Photo News Monthly is made possible by its listeners. Thanks to all of you, especially patrons of our parent program, Daily Tech News Show. Get the ad-free version of this show and more Patreon.com slash DTNS. Coming up on Photo News Monthly, Nikon says goodbye. Big sensors coming to phones and is firmware a beta test. This is the photography news for the month of July 2022 in lovely Cleveland, Ohio. I'm Rich Travolino. And from North of the Wall, I'm Anthony Lemos. You know, during the week, photography news sometimes gets lost in the shuffle, especially in the overall tech sector. So once a month, we shine the spotlight on it. We dig through the cracks. We pull out the little photo news that's growing in between the great slabs of concrete that is social networks and gadgets. So let's get started with a bit of photo news you might have missed. I like to say we raised the shutter on the photo news of the month. Okay, I'm more of a pinhole photo news guy, but that's okay. No, that makes sense. Nikon announced new APS-C mirrorless camera aimed at vloggers, the Z30. Yes, I said Z30. This uses a 20.9 megapixel sensor, seemingly the same used in the Z50 and the ZFC. Offers a flip out display and can record 4K 30 frames per second video using the entire width of the sensor for up to 125 minutes. It ships in mid-July for $710 for the body or 850 with a kit lens. In fun lens news, Venus Optics announced the Laowa 10 millimeter F4 cookie lens for APS-C mounts. It's a pancake style rectilinear lens, which means it's not fisheye basically. It offers an equivalent ultra wide field of view of about 15 millimeters in a svelte 130 gram frame, so it shouldn't have a lot of weight there. It's available now for $299. Arju Cam announced a new 108 megapixel camera module designed for machine vision applications. It's diminutive, diminutive, no, see there you go. It's diminutive, it's small size means it can work well with single board computers like the Raspberry Pi, although it uses a standard USB 3.0 interface, so it'll work just about anywhere. It can shoot up to 1.3 frames per second at full resolution or up to 14 frames per second at 12 megapixels. It's available now for $399. This might seem high, but Arju Cam is aiming this as an affordable replacement to industrial cameras at a price that independent engineers can access. All right, now we head to space. NASA released the first images taken by the James Webb Space Telescope this month. The deep field photo seems to be getting a lot of attention given the unimaginable scope and clarity the image presents. The deep field shot took 12 and a half hours to capture.  The light from the telescope shows the galaxy 300 to 400 million years after the Big Bang, meaning that it's now 13 and a half billion years old, give or take a couple hundred million. The telescope has already, though, paid a price for this impressive imagery. NASA disclosed that a micro meteoroid struck one of the telescope's 18 hexagonal mirrors between May 22nd and May 24th. We're really just getting the details of this now, hence why it's in July. This caused a significant blemish in one area that caused significant, uncorrectable change in the overall figure of that segment. NASA expects the overall impact on the telescope's mission to be small as the other mirrors remain unblemished and realigning the mirrors allows it to operate within performance limits. Just amazing. Researchers at Samsung Labs developed an improved neural head avatar technology called megaportraits, essentially allowing them to apply the facial expressions and movements from a video of one face and apply it to a static image of another face. The team believes this is the first to achieve a megapixel resolution. Current limitations mean that it can only process frontal or near-frontal views. Yeah, but you should check out the link in the show notes. It's pretty impressive. They have Angelina Jolie and I think President Buchanan on it. It's very bizarre. It's a little, it's odd. All right. Well, Amos, what was the big news this week? Well, one of the big pieces of news this month was the Nikkei Asia reporting that Nikon will stop developing single lens reflex cameras altogether. Nikon had previously said they would not develop another flagship DSLR after the D6, but this means no new DSLRs are coming at all. If you thought Nikon was already out of the DSLR market, you might have good reason. The D6 was the last model released in June of 2020. Nikon didn't confirm this report, but it said it will continue to produce, distribute and support existing DSLR models, but had already told investors it planned to wind down its DSLR business by 2025.  You can still get the D5600 in target. Nikon first started producing film SLRs back in 1959. Yes, the venerable Nikon F. So, 60 years of that, I guess, design methodology, that type of camera, rather, although let's be honest, the film and digital DSLRs are worlds apart. I mean, so Amos, I have to confess something. I have never shot a DS, I've never owned, I've shot one. I've never owned a DSLR. So, my entire digital life has been either point and shoots and I move right to mirrorless. So, I mean, as someone who I know has shot at a high level, you know, pretty intense stuff, a lot of sports and stuff like that with a DSLR.  Does this seem too late, too early? Like, how do we read this from Nikon? Not just from Nikon, but in the industry overall, because Canon, Sony, they're all doing the same things. None of them are really in the DSLR game anymore. And the thing is that with a mirrorless, there are fewer parts, there's fewer points of failure, and you're getting one less thing between your image and your eye, not necessarily the image in the sensor, because, you know, by definition, the mirror flips up out of the way. So, the sensor is actually getting, you know, 100%. But when you're looking at it, you have a physical barrier between the thing that you're looking at through the lens and your eye. And some people always had a problem with that. Now, people seem to have a problem with the mirrorless aspect, because there's so slight lag in it, which I can't notice. But maybe my eyes just aren't very good. I think this is kind of the natural evolution. And the timing of it would surprise me if they were announcing this right now. But as we just mentioned, the last model was a couple of years ago. So them discontinuing support for things like that, you know, not even discontinuing support, but not releasing more models with the single lens reflex technology is kind of right where it seems to be in my mind. Yeah. And while the majority, you're right, Canon is not exactly coming out and saying, hey, we got the Mark V or whatever, 5D Mark V coming out anytime soon. Pentax, Sil says they're going to be doing, Ricoh Pentax, Sil says they're going to be doing DSLRs, they're not going mirrorless yet. But my question to you, Amos, is looking at it kind of from the outside, it seems like if we weren't depending on basically every kind of interchangeable lens camera to be a hybrid camera, essentially at this point, like video, video killed the DSLR, right? Yeah. That's part of it, because even the DSLRs were all flipping up the mirror in order to capture directly to the sensor. I really just, I think this is, they're starting to see the smaller bodies that you can have when you don't have the mirror that needs to flip up. And you're getting the same, you know, you can use that space, because you're reducing the amount of space required, but you're not reducing the actual size of the body, because you're using more of that space for heat sinks, for different processors from, you know, larger buffer size, things like that. I just think that this is where it needs to go. And especially with the, with mechanical failures, if it's one less thing that's going to get jostled and knocked out of place when I dropped my camera in my bag in a hurry and grabbed another body with a different frame or different lens on it, it's just one less thing that they had to worry about and one less thing to have to engineer for. I do also think that there is a, like, especially Canon, I mean, all the, all the people that have jumped over to mirror, all the companies seem to have recognized this is also an opportunity to kind of really push lens design in really interesting ways, because you can get so much closer to the sensor or whatever the plane, you can, you can really push the glass like super, super close in a way that you can't when you have a mirror box right there with a DSLR. So I, you know, we're seeing like really interesting like that, that Canon 28 to 70 f2 we're seeing just like, like, like a lot of innovation in terms of just sharper lenses, faster lenses in ways that I don't think would be practical, like certainly listen, these all have top notch optical engineers, but to put it in like a semi usable size, I know that 28 to 70 is a bit of a beast and it's ridiculously expensive, but like we've seen that there is a, there seems to be a market shift in sharpness and kind of lens capability as well kind of with the shift in mirrorless too. I don't know if the lenses are driving the shift to the mirrorless form factor or if the mirrorless form factor is allowing the lenses, but it either way you look at it, it is a great time to refresh lens lines when you're shifting to a new, you know, the mirrorless form factors. Sony has had great lenses for a while on their mirrorless bodies. Canon is using this as an opportunity to come out with the RF line of lenses, which one for one, if you match that with the older, you know, the, if you match an RF lens to an EF lens, almost unanimously the RF lens has better optics and is giving better results. So, you know, I don't know that the two are necessarily linked, but they're at least linked by opportunity and it's a great time. Real quick, for people that, is there any reason to choose, if you have X amount of dollars, you have a couple thousand dollars, you want to invest in a high-end camera system, is there any reason to choose an SLR, like a DSLR at this point, like battery life probably still is a big advantage. If you absolutely, if you're shooting like, I'm thinking like, like super fast action where you absolutely, like you cannot have any lag, but like I would have to be that, that would be like racing or something like that where it's like so incredibly fast. I can't, like the battery life is the big advantage, right? Battery life is the big advantage. If you're getting into the market now and you're looking for lens or a body, you're going to go mirrorless unless, first, because even the mirrorless models have physical shutters that can be actuated and used to combat things like rolling shutter and, you know, distortion in the soccer ball. Not the Z9. That's true. That's true. But I can't see. Yeah. Shutterless. Shutterless is the future. Shutterless is the new mirrorless. They're going to have to increase the speeds of the reading. They're going to, in order to eliminate the shutter entirely, you need a full frame sensor capture and that's. That's tough ticket. Well, it's a lot of more processing and a lot more bandwidth on the camera's bus and everything else. So I'm saying that's the next step, but it's not quite there right now, even on the Z9. It's just, it's not quite fully baked. And, you know, iterative process will get there, but we're not quite there right now. So. Well, one place we are is in a realm of increasingly bigger camera phone sensors. That's called a segue. You're welcome. We've seen phone makers trying to cram in larger sensors for a while. We can look all the way back to the Halcyon days when Nokia broke new ground with the almost one inch sensor in the Nokia peer view 808. A phone I still look for on eBay and probably would buy at the right price. Panasonic technically shipped a one inch sensor on a camera that happened to be an Android phone with the CM one back in 2015. That was really just a camera with a clunky phone interface. But more recently, Sony has shipped the Xperia pro one with the same stack sensor it uses in the RX 100 mark seven, although the phone's lines actually crops into the sensor a little bit. So you can argue, is it really getting the advantage of one inch sensor? But this month, Sony announced the first one inch smartphone camera sensor that's kind of native for smartphones, the 50 megapixel IMX 989. It's designed to be used natively, so you don't have to crop it. And they're working with the phone makers to make that happen. The first one being Xiaomi that they are putting out. Yes, I'm sorry. I totally lost my place. The first ones being Xiaomi that they are working with. They are not the first to kind of announce kind of these and these ambitious new camera sensors. Samsung has its large ISO cell GN one sensor has a lot of impressive specs hasn't actually shipped. Supposedly it's going to. But Jami has in there. Jami has the Sony one inch sensor now in their 12 as ultra flag ship. It's a large sensor. It's able to shoot 12 megapixel pixel bend images. So it gathers different pixels from that larger 50 megapixel down to 12. You can also shoot a full resolution offers optical image stabilization and can shoot up to 8k 24p for the no one that needs that the verge reviewed the phone and found that in low light it was able to retain more detail with less crushed blacks and even against the 108 megapixel camera in the Samsung S 22 produced sharper photos. But most of this was only viewable at 100 percent magnification and the camera itself had some weird exposure decisions in mixed lighting. So you know Amos it seems like if for most people their phone is their photos are going on Instagram or to other phone screens you know you're sending it in messages and stuff like that. A lot of times down resist anyway when you send it. Yes this is an impressive technical accomplishment. Will we see other phone makers go after bigger hardware or is this going to be continue to be a software focused kind of innovative arena for phones. The problem with this that I see is you can have a one inch sensor. But what kind of lens do you have in front of it. What kind of optics do you have in front of it. Something has to give either the phone has to be really thick. The sensor has to be underpowered or the optics aren't going to hold up to what the sensor can can attain. Unless you want a really thick phone you're not going to get I guess I'm I'm tired of them trying to shove bigger cameras and bigger sensors into smaller phones. The computational photography we have now is amazing. You know like let's spend more time in that for the people that are just wanting to take pictures and leave the amazing optics and exceptional sensor sizes to the professional cameras or even the hobbyist cameras can have a much larger sensor than what you're going to pack in a phone. I'm not of the mindset that you need all of this power in a phone because it's not going to go to the greatest of use and people are going to spend a lot of money on really really fancy selfies. Yeah and the other thing is that large sensors are good for low light. Like I'm sure this sensor just is going to be able to perform better at higher ISOs than you know your typical well I don't know like one 1.5 inch sensor whatever the weird fractions you have to use to to measure phone sensors for tiny sensors. But one I've noticed this a lot with with my iPhone is that because you're able it's the sensor is so small because the lens is so short phones are able to get away with like ridiculously slow shutter speeds and with computational photography they stack images dynamically they can do that extremely quickly and you can shoot at 1 15th of a second it looks kind of okay again unless you punch in then everything looks soft but no one ever does that because you're just going to post it to Instagram. But in a lot of ways larger sensors have a lot of problems like if you're using the RX100 7 sensor you know that's a stack sensor super fast readout if it doesn't have that fast of readout your video all the sudden you know can get a lot more squishy like that's why the iPhone and phones are able to do like 4k video before a lot of your pro end cameras could because the refresh rate you can you can refresh that sensor so much faster you get less rolling shutter yes it's sure it's softer it's less detailed but there is a lot of computational overhead that comes along or like like physical overhead that comes along with having that larger sensor and you're not really going to be able to get any physical advantage to your point you're going to have to have a super wide lens on there anyway so you're not going to get any shallow depth of field unless you're using computational photography which phones are already doing with much smaller sensors so yes like as a as a camera nerd would I love it if an iPhone came with like a branded glass and a one inch sensor and I'd be like yes this is what I this is what I want but for you know I mean at least in the States Xiaomi devices aren't necessarily the easiest to procure so and Sony ones basically have no market share here so even if Sony you know comes out put this on their own phone good luck finding it anywhere yeah the so I applaud the audacity of trying to shove large camera hardware into very thin phones I just you're right the the glass situation it just I feel like it adds more problems than it's solving at this point my my thing on this is if you want a 15 megapixel sensor cool if you want a if you want a low light sensor then don't give me 50 megapixels give me 12 megapixels and give me cells in that in that sensor that are four times as many microns across they're going to gather more light they're going to be able to do a lot more and you're going to have a lot less overhead on the other hardware in there and then the glass isn't going to be as particular because you're not trying to shove all those pixels in there and oh by the way you can use a 12 megapixel picture on instagram on twitter whatever else probably a lot easier than you can a 50 megapixel because your phone's going to have to compress it to get it to fit onto the platform anyway so if you're going to have a big sensor then at least give me bigger cells on that sensor that are going to gather more light and not have to you know crunch anything it's just going to give me good data and that's that's where i'm at with it they they're they're chasing numbers instead of chasing the positive effects of what they could do with it i mean to be fair mirrorless camera like any any camera that chips with like 8k or 6 and a half k they're also doing that but at least like there's other benefits right to it as now now you want to get my jammy you want to get my attention put a fove on sensor in their phone it'll be slow it'll overheat immediately it'll be completely impractical i can't edit the raw files but i will love you and i will buy that phone i will drive to china that one picture you take is going to be amazing the colors are going to be so beautiful i love it all right well if you want to run down every single day of just the tech headlines we've got just the thing for you you can check out our related show daily tech headlines all the essential tech news in about five minutes daily tech headlines dot com this month we saw a bunch of major firmware updates from cameras that added some significant features panasonic panasonic's gh6 added pro res raw output over hdmi and the ability to internally record 4k 60 in pro res 422 the canon r3 added the ability to set a custom high speed continuous mode letting you define the number of shots and frame rate in that mode it also added new high speed recording timelapse and focus stacking features not to be left out the sony fx3 added new log shooting modes let importing and timecode sync now adding functionality with a camera with firmware always seems great it'll it's like you're getting more camera for free but these features are so important if these features are so important the camera why didn't any of them ship with it originally we're also increasingly seen manufacturers announce features at launch that will come in a future firmware update casey over a camera conspiracy's posted a video that fuji's kaizen strategy of adding continued functionality to cameras over time and for where basically amounted to beta testing incomplete cameras on users but it seems like every camera maker is doing it this these days so rich is it is it advanced betas that we're getting on these cameras or yeah it really does feel like that where there's this rush to get you know get your thing to market as quick as possible listen i i understand these all of these camera makers have been operating under crazy supply supply chain constraints over the past two and a half years um so that the fact that they're able to ship anything given how how niche now at this point like camera sensors and all that stuff are like kudos for beating that but if you're gonna delay stuff at least fix your software first i i feel like it's so i mean don't get me wrong i had a panasonic lx 10 is a little it's like an enthusiast point and shoot it's a nice camera one inch sensor hey it was a nice camera there were a couple things i was hoping maybe for a little bit more video support like some hdmi out stuff and i kept checking they never it's still on 1.0 firmware i'm still upset about it panasonic you're dead to me anyway i'm not i'm just kidding but the so like i get like improve things over time fix bugs that's fantastic but we are fuji is a perfect example of this you know to to kind of casey's point uh in his in his video you know they'll put out a camera and say like well we're gonna fix the autofocus in a future firmware update i feel like that's an important enough thing like if you're able to substantially iterate on that i mean panasonic's also famous for this uh it seems like every new camera they come out with they have a new algorithm for the depth of defocus to improve it a little bit and and put that stuff out there and nikon just did this not too long ago right after sony and kenan had these basically majorly showed them up with their autofocus nikon came out with a improved version of their autofocus that didn't quite meet kenan and and sony but definitely vastly improved its capabilities yeah and i and i get like with with a high-end flagship camera you probably have your four or five core use cases right it's like okay this is for the pure video shooter here the features they absolutely need so we can ship this we need these frame rates we need this support for for whatever for our hybrid you know for if you're going to be using this for events and weddings and stuff like that okay here's the use cases we need for that you're a wildlife guy whatever i'm sure that every camera manufacturer has like their ideal customer and they make i would hope they would make sure to ship with that all of these seem a little bit more ancillary like i don't know if you wouldn't have bought the gh6 if you couldn't record 4k 60p at progress 422 out of the gate like i don't think that's holding anyone back from buying it but like you know the r3 that custom high-speed continuous uh i think first of all super cool feature that feels like that again i'm not a programmer i'm not a developer i'm an idiot i i know how to press the button and take the picture okay but that seems like something they could have shipped with now if you're going to tell me we have x amount of engineering time if we did that we'd have to leave out some other feature name the other feature you want us to leave out i get it also is it i still think it's it's bet this is better than these are dead platforms once we release them and if it crashes if you're if it wipes your card out when you press these six things on the d-pad your s o well and oh well buy the camera when it comes out in two years i appreciate that we do see multi-year support coming out you know long tail support for these for companies that aren't receiving it like a financial award they haven't figured out how to work worm a service model under all of my cameras right at this point it's the it's the announcing future firmware features at launch that really kind of makes me mad at that point i'm just like wait to release wait till it's done then if it's that if you if you're going to sell me on the promise of future features that feels a little shady to me i i basically i break down firmware updates into three categories and i'll give you an example of each one you have the the category where they suddenly realize that through usage in the wide market in users hands and consumers hands they can accomplish something that they didn't think they could accomplish before and i think that's where this 295 frames a second for a quarter of a second on this r3 like they're like hey you know what we can actually do this this is something we can do and there might be a market for it let's go ahead and throw it out there got it you know something you didn't know you could do and now you think you can do it and it's going to work good toss it out there cool you gave me a feature i wasn't expecting it wasn't something that you promised later on it's just hey we figured something out you can do with your camera go for then you have the we thought we had it good but we realized we had to adjust it later for this i'm going to give you the example of the canon r5 a couple updates ago they realized through i'm sure not just my email that their their face id or face uh face focusing wasn't as effective on dark skinned people in my case it was most of my family some of us complained about it they came out with a firmware update that really does improve the the camera's ability to focus on a face and identify the face on darker skinned people they they thought they had it were good they didn't they fixed it in firmware all for it then you have the things like oh you should have known that this was going to be an issue and you would you finally addressed it in form firmware the r5 now on the latest version can record for longer has a new mode where it will withstand more heat before it shuts itself down in the middle of your recording why like you knew this was a limitation of the camera you released the camera with this limitation that was not what anybody wanted and then you came in later and said oh well we're giving you a new mode that should have been part of the whole thing in the very beginning you know you're now you're delivering a promise because they were supposed to be able to record 30 minutes of video and people are getting 20 minutes and the camera was shutting off you know now you're getting now you're providing them a way to accomplish what you already told them they could do that's where it irritates me you know yeah and I think the maybe the analogy here are game consoles which again have that longer kind of tale of support you know these are platforms that will be supported you know for four five six years down the line and I do think there is an element of kind of like a game console where a lot of it is the developers figuring out how to eke out additional performance like you were saying with the the high super high frame rate stuff I feel like that's something where they're like oh we figured out on this you know whatever the DSP is or whatever they need to do to to eke that out that feels like something that they've had engineers working with that silicon for specifically for a long time they figured out a way to eke that out potentially maybe you know it was in the pipeline or something like that so I do realize like some of this is how can we do that I also understand that there is a limited financial reward for especially once something hits like two three years old where you're like but they're going to refresh it in a couple of years and I really want you know there is there is a fine line of keep active support adding features versus we're not going to it's not worth our investment to do that um but yeah it's it's just don't don't make me regret buying your thing on launch day when you when you promise me a feature that's going to drop a year later yeah I always go into it assuming that the features they say are coming won't yeah and my purchasing decision on that not on the promise of of the summers to come well uh speaking of summers to come Kodak it may be the summer of Kodak because they've announced that they're repurposing some of their equipment used to manufacture film for use on electric vehicle batteries as part of an investment with Wildcat Discovery Technology Wildcat already manufactures EV batteries so they're not like just getting into that business but Kodak realized it requires similar coatings and engineering services that it already uses an STAR film based production with minimal retooling as part of its expansion of its advanced materials and chemical business Kodak Kodak has attempted to expand into pharmaceuticals and healthcare operations over the past few years as well uh really I mean really Kodak is a chemical company at this point I mean they've always been a chemical company that happens to still produce film um I mean good to see them staying relevant in what seems like it's going to be a booming industry for decades to come right and at the same time also it's hard enough to find film like can't you just keep making more film okay so I was of two minds of this because my first thought was so they're taking these machines out of circulation of making film base uh and and now there's even less machines that in this extremely specialized field to make film bases but then I realized if they're able to do this and they're able to do the set scale that also means that there's minimal retooling to move it the other way right to move it back to doing the coding for the film so if they're able to expand this business buy more you know like again these are highly specialized machines so if they were able to buy more of them and invest more of them over time because they have this line of business maybe that means they're able to put a little bit more r&d money back into the film business uh so that's awful optimistic rich okay I will stay optimistic I know they're listen I know they're a company literally it's like as soon as the ledger the decimal point on the ledger moves a certain way they're going to be like film's dead goodbye it was nice making color film forever but I'm hoping this staves off the decimal point just for a little longer yeah we're rounding air away from losing half the stock we would love to hear from you if you love our stories and you want to comment on them or if you think there's something we missed go ahead and email us feedback at dailytechnewshow.com with the subject line photo news monthly now not that anyone has but we haven't seen any emails come in so maybe you can be the first feedback at dailytechnewshow.com with the subject line photo news monthly remember to catch daily tech new show live monday through friday at four p.m. eastern twenty hundred utc you can find out more about that dailytechnewshow.com slash live we'll see you next month and have a super sparkly day oh hope you have enjoyed this program


You got a gun First of all, I'm using a right-hand stick for Is the club not long enough or something it is I gotta hold your trigger down. No don't hold anything.  I'm really Gil Mickelson out this Yeah With a line of good joint why the woods the bull why the woods? You ready lose. It's not hitting bro. I See the ball right there Cuz you gotta push hold the drone on the side so you can see the line She gives them You you push in the wrong buttons, but you can see the line. I can see the line. All right, but let's do it Trigger with your pointer So he goes first okay, so it's your shot It's my shot. Yeah, so yeah, I gotta go up there to that hole, right? Yeah Oh, that's a perfect shot. No, it's not there we go. Yeah Cuz you hit it then you hit that joint right there What you was trying to do so he get another shot now.  I got this I got Yeah, you got eight shots Get on that. Yes it do. No it don't dog.  I'm trying to hit it. I'm trying to hit me two feet, man That's the third two footer. You done hit me This Nick took six shots to get them off the ball in the hole man with them. Is that called a part? That's an off part Okay, this me right here We kill it. This me right here. No, it's my turn. Oh Not my turn. Oh here you go right here.  I'm ready to ice you cuz Yes Oh, it's my turn No, it's not yeah How the keep getting all these turns broke cuz he's it's whoever's further away. It's my turn But he took way more shots than me. Oh, no, what that's not how I go off play Yeah, I used to watch when I was in jail.  Got him. Get him out of here. Get him out of here. They call me Gil Mickelson All right, all right We're on with you. You don't have 11 shots. Yeah. Yeah, next hole. There we go. I mean points So you want to get in the hole at the least amount of strokes? You took eight shots. I took four There we go cool you get to go first Where am I going?   Oh, that's a good one cuz not playing with me, man.  No, man. It's help. No It's my turn You press that so I hold the side by side button. Oh my bad. I'm a trigger They're right there. All right, Dave. All right, Dave All right, it's your turn It's not my turn.  You're done. Watch this. Does it say press trigger? It's really cool. Oh, that's a perfect one. No, it's not. No, it's not. Oh, that's perfect. There you go. Yeah, you go Oh, this is my ball right here. Mm-hmm It's still not my turn. Oh, yeah, you further away No, you is you further. I know Come on.  You're done. I think I'll do it. No, no, no, no, no, no, no Oh, look at that.  All right, this is so it's tied one one Would it take all cuz all right You ready? Yeah, nigga. I'm ready Stop playing with some respect to my name. Oh man How you find the line the trigger your pointer finger? Oh, I'm gonna get him. I shot you done. You done This is our new job.  It ain't showing me the line Your trigger hold the joy so to show you You don't why you're worse You get another shot It's my turn again.   Okay, you're middle finger. This should be right there.  No, it's not No, no, no the best out of We gotta play the best out of fire.   Hold up. Hold up. Hold up. It's gonna get to the job first. I beat you Who won? Look at the scoreboard I got 22 he got 23 Gilly won.  I got 22 you got 23 He beat you by one stroke.


Right, then. So this is an overview of what we're going to be talking about today. So I'll start off with a brief bit of information about the UK data service and who we are, and then talk a bit about survey data and then documentation and tips. Then I'm going to do a tour of UK data service website. And if you do have any questions, do put them in at any point in the Q&A box and we will answer them later. Okay, so who are we? Well, we are a resource funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. And via our website, we are a single point of access to a wide range of social sciences data that people can use. And in addition to this, we provide support, training and guidance about using our data. So what data do we hold? Well, this session is about UK surveys, but we do have other kinds of data. So you can see we have longitudinal data, which is data that is similar in fact to the UK surveys, but with the longitudinal data, you every time the survey is run, they look at the same, rather they go back to the same people each time. We have international databases, UK census data, which has been collected every 10 years, and a small collection of business and qualitative data. So UK surveys, they tend to be data about individuals or households, and they are often commissioned by government departments and conducted by large organisations such as the Office for National Statistics or the National Centre for Social Research, otherwise known as NATSEN. And each of these data sets includes key characteristics such as, well for individuals, things like gender, level of education, etc. And they also have large sample sizes. So that means they tend to have sample sizes of around 3,000 plus. Some of them have up to 40,000 that they interview, so quite large. These are nationally representative, which means that you can use the sample to create estimates for the whole population. And the ones that I'm talking about here are the repeated cross-sectional surveys. They tend to have the same or very similar questionnaire with a new sample of people every time it's run. And some are run annually, some are run more often than that, and others of them are run less often than that, but they are often repeated regularly. Okay, so what do we get from survey data? We get survey microdata. Microdata looks like this. So if you look at the top half of the screen, the data are displayed in rows and columns, and each row represents the information from a single person in this instance, and each column represents the actual information, so to speak. So the first column is QR, sorry, Q Health R, and that's talking about whether or not a person has good health. R sex would be gender, usually age, probably an age group, etc. Okay, and if you look at the bottom half of the screen, you can see, for example, that the first person there says they have good health and they are female and they're age 25 to 44, etc. Okay, so how do you get the data? Well, generally speaking, you would download the data from the website, and that comes in whole datasets, and is included in it is the documentation and the documentation you can also see on the website anyway. And it tends to come in particular formats. So those designed for SPSS data, and it often also comes as tab format. An alternative is to access it via Nestar, which I will talk about later. I will show you when we do the website tour. And what this does is it allows you to browse the variables and also to see the metadata, which is the information about the data. And you can also with Nestar do simple data analyses and export tables and graphs and download subsets of the data. Okay, so key topics are shown here, and you can see beneath each topic there are some key datasets that cover those topic areas. These are not the only topic areas that we have. We have a lot of other, basically any topic that you can think of that is the social sciences topic we in all likelihood have some data about. So, for example, the employment and work, we have the labour force survey, which I'll talk about briefly later, and the annual population survey, which despite having a completely different name, is in fact based on the labour force survey plus extra surveys that they run. And then there are also international cross-national surveys, such as the European Working Conditions Survey. Okay, so now you should see on your screen a poll in a moment. So which of these variables do you think we hold? Do we have total daily expenditure for two weeks, severe reports, blood samples, number of sexual partners, and COVID-19 test results? You can choose more than one. So we'll just wait for people to advance to the poll. Okay, shall we end the poll now, Jill, and share the results? Okay then, so, yes, we do have total daily expenditure for two weeks. That's the one that most people have chosen. I see not many people think that there are blood samples and some of you have selected the other three. And of course you can imagine, I'm going to say this was a trick question, because the answer is that all of these do appear on some of our surveys. Okay, so the Living Costs and Food Surveys includes a food diary where people keep a note of everything that they buy over that two week period. There's the English Housing Survey, which does include a survey's report. Health Surveys for England includes a nurse visit to a sub-sample of participants where they take blood and saliva and height and weight measures. The National Survey for Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyle asks detailed questions about sexual experiences, behaviors and views. And Understanding Society also asks the COVID questions in the COVID waves and these include test results, vaccination, infection, etc. Okay, so that's a huge variety of different kinds of data that's also collected in UK Surveys. So a couple of examples of some commonly used surveys. The British Social Attitude Survey looks at public attitudes across Britain and it's good for looking at patterns of continuity and change over time because it is an annual survey that has been run every year, apart from two since 1983. The sample is approximately 3,000 people every year and it's made up of core questions which include background and classificatory questions and these questions are asked in all or most years and in addition it has a series of modules on various social, economic, political and moral issues and some of these, as again, are asked very regularly and some of them are asked intermittently. Okay, so we have another poll on gender equality. So the question is what percentage of people believed in traditional gender roles in 2017? So as you can see on the screen, 48% people believed that essentially women should stay at home and look after the children and the men should go out and work and earn the money in 1987. So as you can see from the little graph sort of pictogram thing that the numbers have clearly gone down. What proportion were they gone down to by 2017, which was I think the last time that this question was asked? Okay, so 28% is pretty popular. Some are saying 38, few 18 and just a few of you selecting 8%. Okay, shall we end the poll, Jill, and look at the results? Yeah, so they stayed pretty much as I said. So most people think it's about 28% and again 8%. So essentially those attitudes have kind of fallen off a cliff since it was asked first in 1987. Okay, so Labour Foster. So this is another very commonly used survey and it's reduced by the Office of National Statistics and it is the main source of data about the labour market in the UK and it measures employment, unemployment, economic activity and a lot of other related topics such as the kind of occupation you have, training, hours of work and a variety of personal characteristic of yourself and household members aged 16 years and above. And this is a household survey. The quarterly labour force survey began in 1992 and approximately 60,000 people are interviewed a quarter. However, it did exist prior to that. It started in 1971 as an annual survey and you can still get the earlier data. But obviously you want to take with a slight pinch of salt the trends over time a little bit because the survey was done in a slightly different way given that it was an annual survey then. So the data sets since 1992 are quarterly which you can get at the individual or the household level. And there are also longitudinal data sets which link five quarters up to five quarters or two quarters because the way it's arranged is that basically a household will join and stay in for five quarters before dropping out and being replaced. And in every quarter roughly a fifth of the respondents are new households. So that's how that works. And if you want to look at the chart over on the right-hand side you can see that it is very useful for looking at how trends over time. This in fact is from the Office of National Statistics website and it does start in 1971 and it shows the total actual weekly hours worked in millions amongst UK population. You can see the big crashing numbers over COVID. Okay, and looking at another survey the Health Survey for England. This covers general health, long-standing illness and smoking and alcohol use. And there is a core questionnaire plus a focus topic for the particular year as it's run annually. And it has been run annually since 1991 and there are currently about 13,000 interviews a year. And as well as the questionnaire there are also physical measurements and the analysis of blood sample as we've already seen. And there are reports that you can find on the Health Survey website and you can see over on the right-hand side some information that's derived from the 2018 Health Survey for England. Okay, so a little bit about survey documentation. So obviously when you create your own survey you would know exactly what you did and how you did it but when you're using a survey that has been created by someone else it's very important to look at the documentation because that will tell you what they did and how they created the data and you can't really understand and use the data without having that information. Okay, so what we've got here is an example from the understanding society COVID study from 2020 to 21 but you'll see if you go to the website that pretty much all documentation sort of looks something like this although obviously they do vary from study to study. The key documents that you will usually find is a user guide or some similar document that summarises the design the sampling that was used the derived variables how they were created. So derived variables are the ones that are created from the variables that were based on the raw data from the survey. How to use survey weights which I'll talk about briefly in a moment how the survey was funded how to link to the main survey where relevant and details of special access data sets again where relevant and there should always be a questionnaire for every part of the survey. There will be a data dictionary which is created by the UK data service as part of the ingest process and what that does is it lists which variables are in the data set and gives some extra information about how they're coded for example and also there's participant information. Okay, so understanding society questionnaire here's an example of one so it tends to show the questions that were asked the variable name and the routing information which means the conditions on whether the question is asked because obviously not all questions are going to be relevant to all respondents and sometimes surveys deliberately ask only certain sections of respondents certain questions so that they can cover more questions but of course that leads to slightly smaller sample sizes for those questions so that's something else to watch out for. Okay, there is a resources tab if you look over on the right-hand side of this the resources tab provides links to things like the case studies that analyse the data publications doesn't include all possible publications it's usually just a small number details of related studies and data sets and other relevant information. Okay, and just a brief note about survey weights and that is that most surveys do require you to use survey weights to make the sample data better represent the population and those surveys that need you to use survey weights will provide the weighting variable or variables in the data set and the details of those variables how they were created and how you're supposed to use them are generally included in the survey documentation so you should be able to find that quite easily and in case you're new to this survey weights are quite easy to use if you use the statistic package like SPSS data or R and if you'd like more information about what weighting is we have various things we have a what is weighting guide short introduction to using weight in social surveys video and various guides to commonly used software which also includes how to use weighting okay so how do you get the data what are the conditions under which you can get it so there are three levels of access there's open access which has very few restrictions and in terms of survey data there are only a small number of teaching data sets available from the UK data service which are open access data and teaching data sets wants to very small cut down versions of the larger data sets and they're generally slightly altered in terms of for example grouping some of the categories together so that they can be shared as open access and they tend to only have maybe 10 or 20 variables so those really only to be used for teaching the majority of the data that you would want to use for research or work or for your studies would be the safeguarded data and to get that data most of it is under the end user licence and you just need to register with the data service and then agree to the conditions and then you can download end user licence data straight from the website there may occasionally be additional conditions and there is a much smaller collection of safeguarded data which is under the special licence and that does require a few extra hoops to jump through but the vast majority is under the end user licence and you can just download that from the website after registration okay and the last section is access condition is the controlled data so to get controlled data you would need to make an application and have it checked and then you would access it through a secure access agreement and usually through a physical or virtual secure environment so ours is called secure lab and the difference between controlled and safeguarded data is essentially that there tends to be more detail in controlled data sets so these might be variables that are on sensitive topics for example information about people who've left care for example I think you would not really like to find that information under the end user licence but it might be available under controlled in secure lab another key difference is that lower levels of geography tend not to be available under the end user licence and maybe not the special licence either so for example generally speaking for end user licence data the lowest level of geography you can get is the regional level so north west of England London is a region Wales, Scotland south west etc and you can get down potentially to postcode level if you apply for the controlled access version of data if one such exists okay right then so okay now let's look at the website okay so I will go there right okay so so the website is just ukdataservice.ac.uk and it's set up so that you have the main things you'd want to do which is to find data potentially deposit data or learn about using the data or come to our training and events over on the left hand side and on the right hand side there's information about the data service, latest news impact which essentially is how people have used the data our help pages and contact and you can also search the website and log in here at the top right okay so let's look at finding data well you could type in just on the front page or let's go to find data okay so right the options here are as I say either you can search by clicking into the box and searching for something or you can browse to the data so let's have a look at the browsing so you can browse by theme so each of these are common themes that people might want to search for again this does not cover every single possible topic that might be of interest to you but if you are new to using data you might be interested to look at these note that these are not all survey data that's included this includes a range of different kinds of data okay if we go back we can see that you can browse by data type and UK surveys or cross national surveys might be the ones that you're interested in if you're interested in these kinds of data and there's also links to teaching data sets and more teaching data sets or other ways of browsing okay then so let's let's in fact do a search let's search for crime data this will take me through to the catalogue the data catalogue search results page so you can see at the top here is the search bar and you've got search tips here if you want some more information about how to do search is the kinds of things that you can and can't do and on the left hand side here and on the right hand side we have results which you can show by various numbers per page or by relevance or some other way of sorting and note here you have studies the first tab the default tab tells you studies that come up say for my search for crime and that's what we have here so each of these is an individual study that has come up so in terms of surveys particularly series you might be more interested to look at the other tab which is the series tab up here on the towards the top left but the second tab and that will take you immediately to the the survey series pages okay so let us go to a catalogue page so crime survey for England and Wales let's choose that one and this is the series page and in the series page you have frequently asked questions if you're completely new to the survey and some resources again if you're completely new to the survey right okay not okay and that shows you the other surveys that are related for example I'm most interested to access the data so once you're in the series page you can see there's two kinds of two versions you can get this which is the end user license version so the kind that you can download after registration okay and then you have the secure access so you can usually spot end user license data by the fact that it doesn't say what kind of access it is normally the other kinds of access if it's open to your special license it says so okay so let's look at the end user license version okay so let's choose the most recent one so obviously over COVID they moved from the usual face-to-face crime survey for England and Wales to the telephone operated crime survey for England and Wales so let's click on to that one okay and this takes me through to the catalog page okay so we're on the details tab by default that's the first tab and this has a lot of information which I think is worth reading this particularly if you're new to a particular survey so it tells you the title the study number which is the study number that has been provided by the UK data service and it says how the data can be accessed information on the access page as well okay and it tells you about the series and who created it there's a bit of information here about who collected the data and sponsored the collection and the citation and copyright information there's a bit of information about topics and you could use the Cessarist search on keywords I think the most interesting thing often is the abstract because that tells you everything that you might not know about survey when you're new to it about the background and why it was created for example and some related surveys so if you were to read all of this it would explain why the telephone operated crime survey for England came about and so on and a little bit about the history it talks a bit about the secure access version of the data and some new methodology for capping the number of incidents crime incidents and so on and then the main topics bit of information here coverage and methodology is below so this is a nice way of getting some kind of overview of the survey without using all the documentation and then at the bottom we have the addition history okay if we scroll back up to the top we can see then the very important documentation tab so here we have a user guide and then there are two technical reports and there's the citation the data dictionary is created by the UK data service and a read me file so if we look at the user guide okay so you can see that's been created by the data producer okay and it basically gives a lot of background information talks about the methodology, sample design etc it talks about the data sets that are available variable names etc it gives you some information about analysis and some methodological limitations and so on okay so you can search that using control F to go to the relevant bit that interests you okay this particular data set also has a couple of technical reports which I think covers a lot of the same information but probably in a bit more detail so this has been the data where I think collected by Kantar and so they have also produced technical reports and again this will include probably the same information but possibly in more detail okay and let's just keep going data dictionaries so what this is doing is it's creating a zip file and I can open that and if I double click on it that's a word document which is taking a moment to start up and there we go okay right then and so this is what a typical data dictionary looks like so there's information about the number of variables and number of cases and then variable level information so the first variable second third tells you what the variable name is and tells you what that means and it also shows the coding for that variable okay so let's go back to the website and the final thing to mention is the read me file which just contains bit of information about how the the data set was ingested most of the time I think this may not be a particular relevance to you but occasionally when a variable is unexpectedly missing for example but for good reason that might appear here in the read me file if we've got a lot of queries about that so it's kind of worth always checking I think the read me file just to see if there's anything interesting in there if you're using the data okay we have the resources tab so here are a few case studies so those are examples publications reports there are a lot more that use these data than just these two other studies so you can find related studies and any other information okay so these are useful websites related to the data and then accessing the data so we click on access and you will see the access conditions here okay and you can't add to the account without logging in so I'm going to log in and what you do is you are taken to a login page and you can type the name of your organisation if you are at a UK college or university or if you've been here before they might remember you based at the University of Manchester so it recalls that I'm from there if you are not based at a UK college or university that's fine just click on my organisation is not listed and there will be more information about how you can register which essentially means requesting a username which does take up to five working days to process but once you've got that then you can just sign on and you can okay so University of Manchester so I will log in a little more login on password okay and it's thinking about it and there we are so what it's done is it's taken me back to the same page that I was on before where I can access the data but you notice now at the top here on the top right it now auto log out okay so let's go down and add these data to my account so click on add to account okay great so now I can go to my account or I could continue to browse but let's go to my account and download the data so this is my account my account probably looks a tiny bit busier than many accounts because I work for the data service so I have a lot of projects and former projects and data and so on but essentially when you have added a data set to your account you will be able to find it here you should be able to not finding it let's go for a different one let's go for that one here and what this is doing is asking you to select the data sets that you're interested in and I know I know where you can find it it's the telephone operated one isn't it yes there we are okay let's choose the correct one and then add to project okay and you can add it to an existing project if you have one or you can create a new project you can also show how to create a new project so you need to choose this beautiful title you would select the type now for research purposes or student work or most purposes in fact a non-commercial and so you could select that if you're using it for teaching then obviously select teaching if you are going to use it for commercial purposes so essentially to make money then you would register this as a commercial project okay and then you would add the abstract which has to be a minimum of 100 characters and then you would create the project so it's that simple however let's go back to the data let's see sorry if I go back to data and add that to a project that I already have okay so I've got a project that already exists okay and then I will add it to that project and my internet is working slowly because I'm doing a live demo clearly it's not normally slow like this thinking about it right okay it doesn't seem to like that okay so let's find that's probably because I've got so many data sets this won't be as bad as this when you do this yourself okay here we are so our actions that I could do here I could download the data or I can go back to the catalogue page or I can just click on the little button on the right hand side and then download the selected so it's very simple and I can select which version I want okay so I can have the SPSS versions data or the tab version and I just click on say that one download selected and you can see on the top right it's creating opening it that's it it's a zip file and then I double click on that and I have a zip file and I have documentation in this folder and the data themselves are here and that's the document that's the data sorry itself okay so that was quite simple really to to get access to the data now let's go back to finding data so I'll search again at the beginning there are ways of refining your search really using topics which are defined the data type that isn't very surveyed data the access level that you're interested in and you can also in here you can see that other people have suggested other things that you might wish to search for or you can do a keyword search which should cut down the number of results that you get because the keywords are signed by the data service and by producers specifically for that particular kind of information okay so let us now look at so I'm now going to search for a different data search this is the British Social Attitude data that I talked about earlier and again we've gone through the series page here so you can see all the different data sets available and if we click on access data now you can see there is only an end user licensed version of the BSA there are no other versions so if we click on the button at the right it should bring up the different ones and we can either go straight to Nesta this way or we can go to the catalogue page and access data on the right hand side and scroll down and here we can add the data to your account so that's adding the whole data set as I just demonstrated or you can go using Nesta to have a look at the data online okay so this is what Nesta looks like and essentially we have a list of all the different data sets that are included in the Nesta catalogue not everything is included in Nesta it tends to be it is survey data and census micro data so that's the data that is a sample of the entire UK census that has been anonymized that looks a bit like survey data and you have some unrestricted access data sets at the bottom and some teaching data sets as well now because I came in via the BSA 2021 Nesta has gone straight there to that data set if I were to click on metadata I would get more information about the documentation again which I think you can already see on the catalogue page if I click on variable description this is where this becomes useful so I could click on internet usage and you see that there are three variables here so on average how often would you say you use sorry say you access the internet personal use and what this is doing is showing you the in a sense the raw data or the results from the raw data so these are unweighted frequencies from the data for that particular variable and this can be quite nice if you haven't got a computer that's powerful enough to download the data so you're using a very old computer or you just want to have a quick glance at a variable or if you want to teach your students about survey data but you don't want to teach them to use a software at that moment in time anyway you just want to talk about coding and more basic kinds of things this could be very useful it could use e-coding so the different values and the categories that relate to each of those values and the number and the percentages of those who selected them and the number of valid and missing cases okay so let's look at some other ones that are derived variables same sort of thing what is your sex and again here we have roughly 55% were female and 43% 44% male okay so what else can you do with this now everything I've done so far you can do without logging in however everything else you do need to be logged in it's just the UK data service login I should say that Nestar is it only works in Firefox or it tends to only work in Firefox let me look at the login sections and you also may see that it's a little bit yeah it doesn't always work as you expect entirely so we are in the process of getting an alternative to Nestar something that will do something similar and be more reliable but it does work for the time being but like I say if you're planning to use it go into Firefox and I suggest you log in by using it so that you can use all these other aspects so you can create cross tabs so let's see let's look at internet usage so I'll add that to the row this is where we have the login issue okay and it's just asking me to agree to some conditions that's the NGS license conditions same information as we had before but in a table but now we can also wait the data so Nestar knows which are the waiting variables and we can move that across and then click on okay and now these are the weighted results and we can see that the weight is on because it says so at the bottom okay and you could do a cross tab if you wanted to so should we add sex to a column and again we have to accept the conditions and here we are right so we have female male prefer not to answer total and these are the percentages okay so if you're interested in this you can play around with it yourself and see all the different things you can do you could produce some various bar charts based on the data that you've added can do various things you can also select subsets of the data and you can compute your own variables and so on you can also do other analyses like correlation and regression I have to say I wouldn't use this for regression you could use it for correlation if you want to however okay so that's briefly Nestar okay let's go back to the UK data service so there's one more thing I wanted to show you before I just showed you the whole website some other web finding data which might interest you is what this main catalogue search is doing is searching the information that you would see in the main catalogue page so that is the title and the abstract and other similar things about the data the variable in question bank is a different way of searching so it's searching specifically about the variables and the questions so for example say you're interested in bus travel as you're interested in BSA you could search for that, that's not where it says it but occupational classification well yes well no doubt bus is in there somewhere so that's useful information is it okay maybe reason you don't have a job okay so this has found a variety of different things none of them actually related to buses but anyway you can see that this could be useful to search for specific things that are of interest to you but as we're demonstrating here you have to be careful what you select otherwise you end up with a lot of stuff that perhaps wasn't what you were after okay and that was all I wanted to show you really about searching for data a couple of quick things as I said if you are collecting your own data at any point in your career you can deposit it with the UK data service so have a look at that information if you're thinking about that even if you're at the start of your collection it's a really good idea to think long term about what you would do about sharing it and this is a good place to come for information the learning hub has information about how to use survey data as well as other kinds of data and also about how to manage your research data if you are collecting your own data shows upcoming events it also shows past events if you want to look at information about past events which often includes slides and recordings from events the about pages is about the data service and news is what it sounds like impact is how the different datasets so that's quite nice to look at thing that's most likely to be relevant if you're new to the data services the help pages there's some really nice information here frequently asked questions really and something that's very important is near the bottom here there is help desk contact information the UK data service runs an email help desk and you can contact us by clicking on the say you wanted access and general enquiry okay you would fill in this web form with your information and submit it to us and it goes on to our help desk system and the query will find its way to the person who's best able to answer your question and in relation to surveys you can answer questions about how to find data how to find particular variables if you're struggling having looked at the documentation if you spot anything you think might be wrong with the data if you just want some general help in general with using surveys but what we are not able to do is to do your analyses for you so however we are willing to using weights for example if your needs that okay and I think that was everything I wanted to talk about


Monoamine oxidase, MAO, inhibitors are medications used to treat various mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. They work by blocking the action of monoamine oxidases, two enzymes that break down certain chemicals in the brain called monoamines. This prevents the breakdown of these chemicals, leading to increased levels of them in the body. These higher levels of monoamines can help improve symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, there are some side effects associated with MAO inhibitors, including a risk of hypertension due to the increase in monoamine levels. Additionally, some foods contain high amounts of tyramine and amino acid that can interact with MAO inhibitors and cause a dangerous rise in blood pressure. Therefore, it is important to be aware of what foods to avoid when taking this type of medication. This article was authored by John Paul Maurice-Fenberg and Jose Martin-Rabbi.


Mongolia opened its long-awaited new Chinggis Khan International Airport on Sunday, with the first flight taken off for Tokyo. The $585 airport was constructed with the help of the Japanese government. It has a capacity to handle up to 3 million passengers a year, and is located around 50 kilometers from the capital city. Construction began in 2013, but the opening was delayed from 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic.


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to Unizor Education. We will discuss today the tools of geometry. Well, obviously we are talking about virtual tools, not the real ones. Since everything in the real geometry is virtual, it's our imagination, it's in our fantasy, it's in our brain actually, which really exists. It's all abstract concepts which we are talking about, when we talk about points, aligns, circles, planes, etc. in geometry. So what are the tools which we can imaginary build all these elements? Well, there are two main tools. One is called the ruler and another is called the compass. So what can we do with these tools? Well, again, these tools are abstract, which means we are capable of doing certain abstract things with abstract objects. For instance, if you have two points on the plane, we are talking about a line which contains these two points, or a segment actually in between them. Now, how can we get this line? Well, using the ruler we can. So we are assuming that there is a ruler, no matter how far from each other these two points are located. We are talking about abstract points on abstract plane. So this instrument ruler is an abstract ruler. So it's infinitely precise as far as the straightness is concerned, and infinitely long because it's sufficient to draw a line which is basically infinite, or a segment of any particular size, no matter how far from each other these points are located.  So this is ideal ruler and ideal compass. We can use obviously any radius or any lengths between two points, and we still are capable of doing something with these two tools. Now, why can't we use something else? Well, quite frankly I don't know, but it's a tradition in geometry to use only these two instruments to prove the theorems, to solve the problems, to construct certain geometrical figures, and whatever is not constructable or possible to prove using these two instruments is just considered to be outside of the scope of the geometry. And here are a couple of very interesting examples. We will definitely go through all the different construction problems in some further lectures down the line, but I just want to mention something. For instance, you have a problem like this, a very simple problem. You have a segment and you have to find the middle point of this segment. Well, there are many different ways of doing it using ruler and the compass only. We are only talking about the ways to do this with ruler and compass. And ruler, by the way, doesn't have any measurement bars or anything. Well, one of the things which you can do, for instance, and I'm not going to prove it, I'll just basically construct it without any proofs. You take the compass and have any radius big enough, let's say the whole segment is a radius, and you draw a circle. Let me just put a little smaller segment so it will be better. So you use this radius to have one circle using this as a center. And then using this point as a center, exactly the same radius, you have another circle. Now, if you connect with the ruler these two crossing points, then the crossing point here will be in the middle of this segment. Now, I'm not going to prove it, it will be further in some other lecture, but I just wanted to make sure that we can do something with these two tools. Unfortunately, there are certain problems which are not solvable using only these two tools, two instruments. And here is an example of something which was actually known to Euclid to be a problem which he did not really know how to solve. For instance, you have an angle, and you would like to trisect it, which means you have a couple of arrays from the same vertex in such a way that all these three angles are congruent to each other. Well, it's not possible to do with ruler and the compass. What's interesting is there were many people who basically talked about certain solutions, they offered certain solutions to this problem, which is called trisection of the angle, and roll rock, basically. It's actually proven that it's not possible to trisect any angle, better but any angle. It's not possible to trisect an angle using the ruler and the compass. No matter how powerful we consider mathematicians are nowadays, there are certain problems which are not solvable within the framework which they have imposed on themselves. Now, this is a framework. Mathematicians imposed on themselves this restriction, and using this framework, you cannot solve certain problems, and trisection of the angle is one of them. Another example of a problem which is also not solvable and again, it's proven that it's not solvable. It's not just mathematicians cannot come up with a solution. There is no solution. So, here is the problem. If you have a circle, how can you build a square which has exactly the same area? It doesn't matter what really a rigid definition of area is. Again, we will cover it in some other lecture, but people do understand generally speaking what area is. So, you cannot build a square which has the same area as a given circle. That's another example of a problem which is not solvable using the ruler and the compass. These two tools which are only possible, which are only agreed upon, rather, to be used in geometrical problems. So, anyway, in all the future, proofs of theorems, problems, constructions, etc., we will do only actions, or we will do any constructions, any drawings, or whatever, which can be done by ruler, without any marks on it, and a compass. That's it for today. Thank you very much.


The leadership of the all-progressive Congress, the APC, in River State, has warned the party's presidential candidate, Ashwa Jibola Ahmed Tinubu, and governors of the party from the Southwest Geopolitical Zone to stop romancing with Governor Nisam Ezen-Wongwike. Instead of that their action, which is in complete disregard for the party in the state, has become embarrassing and improper, rising from a one-day consultative meeting with the South-South Zonal leadership of the APC in Port Harcourt. The River State Capitol, APC, said the governors were sabotaging efforts to reclaim the state by parlaying with the PDP. They described the act as anti-party activity and urged the APC national leadership to prevail on the Southwest governors to desist from what it called, an inimical solidarity with the River State governor. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.