Dwi werthio. Well, I've been fair to them so I will get going. So, welcome to everybody to my talk Whereas All the Wildlife summer flooding and the importance of landscape conservation. It's so great to see so many of you joining us here today for the Open Day. It's obviously a special celebration for us here. I've obviously got quite a lot encompassed within this title, and I am going to try 然後 pile through as much information as I can in the next three quarters of an hour. 我会尔 ychydig i ddechrau'r cwmian ar y cwestiynau. Be cyfwis i ddatgani'r gweithio oherwydd unrhyw gyda'r gorau i fynd i gydag jocelyn llawer o'i roi wneud i'r ddweud trei o'r cloc, 所以 mae'n dechrau'n rhaid i'n gwneud. Felly, i ddigoniau'r ymdeg yng nghylch, llawer o rhan o fach yn ymweld y llefnol yn ymdeg ymddegau gyfyrddau yn ymddeg. Yn y gallwch yn ddeudio cymaint y cyfrifio, y cwmaint i ddod, mae ydych yn cyfnod. Cymun iddyn nhw'n ddweud y cyfrifio cyfrifio yn y ddod yn ddefnyddio'r ddweud. Y cyfrifio ymddir ymddir yw'r cyfrifio ac mae'r cyfrifio a'r cyfrifio a'r cyfrifio, a'r cyfrifio yn y ddweud. Ac mae'n ddefnyddio'r cyfrifio. Yn y ffrifio ymdill yma, yn ddwy'r ddwych arweithio'r tyfnol gyda gyddi'r gwaith hwnnw yn cael ei ffennu a'r ddechrau. A gyda'r ffordd o'r ddysgu hwnnw o ddysgu hwnnw o'r ddysgu hwnnw, mae'n ddiddordeb yn fwy o ffordd o gyddiad neu ddysgu hwnnw o'r oedd yn ddechrau. A ddysgu hwnnw o'r ffordd o'r oedd yn ddysgu hwnnw o ddysgu hwnnw o ddysgu hwnnw o ddysgu hwnnw. ac, ymwneud, unigweld ymwneud yn defnyddio i'r ffordd. Yn ymwneud, yma'n gwybod i'r 40% o'r ffordd yma'r ddweud yn ein gennyddiadau yma. Yn gwybod i'n ddylai'r ffrindwyr, ym mwyaf ein gennyddion eich gennyddion eich gennyddion. Yn ymwneud, yma'n gwybod i'r ffordd yma ydw i'n ymwneud yma ymwneud yma, ymwneud yn ymwneud i'r ddweud hynny o'r ymddangos iawn. as that. So just to give you some examples of what wetlands can offer us. They provide the habitat which supports the diversity of species. And they provide raw materials and raw resources like freshwater for example. So freshwater is one of our rarest resources. It's only 2.9% of all water is freshwater. So the freshwater that's held within these ..fawr hwnnw o'i dyfodol yn gweithio'r rhaglen. Yn ystod, mae gennych chi'n gweithio'r cyfnodd cyrbyn. Mae'n gyfnodd ar y maen nhw. Mae'r rhaglen yn rhanau ystod yn ymarfer y 5%... ..y'r cyfnodd cyrbyn yn y DU... ..y'r cyfnodd yw'r rhaglen yn ymgylchedd... ..y'r rhaglen yn y gweithio'r gwasanaeth grannog... ..y'r rhaglen yw'r UK. ac yn edrych yn oes i gael ei glos. Mae'r adynhau a'r adnod, mae'r adnodau a philgrinog, a'r adnodau a philgrinogau a'r adnodau. A gwybod yn fwy o'r adnod, yna'r adnodau, yn adnodau a philgrinogau. Felly, ac amdannu ar hyn oherwydd, I want to frame most of this talk very locally, I'm sure many of you come from the local area. This green light configuration is known as the Upper Thames floodplain. We're currently nestled just in this U-bend here in the centre of town. For those of you coming on the walk this afternoon, we're going to be heading into the floodplain down on Port Meadow. Now, I want to first emphasise that these floodplain areas are actually characterised by the winter flooding. For those of you who live locally, you're bound to have gone down to Port Meadow during the winter period when it has been flooded. And that is part of the natural exchange of nutrients in these systems. And it's obviously occurring during the dormant stage of these systems, so not during the reproductive period. Now, I want to concentrate on one particular area within this tributary, which is nestled down here on the west wing. And it's a site called Timney Meadow's Nature Reserve. And it belongs to the Berkshire, Buckinshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust. And it covers about 250 hectares, just over now because they've extended into a further field. And one particular community that resides in this area, the floodplain meadow, I'm going to want to focus down on that first of all. And under the National Vegetation Classification, some of you may not know what National Vegetation Classification was, but effectively it was a project carried out in the early 1990s by Professor Roddwell. And it was an incredible undertaking. Him and his team set out to classify all of our habitat communities as a way of focusing down our conservation efforts. And he came up with a series of habitat classifications. And the floodplain meadows ended up being a mesotrophic grassland four. So that's classified by Meadow, Foxtail and Greater Burnett grassland. Now, this grassland is extremely rare in the UK. It covers only 1,500 hectares. So it's extremely rare. One thing that you'll notice on the photograph is how fantastically dense it is and structurally complex. So this sort of speckling in the foreground, some of you may recognise as Breesomedia, so the quaking grass, which is quite a specialist of old hay meadows. And these species-rich meadows can contain roughly usually over 20 species per square metre. And this structural complexity is extremely important for the reasons I'm about to explain. So on the left-hand side, we have a representation of a very simple single structured sword. And as you can see, there's very little dynamism in this structure. And it supports only a few high-level species. Whereas if you look at the example on the right-hand side, there's much more structural diversity and it's much more species-rich. And you can see that it offers many more different areas, which we call niches, to host a whole array of higher-level species. So why is having better biodiversity important? Now this is a simple diagram of a food chain. And a food chain is simply the way that energy is passed between species. So in this lower section of the food chain, we have the primary producers that capture the sunlight, produce the food through photosynthesis. And that energy is passed up to the primary consumers, which gain their energy directly from the primary producers. This is a very, very simple food chain. It's only got two levels. And the black bars represent the numbers of each of the species. Now these very simple food chains are extremely susceptible to stochastic events, including events like flooding. Now by having diversity in the grassland sword, and here I'm contrasting just plain grassland species to a mixture, a much more sort of species-rich mixture. This is on arable land. And you can see simply the difference in the complexity of the food chains. You don't obviously have to try and work out any of these connections. It's just simply this is a very simple food chain, and this is a very complex one. And obviously you want to ask yourself, why is that important? Now the insurance hypothesis basically suggests that the higher the level of biodiversity that we have, the more that that basically protects us against potential stochastic events in the future, environmental change. And the reason that is because the more biodiversity you have, the more likely you will have species within that diversity that can adapt or are adapted to any particular environmental circumstance you wish to throw at them, whether it's flooding or increased temperatures. So if we allow this animation to continue, and you'll start seeing some of the primary producers disappearing, by the time we get to the white clover, which obviously was quite a large component of the primary producers, once that is lost, you can see the devastating effect it has on the higher level species. And that just emphasises the importance of complexity, which you will need to think about as we go through the rest of the talk. So there are two erroneous beliefs about flooding, which I'd also like to squash during this talk today. The first, and you will read this in some publications, that all flooding have environmental benefits, and that's simply not the case. And I will be demonstrating that with the data I will be showing you. First of all, the flood plain meadow communities that I've mentioned, they are extremely vulnerable to changes in water regime, nutrient regime, and they require very specialist vegetation management. So this balance is essential. Now, in terms of the hydrological requirements, there are the eco-hydrological guidelines for plant communities, which is generated through the Open University research work, and available freely online, if any of you are doing any management work yourselves. And this diagram just simply demonstrates across the months of the year what the ideal water level is for this community, for the flood plain meadow community, below the surface level. So there is a general preference, obviously, for there to be no water above the surface level. So when the water hit in 2007, so this is a photograph from chimney meadows in the first flood in July, and we were hit again in 2008. But you can see, obviously, from leaves on the tree, this is the peak of the reproductive period. So this had devastating knock-on effects for the species on this site. And the examples that I'll be giving you today, they ricochet and were very similar across the same sites all the way up the Thames. So to start with some of the botanics, the first impacts were noticed because I was carrying out various quadrat survey work. And we noticed a devastating drop of over 60% loss of the coverage of the key species which make it a flood plain meadow. So this is not a 60% drop of all species. What we're interested in is the species that make it a flood plain meadow. And across these areas are representing the 2007 and 2008 flooding. So that is a huge devastating impact. And it's not surprising that it was that devastating because when the flooding hit in July, much of the seed had already dropped from the vegetation. So much of the seed was actually washed out into the riverine systems. And that is why in the following year the resurgence of these species is so low. And I'm going to go into more detail about that in a bit later on. So the second aspect that they are extremely sensitive to is the nutrient regime. And specifically with the species-rich meadows, they require very low levels of phosphorus. So that's what we're going to be concentrating on. You can see from the green section on this map that it's generally between 0 and 1 grams per metre squared is the acceptable level for this community. Now this devastating photo was taken in the aftermath of the flooding. So once the water had receded, much later in the summer, we were left with this kind of snow-white algal scum.  It was quite surreal. But because the water had been so warm throughout the summer period, this algal bloom had developed.  And the impacts of this deposition was actually monitored by Professor Gowing, who managed to get an urgent grant to assess the phosphorus deposition all the way across from the 7, which as you all know was badly affected right through across to the far end of the Thames. And chimney meadows was one of the sites that was actually monitored. And it was found that the phosphorus levels had been increased four-fold above what it would normally be. And this is extremely disconcerting because phosphorus, if you're trying to manage a site and you're trying to reduce the phosphorus levels, even if you remove the hay, you can only reduce the phosphorus by about 1% each year. So when you look at the scale of the 7 and you imagine how long it's going to take them to get those sites back into condition, it's quite a scary thought, at the very least. So the third main variable which affects these meadow areas is the vegetation management. So they require preferably an annual hay cut in July-August time and followed by grazing by preferably cattle. And unfortunately because of this algal scum that had developed, this had obviously impeded any ability to hay cut or any ability to graze. And in fact that was the case for over two years of the site in terms of the management. And so not only did you have the algal scum build up, but you also had all of this organic matter building up as well, which obviously had implications for the competitive plants trying to burst back through. It was extremely devastating and that was again reflected in the number of species emerging post-flooding. So again this is 2007, 2008 and there was an over 50% drop-off in the species emerging between before and after the flooding. And again, not only is it because the seas were washed into the riverine systems, but it's also because of this huge mat which was really impenetral for many of the less competitive species. So the second erroneous belief about flooding I would like to squash is that flooding does not adversely affect the soil, macro, invertebrate populations. And this is certainly again you'll see written in some documentation. Certainly at Chymlu Meadows the data we'd collected from pitfall trapping on the ground beetle and rove beetle data demonstrated an extremely dramatic 85% loss across those species groups so in abundance. That's a huge, huge impact. And if you think back to those original food chains that I showed you, you can imagine the knock-on effect for the higher level species with a loss and I'm going to come back to that later on. In terms of some of the other species that we lost at the site, Bumbus Rudurarius, some of you may know, is a priority conservation species and was nesting down at the National Nature Reserve section of Chymlu Meadows and that was completely lost. So those meadows were under at least a metre and a half of water for many, many weeks, at least eight weeks. And so all those nesting sites were completely destroyed. And sadly Bumbus Rudurarius has not returned to that site since. Sorry, it's a type of bumble bee. Sorry. The other key impact in terms of the invertebrate species was a 63% decline in the worm densities. And this in alignment with the loss of ground beetles had an ultimate impact on the number of breeding curlew. So we completely lost the breeding curlew from that site and no breeding curlew had been recorded at Chymlu since, sadly. And of course that is the key question, is how long will it take for these communities to reassemble. And there's various data looking at worm density and the data indicated 2.5 metres to 10 metres per year is the migration rate of worms. So we may be in for quite a long wait with some species and in terms of the beetles I'm going to show you a specific research project where we looked into this shortly. So in addition the grasshopper densities crashed by about 80% as well, that was a phenomenal crash. Obviously they feed on grasses so all of that as you saw from the other photographs was completely destroyed. And I do recall moving around the site by boat to check various areas and being inundated with all these various grasshoppers just jumping into the boat because they had obviously moved up to the scrub areas in the trees but sadly had nowhere else to go there was nothing to feed on, the grass had been destroyed and so many of these either died of starvation or obviously picked off by predators or we found very commonly they were attacked by fungal infections and passed away that way. So that's why although they may have initially survived the flooding we ultimately had a loss of about 80%. And interestingly in terms of the barn owl densities we saw a 50% drop off of them, not 100% and the reason was some of these high level meadows remained out of the water and what we think is obviously a lot of the small mammal populations were pushed into this area. So effectively it just came as fantastically dense larder for the barn owls. But sadly we did lose those breeding birds that were down on the lower section because on the island for instance let me just jump to the next slide this is just simply demonstrating the topography of the island so you've got the Thames proper coming around the outside and this is the Thames cut that was put in 1890 and this raised section here is effectively all the soil that they dumped out to the side so within 100 metres of the cut effectively the wood mice and field mice they survived in that area but in this whole section here this was completely inundated and all of those populations were lost and I know this because I had a master's student on those very populations at the time and so she was able to see that there was some survivor on the island but not enough to sustain there was a barn owl that had been nesting in the ashtray here so a massive impact across the site obviously I haven't gone through all of the different species but we don't have time today but I just wanted to give you a taster of some of the impacts and this is the key question because in terms of where we go from here in terms of adaptive management into the future if the prediction is for increased risk of flooding and especially more intense events potentially during the summer period the question is that if it takes 10 years for these communities to re-establish and yet these events may occur every 10 years then how viable are these habitats as we move forward in the future and it's a very important question especially for site managers and how they're going to deal with that so what are the potential solutions and what are the recovery rates well the inverted bridge surveys are being repeated next year so I won't have the data for you on that right now but in terms of the botanics over a four year period the recovery was still only two thirds of the original coverage of those key species for that community which in some ways seems quite positive actually but when you look at the next graph and you actually look at the number of species rather than just the coverage of that community well it's an absolute fraction of that and that's the issue so what's happened is that there have been a few more dominant maybe more competitive species amongst those key species that have literally spread out in the grassland but the whole complement is far from there and as you can see in four years there's just this tiny fractional recovery compared to the original coverage of these key species so it's definitely food for thought and of course the question is well if the community can't reside in that specific location then maybe it can be pushed elsewhere and so restoration and buffering and linking these sites is really going to be the key way to move forward and down at Chymni Meadows an arable reversion process took place started in 2004 and 70% of the higher level grounds remember the Thames is running along this southern edge here this is our National Nature Reserve and the Lower Wetland area so this is where the main section of the MG4 resided and this is where we were recreating fresh new meadows as a support and as a buffer to the National Nature Reserve and so this was carried out by removing green hay from the National Nature Reserve and spreading it out over these arable fields and effectively most of my work was looking at the effect of this on-going management and how successful this restoration project actually was and in each of the fields we had a control plot so where no green hay was spread and you can see that within that plot in the very outset it was certainly just a mixture of south thistle and creeping thistle and such like and there was quite a contrast with the rest of the field we didn't even know what species were in there and the rest of the field within 12 months had a baseline dry neutral grassland community which itself only has 5-10,000 hectares across the whole country so that was pretty spectacular to even achieve that in that short space of time and what I did was I had contrast plots at the National Nature Reserve so not only were we able to look at how well each of these fields were developing after the management and how they were progressing towards our target community which was where we took the green hay from in the first place down at the National Nature Reserve and across the first three years which was obviously pre-flooding you don't need to understand the details of this graph it's simply that across the three years you have the control that I've mentioned and the treatment and all this is asking is similar are these sites to the National Nature Reserve where the hay came from and there was an extremely significant result demonstrating a shift in those arable version of fields towards the target community across just three years which was phenomenal and obviously just in the nick of time because we'd created this baseline and then the flooding hit July 2007 so it is a classic example of why buffers are beneficial because if we hadn't carried out that reversion that National Nature Reserve would have been basically lost there was no buffering at all the nearest meadow to the National Nature Reserve was at least a several miles away but still even though we'd created that buffer and there was obviously an ability for species to shift up to that area and ultimately Timidee was still surrounded by an agricultural landscape and it's still isolated in many ways and vulnerable to change so though we've created 70 hectares yes they're still vulnerable and the intensity of the landscape around it needs to be dealt with and I'm going to talk a bit more about that shortly I just wanted to sort of revisit my historical aspect really where these sites started from so there were pioneers such as Charles Rothschild back in 1912 established the society for the promotion of nature reserves and basically they decided that why don't we go out there and find out the best places in the UK to preserve a biodiversity and it was effectively their work that led to the development of strategic statutory nature reserves which we now know as national nature reserves and the society for the promotion of nature reserves became what we would know as the wildlife trusts and so effectively it set the scene for how conservation was going to move forward at that point it was very revolutionary in its time but of course now those sites only cover 10% of the UK 70% of our land is agriculture so as fantastic as those sites may be they are still surrounded by a very intense environment and especially after the Second World War when there was obviously a push to increase crop production it led to degradation and fragmentation of many habitat sites and obviously therefore an increase in the isolation between these sites and what's important is the fact that the more isolated your sites you cannot have interchange of species between them so it means that it's very hard for populations to be viable in the long term and this is the key point that I now want to pick up so let's come out awfully bright so this is the Thames tributary again but all of these little coloured patches that are overlaid are either statutory reserves or local county wildlife sites or local reserves of the RSPB or wildlife trust and the first thing that should really strike you is how separated a lot of these sites are very fragmented across the landscape particularly obviously in the south east here it's obviously very built up and everything in between here is generally probably housing and such like so of course the issue is even if this is chimney again even if you do extend the existing sites the issue is the gaps between these sites may still be too large for many species to be able to cross and it's thinking about the sort of wider matrix which is a real fundamental focus on the strategy right now and thinking about how to move forward with conservation because many sites and many species are able to either fly in if so obviously birds some are able to balloon in some spiders can balloon in on silks and some species, zotra obviously can swim into sites unfortunately not all species are so lucky and some have life harder than others and this is the bloody-nosed beetle that some of you might already know so it's a market-need brykosa and this poor chap has to walk between sites and so in terms of the linking of the landscape for this particular species it's a very useful species to be able to look at fragmentation and look at permeability of the landscape so the data that we collected at chimney meadows is being part of a much wider study a multi-site landscape study that was led by Ben Woodcock from Centre of Ecology and Hydrology and effectively what we were asking was how does the quality of the habitats in the surrounding landscape affect the colonisation of these phytofagus beetles phytofagus just means they feed on grasses so how does this wider landscape impact and I think I'll just take you through this so this is a graph literally just comparing the restoration success of the plants when we generated our meadows against the restoration success of these beetles as you can see the graph is very messy there's no clear relationship at all that's obvious in this graph now there is a theory called the field of dreams probably all seen that movie that I remember when that was years ago and effectively the ideology of that was if you create it they will come and a lot of people within the conservation area fair enough before the evidence came to light thought that if you created the meadows the species will come and of course in terms of birds yes they will come in London Wetland Centre is a classic example of that they built that in the income of the birds but in terms of these phytofagus beetles that have to walk there's obviously not such a clear relationship there are barriers occurring that means they can't just suddenly appear when you create a meadow and so what we looked at was the proportion of species rich meadows in the surrounding landscape so how permeable is this landscape how easily can they move between there so we looked at the proportion of species rich grass in the landscape against the success of the beetles and there was a much sharper relationship there's obviously other variables going on and I won't have time to go into details today but the much sharper relationship which is obviously completely logical because if you're walking through an environment you need to have the right habitat to walk through otherwise it becomes a barrier so this connectivity is an extremely vital property of the landscape especially in the light of climate change species will need to be able to move between sites habitats will need to be able to shift as we extend sites and create buffers I mean many people think that species will always have to sort of be shifting northwards but when you think about say a hillside some species that reside on say the southern face could actually instead of moving 100km north to get a degree drop can actually just move up 130m I know we don't have many of those in Oxfordshire but we have some up and so it's about adapting your management to allow these shifts now the original ideology of having single sites and managing them has been completely revolutionised and these new approaches these landscape approaches are being led by organisations like the Wildlife Trust and they have a national programme called the Living Landscapes which effectively aims to restore, recreate and reconnect which is exactly everything that we've been talking through so far and they're doing that by connecting and partnering with local communities with schools, with businesses and importantly the land owners because as I've already mentioned 70% of our land is agriculture and it's absolutely vital that these land owners are on board if we are to develop this connectivity and linkage now a lot of the government schemes like the higher level schemes, entry level schemes financially support these sorts of management so if a farmer wants to undertake hedgerow management potentially plan to hedgerow to link two fields potentially to enhance a river system to allow more permeability then there is a financial support which is incredible so this direction is opening out loads of other organisations are obviously involved now also this is an example of one of the Living Landscapes in Berkshire, just over the border if you have chance you should go down and visit the Wildlife Trust are hopefully literally about to sign to take over the council sites as well which is absolutely incredible to add to the Living Landscape and what's what I like about the Berkshire Living Landscape is it emphasises the fact that it's not about creating just an open space of countryside it's about allowing that interchange between the built up areas and these greener areas as we go on the walk those of you that are joining us so it's about urban ecology and potential sympathetic management that people can do in their own gardens to enhance this landscape linking whether it's planting their own meadows or creating ponds and such like it allows those stepping stones for species even if they can't necessarily breed in your garden they might use you as a stepping stone to somewhere that they can and that is extremely crucial and all of this movement is backed up with the scientific literature and there's loads of freely available evidence-based reviews which you can look if you want to to read further about this so basically supporting the enhancement and connectivity approach and some of you may remember there was a government white paper that came out back in 2010 and John Lawton wrote, it was titled Making Space for Nature and effectively he was iterating how the wildlife trust and other organisations are effectively doing which is enlarging current sites and joining them together but it's bringing everything together now there's the scientific evidence that this is required there is the government support as well in terms of funding for the land owners and such like as well and then there's the owners from the NGO sector so just very quickly to close to bring it back to a local perspective I just wanted to sort of highlight the Thames Catchment Flood Management Plan area obviously we're just in Oxfordshire here and I wanted to highlight something that you, I don't know if any of you have actually read the plan but one of the quotes states we will identify locations where the storage of water would benefit communities by reducing flood risk and providing environmental benefits by increasing the frequency of flooding now after everything I have just said I hope that you completely disagree with that statement and the evidence is completely to the contrary now unfortunately one of their current proposed storage sites sits right on top of this very site I've just been talking about so you can recognise the outline here of too many meadows now these storage areas they are proposing as a last case scenario this is potentially 50 years, 70 years down the line but I am very thankful to say that it's not just their main focus obviously if flood storage becomes your main driver then how are you going to control these conditions potentially they could store water at any time of year whenever these statistic events happen those communities would be completely lost and it's fantastic to say that the environment agency are committed to trying to push forward with a natural flood management scheme so those flood storage areas are a last resort the focus really is to try and slow the water down in a much more subtle effect I'll give you some photographs in a second encourage, we call infiltration so I know that in the Netherlands they have these what called green waterways like grass waterways which are at the base of fields and it means when there's a flash event it will quickly take the water through without cutting across all of the agricultural site which would whip a lot of soil and nutrients across with it so there are ways and means planting forestry within sort of cut-throughs where big water surges can happen as well that's taking place and obviously this supports the natural processes and ecosystems we don't want massive engineering anymore it's not going to allow that natural connectivity and all these vital ecosystem services to take place so this is an example of these kind of softwares sort of integrated wetland features these are a series of scrapes and ponds that have been set up at chimney meadows and again these are supported by these government schemes so many farmers that I know locally have also created their series of scrapes and such like to help with the landscape linkage and so I just threw this photograph up just because it brings us back down closer to homes obviously we're going to for those of you coming on the walk we'll be going down to Port Meadow which is just right within this floodplain area so I just wanted to say thanks to obviously the Wildlife Trust and Ben Woodcock from CEH and Professor going from the Open University so thank you very much and I just kind of left five minutes so that we can have some questions and discussion cos I'm particularly interested in your take on flood storage and if you've got any personal experiences of this process or anything so I will open up to the floor Are there any schemes to scoop up beetles from one site and transport them to another site? There's not at the moment the current sign of the evidence it really doesn't support translocation of beetles it's not effective enough and various methods have been contrasted from sort of taking turf cutting and translocating that across and they have not been effective and they've been done on quite large scales as well so although there's some evidence for other species obviously being translocated particularly sections of grassland itself and taken across but the evidence is not there unless it just hasn't been done on a large enough scale and then of course it comes down to the cost issue invariably but no, translocation doesn't seem to work I mean obviously you have to make sure you have the right conditions for those species and the right habitat unless you literally translocate the whole thing itself which costs a huge amount of money at the moment that's very difficult The community I think I'm defined by Foxtail and Greater Burnett how do you actually pick which plants define the community? Well that's where John Rodwell's work came in so the phenomenal piece of work they did at the early 1990s they basically did over 2,000 quadriaths and basically compared the content and effectively were able to petition out and say well these are all very similar they contain these constant species these are very similar they contain these constant species and then they put labels to them and they just noted that there were dominant those two species were quite dominant what's interesting is that chimney we never had Greater Burnett and what they recognize now and the floodplain partnership which is a fantastic organization are at the moment looking into sub-communities Of course one could argue that as climate changes of course those original classifications are going to completely shift which is very unfortunate given the phenomenal piece of work that that was back in its day but that's just a reality so there is the question of when you have these target communities what does that mean anymore because if the species content is going to shift because some have to potentially be more tolerant to flooding events then yes we have to be very careful within the conservation field not to just say we want it to be MG6 or MG7 and such like for that reason really there's got to be some flexibility that national nature reserve was more of a crossover between MG4 and MG5 which is the floodplain meadow and the giant neutral grassland but both rare but they are sort of loose classification as we are recognising the flexibility in those communities and of course as some communities have been wiped out by flooding the species that recolonize are not necessarily the same species and in terms of ecosystem services one could argue well it doesn't have to be a specific species that does that job as long as somebody does it so in terms of our human benefits as long as our species colonizes that can break down that feces then why does it matter if it's one and not the other that's a very basic level of looking at it but that's why communities are very different so if you look at one MG4 grassland and look at the beetles contained within that and look at a completely different area yes there are similarities but they are never exactly the same no ecosystem is stable they are always fluxing in different areas but it is a really interesting dilemma that everybody has especially as we move forward now so sorry what are your questions here what are your kids particularly the green wind affected by the flooding and have they recovered since then yes that's right that's right because you came down with the group and they were there they have not been seen since sadly I did so Lisa Lane is now managing the site and yes they said that they haven't seen them this year so we hold out hope that they may return in time again some of the species may be there but the conditions might not be right to emerge yet but they had a good population down there the fatilleries interestingly have emerged in great glory we only ever had a few plants and they've obviously gone wild because the area is so moist they've done exceptionally well although the green wings have gone dormant for a while the fatilleries have come through in great strength so again it's quite interesting sorry there's a question just a very quick question about habitat management not specific to flood claim but you mentioned after Marth grazing preferably cattle and I've read this before cattle are different to get hold of how horses compare with cattle horses and sheep together is better than just horses I mean thinking of the evidence base and just while I'm talking about the evidence base actually if you go to conservationevidence.com there is a build up of freely available evidence so I suggest you look at that and environmentalevidence.com as well so those two sites is basically aware because obviously we is recognised that not everyone has access to the scientific data that is effective and what's not and so the idea in these sites and particularly the conservation evidence site they're trying to build up a series of synopsis which said what's the best management for birds what's the best management for X, Y and Z and it's fantastic and they're hoping to review them every two years and it will be a great way for site managers to be able to access this exact kind of information so the best is cattle just because the way that they graze it creates a much more dynamic towards structure which again starts with that complexity and therefore enhances the biodiversity sheep graze very uniformly and that's why you would only use them so the reversion that we carried out because you start with a very open root system you definitely don't want cattle or horses on at that stage because they would just destroy the root system so it depends on the level of your management so in those early stages because the root system was so open we had to use sheep because they're much lighter fitted and then after the first four or five years the root system had closed over then we brought in the cattle to start generating this fantastic variation so you have to tailor it to what you're actually undertaking but horses on their own have not been demonstrated because they leave huge sections it's not like cattle where they have nice mixed tussocks because of this defecation and urination they won't go really anywhere near it so that you get whole sections because I had tried to use ponies in the past but I worked when I alternated ponies and sheep within the same area to get the mix ultimately and also you've got the whole thomentics effect on invertebrates as well and that's a whole different story but that is an issue if they're defecating within the field it could impact on your invertebrate population depending on this treatment for worms basically and another so you've been trying to manage a site well I think the difficulty is of course actually getting hold of about any sheep in parts of Oxfordshire and that anybody wants to put in a small field but it's worthwhile contacting the local wildlife trust because as part of the living landscape programs it might be that because they have their own sheep and cattle and such that as well it's always worth asking because if it's a way of enhancing the management of the whole landscape then that's what the living landscape programs all about so I would definitely approach them fantastic well I've gone five minutes over time I'm kind of aware we've all got to dash and going to meet Jocelyn and such so thanks ever so much for coming


What's going on y'all? Chris from jasmizcasebreaks.com and we got it done. 2021 Panini Flows football 2 box case break number six Thanks again big thanks to anyone who got in any straight up spots any fillers any R&B is very much appreciate y'all At the end of this break We got more to do 50 Father's Day packs given away to the top two If the top two or any R&B spots were randomized those ten names as well The top spot in there gets one top spot second top Gets the next 25 to all right here. We go. Let's get to it Here is our list number six some R&B spots and some straight up names. Thanks again y'all Big time here. Good luck our last case of flawless for the foreseeable future We're gonna up that bell. I won't be using it by getting some uh some Joe mojo some mojo Jojo and the big beautiful case bottom second here in Atlanta 00 here Wraith's Dodgers Just warming it up Tyler that train whistle we're getting it rolling here straight notes I'm mojo Jojo Thanks again everyone for getting this filled out seriously. I Only get to do this because of y'all y'all make this super duper white Eternally grateful. Okay. Okay. I need a second Spacer We got ourselves a long boy y'all. I believe I Actually haven't seen a case like this before personally We've got something in here We've got something good here. All right well, what the What do I what do I've gotten here? I haven't seen anything like this quite in my my personal experience Make sure I've got this all You know, I think this is our slider box. It is Very interesting looking orientation And Rex I told you Rex. You're always right. I Little interesting stuff here. I'm trying to try to make this, you know, I'm slow-paced So I want y'all to be able to enjoy it just like I am our last case, too Our last case for a while All right, everyone. Here's box one. Good luck First card rookie showcase 15 out of 15 EY Mitchell quad patch 49ers are in our arm beaker for the 49ers Spot 50 no part 15. They're gonna spot five. That's gonna go to Matthew s of spot one in the filler two color Two color two color and then the pigs get First hit for the Niners next up Oh Three color patch for my guy 15 of 15 Najee Harris Going for the Pittsburgh Steelers. I should turn the box I've got something awesome coming up to turn friggin. Oh one of one sketch from Ghost Rider That's rad from the Marvel annuals. Yeah What do you got this? What do you I've got a long boy in here? I've got a I've got something crazy in here Pittsburgh Steelers go into Steve Steve L Steve Najee For the Jags three out of 15 patch auto of James Robinson Jaguars bought straight up by Sean Sean in Sean The the Baker Mayfield. Yeah, the Baker Mayfield spike. That was a cool one, too Three of 15 three color patch there Next up for Dub Bears honored Inc. of the 2019 NFL man of the year Kayla's Campbell Can offer the bears for the Ravens my apologies Ravens are a straight-up spot to Aaron Aaron B One out of 15 on the Kayla's Campbell to the Ravens next card Wow Swoosh auto two of five Harrison Smith, you know, it's all about the boom Harrison Smith Bay Bay Minnesota Vikings are in the Tampa Bay R&B Two of five spot two that goes to Brian Brian Congrats nice one there R&B's Next card second the last card penultimate JETS Jets Jets Jets Elijah more Dual relic to Pat to color auto 21 out of 25 Elijah more and the Jets Jets spot straight up by Matthew S Matthew Congrats Pleasure more RPA and the last one here Good luck before we get to our crazy ones rookie debut Signatures There we go four out of 20 nice Devonte Smith rookie auto Fly Eagles fly Eagles spot straight up by Dela Daniel Congrats, man. There we go Called it Daniel. Want some Devonte.  I'm gonna grab this one. This is not the long one. All right First of three a box one. Good luck Maybe the diamond gonna be for the Los Angeles Rams Kurt Warner Hall of Famer nine out of 20 Rams bought straight up by Robert G Nice Kurt Warner Rams Congrats Robert All right, let's crowd this second one. I don't think this is the long one. It's not Hard to Good luck. That's a nice helmet with the rookie nice 17 out of 25 two-color patch Jamar Chase The Bengals were in that San Francisco R&B group. So 17 spots seven Spot seven that's gonna go to Matthew s with a straight up spot Matthew Congrats Jamar Chase two-color patch head in your way All right Want to see if I know how to do this. This is Gonna be a big one y'all. Good luck. It is a long boy. Oh my god, what is this? Super Bowl 50 Peyton Manning One of one Wow Denver Broncos addition to whoa That isn't pretty damn nice one of one for the Denver Broncos Peyton Manning Super Bowl 50 These are all time and these are all the gems. Wow So Then the Broncos are in that Tampa Bay R&B Spot one That's Josh Josh s Congrats. Wow Super Bowl gems Peyton Manning auto That is a crazy one Congrats, but wait There's more you know, it's all about the boom Peyton Manning baby That's sick Congrats Josh, but wait, there's more box to The last case that we have for the foreseeable future Congrats to all who have hit so far Let's get going here. There's something box in our case that hand sanitizer mojo, baby. It's legit My IG people if you know you know this one Looking a little more normal Nothing quite that crazy scrub. This is my arch manning cut coming committing to Texas The Archie man the arch manning and the flawless Rex calls the monster Rex always writes. Um, I would say we're all about we used a couple bucks Good, you know, I did yeah for Peyton Manning baby Right around the corner from forbidden door. You know, you know, I do it so real quick On this very day you are right Yeah, that was the one break that I saw last night you that was crazy We've will make that right the Leafs You know, I'm the leaf guy and I think that's pretty insusable, but Don't make it up Yeah, we will make it right slider box For briefcase number two. Good luck first car Randomizer time at the end three players Triple relic Jeremy Shockey Antonio Gates and Chris Cooley That's gonna be out of 20 trying to breathe for a second still trying to reel in from the from the manning So Jeremy Shockey Giants, that's an R&B Antonio Gates and the Chargers Charger box shirt up by chill and Commanders are I believe an arm. No R&B. No Gregory with the commander So we will do a randomizer at the very very end for this one next up nice To to at will one out of five letters patch The Rams bought straight up by Robert Robert has another one for the Rams Was Indy, I don't even remember but it's actually a Broncos come this Broken boy It was a Broncos card Hey manning Broncos Super Bowl 50, I think it was But that I don't remember either, but to to at well one out of five going to Robert boom To to at well baby next up Move pat free or move midnight auto It was a guapo was Pat free a move five out of 15 Steelers bought straight up by Steve nice Steve Congrats Man that's safety though. That's a tough one whoever bet on a First points of the game being scored by a safety Congrats next up One out of 25 nice dual relic two color at the bottom KT. Kaderious Tony RPA G-men Giants in the San Francisco R&B spot one Matthew at so Matthew that's gets another one from the R&B Congrats, Matthew Next up another one you calls AJ Brown one out of three auto Tennessee Titans a J Brown Titans box trade up By dealer dealer congrats AJ Brown Bay Bay nice one of three Penultimate card. Wow Another gloves patch auto from the Chiefs this time three out of ten from 2020 quiet Edwards Lair With it with a bit of the 90s Sushin there as well the Chiefs an R&B group in that Chicago R&B spot three of ten that's going to Jeff Very nice Jeff Congrats and the last one Good luck great Jason Taylor auto 15 of 20 Miami Dolphins another R&B in that Chicago group Spot five in that going to Josh Josh gets another one Jason Taylor Greats auto 15 of 20 spot five Josh Alright, so no book that this time Let's go here Let's go right left middle. Yeah, there's the right Good look nice nine of 15 Jim Mark Andrews Baltimore Ravens box straight up by Aaron Aaron Billingsley nice Aaron nine of 15 on the Mark Andrews Congrats Let's get the left Second the last card good luck Five of five for the weight grade Sean Taylor boom legends Jim commanders a straight up team to grave G Sean Taylor baby, that's a nice one right there That's very cool. And the last one our middle card Good luck A lot of gems Going back to the booklet to our last card. Thanks again everyone for getting this filled out. Good luck rookie debut signatures Nice, we get them again five of 15 Trey Lance auto rookie debut signature San Francisco 49ers and the San Francisco R&B group from a filler Matthew at spot five Matthew S. Congrats once again five of 15 right there Going to you All right, man. What a case jeez Louise But we've got a couple of things to do We've got some stuff to do here on the randomizers to randomizers in particular Oh So let's do so we get back to the break and still our first randomizer for this The triple player triple route Jeremy Shockey with the Giants and two new gates with the chargers and Chris cool with the Commanders that's out of 20 three different spots. So our fresh dice and our fresh list Oh, you're right Thomas Jerry's he number on the Trey Lance to she's wish And the kid me man, what a monster what a monster case that was Giants Los Angeles Chargers and The Washington Commanders doesn't be the first one our first randomizer for this card. Good luck. You three It's a straight. It's a spot randomizer for the Giants R&B commanders straight up to Chargers to chill and the commanders with Gregory So let's roll our dice for this first one. Good luck four and one five times one two three Four and last one five top spot gets it Stays on Washington five times Gregory Congrats, man triple relic coming to you trade land stain grass She's wish Washington to the great Gregory That's the triple relic here and then our second randomizer 50 Father's Day packs top two get 25 each if it's that R&B group will randomize that at the end as well So fresh Let's do fresh dice Top 25 top to get 25 each on the 50 Father's Day packs. Let's go our fresh list and our fresh lists Just in case So let's grab our players. I would open to tend to I think true answers gonna have a very nice sophomore season Got some got some playing time behind Now Jimmy G is out of the picture. So here's our list Once again if it's that R&B spot, we'll do a randomizer for that as well. So top two spots Get 25 packs each. Good luck everyone. We roll this dice It's a three to one one more time.  Good luck one two Three and number four four times So from three down to 32, thanks again for getting in Hope we got some nice if you chill on the outside looking and thank you though Got some it's coming your way though, man. Congrats again. Number two is Carl so Carl will get 25 Father's Day packs in the top spot. We got the other 25 it is Sean and so Sean and Carl 25 Father's Day pack each coming your way Thanks again y'all for getting this break for that. That's the last false that we're going to have for A hot minute for the foreseeable future. So thanks for making it a super duper banger Congrats again to anyone who ahead And we will be back with more breaks very very soon. Jasper's case breaks calm. Thanks again. Bye. Bye


All right, since y'all seem to struggle with the atomic structure the ions I'm going to put a video up This is the Bell work from Friday and explain how to do this atomic structure again so that you can watch it anytime you need it Well, we're doing the atomic structure for anything The nucleus part of it all stays the same The protons are always the atomic number and the neutrons are always the mass number minus the atomic number It doesn't matter if it's a standard average atom an ion or an isotope Those are always the same protons or atomic number neutrons are mass minus atomic number in the ions It's going to be the electron stuff that's different and the way I'm going to show you how to do it is based on noble gases The idea being that when a substance forms an ion its ultimate goal is to look like a noble gas to have the same total number of Electrons as a noble gas have the same number of energy levels valence electrons as a noble gas I Put charge on here because you can use charge to find the total number of electrons and figure out what noble gas that is that it looks like When you're dealing with an ion the total number of electrons is the atomic number minus that charge So that charge for strong name is plus two We can use that charge when we get the total electrons to figure out what the noble gas is that it resembles Protons again or atomic number, so we just find strontium on the periodic table. It's right there Strontium is atomic number 38, so it has 38 protons For the neutrons it's going to be the mass number minus the atomic number now. This is not an isotope. There's no numbers over here on the left So you look to the periodic table to get its mass number the mass of strontium is eighty seven point six two Which rounds to 88? So to find the number of neutrons here is going to be the mass number 88 minus the atomic number 38 Which gives us a total of 50 Again that mass will come from the periodic table Eighty seven point six two the six rounds that seven up to an eight, so that is 88 minus the atomic number 38 That's where 50 comes from Again for total electrons we can use this charge Total electrons is the atomic number minus the charge atomic numbers 38 minus a positive two Gives us 36 And again this has to equal one of our noble gases 36 is krypton, so when this is done It'll resemble the element krypton Another way to figure that out is to work backwards from your metal Metals will always resemble the noble gas that comes before it on the periodic table So to figure out what noble gas comes before it you work from your metal and you count backwards, so 38 37 36 it'll resemble krypton, and we'll have the same number of total electrons as krypton Energy levels are period number, but it's not period number of strontium. It's period number of that noble gas of krypton So this is period one two Three four five six and seven Krypton is in period four So we know it has four energy levels And for valence electrons, it's the same number of valence electrons as this noble gas as krypton Krypton Is in group 18 Drop the one Krypton has eight valence electrons Let's skip aluminum. I'm gonna go on down to bromine and do a negative ion. This one has a charge of negative one so Protons are still atomic number always have been always will be doesn't matter what type of atom it is There's bromine this atomic number is 35 Neutrons are mass minus atomic number always have been always will be doesn't ever change The mass here for the bromine is seventy nine point nine zero so that rounds to eighty Minus thirty five Eighty minus thirty five It's forty five And moving on to the total number of electrons again, we can use this charge Comic number minus charge the atomic number the bromine is right there 35 Minus negative one 35 minus negative one is the same as adding one So we don't put 36 Again, it has to be equal to one of these noble gases And 36 is Krypton again just like up here The energy levels and valence electrons are based on Krypton Krypton is in period four So it has four energy levels Krypton isn't group 18 drop the one And it has eight valence electrons These are the same because they resemble the same noble gas


The fiery horse with a speed of light, a cloud of dust, and a ha-hey-hay-oh silver! The lone ranger! Before this exciting adventure, a word from our sponsor. General Mills, makers of Cheerios, the oat cereal that's ready to eat, Betty Crocker mixes, and wheaties the breakfast of champions, present by special recording, The Lone Ranger! When the weather's bad, do you and your friends ever hang around the house wondering what to do? I'll bet it happens lots. Well, you know where you can have the most fun? In the kitchen, with a package of the new Betty Crocker brownie mix. That's right, it's easy as can be to bake up a big batch of luscious, chocolatey brownies with Betty Crocker brownie mix. Everything you need is right in the package. Just add one egg if you like the chewy, fudgy kind of brownies, and two eggs if you want them soft and tender like cake. Add nuts too if you like. Either way, Betty Crocker brownies are the, gee, I can't eat them fast enough kind. Even if you've never baked before, you'll turn out scrumptious, chocolatey, perfect brownies the very first time.  Have mom get Betty Crocker brownie mix next time she shops. Then invite your friends over for some fun! Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear. From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver! The lone ranger rides again! Come on Silver! Let's go big fella! I'm Silver! Hurry! Greg Talbot, owner of the cafe and gambling hall in the new Mexico town of Greystone, paced the floor of his office as he spoke angrily to his men. I've just found out the thankings. The candidate for first mayor of this town promises different elections to put through a big tax on cafes and gambling halls. And he has every chance to win in the election. Maybe we better gun him some night, boy. No, no, nothing like that. Everybody would suspect we did it. Oh, you better do something, Greg. Name stands a big chance to win, just like you said. I'll do something all right if I have a good idea. I could run against him. Ah, you! If the lawyer here says an ombre must be living in time at the time of elections to vote. But it doesn't say how long he has to be here. Ames can muster 40 votes at the least. Against a possible 30 for me, right? Right? Then there'd be up to us to get more men here who'd vote for me. 20 more would put it all in. Yeah, but where you gonna get them? From out of the gravestone line. Those ombres only get $30 a month. I'll offer them $5 a day in expenses to move into town for a week and register for my hotel as voters.  Ha, ha, ha! Hey, James, and that straight-laced crowd backing them will be in for a big surprise on election day. The miners were former prospectors who failed in their search for gold. Secretly, each of them hoped that someday he'd get the chance to be on his own again and make a strike. Greg Talbot talked to a few of them that night and they passed the word along to the others. Greg was assured that at least 20 men would accept his offer to register and be on hand for elections. A few nights later, banker Louis, who headed the elections committee, stopped the candidate Hank Aimee's store to discuss the coming elections. Oh, evening, Mr. Louis. Evening, Hank. I'm glad you're alone. I want to talk to you. You mean about Greg Talbot? Uh-huh. When he came to say he wanted to run against you, he was so confident it has me worried, Hank. You think I'll get elected? What's bothering you? There's something I heard today. The mining company manager was in the bank. He told me about 20 men so far have notified him they're moving to town for a week, laying off for election day in Greystone. Well, maybe they just want to be here to help celebrate. Nope. He found out from one of them that they plan to come to town Sunday and stay to vote for Greg Talbot. I reckon we'll have to hope for the best then. There isn't much we can do.  We've got to do something. I'm glad you're showing some spunk, Hank. If you get to be mayor, you'll have to get used to fighting crookedness and such. You got an idea? Yeah. An Indian was in here this morning. He rides with a certain hombre who helps the law. Who is he? Ever hear of a mask man called the Lone Ranger? The Lone Ranger? Well, I sure have. You know him? I got to know him some time ago when I was in trouble. Well, what could he do? I figure if I tell that mask man the situation, he'll find a way to do something about it. You know how to get in touch with him? No, but I figure the Indian might come in again for more supplies. In that case, I'll ask for the mask man's help. The following morning, glad you're back so soon, Pato. Our riding gear is all in order now, and we're ready to start for Texas. Now, let me bring message from storekeeper in Grace Don Quimacare. From Hanking? Ah, and him say maybe Lone Ranger come, see him after dark. Him say it's important. Of course. We'll stay on here now. See you later tonight. Under cover of darkness, the Lone Ranger and Pato rode the back trail into town. The store was closed, and Hank was waiting in his living quarters at the rear of the building. Oh, where that must be? When he heard a knock at the back door, he hurried to open it. Evening, Mr. Mighty, nice of you to come to see me. Hello, Angel. I was said you had something important to discuss. That's right. Come in. Right. Sit down and I'll get right to the point. Thanks. Briefly, Hank explained the situation. When he finished, the Lone Ranger said, The only way to help would be to keep those miners from voting in some way. Uh-huh. But until we get some town laws, there's no way to prevent them. Hmm. They were only some way to get them to leave town before the polls open. But how? Oh, we think. Most of those men used to be prospectors. That's right. They desired to take a claim where they were certain they'd find goals, but be very strong. Uh-huh. They'd leave their deathbed for a chance like that. I think I have a plan of a work, Hank. It'll be up to you to get word to each of the voters you're sure of. So he'll know what's going on when I put my plan into effect. Sure. Just tell me what you plan to do, and I'll... I'll pass the word to the right people. All right, listen. Sunday after the miners have gathered in town, I'll arrive disguised as an old prospector. I'll go to the cafe and let them think I've found the bane of gold. The week before elections, the miners engaged rooms at the hotel. Early the afternoon before election day, the lone ranger carefully disguised as a bewiskered sourdough rode into town on a nondescript horse which Hank had obtained for him. Tahoe waited in a grove on the edge of town with silver and scouts. Later at the cafe, no one noticed the stoop-shouldered old prospector who entered and walked slowly to the bar. Well, Tanner, what can I do for you? Give me some sasperilla, mister. Sasperilla? All right, Jiminy, you really must be broke, strangers. Oh, just careful, young fella. Oh, great. Makes me talk too much. I don't reckon you talk about anything close to being interested in. Here you are. That's 10 cents. All righty. Take it out of that. Hey, that's a gold nugget. Gold nugget? Yes. Your gold, mister. You got any more? Maybe there's a whole vein of raw gold running through one of the ridges back in the hills if some man's willing to dig and find out. Nothing like sasperilla. I reckon you can just keep that nugget, mister. I got plenty more where that came from. Gotta start back now. It takes me several hours to get to where I'm going.  Hold on. Hey, the old man struck it rich. Spoke of a vein of gold in a rake. I guess it's a chance of a lifetime. I'm going to trail that sourdough. All right. Now, wait, wait, man. Listen to me. Let's stick together on this. There's plenty of land from what he said so that all of us can stay clean. If anyone follows him now, he'll spoil things for all of us. Those old sourdoughs are mighty casey, and if he sees he's followed, he won't go near that rake. So I say let's wait a couple of hours. Then it'd be easy to pick up a trail. All right. We'll have time to go to the mine and get our tools so we can get samples of all when we go out to the rake. Good idea. We'll sit together and wait. We'll continue our lone ranger adventure in just a moment.  You bet the champs in good ol' New York are. Listen. Now in New York, we wait for days to see a guy called Willie Mays cause Wheaties keeps him leaping high to grab those line drives on the fly. And Yogi Berra is a Wheaties lad whose batting style makes pitchers sad. No matter how they throw the ball that Yogi belts it through the wall. And look, both Willie Mays and Yogi Berra turn to Wheaties for extra energy because there's a whole kernel of wheat in every Wheaties' flake. Wheaties, breakfast of champions. Keep body through your Wheaties And you do, do, do an okay, okay Now to continue. After the Lone Ranger posing as an old sourdough left the cafe, the miners inflamed by his hint that there might be gold in a certain ridge in the foothills, mounted their horses and rolled to the mine to get their tools. Tonto, waiting in the grove, chuckled as he saw the Lone Ranger ride slowly from town toward the foothills. The Lone Ranger looked plenty like old sourdough. In full use, silver. And we wait, see if plan worked. Miners follow, then we go meet Lone Ranger. Tonto waited patiently. The company mine was a few miles in the opposite direction from town and it was almost two hours later that the miners, carrying their mining tools rolled past the grove as they followed the Lone Ranger's trail. And there go miners now. Plan worked, keep well. We go meet Lone Ranger tonight. At the cafe, the bar keep hurriedly entered Greg Talbot's office and told him the miners had left to trail the old sourdough. Greg exclaimed, Very tender, we gotta get him back before tomorrow to vote. Ain't gonna be easy, boss. You could see the gold fever striking even before that old sourdough got out the door. Send Shib and Lou in here and tell them to hurry. All right, boss. A few moments later, Greg Talbot pounded his desk as he talked strongly to Sid and Lou. Oh, God, that sourdough is ruining my plans for the election. I want you to take a shortcut and get ahead of him. We went out toward foothills. What do we do then, Greg? Bring him back here. At gunpoint, if necessary. The miners will trail him back to town. We keep him here, left her election and then force him to tell where the gold is. Yeah, that's more like it. All right, get gone. And don't come back without that old sourdough. Sid and Lou hurriedly left town and followed a shortcut trail through the hills. When they felt certainly were ahead of the lone ranger in his disguise as a sourdough, they stopped behind large boulders to wait for him. Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa! I reckon we're ahead of the old man now, Lou. We'll wait here for him to show up. I was thinking, Sid, we ought to force him to tell us where that gold was located. Then kill him. Then nobody would know about us. Yeah. Ooh, I reckon we'll do it your way. Now all we have to do is to wait. Later, the two men heard hoofbeats approaching. Here he comes now, Lou. Yeah, we'll have plenty of time. The miners gave the old sourdough a two-hour start. Have your gun ready? Come on, we'll ride out and stop him. Get up there. Come on, make it up. Now where you are, Mr. Sid? Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa! Whoa! I'm reaching the strangers. This is a hold up. I don't carry anything. We haven't much time. Now tell us where that vein of gold is located and be quick about it. All that. Well, it's the right smart way from here in the Sacramento foothills. Now you follow this trail for about 20 miles. Then you turn at a big pointed rock and... No, no. Before you get that far, you turn on a branch trail. Hold on. Talk sense.  No, it's only 15 miles to the branch trail. It turns off where the scrub pine got. You know where that is. No, keep talking. Let's see now. You got me all concerned. No, you've got us confused. You want me to tell you, don't you? Yeah, sure, sure, go on.  You said 20. Oh, oh, well, maybe it is. That's all cute talk, huh?  I reckon there isn't any gold at all. I'm going to plug him in there. Point six gold. Got some nuggets right here in the vest pocket.  Maybe I could draw the direction for you. All right, draw a map showing the way. We'll be watching you close. The lone ranger lowered his hands, then loosened the shabby jacket he wore, covering his gun belt. Suddenly, he drew both guns. Drop those guns. Oh, hey. Drop yours, too. All right, all right.  Yeah, yeah. Easy, Teddy fella. Use your own larus to tie you. Quickly and expertly, the lone ranger tied the two crooks with a larus. Then he helped each of them to mod them and tied them to their horses. There. I'll lead your horses and take you with me. You're not old enough. I'm not his prank about this. What are you going to do with this? Tomorrow, after the miners who are following me take their claims, maybe I'll let you do the same.  You must oppose to the sourdough to get those miners away from town. Good guessing, mister. Now we'll move on. Easy, Teddy there.  Later, some of the miners noticed that the man they were following had been joined by two riders. But deciding they were friends gave it little thought and continued to trail him. The lone ranger knew of a deserted shack and claim far in the foothills. After darkness fell, Tahoe took a different trail and reached the shack ahead of the lone ranger. It was almost midnight when the masked man arrived with his two prisoners. Ho, ho, there, ho, easy. Sit and glue were taken into the shack and tied to chairs. During the night, the lone ranger and Tahoe heard the miners passing the shack. At dawn, they saw them spread out over the ridge, staking out claims. Some of them who had brought picks and shovels were already at work. Miners work hard, stake out claims, dig in rocks and think them find gold. I'm sorry they'll be disappointed. But this was the only way to keep Greg's shovels from being elected. If nothing's happened, how to find out what it is. Ah, me too, find out. A short time later, Tahoe returned with startling news. Stubby, two miners find gold and rocks near surface. What's that? Well, I'm glad. I didn't expect anything like that. Oh, you hear that, Lou? There really is gold in this ridge. Hey, mister, let us go and stake coins, Lou. No, you're going back with us to town. There's a new jail waiting for you for attempted murder. I'll go into the back room and change, Tahoe. And we'll start for town and see how the elections turn out. That afternoon in town, all votes had been cast at the ballot box in the bank. Banker Lewis and his committee were about to remove the ballot box to count the votes when... Look, Greg Talbot is two of his men carrying guns. I've reached all of you. We're taking that ballot box and destroying the votes. We'll have to wait for another election to happen there. Hold on, Talbot. It's a crime to interfere with the legal election. Yeah? Who's going to enforce the law, Lewis? Take the box, man. No, you don't. By thunder, we'll not let you get away with it. I'll run this town by force, if necessary. You're not taking that ballot box. You were asking for it, Ames? There's a gun! Where, friend? Either you two, Talbot men, want to risk more gunplay? No, no. There's our gun. What's the chosen part? Wait, man. This is a friend of mine. Is the election over, Hank? Yep. Holes are closed. Banker Lewis and his committee were about to count the votes. Good. How the votes counted. It took only a short time to count the ballots. Then, Banker Lewis announced, Hank Ames is elected mayor of Graceland. First official act will be to arrest Talbot and his men for interfering with legal elections and for attempted murder. There are two more of his men waiting outside to add to their horses. They threatened to kill me. Jim Sam Tech! I appoint you all deities to take these men to the new jails. Tonight, I'll appoint a sheriff for Greystone. Then we'll keep law and order. Mr. Hank told me if you're planning to get those paid voters, the miners out of town, you sure succeeded. Well, I led them to a ridge where they actually discovered gold. What? What? What's that? Yes. That discovery will cause others to come here and help your town to grow. I congratulate you, Hank. I know you'll make a fine on this mayor. I sure wish you were here to be sheriff. I don't know how to give help when needed. Now that everything is under control, we'll start for Texas. We have work to do there. Adios, everybody. Good bye, Mr. Ames. I don't set me all this. That masked man from the talk of his plan. He was the old sourdough who led your paid voters out of town yesterday. What? Yep, he fooled them and he fooled you, Talbot. He's a true American who likes things done legal. You just can't beat the Lone Ranger. The Lone Ranger, a copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated, is produced by Tendall Campbell Muir Incorporated. The part of the Lone Ranger is played by Brace Beamer, your announcer, Fred Boyd. Listen to the Lone Ranger brought to you by special recording Mondays through Fridays at this same time.


And now the payoff. And there's a drive hit into left field, and that is God! Extra base hits in his career, and it's 4-0 Brewers.


Ooh, the best partnership and collaboration I've done so far. Ooh, it would definitely have to be Bright Tank Brewing Co. And it sounds a little bit biased because they sponsor my podcast, but it's because they sponsor my podcast that I love the collaboration so much. They flew me out to Melbourne for GABS, which is the Great Australian Beer Summit, I think.  They gave me full creative rain. They gave me access to their Instagram. And I was showcasing them my value, and they were seeing that value. And it was such a good synergy. That week was a movie. Even though there was a lot of failures about that week, there was also a lot of successes. More successes than failures, which is a great outcome. The owner, man, just talking to him about business, about life, and then also going to the thing, to do the thing. It's what it created dreams of.