A detailed review of the current state of art for wind turbine blade design is presented, including theoretical maximum efficiency, propulsion, practical efficiency, HAWT blade design, and blade loads. The review provides a complete picture of wind turbine blade design and shows the dominance of modern turbines almost exclusive use of horizontal axis rotors. The aerodynamic design principles for a modern wind turbine blade are detailed, including blade plan, shape slash quantity, aerofoil selection and optimal attack angles. A detailed review of design loads on wind turbine blades is offered, describing aerodynamic, gravitational, centrifugal, gyroscopic and operational conditions. This article was authored by Richard J. Crossley and Peter J. Schuble.


Good afternoon, everyone. Welcome to equality within our lifetimes, how laws and policies can close or widen gender gaps in economies worldwide, a webinar hosted by New America's Better Life Lab. Well into the 21st century, achieving gender equality in the economy remains unfinished business. Worldwide women's employment income and leadership opportunities lag behind men's building and using a one of a kind database that covers 193 countries. The book equality within our lifetimes systematically analyzes how far we've come and how far we have to go to close these gaps. It's a powerful call to action revealing how gender equality is both feasible and urgently needed to address some of the greatest challenges of our generation. Moderating today's event with researchers Alita Sprig and Jody Hyman is Haley Swenson, a researcher and writer who has been part of the better life lab team for the last six years. She has a PhD in gender studies and her research focuses on the relationship between racial and gender equality at work and at home. Her writing has been featured in the New York Times, the Washington Post and Slate as well as dozens of other outlets. Along with Bridget Schulte, she has pioneered the Better Life Lab experiments project, which puts evidence based advice for creating a fairer division of labor at home into the hands of families that need it. Please join me in welcoming everyone to the stage. Thank you so much Julia it's such a pleasure to be here and to be here with not only a wonderful audience, but the two of the authors of the book will be discussing today. Alita and Jody. I want to give a brief introduction to them and then I'm going to kick things over to them actually. This is a very data rich text and I think visuals will really help the audience to wrap their heads around it and and Grock where the arguments they're making are coming from and what the evidence base is for it. I want to give them a chance to present on the book a bit before we dive into discussion. After their presentation, I will shift to a few questions the book raised for me as a long time follower of these questions, and that said, I invite our audience to please share your comments and your questions in the slidle box as we go. I'll be getting kind of a live report of those questions and comments, and I'd love to bring them into our discussion so if you have a question at some point clarity you just want to add something that stands out to you about the data, or you have a provocative discussion question that that our authors might take on, please add it there and, and we'd love for this discussion to be as engaging and interactive as possible, as you can see by this fantastic software that we're using here today. I want to introduce our authors of equality within our lifetimes how laws and policies can close or widen gender gaps in economies worldwide. There are actually three authors on the book, but Amy Robb due to some time zone issues cannot join us today, but we are very fortunate to have Jody Hyman and Alita Spray in joining us so Jody is the founding director of the World Policy Analysis Center at the UCLA Fielding School of Public Health. Hyman leads the largest independent effort to improve the level and quality of comparative policy data available to policymakers, researchers and the public. She is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences and has authored and edited more than 500 publications, including 19 books. And Alita Spray is senior legal analyst for World Policy Analysis Center. Spray is an attorney with over a decade of experience working on social policy and inequality. She has co authored a range of publications, examining how laws and policies shape racial gender and socio economic disparities. So Jody with that said why don't you kick us off and tell us about the book from your perspective. Thank you so much Haley it's a joy to be here with you and joy to be here with everybody who's joining in the audience. So, we started this effort at a time when people were saying it would take over 200 years to reach gender equality in the economy. It would possibly be that we thought as a global community, or as a country that was acceptable, leaving half the world behind half the world without an equal chance. Saying we needed centuries to achieve it and the huge economic loss. The title equality within our lifetimes comes from a profound belief that it is possible we take the steps necessary. The biggest finding from the book is that these huge gaps we have in inequality link completely to loss. It is not to say that loss are the only driver, certainly norms, attitudes, individual actions, beliefs, all affect the inequality. But just as there we lag behind women lag behind men on leadership, we don't have the same protections globally for equality and training or promotions. And that's just one of many examples but I will share a few slides here first, because pictures worth a thousand words so if new American can keep the slides. Okay. So as I mentioned, you know, women make up just about a third of senior managers in the top companies around the world. And just look at where the world is this is percent of countries in terms of protecting from gender discrimination.  But when you go to things that matter for advancement in a workforce training, just over half of countries say you can't explicitly you can't discriminate in training. Less than two thirds, even take that first step of putting in the law that promotions can't be discriminatory we all know implementing that has its own set of additional challenges. But the first step is making a commitment to it. Next slide please. The inequality in the workforce has to do with discrimination but it also has to do with an unequal responsibility for caring for everyone from kids to elders. We'll get back to that in a second and what countries can do about it but a lot of times gender discrimination actually comes in the form of caregiving discrimination. And we know this as just one example, because the big pay gap is not between men and women that pay get gap exists, but the much bigger pay gap is what happens, once a woman has a child or other caregiving responsibility. We see when it comes to protecting from discrimination, because your mom and amidst the pandemic, overwhelmingly, those who had care responsibility lost more jobs, and most of all, women of color with caregiving responsibilities lost the most jobs during the pandemic. This shows us that nearly all countries have some kind of protection against gender discrimination, but here to only about have protect against mothers being discriminated against in the workforce. Certainly, because men having equal roles at home is essential to everybody having equal roles in the economy, even fewer protect against fathers being discriminated in the workforce against in the workforce and that becomes an issue with things like uptake of paternity. Next slide please. It's crucial that all women be protected from discrimination for all women to be protected. Most people have multiple aspects of their identity of who they are and different ways that they experience life but also that they are discriminated against. This just shows that in some of those characteristics that people have those intersecting forms of potential discrimination or multiple forms of discrimination. There's a lot of protection right here these are the numbers protecting for multiple discrimination so are you protected on religion and on Jen fewer countries might actually protected the intersection. Well, what we see is for religion, race, disability, these are out of 193 countries, pretty widespread protection, but when you get towards the bottom, how many countries are protecting migrants or women with different nationalities. It's less than half. When you get to sexual orientation and gender identity. While there's been real progress. It's the least of all. Next slide please. Sexual harassment is another form of discrimination of gender discrimination. And while more than five years ago, we saw as the me to movement when global increasing attention to it. That first step of do every does every country have a law prohibiting sexual harassment at work has yet to be achieved. There's no prohibition in this chart. It's 50 countries still have no prohibition at all again sexual harassment at work, and the green the ones that protect from both supervisors and co workers, which becomes especially important for women as they advance in jobs, because the harassment may most commonly come from co workers later on. That's only 32 countries that do bow. Next slide please. Having the law there is the first step, but we need to do more than have a long we need to make sure that companies actually take steps to prevent it, prevent sexual harassment or other forms of discrimination. And that someone who reports sexual harassment can't be retaliated against. And what you can see here is less than a third of countries have both of those basic protections. I just want to pause one minute before I go to caregiving to mention. I know we're presenting a lot of data. It's all freely downloadable so any of this that we go by to fast. You can go to world policy center.org. That's our landing page of our website. You can download the link to getting the book download for free you can get policy briefs if you want it if you want a 30 second map with the number. Those are freely linked there. So, next slide please. Achieving equality in our lifetime takes equality in the workforce. It also takes equality at home. And it takes the ability of people to balance caring with working. One of the fundamental rights that's been recognized for a century is paid leave for moms. So 120 countries around the world guarantee at least 14 weeks 187 guarantee some paid leave. And the audience joining us in the United States you can readily see that one of the few countries in the only high income country without it is the United States. Other countries without it are Papua New Guinea and five small South Pacific island states, every other country has paid maternity leave. Next slide please. In addition to paid maternity leave. If we're going to achieve equality paid paternity leave has huge role to play. When fathers study after study shows when fathers are involved early in life in that first year. Not only is it rewarding to them, but it improves economic outcomes for their spouses partners, and it creates long term engagement in children's lives. There's been dramatic increase in paid paternity leave around the world. Nearly tripling globally. It does remain too short though and that's part of the inequality and that's why you see a lot of red and orange on this map is the number of countries but shortly that having been said, the 45 countries that give man 14 weeks or more show the feasibility of this. Next slide please. One of the things that makes the biggest difference in dads uptake is having either leave reserved for dads, or an incentive to take it to really get over this history of it being disproportionately women, 86 countries do it. Next slide please. People raise the costs of having paid leave and paid leave does cost money. And yet, the amount of money that is left on the table the loss to our economy of not doing it is so much greater. I hope that this just shows if we achieve gender equality in the US economy we would be talking about increasing our GDP by 4.3 trillion with $10 a year. It's a huge amount to have left on the table money that we need for many of the challenges we face. Next slide please. This looks like a super busy slide that looks kind of chaotic, but you really just need to pay attention to one thing. What's happening to that red line. It's going consistently down. This is women's labor force participation rankings of the OECD of our high income country comparators in the OECD. In 2000, we ranked seven. In the most recent data the US ranked 28. This is a result of not taking steps that need to be taken around care. Globally, there are changes that need to happen in the anti discrimination and sexual harassment law. Nationally, the biggest gaps are how we've fallen further and further behind is others have other countries have advanced on supporting care from infancy to old age and I'll stop there for now. Wow, that is a striking figure. Once you wrap your head around all the lines and you follow that red line. That really, really tells us a lot about what's been happening in this country. While things have been changing for the better abroad and I think that's that's really striking at this moment, almost three years into a pandemic that feeling that we were on the cusp of some big changes. People may recall the build back better reconciliation package, which was, you know, I think there was a lot of enthusiasm around. And it just didn't quite have the votes and so here we are continuing on that on that decline it would seem, even as some recovery from the pandemic is happening. So, so many questions come up out of this. I kind of want to take a step back just to start. I have a feeling some in our audience may not be feeling all this data quite as personally as others of us. I will say I am currently 37 weeks pregnant and I'm technically employed as a freelancer so I don't have an employer to offer me paid leave. I live in one of the handful of states that is that has implemented a paid leave program. So, all of this hits really close to home for me and in, and folks who signed on to this event willingly may feel the same way maybe drawn to this issue for similar kinds of reasons, but say they're not, and say they don't feel this quite as personally, or folks are going to be sending the link around to this book to friends and family who may not quite get it. Who may say, you know, there's a lot of problems a lot of forms of inequality in this world. Why should we care so much about gender equality on a global level, why, why is this an issue that we need to be thinking about major policy reforms to solve. So I can kick us off. I think that's a great question and really foundational question. You know, I think there are numerous reasons to care really no matter where you live, no matter where you fall in the political spectrum, whether or not this is really hitting home or it feels more abstract. So I'll just focus on on three to get us started. You know, first and foremost, it is, it is a fundamental right nearly every country around the world has signed on to international treaties and agreements dating back decades that guarantee gender equality in the economy and elsewhere. Most recently, all 193 UN member states adopted the Sustainable Development Goals, which not only call on countries to achieve gender equality by 2030 but also specifically call on them to eliminate all forms of gender discrimination in the law, which is a big focus of this project. But even beyond that gender equality matters to the well being of everyone. You know, there's extensive research when more girls are able to stay in school. Life expectancy increases for women and men alike. Child nutrition improves educational attainment increases not only for those girls but for the next generation. We also see really cross cutting impacts when more women are in leadership so when more women are in parliament countries take stronger action on climate change you know one of the key challenges of our generation. When more women are on boards corporate social responsibility practices increase. And none of this is to, you know, essentialize the nature of women's contributions but the fact is, you know, communities do better and countries do better when women are able to fully participate and when gender doesn't prevent anyone from pursuing their own path in life. And then finally there are these broad economic benefits. You know as Jodi already mentioned, for the US alone closing gender gaps in the economy could add $4 trillion. Globally the estimates around $28 trillion. So, you know, no matter what your vantage point the potential gains are are immense, but actually achieving equality within our lifetimes will require every country taking action to accelerate progress. Jodi did you want to add anything on that question. No, I think I think I couldn't have said it there than everything Alita said. Fantastic. So, um, no I think that's I think those are really, really important answers to this question. And I raise it in part because just at this moment in time with the pandemic it does feel difficult to know where to put our energies. You know, we're facing climate crisis we're facing this ongoing crisis to health care. But as you mentioned, you know there's overlap with this problem of gender equality at every turn when you get there. And I think so many of us felt that during the pandemic that there was suddenly a new, a new gawking of the situation among folks who didn't get it. I mean, I've been covering childcare throughout the pandemic, for example, and the explosion of news interest in who has access to childcare where is it coming from. Why is it so broken in the United States, you know, how are other countries handling it. We haven't really seen that level of interest in that question. It's been a matter to the pandemic for a very long time, you know, since the 1970s, when childcare was really on on the political map for the last time. So I was wondering if you could speak to that you know you're writing this book, as the world is, I mean facing a challenge unlike any had seen in recent years, one that just found its way into every school, every workplace, every home. So how did that color, you're thinking about this book and the way that you thought about tackling these issues. So, I can kick us off on that one because I think I can speak directly some of the childcare pieces and then I'll pass it to Jody since I know we had different experiences over the past few years but you know for me when the pandemic started and we were beginning to draft this book I had a, my first child was six months old, and my parents had been providing childcare, but they were unable to continue doing so as coven really took off. So, you know, as of March 2020, like, millions of other families we were trying to juggle paid work and caregiving day in and day out at home. You know, frankly that was, that was a grind, but you know I was also very fortunate in the big scheme of things. Ultimately I was able to continue to work because for one thing I had a job that could be performed remotely. And second I had access to support my husband actually lost his job due to the pandemic but the silver lining was he was able to step up as our daughter's primary caregiver which was really such a joy to witness and my own workplace allowed me to have some flexibility with my schedule and to take some leave for caregiving as needed so we found a new normal. But you know just thinking about, you know, the connections between my own experience and these broader prospects for gender equality. And, you know, I think obviously the early days of the pandemic were unique circumstances, but they also expose these huge structural gaps that matter all the time. So in the US people didn't have sick leave, they didn't have caregiving leave. Many households like mine had been relying on informal family caregiving to meet essential care needs. Because as you mentioned services like childcare inaccessible unaffordable even before the pandemic. And then when this this crisis layered on top of this really already shaky foundation, you know the immediate consequences for women's employment were just so massive. And even more so for for black and Latina women if you look at the initial employment losses. So I would just say, you know, for me writing this book amidst the pandemic underscored what a critical difference supports both at home and at work can make, but it also reinforced that right now there are deep structural inequities and who has access to those supports and further reinforce that stronger national policies have to be a critical piece of the solution. Yeah, so, so indeed probably like many of your listeners, all of us while we were writing this had different care needs and to your point earlier fairly like why, why care the different people coming to this, I would say it's, it's, they're they're very few Americans who if you look over a 10 year period, don't experience this at some point in their work life. They may not experience it for children they may experience it for a sibling for a parent so who they're experiencing it for can be really wide range. And it may not be every year, but over the course of our work lives. It's almost all of us so my, in my case my father became very sick and had progressive surgeries and, and eventually died during the pandemic and we're extremely close and I feel so fortunate that I was able to have the time with them. But you shouldn't feel fortunate in the United States to be able to care for your parents.  And that's where the policy comes in. It shouldn't just be I, I was lucky I have a very job I'll just, if we share a couple slides we have a little sense maybe of where the world is on that right now. See that the United States is pretty far behind hoping that New America can bring up this one moment. Sure. And Jodi as you as we get those slides pulled up. One question comes in from the audience from Allison when wondering about how this sort of remote or hybrid work environment may have played a role in some of these various outcomes that you all mentioned for women and those with these caregiving responsibilities I mean, it seems a lot has changed but I think it's important to remember that a lot of that has gone to a privileged few to the lucky few as my colleague Vicki Shabo says, those who won the boss lottery. You know are the ones who are benefiting from those so if you can touch on that that'd be great as well. Yeah, absolutely. So, I think the work from home is mixed for many people right. So those who have jobs that can truly be done from home, who still have childcare that their children go out to, but where it means maybe it's easier for them to live in the same city with their spouse or partner who maybe it means they have less commuting time at the week that can be a real benefit. Many jobs that's not true. And if you live in a small apartment and one bedroom apartment with your children and your children are there during the day. It's practically impossible. So I think it really varies. Now, the other thing that the pandemic really brought out was what happens when a family member gets sick. And states likes not only in terms of paid leave for parents, but you can see it doesn't have any guarantees outside of the temporary ones in the pandemic and 11 states where you can have guaranteed to be able to keep your job and take leave when your child sick. Most of Europe does most, not all, but most OECD countries do. Next slide, please. The Earth world doesn't for serious health needs.  Being available is essential. Here, far more countries guarantee that leave for serious health needs. The United States has unpaid leave but unpaid leave is unaffordable to the majority of families and the country isn't even covered by that unpaid leave. Next slide please. When we look globally. And for those listening, most at New America today we're talking more about some of the implications for the United States. But both will talk some today and we have more online and our launch play page at World Policy Center. .org slash equality within our lifetimes, but the world is less far than it needs to be for adult care. We just, we can't forget that people don't end the pandemic was a huge reminder, but we haven't made the progress we need to ensure that people can care for a serious illness in the spouse. If we did this map for spouse or partner, it becomes even more the world read with neither next slide please. I will just say, I guess I didn't have a slide there about elder care, but again, huge gaps and caring for elderly parents. But there is hope. And the hope has to do with progress. Alita is going to talk more about this later though, you know, we leave it here and let, let us pick up on the progress slides later but I don't want to just say their gaps. Because we've been tracking these things and the good news part of the story which really makes it clear we could achieve dramatic changes in the quality within our lifetimes are the parts of the world that have markedly changed what's there to make greater gender equality at work and at home. Yeah, thank you for that and you know I think some may remember that during the pandemic, Congress was able to pass a temporary leave option. The first paid leave, you know federal legislation that has made it through. We've had the FMLA on the books for 30 years now. And that gives some workers access to unpaid leave as you mentioned, many families cannot afford an unpaid leave. But it but during the pandemic there was an emergency leave available to parents who were unable to go to work because of their caregiving needs. And you know I think that program was really limited. It wasn't well publicized, but some of the folks on our team at the Better Life Lab went out seeking folks who used it who knew about it. And one thing they found out about it because HR sent it around, you know, and said, Hey, if you're really struggling to make it work right now here's this option for you. And resoundingly, I mean people were really thrilled with it. There were some folks who took, you know consecutive weeks right away to help their kids with adjust to zoom school before coming back sort of in a more flexible way. So I had a colleague's interview to father who decided to use the leave very strategically so one Friday at a time so essentially cut back to working four day work weeks and you know what those I think especially when dads were taking this what they would say is just that they were their the door opened up to this whole world of caregiving that they weren't getting in their normal jobs, you know, and so, as we're talking about the law, as you say the law doesn't solve everything, but it's so closely connected with norms and values.  And what it actually means for values and norms is is quite enormous for the people that it impacts, and that and that it finds a way into their life. I want to talk some more about this as you're talking about these leave laws about the role of unpaid care in setting the terms of gender inequality worldwide. I think there's in the US but also in the book you cite this kind of common logic that there's a natural reason that women are so burdened let's say with care of course it's not always just a burden there's love involved. There's, you know, pleasure involved in caregiving. There's real genuine desire to give care. But when we look at the statistics, it's so unbalanced worldwide who's providing the unpaid care, and who is engaging in paid work. And it has these enormous consequences. So I wonder just from looking at the, the lay of the land. There are countries who are doing much better than the US but but clearly looking at global numbers. Nobody's quite got that unpaid care work figured out. What is the proper role of government in supporting unpaid care. I think there's a real kind of American response which is, well this is private cares private you know cares for families to figure out the government shouldn't have a role in it. So maybe non discrimination laws are one thing but to actually support invest in help families manage that caregiving. Maybe we don't want the government involved in that. So what's the right balance and how should governments be thinking about how to support caregivers. I'm happy to lead us off. I think one thing is is how we are thinking about caregiving and caregiving is really essential infrastructure, you know caregiving is what supports the rest of the economy what enables the rest of the economy to function. And I guess, you know, whether governments are supporting families to to make their own choices. I think that's an interesting angle on actually what what is happening because right now there's so much inequality embedded in the law that that families don't really have a choice of how they balance care within their own households. I do want to pick up on what Jodi was saying a moment ago though about how there has been really exciting global progress in some key areas that matter to equality and care, and, and matter ultimately to norms as you were mentioning Haley so if we could bring back up the slide that we just had. Great so one of the most striking findings from the data has is how rapidly paid leave for fathers has really begun to expand around the world. I think Jodi mentioned earlier it's it's tripled since 1995 globally it's nearly tripled. And in some regions that progress has actually been even faster. So if you look across African countries the share that have some kind of paid leave for fathers has has quadrupled since 1995. It's easy to see on this graph, you know we most countries with us is a very notable exception have had some kind of paid leave for for mothers for decades if not longer some policies go back a century. But we're finally starting to see that that paid leave for men is is starting to catch up. And that is really exciting, you know when we know that women take leave women are more likely return to their jobs, their earnings increase. They can develop more satisfying relationships with their children they also stay more involved in care and housework after the leave and so it really plays this foundational role in setting patterns of caregiving that have these these much broader implications. I mean, and Jodi mentioned this earlier as well you know that the devil's in the details when it comes to the policy design so in most countries right now, even though there has been an increase in massive increase in the share of countries providing some kind of leave to men, it's generally still far shorter than what's provided to women. So four percent of countries men get less than three weeks, and in many it's just a few days. At the same time only a small number of countries, you know incentivize or encourage men to take leave which has shown a lot of promise and increasing take up rates. Since, you know the reality is men often still face pressure within their workplaces not to take leave when it's available to them there are still, there's still a bit of this, the stigma around paternity leave that we don't see in the same way when we take leave and those are gaps that will really need to be addressed for these benefits to extend more broadly. Another area progress that I just want to highlight unless Jodi did you want to jump in. If we go to the next slide was just on on caregiving discrimination. You mentioned this earlier and it might be a less familiar sort of legal area to people than parental leave but it is critical for both practical reasons and more on the norm side. Practically speaking, you know protections against gender discrimination simply don't always extend to discrimination based on caregiving responsibilities, or even related physical conditions like pregnancy or breastfeeding. We've seen this in case law from a range of countries, and we highlight a bunch of examples in the book. But beyond those you know very practical applied impacts prohibiting discrimination based on family responsibilities matters to these these norms that you're talking about they matters to creating workplace cultures where it's expected and understood that workers of all genders have full lives, and that often means that outside of work there, they're caring for children, they're caring for spouses for partners for aging parents. I think establishing that these, you know, extremely common almost universal responsibilities can't justify discrimination is it's important it's important for ensuring workers, regardless of gender can address the caregiving needs in their lives, without being, you know, passed over for promotion or tracked into a role with less responsibility so. As we can see on this slide you know the shows progress in laws over five years, and even within that short time there has been progress across all these different aspects of discrimination. But there's still, you know substantial gaps between protections based on gender and protections based on caregiving statuses and protections are actually lowest for fathers. Yeah, the one thing I'd add Haley to your to your important question is, you know, here, here we were amidst the pandemic, almost about to pass major paid leave legislation that would have been transformative for the United States major child care legislation, honestly just barely catching up with a lot of our peer countries but huge for the United States. And we didn't and the argument was against it was the cost was that we couldn't afford it with everything else. I don't think we can afford not to. We, we really are at this fork in the road and you saw that with massive decline in where we are in the OECD. I mean, seventh to 28 is just out of 36 countries enormous decline. You see that in the fact that we're leaving four and a half trillion dollars on the table. So, so what are our two path options one, we can just say okay we're going to go along with the partial workforce. And we're going to have to cut all sorts of essentials. And you see that in the arguments for cutting. Some of the most important programs we have from Social Security Medicare to cuts in support for food for families this month and everything else. The second path is to say, let's grow our economy grow it markedly and be able to afford things. The way to make that growth is to ensure that all Americans can contribute that nobody is dropping out of the workforce when they don't want to. To do that, it's a more economically successful strategy and it's a strategy that values every human life, much more deeply. Next thing we got a question as you were speaking from Heather McCullough with the Aspen Institute financial security program, and she was wondering how do we get us policymakers and business leaders to acknowledge that gender equity is an imperative. And I think it's a it's such an important question I mean obviously your book really centers the economy in some interesting ways, you're talking about gender equality in a pretty broad way you know it's civic it's political it's, it's not just about who has the money in the background, but the economy really is quite central to your arguments, and to the way you make your case so if you have anything to add there about how do we get us policymakers to care I mean this seems to be just this issue that is not going away. And then I also think I would add on to that question, you know, it seems like there are some moments when it's easier to make the case right when workplaces are shutting down when schools are shutting down you say hey, without women's without caregivers labor, this country just ceases to work, but then you have inflation you have a tightening economy of things are just getting harder for workers. And then it becomes a lot harder to say hey gender equality really matters. You know there's, it's more clamoring for good jobs, and people feel maybe a little bit of fear in the workplace about how their activism or their education maybe may be regarded so I you know I do want to close off this conversation by thinking more about solutions and what we do about this so maybe we just start here like what is the case that we need to make. Maybe you've seen some global examples of this so if you have you know some inspiration I know a lot of folks in the US who are sort of in the room with us right now would love some inspiration and some insight there. I mean, I'll take a first go at this and then pass it to lead I want to say something about the US and then then something globally on the US. The good news is that if you ask Americans across political party. There's wide agreement about a lot of foundational aspects, such as should parents be able to afford to take leave to be with their infant. Yes, you hear that across parties. When you ask people should you be able to take leave to care for a sick family member and it's appropriate to pay. Have that be paid leave again the answer is yes. If you ask across parties to people want to be able to care for a sick parent. Yes. So I think we have that to build on so what are some things we don't have that we need. I do think that we need Congress to start looking at the long term benefits of policies, as well as their short term costs. So companies do this, this is how they do investment. They don't not invest in R&D. They don't not invest in infrastructure, because they'll make a ton of money later but it costs something now as a country we have to do that. And the care infrastructure is is a big part of that's one of the biggest examples of where that early investment will yield later. And we do need our private sector leaders, who right now those their number of companies, providing these benefits, but they're, they're paying for the benefits as opposed to social insurance, and those who aren't providing the benefits are paying losing employees by turnover so we do need more of our private sector leaders to come forward and say we need to pass this essential infrastructure so a hopeful story I'll just, I'll just give one for time and example. It's a group in Jordan that got childcare implemented it was actually a case where there was worse posed to be childcare guarantees they started by two women who found this old law it wasn't being implemented. But what did they do with this gets to my example they built public awareness. They built coalitions across the government civil society and companies that showed it could be done and they would make more money doing it. I'll give one more example for people who might be listening from South Africa for people might be listening who are like well what can I do as an individual. There was a father in South Africa had premature twins was aware he got the lead, but most he could afford to take time but most South Africans couldn't called every single member of parliament. All of this we inspired coalitions that got built across unions and civil society a group called Sonke pass paternity leave they're now working on paid elder care leave. Because he wouldn't give up into the left other people give up. I'll stop there. That's beautiful. Alita I want to I want to hear some inspiration from you to that you take away from the book. That's a fantastic case. We do have another question actually Jodi you touched on this about labor unions, because you know I think we often think of sort of workplace labor activism as separate in some ways from from government action from policy action. But it seems like they're really linked together and of course in the US we have really low rates of union membership but is there a link between what you see in other countries in terms of activist unions unions taking on caregiver issues sort of as their own, and the ability to pass some of the policies you're talking about here today. Either either of you. If you're starting them then pass it to Alita, you know I just want to say, you know, unions, unions have done two things in different settings both within countries and across countries. One is, do the important work of advocating for change in their workplace. That doesn't necessarily change policy. The other thing they've done, which has played a crucial role in changing policies is, in addition, see as a core role advocating for policy change. And I think they're the collective voice that brings together the experience of millions of workers is so important to that. I think the African example I gave Koseito the coalition of South African trade unions was played a central role in ensuring that parental leave was passed but we, we see this in Europe we see this in other settings so I think it's very powerful. The collective voice brings a voice to policy makers, as well as to workplaces. Alita anything dad. Just one quick thing I would add you know Jodi's mentioning this, a couple of the case studies that we included in the book. We have one one chapter that really goes into detail about how change has happened on a variety of policy areas across countries. We actually also put up the videos of interviews with some of the key stakeholders and key change makers in these processes, including in Jordan in South Africa, Uganda, a few other places so if you want to, you know, hear about these processes of changing policy and in the words of people who really move to them that's also available on our launch page at world policy and elsewhere world policy center dot org slash equality within our lifetimes. I know we only have a couple more minutes so I don't want to take up all the time the last pieces that I was going to highlight just in terms of hope and progress or a few other areas of law where we have seen progress over the past five years even if it's been incremental even if there are gaps we are seeing changes in law, new laws being passed so maybe I'll just go through really quickly just a couple more slides and then close it out unless. Yeah, I'll go really fast. That's great. Farooz Kabir I had written in also asking about what stands in the way of more of these gender based anti discrimination provisions so I hope you'll touch on that as well. Sure, so I just want to just start looking again at them. I'm sorry we actually go to the. The next slide please. I'm referring to what you raised at the beginning about these disparities and protections across different different aspects of work. Again protections are lowest in access to training and promotions these gaps that really matter to advancement, but there has been change across all areas, even just from 2016 to 2021. As you can see on this slide. If we go to the next one, which looks at multiple discrimination. Again among women we know there are vast inequalities at work based on race migration status disability other aspects of identity so just prohibiting discrimination on gender is insufficient to reach much of the discrimination women face at work. But here too you can see that protections are rising without exception across countries. Just as one example, Jodi mentioned earlier, there's been a lot of progress around sexual orientation and gender identity in the law, even though those receive the lowest protection globally. But from 2016 to 2021, six countries pass new laws prohibiting employment discrimination based on sexual orientation 10 countries did so for gender identity so we are seeing notable movement even in a short time period. Let's go back to the next slide just one final quick example before I pass it back. So, looking at sexual harassment laws so since me to went global in 2016.  But these 11 past laws for the first time, others closed gaps in their laws. So we're seeing progress that that matters, and we just have to take action to to accelerate that progress if we're actually going to have a shot at achieving equality in the in the short term. Thank you. I mean what I really love about the book is that it takes something that I think a lot of us, you know, care about, maybe getting the weeds on get drawn into conversations about, you know, are the origins of gender inequality when it comes to change and you know as the the cases you provide show, there's like no, no one place to start or, you know, when it comes to creating change you start from wherever you're at, and whether it's in your workplace or your community, your civic organizations, you know you you agitate for these policies from from wherever that standpoint is and I think it just gives a really good sense of hope to see this progress that's been happening internationally and and there's just no reason really why it shouldn't happen in the US and we're not so exceptional right, and I do take, I do take a lot of hope from groups like the National Domestic Workers Alliance, nurses unions that have been fighting really hard for, for better conditions during this pandemic. The railroad workers, you know, a hugely male profession who's been shining the spotlight on a lack of paid time off during this pandemic, and, like I said, there's just like no, there's no bad place to start getting involved in in this work. And I wonder if you can just say, you know one thing that I also love about the book as you're making it freely available to the public which is just incredible. So, folks if you see there's a link on the bottom right hand of your screen if you click it, you should be in seconds able to read this full book for yourself and access all of this data. I want to give you the last word maybe Jodi. Why was that so important to you, and what do you hope to accomplish by by making this book so widely available. We believe it really takes all of us to make this change happen in each of our countries, and we do think it's within our reach. So that was absolutely the goal the book we're delighted through University of California press is freely downloadable. And if you don't have time to read it to go to the website. The briefs are brief maps are brief, and then make sure you have time to reach out with your group, whether that's a civil society group, a union group. I heard from the Aspen Institute, wherever you're based, if we're all working together we can make these things happen and reach out to us if we can help in any way because we're, we believe this is a journey that we're on together and we need to accelerate how fast we get there. Thank you so much. It's been a joy speaking with you both today. Congratulations on the book launch, and I hope everybody here in the audience find some time to look through it. Reach out to the authors as they said they couldn't be more generous with their time and their expertise, and I wish everybody a safe healthy and fantastic day. Thank you so much.


Aaron, first of all, just what Greg Allen has given you in the last three games, especially tonight?  And obviously, the element he brings of, you know, running the bases, the versatility and really good defense he brings in the outfield. And really, every at-bat, he's been, you know, obviously he's gotten results, but just the quality of the at-bat has been really strong. And, yeah, I love what he's brought. Thank you. You good, Kenny? Yeah, thank you. Okay. Meredith, go ahead.   Obviously, a couple of stolen bases for him. You know, the ability to get the third on that ball that kicks off the wall. Again, the speed that he brings in the outfield as well. It's definitely been a factor in helping us win some ball games. When you score runs in different ways, in plays like that, does that add more energy in that dugout to the team? Yeah, like, I mean, I think anytime you're scoring, you know, usually there's good energy, but it's been really neat to see us for the last, you know, couple of games, few games, do it in some different ways. You know, the home run ball showed up for us tonight, four different guys, but the little ball was there, running the bases, you know. Yeah, I mean, there's an excitement and look, we're up against a good opponent today and Aaron Nola, a really good pitcher, obviously, that's kind of had our number, you know, and we kind of, they grinded them down a little bit and made it really tough on them and we're able to ding them there finally and knock them out, but yeah, it's definitely, it's been a fun brand of baseball here the last few days. Don Carlos Stanton seemed almost a little frustrated after that single in the fifth inning. He goes on to Homer, his next at bat in the seventh. Just what could it mean to this team if he can get going?


I'm here. Hello everybody in the chat. I can get a yay or nay for the audio. I have no clue if this is actually working correctly or not. I should probably tap this to make sure it's the right mic, which it is. Because I'm actually doing this from Linux Mint. It's just where this idea came from, I don't know. Yay on the audio. Awesome. Good. Welcome to everybody. I think this is the most concurrent viewers I've had right from the beginning. I feel like the clickbait title drew some people in. Definitely drew at least one troll in. I had to block him. So I don't really have a plan for tonight other than to show you that I'm on Linux Mint and that it's actually on hardware. Actually installed this thing. It was like installing Ubuntu. It was basically the same thing. But anyways, welcome to everybody. Hello. I'm going to mispronounce your name Blamer, Lamar. Welcome to the channel. Welcome everybody. I love Linux Mint and it shows. Yes, indeed. President of the Linux Mint. I should get a better title than president. Maybe chancellor or something. Anyways, yeah. So here's Linux Mint on. So if we do a NeoFetch here, which you can actually see this is on my actual hardware. Oops. So yeah, there's proof. I've installed Linux Mint. Now the question is how long do I stay with it? That I don't know yet. I'm going to race it tonight and see if I can stay. This is Cinnamon, by the way. I chose Cinnamon because it's their project. Blamer. So far on this, all I've done is install a few programs. I've installed Bitwarden. I've installed OBS and Audacity. I have installed now. And I think that's all I've done. Other than I changed the layout of the menu here at the bottom, my default, this has bigger icons. I did not like that at all. So I changed that. But other than that, I've done nothing. I might have installed something else. I don't remember. Audacity I installed. I don't think that there was anything else. OBS. No, other than Bitwarden. And those two, those are the only three that I installed. And I did that from the software center. Do I still have the software center open? Apparently I don't. They don't call the software center.  Because I mean, it's really a store. But yeah, those are the only three that I installed so far. Basically, this is just software, but without all the snaps stuff. This is still pulling from dead packages, I believe. So it's pretty old in terms of that. Because I hate snaps, which is something that I can agree with the Mint team on. I don't like snaps either. So that's a win for me. Let's see here. What about settings? I haven't even actually been in the settings yet. Hey, why does this distro exist? Hi, Joshua. How you doing? There are lots of distros that work out of the box, though, not just Linux Mint. You know what? I could get behind Cinnamon quite a bit. This isn't bad, but this theme out of the box is just fuggly. There's so much blank space here. Who designed this nonsense? Move this box up over here or something. I don't know. I'm like, I'm not a designer, but this is kind of garbage. Let's see here themes. We're going to change some stuff here. We need to do that. And then we need it. While those all look exactly the same, they're just different colors. I'll choose the red one and controls the red ones. That's so much better. It doesn't look so empty. Cool. There, I've raced from Linux Mint. Let's see here. What else can we do? So that's just snap. What's weird is if you drag it to the top of the screen, it just does the top half.  That's not something that's usual in other like kiddies. Oh, as you drag it to the top, it goes full screen. I think all mental illness is like that too. Okay. So let's talk a little bit about my dislike for mint. Okay. Because really, I don't have a dislike for mint so much as I have a dislike for their focus problems. I really wish that they would focus on LMDE. And my reasoning for that is that they use that as a backup for Ubuntu. And when you need to have a backup, when you think you might need a backup, your best solution would be just to work on the backup itself. Instead of splitting your attention both ways, just go through and focus on one. Now, terminal for life has talked about this and other people have talked about this. You can't force developers to do anything. They do what they would like to do and it's perfectly fine. It's, you know, their work and they can do what they want. These are just my opinions. I really do think that they would be better off if they were going to focus their time on anything, just focusing on one. But that's my beef with Linux Mint. The actual operating system itself, I don't have a ton of problem with. I think Cinnamon is actually a great desktop environment. It's not for me. I think this is kind of ugly for, you know, just even choosing any other thing would just make this still way too much wasted space for me. But I'm not a floating window manager guy. Like, I'm not. Okay, that's cool. Thank you, Lamer. So, yeah, that's, I've gained a reputation for hating Linux Mint itself when really that's not the case. And I've come around a little bit to it being a, it's a good, very stable Linux distribution, but it could also be exactly the same thing just based on Debian, which I think would probably be a better thing because then it's not just another thing based on Ubuntu. Granted, then it would just be another thing based on Debian. So, I mean, it's not really half of one, six of the other, you know, so I can change that here. Max, yeah, that's a good one. I would do that. Oh, yeah, that's much better. That's, that's the way it's supposed to work. Then I could do this. Yes, that's much better. Yeah. I know it has a Debian edition. That was my point is that they have both. Yeah, it's, they literally took Ubuntu and ripped the snaps out of it. I mean, I'm sure they've done a lot of other stuff too that you just don't really realize. So really, all they're doing is trying to make Ubuntu as well as Debian as possible, which means that they should have just done the Debian thing to begin with. Yeah, I like LMD. LMD is my favorite version of Linux Mint. It's great. It's just what they should focus on. Because it's obvious that the Mint developers just despise Ubuntu so they should just abandon Ubuntu and focus on the Debian edition. That's what they should do. I've talked about this many times before. I've gotten a lot of flack for it because there are a ton of people that just love Linux Mint and there's nothing wrong with that. There's fanboys for every Linux distribution. I love Arco Linux. You know what I mean? I'll show for Arco Linux every day of the week. So there's nothing wrong with being a fan of it because they're fear of backlash. If they phased it out and gave people time to get used to it, just tell everybody that the last Linux Mint Ubuntu edition is going to be released in 2025. Give them four years to get used to the idea. Then there's not going to be a backlash at all because then if somebody really wanted to, they could fork Linux Mint. I mean, it'd be dumb, but they could fork Linux Mint Ubuntu edition and make their own if that's what they desperately wanted to do. I think part of it is that a few years ago, they removed the KDE version of Linux Mint and they did that because they didn't want to focus on so many desktop environments. That's perfectly fine. I think it's a good idea. But they did that simultaneously while maintaining two different distributions, which they are doing. Then I guess my thoughts on the Debian edition have even kind of strengthened after trying Debian for so long. There definitely needs to be more and more Debian-based distros that aren't based on Ubuntu because Debian itself, not necessarily the best new user-friendly distro, but it has a lot of potential if somebody posts a little bit of work into it. A lot of distributions are. Sparky's really good. Was it Linux Lite that's also based on Debian? I don't remember. There's a couple of them that are just based on Debian that are actually really good. Sparky was definitely one of them. I really liked that. It's basically just Debian with a better installer. I think they do forget about it, Joshua. I think that's the reason why they've become so focused on ripping as much stuff out of the Ubuntu edition in order to make themselves happy when they could just be happy with the Debian edition. There has to be something that they want in Ubuntu that keeps them there. You're right, Tim. What that is, I don't know. I couldn't even tell you because they've ripped out.  I mean, it's really, at least nowadays, that's what defines what Ubuntu is other than their flavored version of GNOME. And the fact that Linuxman has ripped that out, they basically just created Debian. Well, it does have a better, but you can use through some trickery the Ubuntu repositories in Debian if they really wanted to use the Ubuntu repositories, but they don't like the Ubuntu repositories all that much either because half the Ubuntu repositories, several of the things in the Ubuntu repositories are defaulting to Snaps, like Chromium and pretty soon Firefox and things like that.  The drawbacks of LMD is that it doesn't get updated nearly as often because they don't focus on it. Again, they could try, they could get past the update software simply by basically get on set, you know, they could, if they'd go on the unstable row or incorporate the Ubuntu repositories, if that's what they really wanted to do. But really, I mean, the unstable repositories would probably be just fine. Well, the reason why Debian won't work with newer hardware is the stable version will come with an older kernel, yes. But there's ways to get around that. Well, I think we can all agree that just Snaps just suck. So, it really bothers me that Snap messes around with my file system when I don't want it to. But that's another video that is actually coming up.  Heavier and RAM. I haven't noticed that, but that's, I mean, there's probably something else running in the background. I'm not actually sure what I'm using right now, but it's going to be quite a bit because I have OBS running. Yeah, about four gigs of OBS and a couple fire foxes and stuff. Yeah, there are some people out there that are very much Snap fanboys, and I don't understand that at all. But then again, I'm an AUR fanboy. So, look, I can't really throw stones. Snaps are slow. The thing is, when people say Snaps are slow, they open it up and then, you know, after they start using it, oh, this just feels just like the regular application. But when you're talking about the speed of Snaps, you're talking about on the initial, initial cold load or yeah, when it first loads up the first time, that first launch is going to be slow because there's extra stuff between you and the actual thing that you're loading. Yeah, they are containerized. They're also compressed, so they have to, you know, there's a compression thing that they have to do there in the middle. So it's even worse on older hardware. And I mean, and that's, really, that's all beyond the whole thing. For me, the reason why I don't like Snaps, like I said, I'm going to make a video on this, but who cares? The reason why I don't like Snaps is, is dual fold. First, they put a snap folder in your home directory. It's not hidden or anything. You have to see it. You can't remove it unless you're on Ubuntu. Ubuntu, for some reason, they can hide that thing, but not on other distributions. And they also, and I don't know if this happens on Ubuntu or not, but for sure it does on Arch. They create a ton of loopback devices. So every time you do like an LSBLK, and I posted a picture of this on the community page, if anybody wants to see it, they'll actually go through it and create a whole bunch of loopback devices that are things that you really don't understand what they're there for. And that means they're messing around with your file system. And that just drives me bonkers. Like I don't want you to do this. It's so dumb. I'm not technical enough to know why they do it. It just pisses me off that they do do it. Flatpacks don't do it. Flatpacks are actually really good. They're not even slow. I mean, they have other problems, like their syntax in the terminal isn't as good. They don't seem to have as much software either, which is a shame. It also seems to be a lot of that stuff gets, it's older than snaps. What's wrong with loopback devices? Well, there's nothing probably wrong with them.  I want to be able to control my file system. And I do for the most part. But I don't want an application that I install, say, I don't know, Joplin or something, creating something that is hard coded into my file system. Like it changes the file system. And I don't know exactly what it's doing, but it's dumb. I can't actually, actually, if I open up another thing of a boom to Firefox and go to, go here, and I go to community, and I scroll down. This is what the loopback's device is. This is just the standard output of LSBLK.  Like, it's just regular snapd. Like one of them, like I don't even have GNOME installed. Like what? And that system, GNOME is not there. Like all these things, when you do an LSBLK, so this is what LSBLK should look like. Right here. This is, you know, it has all the hard drives that's listed out. And that's all there should be. That's literally all it should get when you do LSBLK. That's what it's for. But yet you install snapd, you get loopback devices here in that exact same output. And it just drives me absolutely nuts. Like I'm sure they're not hurting anything. It's just my OCD gets up the better of me. Yeah. And they don't go away either. You can remove the snaps, they still stay. You can't, as far as I know, you can't remove them. So we kind of got past the point of Linux Mint, but that's okay. It's going to be a meandering stream for a little while. That's going to be the way it is. I didn't really have much of a topic. Especially if you're out, if you're using the Ubuntu repositories, it will reinstall it as a dependency. If you install something like Chromium, because Chromium, they don't have a dead package anymore, it's just a snap. Same thing with Firefox is going to happen. So you won't be able to install Firefox on Ubuntu without having snap installed. Unless you go through to like the Firefox or the Mozilla website and install it, you know, package it yourself, like install. I believe like Mozilla will offer you the dead, then you can install it with DPKG. Hi, Michael and how you doing bud? Um, a tag, if you're talking about to me, this is this Linux Mint is actually on hardware. I installed on a hard drive that I have in my computer. And I'm going to do another video and I'm going to do how to install DWM on Linux Mint while I have it here. I understand the reason for making Chromium a snap. I can understand from a developer position why they did it. But I don't necessarily agree with it. I think they're probably easier ways. I mean, for one thing, let's just say this out, right, Ubuntu supports way too many versions of itself. So they're still supporting Ubuntu 1404 or whatever it is. That's, that's like, we're working on a decade on that. Like they're doing their decade support of these distros. I understand why they're doing it because it's all corporate and stuff that is for the enterprise.  And that's why snaps make sense or having only snaps make sense. But it also comes with the fact that you also still have to have snap and the solution to this is just to make snaps good. You know what I mean? Maybe make them open source so that the community can actually, you know, get in there and fix some of the problems or make them so that they're not fast and do stupid things with your file system like this.  ArchCenter, haven't you had enough pain with Gentoo over the last four days? I'm just asking. I mean, why do you really, why do you really want more pain with LFS? Someone mentioned Zorn. I haven't used Zorn in quite a while. I do remember feeling that they're very pushy when it comes to, you know, getting you to pay for their distribution. And that's fine. They need to make money. But some of the things that they tout as features are just like, hey, we'll install Kate in live for you. That's not a feature. You know, now, if they have gone through and added the support mechanism for people who pay, that's actually a good thing. You know, that makes a lot of sense to me like, hey, we will help you install this. And if you have questions, you know, whatever, seeing how you paid, you'll get priority support. That's a good idea. That's not something that really exists in the Linux world for, you know, just the desktop environment, you know, Linux on the desktop. All the support packages out there in the Linux world are for enterprises. The biggest problem with the whole paying for Zorn thing, though, is that that people are so conditioned to get Linux for free. That's why that support thing is probably the best way to do it. Because before they started showing the their support package, all they really were saying is that our pro version has all these apps installed, like, and then as a someone who's using use links for a long time, you see them trying to pack it, trying to, you know, say that installing all these packages is some kind of feature, you know, that you should have to pay for. And that would that always just rub me the wrong way, because it's so easy to install software, you know, it's not that big of a deal. It looks like I'm buffering a little bit. I don't know why I'm still on green on both of these things. Maybe it's just the preview here for me. So if I'm still if I'm buffering, I apologize. Okay, let's see here. Let's close some of the stuff here and then play around with the panel. So let's see panel so that you can move this thing. Do you can you just like drag it? Like I don't I'll admit I don't even know. Cool. That's where the panel should be. Let's see. What about? So we got applets. So this is basically XFCE. That's basically what this reminds me of the most is the XFCE. Like a more modern version of XFCE. And I always I've always liked XFCE. Oh, it's not buffering for you good. I don't know why the preview here on my picture here was spinning around and round and round. Let's see the show all windows show the alert. I don't think I actually did anything there. Well, that's cool. So you can import your settings from a file so you can like theoretically share your stuff. There's also a refresher that's kind of neat. That's something I kind of wish like something like Polybar would have. A lot of times Polybar gets stuck. Especially when you're messing around with like the the window names and stuff. It really really cool if they had that kind of feature. Grouped windows list. What's that? That made the screen. That's that. Okay. I got way too much stuff open. Now I see why they have this by default instead of this. Yeah. That's the panel at most. Does that mean we can like delete this thing? Yeah, there we go. Yes, that's better. And then we can like drag this over there. No, you can't drag that over there. Got to drag probably the separator. Probably.  That's the best part of this. Yeah, Wayland is still broken for a lot of window managers. Sway is probably the best one, but even that has problems with other applications. OBS and stuff doesn't really work yet with Wayland, even though it says it does. There's an extra package that you have to have. And for whatever reason, it just doesn't install as a dependency. It really should. It's just not there yet. This set is a little bit better, I suppose. Oh, that closes really fast. That's better.  So by default, let me show you this. It's something I really don't understand. So by default, the Firefox instance that Linux meant ships with, ships with just two, or I guess three, because it includes Wikipedia, but basically two search engines. Now, I can understand not including Google. You don't want people to use Google. And they include DuckDuckGo and the other one's Yahoo. But by default, they've chosen Yahoo. Now, impromptu poll from the chat. When was the last time anybody used Yahoo Search? I mean, seriously, I can't remember the last time I used Yahoo Search. I wasn't even still aware Yahoo Search was even still a thing. Isn't Yahoo Search just a front end for Bing? That's who I thought it was. I thought Yahoo Search used Bing. Maybe that was just back in the day. But I don't know. This, that has to be something that they get like, they almost have to get like some money for that or something. I don't know. So, but it's weird because, I mean, they've gone out of their way to remove Google because Google becomes by default in Firefox. And so they've gone out of their way to do that. So it makes it seem like they're trying to be very privacy focused and anti, you know, proprietary, all this stuff. And then they choose Yahoo instead of DuckDuckGo as their default. That's just really, really weird. I did a search earlier. Because if you go to Yahoo.com and you do a search, this looks so much like a Google search that I didn't even realize that it was Yahoo until I looked up in the corner and saw the Yahoo logo.  Does this, I wonder if it tells you, I'm guessing it's how when you search for Linux Mint, the first thing you get is an advertisement for Microsoft Azure. Does it say if, yep, it's powered by Bing. So why not just use Bing then? I mean, it has to be something that they got paid for. I probably never used Yahoo. Somebody says 2012, no to Yahoo. Last time I used Yahoo search was 2009. It's been about the same amount of time for me. It's like probably back in high school or maybe college. I probably used Yahoo. No, even late 2000s I was using Google. You know, it's just, I don't know. It was the weirdest thing. So yeah, the one thing I will give them credit for on Linux Mint is that their new website looks amazing. It looks, I mean, maybe it's just because the other one was so bad. Anything would have been better. But the new one is actually really, really good. Oh, right here, this is the reason why they use Yahoo. We have an answer. But YuckDuckGo is also a sponsor. So I mean, it's really weird that they chose, apparently Yahoo has given them more money. All right. So if Canadian, you said that if Yahoo vanished from the internet anyway, my mother would notice. She still uses Yahoo as her homepage. And yeah, I know you can add Google. You can add DuckDuckGo and make it your default. I'm just saying that by default out of the box is Yahoo and it's a weird selection. It's just weird. I don't think Yahoo does make money. Honestly, I'm pretty sure Verizon owns them. Though Verizon may have sold them because they were independent and then they were owned by AOL. And then AOL was bought by Verizon. I think anyways, I don't know. It's really weird that Yahoo has changed hands and been broken up for spare parts for quite a long time.  Screen flashes when you add an applet. Verizon still owns Yahoo. Okay. I don't really keep track of it. Where is that separator that I just added? It's not actually adding a separator here somewhere. It's just flashing. That's really weird. I don't think that's supposed to do that, right? Here are the separators right here. And you can't, but you can't make the separator like bigger. That's probably not what you're looking at. Then separates probably not what I was looking for. Notifications, panel launchers, which is this thing here. Recent documents you can add. That's cool. Spacer. That's what I'm looking for. Now that's better. And then you can figure that so that's bigger. So there's a little bit of space there. Okay. That's better. We can get out of that. It still looks dumb, but at least they're not right up on top of each other. I'd probably actually delete both of those things and use something like Plank or LatteDoc or whatever. Made any scripts. I have a DWM Riser script that doesn't work anymore. It was pretty cool. The one that I made for the Bash Challenge was also cool. It was like a .files manager that went through and just made a whole bunch of symbolic links. That was nice. My first use of a while loop. Why would you want to make Katie resemble Windows 11? I don't understand why you would want to do that. Frankly, I think Windows 11 looks kind of fugly to me, but that's just me. I've gotten so far away from the Windows paradigm. Even this I have to move the bar up here just so it doesn't look a little bit like Windows. But if I were to stick on Linux Mint, I wouldn't be using a panel like this at all. I'd have to install a window manager. I'm not a floating window manager guy right now. This is really messing around with my organization whatever. Also, what is that sound that it decides to play? Can you turn that off? That's the most annoying sound ever. It would be worse if you had that sound from Dumber Dumber. Hey guys, you want to hear the most annoying sound in the world? I'm just a tiling window manager guy. Try control alt and down arrow. What does that do? Control alt and down arrow. Oh, that's like a fancy alt tab. Does alt tab work too? It does. It's just that though. Oh, it does give you a preview. Cool. Not that I'm not used to using alt tab anymore. I use alt tab all the time. What was that? I haven't used open box in a long time. You can turn the sound off. Okay.  It's bloat. Yeah, it's kind of like activities in GNOME. It's also like the expose thing that Mac had, or maybe has. I don't even know. I'm sure Linux probably had the expose stuff before Mac had it. That's usually the way it works. You like this sound? Well, I mean, that's probably a suggested thing. I'm just not used to things bleeping and blooping when I move windows around. It would, I mean, it makes me think that there's an animal somewhere in my room that I'm just not hearing. It's not consistent either because it only does it there and it does it there. But if you go to the top, there's no sound. What about the bottom? But at the bottom, but not at the top. Is that because I made that change earlier? That's a little weird, but whatever. I would definitely turn that off. Well, there's a boot up sound. I didn't even know because I'd have to have my headphones on. I don't, my speakers burned out on the, that I have up here above the desk. One of them doesn't work at all. Another one's. So I had to unplug them. He's a visual belt. Emax. Anybody know where Emax Peter has been lately? I haven't seen him in the discord either. I'm hoping he's okay. The streams aren't the same without him coming and shouting about Emax and Gentoo. I guess that would make sense being an accessibility thing, but I mean, then wouldn't it make more sense if it made a different sound based on where it is? But they're all the same sound. Maybe I just can't hear it. I don't know. Oh no, the worst operating system I've ever used with sound effects, it was a Samsung phone. It was the original Galaxy S3 or S4 or something. It's whichever one had the full other back. And the skin on Android over that literally had these little blooping water sounds every time you touch the screen. It was so bad. They made it so hard to turn off too. It was just the worst design Samsung ever had. So there's no wobbly windows. Wait, you can't even turn on wobbly windows?  Did you guys see that? There was like a screen tearing it on the browser, but it's apparently not there anymore. Okay. Maybe I already have settings open. That's because you search for settings. It should just put the settings at the top. The search in almost every menu like this is just bad. It is bad. Because it doesn't... I mean, it should give you the thing that you were looking for at the top that is most likely that you're searching for. You know, whatever. It's dumb. Anyways. So you can't... There's no such things as wobbly windows here. Why would have wobbly windows probably... I mean, it uses... It uses Mudder and Mudder has wobbly windows. I think you can enable wobbly windows in Mudder. Maybe I'm thinking of a different window manager. But it doesn't seem like it'd be that hard to install a compositor or something that has wobbly windows because you can do it like on Mate. So then like the Mate tweak tool that comes by default, which is just like... Ooh, a tweak tool that comes by default. You can change the compositor on that. Though, I mean really... I don't know that I would ever do the wobbly windows things, but it'd be fun to play with for a while. I will give Linux Mint one thing out of the box. No screen tearing. Like a lot of Linux distributions, they have screen tearing out of the box. I think I have to fix that. With the next minute, I haven't seen any. Now I've seen a couple like glitches when I was doing the editing the panel that flash or whatever was going on. I don't think that was supposed to be there. And while I was, you know, doing the searching thing, something was going on in the background that I wasn't really paying attention to. But no screen tearing. So they probably pulled the wobbly windows out. So now we know exactly what they've been doing to Ubuntu. They've been taking out snaps, and they've been taking out wobbly windows. They're wobbly windows and extensions. All right. This is the second time somebody's mentioned extensions. What are... Like, are extensions basically the same thing as like GNOME extensions? Cool. Okay, so this is the way GNOME should do extensions. You can actually download extensions inside the desktop environment. How shocking.  Tile your windows as you like. Okay, here we go. Is that something that you can... Like, do we have to like now enable this or something? What do we do? Uninstall, disable, enable. Here we go. What... Okay, so here's the settings. Super G or G tile. So let's see here. Okay, that's way more work than it needed to be. That's really weird. Okay. I'm sure there's more to this than meets the eye, but that's really kind of... That's... It can make cinnamon unstable. So I probably should not just go through and start installing willy-nilly. Things that will mess around with OBS is what you're saying while I'm doing a stream. Okay, I'll stop doing that, but that's really cool that you can install them from here. That's definitely needs to be the way GNOME needs to do it. I mean, seriously, the whole going to a website to install your extensions is just the stupidest thing. I'm going to still mess around with this thing. I want to know more about this. Layout for button two. Button one and button. What are these buttons of which you speak? Layout for button four. So super G. I mean, what? Animations, auto close. Whoever came up with G tile, I don't think has ever actually used the tiling window manager before. I'm just getting this feeling that it would just be... I mean, at this point, wouldn't it just be easier just to resize the window yourself? I mean, that's really weird. There's no way on Earth that they've actually ever used a tiling window manager before, because that's not how they work, okay? All right, we've got to look at that again. Well, I mean, I have to be missing something. I mean, there... All right, let's do it with a window that can actually be resized. Let's do this one here. Super G. Super G. And then, okay, I mean, which is faster? So let's say I got this full screen. Or no, let's say I have it like this. And let's say I want it from here to like to the middle of the screen. I could go through and do this and then this. That took that amount of time. Or I could do Super G, click here, drag to here. I mean, they probably took up the same amount of time, but I mean, it just added like four different steps. That is just the weirdest thing. The most desktop environments that have this like tiling window manager extensions, things like they all have. Papa West was like the first one that had it. And then Katie has one called Cronkite. And they all have their weird quirks, right? Like the one for Papa West duplicates use of the super key because super key and GNOME enters into the activity menu. But it also when you enable tiling, it also acts as your super key. So it's really, it's kind of doing double duty, which they needed to change. So that's one quick for that. And Cronkite, some things are just not meant to be tiled. And it doesn't work all the time. It's you can tell it's like an add on extension script. It doesn't work as great, but it's definitely of the three I think are best. This here is just weird. I don't understand this whatsoever. Like, okay, so you can press this button here and it'll actually go through and like tile for you. That's not. So if I bring up one of these oops, oops. Oops. Cronkite is just an extension you could add on KDE. That's all it is. You even add it within the KDE settings app. Okay. So and if we add open up something else here and then do super G, we can click on this button here and it'll actually tile on side by side. That's not, I mean, it's still be better if you go through and like just make this a key binding other than having to use. I mean, the point of having a tiling window manager is not to have to use your mouse. Now they do have some kind of key binding system here, but it doesn't tell you what layout for button one. Is this button one? No, like it's not, there has to be some documentation somewhere for this that I'm just gonna not gonna read because it's just, but this is that that was weird. Okay. I'm glad that I definitely found that because that just, it's nice to see some of this weird from time to time. Joshua, do you use BSPWM? Because that uses the spiral one by default. Sloth sees I'm gonna have to disagree with you there. I mean, there's no reason why I can't be both. Why would you have to disagree? The point of it's of when tiling window manager is both work to you to keep you from using your your mouse if you want to, I guess. And also to, you know, tile windows, I guess. I mean, it can be both. For me personally, it keeps you from having because it's meant to be navigated with a keyboard. Same thing with GNOME early. The reason why a lot of people don't like GNOME, I mean, I have other reasons, but a lot of times the reason why people don't care for GNOME is because they think you're supposed to go and use your mouse to navigate it. And GNOME is actually supposed to be used with your keyboard. Yeah, awesome when a manager just have the best of all, I think. BSPWM does have some quirks that you have to get used to, but I like it. It's not my favorite. DWM is definitely my favorite, but, and I probably have this, a matter of fact, I do have the spiral patch installed. I just never use it. Because that's why they call it awesome. Yeah. The one thing awesome needs is a better default wallpaper. That wallpaper is just bad. Oh, man, guys, this has been a long, long, long day. I still need to make a video for tomorrow too. Yeah, DT loves his X-Temonad. I can't stand Haskell. Haskell hates me with a passion. Just do yourself a solid news EXWM on Gen 2. No. I said I was going to try EXWM someday, but I'm going to wait until it was, System Crafters is redoing a lot of stuff on it. So I thought I'd wait until he was done. Go to bed, Matt. If I go to bed at whatever time it is now, it's like 8.30. I'll be back up at like four o'clock in the morning. I got to be up for a couple more hours. I think you can install just the regular packages on a different Ubuntu-based distro. So you could probably install it on Deviant. Probably could. Because it's not, or at least it was. I haven't looked at it in a while. They provide like a PPA. The thing I don't like about Regolith is they move all of the configuration files to weird places and rename them. Like I understand why they do it. It's just kind of makes it hard to go through and tweak stuff when you're so used to using the i3 stuff in its proper place. Like I think, make sure I know what I'm talking about. It makes just full screen. So yeah, the Regolith desktop 1.6 PPA is right here. All you got to do is add the PPA and install it. So you should be able to use this probably on anything that's based on Ubuntu. I don't know if it would work on Deviant or not. That'd probably be, your mileage may vary. But I don't see why it wouldn't work on Linux Mint. It works on Ubuntu 18.04, 20.04, 21.04. So it definitely would work on Mint or anything else based on Ubuntu. I honestly haven't used Regolith since its first iteration, like when it first came out. And that has been at least 18 months ago, maybe even two years. It's been a while. Are we going to write some stuff today? I did write some stuff. Can you tell? I even went to the dark theme. That was as ricey as I got today. Although I do have a Q-Tile ricing video coming out later this week.  What is Regolith? Regolith is an i3 based like skin thing. They've gone through and packaged, repackaged i3 gaps and made a whole bunch of themes for i3 and made i3 like really, really user friendly. And it's probably much more, oh, it also has like a true GNOME backend so that everything, like if you wanted to change display settings, it wouldn't use Arander, it would use the GNOME settings panel. So it's truly meant for new users to end a manager so that you can go through and use a whole bunch of the GNOME settings to manage your system while still having i3 as the desktop environment. Expanded is almost as featureful as awesome. That's true. It's just written in Haskell. Lua is easier than Haskell to learn. That's for sure. At least, I think so. Now granted, I'm not, you know, maybe the reason why I thought that was because I've been exposed to Lua a lot more because I've been messing around with Lua for NeoVim. But Haskell just, for whatever reason, it doesn't like me. Yeah, that whole suckless argument because it doesn't come with a bar is a weird argument, okay? Because really, the whole point of the suckless isn't that it doesn't come with features, it just doesn't come with a whole bunch of lines of code. And I don't know which, I couldn't answer the question which out of the box, which is lighter on code, DWM or Xmonad. I couldn't tell you that. But I would bet you that they're probably close to being the same. I wonder if we can look that up. Many lines of code is Xmonad. All right, Wikipedia, don't fail me now. We're in Haskell. So it's 56 kilobytes. I guess we could look up DWM, 20 kilobytes. So, I mean, that's not technically a very good, you know, comparison, but once 20 kilobytes, once 56 kilobytes, which one's more suckless. But again, that doesn't really mean all that much because it could be, you know, because I think the reason why Xmonad comes is heavier is because it comes with more libraries and stuff pre-installed. I don't know. It's weird. I like the DWM thing because I can build the features into it that I really want. And I understand how to do it. Whereas Xmonad comes with a whole bunch of stuff pre-inst, you know, like that you can just add out of the box, which is true. But their documentation, which is better than DWM, for sure, still doesn't do a very good job of explaining how conflicts work and stuff because you can install two different library, you know, Haskell libraries or I don't know if they're called libraries or whatever, but you can install two different ones and they'll conflict with each other. And you can do it in two different ways. And it doesn't really do a good job of explaining, at least to the non-programmer out there, why those two things, you know, don't work together. It's just not a good thing. What is Wes term? Am I going to regret googling this? Like this isn't going to be a porno site, is it? Wes term is a GPU accelerated cross platform terminal emulator and multiplexer written by Wes and implemented in Rust. Has anybody ever made a video on it? There's literally two videos on Wes term. That's literally it. And it's one of them's on Reddit. This video is not, okay. Is it like supposed to be faster than like a Lackardy? Like is there a good reason to use it? This isn't a very good video because he's not actually showing stuff that, you know, the terminal can do. He's just editing text. Like what does the configuration file look like? A configuration?   Always end up in the house. Configuration file structure. So it's written, that doesn't look too bad. It's written in Lua. The configuration file is written in Lua. Why am I looking at that? I'm pretty attached to Lackardy, honestly. After termite bit the dust, rest in peace termite, Lackardy's kind of become my go to wind event or terminal emulator. Simply because when you make it bug off mosquito, get away from me. I'm not that sweet. When you make a change to the Lackardy configuration file and then you save it, it automatically updates, which is cool. It says it's written in Rust. With a Lua configuration file. Doesn't mean that's what it says. It says it's written, implemented in Rust. Is it just partially in Rust? Do we have a, if we have a GitHub repository for it? Documentation is pretty good. At least there's a lot here. Here we go. Yep, Rust, Python and other. It's mostly Rust. Yeah, termite was so good. Yeah, that's a good point, Krishna. That Lackardy is not in the Ubuntu WN repositories, but you can get a PPA for it if you wanted to use it. And if you use PopOS, it's actually in the PopOS repos. Why they don't package it and put it in the Ubuntu repos? I don't know. They have some kind of moral opposition to Ubuntu, which, you know, I have a moral opposition to a lot of things. So. And I'm out of water. Alright, let's see how long have I been going? I've been going for an hour and 13. That's not bad. Has a bunch of color schemes installed. I will save this and give it a look. Maybe make a video about it. I haven't done a video on a terminal emulator in a long time. Or maybe I'll add it to the one of the top five apps of the month list. Lackardy has a snap. Maybe I have to take a look and not use a Lackardy anymore. I'm just kidding. Why would you want a terminal emulator as a snap? How would that even work? Because it's containerized. Anyways, guys, I think I'm kaput for the evening. I gotta make a video tonight, or at least start working on one so that it doesn't take me so long tomorrow.  So I think I'm going to be, I'm just going to knock off here. Yeah, it's been kind of fun. I've got to rant a little bit about Link's Mint and explain my position just a little bit more, which has been fun. I really do appreciate everybody who popped in. It was a good conversation. I appreciate it. I do have a Discord server. I can't actually, maybe I can give you a, I can put the link, copy link here. This is the brand new Discord server that is not, oh, screw you, YouTube. Nobody likes you. There we go. That'd be better. Anyways, there's that in case you wanted to join the Discord server. Before I go, I'd like to take a moment to thank my current patrons. Devon, Chris, East Coast Web, Gentoo is fun too. Patrick L, Marcus, Meglin, Sven, Jackson, Nathan Tool, Joshua Leage, Steve A, Mitchell, ArtCenter, Merrick, Camp J-Dog, and the BSDs Rock. Thanks to everybody for watching. I'll see you next time. Thanks for watching, guys.