help it out a lot Ken says the RH the RHE is moving Yeah, there you go. Great call. Yes Absolutely RHE way to good way to go like that one. That's actually gorgeous right there beautiful stock Nice call definitely worth watching. All right guys. So sorry went a little bit over beyond today's class And we get you guys ready marks open up less than 10 minutes But I do wanted to cover regarding about, you know, people not getting discouraged time and time I'll come out there and we'll talk about it but I'll spend a lot more time talking about in phase three and if you're not a student and Cybertree University listen, make sure you talk to education advisor and Tell a little bit tell you a little bit more about it. Listen, you got to learn before you could earn I know we're having some great runners. You could see trading is one of the best jobs in the world You know, I love it pays a very good salary But listen, you're looking you're looking do this for the rest of your life Not for the not for the end of the week. All right, the same Vegas guys enjoy happy trading and We'll see you back at 230 and don't forget about class. Okay guys. Good luck today


Hello everyone. So, this is going to be session number 3 and in this session I am going to talk about hidden hunger and types of malnutrition. Very important we have already discussed about type 1 and type 2 nutrient. I will touch base upon it because primarily our types of malnutrition depends upon what kind of nutrients are lacking in children. So, I will again touch base on that, but let us start with the types of malnutrition. So, basically we all know there is hunger, but there is a difference between actual hunger and hidden hunger. Hunger means like you do not have food to eat. So, when you say that child is hungry and there is basically there is no food to eat to the child. In India we do not see hidden hunger as much because through PDS system, children are getting some food of course, they are getting rice depending upon its state they are, they get THR, take home ration, they get meat and meals. So, they do get food it is not that they go really hungry. Very few I would say literally very few percent of children have really no food, but generally in my experience in working in slums of Mumbai, I hardly saw any child going hungry. So, in that hunger when the child is hungry, obviously child is not getting enough calories, but main thing is child is not getting lot of nutrients also. So, absence of calories is just child is not getting food that is what is called hunger and it occurs mainly in situation like famine and food insecurity and generally in a world there are about 1 billion hungry children. So, we do have an issue of poverty of course in war stricken areas and food insecure allies or during famine time or any emergencies. What is hidden hunger? So, if you look at, if you ask any mother in slums or even rural areas or tribal areas or even regular day to day middle class family, mostly their diet is roti, sabji some, some sabji, dal and rice, very monotonous food. So, they have rice in the morning. So, they have either poha or they will have wheat. So, upma or idli or any of those. So, grain, grain based diet in the morning, afternoon it is mainly roti sabji or roti and evening they have like depending upon stage generally kichidi or some maybe some vegetable. So, very monotonous diet that we Indians eat by and large I am talking about on a day to day basis, they might be sometime that you may have more dishes, but by and large routinely we eat very monotonous diet and that has changed in past few years and when you eat such monotonous diet then you would not get many of these nutrients which are required for child to grow. So, that is called hidden hunger. I mean child's stomach is getting filled with this food because he is eating all this food, but what is required to grow that child that is not going in his stomach or that is not going in his body and that is called hidden hunger. So, we will focus on hidden hunger and why it occurs so obviously. Now as you have already gone through type 1 and type 2 nutrient you know from a tutorial and also my session. So, here let us apply it in the field like you know apply it and let us figure out like what is hidden hunger and then discuss in a bit more detail about some type 2 nutrient. One type 2 nutrient we already discussed is protein you know, but here I am going to discuss many more like other micronutrients which are probably lacking in a diet. So, here if you look at type 1 micronutrient deficiency, here the child normal child who does not have type 2 nutrient deficiency in the diet and if suppose this child say developed type 1 deficiency. So, for example say iron. So, look at the growth of this child, the growth is absolutely normal, but here in this child because even here the growth is normal type 1 initially growth is normal ok. So, the growth does not get affected same height right even the arm circumference looks the same. So, you know muscle mass is still the same, but what happens you see the symptoms of type 1 deficiency. So, here because child is iron deficient you seeing child is probably pale now look at the type 2 deficiency. Now type 2 deficiency when child has enough type 2 nutrient type 2 nutrient rich food they height and weight looks good. But when you have child who is deficient in type 2 nutrient say for a long period of time you see stunting. So, here see you can see the growth has stunting ok. When the type 2 nutrients are deficient for say shorter period of time you know say child has diarrhea child did not eat anything or say over period of you know 2, 3 or maybe 4, 6 weeks child did not get protein in the diet or some important nutrient you know type like which which is required for growth you will see that you know child initially will have wasting which that means the muscle mass has you know kind of felt it and then eventually the height will suffer ok. So, that is your that is a difference between a type 1 and type 2 deficiency and what you will see mainly the growth. So, most important is the growth. So, growth failure is your type 2 nutrient deficiency specific signs and symptoms of some metabolic disease metabolic condition like for example say or I would say my biochemical reaction. So, that is your type 1. So, an iron deficiency you will see anemia ok in calcium and vitamin D deficiency you will see the pits. So, very specific very specific you will know where exactly which organs are involved if it is vitamin A deficiency you will notice a child has you know night blindness or child has you know cirrhosis the dryness of conjunctiva you know or child has immune problem you know they have more they do not have good resistant to infection. So, those are basically you know those are very specific kind of signs and symptoms that you see with type 1. Growth is not affected initially growth may affect it may be late in the stage ok. So, if the growth is affected it is basically a type 2 nutrient alright. So, here I have mentioned already about what are type 1 functional nutrients and type 2 those are growth nutrients ok.  And this already I have discussed I may not go too much in detail remember the type 2 is growth failure type 1 is initially there is no growth failure ok. In type 2 when it gets very severe child's appetite gets affected ok. So, those children are basically they are called complicated acute civilian acute malnutrition because when malnutrition becomes very severe when the wasting becomes very severe they do they do lose appetite ok. In type 1 by and large there is not we do not see much loss of appetite in this children ok. Again this is same thing again you know I do not want to go too much in detail because they have already discussed about it. Sinal symptoms of type 2 deficiency what are the three things that we check for growth we check weight we check length and height or we check muar mid apram circumference. So, if any of these are affected that means it is type 2 nutrient. So, please in your program do focus on type 2 nutrient food red food mainly complementary food and your pregnant mother's diet lactating mother's diet tell mother to start giving type 2 nutrient dense food insurance diet they will grow beautifully ok. And in my protein I have already mentioned which are protein rich food is basically your eggs you know if child is non-veg start with meat start with fish you know start with bone broth you can start those as first foods lot of countries in Europe are recommending those you know non-veg diet to begin with egg is the best food to start actually. But if children are vegetarian then you can start basically more more than dolls I would recommend beans just sprouted you know dry it make powders I am going to show recipe of those powder recipes you know those beans also you can also start with the heat also start you can give paneer don't give milk because mother's milk is good enough. So, you don't give milk otherwise the mothers will stop giving their own milk right. But then also think of adding some seed powder some nut powder peanut powder and those are protein rich food you know recipes. But also think of you know other nutrient which today I am going to discuss is magnesium, potassium, zinc, sulphur those are all type of nutrients and those are basically hidden hunger. So, if child is getting food but if child does not have you know food which is rich in magnesium or potassium or zinc you know those children will have you know type 2 deficiency ok they will not grow well ok. So, and some of them are kind of rate limiting nutrient means even if you give a lot of protein but if if that protein source doesn't have say enough zinc or enough magnesium or any of those you know children will not grow ok. So, that that is called hidden hunger ok. Now, these are type types of malnutrition. So, basically when you say child is malnourished or even if you say adult is malnourished malnourished means obesity means big over or under ok. In India now we are saying both we are saying under nutrition also we are saying seeing all these adults are big huge if you look at the tummy if you do your weight circumferences much bigger ok. In some states it is like 80 to 90 percent women have ways to the pressure much higher ok higher than normal all right. So, that means we are struggling with both our children are not growing ok they are under nourished they are stunted they are underweight and our older people are becoming big. So, that means something is wrong in food right. I mean if you give if you getting say right kind of nutrition why would you become big or why would child become under nourished right. So, think about it. Second thing is our children are becoming big too. So, in urban areas and some of the rural areas you know some of the children are very thin some of the children are very fat big ok. So, think about it why that is happening ok. Now, obesity again I will discuss it later in you know in other sessions, but I will not discuss obesity right now today I am going to talk exclusively about under nutrition ok. So, type 2 nutrient as I mentioned that they are underweight they are stunting and they are acute wasting. Acute wasting means suddenly become thin ok. So, the height is not suffered, but suddenly they have become thin because of diarrhea or some type 2 nutrient deficiency over short period of time. Chronic stunting stunting means height. So, if you look at height for age or length for age that is also type of malnutrition type of under nutrition ok short children that means they are stunted they are under nourished for a long period of time. It is called chronic chronic means for a long period of time ok. Acute means suddenly ok that is a term medical term acute. And third is underweight say if you weigh the child and say the average weight of a child for that age is say 10 kg and child is only 7 kg your child is only say of 6 kg that means the child is underweight for that age right and that basically that is also type of under nutrition and that is your type 2 nutrient because this all growth right your weight your height your you know wasting your mid upper arm circumference those are all growth ok. So, when you have type 2 nutrient you will see growth failure and to look at growth failure whether it is in a short duration time or a long duration time you look at whether it is acute malnutrition or whether it is the chronic malnutrition ok. And then you have type 1 nutrient deficiency. So, remember type 1 what are nutrients I mentioned I mentioned about iron I mentioned about calcium I mentioned about iodine vitamin A vitamin C vitamin B those are all basically type of nutrient deficiency and in that as I said you will not see much of nutrient deficiency with the growth failure, but what you will see is you will see symptoms ok. Now, let us come back to your type 2 nutrient deficiency. So, in type 2 nutrient deficiency suppose you have underweight child then I am going to come back again and explain to you those growth charts, but just just for this particular session remember that any of this growth failure either they are severe means very severe means really bad or moderate means moderate ok. So, each growth failure are divided into moderate for example, underweight, moderate underweight, severe underweight, stunting, moderate stunting, severe stunting and wasting. Moderate malnutrition, acute malnutrition, severe acute malnutrition. So, when we talk about SAM-MAM that is your you know under nutrition or wasting in a short duration ok and that is your acute malnutrition ok. Now, how they are defined basically what they do they look at your growth chart they use the Z score W to your growth chart just under deviation ok. So, that I will explain in my last session I will explain those growth charts. So, then I will come back again and do that I will what are which children are SAM which children are MAM how will you know that they are SAM-MAM ok. So, we will go in detail in that I do not want to go too much in detail in this lecture and SAM is divided into basically you know non-idimiters with some time you know this severely malnutrition will have lot of swelling in the body.  So, those children are basically we call it edema edematous acute malnutrition, when you have some children they do not have edema they look very thin there is no edema. So, those are non-idimiters acute malnutrition ok and sometime you find children who have say both edematous as well as non-idimiters malnutrition they have mixed malnutrition. So, those are basically mixed SAM ok alright. So, again here I again I just talked about this acute malnutrition moderate acute malnutrition and SAM severe good malnutrition severe good malnutrition depending upon child has edema or does not have edema it is divided into three types non-idimiters SAM, edematous edema means swelling and mixed SAM ok alright. Here what we have done we have just shown and I will go again detail in my last session. So, SAM basically is basically you take you know growth chart which is WHO and you look at the Z score not the percentile growth chart although I love percentile growth chart for individual monitoring but to look at if the child is underweight or you know or stunted or for SAM we look at Z score. So, in the Z score basically your weight for height is less than minus this standard deviation ok. For SAM Newark mid upper arm circumference is less than 11.5 centimeter ok for 6 to 59 months of age and for if child has any present of bilateral pitting edema there is no other you know cause of that pitting edema basically it is because of severe good malnutrition ok. This children may not be having they may they weight might be ok because it is lot of fluid collection ok. And in MAM what you what you have is basically when you look at the standard deviation growth chart this children fall between minus to standard deviation and minus the between minus 2 and minus 2 standard deviation ok. And Newark is between more than 11.5 to less than 12.5 centimeter ok. So, that so here I am going to discuss about type 2.  So, when you do not have type 2 in your food then because it is part of so many metabolic functions you know so many enzymes. So, it has to come from somewhere otherwise you know child would drive right away. So, here you know your nutrient type nutrients are coming from muscle mass ok. So, that is why muscles are melting ok. So, obviously child this child would be underweight they would have Newark which is much you know smaller than 11.5 and also if it continues for a long time you said child survives then it would child would have growth failure in a sense child will have you know less height or less length ok. So, that is the important aspect when it is when it goes on for a long period of time as I mentioned they will become short ok. So, this is all these are about same age children and look at the height difference. Similarly you know this is a picture from Guatemala and for you know 9 years old supposed to be here but they all are short means obviously they have not got type 2 nutrient for a long time ok. So, again what is acute malnutrition short term nutrition problem primarily type 2 micronutrient deficiency ok. It could be because of lack of food sudden lack of food in rainy season or in any you know append in or any of those sudden weight loss signs are your thin you know see really wasted or any mattress we do not call it a marismus or quashacut I have just kept the name. So, that you know people who have learned this marismus and quashacut they would they would be able to relate to it.  So, children were thin but we do not call that anymore we do not call marismus as you know or quashacut. In quashacut what we were told was a protein deficiency. Now child has lower weight than expected for that height. So, in acute malnutrition the weight kind of decreases remarkably ok. So, the as per height child needs to have certain amount of weight but because child has lost that weight you know child is wasted. So, that is called wasting. Chronic malnutrition is long duration of malnutrition you know failure to receive adequate nutrition for a long period of time ok.  Now, here is example. So, if you look at this child this child is say normal about 11 month old babies ok. This child you can look at it look at there he looks thinner. So, if you look at their muscle mass see how thin is you can see his rib cage also. So, this child is wasted wasting acute malnutrition ok height is height is a little bit low but it is not that bad ok.  So, this is called this child is called chronic malnutrition and this child is basically acute malnutrition. This is acute malnutrition this is chronic malnutrition ok.  Now, if this child chronically stunted child develops some say diarrhea or bone or stop eating and if this child gets acutely malnourished like this where he loses a lot of muscle mass that child at very high risk of developing any severe condition in which we can lose this child you know. So, mortality is very high in a child who has stunted as well as wasted ok. So, this is of course, the example of you know type 2 deficient rats. So, you know rats which are type 2 nutrient deficient are much smaller than the rats which are normal ok. So, you see similar kind of results even in plants. So, in plants where you kind of put lot of this nutrients you know phosphorus and all those minerals you know then you will see much better growth in those plants while plants which does not have good amount of fertilizers they would not grow as big or tall. With this I am going to end part 1 of the session. We discussed about types of malnutrition and hidden hunger. Most of us have one or the other deficiency of vitamins minerals or any of those nutrients I discussed. So, that is why we have created tutorials on recipes so that you know if you have any of those symptoms you know do think of you know one of those nutrient deficiency and then you can learn to cook and you know add those food natural food which can give you all those you know nutrients which are required for you to maintain your health and also to maintain your you know immunity, resistant power you know to prevent you from chronic conditions. So, I do kind of you know I do request you all to watch those tutorials. Thank you.


So let's start with a new topic that is sampling design, how do we make a sample for our study? So we have basically two type of sampling that is probability and non-probability. If this is your population, you make a small sample from it. So how do you conduct this process is known as sampling. If you are conducting a study on medical students, the whole medical students of that particular college will be your population. That will be around 1000 or 2000 or 5000. So you are making sample of 100. So how you make this 1000 to 100 without losing its property is known as sampling design. So we have probability and non-probability sampling. So always probability sampling is better compared to non-probability sampling. I am just giving you now the difference, different types. In the next class I will explain you in detail each one. So in probability, the first one is simple random sampling, that is SRS, simple random sampling, systematic sampling, first one is simple random sampling, systematic sampling, the third one and fourth one, third one is stratified sampling, fourth one is cluster sampling, multi-stage sampling, non-probability is convenient sampling. This is most common one used in our study but this is what done in RCT or experimental study. So basically the difference between probability and non-probability sampling is, the chance of being in the study is equal to all the population for probability sampling and non-probability the chance of being in the study is not common or equal for all the participants. If suppose we have a population of 1000 people and we are making a sample of 100 out of it, here all the 1000 participants has equal chance of being the 100. If you are making 1000 to 100, now all the participants will not have the chance of being in 100.


Good morning and welcome to this T10KT workshop on physics. In fact, it is after quite some time that we have been able to convince and request our colleagues in the physics department. So this is more or less the first T10KT workshop on a science subject. So far we have been offering workshops only on the engineering course subjects. I am Deepak Fartaj, the principal investigator of the T10KT project here and I have the privilege of speaking to you at the beginning of this workshop. But before that, I would like to welcome on stage the three colleagues of mine, Professor Deepan Ghosh, Professor Shiv Prasad and Professor Suresh to kindly join me. And thank you very much Deepan for agreeing to do this. Thank you, Shiv Prasad. Please welcome Suresh. Many of you would be aware that this unique way of conducting workshop was evolved over several years of experiments in the first decade of this century and in 2012 we launched the T10KT project. Essentially, the participating teachers in a two week workshop assemble at multiple locations which we call remote centers. In the morning interactive lectures are delivered from IIT Bombay or IIT Kharagpur which is our sister institution participating in conducting these workshops. And in the afternoon the tutorial sessions, lab sessions as required are conducted at each remote center under the supervision and direction of a workshop coordinator is located at the remote center being a faculty member of that remote center. To ensure that the labs and tutorials are conducted with the same rigor and penchant as we do them in the IIT system we invite all the workshop coordinators from all remote centers for an extensive one week interaction and orientation here. We had such a coordinators workshop conducted by the same colleagues of mine and I assure you that the entire workshop which not only includes interactive sessions with our faculty directly but also the local interaction with the workshop coordinators in totality will give you the same impact and ethos as if you are attended the workshop at IIT Bombay. As my friend Professor Dipankosh points out that the number of faculty members teaching engineering subjects in any engineering college are very many but number of faculty members teaching science subjects of maths could be very few and perhaps that is the reason why the total number of participants we have is about 2450. Let me assure you that 2450 physics teachers assembling together for a two week extensive program is itself a unique thing and therefore I am very happy to welcome you once again for this workshop. In next few minutes I would like to share with you our future plans which hopefully will be beneficial to not only all of you but all your colleagues as well. You will be aware of the intense development on massive open online courses and the extraordinary popularity that such MOOCs have gained all over the world. IIT Bombay has been at the forefront of this experimentation for past three years and earlier this year we launched our own extension online educational programs through IIT Bombay X which is a platform which offers MOOCs. We also use this platform to offer online component of our teacher's training program and additionally we did a new pilot program this July in which we offered the MOOCs courses in a blended model to regular students of sister institutions. Let me explain to you that model but before that let me tell you the inadequacies that we teachers have found out in the pure online model of education. The advantages of course are well known. Anybody can learn any subject from anywhere. You can learn at your own pace because the recorded lectures are there, video clips are there, interactive assignments are there, sample problems are there and therefore you are the master of your own pace, permitting you to study any subject at a time of your choice. The disadvantage is that a MOOC disintermediates all human interaction and you all agree as teachers that it is the human interaction between teachers and students which has the maximum impact on the learning of the students. We have been wondering how to combine the positive aspects of MOOCs and the positive aspects of the conventional education to provide a better learning experience to students. Some experiments which have been conducted exclusively in many institutions including at IIT involve the use of flipped classroom where no lectures are delivered during lecture sessions. Instead prerecorded lectures are stored on the server. Students are advised to view those lectures and come to a classroom where the entire class hour is actually dedicated to discussion and problem solving sessions. Many of us have conducted our courses in flipped classroom manner. I myself did that last year for a very large class. There is in fact a very strong solid research on the engagement with students conducted by two of my colleagues Professor Sridharayar and Professor Sarnamurti which indicates that the engagement level of students in such a model enhances from an average 40% in normal classroom to almost 80%. Now this is a phenomenal increase in engagement. Obviously it results in better understanding of the subjects being discussed. You require additional preparation to conduct such flipped classrooms. A lot of preparation is required to decide on which particular problems you want to discuss, what could be the questions during discussions that you should pose if students do not raise them and to coordinate groups of students encouraging them to discuss as individuals and groups so that learning is maximized. This is effectively a blended move because the lectures are online. However the students spend most of the time in the classroom discussing with their teachers and amongst themselves to maximize learning. The experiment that we did in July I will describe now. We wanted a large number of teachers teaching a subject in sister institutions to try and follow this model where their students would be able to study the same course online from the experts and additionally they should be able to be taught and they should be able to learn from their own local teachers. We would in the process encourage the local teachers to at least have some scheduled sessions during their semester where instead of giving the conventional lectures, we actually engage students in the flipped classroom model. The caveat was that the final grade that the students receive in the subject must come as a combination of their online assessment and the local assessment thereby ensuring that students take both the online component and the local component with equal seriousness. Obviously if this has to be accepted then this can be accepted only at the level of university to a large number of deliberations within the academic council, senates, committees etc. We therefore decided to concentrate on autonomous institutions which are full of academic autonomy to decide the way in which they offer courses, the way in which they assess the performance and give the grade. Amongst our remote centers we found out that about 96 institutions are having such academic autonomy. I wrote to them and in the month of May I was very pleasantly surprised to find 55 sister institutions agreed to experiment with this model. We had by then perfected three of our courses through multiple offerings both to the global learning community through our partnership with EDX and two local Indian students through offerings from IIT Bombay X. These three courses were a course in computer programming, a course in thermodynamics and a course in signals and systems. We offered these three courses and out of these 15 institutions those institutions which had these courses in their first semester agreed to do this experiment. Consequently instead of offering these courses for shorter duration as MOOCs are normally offered for 4 weeks or 6 weeks we decided to offer them for 15 to 16 weeks covering the entire semester. Curiously this resulted in the reduction of the total number of learners who would otherwise have enrolled for this course as we had found in January earlier and that is because most of the learners were not regular students would like to finish such courses in 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 7 weeks and they did not have patience to enroll for a course which would run for 15 weeks. As a result we had about 35,000 enrollments for all these three courses as against 65,000 in January but out of these 35,000 learners 11,000 students 11,500 students are regular students from amongst these 50 institutions. All these students have undergone their education in these subjects using both the online course which was running parallel to their own regular course. Many teachers have actually experimented with the flip classroom. We have got amazing feedback both from teachers and from students directly to surveys on IIT Bombay X where students have wholeheartedly admitted that overall they have learned much better in this mode rather than in the conventional. The Chairman of all India Council of Technical Education wishes that we should extend this pilot to at least 500 institutions in the next academic year and hopefully to all professional colleges in the subsequent academic years because clearly this enhances the actual learning of students. Of course that requires tremendous preparation by all of us as teachers because we have to do, we have to learn a completely new way of teaching. All of us are accustomed to delivering lectures, all of us are accustomed to conducting quizzes and assessments etcetera at normal intervals but the notion of a flip classroom where the whole class hour is spent only on discussion sessions, only on problem solving sessions is something which is different and all of us need to understand the pedagogy or the methodology to be used when courses are delivered both online and face to face fashion. As a result of that since IIT Bombay has a certain expertise and experience in conducting last scale teacher training program we are asked to formulate a possible scheme which we are currently doing. I am happy to share some contours of that scheme with all of you so that you can speak about these amongst yourselves with your other colleagues and give us a feedback before we put this scheme in operation. The scheme is as follows. Our target is to reach out to every teacher in every professional institution in the country which includes all engineering colleges, all pharmacy, MCA management colleges, all polytechnic. There are about 9000 such institutions. We estimate that there are about 500000 teachers. All these teachers are to be given basic training which we have currently thought of in three modules. The first is a foundation module in which we will expose all the teachers to the technology for education. So technology that is used, you are familiar for example with the AVU that we are now using here. Many of you would be using tools like Moodle to manage your own courses. There are so many things starting with the basic approach to efficient surfing of web for handling discussion forums, the e- etiquettes as we call them or netiquettes, so many things that need to be understood by all of our teachers. This would be followed by another module which we have Christianed as effective communication for teaching or you can say communication for effective teaching. We have not yet come up with the name but all of us understand that while we might be good communicators generally, there are several specific things in which we are constantly learning mostly from our colleagues. We wish to put together a training module explicitly designed to address the particular issue. The third model which is perhaps the most important module of the three modules is on online and blended education or pedagogy for online and blended education in which our colleagues who are doing research in ET and have come up with a large number of best practices many of which we have started following as I just mentioned some time ago and we wish to share all of these with all the teachers. All these modules will run primarily as online courses and we will buttress that with such interactive sessions using AVU. In short, the entire approach to this large scale training program which we are trying to put together involves both online and face to face learning and such a scheme will be put together very shortly. Of course, the funding for this scheme cannot be made at the same level at which the current efforts are funded. So, these will all be self funded or self financed modules. The details will be communicated later once these schemes are approved, but essentially we expect all teachers who will benefit from this to be able to spend money from their own pockets to attend the face to face portion of these modules which will be conducted in our remote centers. We are now in the process of enhancing the number of our remote centers from roughly 300 to about 500 so that we should cover practically every important part of the country. So, that people who attend such face to face sessions do not have to travel very far from their place of stay or place of work. We believe that unless all of us are well equipped in efficiently and effectively handling this technology to maximize our contribution to education, we will not be able to enhance quality in our education at the scale at which we are required to achieve which is about 1.25 million students entering our engineering colleges every year just engineering colleges. You can imagine the number of students who enroll every year the total number of student population incidentally in higher education is currently estimated to be 2 crores and this is likely to increase to more than 3 crores. A significant chunk of this does attempt to study in professional institutions and therefore it is vital that all of us share this new emerging knowledge and practices. Please note that it is not as if we at IIT Bombay have become experts in handling this entire technology the whole MOOCs phenomena is a very recent phenomena started exactly 3 years ago but please remember it is almost like the world wide web. Internet descended on this world in 91-92 when the first mosaic browser was built web descended towards the end of 90 and look at the way it has completely revolutionized human life. We believe that in these days of internet and web we do not get the conventional time frames to discuss new policies and implement them which have the time spans of 20 years, 30 years and 50 years. We have to adapt these technologies within 2 to 3 years to really reap the advantage of reaching out to a very large number of our student population. I am sorry to have digress from your main activity in this workshop which is to learn physics but whether you are teaching physics or chemistry or engineering or for that matter history or economics or accounts what is important for all of us is not only we enhance effectiveness of our teaching but we ensure that such enhanced effectiveness actually results in effectiveness of learning. I am very frank to admit that as a teacher I spent decades to improve my teaching, improve my teaching, improve my teaching till I realize that such improved teaching may not necessarily result in improved learning where learning happens through application of an individual mind spending quality time on that subject. In our quest to improve ourselves do we really ensure that such quality time spent by the student is actually increased? If we ensure that then and only then our better teaching would result in better learning. These are some of the finding of the pedagogical world that is happening not only in IIT Bombay but at many other places not only in India all over the world. In fact active learning, discussion sessions, think-pair-share or methodologies which are now well accepted because it is possible to use modern technology to implement these methodologies easily earlier it was not easily possible. I am very happy that through this workshop you are getting the first hand exposure to use of technology. All of you would be registered on Moodle so you will be already familiar with using Moodle. Please take the Moodle assignments, the Moodle surveys, the Moodle discussion forums very very seriously. Are all of them also registered on IIT Bombay X? No. So you are not using IIT Bombay X but as I said very soon perhaps within the next few months you will get an announcement from AICT, IIT Bombay and IIT Kharagpur jointly. I am sure many of you will be looking forward to such an opportunity. Meanwhile please do discuss these contours that I have described with all your colleagues not necessarily only from the physics department but from all other departments. Do read about MOOCs and the blended model. Do read about the flip classroom. A lot of material is available very easily on web including Wikipedia articles and do reflect upon these. In case you come up with any suggestions or any specific observations please do send those to us. We will be very glad to factor all of these while we prepare our detailed program because as I said this is not an effort to be done only by IIT Bombay or IIT Kharagpur alone. This is not an effort to be supported by AICT alone. All of us the entire teaching community of the country has to participate wholeheartedly which means to begin with you must contribute in formulating the policy itself in formulating the plan itself. Thank you so much and I am very happy to request my colleagues to take over from me now to carry on the next one.


Maui-waui. This is kind of a weird one because it's one of those ones where a lot of people don't see the same Maui-waui twice. I think Maui-waui is a lot like the Alaskan Thunderfuck or Crippy or Diesel or Fire. It was probably a Sativa Afghan grown on Maui and it rhymes and that makes it easy to sell and so it was probably applied to a bunch of different types of Hawaiian weed. Yeah. I think that's probably the most accurate thing to say about it. Yeah, I think that's fair.