whoops, I just knocked my water over my sippy cup. We are back for recovery Monday after a week away last week. Remember that recovery Monday is going to be every other Monday kind of going forward for a while just because I am slammed with stuff to do. Anyway, welcome everybody. Let's put the chat overlay up so everybody could talk to each other. If this is the first time you're showing up for recovery Monday live stream, then why won't you let me buy a badge? Yeah, I got to say that on my Instagram lives and welcome, welcome, welcome, welcome on the side. You will help. I can't hear. Can anybody else hear? I assume everybody can hear. Just give me a thumbs up and let me know that you can hear. I don't know why Julie can't hear. So anyway, if it got it, hello from Croatia. Very good. Hello, everybody. So if this is your first time attending a recovery Monday live stream, especially if you heard about it on TikTok because I posted about it today, then welcome. It's a really supportive crowd. Everybody gets to sort of talk to each other on the chat on the side. So if you comment on whatever platform you're on, everybody will see it, which is kind of cool. And today we're going to talk about a really common topic, which is that fear of going insane or having a psychotic break. It's definitely one of the top five. And like I said in my reel, probably really one of the top three fears in the community. People worry about this all the time like it.  So we're going to talk about that today. The way we tend to do it, again, if you're new here is comments are over on the side. You can see that I can't necessarily answer every single question because there's probably going to be a lot of them. The Twitch gang is here. Welcome Twitch. But I will do the best that I can. I generally do, you know, a little bit of a lecture, go over a couple of important points. And then we go through comments and ask questions and things of that nature. So welcome, everybody. Hope everybody is doing well. Let me look through the comments, see where everybody is from. Since I suspect that we may have some new faces here today. If anybody wants to say where they're from and how they're doing, that would be great. We can be social. We can help each other out, which is always, always nice. If you are watching from the Facebook group, as always, Restream will not tell me your name. So when you comment, it will just say Facebook user. So if you want to say your name, that's great. There you go. Facebook user Ohio. I'm sorry, that's just the way the software does it. So we have New York City, we have Colorado, we have Ohio, Carroll can totally relate to this fear. It's incredibly common. Again, I would probably put it in that one of the top three fears, death, insanity, some sort of incapacitation. Those are probably similar things. And then feelings of shame or embarrassment are probably the round out the top four or five. England is here, Newcastle, Canada is here, Atlanta, LA, very snowy Nevada. Becca, are you in the mountains of Nevada? I don't know. Tennessee is here, Texas is here, Ohio, South Carolina, very good. We always have people from a lot of different places. The Kiwis and the Aussies are asleep right now, so they always watch the replays. But every once in a while, we get an Australian person pumping. Oh, we got our first bot. Let's see here. I have to, I could ban that person. Hang on. No, no, no, no. I always love when the promotion bots come in. Promoting. Like, if you were so good at promotion, why would you have to be spamming my livestream? Anyway, that's always funny. All right. So yeah, by the Utah border, hello, bot. Hello from Norway. I bet I know who that is. We actually have, you know what, there's actually quite a few people who follow the podcast that are really from Norway. So welcome, Norway. Welcome. Germany is here. Anyway, all right. So let's talk about this really common fear. This is the fear of going insane. And it's the question that comes up again and again and again. And you guys can by show of hands or just chime in with like, yeah, I get this. People in this community that suffer from this fear, which by the way, almost everybody has at least sometimes, if it's not your primary fear, it may go in and out, but maybe it's your primary fear. And for the most part, this causes anxious people to ask again and again and again and again, are you sure?  It feels like it's going to break me. It feels like it's going to drive me over the edge.  And people who have this fear will ask again and again and again, they will ask their doctor, they will ask their therapist, they will ask like 50 therapists, they will ask anybody they could find on Facebook or Instagram or YouTube like me. So if you asked me, then you would probably ask Josh, you've probably asked Kim, you've probably asked Jenna, you've probably asked Lauren, like I get it. This is it drives you to ask the same question again and again and again, because no matter how many times we tell you that it's not a thing, you generally won't believe it or you will for a little while, and then immediately you'll go back to like, yeah, but I don't know about that. Are you sure about that? So if that's you, understand that you're not the only one doing that. A ton of people get stuck in that cycle where they just keep asking the question again and again and again. And so if you're, I'm sorry, I keep asking you on your Tik Tok rate. It's okay, Shasta. Don't sweat it. It's such a big fear. I'm like, are you sure? See, so that comment right there is really good. I generally don't put the comments up till the end, but let me put this up here because it's a really good comment. It's such a big fear. I'm like, are you sure? I totally get that. I really do. I didn't necessarily have that particular fear, just FYI, but for me, it would manifest in physical symptoms. So people who don't have this fear, who have other fears, I would like, are you sure I'm not having a heart attack? Are you sure? So again, it's okay. Anyway, so the deal here is I'll just tell you right up front. First of all, let's open. Well, we're five minutes into it. It's hardly an open, but one of the things that I always love to do is there's a really old joke that kind of circles and psychology circles and it has been around for a long time because people don't understand sometimes what psychotic is. People feel like insane psychotic. Those words are often very much misunderstood. So and what the difference is between a state of anxiety or anxiety disorder, which would be a form of neurotic disorder and insanity or loss of tight or loss of reality or losing yourself or your brain breaking or whatever you want to call that, which would be say is a state of psychosis. So what's the difference between a psychotic and a neurotic? A psychotic thinks that two plus two equals 10. A neurotic knows that it equals four, but they just really worry about it. And that's an old joke that makes me laugh every time, but it's a really good example of the difference between I'm really anxious. I'm really afraid. I'm really unsure. I worry. I worry. Is this real? Am I dying? There's a difference between that and a state where you have literally broken with reality and you can't tell the difference from what is real and what is not. So that's a very, very oversimplified explanation, but they are two completely different states. And there is no, you know, it's, I knew somebody who's going to say that I tried so hard to say neurotic with the end, but I knew that this crowd was going to go. Anyway, it's really important to understand that no, this is not a thing. So I will say this one more time.  It's not going to break your brain. I understand we've all heard about stress and how the stress can create lasting effects and it can be too much, but there is a difference. There is two different, these are two different things. A state of anxiety and a state of psychosis are two different things. They often coexist. That is a hundred percent true. Like they can coexist. People who struggle with psychotic problems or, you know, the disorders that would be classified as psychosis often are very anxious. So just because these things appear together does not mean that there is a direct path like anxiety, anxiety, anxiety and then, oh, here's the dividing line. If it keeps going up, it crosses over into insanity. That's not a thing, right? So that's not a thing. So just know that that is not a thing. Now I've said it, but I know that five minutes later you're not going to believe me. So, see, and I hear right away. See what comes through here? Like, how about with insomnia? And I'm not picking on you smart. Here comes the smart Alec, which is a great, great screen name, smart Alec. But you can see that right away, but what about, okay, but what about this part? The same thing. People will start to play that game where it's like, well, anxiety is impacting my sleep.  That's really another thing. So go listen to the podcast episodes about sleep anxiety to uncover that distortion, right? So why do you have this fear? Because it feels like you're sort of like beside yourself, right? I don't know what to do next. That feels it. I'm so anxious. I'm so afraid. I'm so disconnected that I don't know what to do next. I just feel beside myself, which is a feeling like an out of control feeling. I get that. So feeling that out of control thing. See, it's so interesting. We keep going through like what can derealization go into psychosis. So no matter what I say, no matter what I say for the next 15 minutes, if I just lectured you for 15 minutes, you're still, I'm still going to get this, like, right? But what about DPR? What about the association? What about Benzos? What about? What about? What about? So just watch the comment section and say that no matter what I tell you and no matter what evidence I give you, those questions are still going to be thrown into the comment section, right? Thank you, Ivan. Your brain just doesn't work like that. Again, these are two completely different things, two completely different things. They are different states. You are conceptualizing this as like the line between Nevada and Utah. Like if I drive too far and too fast, I will cross from Nevada into Utah. I will somehow cross into insane or whatever it is. So just note that the comments are going to keep asking the same questions. Okay, but what about? But what about?  I can't have other common experiences for very anxious people are, I can't think straight when I'm this way. I'm so upset. I'm so anxious. I'm so fearful. I can't think straight. I can't remember things. I'm forgetting things. I feel like I can't function, which feels like then gets interpreted as I must be losing it, right? I must be losing it. So I could understand and we could understand why you would have the interpretation that like this seems so extreme. It feels like my brain is breaking. It feels like I'm losing the ability to think or remember or I'm fumbling over my words or I'm forgetting things. But none of that is news because in an elevated anxious state, what we would call executive function or the higher level functions go at the window.  So the idea that when you get really anxious, it feels like your brain is breaking and you can't seem to do anything anymore. Anxious people will interpret that as see, this is what it feels like when my brain is breaking and I'm heading into insanity. But you never have if you're in this live stream now, you have not done that and that's not going to happen again because it's not a line that you cross over. It's not a line that like, oh, I'm getting so close. I'm getting so close that I'm going to tip over and go off the insanity or psychosis bridge. So I see the comments about then please tell us what causes psychosis. I'll talk about that. But again, note like you got to tell me what causes it then. If you are asking me what causes it, you don't have it, right? So don't sweat that. It's okay to want to know that and we call this psycho education. That's totally fine. A lot of people will say there's biological basis for psychosis. That's fine. But note, ask why you need to know that. Okay, I hear what you're saying, Drew, but then tell us what causes it so that I know I could check to see if I have any of those things. You have to be really careful about that. And I think the other thing that I'll sort of finish up with here, it's not a really long lecture is that again, the interpretation of can it make me crazy. And again, the answer is no, the answer is no, it can make you feel certain ways. But that does not mean that you cross over into completely different state, because it is just incredibly powerful. And it feels overwhelming. And it feels like too much, like so much of the disordered state is based on the idea that it's too much, the anxiety will be too much, I won't be able to handle it. And therefore, if I can't handle it, I have to finish the story.  So the feeling that you can't handle it, because it is very powerful, I understand the feelings are very powerful, they 100% are not invalidating that. But they're so powerful, it feels overwhelming. And then overwhelming means I can't handle it, which leads to too much and too much for an anxious mind has to have an end game. What does too much equal too much equals, I break, like I break, and I break, and it go into an unfixable state where I am completely disconnected from reality forever. And I don't remember my name. And I have to be institutionalized. I've heard all of the horror stories. So anxious brains will take you all the way to the end of that. This is this is powerful. This is uncomfortable. This is powerful. This is strong. This is really overwhelming. This is too much too much means I'm going to break. And then that's it. I'm done for the rest of my life. So that's that's the narrative that your brain will create. But I would guess I would guess that if you are in this room right now in the audience right now or the chat right now, you have experienced this again and again and again and you have probably had this thought that I'm going to break again and again and again. So that's the whole like I feel like my anxious state will get so high that it will break me. The other side of this is I'm getting really anxious because I already have a fear of psychosis or insanity or forgetting who I am or losing my memory or dementia. That is another thing that is very common. So what creates the anxious state is the fear that you might be developing dementia or losing your mind or going crazy. And for people like that, it's kind of a chicken and egg. They don't feel like the anxiety is going to break them. They feel they just are worried that they're already breaking. And if you're in that situation, you are probably engaging in all kinds of activities like looking in the mirror to see if you recognize yourself, trying to remember your kid's birthdays, trying to remember people's zodiac signs, trying to remember people's names, making sure you write down their names so you don't forget them. Like you might be engaging in all kinds of stuff that are designed to prove that your brain is still working and you're not developing dementia or you're not developing some form of psychosis. And that then makes you really anxious that checking and checking and checking. And what happens to really anxious people, they don't function as well as non anxious people. So your brain functions begin to degrade because you're really afraid and you're in a frantic, like you're in a frantic search to try to fix, make sure that you're not going crazy. And the more you try hard to find proof that you're not going crazy, the more your brain will start to kind of blink on you a little bit and you'll stumble over words and you won't be able to remember and you can't think clearly and you get cloudy and foggy. And then you interpret that as proof that, see, it's happening. So it doesn't matter whether you start from, I was never afraid of going crazy, but now I think the anxiety will make me crazy. Or you started from, I'm worried that I will lose my mind and that is fueling my fear. In the end, it winds up in the same place. So again, I will repeat, no, it does not do that. There is no thing that says because I worry about going crazy, I might. And my brain is saying that I might be going crazy. So I have to keep engaging in checking rituals and compulsions to make sure that I'm still intact, which makes me really anxious, which makes my brain, my cognitive functions drop, which makes me feel like I'm finding proof that I'm going crazy. So look at that sort of stuff. And no, there is no direct path from like high anxiety to psychosis. So what is the basis of psychosis? There's a lot of debate on that of the people in neuroscience and the biological people will say, well, there seem to be biological components there and there probably are. There seem to be genetic components and there probably are. You have an increased vulnerability. People who are first degree relatives of people who experience psychotic disorders, yes, are more vulnerable to those things. But I can tell you the one thing that does not appear, which is people just had too many panic attacks, became agoraphobic, have a lot of health anxiety, and I drove them to insanity. That is not a thing. There's a lot of varied causes that might be underneath that we don't know. Some of them might be environmental, we don't know. But one of the causes is definitely not, I was so anxious that I became insane. And one of the causes is definitely not, I think I might be getting insane and that made me insane. So I could tell you that the things that this community fears about insanity, psychosis and having a break do not appear in what causes psychosis stuff. And again, oversimplified, this is not a research class, it's not any of that. I'm just trying to address some of the common things. If nothing else, so that you guys know that you're not alone in this fear, it's incredibly common. Everybody in this room has probably felt this from time to time. So let's pop through the comments, 17 minutes, not too shabby, and let's see what we got. So I'm going to look in the chat. Oh, you know what? Before I forget, because they didn't say anything. I'll say it at the end. I'm going to talk about the new podcast with Josh Fletcher and stuff. So we'll do that at the end. So let's go into the chat and we'll scroll up here. Okay, let's see here. If anxiety, I'm sorry that I'm looking, hey, I'll do this. There you go. So I'm looking a little closer to the camera. If anxiety didn't make me insane, why did I end up in emergency psychiatry? I'm not suffering from nothing else other than anxiety. Okay, so that's first of all, that's a terrible experience. I'm very sorry that that happened to you. I'll put it up on the screen, whoever you are in the Facebook group. And I don't know why you ended up there. But that is not a function of you being insane, by the way. That is not a function of you actually having a psychotic break. That's a function of the care that you receive. So that's not good. I'm sorry that that happened to you, because that sounds like a really horrible experience. But the fact that you wound up in emergency psychiatry is because that's what they had. So somebody who shows up at an emergency room here in the United States in a state that they can't seem to resolve and they're just beside themselves and they're freaking out or they're claiming that they might be a danger to themselves or others will wind up in a psychiatric ward. But that doesn't necessarily mean that that's confirmation that you are actually psychotic or going crazy. It's just that's how the care system works. So I'm sorry you had that experience. It doesn't sound good. Let's see. Is fear of depression schizophrenia any different? No, let me put that up. Good question. Good question. Fear of depression, fear of schizophrenia, of fear of mania, all of these things. Is any different than the fear of going crazy or psychosis? No, it's not different. I mean, if you could think of something scary, anxious brains will latch on to it. So somebody who is terribly afraid that they might be going crazy or losing their minds would say this is the worst fate that I can imagine. Whereas there's tons of people in the room right now that would say no, no, depression is the worst fate I can imagine. I'm afraid that I'm depressed and I scan constantly to make sure that I'm not. So no, they're really not different at all. It's a really good question. And the fact that they're not different when you can look in a room with 80, 93 people in it and if you guys all said like, well, this is what I'm afraid of, you would see such a wide range of fears, all of which everybody that has that fear thinks it's the most important fear. And there's something comforting in that. Like, oh, wait a minute, my fear is about insanity or my fear is about my breathing or my fear is about depression. But look at all these things that people are afraid of. Like, so is it really that special? It's to me, it's comforting. Let's see here. How does it make you feel knowing that you're worldwide?  Feels like I'm going insane at the moment. Let's see here. I'm sorry that I keep asking on your TikTok videos. That's okay. Tampa here. Let's see. Okay, this is cool. Let's pop this up. Jen, good, good comment. I think we use the word psychosis when a lot of us mean we fear neurosis. Well, technically, and these are a little bit like old school terms, but technically if you're watching today, there's a really good chance you're suffering from some form of neuroses. So like an anxiety disorder would be considered a neurosis, not a psychosis. So yeah, I get it. Or what you really fear is like extreme neurosis, if you will. But again, these are these are kind of old school terms and they get misapplied often. So you're uncomfortable, you're afraid, you feel badly. It's not cool. I get it, but it doesn't mean you're going to have a psychotic break as a result. Let's see here. I when I get it, it just feels like I can't think and I will get stuck. Okay, fair enough. So this up here. Oh, it's there you go. I in the sky. I always love that one. It feels like I can't think. So I mentioned that, right?  I can't remember stuff. I'm stumbling around words. I like, you know, I remember having a huge panic attack. Once I was at the mall in Huntington, New York, and I was in the mall and I did okay. I didn't really run out, but I did want to leave the mall. I wasn't really on the road to recovery at that point. In fact, I was definitely not on the road to recovery at that point. And I kind of hung in there and then I walked out of the ball, but I couldn't remember where I parked my car in this giant parking lot. This giant mall out here on Long Island and boom, off to the races. That was a huge trick because I couldn't remember where I parked the car. Now anybody who's walked out of a giant mall often doesn't remember where they parked the car, but to me it was like, uh, this is proof that I'm losing it. Right. So that's really common, but I like how you say it doesn't last long, maybe 15 minutes. That's true. So Leslie says, I feel completely insane during panic, though. So I would say that with the word you don't need in that sentence is the though, because the though is a objection. Like I hear what you're saying, but I really feel insane though. Like I understand that you feel insane, but you didn't need the though, not grammatically, not the grammar police, but notice that when you include the word though, you're basically making an exception. But, but I feel insane. I get it. There you go. Christine knows that Walt Whitman mall on route 110. I don't even know. I was on the 110 side, parked on the one side. If you were talking Long Island roads here, but I was parked on the 110 side. And I remember just looking like I could be anywhere from Jericho down to like almost the Northern state. It was crazy. And I couldn't remember where the car was sucked. I already talked about the insomnia thing. Yeah, I probably did talk about that at some point. I've used all kinds of crazy metaphors over the time. I just try and come up with different ways to describe this that will resonate with people. It's like saying I'm going to turn into a platypus, just saying that you might have it doesn't make it true, right? So let's see. What if it was caused by an SSRI or Benzo? You know, again, your fear will always want to come up with another what if, but what if what about the part where I'm special because I'm taking a Benzo or I'm in Benzo taper? Let me know. Okay, I'll address it. So if you are trying to get off a Benzo diazepine or you're trying to get off an anti-depressant like an SSRI or an SSRI, whatever RI it is, you will, if you're on the internet looking for help, you will run into all kinds of places on the internet that will absolutely terrify you because they will tell you that in Benzo withdrawal, you will develop psychosis if you don't do it perfectly right. Right. So just be aware that that that's a thing. It doesn't make it true. I'm not saying that, well, cold turkey Benzo withdrawal is not something you would ever want to do because that's that could be dangerous, but note that the internet isn't always a good source of like what is connected with psychosis and insanity. Like being in Benzo withdrawal or Benzo tapering or SSRI tapering does not automatically mean that you were in danger of going insane. Cold turkey of the Benzo is not a good move. I will freely tell you that most doctors would say, don't just stop taking those. That's not a good move. So you should consult with your doc about that. Cold turkey off the Benzo is not a good move. It is a dangerous thing to do. Can derealization make you go into psychosis? Everybody wants to ask about, what about, what about this thing? Can that do it? So Drew said, no, it doesn't happen that way, but I got to ask anyway. And again, I'm not picking on you. I just want to point out why that's happening. Let's see here. What about symptom? Okay, let's see here. This anxiety Monday is making me want to, what about symptom check bad?  You all know. Yeah, Becky, that's really good. I appreciate that. Like the fact that you want to chime in with, but what about, but what about, but what about this symptom? But I know what you just said, Drew, but what about this? This feels different or special. Can you, can you assure me about this particular thing? Can psychosis make you go into psychosis? I just caught that out of the corner of my eye. Yeah, you're not alone, man. This is so common. So, so common. Let's see here. Second guess in every thought. Yup, stuck in the mind.  My brain is breaking. It's just, you're afraid. And when we're afraid, we don't really, we don't really function that well. Uh, how about you can handle life? What if there are no guarantees? What if people still have value who do experience psychosis? This is so good. Let's put this up on the screen because this needs to be said.  Like some of these mental health problems get a really bum wrap in the pop culture, in the meat, not in the media, but in pop culture for sure. The assumption would be, I was out and with my family one day and doing great. And then I got super anxious and I was literally locked in a psychiatric ward in a straight jacket, like just bouncing off the wall the next day because that's somehow the way it's portrayed, but it's not like that. That is an extreme, extreme, extreme case. Are there people in the world that, that experience that? Yes, sadly there are, but we have to be really careful about buying into misconceptions and misrepresentations of even what forms of psychosis even are.  There's medication, there's treatment, and they'll be like, yeah, maybe I guess it sucks, but I'm doing okay. Sometimes they're not, but stigmatizing it and buying into that, like, oh my God, it's automatically, as soon as I get the label psychosis, then it's automatically, like, one floor over the cuckoo's nest is not true. That's not true. Thank you, B. That was a really good comment to make. Really good. Let's keep going. DPDR is not dangerous. It's 100% true. I asked, but I left out loud. Can you please talk about what causes psych... What is the difference? Again, the difference in psychosis is there could be structural things, but there's always that sort of break with reality, not understanding what's real or what's not or going in and out of that, you know, that can happen. I do understand that if you Google enough, you will find people that will say, either say, or they have been in temporary psychotic episodes. There are sometimes there are substances involved there. There are other things involved there. You will find that, but that is still not, I was so anxious that it made me psychotic. So you have to be really careful about the way you consume that information. The driveway video. You liked the driveway video. It was weird doing the driveway video. I wasn't sure how people liked that. I'm going to do another one very soon. Maybe in the next couple of weeks, I'm going to go to another place that I used to be afraid to do and I'll record a podcast there. Working with feelings is underratedly hard. I love it. Feelings are not fact. I love underratedly hard. Dude, that should be like on a t-shirt. That's really good. That's 100% true. Feelings are not facts. My brain is just trying to protect me. That's another good interpretation. Oh, let's throw this up here. Really good. This is a good comment. Thank you, Carol. I feel so selfish with this disorder. I think about the symptoms I'm feeling for much of the day. Chronically looking inward. So we could tie this into some of the stuff we've talked about today in the beginning of the episode and we talked, I told a little joke about psychotics and neurotics, right? Neurotics with a net. And really, when we look at some of this stuff, if you're neck deep in like academic research, which I am at the moment because of my master's program and this stuff, you hear things like panic disorder, agoraphobia, GAD, you hear them referred to as, first of all, people that exhibit a high degree of neuroticism tend to be vulnerable to these things. And we would call them inward focus disorders. What do they call it? Internalization disorders. So the reason why we call them internalization disorders is everything is about me, me, me, what's going on inside me, my inner experience. That's really common. We literally call them internalization disorders. So that's true. I did a podcast episode called something about the selfish nature of anxiety. If you just go to my website, The Anxious Truth at Common Search for Selfish or Self-Centered, I actually talked about that in a podcast episode a couple of years ago. You are not selfish. I mean, maybe you are. We don't know you. But I assume, Carol, that you're a good person and you're not selfish. I'm sure you're not a selfish person, but the disorder is selfish. Irrational fear is selfish. Irrational fear and disordered anxiety is incredibly self-centered. It's incredibly like the world revolves around it all the time, and it will take, take, take, take, take, take, take, take. Like give me more, give me more, give me more. That's what it does. That's the way it thrives. So just, you know, note that. It's not you. It's the disorder that wants to be selfish. It needs to be the center of attention all the time. So it really does. I feel like I'm disconnecting. Okay, keep going. My wife tells me I'm losing it even when I'm not anxious. Get that. Mine goes blank. I used to sit on the sofa waiting to go crazy. Let's put this up. This is really good. Thank you, cat. I used to sit on the sofa wanting to go crazy, waiting to go crazy, not wanting clearly. You didn't want to. And then I got bored.  So I treated it like the one before. This is the comment of the day right here. No one's going to do better than cat because this has so many good things in it. Like I got bored waiting to go crazy, and I noticed that it didn't happen. So cat was able to accept the lesson of reality. Like the lesson is here's another day, not crazy. Here's another day, not crazy. I did a podcast episode on that refusing to accept the lessons of recovery. Like I can, I can talk about reality and what actually happened and what I could see, or I can keep saying what it feels like. So cat actually said, well, I'm going to have to go with what I see, which is that I'm not being crazy. Then another symptom turned up and she applied those principles to that symptom. Gold star cat. Thank you. I appreciate that. Very, very good. I'm confused as to why people go into psychosis then. No, so, but again, I know that's not the way that works. That is the way it's often portrayed. They become so stressed and anxious that they lose touch and become delusional. Delusion is a word that doesn't belong in this conversation. There are plenty of people who are not psychotic that do suffer from some form of delusion, but that's on a spectrum. So like we're misappropriating terms or misapplying terms. And this is that thing where like, I hear you, but I still need to know what causes it then. Why do they go into psychosis? If you're asking the question, you are not in psychosis. So it's okay. Listen, at this stage of the game, if you're in that thing where you're in this video right now and you are trying desperately to get 100% guarantee from me, thank you, Becky. I don't have to solve psychosis. You, I need to know so that it can be 100% sure you're going to have to abandon that because even if you did know the entire mechanism for sure, and you were the only person in the world that figured this out, it still wouldn't protect you. It's not, it doesn't, first of all, it doesn't protect you from something that isn't happening, which is really important. And even if it was happening, knowing doesn't protect you in that situation. So for now, for now, I'm not saying that you don't ever need to not know, but for now you're just going to have to decide to not try to solve or figure it out because that's not helping you at all. It's important. Will this video be available on the Facebook group? They will stay, it stays in the Facebook group for sure. If you want to try and find it that way, but also on my YouTube channel, it's probably the best way because they're in a playlist called Recovery Monday. Thinking you'll go insane does not equal going insane. That's true. Let's see. You can have a psychosis-based illness and experience things that, yes, that is true. That's what I said. Like they do, they happen together often. And so this is true. So like there's a lot of co-morbidity between psychosis and anxiety or states of anxiety, but that doesn't mean that anxiety causes psychosis. So this is, that is true. I did say that earlier, 100%. I always thought something was wrong with me. No, nothing is wrong with you at all. Let's keep going. We're almost at the bottom of the comments. How do we do here? 33 minutes, not too shabby. What do you do when it is too much, but you cannot get, okay, let's hear.  This is where you have to say that like it feels like you can't handle it. So your assertion is I have to get out of it in that moment. But even when you can't, I'm guessing you answered, you asked this question because you've been there. What happens when I get into a tight spot that is too much for me and I can't easily get out of the spot, but you did get out of the spot. You were, and I'm not trying to minimize the experience. I understand it was probably terrifying. It was very uncomfortable. It was really scary. All of those things are 100% true. What reality says, you did make it out of those situations. How many in the room have been in situations where you were 100% sure that there was no way you were coming out of this because it was too much, too soon. I bit off more than I can chew. I way overshot my comfort zone. This is too much. I can't handle it. How many people in the room right now can point to at least one experience like that where you were completely sure I can't possibly handle this. So here they come. And what was the outcome in the end? You did handle it. You didn't feel good while you did it. You hated it. You were terrified. You were uncomfortable. You didn't like how handling it felt, but you did handle it. All of you guys handle it. Me, me, me. I see that. Handled, handled, handled. Always handled. Like you're in the room now because you got out of those situations. You made it through those situations. You did it. So it's so important. It's so important to recognize that. Very, very, very important. Okay. I worry about physically breaking. Not so much mentally breaking. Okay. So again, whether you're worried about that or you're worried about insanity, you're worried about depression. In the end, it kind of is the same. See, like everybody is coming through recent flight from New York. This is a good one. Let's put Carol up on the screen if I get down there fast enough. Yeah, everybody goes through that. Like being on a plane is huge. That would be a huge thing. Traffic jams I see. Okay. So here we go. Like coming off the SSRI only two or three times every day for years, but this time, but this time I'll put that up if I get to the bottom of it. I love this. I love this. Like it's again, a universal, I can't say universal, but within the community, this is a shared experience that I was, I was a hundred percent in a situation that I thought was too much. This is the one that I can't handle. And you did. You always have handled it always. Let's see here. This is true. I'm glad that you got something out of my books. Here comes the smart Alec. Great reads. Thank you. I've been struggling with insomnia, so trying to apply doesn't always transition smoothly. It's, listen, none of what I wrote in either of those two books, The Anxious Truth or Seven Percent Slower. Find both of them on my website, TheAnxiousTruth.com. If you don't know the books, they're there. But everything I wrote in both of those two books is hard to apply. All of it is, 100%. So this is good. Loud and powerful. Loud or powerful equals loud or powerful. Loud or powerful doesn't equal true. One of the most popular things I think I ever posted on Instagram was a reel about how anxious thoughts can be strong, but wrong. So that little rhymy thing that I did quite accidentally, so out of character for me. But strong but wrong is a good thing to remember. Just because it feels strong doesn't mean it's valid or correct. Let's keep going. I'm almost at the bottom. You guys are cranking, man. Can you please talk about how to process these thoughts and fears? Well, in many instances, you don't have to process them, which I know is going to sound like, did he just say that I don't have to process? I know process is a huge word in mental health circles. But really it's the assertion that somehow when I have these thoughts and feelings, I have to do something with them that starts to create this cycle. So generally speaking, what you have to do is stop trying to process them. I'm really afraid right now. I noticed that I'm thinking that I might go insane. I can feel my heart beating really hard. You can acknowledge the things that you feel and your experiences, 100%. There's nothing wrong with that. You can't not acknowledge them because they're there in your face. But now what do I do with them? How do I process them so they go away? What do I do with them? You do nothing with them. Like, oh, I'm really afraid right now that I'm about to go insane. Listen, I don't feel like I'm going to go insane right now, so I could say that very calmly. You wouldn't say it that calmly, but it's not about processing them. It's about disengaging with them.  That's a good time to put it in neutral and let the engine rev like crazy, but don't let it slingshot you down the road. So that's the best analogy I can give you there. Let's see here. Even speaking, okay, this is real. 100%, Randy, you're 100% right. Even speaking of psychosis makes me nervous. The cycle is real. By show of hands, who has had words that they refuse to hear? Me didn't want to use the word dead or death or dying. Forbid my kids to use. I might tell that story all the time. So I don't want to hear the word psychosis. Don't want to hear insane. Don't want to hear crazy. Don't want to hear cancer. Don't want to hear a ton of them, right? Ton of them. So that's very common. Thank you for addressing this. You're very welcome. I thought it was getting to the end of the comments, but no, let's see here. I can't answer all of them. I'm sorry. If you want to find, like, have I ever talked about, there you go, like ton of exist, me, universe, galaxy, cancer. Yeah. Those are the big bang. A lot of people get really super triggered by like, don't talk about cosmology. Like I contend that Neil deGrasse Tyson, you know, the, or Michio Kako, you know, sort of like the media scientist, some of the most hated people in the anxiety community.  And anxious people hate that. That's again, this is a shared experience. You're not alone in that. I'm going to run out of time in about five minutes here. So let's see what Bethany has to say again. Not every fear can be given the answer if this can't happen. So why and be comforted, right? Yeah, fair enough. This is really good. This blocked Neil. Oh, poor Neil. I get it. A lot of people, oh no, I cannot possibly, I can't listen to what that guy has to say is going to say something that's going to blow my mind. Not every fear can be given the answer of this can happen. So while it may be comforting to know that anxiety is only psychosis, that won't work for other fears that may potentially happen. Yeah, maybe one day this bad thing will happen. Maybe that's, that's true. And so much of this is, you know, kind of so much of the recovery process is about learning that you can navigate even the worst things, even the worst things are navigable. So at some level that gets very philosophical and it sounds like a very blanket statement, but it's important. Let's see here. Sometimes people who don't know anxiety can tell us you've lost your mind. Oh, okay, this is, this is good. Thank you, Marina, for throwing this out here. That's true. So sometimes people who don't understand, like sometimes people who don't understand the mechanics of what we're dealing with here will use words like you've lost your mind or I know that in Britain, they'd say you've lost the plot, right? You've lost the plot. They don't understand what's going on.  So you got to, I get that. That's true. Sometimes they don't, sometimes they don't know. They just don't know. So they use words that don't matter to them and don't matter to non-anxious people, but they matter a lot to anxious people. So I get that. Let's see here. All right, long episodes. I can't, again, I'm going to run out of time. I can't answer every question. They just keep coming at me here. Let's see here. What am I losing the plot? Okay, well, this can happen. Like again, this is a thing, right? What about when you can't explain a symptom or experience and can't find people who can relate to it all feels lonely and scary? Yes, sometimes it does feel lonely and scary, but we all experience, it is true that we all experience things in a special way. Like we all experience that. So we can never truly fully understand another person's experience. And that's one of those realities of universe that we can't, we have to accept. So sometimes it does feel like sometimes it does feel lonely. I get that. It can definitely feel lonely. So I understand. But it doesn't mean that you have to finish the thought. It doesn't mean that you have to dig in and keep trying to explain the symptom. So I would say this as sort of a blanket statement. When you experience a scary thought, a scary bodily sensation, you've been checked out a million times already. You're actually okay. And your anxiety keeps throwing different stuff at you. If your default solution is to explain it, validate it by making sure other people also have it just in case. So you know it's really anxiety. And if you can't find that you keep digging and digging and digging, that's something you have to think about. That's something you really got to consider. Like, is this helping me? That I have to explain every one of my symptoms? Probably not. I've seen this question before and I'm going to end with this one. So I'm going to challenge this one. This is that thing where like if you tell me, and I hear you, and I'm pretty sure that you've asked this before in some of my YouTube videos, I don't know if it was you or other people, right? So I understand that what you're trying to do is take my words and find some sort of meaning in them that says, recovery means that I will never be challenged in my mental health ever again by anxiety or panic. And I cannot tell you that. And you can decide that that means that you are not recovered. You have every right to interpret it any way you want. But what I am telling you, and I am consistent in this message, and I will not vary from it, so take it or don't take it, is that recovery is what happens when you simply don't care about it anymore. If I have a panic attack today, it will come and go and it won't ever matter. It won't ever matter to me. So that is recovery. So if nobody, if somebody is still anxious now and then or has a panic attack now and then, but their life is in no way impacted by that, it is not governed by that. It's not restricted by that. That doesn't factor into any decisions. I don't know a better state to be in the world.  And that's as much as I could say about that. I understand the need to ask the question repeatedly. But that is recovered, dude. So I always use the chicken salad sandwich analogy. I haven't used it in a while. Do you worry that a chicken salad sandwich is going to appear on your kitchen counter? You probably don't worry about that.  And the same will apply. But I do understand that in an anxious state, I'm talking crazily. Like, how could he possibly say it doesn't matter? Because it matters to you now, but recovery is learning that it doesn't have to matter. You haven't learned that yet. So therefore you don't understand, you don't have that frame of reference.  I swear. That's how it works. I can't say much more than that about it. All right. So that's where we are. Again, you don't have to agree. I'm not saying that you don't care. I care. I just know I don't have to care. That's the difference.  That's okay. But you learn that you don't have to care. I don't have to care about panic because that's true. So this is one of those things that frost me. That is my story and I'm sticking to it. If it works for you, great. Maybe I can be helpful. If it doesn't work for you, then I'm clearly not helpful to you. And that's okay too because everybody takes their own path. All right, guys, we are done, man. I am out of time. Thanks for coming by. We had a lot of people today. I think probably because I posted on a TikTok. If you're new, welcome. I'm glad that you were here. I will put this up so that it kind of ends this way. This will stay in my YouTube channel in a playlist called Recovery Monday. So you can always go back and rewatch them. We do them every other week now. It'll stay in the Facebook group, but it's impossible to find there. It'll stay on Facebook, but it's hard to find there. I have no idea what you Twitch people do. Don't get it. But maybe it stays there. I don't know. But that's it. So we'll be back again in two weeks. And just a quick reminder, you can because I will tell you that the first three episodes of this podcast are already out. We have not announced them, but there are three podcast episodes out already. So if you're in the stream today, congratulations, you get a little bit of a sneak peek. You can go to disorder.fm. That's the first three episodes of Disordered are out. We will release them weekly coming forward. So I don't want to know this week, Thursday, I think I'm not sure. So check it out. If you want to know more about workshops and courses and that sort of stuff, you could find them here at learn.theanxiestruth.com. That's it. We're out. See you guys in two Mondays.


Hello, in this video I want to show the latest version of my XOR known plain text attack tool. So XOR KPA, it's version 005 and I've mainly changed the output and also added features to help us generate our own plain text. So I have an encoded executable, Windows executable, and we are going to search for this string. This program cannot be run in DOS mode, that is a predefined plain text in XOR KPA. So XOR KPA expects an input file that contains the plain text and another input file that contains the encoded file, so the cipher text. And here we are not going to provide a plain text file, we are going to provide a predefined text, the DOS text, and we are going to search in our encoded executable. So here we have our output, it's more or less the same as in previous versions, except that the order has changed. So we still have the key, here password, and hexadecimal representation of the key, and here the key stream that was recovered with that plain text, the XOR in the plain text and the cipher text. So we have the key stream here and from the key stream, XOR KPA extracted the repeating key here, password. And then we have a couple of numbers, so extra is the number of extra characters to the password. So this is actually the difference in length between the key stream and the password. And the longer this value is, the more likely it is that we have found the correct key. For example an extra value of 1 is most likely not a valid key. It is number of times that password, the key appears in the key stream, this is 4 times here, and then counts is number of times that we find the key stream here, this key stream here at different locations in the cipher text. And that this is only one, which is normal because that text, this program cannot be run in DOS mode and this text is only present once in the executable. So in the older versions, the output was ordered on the value of extra and the highest values were printed first and the lowest last, so in descending order. And now I've changed the order, it's ascending order. Now you have lower values first like 1 here and then 2, 2 and then 30, so the most likely keys are printed last. We can filter on extra, we can say that the extra for example needs to be at least 2 so that we don't want to see once like this. Okay, so and here we have 3 potential keys and this one here is the most likely because of the values here compared to these values. So this is when we know the plain text, like DOS, this plain text here, we can see it in help and this program cannot be run in DOS mode. Now there are variants to this text and it actually needs exactly to be this text. If it is a variant, we will not find it. So we need to know about the variants or else we can search for other sequences. PE files and executables will often contain sequences of 0 bytes, null bytes, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 and so on. And we can also search for that because 0 XOR with the value will give us the value and it becomes, it's the identity function. So if you have null bytes that are XORed with the key, you will actually see the key in the executable. So with XOR KPA, we can also recover that key. So what we would need to do is to create a file, a plain text file that contains null bytes. But there's a notation for that, that we don't have to create that file. We can pass the null bytes as hexadecimal values via an argument on the command line, like this. So hash, h, hash, this indicates that we are going to provide hexadecimal values and here I'm going to provide 10 null bytes. So 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. And we are going to search for that in the cipher text. Okay and we get here different potential keys. Here is a password key. It happens, it appears a lot of times, so this is probably the correct key. But we can make this more reliable by searching for longer sequences. Now typing all these zeros can be quite tedious and error prone. So we can also pass an expression to say that we want to repeat a number of times that value. And that is done with E for expression. And we repeat, here I'm going to search for 256 null bytes. So 256, 0x, 0, 0, like this. And now we are going to search for a byte sequence of 256 bytes all having value 0. And because this is a long sequence, this will take some time. Okay and here we have our output and from the values here it is clear and the key stream it is clear that our key is password.


Dear Comrades, first of all, I salute you all for this August presence. The hall is full and a lot of people are standing. And in Delhi to have a hall full, I know how difficult it is. I congratulate Comrade Devasushko, Comrade Kavindragupta, Comrade Asasprasad and other leaders who are here. Comrades, I would like to just make three points. First of all, this idea of merger of three banks, we know the origin, you all know how it started from the Narasimham committee. But the last effort was done by the Finance Ministry using the Chairman of State Bank of India. Mr Rajneesh Kumar was asked to make a presentation to the MDs of all other banks. In the presence of the Finance Minister who was officiating Mr Piyush Koyal, in which he had argued that the merger of associate banks with State Bank of India was a great success. Which is an utter lie. State Bank of India for the first time in the history of more than 200 years made laws in its balance sheet for the first time after this merger. The non-performing assets in 2017 increased to only 17,000 crores and by 2018 it reached only 35,000 crores. And in 2008, the last two quarter results which have been out, further losses are increasing. The Finance Minister had made a statement that there will not be any retrenchment of people. Well, there was no retrenchment but there was a VRS scheme in which around 4,000 people left. And the recruitment has been reduced. The net reduction in the staff has come down by 15,000. Number of branches which have been merged or closed is more than 600. Administrative offices more than 100. So there is a reduction in number of branches, a reduction in number of staff which is not being told to the people. The bank is actually bleeding. And in all probabilities, this government will be happy to privatize State Bank of India first. Last week I was attending another meeting here where Dr. Prabhat Patnaik was making a statement. There is a pressure from the United States of America. The senators have been coming and representing to the government of India that at least as a tokenist measure you privatize the biggest public sector first in this country which is the biggest public sector by State Bank of India. And some stories were floated that State Bank of India is going to be one among the top 50. Fine, what does it matter? And one among the top 50 you compare it with the top first or second bank you are in the school. The biggest banks are Chinese banks now. At one point of time it was Dutch bank. You compare the total balance sheet of a Chinese bank with the State Bank of India after the amalgamation. It is almost one-twentieth of those banks. So what difference you are going to make in the global market? And as told by Dr. C.P. Chandraseghar, there is no formula that bigger banks will survive better. The 2008 crisis have proved again and again that it was the biggest banks which were failing for the firsts. So this argument that merger will help to revive the banking sector is totally flawed. Number two, we should have confidence in ourselves. I am glad that AIBOC is organizing this meeting along with CFA. And it is AIBOC along with CFA which is responsible for throwing the FRDIB Bill to the dustbin. Nobody ever thought that this mighty government when a bill is being reintroduced, you can see that it is shelved. Nobody had confidence. I am glad that Comrade Ranjan was saying that this issue should be an UFBU issue. The merger issue has to be taken more strong by the UFBU. In the FRDIB Bill issue when we wanted to take up the bill, there were people within UFBU itself who were saying that what can we do? This is a very powerful government. They will introduce the bill, they will get it passed. At the most we can issue a press statement, that's all, what more we can do. But we did not leave it. The same thing what we tried in the FRDIB Bill, we have to try now. That time, me, Sunil and Ravindra Gupta, together we met and met Mr. Raghul Gandhi. We met D. Raja. We met Comrade Sitaram Yachuri. We met Mr. Sharath Yadav. I met along with our Varisa comrades, Mr. Naveen Patnaik. I met with our Kerala comrades, Mr. Pinarai Vijayan, Chief Minister of Kerala. Like that we started approaching every political party seeking support that somehow this bill has to be shelved. And all of them assured support. They raised the issue in the parliament. When it went to the Joint Parliamentary Committee, the Joint Parliamentary Committee chairman did not want to meet me. When I approached him through a BJP, supported of his brother. What he told was, my direction is that within December the bill has to be passed. What is the use of Franco coming and meeting me? I cannot make any changes. The bill will get passed. We cannot leave it. We went to the Joint Parliamentary Committee, made our presentation. We had a signature campaign. Like this seminar, in Delhi itself we organized three seminars. All over the country we organized at least 15 to 20 seminars. We had a massive signature campaign. People news click came to support. My interview to news click, it went viral. People started looking at it and there was withdrawal taking place from the banks. Then the government got the notice that this is going to be dangerous. There is no other way they withdrew the bill. The same way this merger issue has to be taken to the people. I am glad that Comrade Somya Datta has given a slogan, go to the people. Connect with the people. I will tell you a small story about having a contact and connection. One Swami Vivehananda, when he had gone to Chicago for giving that famous Chicago speech. He was travelling and he was being interviewed by a journalist. He had just given another lecture and he was coming. Then that time he had talked about having a connection and contact. This journalist was asking, what is the difference? Both are same. Then Swami asked a question, when did you meet your father last? He said two years back. When did you meet your family members two years back during that year's Christmas? How long you have been sitting and talking with your father? He said hardly a few minutes. In the dinner table we were talking for some time.  He said, very seldom because I am a physical person. Then Swami told him, you have contact with your family. You don't have connection. You require that connectivity. That is what Swami has given an appeal to us. That have that connectivity with the membership. Have connectivity with our customers. That is a very large following we have. Let us go to the people and tell them what is happening to this country. What will happen because of this merger? Whether these banks will ever be able to improve their performance, it is not possible. Then a bank, now we are saying that it is a bad bank. Who made it bad? It is this reserve bank of India which is responsible. Can any bank survive without giving loan? Under prompt corrective action they put a condition that you can accept deposits but you cannot give loan. Anybody with common sense will understand. Without giving loan what is banking? The definition of banking itself is accepting deposit and giving loan. And you are putting an embargo on giving loan and you want them to perform. So it was made to show more and more loss. And that is the condition at which now today they are talking about money. They were trying to create a situation to show to the people that they are not doing well. Then we don't have capital so only ways to merge. And then after merger what will happen? Same thing what was told by Narasimha. Same thing what was told by P.J. and I that now privatize. So that is what is the agenda. So comrades now our duty is to see that we go to the people. We tell the people what is wrong with this government's policies. All that NPA, IBC. Now RBA is fighting with finance ministry. It is all shadow boxing. I am telling you today. Urjit Patel is not going to resign. He is a man of IMF. He is a man of reliance. He is not going to resign. They will do some shadow boxing. But they are together killing the banking sector. Now number 8, 2 years of demonetization will be over. Recall the speech made by the Prime Minister of the country. I am just asking for 50 days. I am asking the people who are honest in this country to stand with me for 50 days. After 50 days the honest people all will enjoy. They will be happy. And all dishonest people will start running away. They will go behind the bars. All that black money will come back. What is the black money? They are still searching. So it is time to tell him that 50 days is over, long time back. Now it is time you go back. Unless we change the policies of the government, we cannot save the public sector. We cannot save the public sector or banks. So let us fight together. Let us go to the people. The farmers are going to have an agitation in Delhi on 29th and 30th. One lakh farmers. Let us stand with them. Let us stand with the majority of the people in this country and continue our struggle. I am 100% confident that this merger will not take place and we will succeed in our struggles. Thank you.


Greetings, so today we have the last class of this unit and also the last class of this course, so I am pretty much going to wrap up the whole discussion. Let me begin with what we were discussing toward the end of the previous class. We considered how the center of a scattered wave packet progresses after the scattering and we considered a wave packet which was not necessarily impacting the target head on but at a somewhat displaced impact parameter and with reference to this scattering situation which we had discussed at considerable length in unit 1 of this course. We wrote the solution to the scattering problem which is very similar to how it looks for a single plane wave but this time this is written up for the entire wave packet. So you have got a superposition of a good number of mono energetic waves. They may be close to some central momentum but there is a little bit of you know dispersion and we look at the solution for the scattered part alone. So this is the scattered part which we considered yesterday. We find that the phase now depends on a wave vector which is no longer unique because the wave packet consists of several momenta which are superposed but they are close by and you can expand them in the neighborhood of one of them the central one like Ki. So this is the first order expansion that we considered. So there is this phase angle and then there is a net phase of the scattering amplitude which is the zeta. The zeta is the net phase of the scattering amplitude and we ask the question how would we describe the surface of a scattered wave whose wave front propagates along the unit vector Ki which is the unit vector along the central momentum direction. So the criterion would be that on the surface dsi by dk would be 0 and this leads us by simply taking the derivative of this with respect to k a relationship which tells us how the wave front propagates like a classical object like a classical kinematic relation and we find that it travels at a group velocity and then it is it seems to have originated from a slightly different point there is that displacement vector. So essentially the displacement is in terms of the gradient of the phase of the scattering amplitude with respect to k and the wave front would appear to have originated because of the phase shift it would appear as if the wave front has originated if there is a delay from a point behind what you thought is the source or from a point which is ahead of what you believe is the source. So from one of the two depending on whether the wave front has advanced or retarded by the collision process. So there is a special shift corresponding to which there is a time delay because any phase shift corresponds to a time delay or time advancement and this time delay would be given by if you just divide this by the velocity and you get the derivative of the phase shift with respect to k divided by v which gives you the time delay. So this is the result that we obtained which we discussed in our previous class and we can write this derivative with respect to energy instead of with respect to k and by simply noting that energy goes as k square and this is the relationship that we get which is famously known as the Wigner-Eisenwood time delay it is in terms of the derivative of the phase shift with respect to energy and of course h cross takes care of the dimensions and other proportionalities. So this is the Wigner time delay as we know it. This is the delta if in this is the scattering amplitude it is a phase of the scattering amplitude and it is the energy derivative of this or d delta by dk and you can see from this relation that if d delta by dk is positive you have a time delay whereas if this is negative you have a time advancement and the advancement or delay the amount of delay or advancement will depend on how rapidly the phase shift changes with k. So you can certainly expect that in the vicinity of resonance it would change rather rapidly. So yes there can be an advancement and the scattered wave could sort of overshoot the wave front of an incoming wave but it does not mean that you can meet the scattered wave in a detector even before the incident wave has reached the target at all because there is a certain causality which will limit this. So there is a limit on the time advancement and this limit you can get from elementary geometry because you know that the time delay what are the conditions for time delay and time advancement so in the case of time advancement the time delay would be negative. So d delta by dk will be negative but how negative can it get? So if you look at this picture the incident wave is going to interact with the scattering region over a certain width A and it takes a certain amount of time to cross that. So the maximum time delay or time advancement in this case can at the most be A over V it cannot be more than that because otherwise causality will be broken. So this is the limiting consideration and it puts a limit that d delta by dk must be greater than or equal to minus A because it will be negative because in the case of advancement but it does not mean that it can keep getting arbitrarily more and more negative there is a limit to that. And this is known as Wigner causality condition okay it is just based on elementary common sense as most of physics really is. So here you have phase of the scattering amplitude and you have the time delay or advance during the passage in the interaction region which is the region over which the scattering takes place. This was worked out in Eisenberg's PEGCC's and then in Wigner's work and then Smith has some nice papers on it and there is been a lot of work on it but over the years in various domains of atomic physics, nuclear physics and various applications in collision quantum collision theory. Now we have discussed the lifetime of a resonance, we have discussed the time delay in a scattering process by a potential, we can talk about the time delay in scattering at a resonance and we can ask what is the relationship between lifetime and time delays okay because all of these are they have some sort of relationship with each other, they are all on a time scale but what exactly are the relationships I will make a few comments on this which are quite simple. So let us look at the resonance itself and I will take the case of the pure Breitwigner resonance in the L-th partial wave. For this the partial wave scattering amplitude is given by this expression which we have derived in our earlier classes and the Breit, this is the Breitwigner resonance and the time delay, the Wigner time delay okay, Wigner's name keeps coming in quantum physics everywhere is okay, is one of the great contributors to quantum theory. So this is the Breitwigner resonance formula but then there is a Wigner time delay okay so this is also Wigner this TD and this time delay is then the energy derivative of the argument of this particular scattering amplitude that is the phase which it will pick up right and it the energy derivative of that phase will give you the Wigner time delay at the Wigner resonance at the Breitwigner resonance. So this is the angle that we have to examine to get this energy derivative this we have obtained in considerable detail in our previous class in previous classes set of classes. This angle is given by tan inverse of gamma over twice energy difference where gamma is the resonance width okay, so you remember this relationship. So you can put this angle over here and that gives you what is the time delay and this time delay would be h cross energy derivative of this angle. So this is the energy derivative of this angle which is coming from the scattering amplitude at the resonance at the Breitwigner resonance. So this is your net result that your time delay at the Breitwigner resonance will be given by if you take the tan inverse of this and take its energy derivative this is the result that you get. It is a very simple result but also a result which tells us how to relate the time delay with the lifetimes at a resonance. So this is the lifetime of the resonance which is just the inverse of the width and this is the time delay. So now look at these two expressions and they tell you what the relationship between time delay and lifetime is. So the maximum time delay that you can get is obviously at the energy resonance when E is equal to Er so this term will go to 0 and you have got half gamma over its square. So the maximum time delay that you can get at the Breitwigner resonance will be twice h cross over gamma or which is twice the lifetime. So that is the maximum time delay that you can get at the resonance. So this is an important result and we will I will pretty much summarize the main points that we have considered in the context of resonances and scattering theory. Resonance then is typically a quasi stationary state. Quasi stationary state will not have a real energy because it decays and the decays then contained in an imaginary part of the energy. So the decay is then manifest in this expression which is the width half width is the imaginary part of the complex energy. The Schrodinger wave function is no longer stationary it is quasi stationary which means that its probability density will keep diminishing with time. It will not remain invariant with time which is why it is not stationary and this is the probability amplitude. So if you determine the probability density it will diminish exponentially by this function which is determined by the factor gamma. And because the energy is complex you do not get it from a Hermitian Hamiltonian. So you can do quantum mechanics with non-Hermitian operators non-Hermitian Hamiltonian Arnaud Bohm's book on quantum mechanics is a good source to read about this. So these are various definitions of resonance that you will come across. You can see it defined in terms of the scattering amplitude or in terms of the energy derivative of the phase shift where it changes most rapidly. So that would be one criterion you can see it described in terms of quasi stationary states with complex energies with lifetimes or you can define it as a pole of the scattering amplitude in the complex energy plane. So in various these are all equivalent ways of defining water resonances and we have dealt with some of these different shades or different manifestations of the resonance. The resonances we considered are of two kinds the Fano-Feshbach for which we have a discrete state embedded in a continuum. We also considered the shape resonances and we observed that the shape resonances tend to be broad they are above the threshold the Fano-Feshbach resonances are relatively narrow they are below the ionization thresholds. These have lots of applications in all domains of atomic physics, nuclear physics, condensed matter physics and in recent years in the context of Bose Einstein condensation and getting BEC with Bose mixtures, Fermi mixtures and what not. So what happens is that at low energies scattering is mostly determined by L equal to 0 states by S wave scattering and the single parameter the scattering length can describe the scattering process. What you can do is control the scattering length by some external fields. It can be a magnetic field, it can be an optical field and you can control the scattering length and control the scattering mechanism. So this is exploited because typically if you have got Fermi's Fermion atoms they will not even get close enough to collide with each other because of the anti-symmetry of the wave function whereas if you want to cool them exploiting evaporative cooling then you do need them to interact. So what you can do is control this interaction by modulating the scattering length using some external fields and that way you can bring about a Bose Einstein condensation of Fermi atoms which you would normally think that it is a privilege reserved for the Bose atoms but then you can do it with Fermi atoms as well because you can have Fermi atoms interact with each other in two kinds of you know processes. One is like the unbound state and the other by controlling the scattering length you can bring them through swing them through a fresh pack resonance and bring them into a bound state because that is what happens at a fresh pack resonance. You have got the fragments on one side like the atomic case in which we had the electron in the continuum and the rest of the ion so that is those are the fragments that we talked about otherwise you have a doubly excited state in which both the electrons are bound they are in discrete bound states. So you have got a bound state and a continuum and bound state is embedded in the continuum so you can effect a fresh pack resonance and swing them from the fragmented state from the dissociated state bring them into a bound state and then push them into a condensate. So that is the technique which is exploited to get BC with Fermi atoms and you can do it using magnetic field induced phono fresh pack resonance. So these are large applications in very many different disciplines which are nice things to read there is a lot of current literature in this area. So I will hope that some of you will go through the original literature in this area but the techniques which are fundamental to the understanding of these processes come from Fano's marvelous paper that we have discussed at great length in the last few classes. So that paper is really of fundamental importance so that is the reason that I spent so much time discussing that. So we have discussed the resonance lifetimes, we have discussed Wigner time delay and we can also talk about the photo ionization time delay because in photo ionization one always believed that photo ionization is an instantaneous process and the electron is kicked out as soon as the electromagnetic energy is absorbed by an atom. But then it turns out that there is a little bit of time delay and one can use exactly the same techniques to study the photo ionization time delay and this relationship comes from what we did way back in actually in the previous course on atomic physics in unit 6 of the special select topics in atomic physics in which we discussed the time reversal symmetry and how it connects, how it connects the solutions of collision physics with the solutions of photo ionization. So we exploit this time reversal symmetry and carry forward the analysis that we learned in scattering theory about the time delay and use it to determine the photo ionization time delay. So this, when you want to do these calculations in details and I think I am coming toward the end of this course and essentially summing up, you need a good background in the quantum theory of atoms and molecules, you need good handle on quantum theory of many electron systems, the Hartree-Fock, the Dirac-Fock, the self consistent fields, many body theories, rhino phase approximation, you need some capability to address diagrammatic perturbation theory and then of course since laws of nature are essentially relativistic, there is no escape from relativistic mechanics either. So what we have attempted to do in these courses is to provide an overview of all of these techniques so that a graduate student is exposed to these techniques and gets ready to get into research in this field. So we covered basic atomic physics in the previous course which is the select special topics in atomic physics. And in this course we have, today's is the 43rd lecture, this is the last lecture in this series in unit 7 but then there are 3 additional lectures which are given by Professor Manson which are incorporated in this course as guest lectures so there will be a total of 46 lectures in this course which we covered in these 8 units, today's is the end of the 7th unit, the unit 8 consists of the 3 guest lectures by Professor Manson and what we have done in unit 1 is given the introduction to quantum collisions and then we also did quantum collisions in unit 5 and unit 6 and unit 7 which are like part 2 and 3 and 4 of quantum collision theory and then in between we did the many electron theory methods of second quantization, random phase approximation, fen metagram methods and so on. So with this my hope is that we have covered the essential grammar of doing research in the field of atomic and molecular physics and with this you should be able to do carry out various research applications, handle powerful techniques like the relativistic random phase approximation, the RPA with relaxation, the multi-configuration time dank off method, the multi-channel quantum defect theory and so on so there are so much more to learn and that is for more advanced courses or for self-study during your research work. So many students over here have contributed to, they have used these techniques in some applications, there is Gagan's work and this is not mentioned in any particular order, not chronological order or anything like that in completely arbitrary order and some very fascinating applications in atomic physics have been studied using the techniques that we have built in these two courses in atomic physics. So Gagan, Ashish, Hari, Tanima, Sindhu, Jaban, Sunil, lots of students have contributed to this work and yes Arthi, Angkor, Samajit who are here and I pretty much conclude this course with a quote from Feynman which I love to use repeatedly again and again I have used it in the past and I like to use it again over here that if in some cataclysm all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed and only one sentence passed on to the next generation. Feynman believes it would be the atomic hypothesis because he believes that if by studying atomic physics you can use your imagination and get so much more out of it. So it is really very nice. Atomic physics is something which I think I absolutely love to learn and to teach because it makes use of all the major pillars of physics. It uses classical mechanics, it uses electrodynamics, it uses quantum mechanics, it uses statistical mechanics, many body theory. So all the major powerful pillars of physics go into this lovely discipline of atomic physics and here are the web links to the various courses and I must invite you to Unit 8 which are three guest lectures by Professor Manson with whom I have had very extensive collaboration over very many years for a very long time and with that I pretty much conclude this by thanking everybody I have worked with. There are some who are missing in these pictures. It is only illustrative of my gratitude to everybody I have worked with collaborators, students and thanks of course to Irene Madras, to the NPTEL staff and team and thank you all very much for being with me during this course.