Hello everyone, I am Mrs. Meenakshi Shrigandhi from Vulture Institute of Technology, Sholapur. Welcome to the video lecture on Stack Application in Fixed to Post-Fix Conversion. Learning outcome, at the end of this session, student will be able to illustrate stack application for in fix to post-fix conversion. Application of stack? As we already know that stack is a leave for structure, that is the last item to be inserted is the first to be removed. Its application can be seen in execution of sub-programs in a computer system, where a sub-program before its execution of the task, push its written address on the stack and after the execution of a task, it comes back to the stack and pops a written address and goes to the main function. The application of stack can also be seen in recursion.  Before a function executed task, it saves its written address on the stack and after the execution of the task, it pops a written address. The application of stack is also seen in expression evaluation of post-fix string and application of stack can also be seen in expression conversion from in fix notation to post-fix notation. Let us see what is in fix, post-fix and prefix ease. It refers to the relative position of the operator with respect to the two operands. If the operator is in between the two operands, it is called as infix. If the operator is placed after the two operands, it is called as the post-fix. If the operator is placed before the two operands, it is called as the prefix. Conversion of infix expression to post-fix expression. While we are converting the infix expression to the post-fix expression, the order of the precedence is same as the original infix expression. And while we are doing this, the operators are stacked in the stack and they are unstacked at the proper time and pass to the output post-fix string. Let us see the algorithm for conversion of infix expression to post-fix expression. First we need to clear the stack and we need to take the input character into the symbol. While we don't reach to the end of the string, if the symbol is an operand, then we need to add this symbol to the post-fix string. Else, if the symbol is in closing bracket, while the top of the stack is not equal to the opening bracket, we need to pop all the stack elements and add the popped elements to the post-fix string. And after that, we need to pop the stack to remove the opening bracket also. If it is not an opening bracket, else, then while the stack is not empty and the precedence of the top of the stack is higher than the symbol, then we need to first pop the stack and add the popped element to the post-fix string. Then we need to push the new symbol to the stack. After this, again we need to take the next input character and this process is continued till we reach the end of the string. Once we reach the end of the string, while the stack is not empty, we need to pop all the stack elements and we need to add the popped elements to the post-fix string. Based on the algorithm, try to think and answer to convert the infix expression a plus b into c to post-fix form. Here we are trying to convert the infix expression a plus b into c to post-fix form. For this, we need a table consisting of three columns containing symbol, stack and output. The first symbol is a. As it is an operand, it is sent to the output. At this stage, the stack is empty. The next symbol is plus. As it is an operator, we need to push it on the stack. The output remains the same, that is a. The next symbol is b. As it is an operand, it is sent to the output. So the output consists of a, b. The stack remains the same, that is plus. The next symbol is multiplication operator. As it is an operator, we need to push it on the stack. But while pushing it on the stack, we need to check the precedence of the top of the stack. At present stage, the top of the stack is plus. And the precedence of multiplication operator is higher than plus. So we can push it on the stack. So the stack consists of two elements, that is plus and multiplication operator. Multiplication operator being the top of the stack. The output remains the same, that is a, b. The next symbol is c. As it is an operand, we need to send it to the output. So the output consists of a, b, c. The stack remains the same, that is plus and multiplication operator. We have reached to the end of the input. At this stage, we need to pop all the stack elements and place it to the output. So the output consists of a, b, c, multiplication operator plus. So at this stage, the stack is empty. So the final postfix expression is a, b, c, multiplication operator plus. Think an answer to convert the infix expression, bracket a plus b, bracket close, multiplication operator c to postfix form. Here we are trying to convert the infix expression, bracket a plus b, bracket close into c to postfix form. The first symbol in this is a bracket which is an operator. So we need to push it on the stack. The output at this stage is empty. The next symbol is a. As it is an operand, it is sent to the output. The stack remains the same. The next symbol is plus. As it is an operator, it is pushed on the stack. So the stack consists of opening bracket and plus operator. The output remains the same. The next symbol is b. As it is an operand, it is sent to the output. So the output consists of a, b. The stack consists of bracket and plus. The next symbol is the closing bracket. At this stage, if we push the closing bracket on the stack, it completes the whole bracket. So we need to pop the elements which are there in the bracket and place the popped elements to the output. So after popping, the stack remains empty and the output contains a, b plus. The next symbol is the multiplication operator. We need to push it on the stack. The output remains the same. The next symbol is c. As it is an operand, it is sent to the output. So the output is a, b plus c. Stack remains the same. Now we have reached to the end of the input. So at this stage, we need to pop all the elements from the stack and place it to the output. So the output consists of a, b plus c multiplication operator. So at this stage, the stack is empty. So the final postfix expression is a, b plus c into. Try to think an answer to convert the infix expression x plus y minus z to postfix form. Here we are trying to convert the infix expression x plus y minus z to postfix form. The first symbol is x. As it is an operand, we need to send it to the output. At this stage, the stack is empty. The next symbol is plus. As it is an operator, it is pushed on the stack. The output remains the same, that is x. The next symbol is y. As it is an operand, it is sent to the output. So the output contains x, y. The stack remains the same, that is plus. The next operator is minus. As we already know, that stack is already having a plus operator. If suppose minus is also pushed on the stack, then plus and minus will have equal precedence. And that is not allowed. So first we need to pop the plus and place it out to the output. And then push the minus operator on the stack. The next symbol is z. As it is an operand, send it to the output. So the output contains x, y plus z. The stack remains the same, that is minus. Now there is end of input. So we need to pop all the elements from the stack. So the output contains x, y plus z minus. At this stage, the stack is empty. So the final postfix expression is x, y plus z minus. These are my references. Thank you.


And now, stay tuned for the program that has rated tops in popularity for a longer period of time than any other West Coast program in radio history. The Signal Oil Program, The Whistler. Signal, the famous Go Farther Gasoline.  I am The Whistler, and I know many things for I walk by night. I know many strange tales hidden in the hearts of men and women who have stepped into the shadows. Yes, I know the nameless terrors of which they dare not speak. And now for the Signal Oil Company, The Whistler's strange story. The Clock on the Tower. After a dismal breakfast, Joe Brill stood silently smoking a cigarette, staring through the narrow window of his prison cell at the big electric clock on the tower of the mercantile building a few blocks away. Joe had once believed that the pleasenter the circumstances, the more rapid the passage of time, but now he knew otherwise. The eight weeks since he'd been tried, convicted and sentenced to death for the murder of his wife Martha, had passed with incredible speed. And as he watched the hands of the big tower clock, he could hear its ticking in his mind's ear, as clearly as though it were inches away. Twenty hours of life. That's all that's left, Joe. Just twenty short hours. For unless a miracle happens, you'll enter the gas chamber at four o'clock tomorrow morning. As you continue to stare in hypnotic fascination at the clock, the sound of footsteps in the prison corridor causes you to turn quickly around.  Oh, hello Eddie. Good morning, Joe. Well, while I'm here, Joe, I wonder if you've decided what you want for dinner tonight. No, and I haven't thought about it. I'll let you know. Okay, and remember, the sky's the limit tonight. Yeah, yeah, I'll remember. I won't be long, Gordon. Take as long as you want, Mr. Morris. Our boy gets anything he wants today. All right, I'll call you in about forty-five minutes, okay? That'll be five. Well, anything new, Eddie? Yep. Good? I think so. First of all, I just spoke with the governor on the telephone. You've got to stay up execution. No, no, no, wait. Not quite that good, Joe. But he did promise to stand by his phone until midnight, in case I come up with anything new today. And, uh, it looks like I will. What? Take a look at this wire. Let's see. Acapulco, Mexico. A found restaurant owner insists you're missing suspect Fred Barnes is in Acapulco. Dines there frequently. Hope to verify by noon today, Franklin. Right, and Franklin's the best investigator in the business. Yeah, but his wire about somebody seeing Barnes and Acapulco won't do us any good. Barnes been reported seen in a lot of places. Doesn't mean a thing. Oh, it does this time, fella. Even if Franklin doesn't come up with Barnes, the governor says that this Acapulco restaurant man is a respectable citizen with an honest reputation. He'll grant a stay of execution. You mean, even if they don't find Barnes? Right. And if the governor grants you a stay, I'll guarantee I'll get you a new trial. Even if the stays only for a few weeks. A new trial's all we need, Joe. The next time we'll win. Now we're getting somewhere ready. Sure we are. I told you to keep your chin up. But you know, it just doesn't seem to make sense to me. Barnes not having shown up. He can read. The story's been in every paper in the United States. Wasn't in the paper until the day after Martha was killed. By that time, Barnes could have been somewhere in the mountains of Mexico. In fact, he probably was. Well, you're positive he can clear you if we locate him. Well, sure I'm positive. Barnes knows I'd gone back to work when Martha was killed. He was in front of the house when I left. He saw her throw me a kiss. No, okay, okay. I just wanted to be sure. You know, Joe, I've... I've always had sort of a feeling that Barnes never left town. I think he's still here. You're way off, Eddie. Everybody, including his boss, knew he was leaving for Mexico that day. Well, I guess you're right. Oh, here, I brought you the morning papers. Thanks. I guess I'm front page again, huh? Well, I haven't had time to look. And don't you spend too much time looking either, Joe. I brought along the transcript of your trial, too. The trial transcript? Why? I want you to study every line of it between now and this evening. I'll be back around six. Read every word of that thing. Maybe you can find something in it that'll help. Something else I can tell the governor when I phone him this evening. Nothing in that transcript I don't know already. It was my trial. I was there. I remember every word of it. All right, but go over it anyway. Especially the testimony of that Jeffers girl. She hadn't lied. You wouldn't be in here now. She did lie, didn't she, Joe? Well, of course she did. I broke off completely with her two weeks before I married Martha. Where I made my mistake was in being nice to her afterwards. Driving her home from little theater rehearsals, things like that. Yes, you sure did. I knew she'd gotten, never gotten over my falling from Martha, but I didn't think she hated me enough to deliberately lie. To send me to the gas chamber. You know I was in love with my wife. Don't you, Eddie? Yeah, yeah, I guess I do. All right, now go over that testimony carefully. I've got a hunch this is going to be the biggest day in our lives. I'm positive we'll find that that restaurant man in Mexico is a high-grade citizen, and that the governor will grant us a stay of execution. Now, if you happen to dig up anything from the transcript that I can add to that, well, it'll mean a new trial. And many more tomorrow's, Joe. Can you imagine two friends going around together for months or even years, yet never getting to fully know each other? Well, I'll bet that's the case with a lot of you listening to me right now. And the very good friend I'm talking about is your car. That's right, the chances are you don't fully know the performance your car is capable of. That is, unless you've treated your car to at least one tank full of Signal Ethel, the premium quality of Signal's famous go farther gasoline. You see, Signal Ethel is scientifically engineered to bring out the best in any car.  Yes, all that it takes to bring out this kind of performance, the best your car is capable of, is to drive up to the Signal Ethel pump and say, fill her up, cry at once, won't you? Then see if you don't discover all sorts of new reasons to be proud when the three of you go out together. You, your car, and Signal Ethel. Well, Joe, you never thought you'd be in a spot like this, did you? In a prison cell, less than 20 hours away from execution in the gas chamber. The visit from your attorney, Eddie Morris, a few moments ago, had raised your hopes for a last-minute stay of execution. But now that he's gone, your spirit's ebbed. Force of habit draws your gaze to your cell window and the tower clock in the distance. Again, you seem to hear it relentlessly ticking away the hours remaining before your unsought rendezvous with death. abruptly you turn around, open the newspaper Eddie had left you. A headline column on page one reviews your whole story. Convicted wife slayer due to enter gas chamber. Tomorrow morning at four o'clock, Joe Brill, convicted two months ago for the slaying of his wife, will enter the gas chamber unless new evidence is unearthed or the police locate Fred Barnes. The missing witness the doomed man insists could prove his innocence. Yes, Joe, you're in a tough spot. You've read about it happening to other men, but you never dreamed it would happen to you. Your mind races back to that unhappy day when it all began. The day the police picked you up at your office and drove you swiftly to police headquarters for questioning. Why did you come home at 11 o'clock this morning, Brill? Because I forgot some papers. You never went home at that time of day on a business day before. I never had any reason to. It's quite a coincidence. The only business day in a year when you return home from the office, your wife is murdered. But I didn't do it. Then the minute you got into the house, you had a quarrel with her, didn't you? No. It was over your girlfriend, wasn't it? I didn't have any girlfriend. That's not what Corinne Jeffers says. Corinne Jeffers? You talked with her about me? Sure.  Well, then she told you the truth that everything was over between us before I ever got married.  She said there was anything else but over. She couldn't have said that. She did say it. I don't care what she said, I didn't do it. I can prove my wife was alive when I left the house to return to the office. How? By Fred Barnes. He lived next door. You better call him. Why? I... I can't... He left town today from Mexico. We're about to go to Mexico. We'll wire him for you. I don't know. He said he was just going to hibernate somewhere in the mountains down there. Another strange coincidence. The only guy that could have testified for you is somewhere in Mexico. Nobody knows where. But Barnes did go to Mexico. Sure he went to Mexico. His landlady told us that. She also told us he left three hours before your wife was killed. The memory of that first day's questioning in police headquarters still rankles, doesn't it, Joe? Even before they saw you, it was obvious the police were convinced you were the killer and would spend far greater effort in proving it than searching for another suspect. You toss the newspaper aside. The time is short. You realize you must do something. You turn to the transcript of the trial. In the vague hope, you'll find something helpful there. You skip lightly over the original indictment proceedings, scan the testimony of the opening witnesses against you. In the brilliant hands of the district attorney, even the simplest of truths was turned against you. Your every move, however innocent, seemed to stem from a sinister motive. Even the young bride, Mrs. Nancy Walters, your next door neighbor, was like putty in the hands of the clever prosecutor. You are Mrs. Walters? Yes, sir. You discovered the body of the defendant's late wife the day she was killed, didn't you? Yes, sir. What were the circumstances? Well, you see, I live next door, and I'd just gotten home from my mother's. I went over to borrow some coffee for Mrs. Brill. The side door was open, and I walked in and found her on the floor, in the front room, dead. Tell me, Mrs. Walters, has the defendant Joseph Brill aware that you are going to be absent from home that morning? Yes, sir. At least I think so. Your Honor, I object. Objection sustained. Just answer the question, please. Mrs. Brill knew. I told her. You used to visit with Mrs. Brill? She used to visit us quite often. Three or four evenings a week. Mr. Brill was out so much. Your Honor, I object to that statement. It's irrelevant. If the court please, the witness's statement is quite relevant. The state contends this defendant killed his wife because of his love for another woman. The testimony of this witness proves he spent many of his evenings away from home. Later on, we will prove where he spent them. Objection overruled. Counsel may continue. No further questions. That's all, Mrs. Walters. That's the way the whole trial went, didn't it, Joe? Everything your neighbors said seemed to point directly to your guilt. Now, Mrs. Briggs, you've testified you were also a next-door neighbor of the defendant. And you further testified that the defendant was aware you were going to be absent from your home on the morning his wife was killed. You've also heard Mrs. Walters testify that she was absent from her home that morning. What have you said? Then it would have been possible for the defendant to have sneaked home, killed his wife and returned to work without being seen, wouldn't it? Your Honor! Your Honor, I object. Objection sustained. The district attorney is well aware that his question was improper. I must warn counsel that... I apologize. I apologize, Your Honor. I withdraw the question. Rosie! Yes, Your Honor. Now, Mrs. Briggs, for several months prior to the murder, you had a boarder, a young man named Fred Barnes, did you not? Yes, sir. He left your home to go to Mexico the morning of the murder. Is that right? That's correct, sir. Now, Mrs. Briggs, a little while ago, you heard a police officer testify that the defendant swore to the police that Mr. Barnes was standing in front of your home at a few minutes after 11 when the morning Mrs. Briggs was killed. Yes, sir, I did. And you know that the defendant further claims that Mr. Barnes saw that the defendant's wife was alive at the time? Yes, sir. Do you know what time Mr. Barnes left for Mexico the morning Mrs. Briggs was murdered? Quite do, sir. It was about a quarter to eight when the taxi arrived to take him to the bus station. And you actually saw Mr. Barnes drive off at a quarter of eight. The same morning Mrs. Briggs was murdered at a little after 11. Yes, sir. He waved goodbye to me. Then it would have been impossible for Mr. Barnes to have seen Mrs. Briggs alive or otherwise at 11, wouldn't it? Yes, sir. Your Honor, your Honor, please, I object on the grounds that the question calls for a conclusion by the witness. All she knows is that Mr. Barnes said he was going to Mexico and entered a taxi. Have you actually sustained? No further questions. You are Mr. George Adams, President of Adams Incorporated. I am. You were formerly the employer of Fred Barnes? Yes, sir. Mr. Barnes gave you any reason for leaving your employer? He said he wanted to spend a year in Mexico. Did he leave a forwarding address? No, on the contrary. He said he wanted to go somewhere where no one could find him. When was the last time you saw Mr. Barnes? On Thursday morning, September 14th, about a quarter of 10. Where? At our offices. Barnes stopped by in his way south of San Diego. He said he couldn't resist stopping in for a minute even though he had to get off the bus.  Yes, sir. You say that Mr. Barnes did stop at 15 minutes before 10 o'clock on the morning of Thursday, September 14th, the morning Mrs. Brill, wife of the defendant, was murdered. Yes, sir. Then Mr. Barnes couldn't possibly have seen Mrs. Brill at 11 o'clock when the defendant claimed... Objection! Your Honor, Mr. Barnes had ample time after he left Mr. Adams' office at 10 o'clock or thereabouts to return to the neighborhood of my client's residence by 11 or a few minutes after. The time the state has established is the time of the murder. Objection sustained. No further questions. Now, Miss Jeffers, I know this is a painful subject, but were you and the defendant Joe Brill in love? I was in love with him. Wasn't he in love with you? Well, he said he was. How long had this romantic feeling existed between you? Oh, half an hour since we were in high school. You broke off with him when he married, of course. Oh, yes, sir. How did it happen to resume your association with the defendant after his marriage? We were both members of a neighborhood little theater group. He used to drive me home after rehearsals.  Yes, I see. The defendant was seeing you regularly up to a week or so before he... before his wife was found murdered. Yes. When was the last time you saw the defendant? About a week before he... before his wife was killed. Can you recall the date? Oh, yes, sir, I can. It was Wednesday, September 6th. What did you do that evening? We just drove around, stopped at the beach for a while, dropped into a cute little Hawaiian spot. He drove me home early, around 11.30. Did the defendant tell you that evening that everything was over between you? Hardly. What did he tell you? Just that...  He said he thought he'd soon be free. Marry you? That's what he said. Thank you, Miss Jeffers. That's all. And in closing, ladies and gentlemen of the jury, the state contends that the defendant, Joseph Brill, has been proved guilty of the murder of his wife, Martha, beyond the shadow of a doubt because of his love for Corinne Jeffers. We contend further that the defendant deliberately chose the time for the murder because he knew his next-door neighbors were absent. And because he further knew that Fred Barnes, the man he claims, could establish his innocence, was leaving that same day for parts unknown. Yes, Joe. The district attorney made a brilliant summation, but it was Corinne Jeffers' testimony that was the telling blow, wasn't it? After that, even your own testimony sounded unconvincing. You knew when she left the stand the jury had decided against you.   Suddenly you see it. The answer to your hope for a reprieve, a new trial. You can prove Corinne Jeffers lied on the stand. You rush to your cell door. Guard! Wilson! Wilson! What's on your mind, Joe? Get my attorney Eddie Morris on the phone. Tell him to hurry over here. Tell him I found what he's looking for. You bet I will, Joe. You sure? Sure, I'm sure. Tell him to hurry! It's all right here in the transcript, Eddie. The only reason I didn't get it to the trial was because I was so knocked out by what Corinne said I wasn't paying any attention to dates. All right, all right. Never mind the history. Show me what you found. Here. Right there, Eddie. You see? She swore I was out with her the night of September the 6th, drove her around, stopped at the beach. Yes, yes, I know all that. How can you prove she lied? Our little theater group had our dress rehearsal on September the 5th. Corinne had the lead. Her costumes didn't fit. She phoned her dressmaker. She'd be over the next night. That was September the 6th. That's the night she testified she was with me. She couldn't have been with me. Are you sure she went there? She must have. The next night, the night of the show, her costumes fitted perfectly. You know the name of that dressmaker? Well, I think so. Yeah, wait a minute. Her name was, uh... Bronson. Bronson. I remember Corinne called her Mrs. Bronson. You know where she lives? Somewhere near Silver Lake. That's all I know. Okay, I'll check on her, Joe. But you know our best bet with the governor is that we find out that that Mexican restaurant owner is okay. Or better yet, that Franklin comes up with Barnes himself. Forget about Barnes, Eddie. Nobody knows where he is. You can find Corinne, Jeffery. She's right here in town. Naturally, naturally. I'll try to find her. But time's getting short. She might be out. So might that dressmaker. But look, if Franklin stands a chance of finding Barnes... That would have been fine before we had proof Corinne's testimony was perjured.  Concentrate on this, will you? It's a lot better than trying to find Barnes. Oh, sure, Joe. Sure. That's the way you feel about it. Just the same.  And call in if you find the dressmaker and she backs me up. Will you please? Look, you bet I will, Joe. After Eddie leaves, you pace yourself. Try to interest yourself in the newspapers. Finally, light a cigarette, sink down in your cot, and stare through the windows at the big clock. Finally, a few minutes after two, the guard brings you the news you've been waiting for. Well, kid, so far the news is good. Your attorney said to tell you he found the dressmaker OK and that everything was going great. He's on his way out to talk to Miss Jeffers right now. The next few hours seem like years as you wait for further word from your attorney. Finally, the lights in the cell block go on. And again, you stare out the window at the big clock. It's face now brilliant with electrical illumination. Twenty minutes of six. Time is getting more precious with each passing minute, isn't it, Joe? You should have heard from Eddie by now. You begin to wonder if anything could have gone wrong. Again, you pace the floor. Smoke one cigarette after another. Then at last, you hear the guard. Joe, cut news for you. And it's pretty good. You sure? Positive. Eddie Morris just fooled. Said to tell you that Corrine Jeffers had admitted her testimony was all one big lie. When? I guess he's trying to get hold of the governor. He sure has worked hard for you. I'll bet he's as happy as you are. I wonder what's keeping him. He'll be here soon enough. Don't worry about that. Yeah, sure, sure he will. That's not all the good news I got for you. Eddie said to tell you he'd located Fred Barnes, too. I'm sure glad you hit the jackpot, kid. I always figured you got a bomb wrap. Remember that old story? For want of a horseshoe nail, a battle was lost? Well, for want of something as small as a windshield wiper blade, a car could be wrecked or a life lost. That's why signal dealers not only carry a complete line of accessories for your driving safety and convenience, but each accessory at a signal station is a recognized brand with a reputation for quality and dependability. For instance, the windshield wipers at signal stations are rain master brand with the patented clear flex blade and signal dealers will install one while you wait. The spark plugs handled by signal stations are nationally advertised champion brand. Their tires are Lee's by Lee of Konchahakan, famous almost half a century for the finest of first line tires. And you'll find that this same standard of unsurpassed quality and value applies to every item which signal dealers sell and are proud to stand back up. So if for Christmas you're planning on rewarding your faithful chariot with some practical little present to help it run better, look better, or last longer, remember there's no better place to get it than from a signal service station. The guard's message left you numb, didn't it, Joe? After all the weeks of waiting, you suddenly learned that Corinne Jeffers, the girl you'd broken off with after you became engaged to your late wife, has admitted that her testimony against you, testimony that had been the deciding factor in swaying the jury's verdict against you, was false. Just a matter of hours before your scheduled execution in the gas chamber, you wonder if Eddie has phoned the governor. Whether your stay of execution, the first step toward the new trial, has already been granted. Once again, your eyes wander to the big tower clock. Five minutes pass. Ten, twenty, before Eddie finally arrives.  Hello, Joe. I thought you'd never get here, Eddie. The guard said Corinne Jeffers admitted she lied. She did. Would you call the governor? Not yet. But it's after six, Eddie. We've still plenty of time. I wanted to see you before I phoned the governor, Joe. The guard said you'd located Barnes, too. I did. Where was he? I'm coming to that.  That little Jeffers girl was hard to break. When I got to her house, she wouldn't talk. Then, when I got a little tough, she said she wanted to drink of water and went out to the kitchen. A minute or so later, I happened to look out the window. She was leaving in her car. He didn't let her get away. No. No, I jumped in my car and followed her.  She got out of her car and ran into a grove of trees. I found her on the other side of those trees, hiding in an abandoned quarry. That quarry was right behind your house, Joe. That's where I found Fred Barnes. He was all covered up with an old raincoat and dirt, but not quite enough dirt. Nothing to say, Joe. Well, I guess it wouldn't do us any good to phoned the governor now, would it? I guess not, Eddie. You knew where Barnes was all along, didn't you, Joe? Yeah. Joe, why did you do it? Did Barnes happen to come back and see you kill your wife? It's almost time to order that last big dinner, Joe. Would you like to tell me about it first? Might as well, Eddie. When I returned home from the office unexpectedly that last morning, Barnes was there, too. Then he did come back? Yes, yes, he did. When I opened the front door, I saw him in the living room with Martha. She was in his arms. They were planning to go to Mexico together. Let that whistle be your signal for the signal oil program, the Whistler, each Sunday night at this same time. Signal Oil Company has asked me to remind you that there's an easy way we can all help to make this holiday season happier for ourselves and others. Drive at sensible speeds, be courteous, and obey traffic regulations. It may save a life, possibly your own. Featured in tonight's story were Bill Foreman, David Ellis, Bill Boucher and John Daner. The Whistler was produced and directed by George W. Allen, with story by Ed Bloodworth, music by Wilbur Hatch, and was transmitted to our troops overseas by the Armed Forces Radio Service. The Whistler is entirely fictional, and all characters portrayed on the Whistler are also fictional. Any similarity of names or resemblance to persons living or dead is purely coincidental. Remember at this same time next Sunday another strange tale by the Whistler. Marvin Miller speaking for the Signal Oil Company. Stay tuned for our Miss Brooke starring Eve Arden, which follows immediately over most of these stations. It's the CBS, the Columbia Broadcasting System.


Well, hi there. I'm Sandy Olnok artist and paper crafter here on YouTube with a birthday chicks card Such an original name because I'm gonna be using the birthday chicks stamp set from MFT and These are most of the images from the set and I stamped it twice because I had this idea And it'll be a cute idea to use with a bunch of different stamp sets as well as this one That has these cascading funny birdies that are falling down onto a pile at the bottom And I'm on the one piece I'm gonna die cut all of them out and they're in the same position since I did it with my MISTI So I have two copies of the same thing And it's gonna allow this to line up perfectly with the colored images that I'm gonna do on the other side So I'm just gonna use some washi tape to stick them all down and Get that piece already so that I'm gonna be able to float that and let all the birdies peek through the holes. Won't that be cute? So let's get busy coloring the birdies and I'm gonna play around with something from the Copic Jumpstart class So if you haven't heard about the Copic Jumpstart class, it's a really good Primer on Copic markers how they work why they work how the colors work the numbering system and Making you do a lot of color charts So that you really get to know your markers really well and people with only a few markers have actually taken this instead It's still really educational for them So I encourage you if you haven't taken it yet It's gonna show you you don't need to buy all the markers because you're gonna be able to do things with different combinations You never thought of like this one. So this is a V12 and it's a purple. Yes I'm using purple to shade yellow same idea as when I do faces because I use different purples and blues to shade faces and Purples work because they're the complement and that's one of the concepts that will really dive deep into In Copic Jumpstart. So if you're interested in learning more about markers That is a helpful thing that I offer to you because it's been really helpful for other folks I've even heard that people have taken it with like spectrum noir markers and still learn a ton Because there's a bunch of color theory in there whether or not the techniques will work with other brands of markers The information that's in it on color and that sort of thing is quite helpful So I've put a little C shape of shadow on each one of my little birdies And then I'm gonna go over that purple with another yellow and yeah, look at me I'm not even using why one seven because why one seven was too orangey and I wanted these to really be chicks Since that is the name of the video. It's chicks So I wanted them to feel more yellow and the why one seven has a little more orange in it than I want it So there we go. I'm gonna use a Y 0 8 instead Now yellows are can be challenging to blend and you kind of have to wait until after it dries in order to see how it worked out because When the alcohol is in the paper, it's moist and that makes the paper kind of gray Which means that what your coloring looks like when you start off? May change when it's dry So it might look all smoothly blended, but you're seeing gray You're not seeing just the color so you need to wait until it's dry And you might need to go in and make some adjustments And so between a Y 0 8 no Y 0 4 there is a Y 0 6 So sometimes throwing a little of that in there helps to make a better transition of colors But it depends on how well the blending went in the first first deal And some people also choose to like color one bird at a time So you're dealing with only wet color right there Those the areas don't have time to dry while you're coloring all of the other birds And you can certainly do that just be aware that as you keep pouring color into the little birdie It's gonna bleed out of the edges So letting it dry a little bit in between actually can help you to Compensate for a little bit of that bleeding and keep that from happening So since I use purple for my shadows, I thought I'll use purple for all of the birthday hats And you can make them all different hats, but I thought they're all at one party when you buy birthday hats You buy a whole bunch of the same hat. Everybody wears the same hat. So there you go They're all at the party wearing the same birthday hats Now for the panel that I'm gonna put on the front I've put the power tabs all over the back. They're very thin dimensional adhesive they're thinner than the the big scotch 3m tape and They're going to make this look like the Birds are all just receded a little tiny bit into This these holes that are made that are just the right shape for them And I also trimmed out the outside edge. So there's a little edge around it as well and Stamped on the inside and put little birdies in there little highlights with a white pen And here's the envelope Because I wanted to color all the stamps like I always do and I hadn't used these yet Or I hadn't used the cupcake yet So I added one of the birds and masked him out so I could stamp the yay-yay-yay With him flying in front of it and then just color up in the cupcake So that it will give the recipient an idea that there is a birthday greeting coming inside that envelope And I don't know about you But I'm much happier when I know that the mail I'm about to open is something fun as opposed to a Bill or who knows what else so I love when people stamp on the outside of cards that I get and Oh, by the way several people a week It seems seem to ask for my address because they want to send a card to like my dogs or something So the address is on my website if you go to my contact Page the address is on there. So the dogs love to get mail and We're gonna just do a little shading here on the cupcake and then add a little bit of that white pen detail Onto that as well to make it kind of shiny and happy like the inside of the card a little bit on the hat and There we go all done quick and easy And it was a lot of fun to color all the little birdies but give them that extra panel on top that has a little bit of dimension to it a little bit of a border and A lot of fun on the inside as well So I hope you enjoyed this video Maybe you'll try it yourself sometime all the supplies are linked down below as they always are and they're also on my blog If you want to go pin something to your Pinterest page to remind you of the idea to try sometime when you're in your craft room I'll see you guys next time go out in the meantime and make something beautiful. Take care. Bye. Bye


Hi everyone, Joe for jazzy's casebreaks.com with another three box break of fanatics under wraps autographed baseballs Love this stuff random player break number 18 number 19 and and 20 I think coming up a little bit later time will probably get to 21 as well as always remember those autographed Multi-signed baseballs all go to one person the person who gets the any and all multi-signed baseball spot right there Big thanks to this group for making it happen. Let's multiply you by nine. There's one. There's two three four five six seven eight and nine Set up all the the lists here and Let's roll it and randomize names and players three and a six nine times one two three four five six seven eight and nine three and a six nine times for the players one two three and nine Walker Bueller all the way down to hip hip whore. Hey All right. Nice Steve any and all multi-signed autographed baseball is going to you. Here's the first chunk of the list There's the next part. I'm just gonna roll through this and then I'll alphabetize by your first name So you can see all of your players group together by your name All right. Now let's alphabetize by your first names So Juan there are your players right there with the last bottom mojo star next stream Last bottom mojo 70% of the time hits 100% of the time I feel a little bit more difficult odds in this particular break just because there's so many spots But good luck Matt Smith has a bunch of players. There you go Matt Steve Burch a ton of players as well Good luck and then Steve H With the rest All right, we're gonna pause the video when we come back We're gonna see if there's any trades then we'll have the break stick around BRB all right TWC trade window close and on WWE RAW. We got the tag team championship happening here Oh, what and who am I America's favorite game? Good luck everybody What a night what a night all right This one's gonna this one should be pretty easy Retired baseball player retired shortstop in third baseman a righty Hall of Famer Two-time MVP a rookie of the year a 19-time all-star a homerun derby champion Won a world series and two gold gloves and two all-star game MVP's eight silver sluggers Played his last game in 2001 at 41 years old 62 now second round pick I think he played shortstop mostly was considered tall for a shortstop six four two hundred at least in those days and Was first ballot Hall of Famer with 98.53% of the vote Boom Brandon's got it Cal Ripken jr. The Iron Man And what do we got it? We got an interesting baseball here. The stitching is different. Look at this That's that's Oriole stitching. That's pretty cool. Oh Come with commemorating the 1983 all-star game Or 1993 all-star game. Sorry can't read That's awesome an old-school baseball with Cal Ripken jr. Autograph on it the Iron Man. That's awesome Steve Herrick with Cal Ripken jr. Yeah, me too. Okay, but I like the I like the stitching They should do that more often Gives that stitching a little little pop there a little pop of color Another retired baseball player A former center fielder switch hitter 62 180 Five-time all-star four-time gold Glover won a batting title four world series So a silver slugger and an alcs mvp Played his last game in 2006 Played his first game in 1991 has a lifetime 297 287 home runs 1257 runs batted in 147 stolen bases Ops of 858 Dilo, how'd you get that so quickly? Barry bonds is a little more than 287 home runs alex just a little bit I guess switch hitting center fielder who won four world series in the 90s and early twos is that that gives it away? I guess Here is here's the 1996 world series bernie williams World series and center fielder It's pretty good, man Dilo may need to go on baseball jeopardy All right, that's I believe is going to go to matt smith with bernie williams. Yes matt.  You know who you are before you guess who am I all right? Uh active player outfielder bats left throws right an mvp two time all-star gold glover three times silver slugger two time batting title winner sported the number 21 and 22 Went to high school in west leg village california. We've had this guy before It is a uh your 2018 nl mvp according to the inscription Finished second in mvp voting the following year too But has fallen upon some tough times Now dalbeg is not one I try alex try to retract. I saw it dalbeg is not one an mvp not trey turner And this one goes to matt smith by the way You know the other mvp that's falling the other nl v poos fun on hard times as of late bellinger won in 2016 2017 Was a marlins first round pick. He's with the brewers now Now mookie bets is not falling the hard times lately. He's played pretty well Oh, we got to get this yellow. Yeah, there we go. I was like, we just had him a breaker two ago brandon's got it as well Nice matt smith with that one as well. There you go matt a couple baseballs for you. There you go gang I'm joe for jasby's case breaks.com. I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye. Bye


proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits, in mid, is a recently identified condition that can occur in both native and transplanted kidneys. It is characterized by mesangial proliferation and hypercellularity on light microscopy, mesangial staining for IgG3, capillite chains, C1Q and C3 on immunofluorescence, and electron-dense deposits without substructures on electron microscopy. The condition is often misdiagnosed as transplant glomerulopathy due to its similarities to other forms of glomerulopathies. In this case report, we describe a patient who developed a novocon mid in their kidney allograft after a successful spk transplantation. The patient's proton area improved and serum creatinine stabilized with conservative treatment. Further research is needed to better understand the pathophysiology of this condition and to develop effective treatments. This article was authored by Sabiha M. Hussein and Califil K. Suresh Kumar. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session, we discussed the following question which says, find the value of 3 to the power of 2 minus log 5 to the base 3. Before moving on to the solution, let's discuss one theorem in which we have A and X are the positive real numbers such that A is not equal to 1, then we have log X to the base A is equal to X. This is the key idea that we use for this question. Let's proceed with the solution now. We are supposed to find the value of 3 to the power log of 5 to the base 3. Now, 3 to the power of log 5 to the base 3 is equal to 3 to the power 2 upon 3 to the power log 5 to the base using the key idea in which we have the result that A to the power of log X to the base A is equal to X. The denominator of this is again this is equal to 9 upon the value of 3 to the power of 2 minus log 5 to the base 3 is equal to 9 upon 5. This is the final answer. This complete session will be understood in the solution of this question.


Good morning, John. So there is a way in which this is, you know, not maybe the best time to have a charity livestream. It's a messy world and we all want to know what's happening, what happened, what it all means. I mean, this is, I guess this is somewhat every day, we feel like this. And as always, lots of people have opinions and sometimes they're so strong that they present them as facts. But here's the situation. No one knows what the future holds. And I think that that can make it difficult to focus on anything in particular. But there are also ways in which this is a really good time to have a livestream. John, it's been years now since you have started to say to me, a thing that is definitely true and that I believe, which is that like, it's very easy to focus on the thing that is happening right now while ignoring more long-term crises. And so those long-term things that are really big deals don't feel like big deals because they're always there. And so those problems get solved more slowly than otherwise maybe they could. But Catherine said something else to me this morning that I had never heard while we were walking around our neighborhood talking about how, you know, I was talking about particularly how powerless I felt in the moment, you know, a common feeling, I think. And she said this amazing thing that there aren't really any problems that aren't connected to the other problems. So when you're working on something, you're kind of working on everything, especially because like ultimately there is one thing that we're all trying to do. Like there's one big thing, it's to make the world better. So as long as the thing you're working on makes the world better, you are doing the thing that we're trying to do, which is to make the world better. Not perfect, better. During the first half of the Project for Awesome, we're raising money for Partners in Health and Save the Children. These are two organizations that have proven themselves to be quite good at looking at long-term crises and staying focused on them so that the world can get better. Partners in Health employs over 17,000 doctors operating in 11 countries, focused on everything from cancer treatment to preventing malnutrition, and Save the Children has been operating for over 100 years, providing emergency response, education programs, health programs, and advocacy. In 2020, they supported nearly 200 million children and helped 12 million children gain access to quality education. This is a big world with big problems, and these are two organizations that have proven strategies to help make things better. And when you go to projectforawesome.com slash donate, you can get so many different amazing things in exchange for your donations. And all of it is only available during the Project for Awesome. Also, this is the 15th Project for Awesome. It's also the 15th year of Vlogbrothers, so a nerdfighter named Jim is making a bunch of these laser-cut wall plaques. The ones that you will get will save 15 years of Vlogbrothers here. So I'm looking forward to donations for these, so we can send some of these out to people. In my opinion, we have one of the best slates of P4A perks ever this year. The designs are just really good and make me very happy. So many things are challenge coin, the socks, the poster, the stickers, a really beautiful deck of cards, and for the first time ever, the Project for Awesome puzzle, which looks amazing. I love puzzles. This looks like a fun one. We've also, of course, got lots of digital perks that are all lumped together into the digital download bundle, and that this year includes both all of my TikTok drafts over the last year, and also all of John's, including the ones that John posted for a little while and then immediately took down. This is, I'm not kidding, over 200 total TikToks if you get both, and you do get both if you get the digital download bundle. We also have matching donors right now, which means that every dollar you donate gets doubled, so you can go to projectforawesome.com slash donate right now. We're also going to have matching donors during the second half of the Project for Awesome when we're going to be raising money for organizations that are voted on by this community at projectforawesome.com. And of course, during this whole thing, we're going to be having a lovely little live stream here at youtube.com slash vlogbrothers, which you can also find at projectforawesome.com slash live. All of the relevant links are in the description. John, I'll see you today.


Well, hello everybody. I'm here to moderate the last panel. I'm Scott Sklar And I have a company that blends all these clean energy technologies together. So I love this panel. I also have two Buildings in Arlington, Virginia that are totally off the grid Which I give tours to blocks from the Clarenin Metro stop and With a blend of a lot of the technologies that are going to be talked about today I want to say that it is I've done a hundred and twenty seven Zero energy buildings meaning they use no energy from the grid All over the world most of them not dinky ones like I haven't already did a two stories But to eight to twenty five stories and it is able to be done the technologies Exists the companies exist It is really creating Local will and standards to to drive into that direction. So we have a great panel and the the approach of our panel just to remind the panelists are about five minutes because I really want to get to some Q&A and So Katrin Klingenberg co-founder executive director of the passive house Institute us acronym Fias PHI us is our first speaker that I pronounce that correctly Whoo, you got it. It could be fias. All right. Sorry. I think you're on I would speak a little louder though Just to give it a little zip Yeah Is there like a little light Now it's on haha, here we go Technology so good All right great So thank you for being here with us last panel of the day. Hopefully it's going to be a good one Passive building has been my main focus for last whatever 15 years almost now and I'm still with it. That's a Passion Scott like you I can point to as many buildings But I totally agree that the passive building technology has come long ways It's not a new thing has been around for quite a while but I'm happy to report that We are now really zooming in on really great tools really great components that make Passive buildings really possible on a mass scale and that's what we are working on. We are 501c3 non-profit organization our main focus and mission is to make passive building mainstream and when we were Founded our goal was by 2020 so I guess we have to kind of hurry up a little bit Right now the trend looks really really good We have now certified and pre-certified passive buildings. We do certifications quality assurance for past buildings we have crossed the 1 million square footmark in the United States and What if you count all the projects into that that have been? Kind of submitted to us then we already at like 2.5 million in this country So what what what is this thing the passive building? Concept or what distinguishes it? It's really not rocket science We have as far as I'm concerned no technology challenges left any more in my fabulous panel here All the components that we need to make these ultra low load buildings possible. We have them There are really five main principles that constitute a passive building. You need a really good envelope shell in terms of installation You need a really good airtight layer so that you don't lose energy through leaks and that also your building envelope is durable You don't have any moisture problems. You need really really good window and door components and Once we built the building really airtight You also need a heat recovery energy Ventilator so that when you ventilator building you're not just throwing the energy out the door that you've just generated Sometimes with force our fuels and then last but not least if you do it all right Then you only have to have a very very tiny mechanical system like we used to joke like you can heat your hair Your house with a hairdryer. Basically, that's the idea. You essentially almost eliminate the Mechanical system that is still needed to keep your house comfortable So how is the passive house Institute helping to facilitate that we just recently got into the standard-setting business We developed climate specific passive building standards for all the varying climates in the United States and The purpose of that one is so anybody can build a zero-energy home, right? Like so where where can we help? We help with these design guidelines that guide the designer towards the cost-optimized Point between conservation of the envelope and then where do you start with your renewables and that's exactly what these standards do for the designer Buildings built to the passive building standard save approximately 70% overall energy and that of course translates into the equivalent carbon Savings and once you build your shell to these very energy efficient standards than only very tiny Renewable system is necessary to take you to zero energy or even further to source zero and that's really where we should be So nation-wide we have seen quite a bit of incentive and policy Progress the affordable housing sector has been especially interested in the passive building principle because of course when they own the buildings they retain the savings and So we have seen in the last couple years two years actually Really the hockey stick in terms of certifications from the affordable housing sector driven by them And that's a very exciting development to see so nationwide I would say we're set up to really make this ago we need political will now to take this to mainstream and But that I think we have a fabulous panel here Folks who can help to make this happen in a very cost-effective way. Thank you Catherine Our next speaker. That's good We have Paul Bertram from Kingspan Kingspan's interesting company because it's a blended technology Deliverer so they have Building envelope they have a solar and Electricity and daylighting they have LED so it's a multi technology provider So I'm glad Paul you're you're willing to come today and be at our panel. Take it over. Okay. Thanks Scott Yeah, as you say We're multi Portfolio based for all energy efficiency one thing wasn't mentioned as we do under air floor systems for data centers So we really cover a wide gamut of Energy efficient solutions for both new construction and retrofit. We're headquartered here in North America and Florida and the Daytona Beach area and We have operations in Canada US and Mexico that basically I do environment sustainability and government affairs for So AC triple E has some data out that says that it would cost 3.5 cents a kilowatt hour saved to implement and a successful energy efficiency program and They go on to say that that's a whole lot cheaper than building new power plants So what they're really telling us is that energy efficiency is is a really big missed opportunity and clear back in 2007 the McKinsey Quarterly report called the cost curve for greenhouse gas reduction showed that building insulation was one of the most cost-efficient ways That we could reduce demand side energy with greenhouse gases So one of the things that I believe is really missing out of the whole picture is a focus on on below first and Take this statistic there are approximately five million commercial buildings comprising 70 billion square feet in the United States of which Approximately 60 to 70 percent were built prior to 1980 Or the market release of low e-glass and we have another panelist that will speak that out a bit So over 50 percent of the building's interior loads are impacted by how the envelope performs. So we're seeing an awful lot of Interest in and the interiors I'll speak to that in just a second But we're not seeing enough attention to the envelope and part of that is because of the long-term paybacks compared to things like lighting and Heating and cooling so that is one of the policy areas that is going to have to be addressed. How do we how do we look for longer-term? Incentive programs how however that might shape out But the energy efficiency sectors really providing effective Results in reducing demand side energy, but you're hearing again with LEDs improved HVAC systems and building controls And there's some recent surveys out there. EIA just released some data from the commercial building energy consumption survey and found that consumption had been reduced about 12% this was based on 2012 data and again lighting and space heating were the biggest resources of Reduction and Johnson controls just had their energy efficiency of Program a few weeks ago and their survey is finding that there's an awful lot of interest from the building owners in investing in energy Efficiency areas and it's at an all-time high they did a survey and They're seeing a pretty significant increase in interest in this area, but again No specific mention of the building envelope where some of the energy savings were another surprise in energy consumption in the US is The president asked American businesses to make a climate change pledge And we're seeing companies responding that out in a big way and committing to reducing demand side energy and related greenhouse gases And as an example Kingsman is mandated to be net zero energy by 2020 and So we're seeing lots of Companies participating in that well-known names that you're familiar with Ikea Walmart and lots of others So going back to the issue of financing The challenge again is in the ROI and the net present value for a sound business case here So we did a we did a project in Boston a few years back. I spoke about it last year, but it's worth mentioning again It was a 500 unit existing multifamily housing public project We did 192 units they were three seven-story mid-rises and this cladding just went right over top of the existing brick brick here cladding there and Basically the cladding itself not counting the windows or any of the Ventilation side of it which was all dealt with The the opaque envelope accounted for a 30% improvement over baseline over all the project delivered 52% improvement They had actually predicted 72% but that's another story The the key clue there was they didn't do commissioning so that's very important which passive house would require you to do I also want to speak to the advantages of a of Advanced manufacturing system. So this is just one Hybrid system. There's lots of them out there and what I mean by that is they're manufactured off-site. They're taken out and they're put up They're not built one Component and then another component and then another component on the job site with the labor shortages we have we're finding a lot of late defects in the construction buildings aren't performing to the level that they were designed for and So there's a lot of benefits in bringing these types of systems out much raster construction times less waste Less trades less late in defects So one of the things also that's happening out there And this is somewhat of a debate is mandating or Should it be voluntary benchmarking and so by benchmarking I mean in the larger cities We're interested in knowing what these older buildings are Using an energy. We want to know who are the energy hogs and at what level when were they built? We can tell whether they have insulation in them Whether they don't have insulation in them and by benchmarking then you can figure out where you're going to get the biggest return on investment on recladding or updating the building so There's projects like the city energy project where 15 cities now have benchmarking disclosure laws And in some cases We're seeing architecture 20 30 districts, which is a voluntary program. So we're seeing a mix of this But as of the summer of 2015 the city of Orlando made an 18 million dollar energy efficiency investment in public buildings and they did these audits on 55 Municipal buildings and at the completion of the project the city will save up to 2.5 million per year and energy cost and the savings will help pay for the cost of a new police headquarters That's currently in construction. So these are the kinds of things that you can also benefit from All you have one minute. Yep, I'm all done. So the we need tax reform for the financing We need a few policies just on high performance building and we're glad to see the Conference taking place on the energy bill. Thank you so much Now, thank you the one thing that bothers me crazy as I deal with my commercial clients on picking technologies We talk about window building envelopes we're talking about the outer part of the building the roof the sides the wind of course the windows and So they'll put an insulation And you're trying to increase the r-value the insulating value and they don't change out the windows That may have an R1 have no insulating value. It makes me furious. So I'm really glad that Intas is here and Or miss Sebulas did I pronounce that correctly?  Thank you so much for having us here. My name is Aaron. I'm a Sebulas I'm a principal at Intas windows where manufacturers of super energy efficient windows and door systems And I guess this is the panel where you bring your toys, right? I love As some of the panelists previously has mentioned in United States we have about five million commercial buildings and They actually contribute to about 45 to 50 percent of green greenhouse gas emission So that's a huge huge problem that we're facing and Smallest improvement in the commercial buildings, especially can impact our planet significantly Now the interesting fact is that those five million buildings that we're talking about They're probably 99% of them. They have aluminum windows and This is the weakest link in the building envelope. This is the low-hanging fruit for all of us So aluminum windows and single pane exactly with holes in them, right? And even double pain, right? So So these So other than structural performance the aluminum windows do not bring anything Else to the building in terms of the extra sound insulation and better comfort So what Intas is doing is we're really changing the market as cliche it as it was sound one window at a time And I'll I'll give I'll give a little bit more Details to it. So we're manufacturing a steel reinforced polymer window this window Cost Approximately the same as double-pane generic aluminum window, but outperforms that window by three times Three times no extra cost Right and we have a lot of great examples. We've installed these units in numerous passive house projects residential commercial applications, especially there's a multiple affordable housing passive house projects happening in Pennsylvania And they're using these systems because they're affordable and because they perform to the passive house level So what we've done for the last few years. We said well these windows perform significantly better than anything that we've seen not only in a passive house, but why don't we take them to a Mainstream markets market rate buildings and we'll see what happens then so just in our backyard three years ago We finished We were a part of one Project. It was a capital city charter school retrofit project. It's a hundred sixty thousand square feet facility And they were doing a retrofit by the way, they did not do anything with the building envelope They did not insulate that they just did the interior finishes and We were able to actually convince an architect and general contractor instead of using double-pane aluminum windows to use these triple-pane polymer system windows And you know what happened this building now saves seventy thousand dollars annually Without really paying anything extra initially. So kids are getting much more comfortable classrooms They they've increased sound insulation tremendously. So the the the Efficiency of kids studying in those classrooms improved significantly as well now this building also we've calculated that the carbon footprint Reduction because of the switching To triple-pane polymer windows was eight hundred seventy seven metric tons when I hear the metric tons carbon dioxide metric tons I never really could connect the dots but Some statistics you might probably not have known one tree can absorb up to 48 pounds of carbon dioxide a year only so what that eight hundred seventy seven metric tons really mean is Equivalent to 40,000 trees a year. So that's only one improvement that did not cause them anything That's equivalent to 40,000 trees So we've done a lot of other projects similar to these in multifamily buildings were instead of double-pane aluminum We brought in triple-pane polymer systems so what we are trying to really say here is if you do enough research if You if you look at the products out there you can significantly improve your buildings not only residential But also in a commercial scale and make a huge impact to our planet here here. I want to point out I'm a Adjunct professor at George Washington University I teach two interdisciplinary courses on sustainable energy and I tell my students It is always less expensive to save energy Then generate it from any source So it is always less expensive to save energy and that's what we have here So now we're moving into systems in the building and so we have ultimate air which I love the name of that company ultimate air and Luke Langals did I pronounce that right? That was pretty close. Yeah, I'm Luke Langhouse. I'm from ultimate air go for it All right director of business development. I've been with ultimate air for four years We've been a United States manufacturer for over 20 is special here, too, which is very impressive to me I like yours too. No, I don't want to go So we've been a US manufacturer for a long time We focus only in the high-performance building sector, which means we only build products for passive house and similar building styles We build energy recovery ventilation systems right now. We've had ours on the market for over 15 years This technology is basically an exterior exterior ventilation machine bringing in fresh air and removing the interior air but without wasting your energy It comes with a heat recovery medium in it. I don't want to get too technical But good capital hill It basically is like having your windows open in the middle of winter but without wasting your heat I mean, that's the idea in a passive house style construction or net zero energy This becomes important because we tighten these houses up to save energy We do better air sealing better insulation better windows and naturally our buildings do not infiltrate air anymore These windows right here are letting in fresh air constantly no matter what time of year it is So in this room, maybe not as important, but as we would make a building like this a little more energy efficient We would require a system like this From ultimate air standpoint we we get to work in almost every green building certification. There is I mean We've been doing this a long time. So energy star lead living building challenge green globe passive house All of these programs are fantastic for bringing green building to the masses and to everybody We find passive house to be the best solution to do a market affordable energy efficient building This means that in our experience with all the projects we've done which is every we've done projects in every 50 states We got thousands of units in operation. So we've seen them all but passive house really Brings the best bang for the buck and I'd like to give an example of a project. We did in Virginia that was built for five dollars per square foot less than the building next door of the exact same size and Uses 60% less energy. So this type of construction doesn't always have to be super expensive And I think that's a big misconception in the industry when people look at green building They think solar panels which are great and all these other technologies and they think added cost added cost added cost Who pays for that cost is that the building owner the government who's going to do this? But I think if we look at the experts we have in the United States Practicing right now you'll find that a lot of these projects aren't costing any more to do. Yes You have to add ventilation and windows and all these other things, but you save From other standpoints of the building the key is just to look at it from the design standpoint when you start designing a building and Accept that energy use is going to have to be one of the criteria use when going into that design Which anybody who builds past FALSE net zero lead platinum can tell you design it that way up front Don't try to add it on later Here here good point which leads into our last speaker and so this is Xander America, Inc. John Rockwell Scott imagine if you will the difficulty of being the last presenter in the last panel preceded by a ventilation person, so I Will amplify what Luke has said about the importance of ventilation in low-energy buildings what I found so stimulating about working in buildings that have That really achieve extraordinary energy goals is that the interrelationship of all the systems whether it's ventilation or fenestration or envelope All those things have become you become very dependent on the other on the other Professions what I do want to say what distinguishes Xander America from a lot of other ventilation companies is that we offer not just the box That is the heat exchanger But we offer the entire system of distribution of air for that a lot of ventilation companies use the ERV or HRV and tie it to the existing duct work for forced hot air or air conditioning systems And we believe in decoupling that so that when you don't have the heating season or the cooling seasons shoulder seasons For instance, you still have a dedicated decoupled source of high efficiency heat recovery or energy recovery ventilation Works flawlessly our system has a small tubular system that fits right inside cavities wall stud walls or under slabs And it really directs air where it needs to go So if you extract air continuously from bathrooms and kitchens as you are required to do by code either Intermittently or in our case continuously 24-7 you then supply air in the same exact amount to places where you need that That's generally in bedrooms at nighttime with windows and doors closed co2 levels can spike unless you provide fresh air So most people who find the room stuffy will open the window at night That's great in Honolulu or San Diego or Costa Rica, but it's not necessarily good in places They're dominated by heating and cooling to be able to control or if there are safety security and noise issues It's nice to be able to leave the windows closed the the myth of you can't open the window in a passive house Is just that you can open if you'd like but you'd use the criteria of when you'd open a window If there is a street sweeper going by twice a week You might not do that because of the dust that might come in or if it's an unsafe lower floor urban neighborhood Or if there's a lot of pollen about but a filtered Ventilation system is a great way to actually increase the indoor air quality to exceed that which is outside your building And a dedicated decoupled system to do so with efficiencies approaching 95% of whatever that temperature difference is is an extraordinary way to achieve that So and I think the other issue as we have been tightening up buildings meaning putting more insulation and better windows That you have outgassing in buildings you have chemicals that you use to clean your buildings and your dishes and your laundry and other and coming out of your carpeting and your Furniture and you do not want that stuck in your building You want that the hell out you want it moving and so this is a technology That will make you not only save you energy, but make you healthier and you're my age You know you want to look healthy. We have a few minutes for questions. Anybody have questions. Here's your chance. Ask a question Go for it Nothing. Oh there good Actually You two are instrumented, correct Why don't you talk give up? We have lots of different control. Sorry. We have lots of different control options available We've done co2 control meaning that the more people you have in your house the ventilation systems naturally going to ramp itself up and down Ventilation is always going to cost some form of money even though ours are going to be very efficient So we're going to be the least We still want to make sure we're not over over ventilating when we don't need to so as far as a smart home goes We can do motion sensors co2 control we're looking at VOC Control to basically boost the ventilation when you need it. That's the most important thing as far from fresh air standpoint Very similar in a lot of ways the thing I would add is With respect to bringing fresh air that's cold in in wintertime and exhausting moist air You oftentimes can have condensate buildup and what you want to prevent is frost from happening So frost protection is a key ingredient of any ventilation system It varies and how manufacturers do that sometimes people ramp down the supply fresh air intake preserve the outgoing Exhaust air however that will depressurize a building I'm not sure if that's a foreign topic to anybody But if you suck more than you blow you may withdraw fumes from combustion appliances or Fireplaces or dryers or things like that. Not so much problem with a dryer Begun becoming more aware of temperature sensors that monitor when that's going to happen to the system automatically stays in balance and Can control frost protection is one way and others humidity management human stats. We're moving into you saw Google buying nest thermostats as an example Yeah, and the reason they're doing that obviously is they want to get into your home and how you how you handle yourself but in fact, it's setting the stage for a user-friendly approach to how you control your heating your cooling and And lots of other appliances and we are just at the be we were in the infancy of this But it's a very exciting point of view I just want to amplify what cat said earlier and that is a low energy high performance building is not a Geeky smart building. It's just better envelope better windows better everything you don't have to think about it any differently But you will experience the comfort that you never knew before and it really most people don't care about the energy efficiency and the watts per CFM and things like that They want to know that they're not gonna have a chill in their neck when they sit next to a single glazed window really That's what boils down to yeah, that's right, and I'd like to add to keep it simple is really the trick So I forgot to mention The passive building standard also adds the comfort criteria as you said right it keeps it always comfortable in the whole building It also adds resilience. So we're insulating to a level where the building essentially can be like just by itself It's so simple and passive that it can't actually Exist without all the complex technologies and actually Studies have shown that if somebody temp tinkers with the thermostat or even a nest thermostat that would adjust to your behavior That would result in higher energy consumption than if you left it alone in a very well-designed passive building Yeah, that actually proved out in the reclad that I was talking about the the new boiler systems Allowed thermostats programmable thermostats in each each quarters Where before it was set at the at the boiler and everybody got the same thing Old habits are hard to break. They were still regulating by opening windows and closing them and that caused the building That was part of that differentiation from 52 percent to 72 percent None of these guys put an electric shock stuff that would prevent that I just also wanted to just mention on that topic that we are we are seeing sensors being put in at least in the commercial side And they're collecting big data, which all goes back to the benchmarking thing as well It doesn't really regulate like you said, but it is recording data so that we can understand how buildings are performing That's a quick one. Oh, it's it's good for everything. It's good for new build for retrofit for commercial For residential we're seeing everything really industrial size. Oh, oh exactly like a production facility is not a problem We are seeing high rises Medical facilities everything Any other question? Yes Hey bail igloo It's not a material. It's an energy use. It doesn't matter what you use It's it's it's it's restricting airflow and exfiltration and making sure you have enough our value depending on your climate Right so think of it as like a Miles per gallon for a building right so you have that goal and then you design the envelope to meet that goal And it doesn't really matter what material you use at least sound practice, you know, you can do it You want to go to foam you can do it? Any other questions? Let's give a round of applause for this great panel. Thank you all