Thank you very much.  Now, the world of electronics has moved on quite a lot in the last few decades. And as the giant corporations who make millions or billions of electronic devices have been enjoying the progress of the last few decades, as hobbyists, we can benefit from this progress in technology as well. There are a few key differences, but the technological improvements and the process improvements are coming through to us. So what I want to talk to you today about today is if you're a hobbyist, if you're making electronics, I want to give you an overview of the kind of things that are available to us nowadays. I only have 30 minutes here, so I'm not going to be giving an in-depth tutorial on all the tools and all the processes here. I will warn you about that because otherwise we will still be here at Sundown. However, the fact that it is an overview means that if you are not a hobbyist or are not a hobbyist yet and are not into every last little detail of electronics, this is probably good for you because this means you have a chance of following along as well because you are also part of my audience and I would really like to give you an overview of how things work so that you have maybe a bit more appreciation for what goes into an electronics project when you see one. So fundamentally, at the really basic level, making a piece of electronics comes down to this. You have a bunch of components and you are trying to connect them together by wires, bits of metal that will conduct electricity. And that holds true for many hobby projects. It gets a little bit complicated when you have high frequencies involved, but let's ignore those for now. And taking that quite literally, you can end up with this. This is actually a perfectly valid construction style. It's called dead bug construction because when you take a chip and you flip it upside down with its legs pointing into the air, it looks a bit like a dead insect. It does the trick. It works. This is not my project. I found this on the internet, but there are lots of examples of these all over the place. But the one thing it doesn't have is that kind of professional look. So many hobbyists will be more familiar with this kind of stuff. Again, another picture I found on the internet. This is a piece of strip board and what you can't see but is on the other side of it is every row is connected together just with a strip of copper. And so you have this kind of thing with all the components lined up vertically connecting different rows together. And you can cut the tracks to make the circuit that you need. And this is quite a useful method of construction because you don't have to think too hard about it. You have to do a little bit of planning just to figure out where the components are going to go. But it's not something you have to plan weeks in advance. It's not something you have to have special tools for apart from a soldering iron. So a lot of people will have started out trying to make things on strip board. I've made a whole bunch of stuff on strip board myself. I'm sure some people in this room have as well. And if you're going to stick it in a box or something at the end of the day, there's no reason not to just run with it. But we can do a little bit better than that. Again, a picture I found on the internet, this is how to get started with making a circuit board that's a custom circuit board with just your circuit on it and not one that's been pre-printed in strips. And this is typically done with some sort of etrusis pen. I think this particular one was done with a Sharpie but you can spend about four times as much on a proper etrusis pen. And the idea is simple, you have a copper clad board, you draw on it with the pen, and then you dunk it in a vat of nasty chemicals and it etches away the copper that you've left alone and the stuff that you've drawn on remains. So it's a fairly simple process. But it is a bit messy if you do it this way. It relies on having good drawing skills and the intersection of people who are into electronics and people with good drawing skills is limited. So we can do one better than that. This is an ultraviolet exposure box with a transparency on it. Now what you do with this is you get a copper clad board similar to the one in the previous slide. But this one has a special photosensitive coating on it. And you put it on top of the transparency, you close the box, you expose it for a certain amount of time. And the advantage of that is that the transparency can come straight out of your laser printer. So that gets rid of the problem of having to draw lines accurately.  For most circuit boards at some point you're going to need to drill holes in it. And this is especially true for your earlier projects and for the smaller ones, where you're using traditional through-hole technology, which is where you have components with bits of wire sticking out of them. You poke them through holes and then you solder them. Somebody's got to drill the holes. And I don't know about you, but I find drilling holes accurately, especially very tiny holes in the middle of a tiny bit of copper. Quite tricky. So I've missed out quite a number of different construction techniques because that's not really the key point here. There is a technique that we can use if we do a bit of planning ahead that is becoming accessible to us. It has become accessible to us as hobbyists. And that is to get a PCB made commercially. Now in the past that's been something that has been a very expensive proposition. And, you know, for many years I discounted it as, wow, I really can't afford this, not for something that I'm just going to make a couple of and it's just going to be a project that I'm never going to use again. But the economics of this has changed. These have come down in price and it's now viable to get a small-scale project made commercially. This one is a project that I made recently and it took a couple of weeks to get it shipped over from China and it cost me probably about $20 for the boards. So if you're going to make these commercially or even if you're going to use the ultraviolet exposure method you're going to need to go somewhere, you're going to need to do a bit of preparation. Most of us have started out drawing circuit diagrams on a bit of paper and that's great because it helps you understand the circuit that you're designing. I'm not going to give you a tutorial on how to design the circuits here, by the way, the internet is full of them and I thoroughly recommend that you go and spend some time on that if that's something that you're interested in. But we can go one step up from doing it on paper. Maybe draw out a concept sketch on paper first if you want. But most of us have computers here and computers can help with this. So this is a screenshot from my laptop from yesterday with a project that I made. This is the schematic diagram for it. It's, let's say, moderately complicated for a hobby project. But it's not actually that complicated. It's got two chips that do anything substantial and a few components dotted around the place. This would be quite difficult to draw out on paper because you'd start out putting things down and then you'd realise you need to connect something from over on the left side to over on the right side and you start drawing lines all over the place and you'd be through three or four drafts before you got anywhere. So it's quite useful to have a go at using these tools. Now there's a number of different tools available. This one is an open source tool called KeyCAD. It is not the only tool available. There are commercial tools, there are open source tools with different learning curves. Most of them because they are a kind of specialist area most of them do have a bit of a learning curve but it is worth putting a bit of time in there to actually learning how to do it. Again there are loads of tutorials around for pretty much every single package out there and I thoroughly recommend if you want to have a go with one of these read some of the tutorials, they will help you a lot. So what can you do with this that you can't do with paper? Well obviously we can edit things without having to redraft it all because it's a bit neater. I find that it makes it easier to spot mistakes. If there's something not quite right I can see it more clearly on the screen than I'll be able to see it in among 30 scribbles on a piece of paper. The software can also help you out here because it can tell you you've forgotten to connect this pin to something or this power supply here isn't connected to anything are you sure you've powered your circuit? And if you're doing things with a computer one of the things that is the bain of the music industry is the fact that it is easy to copy things with a computer. It is easy to take a copy of this and put it on your website it is easy to take a copy of this and send it to your friends it is easy to put it on GitHub and open source it it is also easy to print it out multiple times it is also easy to have your designs manufactured more than once which is something that if you're drawing things out on a PCB with a pen it doesn't scale. You can use this software to draw your circuit diagrams even if you're not going to go all the way to making a printed circuit board with it even if you're going to go with a strip board or any of the other construction techniques it will help you get your circuit right before you commit to the making of it. Once you have your circuit diagram in this form you can start the job of turning it into that. Now this is a fairly messy picture because it has all of the layers of this circuit board this is the same project as in the previous slide but the software will help you get it right when you do this so you can show only limited layers so this is a two layer board it has wires on the top and wires on the bottom and it has holes which are plated so that they can connect wires from the top to the bottom they're called wires and it also has bits of writing which will come out on the finished design as a silk screen so that you know when you put it all together which component goes where it's a lot easier than if you don't have that and you just have to try and keep going back to the diagrams and the drawings. One of the key things that this kind of software will help you with is it has a thing called design rule checking the manufacturer of the printed circuit boards will have certain limits of how thin they can make the wires of how thin they can make the holes how far away they have to be from each other and the software can help you because if you tell it what the rules are it can tell you this bit doesn't comply you need to fix that or if you're really lucky just not even let you put things there in the first place so again I'm not going to go into the details on how you run this bit of software there are many bits of software this is again part of KeyCad there are many many alternatives and I thoroughly recommend you check them out as well as all of the tutorials once you have this layout done the final step with your software is to take that and export it to Gerber files these are the files that most of the manufacturers will take and pretty much all PCB software will allow you to export into this format so this is what a traditional PCB manufacturer looks like they deal with massive operations, large scales and they're not really going to talk to me or to most of you when we come along and say right I want five PCBs that are five by five centimetres this is what the factory would look like for somebody that's producing thousands, tens, hundreds of thousands large large scales and pretty large circuit boards are that the thing that has made it possible for us to do this is really twofold one is that large companies also need to do small production runs before you make a million items you want to make a small number first to make sure they work fundamentally you don't want to throw your million away when you find that they're completely broken so most PCB manufacturers will have some sort of facility for prototyping and that for a large company might mean they make 50 or 100 something like that maybe even 10 if they're a slightly smaller company now we can benefit from this the other thing that has made it possible for us to do our small hobby projects is that there are outfits out there who will take small projects from me and from you and will aggregate them onto a larger PCB and will then send them to a prototyping house they will charge a bit of a premium for this but it means that you can get your 5 small circuit boards rather than 100 big ones so this kind of PCB pooling service has really transformed the market and really made it accessible for us the other thing that has helped a bit is more on the economic side than the conceptual side this is a picture of one of the many electronics markets in Shenzhen in China and Shenzhen in particular has quite a vivid economy and an ecosystem around the small scale electronics design industry and they have a number of companies who will take really small scale designs will do the PCB pooling thing send them to their prototyping houses and are often considerably cheaper than European or American outfits so we are now at a position where you can go and send a design to a company in Shenzhen and for $10 plus a little bit for shipping and you can have 5 or 10 boards made fairly small ones but that's a lot cheaper maybe you'd be spending 30 or 40 pounds or maybe 50 pounds or something like that if you're doing it locally and one thing that I'm always surprised that people haven't heard of this when they've already been sending PCBs out to places is this website, this is PCBshopper.com I'm not affiliated with them but I have used them as a comparison site for PCB manufacturers and they will compare not just the ones in China the European ones, the American ones as well and you fill in the form, put in your requirements including whether you care how quickly they arrive they will do this for PCB manufacturer and they will also do it for assembly if you want them to put the components on the board for you I'm going to talk a bit about assembly shortly but there are services there that can do it for you as well and they will point you at the cheapest or the most reliable or the fastest whichever you want so I can definitely recommend PCBshopper.com because once you've got your designs that will find the most suitable manufacturer for you so you've used this site, you've found a manufacturer you've spent all night finalising your design the sun's coming up, you've sent off your design you go to bed, okay great, a few weeks pass and then you get a package in the post it's a very exciting day that is especially on your first time and so that one's five PCBs well it's actually six, they chucked in an extra one for free it's nice of them and so what do you do with that so you've had a few weeks to think about it gone to whichever supply you're using for your components you've ordered all the components in this case an absolute bucket load of LEDs for a little sign and it's time to start soldering them well okay that's one way you could do it if you're doing an entirely through-hole design that's what you will end up doing there are techniques for doing soldering on a large scale called wave soldering almost nobody does that at home because that involves having a vat of solder that's heated up to a few hundred degrees and having a wave travelling through it and dunking your PCB over the top of it that's a bit fiddly to set up and it's only really worth doing if you're doing large scale so through-hole designs you will be using your soldering iron such as this one if you have decided to venture into surface mount components that's components that don't put a wire through the hole they just have little bits of metal on them they're usually very small the advantage of them is that you can get so many more into the same area you'll have little bits of copper on the circuit board that are just exposed in the right place and you stick them on the surface without putting anything through the board such as this board you can solder them with a soldering iron it's a pain in the backside if you've got lots of small components you can do it relatively easy with chips there are some techniques the most common one for dealing with a chip with lots of pins is to put the solder down on the pads and then to drag the soldering iron down the row of pins when you're doing through-hole things they normally teach you to solder one thing at a time which is absolutely the right way to do it for through-hole but you do have a few techniques like this that can do things quite quickly with surface mount components but there is an easier way if you have the tools for this and that is to get some solder paste which is literally what its name implies it's a fairly thick paste of teeny tiny beads of solder with flux in them and you put a small amount on each pad there's a couple of ways of doing that one you can use a syringe it's quite difficult to get the right amount but a bit of practice will get you there and the second one is when you have your PCB made tick the box that says I would like a stencil as well it's a thin sheet of metal or sometimes capton or something else and you put it on the circuit board you line it up and you get a solder paste tool the cheap version is an old credit card and you just wipe it over and that gets you a very consistent amount of solder in all the right places and then you put it in an oven now that one might look a bit homemade that's because it is this is the one that I made for this purpose they come in all shapes and sizes you can buy them off the shelf but some of them are rather expensive if you have a large scale outfit they will have a reflow oven that is enormous and it will cost tens or hundreds of thousands for the really big ones as a hobbyist that's not really much good also you probably don't have enough space in your house for it but you can get again for prototyping purposes you can get them for a few hundred pounds as a proper reflow oven with a controller and everything I decided not to go that route I thought it would be more interesting to make my own a high street shop for 30 quid and started hacking it the critical bit about the oven the real difference between this and a domestic oven is that you have something a bit like this this is the project that I showed you the schematic of this is a controller and it measures the temperature of the oven near the circuit board and it will take it through a temperature profile that is quite important so that you can solder all your components down properly without burning anything now you can probably imagine that the results of this might come out differently from hand soldering things this is a comparison of a board that came straight out of the oven and the other board is also one that's been through the oven but it went through the oven before I'd figured out the right amount of solder paste to put on it and so I had to rework almost every single one of the LEDs now I used a solder which has a flux in it which leaves a bit of a residue so that you can see it's a bit messy and I put this side by side just to show the difference that it makes to really get the reflow process right rather than having to do it all by hand they both work they both do the job but one is let's say more professional than the other and there's one more tool which is useful if you're reworking things which is this you can get these quite cheaply from eBay, Amazon etc from Chinese sellers this is a hot air rework station despite the fancy name it is basically a stream of hot air at a temperature that you can control and at a speed that you can control so you slow it down enough you're not blowing the components all over the place and you set the temperature correctly so that you can melt the solder and not everything else these are particularly good if you have a chip with 48 pins on it or something like that and you want to melt the solder on all of them and then pick up the chip with a pair of tweezers because you're never going to get that right just going around all 48 of them with a soldering iron and hoping they haven't cooled down so I hope that's been a bit of an overview of the techniques that we've been using once you've gone through all of this you end up with maybe a finished product of sorts well it's almost finished there's one final step that you really want to do now that you've made yourself a circuit board that looks really professional you can hide it in a box this has been Hobby Electronics Like a Pro I'm Gavin Phantom thank you very much for listening


Are you one of those people that when you make a plot for a paper or for a presentation and you you have two columns or bars of Points and you have a line across the top of them And then you just put like a bazillion stars there to indicate that you just this like really minuscule p value And it's like a really big result Yeah, I thought you might be hey folks I'm patch loss and this is code club in reality You only need one star to indicate that something is significant You don't need all those stars to say something super duper significant I'll explain why later in the episode but before we get there We first have to figure out if we need any stars at all to indicate significance. How do we do that? Well, the data that we're looking at are inverse Simpson diversity indices of three different groups of people So the first group is a group of people that don't have diarrhea They have normal bowel function, you might say the second group of people have diarrhea Abnormal bowel function you might say the third group of people have diarrhea But they're also infected with Clostridioides difficile To get tested for Clostridioides difficile C diff you have to first have diarrhea So we have these three different disease status groups that we've been comparing as we make plots of their inverse Simpson diversity indices across the three groups and we've been looking at this over the past few episodes and what we've noticed is that the The people without diarrhea that the normal or healthy individuals have a much higher diversity than people with diarrhea Whether they're with or without C. difficile infection looks like it might be significant But we don't know and we don't know if the difference Between people with and without C. difficile who have diarrhea is significant Actually the people with C. difficile look like they might have a little bit higher diversity than people without C. difficile So we want to run a test to figure that out. So how are we going to make these comparisons? Well, the data that we have are not normal We could try to play with scaling them By, you know, taking the square root or squaring or doing all sorts of transformations to scale them to make them normally distributed But just take my word for it with these data I have not been able to get them to be normally distributed so that we could use a parametric test So instead what we're going to use is a non parametric test called the Kruskal Wallace test Now this is not a workshop or a class to teach you statistics. Go take a statistics class There's lots of other people doing youtube videos about statistics And I'm sure the people in your stats department at your home institution would love to teach you about statistics Anyway, if we find that the Kruskal Wallace test again this non parametric test Yield a p-value less than 0.05. That will mean that one of the three groups is different from the others Then the task then becomes which one or ones are different from the others to test that We will then do a pair wise wilcox test between Pairs the three pairs of comparisons that we can make we need to correct for multiple comparisons So that we don't inflate the risk of falsely detecting a difference that it's not actually there Finally, I am assuming we will find differences We then want to see how can we graphically express that and we will do that with two gg plot functions So the first being Geom line and the second being geom text that will allow us to draw those little bars on our plot Along with a little star or an ns on the plot and finally we'll talk later about What is the importance of significance and do we need all those stars anyway? I hope you're excited to dig in this material with me today Let's go ahead over into our studio and we can get going If you want to have the code that I have that i'm starting with here Down below in the description of this video is a link to a blog post where you can get my starting code Also across the top here. I've got another video that will help you to install our our studio to get the tidyverse and other packages And the data that i'm working with In these videos, so I'd love it if you followed along you'll certainly learn a lot more Following along making your own mistakes solving your mistakes than say just watching me do it and watching me make my own mistakes Anyway, um, let's look at the code that we have here again. We're loading a handful of libraries that come to us from the tidyverse We're setting a random number generator seed here on line 6 because we are doing a jitter plot and the x axis position Within each cloud is randomly determined. We read in the metadata the alpha diversity data We join it all together We've got some styling information here for different types of colors as well as counts of You know how many patients we had in each of these groups and then we have the code to generate the strip chart And then we finally save all that into a tiff and so as you can see and I've shown in the introduction This jitter plot for the three different disease status groups Again, we might think that these two groups are probably not significantly different from each other It is kind of odd that this cdiff positive group has a slightly higher diversity than the cdiff negative diarrhea group But again, I doubt it's significant, but what we'd like to have is a bar that goes across here Um that is black or so and then maybe has an ns on the top of it saying not significant If it isn't significant and then maybe if if this difference between healthy and the diarrhea groups is significant We'd like to have another bar across the top here that on top of that has a star or perhaps you could put in the p value or whatever Um, and so that's the task for today's to get started We'll go ahead and open up some space here in the code and do cross goal test And we will do in the simpson For the column that we want to test And we'll use the tilde for the formula notation and then we'll do disease stat and we can then do data equals meta metadata alpha And if we run that so this is the output that comes to us then Showing us that we have a tiny p value two times ten of the minus sixteen or smaller than that Actually, I don't know how many stars you'd want for that like I don't know like 16 or so Please don't so let's call this a variable kt And we will store the output there and one of the cool things that we could do is do kt dollar sign p dot value and that will then show us the actual p value We see that it's not actually less than two point it is actually less than two point two times ten minus sixteen It's actually three point one four times ten to the minus twenty one That might even be the smallest number that r can express. So it is small. There's no doubt that there is a statistical difference between At least one or two of those samples one or two of the groups in the study The next question then is which of the groups are different from the others to get at that. We can then do pairwise Dot wilcox dot test as you see here This notation the the arguments that you give it is going to be different than the cross goal test Which is really annoying and so what we will do then will be to do meta data alpha dollar sign In this inverse simpson And then we need a g variable or grouping variable, which will again be metadata alpha dollar sign disease stat And again looking let me make this a little bit bigger so you can see the output It tells us the comparison that it made and then it gives us the pairwise comparisons and we see that That the non-diarrheal control, which is what we call healthy Is significantly different from the people with diarrhea and the the people with the case where diarrhea plus c the facile Whereas the comparison between diarheal control and case Is not significant. So we see at the bottom here It tells us that it is adjusting the p values using the method home I don't use the whole method I'm not super familiar with it the method that I see more commonly used in the literature and that what I use myself Is benjaminie-hatchberg and so I can use benjaminie-hatchberg by doing p.adjust Dot method equals and then in quotes bh And then that tells me uh that's there and so we find very similar story That the non-diarrheal control is significantly different from people that have diarrhea Regardless of their c to facile status, but there's no difference between people That have diarrhea with and without c to facile. So that's great. And again, we could save this as pairwise or pt, I'll call it pt And and we're good and we could also get pt dollar sign p dot value And that comes out as a matrix if we wanted to play with that You know, you what you could do if you're trying to make this automated and reproducible is to build in some logic here to say like, you know, if kt Uh is less than 0.05. I guess I should do kt dollar sign p dot value Then run this other task, right? And then if different values of the pt matrix From the p values were significant, then you could do different things I'm not going to go too far into the weeds there Because I want to move on to thinking about how we can go about drawing those lines and stars on our figure An important thing to remember, though, is that we do not we do not Run this pairwise test unless this experiment wide test, the cross call test is significant If the cross call test is not significant, then we do not go on to the next step So that's a little bit of statistics that I'll drop on you. Um, but again talk to your local statisticians For more help on how to appropriately model the data. This is a very basic comparison that Even I feel up to the challenge of looking at what we know now Is kind of what our intuition showed us which was that these blue and red groups are not significantly different from each other But that the gray group is significantly different from both the red and the blue group And so again, we'd like to draw little segments on these To make that clear to our audience that you know, these are significantly different So how do we do that? I'm thought you'd never ask something you may not have noticed that I did was that this entire block of code builds a plot But I stored it to a variable called strip chart. And so if I run this Nothing happens. I don't get a plot generated. Um, again, nothing happens But I can then do strip underscore chart And that will then open up my plotting window and show you the plot that I have in the lower right corner Strip chart is a variable. It's an object in r and every object in r has a way of being printed, right? If I have a data frame and I write the name out at the prompt and then press enter There's a special way to print out the data frame or if I type in three Um, there's a special way to print out numbers, right? It's pretty basic, but it'll print out three Or when I print it out the result of the cross go Wallace test, there's a special formatting or special printing of that output Well, it's the same thing with the strip chart or any other plot we make But the nice thing about this that is that I can save strip chart as a variable And I can add I can keep adding to it, right? So we've seen here as we built out this plot that we added different layers to it So the first thing that I want to do is draw a line segment between the blue and the red cloud To do that we will use geome line Um, and we will also create a special data frame to do that typically when we create um of ggplot we call ggplot and the first argument to ggplot or to any of these geomes Is the data that's being piped through or inputted in? um We can also explicitly describe a data frame in that first slot and that's what we're going to do here So again our object for our plot is strip chart And I will pipe that to geome line And and the position on the x axis again will be two and three and the y axis I'll put out about 23 and we'll go from there and see how that looks. So we'll do data tibble x equals and then I'll make it a vector two and three y We'll do 23 and 23 That looks good. And then we need to have our aes still. So we'll do x equals x y equals y And let's run this and see what happens Ah I have two I have a problem here. Uh, so did you use a pipe instead of a plus? Yes, I'm so used to piping stuff that I forgot this should be a plus Because I'm adding this geome to the previous plot. So let's run that again Got another error object disease stat not found and so that's happening because up above here when I define the gg plot object and creating the plot I had fill equals disease stat Well, my data frame that I just created for geome line doesn't have disease stat and nor do I want disease stat So what I'll do instead here is I'll do inherit dot aes equals false And I'm going to go ahead and break this across a couple lines So that it's not quite so messy And what we get out is a nice black line segment over the top of our diaries and seed of negative and diarrhea and seed of positive And so that looks good. So let's repeat this now Creating a line over the top of our healthy and kind of lining up with the middle here between the two diarrhea groups So we'll do one and then 2.5 on the x axis And then the y y axis will do maybe like 33 and we'll see how that looks So again, I'm going to copy this down and put a plus there And so I said one and 2.5 and let's do 33 There and we'll give this another run and we again see that we now have our horizontal bar up here at 33 As well as the one at 23 What we'd like to do now is to annotate these lines with text in the middle and we can do that with geome text I will go ahead and copy this first one This first geome line and replace the line with text And my x coordinate is going to be 2.5 and my y I'm going to for now make 23 And that looks good. Maybe I'll put label equals n dot s And let's give this a shot and see what happens. Great. So our ns is right on the line We can probably bump that up a little bit by doing 24 and that looks great. Okay now for our star Let's go ahead and Copy the same geome text down, but again, we're going to do 34 And we're going to want this position to be between one and two and a half So one and two and a half is three and a half and then half of three and a half. I believe is 1.75 And we will put in a star And there's our star So let's make our star a little bit bigger and we can make it bigger by doing size equals say two That made it really small. I think the size here is the font size So let's maybe make it 12. That's really big So let's make it maybe eight and that looks pretty good. You know, we can probably bring it down a little bit Let's do 33.5 and that looks pretty nice. And so we've got our star We've got our ns for not significant and life is good. We've got our bar as well indicating the groups that We're making the comparison on Something that I'll leave for you is that sometimes people like to have additional bars that kind of come down From the ends of these horizontal bars. How would you make those? Here's a hint It's exactly the same as what we did to make the horizontal bars But instead of changing the x coordinates, you're going to change the y coordinates So see if you can't get those four little tags inserted And let me know down below in the notes if you're successful with that See if see if you could be the first person to post some code to make those little tags and I'll give you a special star Anyway, so what do we think of this? So the first thing to talk about is one star. Why do we only have one star? We have like this really freaking significant p value. Well, p values are significant or they're not It's either less than 0.05 or it's not If you have a Astronomically small p value like we have that doesn't mean that the difference is bigger Or more, right? It tells you that the difference is different right that that we're confident That there is a difference between our medians in this case because we're comparing medians If you want to know about the effect size. Well, look at the data, right? Compare these bars down here If you want to know what the effect size is If you want to know if something is significant that is a yes. No question I'm almost tempted to put significant not significant on those lines So that you know, it makes it clear But putting, you know, some lines with two stars some with three some with one some with four It just it doesn't mean what you think it means put that it's significant or that it's not significant This is a relatively simple plot in terms. Let me make this bigger Relatively simple plot in terms of the number of comparisons that we have as people get more and more comparisons or things are more and more different Then you start getting more horizontal lines going on here. So imagine that these three groups were different You know, we'd want to have perhaps three different lines indicating whether or not things were similar or not What do you do there? Well, again, it can get confusing because you have all these lions flying all over the place Again, you don't put multiple stars. Just put one star, please And in fact, what sometimes people will do instead of stars or ns would be to You know put, you know, what we could do is say like a here, right? That we could say these two are similar They're in group a and then we could say well, this is in group b And so you could then draw a line between things that are in the same group or that are in different groups I don't know saying that to make sense. But again, you could you could denote you could group the Clouds that are similar to each other and say these are b.  That's both in a and b. And so that that a or b Gives you an indication of what group things belong to and then if they're not, you know If something's an a and not in b then they're significantly different from the things in b That's kind of a more stylistic thing about how we present the p values or present the results of the hypothesis test Ultimately, it does get really confusing and and really difficult for the audience to interpret and look at Especially when you've got a whole bunch of horizontal lines going all over the place And so I would encourage you to perhaps Don't feel like you always have to represent this in the graph in the figure But perhaps save that for the legend or for the text And and also it's an argument for having fewer groups fewer, you know Treatment groups or disease status groups like we have here rather than many, right? So, um, you know the the number of comparisons goes up the more groups you have to make comparisons on Please tell your friends about what we've done here today In code club I think another thing that they would appreciate hearing is that you don't have to take your figure from here Put it into power point and draw your lines there and stars and all that stuff But you can do it directly here in r without having to further modify The plot keep practicing with this go ahead and work on those exercises I've given you and we'll see you next time for another episode of code club


2020 Bowman one-pack break number nine some team giveaways here. So 30 spots. We're gonna do the one-pack break of Bowman Randomize a list of customer names and teams do the break and then at the very end with a total randomizer totally seven randomizer will be the giveaways Totally a new dice roll to so seven times. This is just for the one-pack three four five six and seven and And seven times on MLB teams one two three four Five thanks six and seven Cleveland down to New York So there is the list. I'll a through Z it by everyone's name Who got the Yankees? Mike did Well, if we hit the Super Factor auto Mike can fly out here Pick it up. All right trade window closed. Good luck Full-case Bowman hobby coming up next. No super in this one lose or bear 1990 Bowman insert So nada in this one. I think there's still an autograph hiding in one of those jumbo packs So nothing there But we do have a little giveaway here for the top. What was it top? 11 apes so we're gonna reroll the dice and Go four and a five nine times two three four five six seven eight and nine Bang, there you go Mike with the A's John Samuelson Dodgers Ryan Shackleton raise Mike Reds Marlins Orioles Blue Jays Indians and Mets Chad brew crew and Mike Tower the last one are there Phillies So there you go coming up next in a separate video is the break


Let's come it, Bows, Pirate Short, got it, complete Camiller, he lost the ball, and the tights have recovered it! The man who knocked it out was Brown, the man who recovered it was Simmons!


Hi and welcome to this special broadcast directly from our studios at Cornerstone Baptist Church in Orlando, Florida. My name is Edgar and today I have a special treat for all the women who are listening and it's a special invitation to our 2015 Women's Conference under the title Tested and True Women and the Truth of Christian Suffering. This women's conference will be hosted at Cornerstone Baptist Church the 17th and 18th of July. The woman will greatly enjoy a time of fellowship, joyful worship, and music and biblical teaching. And speaking of biblical teaching allow me to present our special guest who is joining us via phone all the way from Tulsa, Oklahoma, Ms. Susan J. Hegg. Thanks for taking the time to join us on this broadcast Susan. You're welcome. It's a joy to be here with you. For those who don't know Susan allow me to give you a little bit of background. Susan Hegg has been happily married to her husband Doug for 39 years. She has been involved in women's ministry for about 37 years in a variety of different ways such as Bible studies, counseling. She's a guest speaker at many international women events and conferences. Susan is also an author to several published books such as A Call to Discipleship, Putting Off Life-Dominating Sin and With the Master Bible Study among others. She has personally memorized 23 books of the New Testament word for word. Susan is 59 years old. She's a mother of two and grandmother to seven precious grandchildren. You can listen to her radio program, Women with the Master on www.worldviewweekend.com. Susan, what I like for us to do is to talk about the conference but specifically in regards to the sessions that are going to be covered during the conference. I have in front of me the session titles and itinerary. So let's begin with the first session. The title for that first session is Five Keys to Loving Life. Why this title and why is it a topic of importance to all the women who are listening right now? Well, you know, Edgar, the suicide rate in our world today is just staggering. They say that about a million people in the United States commit suicide. So we know that people don't love life and of course we know the the real issue behind probably most of those suicides is that they don't have a living relationship with the living God but even as a biblical counsel, I have to tell you, I meet a lot of women that are depressed, that profess to be Christians, they're suicidal, they have no, they have no love for life. They don't richly enjoy the life that God has given them. And that puzzles me as a Christian woman. I don't, I don't understand that but Peter will give us in our lesson the first night we're together, which by the way, it's my 10 year anniversary at your church. So that's kind of exciting. We'll be celebrating, I think, but it'll be a joy to be there. But anyway, Peter will give keys to loving life and there are five keys to loving life and maybe perhaps some women that are listening will realize that they are not loving the life that God gave them because they're not doing the things that Peter says that God would have us to do in order to enjoy the life he gave us. And so he talks about the fact that if we want to love life and see our days as good, then there's certain things we must do and especially the first one I think about restraining our tongue from evil. And again, as a woman, I know that gossip and slander and flattery is a common sin among women. And John Calvin said that talkativeness was a disease of women and it gets worse with age. And so it behooves us as women to really get this area under control. And so, you know, when we're involved in that kind of sinning, it keeps us from enjoying the life that God gave us and and ongoing sin can can cause us to be depressed and not see our life as good. Also, Peter talks about the importance of turning away from evil and doing good. And I don't know what you all are seeing, but I'm very concerned as I travel around and and see women, they're engrossed in a lot of things, but they're not engrossed in doing things that are good and they spend numerous amount of hours on social networking and Facebook and these types of things which are not evil in and of themselves, but they seem to be used as a tool of Satan to pull us away from doing the things that God requires of us in Titus and Proverbs 31 that women are to look well to the ways of their household in there to look after the poor and the widows and we're not doing that anymore and we're spending our time just entertaining ourselves to death as one man said. So, I want to look at that too and the importance of turning away from all evil and pursuing good and then seeking peace and pursue it and you know, the wonderful blessing of all this is if we do these five things that Peter mentioned through the Holy Spirit, obviously, who empowered him to write this letter to these persecuted Christians, is that Peter says, the eyes of the Lord are over the righteous and his ears are open to those who do good and so I don't know about you and these women that are listening, but I want God to, his favor to be upon me, I want him to, you know, I want to be able to communicate with him and fellowship with him and know that he hears and answers our prayers. So, it's a wonderful blessing that we have if we will keep ourselves from evil and seek the things that are good and and I love life. I mean, I wake up most days, I'm not prone to depression, I love to get out of bed and just see what God has for me that day. So, I hope the women will come Friday night and just be encouraged as we look at these five keys to loving life. So, thank you so much, Susan, for sharing a little bit of the great teaching that is to come and for all the women that are out there who are listening, let me encourage you to register today so you can be a part of our 2015 Women's Conference under the title, Tested and True, Women and the Truth of Christian Suffering. This conference will be hosted at Cornerstone Baptist Church the 17th and 18th of July. You will enjoy a great time of fellowship, joyful worship, and biblical teaching. So, take advantage and register today. You can do that online at www.TestedAndTrue.net. Once again, www.TestedAndTrue.net and if you have any questions or need help with the registration process, please give us a call here at our church offices at<PHONE_NUMBER><PHONE_NUMBER>. Thank you so much for joining us and we look forward to seeing you at the conference. God bless you.


Base 4 Medical Center should be your first stop for your weight loss journey. We are a bariatric center of excellence and we're A-rated for patient safety. We have dedicated nutritionists, support groups, and wonderful staff. When patients come to us, one of the first things that we do is establish what their expectations are. This can include improving their health, their medical comorbidities, how much weight they want to lose, what kind of lifestyle they want to live afterwards, and how they're going to maintain that. I was overweight enough that I had pretty advanced obstructive sleep apnea, and the sleep study indicated that I was waking up over a hundred times a minute, and that was my wake-up call to do something about my weight, and I settled on a gastric sleeve. The program here at Bayshore is a very integrated program. Everything is made very easy by the program to get all these appointments lined up, and then once you're approved, you have surgery. It worked out very well. I ended up losing a tremendous amount of weight. I sleep through the night without a problem, no snoring whatsoever. Better for your joints, ankles, knees. Everything's improved. By supporting this program, someone who doesn't have the energy to do anything may find it within themselves to have the energy to participate in another way. It's just trying to get people healthy and they can do better with their lives and they can hopefully help other people do better with their lives. The initial reason for having weight loss surgery was we were in Hershey Park, Pennsylvania, and I was taking my daughter on one of the wooden roller coasters, and when I sat down, I couldn't buckle myself to where it was safe for her, and I had to get off. I was very self-conscious. I bought clothes that were much bigger than I probably needed because I didn't want them to see how heavy I really was. The Bayshore weight loss team from the person at the front desk to Suzanne, who's the scheduler, to their dietitians and their nutritionists, to Dr. Greco, I have to say their top notch. I should have had it done many, many years ago. To the donors, thank you very much from the bottom of my heart. I wouldn't be here today and as successful in my weight loss journey if it wasn't for people like you. If you could give the gift of health, you would. What you do with it, that's up to you, but at least I can set the table so that someone else can take their health into their own hands again.


What comes to mind when you hear tough gaming? For us, it's value-oriented machines that offer high-performance notebooks for pure gaming. The new Asus Tough Gaming A15 FA507 might as well be one of the gaming notebooks with the best price-to-quality ratio, offering high-TGP GPUs, up to a 140W RTX 3070, and all the features you need for non-stop gaming. The militaristic aesthetic continues, with Asus finding a way to make it sleek and modern. There are two design options to choose from. We chose the Mecha Gray variant with a metal lid and a tough logo in the middle of it. The build quality is good, and that is proven by the A10H military certificate for resistance to shock, vibration, and other environmental extremes. The base has four status LEDs, which are styled to resemble a crosshair. The chassis is smaller than the previous generation, but without sacrificing the full-sized keyboard, it even includes a numpad. The keys have long key travel, clicky feedback, a backlight, and transparent WASD keys. The touchpad is 26% larger when compared to its predecessor, while also being responsive and accurate. The ports are located on the sides with two full-sized and two Type-C USB ports, LAN port, audio jack, and an HDMI 2.0B, supporting external HDR displays with 4K resolution and 60Hz refresh rate. The internal screen comes in three flavors, 144 or 300Hz Full HD or 165Hz QHD. We went for the most affordable option, which isn't suitable for design work due to its low sRGB coverage, but it's a nice choice if you want to save some bucks. It has good brightness and contrast ratio, and most importantly, it doesn't use PWM, so it's safe for your eyes in that aspect. The 300Hz panel covers 100% of the sRGB color gamut, while the QHD one meets even the ultra-wide DCI-P3 standard. Battery life is often put on the back burner when making gaming notebooks, but here we have a pretty big 90Wh battery pack. It can run the machine for a record setting 14 hours and 10 minutes of web browsing, or 10 hours and 50 minutes of video playback. This is an exceptional result. The Ryzen 6000H CPU series offers incremental performance and improvement over the 5000H series, but what we're more excited about is the presence of a MUX switch that can increase performance by disabling the integrated GPU and outputting the signal directly through the 140W RTX 3070. By the way, this is almost 50% higher TGP compared to its predecessor, and it totally demolishes games at 1080p. For example, you can play Shadow of the Tomb Raider with almost 100fps on the highest settings. Tough gaming A15 scores higher than most driveling laptops, including ones that use an RTX 3070 Ti. The cooling system is the prime suspect for this, so let's turn the notebook off and check it out. The bottom panel has plenty of vents and cutouts, which is a big plus when it comes to cooling. Removing it reveals five copper heat pipes, four of which are dedicated to the CPU and the GPU. The last one covers the VRM modules and GPU memory. The Ryzen 7 6800H is kept at a steady and relatively high 3.7GHz clock speed while maxing out at 87°C, which is fine. As for the GPU, this is the highest clocked RTX 3070 that we've tested so far, breaking the 1700MHz mark while maintaining the 140W TGP and a temperature of 80°C in the long run. The upgrade options are hidden by an insulation cover. Behind it, you'll find two RAM slots that fit 4.8GHz DDR4 sticks, along with two M.2 slots for super-fast Gen4 SSD drives. You can check out our teardown video for a more detailed tour of the inside. Although the TUF Gaming A15 FA507 is positioned in the mid-range sector of the ASUS portfolio, it feels like a high-end machine. Not only that, it performs as a high-end machine too, thanks to the high TGP GPUs, the MUX switch, and the well-engineered cooling system. Although it's 144Hz, the display panel isn't as fast as we'd like it to be and produces kind of washed-out colors. But there are two more display options in case this one isn't good enough for you. Nevertheless, we award this computer with LaptopMedia's Editor's Choice Medal because it's a great offer as an overall package. As we already said, it has all the features you need for non-stop gaming. Of course, we've done a lot more tests and you can check out all the results in our in-depth review on laptopmedia.com. You'll find the link in the description below the video.


If you are a liberal and a vegan do at this question one Did you know?  Shall we ah?  I like you know the lipstick really brings out the chin hair It's a good compliment. Ah body positivity.  You don't want equality. You want domination and that's not okay The reason I speak on men's rights and reason y'all get pissed off about it Here's the thing women are more represented. We have more sources.  He gets it. Why can't they?  Police in Virginia Beach are trying to make sense of a shooting that left two people dead and eight people hospitalized So someone replied this Trumps are most likely in white male like always because you hear gun and you think Trump supporter in white Where are the feminists females can do anything males can do why do you always assume it's a male?   And it would be a safe bet that they got those guns by nefarious means but us legal gun owners Are gonna be the ones that are punished and then I'll look low and behold the suspects in the Virginia Beach mass shooting are finally identified They look all male to me, but they're definitely not white You see why we call it brainwashing what the media has done you hear gun and you think white male? Just like the Colorado shooter that completely disappeared from the news when they confirmed that it actually wasn't a white male and disrupted their narrative I think that first of all if somebody commits a sexual assault The only person to blame is the person to commit the sexual assault right that right off Victims are not to blame for their own I also think that if you put yourself in a risky situation Then you put yourself in a risky situation Right, we do this every day right every day we make decisions about what sort of situations to put ourselves in if I walk through a High-crime neighborhood waving a hundred dollar bills above my head and then I am wrong Then it is the fault of the person who robs me it is not my fault, but I also made a bad decision to do that Okay, so two things can be true once and it is not blaming the victim to say that it's a bad decision to walk through a High-crime neighborhood at night waving your wallet over your head Yeah, right it is it is also not a good idea to go to parties where drinking and drugs are commonplace With a bunch of guys are paid. Yes, right.  Oh, well. Yeah, that's the case If you don't like guns Don't the pro-choicers fell right into my trap for this one. I wasn't comparing getting an abortion to owning a gun I was comparing the legality of both questions How many times have I heard pro-choice to say oh well if you don't like abortions don't get one It doesn't affect you. Yeah. Well if I get a gun, that's not gonna affect you at all. Oh, well guns kill people Nah people kill people abortion is a question of morality Let me tell you this and abortions only purpose is to harm someone because it is considered a failed abortion if the life Isn't taken in the procedure. That's why the argument Oh, it doesn't affect you doesn't apply because it affects and harm someone else the issue that I have with abortion is not That affects me personally but affects someone else and takes away someone's opportunity at life But this video and the comment section just goes to show how Contradictory being pro-choice is because if we're gonna start using the argument. Oh, if you don't like it Don't worry about it. Don't get it. Okay.  They never lived to love the merry of women Or feel the joy of a newborn baby in their arms They never lived to old age, but millions of people did live and Living freedom because of the sacrifices of the American and the LA fighting man of 75 years ago Fighting men of the greatest generation