Okay, we're back. We are in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This is Dave Vellante. I'm here with Jeff Kelly. We're with Wikibon. This is theCUBE, Silicon Angles Production. We're here at the MIT Information Quality Symposium in the heart of database design and development. We've had some great guests on. Scott Houser is here. He's the head of marketing at Adapt, a company that we've introduced to our community quite some time ago, really bringing multiple channels into the Hadoop ecosystem and helping make sense out of all this data, bringing insights to this data. Scott, welcome back to theCUBE. Thanks for having me. It's good to be here.  You've been in the data warehousing world for a long, long time, so you've struggled with this issue. The people here today are really from the world of, hey, we've been doing big data for a long time. This whole big data theme is nothing new to us, but there's a lot new. And so take us back to your days as a data practitioner, data warehousing, business intelligence. What were some of the data quality issues that you faced and how did you deal with them? So I think a couple of points to raise in that area are, one of the things that we like to do was try and triangulate on a user to engage them. In every channel we wanted to go and bring into the fold, created a unique dimension of how do we validate that this is the same person, right? Because each channel that you engage with has potentially different requirements of user accreditation or a guarantee of single user, if you will. So I think the holy grail used to be, in a lot of ways, like single sign-on or a way to triangulate across disparate systems, one common identity or person to make that world simple. I don't think that's a reality in the sense that when you look at a product provider or a solution provider and a customer that's external, those two worlds are very disparate and there's a lot of channels and potentially even third-party means that I might want to engage this individual by and every time I want to bring another one of those channels online, it further complicates validating who that person may be. Okay, so when you were doing your data warehouse thing, again, as an IT practitioner, you tried to expand the channels but every time you did that it complexified the data source. So how did you deal with that problem? Did you just create another database and stall-fibre everything? Well, unfortunately, it absolutely creates this notion of islands of information throughout the enterprise because, as you mentioned, you define a schema effectively and you place data elements into that schema of how you identify and how you engage and how you rate that person's behaviors or engagement, et cetera. And I think what you'd see is, as you bring on new sources, that time to actually merge those things together wasn't in the order of days or weeks, it's on months and years. And so with every new channel that became interesting, you further complicate the problem and effectively what you do is you end up creating these pools of information and you take extracts and you try and do something to munch the data and put it in a place where you give access to an analyst to say, okay, here's another sample set of data, try and figure out if these things align and can you try and create effectively a new schema that includes all the additional data that we just added? So it's interesting, because again, one of the themes that we've been hearing a lot at this conference and you hear it a lot in many conferences, it's not the technology, it's the people in process around the technology, that's certainly any IT person would agree with that. But at the same time, the technology historically has been problematic, in particular the data warehouse technology has been challenging. So you've had to keep databases relatively small and disparate and you've had to build business processes around those databases. So you've not only got deficient technology, if you will, no offense to some of my data warehousing friends, but you've got a process creep. That's absolutely fair. That's occurred. And I think what ends up happening is it's one of the things that's led to the revolution that's occurring in the market right now about whether it's the Hadoop ecosystem or all the tangential technologies around that because what's bound some of the technology issues in the past has been the schema. And as important as that is because it gives people a very easy way to interact with the data, it also creates significant challenges when you want to bring on these unique sources of information because as you look at things that have happened over the last decade, the engagement process for either a consumer, a prospect or a customer have changed pretty dramatically and they don't all have the same stringent requirements about providing information to become engaged that way. So I think where the schema has value, obviously in the enterprise, it also has a lot of historical challenges that it brings along with it. Yeah, so this jupe movement is very disruptive to the traditional market space. As many folks say it isn't, a lot of traditional guys say it isn't, but it clearly is, particularly as you go omni-channel, like through that word out earlier, omni-channel is a discussion that we had at the Hadoop Summit myself, John Furrier, Abhi Metta. And this is something that you guys are doing, is bringing in data to allow your customers to go omni-channel. As you do that, you start to, again, increase the complexity of the corpus of data. At the same time, a lot of times in Hadoop, you hear about schema-lite, schema-less. All right, so how do you reconcile the omni-channel, the schema-less or schema-lite and the data quality problems? So I think for, particularly speaking about Hadoop, one of the things that we do is we give customers the ability to take and effectively dump all that data into one common repository that is HDFS in Hadoop and leverage some of those open source tools and even their own inventions, if you will, with MR code, PIG, whatever, and allow them to effectively normalize the data through iterations in Hadoop and then push that into tables effectively that now we can give access to via a SQL interface. So I think for us, the ability is you're absolutely right. The more channels you can give access to, so this concept of an omni-channel where, irrespective of what way we engage with a customer or what way they touch us in some way, being able to provide those dimensions of data in one common repository gives the marketer, if you will, an incredible flexibility and insights that were previously undiscoverable. Assuming the data quality is there. Assuming data quality is there. So that can be my question. So what are the data quality implications of using something like HDFS where you're, essentially, schema-less, you're just dumping data and essentially go up to a raw format and it's raw format. So now you've got to reconcile all these different types of data from different sources and build out that kind of single view of a customer, of a product, whatever is your, you're looking at. So how do you go about doing that in that kind of scenario? So I think the repository in Hadoop HDFS itself gives you that one common ground to work in because you've got no implications of schema or any other preconceived notions about how you're gonna massage the data, if you will, and it's about applying logic and looking for those universal IDs. There are a bunch of tools around that are focused on this, but applying those tools in a means that doesn't handicap them from the start by predisposing them to some structure and enabling them to decipher or cull out that through, whether it's, again, homegrown type scripts, tools that might be upstairs here, and then effectively normalizing the data and moving it into some structure where you can then interact with it in a meaningful way. So that really kind of the old way of trying to bring snippets of the data from different sources into yet another database where you've got to apply structure. That takes time, months and years in some cases. And so Hadoop really allows you to speed up that process significantly by basically eliminating that part of the equation. Yeah, I think there's, and there's a bunch of dimensions we can talk about things like, even like pricing exercises, right, and the quality of triangulating on what that pricing should be per product, per geography, per engagement, et cetera. I think you see that a lot of those types of workloads have transitioned from mainframe type environments, distributed environments of legacy to the Hadoop ecosystem, and we've seen cases where people talk about going from eight month exercises to a week. And I think that that's where the value of this ecosystem and the commodity scalability really provides you with flexibility that was just previously unachievable. So could you provide some examples, either from your own career or from some customers you're seeing, in terms of the data quality implications of the type of work they're doing? So one of our kind of theses is that the data quality measures required for any given use case varies. In some cases, depending on the type of use case, and depending on the speed that you need the analysis done, the type of data quality or the level of data quality is going to vary. Are you seeing that? And if so, can you give some examples of the different types of way data quality kind of manifests itself in big data workloads? Sure, so I think that's absolutely fair. And obviously there's gonna be some trade off between accuracy and performance, right? So you have to create some sort of confidence coefficient. Pardon me if you will, that within some degree of probability, this is good enough, right? And there's gotta be some sort of balance between that accuracy and time. Some of the things that I've seen a lot of customers being interested in is, there's this sort of market emerging around providing tools for authenticity of engagement. So as an example, I may be a large brand and I have very open channels that I engage somebody with, might be email, might be some web portal, et cetera. And there's a lot of phishing that goes on out there, right? And so people phishing for whether it's brands and misrepresenting themselves, et cetera. And there's a lot of desire to try and triangulate on data quality of who is effectively positioning themselves as me, who's really not me and being able to sort of take a cybersecurity spin and start to block those things down and alleviate those sort of nefarious activities. So we've seen a lot of people using our tool to effectively understand and be able to pinpoint those activities based upon behaviors, based upon outliers and looking at examples of where the engagement's coming from that aren't authentic. So if that makes sense, I'm trying to be somewhat nebulous, but. Right, so using analytics essentially to determine the authenticity of a person of an entity, of an engagement, rather than taking a more, rather than kind of looking at the data itself, using pattern detection to determine.  And if they're not, where are these things originating and how can we start to put filters or put things in place to alleviate those sort of, those activities? And that could apply, it sounds like, to certainly private industry, but I mean, it sounds like something, you know, government would be very interested in terms of, you know, in the news about different foreign countries potentially being the source of attacks on US corporations or part of our infrastructure and trying to determine where that's coming from and who these people are. And of course, people are trying to, it gets complicated because they're trying to cover up their tracks, right? Certainly, but I think that the most important thing in this context is it's not necessarily about being able to look at it after the fact, but it's being able to look at a set of conditions that occur before these things happen and identify those conditions and put controls in place to alleviate the action from taking place. I think that's where when you look at what is happening from an acceleration of these models and from an acceleration of the quality of the data that you're gathering, being able to put those things into place and put effective controls in place beforehand is changing the loss prevention side of the business. In this one example, but you're absolutely right from what I see and from what our customers are doing, it's multi-dimensional in that there's cybersecurity that's one example, there's pricing that could be another example, there's engagements from a funnel analysis or a conversion ratio that could be yet another example. So I think you're right in that it is ubiquitous. So when you think about the historical role of the, well, historical, we had Stuart on earlier, he was saying the first known chief data officer we could find was 2003. So I guess that gives us a decade of history, but if you look back at the whole, I mean data quality, we've been talking about that for many, many decades. So if you think about the traditional role of an organization in trying to achieve data quality, single version of the truth, information quality, information value, and you inject it with this disruption of Hadoop. That, to me anyway, that whole notion of data quality is changing because in certain use cases, inference is just fine. In false positives are great, and who cares if you're analyzing Twitter data in some cases. In others like healthcare and financial services, it's critical, but so how do you see the notion of data quality evolving and adapting to this new world? Well, I think one of the things you mentioned about this single version of the truth was something that was, you know, when I was on the other side of the table.  Very, you know, we can do this, we can do this, and it's something that, it sounds great on paper, but when you look at the practical implications of trying to do it in a very finite or stringent controlled way, it's not practical for the business. Because you're saying that the portions of your data that you can give a single version of the truth on are so small because of the elapsed time lag. That's right, I think there's that dimension, but there's also this element of time, right? And the time that it takes to define something that can be that rigid and that structured, it's months, and by that time, a lot of the innovation of the business is trying to accomplish. The eyes have changed, the initiatives have changed. You lost the sale, hey, but we got the data. Yeah, but look here, yeah. And I think that's, you're right, and I think that's what's evolving, and I think there's this idea that, you know what, let's fail fast, and let's do a lot of iterations and the flexibility that's being provided out in that ecosystem today gives people an opportunity to iterate, fail fast, and you're right, that you set some sort of confidence in that for this particular application, we're happy with an 80% confidence coefficient, right? Or something a little higher. It's good enough. So having said that, now what can we learn from the traditional data quality, chief data officer practitioners, those who've been very dogmatic, particularly in certain industries, what can we learn from them and take into this new world? I think from my point of view, and what my experience has always been, is that those individuals have an unparalleled command of the business and have an appreciation for the end goal that the business is trying to accomplish, and it's taking that instinct, that knowledge, and applying that to the emergence of what's happening in the technology world and bringing those two things together, right? I think it's not so much as, there's a practical application in that sense of, okay, here's the technology options that we have to do these desired, engage with each other. Again, it's the pricing engagement, the cybersecurity or whatever. It's more, how can we accelerate what the business is trying to accomplish and applying this technology that's out there to the business problem? I think in a lot of ways, in the past it's always been, hey, I've got this really neat technology, how can I make it fit somewhere? And now, I think those folks bring a lot of relevance to the technology to say, hey, here's a problem we're trying to solve. Legacy methodologies haven't been effective, haven't been timely, haven't been scalable or whatever. How can we apply what's happening in the market today to these problems? You guys adapt in particular, to me, anyway, a good signal of the maturity model and the maturity of Hadoop, it's starting to grow up pretty rapidly, seeing Hadoop 2.0 and so where are we at? What do you see as the progression and where are we going? So, I mentioned it on theCUBE the last time at Summit and I said I believe that Hadoop is the operating system of big data and I believe that there's a huge transition that's taking place. That was, there was some interesting response to that on Twitter and some of the other channels but I stand behind that, I think that's really what's happening. I look at what people are engaging us to do is really start to transition away from the legacy methodologies and they're looking at these, not just lower cost alternatives but also more flexibility and we talked about, at Summit, the notion of that revenue curve and cost takeouts great on one side of the coin or one side of the fence here but I think equally or even more importantly is the change in the revenue curve and the insights that people are finding because of these unique channels or the omni-channels you describe and being able to look at all these dimensions of data in one unified place is really changing the way that they can go to market, they can engage consumers and that they can provide access to the analysts because ultimately that's the most important. We had Stuart Madnick on who's maybe got written textbooks on operating systems, we probably use them, I know I did. Maybe they were gone by the time you got there but not really young at night. But the point being Hadoop as an operating system, the notion of a platform is really changing dramatically so I think you're right on on that. Okay, so what's next for you guys? We talked about customer traction and proof points, you're working hard on that I know. You guys got great tech, amazing team. What's next for you? So I think it's continuing to look at the market in being flexible with the market around as these use cases develop. So obviously as a startup we're focused in a couple of key areas where we see a lot of early adoption and a lot of pain around the problems that we can solve but I think it's really about continuing to develop those use cases and expand in the market to become more of a holistic provider of analytics solutions on top of Hadoop. How's Cambridge working out for you, right? I mean the company moved up from, the founders moved up from New Haven and chose the East Coast, chose Cambridge. We were obviously really happy about that as East Coast people. You don't live there full time but you might as well. So how's that working out? Talent pool, the vibrancy of the community, the young people that you're able to tap. How's that all going? So it seems there's a bunch of dimensions around that. One, it's hot, it's really, really hot. Inhuman. Yes, but it's been actually fantastic and if you look at not just the talent inside the team but I think around the team. So if you look at our board, right? Jit Saxena, Chris Lynch, right? I've been very successful in the database community over decades of experience and getting folks like that onto the board, Felda Hardyman has been in this space as well for a long time. Having folks like that as advisors and providing guidance to the team, absolutely incredible. HackReduce is a great facility where we do things like hackathons, meetups, get the community together. So I think there's been a lot of positive inertia around. The company just being here in Cambridge but from a development or resource or recruiting point of view, it's also been great because you've got some really exceptional database companies in this area and history will show you like there's been a lot of success here, not only in incubating technology but building real database companies and we're a startup on the block that people are very interested in and I think we show a lot of dynamics that are changing in the market and the way the market's moving. So the ability for us to recruit talent is exceptional. We've got a lot of great people to pick from. We've had a lot of people join from other previously very successful database companies. The team's growing significantly in the engineering space right now. But I just, I can't say enough good things about the community, HackReduce and all the resources that we get access to because we're here in Cambridge. Because the HackReduce is cool. So you guys are obviously leveraging that. You do how-tos, bring people into the, so HackReduce is essentially this, it's not an incubator, it's really more of an idea cloud. It's a resource cloud really. Started by Fred Lalonde and Chris Lynch and essentially people come in, they share ideas. You guys I know have hosted a number of how-tos and it's basically open. We've done some stuff there, it's very cool. Yeah, and I think it's even for us, it's also a great place to recruit, right? We meet a lot of talented people there and with the university participation as well, we get a lot of talent coming in and participating in these activities. And we do things that aren't just Hedap related. I mean we've had people when they teach Hadoop sessions and just sort of evangelize what's happening in the ecosystem around us. And like I said, it's just, it's been a great resource pool to engage with. And I think it's been as beneficial to the community as it has been to us. Very grateful for that. All right Scott, as always awesome seeing you. I knew you were going to have some good practitioner perspectives on data quality. So really appreciate you stopping by. My pleasure, thanks for having me. Great to see you again. Take care. All right, keep it right there everybody. We'll be right back with our next guest. This is Dave Vellante with Jeff Kelly. This is theCUBE, we're live here at the MIT Information Quality Symposium. We'll be right back.


Namaste, Myself, Mr. Birajdar Bala Saheb, Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Sciences, Walchand Institute of Technology, Sholapur. In this session, we will discuss linear differential equation of higher order with constant coefficients part 5. Learning outcome. At the end of this session, students will be able to solve higher order linear differential equation of the type f of d into y equal to x of x when x of x not equal to 0. Let us pause the video for a while and write answer to the question. Question is write particular integral of differential equation in bracket d minus 5 bracket square into y is equal to e raised to 2 x. Come back, I hope you have written answer to the question. Let us see the solution. The given differential equation is of the type f of d into y equal to x of x here f of d is a d minus 5 bracket square and x of x is equal to e raised to 2 x. We know that formula for particular integral is p i equal to 1 upon f of d operating on x of x. Therefore, p i equal to 1 upon f of d is in bracket d minus 5 bracket square and into x of x is e raised to 2 x. The function is exponential function e raised to a x type therefore, by case 1 to find p i put every d equal to e in the denominator. Here e is a 2 coefficient of x therefore, put d equal to 2 in the denominator. Therefore, p i equal to 1 upon in bracket 2 minus 5 bracket square into e raised to 2 x. Therefore, p i equal to 1 upon 2 minus 5 is minus 300 square is 9 therefore, 1 upon 9 into e raised to 2 x is the required particular integral of the differential equation. Now, let us start with the case 2. When the right hand side function x of x is equal to e raised to x then how to find a particular integral? We know that p i equal to 1 upon f of d operating on x of x therefore, p i equal to 1 upon f of d operating on a raised to x and that is we can write as 1 upon f of d operating on e to power x into log a because a raised to x we can write as e raised to log of a raised to x that is we can write as e to power x into log a. Here coefficient of x is log a which is a constant so that it is belongs to case 1 hence here coefficient of x is log a that is why put d equal to log a in the denominator. Therefore, p i equal to 1 upon f of d operating on a raised to x is equal to 1 upon f of log a into a raised to x. It means that for function x of x equal to a raised to x then to find particular integral we put every d equal to log a in the denominator f of d. Note that when x of x is a hyperbolic cos a x or hyperbolic sin a x first express these functions in terms of a exponential form by definition of hyperbolic function and then use case 1. So, hyperbolic cos a x we can write e raised to x plus e raised to minus a x upon 2 hyperbolic sin a x we can write as e raised to x minus e raised to minus a x upon 2. Now, let us see example 1 solve the differential equation d q plus 4 d into y equal to 2 raised to x. This differential equation is in the form of f of d into y equal to x of x here f of d is d q plus 4 d and x of x is equal to 2 raised to x. Now, first we have to find complementary function for that we write the auxiliary equation by equating f of d equal to 0. Therefore, d q plus 4 d equal to 0 is auxiliary equation now we have to solve it. d is common taken outside. So, that in bracket d square plus 4 which is equal to 0 this is we can write d equal to 0 and d square plus 4 equal to 0. Now, we have to solve d square plus 4 equal to 0 separately that is I can write d square plus 2 square equal to 0, but the factors of d square plus 2 square are d minus 2 i into d plus 2 i equal to 0. Hence, we get d equal to 0 as it is, but d minus 2 i equal to 0 gives d equal to 2 i and d plus 2 i equal to 0 gives d equal to minus 2 i. Here 2 i and minus 2 i are complex roots conjugate to each other write them together, but real part is absent assume it as 0. Therefore, d equal to 0 as it is and d equal to 0 plus or minus 2 i and it is of the type alpha plus or minus i beta. So, one root is real and distinct and another two roots are imaginary roots. Hence, complementary function C f equal to for d equal to 0 C 1 constant and e raise to 0 into x for pair 0 plus or minus 2 i alpha 0 beta is 2. So, that using formula C f equal to e raise to alpha x in bracket C 1 cos beta x plus C 2 sin beta x, but already C 1 is taken then take C 2 and C 3 while writing C f for the pair 0 plus 2 i that is plus e raise to 0 into x and in bracket C 2 into cos of beta x, but beta is 2 therefore, cos 2 x plus C 3 into sin 2 x, but e raise to 0 into x is 1. Therefore, C f equal to C 1 plus C 2 into cos 2 x plus C 3 into sin 2 x now particular integral p i equal to 1 upon f of d operating on x of x. Therefore, p i equal to 1 upon d q plus 4 d operating on 2 raise to x. Now, function 2 raise to x is of the type a raise to x therefore, when the function is a raise to x type then put d equal to log 2, but here e raise to show that put d equal to log 2 hence p i equal to 1 upon log 2 bracket cube plus 4 into log 2 into 2 raise to x. Therefore, the general solution is y equal to C f plus p i hence y equal to C f is C 1 plus C 2 into cos 2 x plus C 3 into sin 2 x and plus p i is 1 upon log 2 bracket cube plus 4 into log 2 into 2 raise to x it is the general solution of the given differential equation. Now, let us consider example 2. So, all the differential equation d square minus 1 into y equal to hyperbolic cos of 2 x again it is of the type f of d into y is equal to x of x here f of d is a d square minus 1 and x of x is hyperbolic cos 2 x. Now, for C f we write auxiliary equation that is equate f of d equal to 0 that is d square minus 1 equal to 0. Now, factorize the left hand side factors are d minus 1 into d plus 1 equal to 0 that gives d minus 1 equal to 0 and d plus 1 equal to 0 from this we get d equal to 1 and d equal to minus 1. Roots are real and distinct hence complementary function C f equal to C 1 into e raise to 1 x that is e raise to x plus C 2 into e raise to minus 1 x that is e raise to minus x this is the required complementary function.  Now, we have to express that hyperbolic cos 2 x in terms of exponential form by using definition of hyperbolic function. Therefore, p i equal to 1 upon d square minus 1 as it is and hyperbolic cos 2 x you can write as e raise to 2 x plus e raise to minus 2 x upon 2. Therefore, p i equal to 1 by 2 constant coefficient taken outside and in bracket 1 upon d square minus 1 operating on e raise to 2 x and plus 1 upon d square minus 1 operating on e raise to minus 2 x. Both the function are belongs to the type e to power x. So, that put every d equal to a this is by case 1, but in first term e raise to 2 x that is why e is 2 therefore, d equal to 2 and in second term e is minus 2. So, that put d equal to minus 2 hence p i equal to 1 by 2 in bracket 1 upon 2 square minus 1 into e raise to 2 x plus 1 upon minus 2 it is a square minus 1 into e raise to minus 2 x. So, after simplification we get p i equal to 1 upon 2 in bracket 1 by 3 into e raise to 2 x plus 1 by 3 into e raise to minus 2 x. Now, 1 by 3 is common taken outside hence p i equal to 1 by 6 into bracket e raise to 2 x plus e raise to minus 2 x, but hyperbolic cos of a x is equal to e raise to x plus e raise to minus a x upon 2. Therefore, using this formula e raise to 2 x plus e raise to minus 2 x you can write as p i equal to 1 by 6 in bracket 2 into a hyperbolic cos 2 x and 2 by 6 is 1 by 3 therefore, p i equal to 1 by 3 into a hyperbolic cos 2 x. Now, general solution y equal to c i plus p i therefore, y equal to c f is c 1 e raise to x plus e raise to minus x and plus p i is 1 by 3 hyperbolic cos 2 x. To prepare this session I use this book as a references. Thank you.


In this presentation, we will take a look at Attribute Sampling Applied to Test of Controls. When conducting a statistical sample for a test of controls, auditing standards require the auditor to properly plan, perform and evaluate sampling application. First, a word from our sponsor. Well, actually, these are just items that we picked from the YouTube Shopping Affiliate Program, but that's actually good for you, because these aren't things that were just given to us from some large corporation which we don't even use in exchange for us selling them to you. These are things that we actually researched, purchased and used ourselves. Acer 27 inch monitor. I've been using an Acer monitor as my primary monitor for a few years now. This is the first Acer monitor that I have used after having used a series of different brands of monitors in the past. The Acer monitor has been performing well, and I'm trusting the Acer brand more and more as I use the monitor. I have a 27 inch monitor, which I think is ideal for what I do, which is, of course, the screen recording and the editing. If you would like a commercial free experience, consider subscribing to our website at accountinginstruction.com or accountinginstruction.thinkific.com, where we have many different courses. You can purchase one at a time or have a subscription model given you access to all the courses, courses which are well organized, have other resources like Excel files and PDF files to download and no commercials. And to adequately document each phase of the sampling application, those phases including the planning, the performance, evaluation and document. We're going to go through each of these phases, of course, starting with the first one that being the planning phase. Within planning, we will set test objectives. Objective of attribute sampling when used for tests of controls is to evaluate operating effectiveness of the internal controls. We will define the population's characteristics, those including define the sampling population, define the sampling unit, define the control deviation conditions, discuss these items in more depth shortly. Next, we will set the sample size using desired confidence level or risk of incorrect acceptance, tolerable deviation rate, expected population deviation rate. Again, we will go into these items in more depth shortly. Now we're going to go into the definitions up here in the define the population characteristics starting with the defined the sampling population. So what does it mean to define the sampling population? That's going to be all or a subset of the items that constitute the class of transactions make up the sampling population. So the sampling population is the entire population. So for example, if we wanted to test something, say we're testing an internal control related to the purchasing process, some type of verification within the purchasing process, we have the purchasing documentation going through, we want to check that there's some type of verification in accordance with the set of controls, which may be indicated, say by initials related to that documentation. So the population size then would be all of the documents and that would be involved in this purchasing documents that should have this indication on it that they have been properly verified in accordance with the internal control. That's going to be the entire full population or the sampling population define the sampling unit. The sampling unit then is each sampling unit makes up one item in the population. So in this case, it would be one of the purchase order documents that we're looking for that would have this indication that it does have the verification on it. This sampling unit will be defined in relation to the control being tested. So that's going to be our units that we're going to be testing, we're going to be testing these units. And then we're going to be testing to see if they apply or are in compliance with what we are looking for. In this case, we're going to say some type of initial that would indicate the verification define the control deviation condition. A deviation is a difference from the adequate performance of the internal control. So if we were to, for example, look at this document, be expecting some initial that would indicate the verification, and we don't find that, then that would be the deviation. We have to say, okay, there's going to be an item that we have found that's a deviation. Doesn't mean that the whole population is now wrong, because we might expect, depending on the type of controls that we will have some deviation, but we're testing the amount of deviation within that basic sample size that we're then going to apply to the entire population. Then if we go to the set the sample sizing, size using desired confidence level or risk of incorrect acceptance. So we're thinking about the setting of the sample size, looking specifically at the desired confident level or risk of incorrect acceptance. Confidence level is this desired level of assurance that sample results will support the conclusion that the control is functioning effectively. Usually, when the auditor has decided to rely on controls, the confidence level is set at 90% or 95%. So notice we're getting very specific in our testing here using statistical sampling, actually using the units of 90 to 95%. This means the auditor is willing to accept a 10% or 5% risk of accepting control as effective when it is not. So that means that within our statistical sampling, we're recognizing that we're at a 90 to 95% statistical sampling, which means we're willing to accept that the sample is incorrect or the results from it are incorrect at 5% or 10% in this example. Tolerable deviation rate, the maximum deviation rate from a prescribed control that the auditor is willing to accept while still considering the control effective. For example, if a control is highly important, the tolerable deviation may be set to 5%. But if it's only moderately important, we may set it to 10%. So once again, tolerable deviation, what is going to be tolerable within the deviation, the maximum deviation rate. So with the deviation rate now, that's going to be the maximum deviation rate from a prescribed control that the auditor is willing to accept while still considering the control effective. So we're going to say we're accept these deviations, and we're still going to basically come to the conclusion that the control is effective. Expected population deviation, this is the expected population deviation rate is the rate the auditor expects actually exists in the population, the larger the expected population deviation, so the deviation that basically deviation from what we're testing, the larger the sample size must be. So if we're considering that if we look at it, we consider that there's going to be a larger deviation, then we would want to increase the sample size because there's going to be more risk, not considering any other factors. Attribute sampling population size. Although it would seem so, population size is not an important factor in determining sample size for attributes sampling. So let's read that again, because this is a bit counterintuitive if we're not a statistician here, the population size is not an important factor in determining the sample size. And if you're not a statistician, you would probably think that it would be, you'd probably say, well, how do we know what the sample size would be? Well, wouldn't we first need to know how large the population is? In other words, if you're talking about basically trying to pull the entire country and determine what their opinion is about a certain who they're going to vote for or something like that, you would think that you'd have a bigger poll just based on how big the country is. And that's since the population size being the thing that's going to determine what your sample size would be, you need a bigger sample, you would think in order to represent a larger population. But that's not the case generally when you're talking about large number type of items. Now, if you're talking about small populations, that may well be the case. The population size has little or no effect on sample size, except when the population is relatively small, say less than 1000. So if you're talking about you want to basically take a sample of something that's less than 1000 and think about how big the sample size should be, well, then you might adjust it based on how big the sample the population is. If it's something under a 1000, you might adjust then your sample to coincide with the population that was 500, 600 up to 1000. But if you're talking about large populations, then that no longer is necessarily the case. We do have these relationships below. So we're going to have these relationship factors in this table, expected population deviation rate. So if we want the expected population deviation rate to go lower, now this is the expected population deviation rate, then the effect on the sample size would be to decrease. So if we want the expected population deviation rate to increase, then we're going to increase the sample size. So these are the factors we're taking into consideration. And then we have the tolerable deviation rate, the tolerable deviation rate, if we want it to go lower, we're actually going to increase the sample size. if we want the tolerable deviation rate to go higher, we're going to decrease the sample size. So in other words the tolerable deviation rate has that inverse relationship and then we have the desired confidence level and that's going to be a straight relationship again. If the desired confidence level we want it to go lower then the effect on the sample size is to decrease. The desired confident level if we want it to go higher the effect on the sample size is to increase and then again the population size, decrease size only when the population is small say less than something like a thousand.


Rwy'n credu'n gweithio, a'n fyddo i'n meddwl am y ffordd. Ieithaf, Ieithaf, Carynoginti a'r GMI T. Roedd yma'n cael ei bod yn gwneud i'n ffordd yma i'ch ddweud i'r hoffodd i'r hoffodd. Mae'n ddim yn ymgyrch o'r 6 oed. Mae'r colegau, Sarah, yn ymgyrch o'r hoffodd i'n hoffodd i'n hoffodd i'n hoffodd i'r hoffodd i'n hoffodd i'n hoffodd i'n hoffodd. Felly Rydym yw'n dweud, rydym wedi gweld o'ch bitcoin celfynia, rydym wedi gweld o'ch fwy oedd y mae'r Newspaper fiant yn gwneud i ddweud y canfion a fyddwn i'n dda i ddweud herfodol i gwneud yn ei ddweud ym Mhaglach Rhyw Llywgr Caerdyddol. Mae'r ddweud amddangos o wybodaeth gyda cyhoedd yn ichi morllid ac rydym wedi oedd yn llent ar gyfer Mhaglach Rhyw Llywgr Caerdyddol. But there was a number of outcomes and a number of deliverables that came from that. So it wasn't just a case of delivering on-site clonics and workshops, there was a whole build-up time to that and post that. Actually there was activity still going on because this project was in existence before we even started theEl enhancement piece that my experience project was established probably about 2 or 3 years ago as part of the Mond sink section. a we set about to develop an assessment tool for RPL applicants using E portfolio technologies and we looked at Moodle as the platform for that. So the opportunity arose through the enhancement fund to develop an online skills course for staff to access so that they were more comfortable with dealing with RPL applicants coming through but also to provide an information website to provide some some tools around understanding, certified and experiential learning and also to share the assessment tool that we have developed with other institutes. So not just within the COA, testing and trialling and working through using that assessment tool but also we engage with Waterford Institute of Technology and Dublin City University DCU and as I said it goes on to the engagement and the partnership and the sharing of knowledge go beyond the project and I'll talk you through that now in a moment, okay? So why did we do this and what was the nature of the problem and why I suppose we came about to look for the funding in the first place and what it's helping to achieve. So a lot of the facts you're probably familiar with life-long learning participation rate is quite low in Ireland when we consider to the EU average. Even in the employed sector we're very low as well, we're only at 6.2%. Compared to the EU which is at 11.2%. So there's lots of opportunities for looking at recognised prior learning and looking at work-based learning and opening up opportunities for people to come into higher education at different levels. But we also need staff to be trained to deal with that and that was part of I suppose one of our main objectives as well is to provide some training tools and resources around that so staff would be more comfortable in dealing with and assessing RPL applicants. Other things that have arisen, there's a lack of awareness around RPL, lack of marketing and promotion. I suppose that was our objective around developing myexperience.ie. There's a marketing focus to that. It can be packaged very nicely and used in a campaign for different markets whether we're dealing directly with the RPL applicants or if we're dealing with staff in general who want to upscale and be more aware of RPL assessment skills. So learners are also unsure how to build a portfolio and structure evidence of learning. Part of what this project has done is provide video tools for applicants that talks them through different elements how to build the portfolio tool and all of that links back out of the website myexperience.ie. And then also the other side is academics are unfamiliar with assessing experiential learning. There is a fear factor around that. So that was our idea around developing this open online course that we showcased and we made part of our RPL roadshow. And that's at... Actually I'm going to give you another plan with that. Okay, so what did we do? We ran the clinics, we did a whole revamp on the website. We needed to make it more mobile friendly. We needed to think about the different market groups that we were targeting and who our information was aimed at. It was important. I suppose the main drive behind doing the roadshow and visiting sites and putting clinics on site in the COA was to demonstrate the e-portfolio assessment tool and to show how it was designed and developed in Moodle and show how it was such a great tool for assessing learners and how it can help manage that whole process for the applicants and for the assessors. One of the features that we were able to build into the tool as part of the feedback and the different people that were engaged with us we were able to look at building in an area on the Moodle site that is for adding extra assessments. So sometimes when people submit RPL applications and you're looking at matching the learning outcomes and you're looking at all their experiential learning and what they've achieved and sometimes there is gaps in their portfolio of evidence and academics sometimes struggle with how do I bridge that gap and how do I bring them over the line? So part of one of the features that we developed on the tool was that there was an added assessment feature where you could assign a specific assignment to that candidate or perhaps a particular challenge or a scenario or a role play or something else that they had to do or submit by a certain date so that would be taken into account as well. So we're about to release version three of the tool. We actually can't demonstrate that to you today because it actually doesn't come through until July 1 so those of you who are familiar with Moodle the new version of Moodle is coming through in July and that's where we'll be sharing the updated version of our tool our assessment tool with all of our partners so Waterford IT and DCU are also getting this plug-in the most up-to-date plug-in to activate again in their institute and to engage in the same processes that we've been working through and as a result we're growing a network of practitioners that are sharing knowledge and expertise around this challenging space of RPL. So the assessment tool I'm not going to demo it but there is a little video that I'll give you a link to that you can have a look at as well just to bring this up as well more recently we presented Gavin and I at there was a national e-portfolio symposium it was held in DIT and it was a great conference because it brought together people from all over the country that were demonstrating or working in e-portfolio tools and at the time we presented on the My Experience tool but we thought it was very interesting Helen Barrett was a keynote at the event and all the messages around assessment of learners and using e-portfolio tools and that it really hit a chord with us in relation to our e-portfolio assessment tool so that's one of the reasons why I'm sharing that with you today as well so as I said we've created an open online skills course and we've put digital badges in that as well now the beauty of this course I think I've given you an outline of it you'll have a copy the beauty of this course is it is not restricted to to just the partners that were involved in this project it's going to be open to everybody in the country so we've designed it on an independent online learning platform it's built on Moodle it's called cpd.learnonline.ie anyone across the country can go in and you just put in your role or the institute that you work in and you can actually link from the website myexperience.ie but we purposely made it independent and I'll show you a link to it in a moment because we feel there's great potential to add more courses and more online courses and more materials to this independent cpd site in the future so again what we've done initially part of the RPL Roadshow on the project we shared it with staff in the CUA which is GMIT, IT Sligo, letter Kenny IT Waterford IT then and DCU who are our partners for the Roadshow so they are all getting access to this course and those materials but as I said something we want to do next year is promote it and make it open to anyone in the country who would like to do the course okay and there's digital badges as I said built into that so this is I suppose the look and feel when you go into that cpd course when you link it off let me see can I show it here so when you're in the website for my experience there's a link there there's an outline of the course and it just goes through and then you create or sorry person can go in and create an account and say what institute they're in and then the outline as I said is outlined in the letter there what's nice about this course is the mixture of expertise that came together we were fortunate to meet a great lady called Meg Bank who's really Meg Bank she's really experienced in the whole RPL feel in the States and she had been over doing a full bright scholarship with I believe with Waterford IT so that's how I got to meet her but she was willing to participate and contribute to this course so there's a nice international perspective on the course we also I also had a lady in the UK or sorry in Scotland from QAA in Scotland who delivered an overview of what they were doing in Scotland we had contributions from Waterford IT from Mave of Grady from DID and Murphy she's a really I suppose an advocate to be strong in this space in RPL and then contributions from ourselves so there's a nice mix and there's a reflective task built in and it's three hours just if somebody wanted to go on and do a 10 credit module which is in the teaching and learning space that could go towards let's say an MA or their own professional development you can do that also by registering following up after that which EMI T and we have a 10 credit RPL module and it would be a case of them completing the assessment strategies there's some onsite and online work as well so there's lots of opportunities there somebody can do it short and sweet or they can go and take that as a bridge to the next level okay so just to go back to the course as well just to make a note it's just quite timely the student success toolbox I know it's another project it's not being talked about here today but it's very timely it was just released there and we thought it was a great tool connection to have within my experience side because primarily who this site is targeting at is mature learners are people looking to get back into higher education and this initiative again which was funded by the forum is a whole set of skills and resources and tools and guides for people at the mature space in their life were considering higher education so it's nice that we're able to connect that in with the programme okay so I suppose a few details around the learning outcomes of the programme they get your reflection, evaluate on policy and procedures, legislation so it's nice we see great opportunities to expand and build on this in the future there's a lot of work being taken place now at the moment nationally with the QQI around RPL and RPL practitioner network has been set up and the forum are also looking at RPL because there's a big job ahead next year in relation to professional development and rolling out the professional development framework and looking at RPL and RPLing teachers and lecturers to work in higher education so there's opportunities perhaps to link in our tools with that as well okay so the local and national impact we have as we said the website enhancements there's been some nice PR in social media and when the whole project was launched and when we commenced the road show the clinics that took place on site we generated lots of debate and discussion as I said we formed lots of really nice contacts in that space that are fed into the training programme and we've showcased at the portfolio conference that was more recently held in DIT the course available as I said it's available there to all higher education institutes the online course which is great and we've created a network of partners in Ireland in Scotland and US that will continue to work and this project is still living and breathing as I said my experience is here to stay and will develop further so other things evaluation and feedback well yes we've seen tangible outputs achieved that are open and available as I said to all higher education institutes great resource tool I suppose giving feedback on our experience of the I suppose the tail, weak enhancement funds and that there was restrictions around having it within March and within that time now and you probably know that Easter fell and St Patrick's Day and then academic holiday so that did present challenges on availability and stuff and that's why what worked out brilliant was the online tool the flexibility of that and giving access to people having a launch time having clinics around that and then giving them access and getting feedback after Easter which was great so year long tail development enhancement funds we would say would enable more flexibility and timing of workshops and also sustainability long term as well ok and then the last point despite the timing and restrictions we are planning installation of version 3 as I said which is coming through in the summer which is great so there's really lovely enhancements that are coming through on the tool and that's the result of the engagement of the partners over the last six months and the staff can feedback and RPL applicants which is great so I'm probably going to have more time


A very good evening aspirants, welcome to the Hindu newspaper analysis brought to you by Shankar Reyes Academy for the date 20th of December 2021. So these are the list of news articles chosen for today's discussion, we will be discussing 5 different articles for today. So without wasting much time, now let us move on to the first news article discussion. Now look at this article, see this news article talks about the baby friendly hospital initiative BFHI. See this initiative promotes breastfeeding in the golden hover after birth of the child, this golden hover is important for the newborn to receive colostrum. So in this discussion, let us understand this BFHI, importance of breastfeeding and golden hover and also what is this colostrum. The syllabus relevant to this article is highlighted here for your reference, please go through it. See nutrition and nurturing during the first year of life or crucial and one of the best ways of getting nutrition during infancy is through breastfeeding. Why because breastfeeding is an incomparable way of providing the ideal food for infants which is the breast milk. See breast milk is the natural first food for babies. It is the low cost, high quality and locally produced food. Also exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months is the optimal way of feeding infants. Now exclusive breastfeeding is nothing but it is a process in which the infant only receives breast milk without any additional food or drink not even water. See exclusive breastfeeding is the leading preventive child survival intervention. So to put it in simple words, the breast milk provides all the energy and nutrition that the infant needs during the crucial period of the infant's life. The crucial period is up to 2 years after childbirth. So breast milk provides nutrition for the first month of life of the child and it also continues to provide up to half or more of a child's nutritional need during the second half of the first year of the child. Importantly it also provides up to one third of a child's nutritional need during the second year of the life. So first benefit of breast milk is nutrition and it is an excellent source of high quality calories for energy. Secondly, it promotes sensory and cognitive development of the child. Thirdly, it also addresses the micronutrient and iron deficiency needs in the child. Fourthly, it protects the infants against infectious and chronic diseases, particularly exclusive breastfeeding is proven to reduce infant mortality that happens due to common childhood illnesses such as diarrhea or pneumonia. Moreover, breast milk also helps for a quicker recovery during illness. Apart from this, breast milk also protects against chronic conditions in the future such as type 1 diabetes, ulceratic colitis and Crohn's disease. It also advocates with lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes, over-weighting and obesity during adolescence and adult life of the child. Apart from this, research also suggests that exclusive breastfeeding and continued breastfeeding for two years is associated with reduction in underweight in children. Therefore, breastfeeding enables the child to get breast milk which has all these benefits. In addition to this, breastfeeding contributes to the health and well-being of mother because it is an integral part of the reproductive process as you can see here in the image given here. Here, the normal question that arises is when to start and stop breastfeeding? See WHO recommends that infants should start breastfeeding within one hour of life and they are to be exclusively breastfed for six months. So after six months period, the infant should be introduced with complimentary food while continuing breastfeeding. This shall continue for up to two years of age of the child or beyond. Here the first hour is called the golden hour for breastfeeding and this provision of breast milk within one hour of birth is referred as early initiation of breastfeeding. It is golden hour because it ensures that skin to skin contact between mother and infant is established. It ensures the successful lactation and also ensures that the infant receives the cholesterol. Now, what is this cholesterol? See it is also called the first milk. It is thicker and yellowish than the milk. It is rich in protective factors, highly nutritious and contains anti-infectious substances. It is very rich in vitamin A and has more proteins up to 10 percentage. But it is less in fat and carbohydrate lactose than the mature milk. In this way, colostrum helps in building store of nutrients. So to put it in simple words, it is basically the first immunization a child receives from the mother because it helps the child to start building up his or her immune system. But the problem is colostrum is only present for the first few days of life. So if the baby is not fed colostrum through breastfeeding, then it loses all the necessary nutrients and anti-infective substances. But in many countries, starting breastfeeding is delayed by even 5 days. One of the common reasons for this delay is due to the fact that the colostrum has different color than milk and also due to superstitions. Additionally, according to WHO, only one in three infant is exclusively breastfed during the first six months of life. So to ensure that there is early initiation of breastfeeding and the child gets colostrum and also there is exclusive breastfeeding for six months, steps have been taken by the WHO.  Now let us see some of the points about BFHI. See BFHI was launched by WHO along with UNICEF in 1991. It was launched following the Innocenti Declaration of 1990. This was a declaration on the protection, promotion and support of breastfeeding, which sets an international agenda regarding breastfeeding. Mainly it called for all governments to ensure that every facility that is providing maternity and newborn services fully practices the 10 steps. The 10 steps is the 10 steps to successful breastfeeding that was formulated by WHO and UNICEF. See, this 10 steps promotes optimal clinical care for new mothers and their infants. The 10 steps are given here for a reference. Just go through it. There is also evidence that implementing 10 steps significantly improves breastfeeding rate. So, on those same line, BFHI was launched as a global effort to implement practices that protect, promote and support breastfeeding. It mainly encourages the health facilities worldwide to better support breastfeeding by implementing the 10 steps. See this encouragement is given through designating health facilities as baby friendly. So those facilities that document their full adherence to the 10 steps as well as their compliance to relevant WHO guidelines could be designated as baby friendly. So now what about India? See India also adapted BFHI in 1993 but it did not sustain beyond 1998. So to promote breastfeeding, Government of India took another initiative in 2016 called the Mothers Absolute Affection that is MAA or MA program. This program renewed India's commitment to improve breastfeeding in the health facility and it incorporates the 10 steps. But the issue was MA program do not reach private hospital facilities. Therefore, two organizations jointed hands to implement the MA program in private hospital facilities. These organizations are the Breastfeeding Promotion Network of India, BPNI and Association of Health Care Providers in India that is AHPI. Through the initiative, the organizations improve standards of care for early breastfeeding and skin to skin contact within an hour of birth. Additionally, the project has launched a National Accreditation Center that is NAC which is in the news today. This National Accreditation Center is established as a unit of BPNI. So it serves as an agency for certifying hospitals as breastfeeding friendly hospitals. They are certified so after implementing MA program guidance or the 10 steps to successful breastfeeding. According to the news, Chennai's Bloom Health Care has become the first hospital to be recognized as breastfeeding friendly under this program. So overall, BFH TAG helps the mothers to identify breastfeeding healthy hospitals before they give birth. This is a welcome initiative as India's early initiation of breastfeeding indicator remains below 50%. So according to NFHS-5, early initiation of breastfeeding remains stagnant around 41%. So such initiative will improve this indicator as well. So this is all you have to know about this news article. With these learnt points, now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now let us take up this news article for our next discussion. See this news article reports about a unique duty undertaken by the forest department workers. Here we are talking about the forest department workers attached to the Manamboli forest range of the Animali tiger reserve. See they have been doing this unique duty for the past three days. Do you know what the unique duty is? They were taking turns on babysitting three leopard catcubs. See these three leopard catcubs, they have been taking shelter along with their mother in a gap in a firewood stack near to a tea factory at Thonimudi near Valparai. When the public saw them, they initially thought they were leopard cubs, but on a closer examination they found out that they were leopard catcubs. Now you might have a question why they were doing babysitting, right? See cat families, especially those with cubs, they have a habit of altering their position when humans approach them. So the forest rangers, they decided to patrol the area until the mother relocate the cubs to a new location. So this is the story behind the article. So in this context, let us see some of the important points about the leopard cat, which will be very important for their preliminary examination. So before knowing about leopard cats, have a basic understanding. Leopard cats are different from leopards. See leopard cats, they are a forest dwelling cats. They belong to the family Filade and they are found across India, Southeast Asia and nearby islands. See these leopard cats, they are noted for their leaped like colors. It has a round head, a short narrow mubble.  So they have a short narrow mubble and a big rounded ears. Usually males are larger than females and when you talk about the entire structure of a leopard cat, they look like a miniature long-legged and more slender version of a leopard. So in this sense it is understood that leopards and leopard cats are not the same species. Have this basic understanding. Now talking about special characteristics of the leopard cats, see the coat of leopard cat is usually yellowish or reddish brown above and white below. It is heavily marked with dark spots and streaks. The length of the animal ranges from 45 to 75 centimeters. See its tail length, it ranges from 23 to 35 centimeters. Here you can note the difference right. The tail length is nearly half of its total length. So by this way you can distinguish between a leopard and a leopard cat. Now talking about their conception nature, see the leopard cats or nocturnal hunters that is these animals they are mainly active during the night. They usually hunt or feed during the night and sleep during the daytime. So those kinds of animals are called nocturnal animals and these leopard cats they are nocturnal animals which preys on birds and small mammals. Leopard cats they especially breed in spring season when we talk about litters. Litters means a number of young animals born to an animal at one time. So when animal is giving birth, how many number of young animal it gives birth to? It is termed as litters. So the litters of leopard cats they consist of 2 to 4 young ones and the gestation period is about 56 days. See in prelims they might ask some of the facts like these. So make a note of all these they might ask a question in preliminary examination. Now talking about their distribution, see the leopard cats occur throughout India, West Pakistan, Afghanistan and Southeast Asia. So its range extends into the Himalayan foothills along China, Korean Peninsula and into the Russian Far East. See it is the only cat species which is native to Japan and Philippines. You can see the distribution of the leopard cats in the map. Now we shall see some of the threats to the leopard population. See it includes habitat loss and hunting. In a disturbed area and regions with high human activity, it has higher mortality than in protected area where survival rates are high. Now new studies they also suggest that the leopard cat population in the north and south are not connected. As they are not connected, they could not migrate and this also causes a decline in leopard cat population. Specifically talking about western guards, the main threat is urbanization. In China it is commercially exploited for its fur and other potential threats include introduction of exotic animals and the spread of diseases etc. So these are some of the threats to the leopard cat population. Now let us see the conservation status of leopard cats. See it is listed as species of least concern by IUCN. But it is listed on schedule 1 of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972. And talking about sites, it is listed on appendix 2 of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. So with these important points in mind, now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now look at this image. See this image shows the living root bridge in Mehalaya. Before getting into our discussion, just have a look at this UPSC previous year question. This question was asked in the year 2015. Keep this question in mind. We will come back to this question again after our discussion. Now let us see some of the important points about the image mentioned here. See we know that in most places around the world, bridges are constructed using concrete and steel, right? But increasingly in Mehalaya, bridges are grown from roots. These are called live root bridges. The original architect of this natural bridge building technique are the forefathers of the local tribes in Mehalaya. See though this ancient technology appears to be theoretically simple, practically it is very difficult and time consuming. Let us see how these live root bridges are constructed. See roots of certain fickus trees, including fickus elastica, which are locally known as deangery, are trained to serve as payment for these natural bridges. These natural bridges are found across the rivers or steep valleys. See, the strong secondary roots of these plants are manipulated or trained to grow horizontally. This manipulated growth is done through the tunnels of hollow, brittle nut trucks or bamboos. So that the roots and branches of these fast growing trees get trained along the bamboo or brittle nut. This takes years until they supersede its support. At later stages, stones are inserted into the gaps. This is done to eventually give us the beautiful walkway. The bridges are further improved upon with additional handrails and steps that you can see here in the image. Now let us see some of the advantages and disadvantages of these live root bridges. See, the major disadvantage is its time conception. See, the construction of modern concrete bridges may take three to four years, but these live bridges take longer time to develop into a firm bridge, say around 15 to 20 years. But the greatest advantage is the lifespan of these bioengineering wonders. It is estimated to be 500 years, which is much more than the lifespan of most of man-made modern bridges. The other advantage or the length and the capacity of these bridges, the bridges are made often for a length of 50 to 100 feet and even up to 50 to 55 meter length. They are proved to carry the load of up to 50 peoples at a time. Also note that these root bridges remain alive and grow stronger over time. You can compare to wooden bridges which might rot and decay in high rains. Just remember, the development and upkeep of these bridges is a community affair. That is the community they take care of the development and upkeep of these bridges. Now coming back to the 2015 UPSC problems question, you will now be able to easily mark the answer as option A, Mehalaya. Because Mehalaya is the place where the local people are trying the roots of living roots into robust bridges across the streams, as the time passes these bridges become stronger and these unique living root bridges are found only in Mehalaya. So the correct answer here is option A, Mehalaya. So with these learned points, now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now look at this news article. This news article is taken from the text and context page. See this news article talks about the cyber security attack that happened over the world in the last one year. This article mentions terms such as cyber attack, ransomware and critical infrastructure systems. We'll be discussing these aspects in this analysis. The syllabus relevant to this article is highlighted here for your reference. Please go through it. So first we'll learn about malware. What is a malware? See malware is a short term used for malicious software. It is any software developed with an intention to damage hardware devices, steal data or cause any other trouble to the user. Viruses, worms, ransomware, trillions and spywares are some of the kinds of malware. The table shown here is about the types of malware. Just go through it. It will be very helpful for your preliminary examination. If you know one type of malware, you can use that to eliminate another one. So now we'll see what is a cyber attack. See cyber attack is an attack through cyberspace. It actually target and enterprises use of cyberspace for the purpose of disrupting, disabling, destroying or maliciously controlling a computing environment or infrastructure. It will also destroy the integrity of the data or steal controlled information. So those kinds of attack through cyberspace is known as a cyber attack. Now coming back to the article, see it talks about the cyber attacks which took place in the last one year. We'll see them one by one. First point to note here is that the hackers, they increasingly targeted critical infrastructure systems this year. See critical infrastructure is nothing but a vast network which includes highways, connecting bridges and tunnels, railways, utilities and buildings necessary to maintain normalcy in daily life. It also includes transportation, commerce, clean water and electricity, all rely on these vital system. For example, the hackers attacked fuel pipeline operator, colonial pipeline with a ransomware that forced it to shut down causing fuel shortage under state of emergency in four states. For those who are not aware, see colonial pipeline consist of more than 550 miles of pipeline originating at Texas on the coast of Gulf of Mexico and terminating at the port of New York and New Jersey. So this is a typical example of critical infrastructure and this critical infrastructure was attacked for ransom. The company's operation were back to normal after they paid 5 million in ransom. Cyber criminal group Darkside, they took responsibility for the ransomware attack but it did not end there. The colonial pipeline Debell followed the attack on a water treatment plant in Florida and on SolarWinds IT company and so on. So the hackers, they mainly target the critical infrastructure system for ransom. Secondly, as the pandemic kept people connected to their devices for another year, cyber attacks and data breaches raged on, especially it raged on social media platforms. Social media platforms became a breeding ground for cyber criminals to steal data. For example, Facebook suffered a massive data breach as private information of 533 million users was leaked online. Facebook reported that information related to CEO Mark Zuckerberg was also part of the leaked database from 2019. So as people were more connected with cyber space, even the social media platforms, they also have become a breeding ground for cyber criminals to steal data. Now, coming back to India, India alone witnessed over 6 lakh cyber security incidents in the first six months of 2021. See, this has happened by taking advantage of a flaw in the platform's contract import feature. For example, YAR India reported a cyber security incident that affected data of over 4.5 million of its customers. The breach was reported to the company in February and involved personal data including name, data-worth, contact information, password information, ticket information, star alliance and YAR India frequent flyer data, but no password data or credit card data were affected. The hackers, they also targeted vaccination portal, Covin app to steal personal data. They developed fake apps posing as Covin app. I hope you all remember the Covin app. The Covin app is the official platform for booking Covin 19 vaccination slots or registering for the vaccine and circulating or registering for the vaccination. The hackers, they developed fake apps appearing as Covin app and they circulated these apps through viral messages. The SMS carries a link that installs the malicious app on Android-based devices which essentially spread itself through SMS to victims' contacts. The app also gains unnecessary permission that attackers could leverage to acquire user data such as contact list. So this has also happened here in India. Apart from this, according to US cyber security firm Recorded Future, Chinese state sponsored attackers attacked India's electricity industry as border tensions between the two countries increased in May last year. So according to the research, 10 different Indian power sector organizations were targeted in a coordinated attack on India's key infrastructure with malware known as shadow pad. This attack can give attackers complete access of the system. However, the power ministry said no data breach or data losses was detected due to this incident. So what can be done to address the cyber attacks? See, to counter cyber attack, we should follow cyber security protocols. Cyber safety is nothing but the safe and responsible use of information and communication technology. So it is about keeping information safe and secure, but also about being responsible with the information, being respectful to other people online and using good internet ethics. It includes body of technologies, processes and practices designed to protect network, computers, programs and data from attacks, damages or unauthorized accesses. Apart from this continuously accessing the situation and updating the system will help in protecting the cyber space. Finally, strong cyber laws involving all the stakeholders is the way forward here. So with these learned information, now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now let us take up this article for our next discussion. See, in this, the author talks about cryptocurrencies. He argues that cryptocurrencies must be neither banned nor regulated. The author had taken this topic after the tweet of our prime minister stating that India has officially adopted Bitcoin as legal tender, but this tweet was later deleted citing technical compromise. See, the author is mainly talking about the cryptocurrency and not the hacking or any technical fault that caused the false tweet. So in our discussion, we'll see about the impacts of banning or regulating the cryptocurrencies. And we also see very briefly about the opinions of the author when it comes to cryptocurrencies in India. The syllabus relevant to this article is highlighted here for your reference. First, let us begin our discussion with what is cryptocurrency? See, cryptocurrencies are digital tokens. They are a type of digital token that allows people to make payments directly to each other through an online site. Just remember, cryptocurrencies don't have a legal backup or an intrinsic value. The worth of cryptocurrency simply depends on the willingness of the people to pay for them in the market. Here itself, you can note the difference, right? This is in contrast to national currencies. See, national currencies are legislated as legal tenders. But instead, cryptocurrencies simply depend on the willingness of the people to pay for them in the market. See, though there are a number of cryptocurrencies, the most well-known is Bitcoin. See, nearly 15 million Indians are investing in cryptocurrencies. Not only that, they are even betting on cryptocurrencies. Because of this reason, the value of these cryptocurrencies keep on oscillating thereby creating risk to these investors and the financial systems. And this oscillating nature, it also depends on the nature of transaction. See, it is a private transaction between Indian adults with consent, right? Here, the government is not involved. So, a question arises here as how these 15 million Indians are gambling on cryptocurrencies. The answer would be hope. Yes, they just have a hope that the value of the cryptocurrency will keep rising. This hope is based on the ultimate belief that they will be socially accepted as a valid medium of exchange. See, the cryptocurrencies can become an acceptable medium of exchange only when each person in society trusts that the next person will accept it. The other way for building up of trust is through the government. Here, the government can explicitly induce trust in the society. For example, the government did such inducement of trust with paper currency. So, with respect to cryptocurrencies in India, there is a hope that the value of cryptocurrency will be keeping on increasing and there is a hope that they will be socially accepted as a valid medium of exchange. So, in such a case, if government make it clear that India will not legitimize cryptocurrencies, then it means cryptocurrencies cannot be exchanged for rupees in a bank. See, this will dampen the enthusiasm for investment and speculation. See, after all, the value for cryptocurrencies stem from the hope that it will eventually be a socially acceptable medium of exchange or legal tender, right? So, if we ban cryptocurrencies, this will actually dampen the enthusiasm for investment and speculation. So, what can be done is it actually requires a global compact of all major nations to jointly resolve to not accept cryptocurrencies as currencies. Inevitably, there will be some countries that will stay out and allow a loophole. But as of now, the Indian government must be explicit that India will never recognize cryptocurrencies as currency. See, here you might have a question. If we could not ban the cryptocurrencies or if we are never going to recognize cryptocurrencies as a legal tender, then we can regulate the cryptocurrencies. Even some experts, they have advised regulation of cryptocurrencies. But here is also a problem, because if government want to regulate a currency, it also needs to accord the status of a financial instrument. This is because only recognized instruments can be regulated. So, if government is planning to regularize cryptocurrencies, it actually means indirectly government is giving the status of a financial instrument to cryptocurrencies. See, this is also a bad idea, because as per author, the argument for regulating cryptocurrencies is the notion that millions of investors indulge in risky cryptocurrency trading, which can cause losses, increase volatility spur shadow finance and pose a systematic risk. And as per the author, regulation of cryptocurrencies is just an advice triggered by the hangover of the 2008 financial crisis caused by mortgage trading. If you remember in 2008 financial crisis, the fear of a systematic risk has led the world down a dangerous path of excessive financialization, reckless money supply and world state control of economic policy, which ultimately led to huge disparities in the societies. So, we should not fall prey to it once again. So, this is what the author tries to convey here. Just imagine a situation. If the government recognizes cryptocurrencies as assets and the regulator is established to supervise this, it actually runs the moral hazard risk of signaling official sanction to speculators and implying government protection. So, we are not actually sure about the fact that cryptocurrencies are free from speculators, right? So, if the government recognizes the cryptocurrencies as assets, it actually signals the speculators and approval to speculate. This could accidentally contribute to an increase in the number of persons trading bitcoins. And India does not have the resources and governance capacity to set up a new regulatory infrastructure to oversee the interest of speculators gambling in cryptocurrencies. So, it is a situation like if the government avoids the responsibility of cryptocurrency or it takes responsibility for cryptocurrency, the government might send a clear message to the speculators. Instead of this ambiguity, when it becomes very clear that the government will neither legalize nor regulate cryptocurrencies in India, the speculation activity will reduce, eventually is what the author tried to convey here. So, to conclude, cryptocurrencies should not be banned or regulated since they are neither possible nor wise. But instead, making it crystal clear that India would never accept cryptocurrency as a form of payment is the only solution for a longer run. So, with these learned points, now we came to the end of this news article discussion. Now, let us see some of the preliminary practice questions. Now, look at this first question. This question is about the breastfeeding topic. Consider the following statements. Statement one, Polistom is the first immunization a child receives from the mother. Statement two, baby-friendly hospital initiative was launched by WHO and UNICEF as a global effort to implement practices that protect, promote and support breastfeeding. Which of the following statements are correct? Option A, one only, option B, two only, option C, both one and two and option D, neither one nor two. See, in our discussion, we have extensively discussed about what is colostrum and we also discussed about the baby-friendly hospital initiative. Here, both the statements are correct. Colostrum is the first immunization a child receives from the mother. So, the first statement is correct. And coming to the second statement, second statement is also correct because it was launched by WHO and UNICEF. Importantly, two implement practices that protect, promote and support breastfeeding. So, both the statements are correct. Now, the correct answer for this question is option C, both one and two. Now, moving on to the second question. See, this question is about the leopard cats, which we discussed in our discussion. Evil quartet, sometimes seen in news, refers to which of the following? Statement one, habitat loss and fragmentation. Statement two, overexploitation. Statement three, alien species invasion. And statement four, co-extinction. Which of the statements given above is or are correct? Option A, one, two and three only. Option B, two and three only. Option C, one and two only. And option D, all the above. See, evil quartet is used to describe the four major causes that have led to the accelerated rate of extinction of species. These causes have been attributed mainly to human activities like extensive deforestation and poaching. So, to put it in simple words, evil quartet actually causes habitat loss and fragmentation, overexploitation, alien species invasion and co-extinction. So, the correct answer for the question is option D, all the above. Now, moving on to the third question. See, this question is about shadow pad. The term shadow pad often in news refers to which of the following? Option A, it is a malware. Option B, it is a new launch pad of ISRO. Option C, it is a virus. And option D, it is a cryptocurrency. See, the correct answer is option A. If you remember, in our discussion, we saw about this shadow pad, which is a Chinese state-sponsored cyber attack on India. See, 10 distinct Indian power sector organizations were targeted in a concerted campaign against India's critical infrastructure with malware known as shadow pad. We saw in the discussion that this shadow pad will hand over full control of the system to the attackers. So, the correct answer is option E, malware. Now, moving on to the last question. With reference to live route bridges, consider the following statements. Statement one, it has a long lifespan. Statement two, it consumes a very short time for construction. Which of the statements given above is a raw correct? Option A, one only. Option B, two only. Option C, both one and two. And option D, neither one nor two. See, in the discussion, we saw that it has a long lifespan, which is estimated to be 500 years. Hence, statement one is correct. Now, coming to the statement two. See, the statement two is incorrect because it consumes a longer time for construction that is around 15 to 25 years. So, the second statement is incorrect. So, the correct answer for the question is option A, one only. Nine questions are displayed here. Please go through it, write an answer and post it in the comment section. So, with this, we came to the end of the news article discussion. If you like the video, like, comment and share and do subscribe to Shankaray's Academy YouTube channel. Thank you.


in Professor, Department of Civil Engineering from WIT, Swollapur. Topic for today's session is DLM words principle. Learning outcome of this session. At the end of this session, learner will be able to analyze the body, which is in motion, by using dynamic equilibrium equation discovered by DLM words. DLM word principle, it is a system of forces acting on a moving body is in dynamic equilibrium with the inertia force or a reverse effective force of the body. Hence, just by applying a reverse effective force, the moving body can be treated as a body in equilibrium and can be analyzed by using equation of static equilibrium. Here, there is one body of mass m and the pulling force P acting on a body, surface will offer a normal reaction and there is a frictional force between the surface and the body. So, that frictional force must be equal to frictional coefficient into the normal. So, there are total three forces acting on the body, P frictional force and the normal offered by the support. With these three equation, we cannot analyze this body by using a equation of static equilibrium because it is not at the rest position. It is in a motion due to the force P. So, DLM word says that whenever the body is in dynamic condition, it is also very easy to analyze such a body. Simply add one more force which is exactly acting in a reverse direction of the resultant force. So, that force is called as the MA or it is called as the inertia force, mass of the body into acceleration. So, these two equations are available for the analysis of body. So, these two equations are called as the dynamic equation of equilibrium discovered by the DLM words. Remember here, summation of moment is equal to 0. That equation we are not using because it is a concurrent force system. All the forces are supposed to act on the center of gravity. So, summation of moment is equal to 0. That equation will not be useful here. Now, you think and answer the question, which is the alternate law for the DLM word principle? We have seen DLM word principle we discuss. Your options are Newton first law of motion, Newton second law of motion, Newton third law of motion, and Newton's law of gravity. Answer is the alternate law for the DLM word principle is Newton's second law of motion. Because Newton's second law of motion says that the external force acting on the body, it is equal to the mass of the body into acceleration. So, f is equal to ma. Use that equation in the DLM word principle. So, this is the alternate law for the DLM word principle. Now, by using DLM word principle, we will solve one numerical here. In the numerical, there is a one block of 1200 Newton is on the inclined plane. It is connected with the rope. And the rope is passing over a frictionless pulley. And to the another end of the rope, there is another block attached of weight 800 Newton. And inclination of the inclined plane is given 12 degree. Your question is, find the tension in the rope and acceleration with which the body moves of the plane. And it is given coefficient of friction for the plane and the body is 0.2. Here, for this case, coefficient of friction is not given with the vertical wall and the 800 Newton. So, it is not in the contact with this vertical wall. We'll solve numerical step by step. First, draw the free body diagram of 1200 Newton block. 1200 Newton block, it is on an inclined plane. So, draw it as it is in an inclined nature. Many times, students have a fear of the problem of inclined plane. So, my suggestion is, you keep it as it is. We will change the axis itself. So, show here x axis parallel to the plane and the y axis perpendicular to the plane. So, it is a very easy method. And analysis of such a case is also very easy. The self-heat of the block is 1200 Newton and it will act vertically downward. And the rope is pulling the block. So, there is a tension in the rope. It is acting vertically upward along x axis. And it is in contact with the plane. So, plane will offer a normal reaction in vertical upward direction along y axis. As the block is moving up the plane, so frictional force will act in the opposite direction. And that will be equal to mu into n. Here, there are total four forces are acting on the body. Self-heat, tension in the rope, normal reaction, and the frictional force. With these four forces only, we cannot apply the D'Alembert's principle. According to D'Alembert, add one inertia force in the opposite direction of the motion. So, inertia force is M A. M is the mass of the body. It is W by G. W is given 1200 Newton and G is 9.81. And here, A is the acceleration. So, M A force will be acting in the opposite direction of motion. Before going for the analysis, see here. T force is in the x direction. F is also in the x direction. N is in y direction. And M A force is in x direction. But only one force is there, 1200 Newton. It is not in either x direction or either y direction. So, we will find out the component of 100 Newton in x and y direction. And inclination of the plane is given 12 degree with the horizontal. So, it's normal. We'll make 12 degree with the vertical. So, vertical component will be 1200 into cos 12. And the horizontal component will be 1200 into sin 12. So, like this, we resolve the force 1200 Newton in a x and y component. Now, in y direction, there are only two forces. 1200 cos 12 and the N. We have applied M A force. So, now we can use the equations of equilibrium. So, use the equation of equilibrium. Summation of F y is equal to 0. Only if two forces are there in y direction, so we can write N is equal to 1200 into cos 12. So, N is equal to 1173.77 Newton. So, calculate F. F is equal to mu into N. So, it will be 234 into 476 Newton. Now, go for the summation F x. First, calculate the forces in x direction T, F 1200 sin 12 and the M A. Total four forces are there in x direction. Do the summation of four forces and equate with 0. Simplify the equation. So, the equation will be in the form of A and T. So, it is 122.32 A minus T is equal to minus 484.25. So, let it be equation 1. Now, go for the analysis of second block. Second block is of self-height 800 Newton. Self-height always act vertically downward and the second block, it is connected with the rope and so there is a tension in the rope in vertically upward direction. So, here the block which is on the inclined plane which is moving up the plane. So, obviously that 800 Newton block will move down. So, in the opposite direction of motion, we have to add M A force. So, I hope you understand why it is in vertically upward direction because the 800 Newton block is moving downward. So, in the opposite direction of motion, we added M A force. Now, apply equilibrium equation. So, summation of all these three forces equal to 0. We will get the equation T plus 800 divided by 9.81 into A is equal to 800. Now, from the first block equation 1 is there, from the second block equation 2 is there. These two equations solve simultaneously and find out the value of T and A. So, we will get the value of tension in the rope is 673.68 Newton and the acceleration is 1.549 meter per second square. These are my references for this video. Thank you very much for listening.