Hello everyone and welcome to our spring semester. Good to see Jeram, Lucy, Dipu, Esther, Daniel, Sam, Daniel, the 20 of you, Andrew, Angelina, Deeksha, Divya, Esther, Jennifer, Kofi, John, Miriam, Pankaj, Sanjay. Thank you all for joining class. I hope you all had a good holiday season, good time with family and friends. I'm a few excited to get back to classes. Oh, nice to see the in-person raising students raising their hands. I thought they will miss home to our online students. Yes, Kofi, you want to say something? You raised your hand. Thank you Andrew. Have a blessed new year as well. Good morning to all of you. So we're going to be studying Christology. Are you excited to study Christology? Okay, when you thought about Christology, what comes to your mind? Christ, okay? That is a very good answer. You think about this course Christology, what comes to your mind? Don't look at your course notes. Just tell me what comes to your mind. Did you ever think, hey, what are we going to study in Christology? We didn't give it a thought. Maybe thought okay, when she teaches, let's learn. What comes to your mind when you think about Christology? Okay, so Angelina says about the character of Christ nature, okay? Lucy says knowing more about Christ, okay? Anything else? It comes to your mind. Yes, Angelina says if biology is a study of life, Christology is a study of Christ, okay? Very interesting, good. Yes, we had one in-person student say that as well. Okay, I'll let you know what we're going to study in Christology. Okay, Jennifer says knowing the Christ. Yes, knowing the Christ. Do we really know the Christ? We know about him, but having a personal knowing is still yet to happen in many areas, okay? Okay, before we look at what Christology is all about, let's just pause for the word of prayer. Let's pray. Father, we thank you for another season where we can come together to learn God from your word, because your word is life, your word is power, your word is authority. Your word teaches us all things, trains us in righteousness and holiness, God. It corrects us, it rebukes us. We thank you for your word that reveals more of who you are and what you did here on this earth, Father. We thank you, God. We pray that we thank you for being with us through the last year, God. We thank you for being with us, for guiding us, for leading us, for teaching us, for enabling us, for strengthening us. God, for the way that you are transforming us more into the image and the likeness of our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ. We thank you, God, for guiding us and leading us whole of last year. And we know, God, even as we go through this new year that you are God, are good and faithful. You are perfect in your faithfulness and God, in your perfect faithfulness, you will do wonderful things for us even in this new year, God. And we pray that even as we continue to submit and surrender our lives and yield our lives to you, Father, that we will be transformed more into your image and likeness. And that we will manifest your glory here on earth, God, that we will be people who glorify you in everything that we do. And that we will manifest your glory in a greater measure, in a greater way, Father. We thank you for this course, for where we are going to study more about the nature of Jesus Christ. And even as we do, we pray that it will be such a life-transforming experience for each one of us, not just knowing the deeper truths, the revelation of who Jesus really is, but will have such a profound impact in our lives, God, and will transform us. And will help us to see things, see life and see ministry and look at everything in such a different perspective, God, that it will just enable us to walk in greater measure of holiness and reverence towards you and your Word. And towards what you have called us in your ministry, God, and that we will be people who continue to build your kingdom with power and authority with this great revelation and this truth that we are going to learn, Father. We thank you. We bless you. In Jesus' name we pray. Amen. Okay, so Christology is basically a field of study within Christian theology. So what does the word theology mean? To study about God, yes. Theology comes from, when you look at it in the Greek, there are two words.   So please listen and also takedown notes. Okay, so the word theology comes from two Greek words, theos and logia. Okay, what does theos mean? God. Yes, thank you Sister Getrud. Theos means God. The H E O S is theos, which means God, the Greek word. And logia means, yes, it's a study of the word of God. So logia, L O G I A, which means, you know, word, logia is word. Okay, where we get the word logos. Okay, so logia, which means word and theos means God. So combining these two words, theos and logia, theology means the study of the word of God.  Okay, so theology, there are various theologies. Okay, systematic theology, which you're going to study, you know, Christology, various other theologies, feminist theology and all of those theologies. Basically, theology is Christian theology is an effort made by us human beings to describe in human words, God and his actions. So we're trying to understand who God is. And we're trying to, in our own human words, trying to describe him, who God is and his actions. So especially his actions in relation to the world and to man. So Christian theology is basically that aspect, how God relates to the world and relates to us as human beings or as men and women and as children. And because it is Christian theology, it is written from a point of view of those who accept Jesus Christ as the one whom God has made himself fully known to men. Okay, so theology is an effort of us human beings trying to describe God, his efforts, his actions in human words. Okay, especially his actions in relation to the world and to man. And because it is Christian theology, we're looking at it from a point of view of those who accept Jesus as the one in whom God has made himself fully known to men. Okay, now Christology is a study or a field of study within Christian theology, excuse me, which is concerned with the nature of Jesus Christ. Okay, so in Christology, which is a field of study in Christian theology, which is basically concerning the nature of Jesus Christ. Okay, so particularly we're going to look at how humanity and divinity coexisted in the person of Jesus Christ. Okay, we're basically looking at how Jesus was fully God, fully man. We're going to look at how Jesus was 100% God and how Jesus was 100% man. So how divinity and how humanity coexisted in the person of Jesus Christ. Okay, now when you look at this word Christology, the Greek word for Christology, it comes from two Greek words Christos. Okay, C-H-R-I-S-T-O-S Christos. So what's the meaning of Christos? Christ. Okay Christ, what is the meaning of Christ? The anointed one. Yes, the anointed one. Thank you all the Messiah. Okay, so Christos means the anointed one or the Messiah and logos again is word. Okay, so it's a study of things related to this particular subject. Okay, the anointed one or the Messiah and the word. Okay, so Christology is basically concerning how humanity and divinity coexisted in the person of Jesus Christ. How can a person have both humanity and divinity? How can a person be 100% God and 100% man? How can a person be fully God and fully man? Okay, so that is what we're going to study in Christology. We're not going to be generally studying or we're going to be less concerned with the details of Jesus's life. But we're going to be concerned more about how humanity and divinity coexisted in the person of Jesus Christ. Okay, and it's basically considering this question that the Lord Jesus asked his disciples in Matthew chapter 16 verse 13. What is the question Jesus asks his disciples in Matthew chapter 16 verse 13? Anyone knows? Matthew chapter 16 verse 13. Can you look it up? What's the question Jesus asked them? Yes. Who do men say that I the Son of man? Okay, so it's basically considering this question that Jesus put to his disciples when he was the cause of Caesarea Philippi. When he asked his disciples, who do men say that I the Son of man am? Okay, so what was people's understanding of who Jesus was? What is the answer? Some say you are Elijah. What else did they say? Some say you are John the Baptist. Some say you are Jeremiah. Others say that you are one of the prophets. And when they were giving all these answers, they were answering according to their own. Yeah, their own imagination, their own knowledge, their own understanding, according to the understanding of flesh and blood. But what does Peter say? You are the Christ, the Son of the living God. Thank you Sanjay and many of our in-person students also said that. They said you are the Son of God, you are the Christ, the Son of the living God. Okay, and what does Jesus tell him? When he answers this question. Flesh and blood has not revealed this to you. Yes, flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but mine? Father in heaven. Father in heaven, yes. Okay, so we are basically going to be answering this question. Okay, who? Jesus is asking you, who do men say I, the Son of man? So the problem with Christology is the mystery of incarnation. Right, how can God become man? So that's a big problem with Christology. And students of Christology kind of grapple with this whole question, even as they try to understand it. You know, has God indeed become man? Did God really become man? You know, how can logos truly become flesh? How can the word become flesh? And you know, how can deity and humanity coexist in perfect unity in one person? Jesus Christ. So these are some of the questions that a student who is studying Christology will encounter. Okay, while we, you know, try to answer all of these questions. You know, we shall not attempt or I said, I'll say we shall not dare to attempt and answer the how of incarnation. Because we really can't, you know, answer the how of incarnation. How did God become man? We can't answer that part. Okay, but we shall only try to understand and affirm what scripture says or what Bible says concerning the person of Jesus Christ. Okay, so in Christology, we are going to be studying about the deity of Christ and the humanity of Christ. So when we study the deity of Christ, we will be looking at his pre-existence. We have to prove that if he is Jesus's God, he had to be pre-existent, his eternal nature. We look at the Old Testament prophecies regarding Christ. And then we look at Christ's humanity. We look at his incarnation, how he was sinless. We look at his death, his resurrection, his ascension, his exaltation, and we will also be looking at his return. Okay, so let's begin our study about looking and studying about the divinity of Jesus Christ. Okay, now if you have to prove that Jesus is God, we have to prove that he is pre-existent. Okay, or his nature is one of being eternal. Okay, because only God is eternal. When we say eternal, what do we mean? Forever without end. Okay, when we say eternal, what do we mean? Endless everlasting. Okay, no beginning, no end, always was, always is, always will be. Okay, so we look and study the pre-existence of Christ. Now when we are trying to prove, when we study Christology or any theology, it's all theological, any field in theology, it'll all be based out of the word of God. So we'll be looking at a lot of scripture passages, which we'll be studying in detail. Okay, so the pre-existence of Christ, chapter one. Did Christ exist before he came into this world? Yes, no? Yes, I'm sure about it. Okay, thank you. So how can we prove to people that Christ existed before he came into this world? John 1-1, okay. What else? Genesis chapter one was, okay, Genesis chapter one was 26. Okay, yes, anyone else? Creation, Lucy says, okay. A good chapter to look at or to take people to is John chapter one. Okay, let's read John chapter one versus one to four. Can somebody read that please? John chapter one was one to four.  He was in the beginning with God. All things were made through him and without him nothing was made that was made in him was life and the life was the light of men. Amen. Thank you sister, get through it. Can somebody else read John chapter one verse 14 please? John chapter one verse 14 and the word become flesh and dwelt among us and we be held is glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father full of grace and truth. Amen. So here, who is John introducing? Who is John introducing in John chapter one? Jesus. And yes, thank you is introducing Jesus.  As the word. That he was in the beginning. Okay, he was in the beginning, but what is the word he's using to talk about Jesus? He's the word of God. Word, yes. He's saying in the beginning was the word. Word.  If you look at the W, can you see something different there? It's a capital W. We don't usually write capital W in the middle of a sentence for a word. Right. It has to be a small W. But here, when you're talking about PSS and CAPS, so when you're talking about W word is referring to a person, referring to Jesus. So even in scripture, when we see, when talking about the Holy Spirit and you just mentioned spirit, it'll be a capital S referring to the person, the Holy Spirit. When you're talking about God in comparing to other gods, we talk about, we put a capital G. When we're talking about God, he, when you're referring to him as he, him, it's all in capital H. So here we see that he's talking about Jesus Christ and referring to Jesus Christ as the Messiah as the word. He's saying the beginning was the word and the word was with God and then he's saying the word was God. And he was with God in the beginning. All things were made through him and without him, nothing was made that has been made in him was life. That means he's saying in this word was God in him and he was pre-existent. He was with God. He created everything in him was life and the life was the light of men. And in verse 14 he says the word became flesh talking about the incarnation, how God became man and dwelt among us. Dwelt means lived among us and we beheld his glory, the glory of the one and only begotten of the Father full of grace and truth. Did you ever wonder why John introduces Jesus as the word? Why can't he say in the beginning was Jesus and Jesus was with God and Jesus was God? Why do you think he has to introduce Jesus as the word? And what is the Greek word for word? Logos. So if you read it, say in the beginning was the logos, the logos was with God and the logos was God. Have you ever wondered why John introduces Jesus as the logos of the word? Can you please? The old system. Okay, it was they more or less kept hearing God's voice word. Okay. Yes, God's word was very significant for them. They didn't see God. They heard word of his voice and what he said and what he spoke. Yes. Anyone else? Why does John? Sister, he created the universe with his spoken word. He created the stars, the moon and the sun and everything was created by his spoken word. Yes. Thank you. That's not so important because the Jews John is writing to a Jewish audience and he knew that the Jews knew the importance of God's word because God spoke and everything came into existence. Everything came into being. Everything is held by God's word. Yes. And the laws which they gave so much of importance to the commandments, all was spoken by God, the word. Yes, had such an important place in the life of the Jews. Anyone else has any other thoughts? Okay. Let's look at some of the reasons why we think that John introduced Jesus as the logos or the word. Now the Greek word logos when it's translated in the New Testament can mean report, judgment, speech, reason or word. But when we look at this word logos in the historical Jewish setting, it had a much more profound and a richer and a deeper meaning. And that is why Apostle John is using logos to introduce Jesus as the one who is God and who became incarnate. So why does he use it? Why does he use it? Because of the philosophy that was already there around this word logos and the rich meaning that it had in the historical Jewish setting. So there was a Greek philosopher. We know that basically in Jesus' time they lived in Rome and there was a mix of Roman and Greek learning and teaching. So this Heraclitus, a Greek philosopher who lived in the sixth century. He defined this word logos as an internal principle, an eternal principle which gives order to the universe. So basically he was looking at the universe and this philosopher and he was looking at it and he was seeing that there's so much of order and there's so much of coherence. Which means there's reason and order. And when you look at nature, he looked at it like nature having a reason. Which means it was not just created arbitrarily or just did not come out with a big bang or just did not happen accidentally. It just did not come to being by itself but he saw it as there's somebody behind it giving it perfect order and coherence. So there was reason and order in the universe and he looked at this logos as this invisible hand which we can't see. Ensuring that there is a sense of structure, unity and harmony in nature even though there were changes that were happening in nature. So looking at nature this philosopher is trying to reason who is behind this whole nature. So he coins his word as logos and says this logos is this invisible hand which is making sure that everything in this universe has sense, structure, harmony even in the midst of constant change that is happening in the world. Another Greek philosopher, Crispus, who lived in the third century, he defined logos as a purposeful and guiding reason. So for Crispus, this philosopher, logos basically represented somebody who was a rational, which means a rational means we're not saying somebody who has a mind that has wisdom, purpose, knowledge, creativity.  So when he looked at creation, there's so much of order and meaning and purpose to everything. And so he says it is this logos that is bringing about this rational and this purposeful force that is governing this whole universe. And other philosophers during this time basically understood logos as a rational principle in the mind which is expressed in speech. Okay, so they're trying to understand, you know, how is this such perfection and order in creation.  And they're expressing it their thoughts through human communication through human words. So for other philosophers logos essentially points to, you know, the role of reason and speech as essential components of understanding and expressing the world. Okay, now if you didn't understand anything about these philosophers, doesn't really matter. Okay, it just they're trying to understand how is their perfect order and, you know, and unity and structure in creation. They're saying it's because of this logos, this logos is this guiding principle. This logos is this, you know, purposeful reason was providing existence and also this eternal principle was giving order to the universe. Okay, now because and also in the mind of these Jewish readers that John is writing to, you know, they had this whole understanding of, you know, this logos as they had a dual understanding, a double understanding of this word logos for the Jewish Jewish people. They understood it as a powerful and creative word of God in the Old Testament by which he created the heavens and the earth like some of you already mentioned. Okay, like we read in Psalm 33 verse six. So already this logos was there in the mind of the readers.  Now Phileo was an Old Testament Jewish interpreter who lived during the first century AD, and he tried to understand who this logos was. And he said this logos is an intermediary between God and the universe. So he said that this logos is basically he saw logos as somebody who's divine and this connecting force that bridge the gap between the transcendent God and the material world. Or he saw this logos as somebody who, you know, facilitated communication and interaction between the divine REM or the spiritual REM and the physical REM or the heavenly REM and the earthly REM. So he saw this logos as an intermediary between God and man.  And then John says, Hey, this logos actually is not just a guiding reason is not just a principle in the mind. Okay, that is giving order to this universe. It's not even an intermediary between God and man or between the physical REM and the spiritual REM or the heavenly REM and the earthly REM. But he introduces this logos and he says this logos is God. Okay, so in John chapter one, you know, he's he's basically declaring four important attributes of this logos. Okay, so he's saying that this logos was in the beginning. Okay, so he's indicating that Jesus Christ, who is the Messiah, he existed not only before he came into this world as a baby was born as a baby, but also before all time, before even time began, even before the foundation of the world. You know, he was there. He was not just from the beginning, but he was in the beginning. Okay, very important. John does not say in the beginning was the word. I mean, he says in the beginning was the word, which means he doesn't say from the beginning doesn't say that. He says in the beginning. Okay, when you say from the beginning means, okay, Jesus had a beginning. Okay, there was a time when he was from. But he says in the beginning was the word, which means that even in the beginning Jesus was there. Okay, so he was there before all time. He was not just from the beginning, but he was also in the beginning, and he had his being before the beginning, even before time began, even for the foundation of the world. He had his being, he was existent, even before the beginning. So we can say he never began and therefore was ever. So there was never a time when he was not. There will never be a time when we cease to exist. He always existed. He is existing and he will always exist. Okay, so we can say he never began. There was never time when he began and therefore was ever. Okay, so the first thing important attribute he introduces about the slogos was he says the word was in the beginning. That means he was there from the, not from the beginning, but he was already there in the beginning. He was already existent. The second thing, second attribute he says is the word was with God. Okay, so by saying this, what is John trying to prove? By saying that the word was with God, what is John trying to prove? Okay, along with the father, the son was there. So what is he trying to prove? That both are one. Yes, both are one, that he is God, right? That Jesus was ever with God the father and he was ever with God the Holy Spirit. Okay, like we read in John chapter one was 18. What can somebody read that please? John chapter one was 18. Can somebody read John chapter one was 18? No one has seen God at any time. The only begotten son who is in the bosom of the father, he has declared him. Yes, here John says one who was in the bosom of the father. What does it mean by saying he is a bosom of the father? What does it mean a bosom of the father? What does it mean? Yes, very close to the father.  Which means very intimately one with the father. So he was very intimately one with the father, means very close with the father. So the word was with God. This is the second attribute that he's introducing about the slogos who is Jesus Christ. What is the third attribute? Third attribute he says is the word. The beginning was the word. The word was with God and the word was God. Yes, thank you, Warren. The word was God. So he's saying that the slogos is not an intermediary or is not a guiding principle, you know, or an eternal principle. He is God. So he's saying Jesus was God. Jesus is God.  When you talk about he possessed the essence, the word essence basically means he possessed the nature or the characteristics of God. Essence, E-S-S-E-N-C-E, not vanilla essence or strawberry essence that we put in food or chocolate essence. This is essence talking about the nature or the characteristic of God. So he says he possessed the essence or some of the theologians says he possessed the substance. And the word they use for substance is homo-u-c-o-s-h-o-m-o-u-s-o-i-s. It means same in being or same in essence. So when you're saying same in substance, same in essence, it means all that made God God. All the nature that makes God God was in Jesus Christ. He had the same essence, the same substance. Some places you will read by some theologian, same essence, same substance. When we're wondering here what is the substance of God, it just means the same nature, the characteristics, the being that makes God God. So this he's saying this logos was not an intermediary creature. He's not some intermediary creature between God and man. The logos was God himself because he has the same essence, the being that makes God God. And Psalm 90 was two highlights, a very important attribute of God. Can somebody read that please? Before the mountains were brought forth, or ever you had formed the earth and the world, even from everlasting to everlasting, you are God. Amen. Thank you, Warren. It says that from everlasting to everlasting, you are God. Okay, so there's never a time when he began, there will never a time when he ceased to exist from everlasting to everlasting. He is God. He's God from everlasting to everlasting, God transcends time. Therefore in saying that the word was God, we understand that this logos, who is Jesus Christ, was from eternity, which means was from everlasting, which means from eternity past. And will be everlasting, which means eternity future. So when we say everlasting to everlasting, we mean from eternity past to eternity future. Okay, so we looked at the three attributes. The first thing was in the beginning was the word, second attribute, the word was with God. The third thing, the word was God. And the fourth thing, in him was... In him is life.  Now do you know what's the Greek word for life? Yes, zoe. Zoe. Thank you, zoe. Now this word when it's used in the New Testament refers to spiritual life, especially to eternal life, eternal life that comes from God. When we have faith in Jesus Christ, so it's basically meaning spiritual life, eternal life that we receive from God when we put our faith in Jesus Christ. But very interesting to look at what more about this word zoe. So let's look at John chapter five, verse 26, which gives us a deeper insight into this word zoe or life. Can somebody read that please? John chapter five, verse 26. For as the father has life, zoe in himself. So he has granted the son to have life, zoe in himself. Amen. So when we look at this verse and we look at this word life, it's talking about zoe. It says, for as the father has life in himself, so he has granted the son to have life in himself. So when we look at this word zoe or what we understand from this word zoe is basically zoe is the life that God has in him, self. God is self-existent. Are we self-existent? Are we self-existent? No. No, why? Because we are created beings. Okay. We're dependent. We're dependent on what? We're dependent on God. We're dependent on oxygen, right? We're dependent on the temperature. We're dependent on so many environmental factors for us to breathe and be healthy and be alive, right? So we are not self-existent beings. Okay. We are created beings and not like God. He's self-existent. He's self-sustained. He does not depend on anything or anyone for his existence. Okay. And he's not dependent also on any outward source for his existence. We also depend on food and water for our existence, right? So the zoe is basically the self-existent, self-sustaining and the eternal life of God. Okay. So Jesus, when he says that in him was life in this logo or this word was life, he's saying that, hey, in Jesus is the self-existing, existing self-sustaining and the eternal life of God. Eternal life means eternal life from eternity past to eternity future. And because he has this zoe in him, he is God. He is not just that he has zoe, but he is zoe. Okay. Here, like we read in John chapter five verse 26, it says, so he granted the son to have zoe in himself. So Jesus does not just have the zoe in himself.  How do we know that? Jesus said, I am the way, the truth and the life. So he just does not have this zoe or he just does not have this life in himself. But in fact, he is life. Okay. So that is what Jesus says. I am the way, the truth and the life. And so by introducing these four important aspects of who this logos is, John is basically defining and declaring who this logos is. And he is presenting this logos and referring to him as God himself. Okay. So isn't that beautiful the way he introduces and the way he makes known who Jesus is. Okay. So when we study these, the scripture in John chapter one, we basically see that Jesus is pre-existent. He was there in the beginning.  And he is self-existent. And he is from everlasting to everlasting, which means he's from eternity past to eternity future. And there'll be never a time when he was never there, there was cease to exist and there will never be a time when he will stop existing. And hence he is God. Okay. We will also look at his nature and attributes. So as a pre-existent Christ, we will look at Christ nature and his attributes. Okay. So if he is God, then he has to have the nature and the attributes of that may God God. Right. And if he has that, then we can prove that Jesus is God. So we're going to look from scripture and prove that Jesus is pre-existent. He is the pre-existent Christ. And also we'll prove that he has the nature and the attributes of God. An important scripture passage that talks about the nature and the attributes of God is Philippians chapter 2 verses 5 to 7. Okay.  John chapter 1. Okay. If somebody asks you, hey, prove to me that Jesus has the nature and the attributes of God. One of the verses you can use is Philippians chapter 2 verses 5 to 7. Can we read that please? Which was also in Christ Jesus, who being in the form of God did not consider it robbery to be equal with God but made himself of no reputation taking the form of a born servant and coming in the likeness of men. Okay. So here we see that Jesus Christ, who being in the form of God did not consider it to be equal or robbery with God but made himself of no reputation and he took upon himself the form of a born servant. Again, the word form here coming in the likeness of men. Very important scripture passage. We study a bit about it here and we study more about it in detail in the other chapters but we will be coming back to this verse again and again and studying because it has such deep theological truths for us to understand and learn. But I'll stop here because we just have one minute and I can't explain the whole thing. Anyone has any questions? In the opening remarks, we were discussing that the entire course will be dealing more with regard to the why of Christ and Christology but the way it summarized in the first passage of John, it also addresses even the how also. Yeah, but we're not going to get into the depth of how. You know, but how did he become man? How did he become man? We don't know the entire process. I'm talking about the process. Okay. Not talking about the entire process, how he became man. We can't explain that but we are just going to look at the why of Incarnation. Why did God become man? Any questions? No. This is a very important course, Christology, foundational to our very understanding of Christ and the truth. So I request you to please go back, look at the passages we looked at and studied in detail so it can be ingrained in your mind and you know these truths can really minister and you can also teach others the same. Okay. No questions will end class. Thank you all for joining class and I'll meet you on Friday. Right. Okay. Thank you. Thank you, sister. Thank you. Thank you, Warren. Thank you.


On behalf of the Southern California University of Health Sciences, faculty, staff, administration, students, and Board of Regents, I want to wish everybody a very happy holiday. Happy holidays! Hey, happy holidays! Happy holidays! Hi everyone! Happy, happy, happy holidays! Happy holidays! Happy holidays! Happy holidays! Happy holidays!


Hello guys, Arlene here, with more What's Up tips, in this video we're going to show you how to make the best use out of your settings, and also stick around because we're going to talk about how easy it is to use What's Up web. Welcome to Bruns and Learning! First of all, open the app and go into Settings. The first option will be Account. Here you will see Privacy, Security, two-step verification, change number and delete my account. Let's go into Privacy. Here you can decide who sees your last scene, your profile photo, your about and your status. You can choose between everyone, contacts or nobody. You will also find the option of your blocked contacts, and to send a red received notification. Let's go into Security. This is just to let you know that your messages are secure between you and the intended contact. And you can turn on notifications to let you know when someone's security code has changed. Two-step verification is to give you added security. Follow them on screen instructions if you wish to enable this feature. If you want to change your phone number, but keep your account, go into Change number and follow them on screen instructions. If you need to delete your account, you will need to enter your phone number and then follow the instructions. Remember, this action cannot be undone. Let's go into Chats. You can decide to set the Enter key, Ascent or you see to add a new one. With font size, you can choose between small, medium and large. Note that not all phones have these features. You can choose a wallpaper you want for the background of your chats. WhatsApp have some you can choose from or you can use something from your own gallery. If you want to transfer your chats to a new phone, make sure you use chat backup. You can backup your chats to your Google Drive or to your iCloud. Choose whether or not to backup all your photos and videos. And in your chat history, you can email your chat history, archive all chats, clear all chats or delete all chats. Here in notifications, you can really personalize your WhatsApp. What did you have a play around and decide if you want conversation tones, vibrate, pop up notifications and choose the notification tones for chats, group messages and calls. Next we have network usage and data. Do you want to stop pictures and videos downloaded straight to your gallery? In media auto download, you can select what gets downloaded and when. For example, you can set all downloads to be done over WiFi only or over mobile data and WiFi. And in call settings, you have the option of low data usage when making WhatsApp calls. A feature that we love to use here at Burnalern is WhatsApp Web. What is WhatsApp Web? It's simply an extension of the WhatsApp account you have on your phone. This is great if you are at work and you don't want to use up your battery or get distracted by checking your phone. Open WhatsApp and go to menu or settings and select WhatsApp Web.  The messages you sent and received are automatically synced between your phone and your PC. And you can see all messages in both devices. Follow the instructions and you're all set to go. So this is it for today guys. Stick around for more tips and very soon, new applications as well. See you around. Want our accelerated learning program? Become a member of the inner circle and accelerate your learning with these seven learning tools. One, direct chat with experts for fast answers to your questions. Two, one-on-one coaching to grasp more complex computer skills or needs. Three, an interactive coding platform to teach you coding skills and concepts. Four, an exclusive video library not on YouTube to build your knowledge on many topics. Five, a placeholder that automatically returns to the exact place where you stopped watching. Six, downloadable exercise files to lock in your learning on especially tough topics. And seven, continued access to our free videos on YouTube. So click this button to begin a 14-day free trial. After the free trial, you can join the inner circle for a low price of $9.99 per month. Use your free trial to look around and check us out. Then start learning computer skills on an accelerated basis on Burn to Learn.


I think probably most of you know, one or both of us, I'm Kyle, this is Adam, we're the biocast of the Zedmonds here, and it's just got to go over kind of a quick primer for those of you who don't know what a biocat is, and maybe some information about it you didn't know. There's been some confusion lately, it sounds like some people seem to think that, you know, it's kind of the wild west, it's kind of maybe you build your own, no support, that kind of thing. So here to clarify some of that and kind of give you some information about what a biocat is and how it might help you out. First things first, high performance computing in general, or as we see it, what we call it, and what is that? It's really a whole bunch of computers working together as one large computer or in some cases, you know, we'll have clusters of these 24 machines that work on one project, and these 10 will work another, and these other ones will be working on individual ones or maybe even sort of double piece, that kind of thing. They're made to run, we're using a protocol called MPI, which is letting us park between machines as well as inside machines to run things parallel versus serial. One thing we emphasize is that if you, especially if you're running serial codes, if your software isn't specifically designed to take care of one-on-one core, running my HPC won't make your code run faster. Now, that doesn't mean that it's still no good because if your serial code is running for three weeks on your laptop and you can't use it for three weeks, you still might want to upload it somewhere else, we're still good in those cases, but that's not what our focus is, but we still have some use even in there. But just so you know, you run over on a big machine, it doesn't necessarily mean it's going to run faster. 95% or so run Linux, ours runs Linux, and that's as opposed to Unix, the previous team, some of those other strange things. Nobody runs Windows, Microsoft, Pride, an HPC initiative 10-ish years ago and it pretty well flopped. So nobody's really doing HPC on anything besides Unix-like platforms. Is that a supercomputer in the top 500 is running this? No, there's like three of them that aren't. I think there's two of them that are running VSD and one I'm running with Rydery Unix, I don't remember, so it's pretty close to me. As with any scarce resource, we have to have a technical way of assigning resources to people, and we have it through a scheduler. So as opposed to your desktop where you tell it to, I want to start working on this problem, use it into a scheduler, it says, I can fit you in at this date, this time, and let's it run then.  So they're always doing these re-computations so they can make the most efficient use of the resources that we have. And it is research-grade. I like to claim that we have a solid 95 as an uptime. We really do shoot for about 95% of time, but we are not shooting for the super uptime like we do on the central IT. We don't have all the redundancy built in, and I appreciate the job that they do because I like getting my check every Friday. And so, but we're not that. We are not trying to be super duper reliable. We spend our money on making it go as fast as we can while we can. So that's kind of the difference between us and what you might think of as your typical IG stuff. It's full statistics here, just from where we are as of right now. And this is, yep, everything is up and going, which very rarely is all of it going up and going at once because when you're running this many machines, things happen, especially when they start getting old. We have some that are five, six, seven years old now at this point. I think, very, anyway, we have 339 nodes. It's a little over 200 cores in there. RAM, 43 terabytes of RAM among those. That's really kind of case states niche when you compare us to our peer institutions. The number of cores we have, the number of nodes we have is a little bit lower than some of those, but the number of RAM we have is higher. That's just due to the nature of the problems that we tend to be solving right now, the biggest drivers of that tend to be chemistry and DNA sequencing through plant pathology and some other places that are doing DNA type things. We have a little over three petabytes, broad disk space in our main cluster. We have another half petabyte or more in the secondary cluster. That's raw space. We do, I say we're, research grade doesn't mean we have no redundancy. We are running normal replications and that kind of thing. So one of our 500 disks goes out and we're not losing everything, which makes sense. We do have 102 GPUs that cost us about $370,000, two quarters in there. That's, we are running desktop quality GPUs, our stuff, just because they're single precision, employee point is about equivalent as the bigger machines that cost 10 times as much and most of our codes run single precision. So for what we need to do, that works out pretty well. Our biggest nodes that we have, this one's actually, this is the oldest one I'm talking about. I think it's about seven years old, six, seven years old in there. It's got 80 cores and a terabyte of RAM. I like pulling this up when people have not seen machines being used in an HVC environment before. I'll pull up one of the machines and show them H-top on it, because you'll see 80 cores running flat out 100% CPU utilization almost all the time. And it's kind of impressive to see that many just like pay. And it has a terabyte of RAM. So even though it's older and the CPU is a little over on that one, it has plenty of RAMs that makes it useful. We do have a couple of machines that have 32 spally cores of the newest ones and a terabyte and a half of RAM and some GPUs in there too. So we don't have a lot in that range because those are obviously really expensive machines. We start from that much RAM in a box, but we do have those. That's the big end, the small end. We have several of these, these 16 standard-grange cores with 64 gigs of RAM and with even small RAM, 20 Broadwell is the next previous generation with 32 gigs of RAM. So still fairly decent size even on the small RAM, but pretty impressive when you get to the bigger end of machines. We're funded. Everything is supported by grants with the exception of a couple of socially funded salaried lights including mine, which I appreciate. Thanks guys. Everything else is provided for by our supporters. So this is people's buying machines for us. And I'll talk about that in just a second. It is free for use for any researcher in the state and their collaborators. And yes, that really means free. Anybody here on campus, if you have some computing time, these would be used. You can sign up and you can use it for free. Now, if you're running on the free tier, you also get pushed to the back of the line. So that's the trick is that, sometimes especially if you're running in small jobs, a lot of times you can even run just as well if you would if you don't know. But so what we do is we have people buy us machines. And the deal with that is that then if you buy a machine, you have priority access on that machine. So if anybody outside of your working group is on that machine and you need to use it, it kicks them off. That'd be the free people on the free tier. It kicks them off and then you get priority access on it. Typical work cycle of a research machine is people work on it really heavily for somewhere from one to three months and then it'll sit doing nothing for another one to three months. Sometimes that process is faster, sometimes it's slower. But that's fairly typical for a research, a particular researcher. So they'll have it really, their machines will be really busy for a while and then they'll go idling. They won't be using it for a while, whether while they're doing their own analysis and that kind of things or offline work. And that's when the people on the free tier can jump on there and use their machines for free. So that's kind of how we fund this whole thing and how we can make it free for any research in the state. And it is a researcher in the state. We do have people from other universities, Kuporia, Fort Hayes, Benedictine even has one. And one of my personal points of pride is that we've had a couple of people from K-Event Center used our machine because it's easier to get it down on our machine than it was to get on K-Use machine. Our supporters tend to be people who have run their own clusters in the past. You guys are IT pros so you probably understand this pretty well. But people find out that the expensive part about running a machine is not buying hardware. It's keeping the security patches. It's keeping software updated and all this kind of thing. You don't want turnover. So people would buy a cluster in the past and be a six-node cluster or something small like that and they'd have to put a grad student on it. And then the grad student would graduate and the six-node students say, I can't walk in anymore. What do I do? And they don't know. So those tend to be our biggest supporters or people who have had their own clusters in the past. And more recently, Central has been pushing people toward us whenever people talking about buying with startup funds, that kind of thing. So we have a wider variety now than we did when I started here 60 years ago. Why this matter to you? Okay, we support your researchers. We do have two full-time system administrators. We have a full-time application scientist. We call him our user optimizer. Sometimes he optimizes codes, sometimes he just optimizes the users. And that really gets into some of the finer points using the system as effectively as possible. And he is there full-time. He'll, it's not unusual to come by an afternoon and he'll be sitting down with somebody I've never met before, either rewriting code or figuring out the best way and you'll figure out how to best scale it or scale it really well up to one machine, but not on multiples or just scale it really well to eight machines. But once you put the knife on there, the performance really slowed down. He's really good about that. And we do have another person on staff. He's working specifically with the CNAP project. That was a $10 million grant, $8 million grant, something like that that was announced last year is with the psychology department, I believe. Anyway, they're kind of separate. They kind of work with us, but not really, but we do have somebody actually working full-time on that. Why this matter to you?  We are here to help you guys out. As far as the research side of things, we don't do anything on the academic side of the house. We don't do anything production side of the house. But on the research side, we can help you out. And hey, we can offload some of your work. Isn't that a good thing? We want to be there. We are in a good spot to be helping those people out, whereas you might have limited knowledge in that particular area. So especially when it comes to Linux and that type of thing, people who don't work with Linux tend to know nothing about it. And people who work with it tend to know a lot about it. So we can help you out with that. My boss, Danny Driesen, also teaches a class every fall. It's CS625. It's parallel computing. Something's good, parallel programming. That's a big point, parallel programming. Actually, we usually call it 625 because computer guys don't do that. But anyway, he is constantly putting out calls for people who need better code. So all the students in that class have a project they have to do where they're optimizing code and they're optimizing best ways. We had somebody actually got an A in the classes last year by reading documentation. Seriously, it was like, okay, we're gonna have to rewrite this and make it better. And they went to the documentation. Oh, it's already done that. We just need to invoke it the right way. They got off really easy, but sometimes that's what it takes. You know, it's a matter of understanding what's going on. The people running it didn't understand what was going on and they got a significant speed up from reading the documentation and using it correctly. And that's okay. And so if you have even just like one or two people that are needing stuff going faster, that is a resource that you can use. Here's some examples. We decided not to put names on here. So the veterans were reporting this and we're gonna put this on our YouTube channel and I don't wanna call anybody off that kind of thing. But we had somebody in the specific department. They were using R. And they had jobs that were running in the two to three week range. And they were running a couple hundred thousand of them in that two to three week range and it was taking a while. Dave, our application scientist, the user optimization guy, he rewrote it in C and that gave it 10 times speed up. And then he parallelized it some in C and that gave it another five times speed up.  So now instead of running in two to three weeks, he was running in a couple of hours. That makes a huge difference when your researchers are getting things done. And when they can start doing that, especially when you're talking to that volume of jobs they're doing. One of my favorite stories, this was like one of those 625 projects I was just talking about student worked on that one. You can see the number in there. It's pretty impressive. We had a researcher come to us and met and saying, we have things going, but it's working, but it's really slow. Now, usually when we hear things really slow, we typically think of something in the weeks, maybe a couple of weeks, maybe a month kind of range.  Well, from what it's done so far and how many we have to go, we think it's going to take about 150 years. Obviously that's not tenable. So he threw this at a student group and they got an 18 million time speed up, got it down to a few minutes. Brown something that was taken in the hour, just from being inefficient in the way it was being coded and taking over some of those kinds of things. We have some non-commissioned things we've done too because we have a lot of hardware out there. We work with Econ here this last year. They have a Windows Matlab server in their office and their own server was dying. And they were wanting to move things to diverse infrastructure. And from this, they needed several quarters and 64 gigs of RAM and central P to us saying, we don't have any machines that have 64 gigs of RAM or gigs of RAM that we can throw at this. And so we worked with Central and with the group. We created a virtual machine, a Windows machine that they are actually running all the security and that kind of thing. So we don't have to go outside of our expertise. We have Central doing that, but we're throwing the hardware at it because that research grade is good enough for what they were working on there. And we can throw a lot of hardware at it real quick and so we can make them happy, kept IT happy, he said it was IT happy because they weren't having to use a lot of their resources on something that was being used in a research and non-critical role like that. Mechanical engineering. We had somebody who was what, six months ago maybe? Yeah, that was six months ago. That their job kept using more and more RAM as they were trying to do it. We had somebody work on it and figured out where things were going on this reprogramming and got that down from running over 75 gigs per job to down to less than one gig per hour. It was a MATLAB application. They had actually compiled it down to a binary that you could use as well, as we do without MATLAB. And we think that the MATLAB garbage collection was not collecting fast enough. And so it would easily hit 75 to 150, somewhere in there, gigs of memory and he just rewrote that and see and it runs in less time and way, way, way less memory. Another one, this just happened this week. So this is brand new and we had a PhD student in physics that had a Python program and Adam sat down with him and was just yesterday. Yeah, two days ago. Two days ago. These jobs were running, again, looking like it was going to take several weeks. And by figuring out how this thing was running and how we could optimize it, he got that finished at the afternoon that he came in to visit with us after using a significant portion of our cluster resources for a couple of weeks, sat down with us and got that down to a very short time period he was done that afternoon. So, so we do work with people, you know, we have on the programming in, on the use in that kind of thing. Those are what we really do well at. And in the other side of things. Other resources that we can help with, we have a MATLAB compilation license and MATLAB is a big thing across campus. We can't run MATLAB, we actually, we can run MATLAB directly on our cluster but we don't provide any license. So you have to provide your own license server and people don't tend to like that because they don't know when the job's going to start so they don't want to be off of their own license and that kind of thing. But we do have a MATLAB compiler license. So it'll actually take MATLAB and create C. This is a, this is a math works project. This is not anything we've done. This is them, they have this. And so you compile it one time and then you can submit that job without actually running MATLAB, you're just running their C code onto our cluster. So that's one thing we do. We have exceed resources. That is, if things get too big for you but us, we've only had it happen a couple of times but you have people that need a whole lot of processing power. We have contacts around the nation exceeding the national resource, running on computers in Pittsburgh, in San Diego and Austin, Texas. Some of the bigger supercomputers in the world actually and help us get those jobs out of there even if we need to get to that site. On the other end of that, we have open science grid. Open science grid is for high throughput competing where you might have a smaller job, doesn't require a lot of resources. What you're doing it millions of times potentially or hundreds of thousands of times. So you're doing my carless simulations, those types of things that, you know, they don't take a lot of resources individually but together they can get a lot. So we remember open science grid, you can submit your jobs out there and it'll be distributed nationwide. So you might have a couple of jobs right here at K-State, you might have some in Nebraska, you might have some in Chicago, you might have some elsewhere but instead of running all on one spot, it's distributed nationwide and we can help you get on to that. And this is new actually just this week, we actually got it running. GPN is a Great Plains Network that is a consortium of states in this area, us, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, what's that? Minnesota, yeah, South Dakota, North Dakota, yeah, kind of the Midwest region. That's a group of states that are working together on a bunch of projects and we now have a Kubernetes cluster distributed there too. So we need some Docker and containerized stuff. We have ways we can go there, like I said, that's very highly experimental right now but if you have something that fits in that project space, let us know, I'll be out with you. Yeah, that's it, we've got a meeting.


Hello everybody, Andrea Mayesty here with Dental Oil Tutoring, a day in the life let's say of a dental professional because not necessarily a dental hygienist, not necessarily dental assistant, but this could happen to anybody working in the dental office. So I think that this will be a great thing to talk about and this happened to me today so that's why I'm talking about it. So I have patient who was extremely nervous and this could go for any age. They could be 18, they could be 40, they could be 80, it doesn't matter. But you might be wondering well what's the best way to handle a patient or to talk to a patient who's extremely nervous.  So there are right things to say and there's wrong things to say too. So I'm going to go back and forth on this a little bit but so let's say you have a patient who comes in and they pretty much tell you right away like hi I'm really nervous, it's my first appointment here, I haven't been to the dentist in like five years because I had a bad experience, I don't like it, I had a mean one before, I just, I'm not happy to be here, you know. So let's say they're coming in for their cleaning, okay, so let's just say it's their first cleaning, right. So you haven't even looked inside their mouth, you don't know how the oral hygiene is, it could be horrible, the cleaning could be painful, you know, who knows, right. But so this applies to everybody, so what you need to do is say to them, I totally understand, you know, we see a lot of nervous patients, we totally understand, thank you for letting me know, you know, but I can happily say that you have come to the right place, if you have any questions at any time please let me know because I am here to help. I do completely understand, so do not be afraid to say that, talk with them, not at them, you know, say to them, you know, things like, you know, I totally understand, even when I was a kid, I hated the dentist because he was mean and I was terrified for years. I saw a patient the other day who was 45 and said that they hadn't been in 10 years because they were terrified, but the good news is after they saw us or me or whatever, they were like, oh my god, that was a huge weight off my shoulders, that wasn't so bad, you know, so do not be afraid to be personal with them, okay, so I always, always do that first, always, because it does not help if you say to them, oh, you'll be fine, that doesn't help them, you guys, because they're thinking, are you even listening to me, like I'll be, I'll be fine, like what do you mean I'll be fine, I'm not fine, you know, I am nervous when I go to the doctors, I don't know why, I don't like having my blood taken, I don't like that, I'm nervous, you know, I am, so I totally understand just some patients are nervous, so do not say to them, oh, you'll be fine, and then just continue doing what you normally would, talk to them, so I find that if you talk to them about what you're doing, that helps so much, so I will send them down, as I said before, I will say to them, you know, I totally understand, if you have any questions about anything, please let me know, but I will also say to them, do you have any questions for me now, you know, even before we get started, do you have any questions, they might go, no, I'm okay, or they might say, well, actually I do, answer their questions, take your time, do not be in a rush, and then say to them, do you have any sort sort of teeth that I should know about, because typically pain and fear comes from being sore, not always, but they might be terrified that you will touch their one tooth that has been hurting for months, who knows, right, so if they say to you, well, my tooth here is really sore, I can't even touch it, then I will say to them, oh okay, thank you for letting me know, I will stay away from that tooth, and then that might just make them feel better entirely, they might go, oh, okay, well, thank you, or if they have a question, sorry guys, I think I just heard something, no one's there, and it got blurry, can you guys see me, okay, good, and then they might have the question, like, I do have a question, is the cleaning going to hurt, because it's been five years, I know my tooth are really, really bad, is it going to hurt, that's a common, you know, question, right, so I am completely honest with them, I say no, it should not hurt, yes, it's been five years, so it does depend on them the amount of plaque and tartar you have, if you have a lot there, then yes, I do have to push a little bit harder, but it doesn't have to be painful, if it is, let me know, because there's always things we could do, I say, we have a topical anesthetic that I can apply around the gums if needed, we have a local anesthetic also, so if you're in pain, which you shouldn't be, but if you're sore, let me know, because I can have the dentist come in and give you a local anesthetic, so I actually show them like this, I don't know why, but that's what I do, and that will help to numb everything, so you don't even feel anything, but that's for the more extreme cases, I'm not saying you need that, but I know so many patients that love it, you know, and then I try to be a little bit funny, and I'll say, you know, I don't know how people love to get the needle, you know, but I have so many patients that love it, and that's the only way that they will get their teeth cleaned if we do a local anesthetic first, so sure, so you know what, because they might go, oh, I didn't even know you had offered that, I think I'd like that, it does happen, or some say, oh gosh, no, I don't want the needle, I'll be fine, you know, so it just depends on the person, but I do, I take things slow, I am not going to go in there and start digging, okay, even if I have to, I'm not going to do that, because they're anxious, they are nervous, they're like, what are you gonna do, right, so I do you guys, I take things slow, often for a nervous patient, if I haven't seen them ever, or if it's been a long time, I can't clean the whole teeth, I can't, even if they have light plaque, I take things slow, and I will probably clean about three teeth first, like, all watch them and see how they're doing, if they're like this, I can tell they're uncomfortable, so I will stop, and I will say, oh, I can tell this is uncomfortable for you, would you like that topical anesthetic, try that first, if they're still like this, they need local anesthetic, okay, seriously, if they're like this the whole time, that's pretty stressful for me, okay, so I will say them, hey, it is fine, how about we do the local anesthetic for half of the milk today, you know, see how you do, you might love it, and say, wow, that was awesome, we have to do that from now on, so let's do half of the milk today, try it and see how you do, if they go, I don't know if I want the local, but they're sitting like this, they need the local, okay, then you could say to them, okay, well, how about I try a different area and see if that's a sensitive for you, but if they're still like this, okay, seriously, you guys, they need the local, and tell them, say it doesn't have to be painful, say I can't clean your teeth because I can tell you're nervous, and I don't want you to be sore, so how about we try the local, let's do half of the milk today, that's it, and then you tell me afterwards if you loved it or if you hated it, it's totally up to you, they love to have that option, so that is an option, but as I said before, I do explain everything to them, like I will say things to them, like okay, so I'll start on the upper right-hand side first, I'll clean it with three teeth, okay, to just kind of see how you are, so after I clean three teeth, I do stop, and say, so how is everything so far, is it tender, painful, anything, hopefully they say, no, that's actually pretty good, okay, then I will move on, but I will also say to them, but please stop me anytime, if you need anything, just lift up your left hand and I will stop, them knowing that they are in control, I think helps, so even as I'm cleaning, you know, I will talk to them, you know, say okay on this tube, there's a little bit more plaque here, but this one, there's like no plaque there, how is that even possible, so I try to mix it with the good and the bad, even if their mouth is horrible, okay, seriously, horrible, I won't say that to them, I will say there's a lot of plaque here, there's a lot of stain especially on the inside of all of your teeth, so that is something that we have to work on, but the funny thing is this one too, there's no plaque on it, so are you brushing that to differently or something, you know, so I still try to be nice and I try to be nice and I try to make them feel comfortable, and I will also say, so if I have to use either the piezo or the cabotron, then I will say to them, because I can be anxious for some people too, right, because there's a lot of water and it makes noise, so I'll say to them, okay, I'm going to use an instrument now that sprays out some water, it is excellent, like your teeth will feel amazing afterwards, it does spray a little bit of water even though it's a lot, but I say a little bit, and it kind of makes an interesting noise too, but same thing with this, I'll clean three teeth, let me know how you are. As I'm cleaning with the piezo and the cabotron, I say, wow, that state is coming off a lot quicker than I thought, so they hear me say that and then they go, oh okay, so this is a good instrument, right, so even if they're a little bit like, oh I don't like that so much, they will like it more if I say, oh wow, it looks amazing, I don't know, it's just something that I do, if they're uncomfortable though and that's painful for them, they probably need local, okay, if you need to use the piezo or the cabotron, do it, but they might need local, that's all, so I say that to them, so I talk to them the whole time, at the end of the appointment, I do say to them, so as I was cleaning the top or the bottom, anything sore, tender, painful, anything, hopefully they say, no, that was actually okay, it was easier than I thought, I say to them, well it took, you haven't been in for five years, so next time will be so much easier, if you can come in every four months, that would be amazing, we'd be done in probably an hour, that's it, and you would love it honestly, so if you thought today was pretty good, next time will be a piece of cake, so I do say that to them, and I say any questions about anything, plus I like to know, so I do also say, now how was your appointment today, because I know that you were pretty nervous, is there anything that I could have improved on, how did everything feel, did you like the instrument that sprays out some water, yes or no, so I do ask them, so they always feel like they're in control, that's huge you guys, the worst thing you can do to a nervous patient is just treat them the same, say hey, any changes in your health history, no okay, awesome, and you don't talk to them, you don't explain things to them, you aren't sympathetic, those are the worst things you can possibly do, if you're cleaning their teeth, go hey, Susan can you come here, I would like to do a probe, no, you should never do that anyway, but especially for nervous patients, you need to think about these things, you need to think about it, the whole staff should be aware that your patient's nervous, so then that way they don't come in like, hey Andrea, can I help you with anything, because that might make them nervous, I don't know, because they'll be like, oh my god, okay who's in the room, what's happening, why is somebody else here, you never know, do not have other staff members come in, hey can I help you with a probe, because if a lot of patients don't like the word probe, so if you say that it's just no fun, sorry guys, I'm just going to stop this for one sec, there I just had some weird things pop up, but I closed them and it's fine now, so just have all of the staff be aware, try to be on time for an anxious patient, because if they're sitting there waiting for their appointment, they're not going to be happy, if they've never seen you before, talk about yourself a little bit as you're cleaning, you know, my name's Andrea, I've been here for this long, I've been in the dental profession for this long, I've seen a lot of nervous patients, I don't know, something like that, just talk to them and make them feel at ease, so sorry guys, this was a longer video than I thought, but thank you for watching, if you guys want me to talk about a certain appointment, a certain patient, let's, you know, talk about it, give me some ideas, I'd be so happy to help, thank you guys for watching and I'll see you in the next one.


Okay let's try some examples. I'm going to work through these examples using the unit conversion format that I've shown you previously. Remember though that it's just as valid and you may prefer to use the formula that I've shown you on the mole map. Okay, first example, if you have 1.9 times 10 to the 22 molecules of caffeine, how many moles of caffeine is this? So we write down what we know as a fraction. And then we think about what conversion factor we need. If we go back to our mole map, the conversion factor between number of particles and moles is Avogadro's number. So we know that 6.022 times 10 to the 23 particles, in this case our particles are molecules, so I'm going to write molecules, is equivalent to 1 mole. And just as in unit conversions we can write our conversion factor one way or the other. We can have 6.022 times 10 to the 23 molecules over 1 mole, or we could write it the other way up. It is completely equivalent either way. Which version you use depends on which unit you're trying to cancel out in your calculations. Here we want to cancel out molecules and be left with moles. So we're going to choose the version that has the 6.022 times 10 to the 23 molecules on the bottom. We can then cancel out the molecules and we're left with moles. When we run through the calculation it looks like this, and the answer it gives us is 0.03155 moles. Now we should check significant figures. If we look back we find that the number of molecules we were given at the start of the problem has two significant figures, the 1.9. So we need to round our final answer to two sig figs as well. Now just a quick reminder, if you plug these numbers into your calculator and you didn't come up with 0.032 moles, one possibility is this. When you enter the number into your calculator you need to make sure that you use this button to put in the exponent. So for instance to enter 1.9 times 10 to the 22, I would enter 1.9, then I would press the times 10 to the button, and then put in the exponent 22. Now if I add equals you can see that formats the number correctly. Avoid the temptation to use this function here. On some calculators this may actually have its own button. On this particular calculator emulator it has it as one of the shift functions. But it is possible to put in 1.9 times, and we use the shift function to get 10 to the, and then type in the exponent like that. That looks exactly the same. But when you do calculations using this number entered in that way, the calculator doesn't treat it as a single number. It treats it as 1.9 and separately as times 10 to the 22. That may not seem like a big deal but when you get into order of operations it means that the calculator misunderstands what you want to do. You could try it now. Try doing this calculation 1.9 times 10 to the 22 divided by 6.022 times 10 to the 23. Try it first using the times 10 to the button that you've got. And then try it again using the shift function or whatever the equivalent button is on your calculator. You should see a difference in the answer. So let's try the next example. We're given a mass of sodium, 0.21 grams, and we're asked to convert this to moles of sodium. So I'll first write down what I know. There's my mass. Now I want to convert from mass to moles. So the conversion factor that I'm going to need is the molar mass. So I need to go to the periodic table and I need to find sodium and find the molar mass of sodium which is 22.989 grams per mole. Now in this problem I want to cancel out the grams and turn it into moles. So I'm going to have to turn my molar mass conversion factor upside down so that the grams is on the bottom and the moles is on the top like this. The grams now cancel out and I'm left with moles. I just need to run through the calculation and I find that it comes out as 9.1348 times 10 to the minus 3 moles. Now I need to look back at the values that I used in the calculation to find the lowest number of sig figs and that's the mass which is given to two significant figures. So I'm going to round this to two significant figures giving 9.1 times 10 to the minus 3 moles. Okay, another example. This time we have 0.21 moles of chlorine gas filling a jar at STP. Remember that's standard temperature and pressure and we want to know what is the volume of the jar. So this conversion is going from moles of chlorine to volume of chlorine and the conversion factor that we're going to use is the molar volume which is 22.4 liters per mole. What I know from the problem is that I have 0.21 moles of chlorine and I need to arrange my conversion factor so that the moles cancel out and I'm left with liters because I'm looking for the volume. So the way that I've written the conversion factor here with the leaders on the top and the moles on the bottom is the correct way around for this problem because it allows the moles to be cancelled out and I'll be left with liters which gives me 4.704 liters. Again I check my sig figs. I had two sig figs in my original volume so I round my final answer to two sig figs as well.


Trying to stay healthy can seem like a full-time job sometimes, especially during a pandemic. But I'm here to make that goal a little easier. Welcome to the Nutrition Facts Podcast. I'm your host, Dr. Michael Greger. Today, the mighty power of oats.  Here is my first story. Fiber continues to be singled out as a nutrient of public health concern. There is a fiber gap in America. We're only getting about half the minimum considered a public health concern for all Americans. Well, not all Americans, less than 3% meet the recommended minimum, meaning less than 3% of all Americans eat enough plant-based foods. The only place fiber is found, even though a nominal 0.1 is thrown in for the meat category, in case someone eats a corn dog or nibbles on the garnish. If even half of the adult population ate 3 more grams a day, like a quarter cup of beans or a bowl of oatmeal, we could save billions in medical costs, and that's just for constipation. The consumption of plant foods, the consumption of fiber-containing foods, reduce risk for diabetes, heart disease, stroke, cancer, and obesity, as well. The first to make this link between fiber-intake and killer disease was probably Dr. Hugh Trowell many decades ago. He spent 30 years practicing in Africa and suspected it was their high consumption of corn, millet, sweet potatoes, greens, and beans that protected them from chronic disease. This kind of got twisted into the so-called fiber hypothesis, but he didn't think it was the fiber itself, but the high fiber foods that were so protective. There are hundreds of different things in whole grains, besides fiber, that may have beneficial effects. For example, yes, the fiber in oatmeal can lower our blood cholesterol levels, so less gets stuck in our arteries, but there are anti-inflammatory and antioxidant phytonutrients that can help prevent atherosclerotic buildup and then help maintain arterial function. Visionaries like Trowell were not entrapped by the reduction of fiber, and Trowell-Mind had focused on dietary fiber and insisted that the whole plant foods should receive the emphasis. Fiber-intake was just kind of a marker for plant food intake. Those with highest fiber intake, the lowest cholesterol, were those who ate exclusively plant-based diets. Risk factors like cholesterol are one thing, but can these individual foods actually affect the progression of heart disease? We didn't know until this study was published. Hundreds of older women were subjected to coronary angiograms, where you can inject dye into the coronary arteries of the heart to see how wide open they are. They got an angiogram at the beginning of the study, then one a few years later, all while analyzing their diets. This is what they found. The arteries of women eating less than a serving of whole grains a day significantly narrowed, whereas the arteries of women who ate just a single serving or more also significantly narrowed, but they narrowed less. These were all women with heart disease eating standard American diet, so their arteries were progressively clogging shut. Heart disease is the number one killer of American women, but there was significantly less clogging in the women eating more whole grains, significantly less progression of their atherosclerosis. In fact, almost as much slowing of their disease as one might get to taking cholesterol-lowering statin drugs. Statins can also slow the rate at which our arteries close. But do we want to just slow the rate at which we die from heart disease, or not die from heart disease at all? A whole food plant-based diet has been shown to reverse the progression of heart disease, opening our arteries back up. Whole grains like the drug can help counter the artery clogging effects of the rest of the diet, and having oatmeal with bacon and eggs is better than just eating bacon and eggs, but better, perhaps, to stop eating an artery-clogging diet altogether. In our next story, oats are put to the test against certain chemo-side effects to see just how soothing and anti-inflammatory they can be. Oatmeal has been used for centuries as a topical soothing agent on the skin to relieve itch and irritation in dermatology. Of course, this is coming from Johnson & Johnson. That sells a brand of oatmeal lotion, but look if it helps with dry skin or a bug bite. I can imagine having some soothing quality, but this study shocked me. There's a class of chemo-drugs like satuximab that causes an awful rash.  No clear, preventive, or curative treatment for this eruption? Or is there? The researchers had heard about this study, in which human skin fragments from plastic surgery were subjected to an inflammatory chemical and adding an oatmeal extract appeared to help. So, hey, what do you have to lose? Of the 10 patients with chemo rashes they were able to get access to to try some oatmeal lotion, six had a complete response, and four a partial response, giving an overall oatmeal response rate of 100%. Doctors wrote in from around the world, significant improvement in all patients seemed rather too good to be true, but out of desperation they tried it and got the same astonishing results. Oatmeal, a simple topical agent producing such spectacular benefit where more complex therapies have failed. In an age, whenever more expensive treatments are consistently being championed, it would be a great pity if this inexpensive natural approach to relieving distressing symptoms were to be overlooked. Ironically, two of the cancer cell lines found resistant in vitro to this kind of chemotherapy were found to be sensitive to avanathromides, which are unique phytonutrients found in oats, suggesting that people should apply oatmeal to their insides as well. Finally today, is whole grain consumption just a marker for healthier behaviors, or do whole grains have direct health benefits? If oatmeal is so powerful that it can clear up some of the ravages of chemotherapy just applied to the skin, what might it do if we actually ate it? The pharmacology of oatmeal. Oats are reported to possess very drug-like activities like lowering blood cholesterol and blood sugar, boosting our immune system, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-atherosclerosis, in addition to being a topical anti-inflammatory it may also be useful in controlling childhood asthma, body weight, etc. Whole grain intake in general is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and weight gain. All the cohort studies on type 2 diabetes and heart disease show whole grain intake is associated with lower risk. They observed the same for obesity, consistently less weight gain for those who consumed a few servings of whole grains every day. Yes, all the forward-looking population studies demonstrate that higher intake of whole grains is associated with lower body mass index and body weight gain. However, these results do not clarify whether whole grain consumption is simply a marker of a healthier lifestyle or a factor favoring per se lower body weight. For example, high whole grain consumers, those who eat whole wheat and brown rice and have oatmeal for breakfast, tend to be more physically active, smoke less, and consume more fruits, vegetables, and dietary fiber than those that instead reach for fruit loops. Statistically, one can control these factors, effectively comparing only non-smokers to non-smokers with similar exercise in diet, as most of the studies did, and they still found whole grains to be protective via a variety of mechanisms. So, for example, in helping with weight control, the soluble fiber of oatmeal forms a gel in the stomach, a delaying stomach emptying, making one feel full for a longer period, which helps with weight loss, and then there are other effects in the small and large intestine. So it all seems plausible that whole grain intake does indeed offer direct benefits. However, only results from randomized controlled intervention studies can provide the evidence of cause and effect. In other words, the evidence is clear that oatmeal consumers have lower rates of disease, but that's not the same as proving that if we start to eat more oatmeal, our risk will drop. To know that, we need an interventional trial. Ideally, a blinded study where you give half the people oatmeal and the other half fake placebo oatmeal that looks and tastes like oatmeal to see if it actually works. As you can imagine, this has not been done until now. Double-blinded randomized trial of overweight, no-beast men and women, and almost 90% of the real oatmeal-treated subjects had reduced body weight, compared to no weight loss in the control group, a slimmer waist on average, a 20-point drop in cholesterol, and an improvement in liver function. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, meaning a fatty liver caused by excess food rather than excess drink, is now the most common cause of liver disease in the United States, found on autopsy in up to 90% of obese individuals, and can lead in mere cases to cirrhosis of the liver, cancer of the liver, and death. Theoretically, whole grains could help prevent and treat fatty liver disease, but this is the first time it had actually been put to the test like this. A follow-up study in 2014 confirmed these findings of a protective role of whole grains, but refined grains were associated with increased risk, so one would not expect to get such wonderful results with Wonder Bread. We would love it if you could share with us your stories about reinventing your health through evidence-based nutrition. Go to nutritionfacts.org slash testimonials, and we may share it on social media to help inspire others. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, or studies mentioned here, please go to the nutritionfacts.org podcast landing page. There you'll find all the detailed information you need, plus links to all the sources we cite for each of these topics. For a vital, timely text on the pathogens that cause pandemics, you can order the e-book, audio book, or hard copy of my latest book, How to Survive a Pandemic. For recipes, check out my even newer book, the How Not to Diet Cookbook, is beautifully designed with more than 100 recipes for delicious and nutritious meals. All the proceeds I receive from the sales of all my books goes to charity. NutritionFacts.org is a non-profit, science-based public service where you can sign up for free daily updates on the latest in nutrition research via bite-sized videos and articles. Everything on the website is free. There's no ads, no corporate sponsorship. It's strictly non-commercial, not selling anything. I just put it up as a public service, as a labor of love as a tribute to my grandmother, whose own life was saved with evidence-based nutrition.


Gunmen have struck at the staff quarters of the University of Abuja and abducted a professor of economics of Bansai Joseph, two of his children, among others. A resident of the quarters, who pleaded anonymity, said the gunmen invaded the senior staff quarters of the Atgiri in Guagualada area, Council of the Federal Capital Territory, at 1 a.m. on Tuesday and operated for about an hour. The names of the professors two children, who were also abducted, could not be confirmed yet. The other victims include those who were simply recognized by the source as Barista John Fidelis and Malam Sambu. The University spokesman Habib Yakub confirmed the development, saying the victims were about six in number.