Lecture 18. Tides are due to incomplete rigidity of bodies revolving around each other under the action of gravitation and at the same time spinning on their axes. Two spheres revolving around each other can only remain spherical if rigid. If at all plastic they become prolate, if either rotate on its axis in the same or nearly the same plane as it revolves, that one is necessarily subject to tides. The axial rotation tends to carry the hums with it, but the pull of the other body keeps them from moving much. Hence the rotation takes place against the pull, and is therefore more or less checked and retarded. This is the theory of von Helmholtz. The attracting force between two such bodies is no longer exactly towards the center of revolution, and therefore Kepler's second law is no longer precisely obeyed. The rate of description of areas is subject to slight acceleration. The effect of this tangential force, acting on the tide-compelling body, is gradually to increase its distance from the other body. Applying these statements to the Earth and Moon, we see that the tidal energy is produced at the expense of the Earth's rotation, and that the length of the day is thereby slowly increasing. Also that the Moon's rotation relative to the Earth has been destroyed by past tidal action in it. The only residue of ancient lunar rotation now being a scarcely perceptible vibration, so that it turns always the same face towards us. Moreover, that its distance from the Earth is steadily increasing. This lasts the theory of Professor Darwin. Long ago the Moon must therefore have been much nearer the Earth, and the day much shorter. The tides were then far more violent. Having the distance would make them 8 times as high. Quartering it would increase them 64-fold. A most powerful geological denuding agent. Trade winds and storms were also more violent. If ever the Moon were close to the Earth, it would have to revolve around it in about 3 hours. If the Earth rotated on its axis in 3 hours, when fluid or pasty, it would be unstable, and begin to separate a portion of itself as a kind of bud, which might then get detached and gradually pushed away by the violent tidal action. Hence it is possible that this is the history of the Moon. If so, it is probably an exceptional history. The planets were not formed from the Sun in this way. Mars' moons revolve around them more quickly than the planet rotates. Hence with them the process is inverted, and they must be approaching him and may someday crash along his surface. The inner Moon is now about 4,000 miles away, and revolves in 7 and a half. It appears to be about 20 miles in diameter, and weighs, therefore, if composed of rock, 40 billion tons. Mars rotates in 24 and a half hours. A similar fate may possibly await our Moon ages hence, by reason of the action of terrestrial tides produced by the Sun. In the last lecture, we considered the local peculiarities of the tides, the way in which they were formed in open ocean under the action of the Moon and the Sun, and also the means by which their heights and times could be calculated and predicted years beforehand. Towards the end, I stated that the subject was very far from being exhausted, and enumerated some of the large and interesting questions which had been left untouched. It is with some of these questions that I propose now to deal. I must begin by reminding you of certain well-known facts, a knowledge of which I may safely assume. And first we must remind ourselves of the fact that almost all the rocks which formed the accessible crust of the Earth were deposited by the agency of water. Nearly all are arranged in regular strata and are composed of pulverized materials. Materials ground down from pre-existing rocks by some denuding and grinding action. They nearly all contain vestiges of ancient life embedded in them, and these vestiges are mainly of marine origin. The strata, which were once horizontal, are now so no longer. They have been tilted and upheaved, bent and distorted in many places. Some of them again have been metamorphosed by fire, so that their organic remains have been destroyed, and the traces of their aqueous origin almost obliterated. But still, to the eye of the geologist, all are of aqueous or sedimentary origin. Roughly speaking, one may say they were all deposited at the bottom of some ancient sea. The date of their formation no man yet can tell, but that it was vastly distant to certain. For the geological era is not over. Aqueous action still goes on. Still does frost chip the rocks into fragments. Still do mountain torrents sweep stone and mud and debris down the gullies and watercourses. Still do rivers erode their channels and carry mud and silt far out to sea. And, more powerful than any of these agents of denudation, the waves and the tides are still at work along every coastline, eating away into the cliffs, undermining gradually and submerging acre after acre, and making with refuse a shingly or sandy or muddy beach the nucleus of a new geological formation. Of all denuding agents, there can be no doubt that to the land exposed to them, the waves of the sea are by far the most powerful. Think how they beat and tear and drive and drag, until even the hardest rock, like basalt, becomes honeycombed into strange galleries and passages. Fingals cave, for instance, and the softer parts are crumbled away. But the area now exposed to the teeth of the waves is not great. The fury of a winter storm may dash them a little higher than usual, but they cannot reach cliffs 100 feet high. They can undermine such cliffs indeed, and then grind the fragments to powder, but their direct action is limited. Not so limited, however, as they would be without the tides. Consider for a moment the denudation import of the tides. How does the existence of tidal rise and fall affect the geological problem? The scouring action of the tidal currents themselves is not to be despised. It is the tidal ebb and flow, which keeps open channel in the mercy, for instance. But few places are so favorably situated as Liverpool in this respect, and the direct scouring action of the tides in general is not very great. Their geological import mainly consists in this, that they raise and lower the surface waves at regular intervals, so as to apply them to a considerable stretch of coast. The waves are a great planing machine attacking the land, and the tides raise and lower this planing machine so that its denuding tooth is applied now 20 feet vertically above mean level, now 20 feet below. Making all allowance for the power of winds and waves, currents, tides and water courses assisted by glacial ice and frost, it must be apparent how slowly the work of forming the rocks is being carried on. It goes on steadily, but so slowly, that it is estimated to take 6000 years to wear away one foot of the American continent by all the denuding causes combined. To erode a stratum 5000 feet thick will require at this rate 30 million years. The age of the earth is not at all accurately known, but there are many grounds for believing it not to be much older than some 30 million years. That is to say, not greatly more than this period of time has elapsed since it was in a molten condition. It may be as old as 100 million years, but its age is believed by those most competent to judge to be more likely within this limit than beyond it. But if we ask what is the thickness of the rocks which in the past times have been formed and denuded and reformed over and over again, we get an answer not in feed but in miles. The Laurentian and Huronian rocks of Canada constitute a stratum 10 miles thick and everywhere the rocks at the base of our stratified system are of the most stupendous volume and thickness. It has always been a puzzle how known agents could have formed these mighty masses and the only solution offered by geologists was unlimited time. Given unlimited time they could of course be formed no matter how slowly the process went on, but in as much as the time allowable since the earth was cool enough for water to exist on it except as steam, not only by any means unlimited, it becomes necessary to look for a far more powerful engine than any now existing. There must have been some denuding agent in those remote ages. Ages far more distant from us than the Carboniferous period, far older than any forms of life, fossil or otherwise, ages among the oldest known to geology. A denuding agent must have then existed, far more powerful than any we now know. Such an agent has been the privilege of astronomy and physics within the last 10 years to discover. To this discovery I now proceed to lead up. Our fundamental standard of time is the period of earth rotation, the length of a day. The earth is our one standard clock. All time is expressed in terms of it and if it began to go wrong or if it didn't go with perfect uniformity it would seem a most difficult thing to discover its error and the most puzzling piece of knowledge to utilize when found. That it doesn't go much wrong is proved by the fact that we can calculate back to past astronomical events, ancient eclipses and the like and we find that the record of their occurrence as made by the old magi of Caldea is in very close accordance with the result of calculation. One of these famous old eclipses was observed in Babylon about 36 centuries ago and the Caldean astronomers have put on record the time of its occurrence. Modern astronomers have calculated back when it should have occurred and the observed time agrees very closely with the actual, but not exactly. Why not exactly? Partly because of the acceleration of the moon's mean motion as explained in a lecture on Laplace. The orbit of the earth was at the time getting rounder and so as a secondary result the speed of the moon was slightly increasing. It is of the nature of a perturbation and is therefore a periodic not a progressive or continuous change and in a sufficiently long time it will be reversed. Still for the last few thousand years the moon's motion has been on the whole accelerated, though there seems to be a very slight retodding force in action too. Laplace thought that this fact accounted for the whole of the discrepancy, but recently in 1853 Professor Adams reexamined the matter and made a correction in the details of the theory which diminishes its effect by about one half leaving the other half to be accounted for in some other way. His calculations have been confirmed by Professor Cayley. This residual discrepancy when every known course has been allowed for amounts to about one hour. The eclipses occurred later than calculation warrants. Now this would have happened from either of two causes, either an acceleration of the moon in her orbit or a retardation of the earth in her diurnal rotation, a shortening of the month or a lengthening of the day or both. The total discrepancy being say two hours, an acceleration of six seconds per century per century will in 36 centuries amount to one hour and this according to the corrected Laplace theory is what has occurred, but to account for the other hour some other cause must be sought and at present it is considered most probably due to a steady retardation of the earth's rotation, a slow, very slow lengthening of the day. The statement that the solar eclipse 36 centuries ago was an hour late means that this place on earth's surface came into the shadow one hour behind time, that is had lagged one 24th part of a revolution. The earth therefore had lost this amount in the course of 3600 multiplied by 365 one quarter revolutions. The loss per revolution is exceedingly small but it accumulates and at any era the total loss is the sum of all the losses preceding it. It may be worthwhile just to explain this point further. Suppose the earth loses a small piece of time which I will call an instant per day, a locality on the earth will come up to a given position one instant late on the first day after an event. On the next day it would come up two instance late by reason of the previous loss, but it also loses another instant during the course of the second day and so the total lateness by the end of that day amounts to three instance. The day after it will be going slower from the beginning at the rate of two instance a day. It will lose another instant on the fresh day's own account and it started three instance late. Hence the aggregate loss by the end of the third day is one plus two plus three equals six. By the end of the fourth day the whole loss will be one plus two plus three plus four and so on. Therefore by merely losing one instant every day the total loss in end days is one plus two plus three plus n instance which amounts to one half multiplied by n multiplied by n plus one instance or practically when n is big to one half n squared. Now in 36 centuries there have been 3600 multiplied by 365 one quarter days and the total loss has amounted to an hour. Hence the length of an instant the loss per diem can be found from the equation one half multiplied by 3600 multiplied by 365 instance which equals one hour. Hence one instant equals the 240 millionth part of a second. This minute quantity represents the retardation of the earth per day. In a year the aggregate loss mounts up to 1300th part of a second in a century to about three seconds and in 36 centuries to an hour but even at the end of the 36 centuries the day is barely any longer. It is only 3600 multiplied by 365 instance that is 180th of a second longer than it was in the beginning and even the million years ago unless the rate of loss was different as it probably was the day would only be 35 minutes shorter though by that time the aggregate loss as measured by the apparent lateness of any perfectly punctual event record now would have amounted to nine years. These numbers are to be taken as illustrative not as precisely representing terrestrial fact. What can have caused the slowing down? Swelling of the earth by reason of accumulation of meteoric dust might do something but probably very little. Contraction of the earth as it goes on cooling would act in the opposite direction and probably more than counterbalance the dust effect. The problem is thus not a simple one for there are several disturbing causes and for none of them are the data enough to base a quantitative estimate upon but one certain agent in lengthening the day and almost certainly the main agent used to be found in the tides. Remember that the tidal humps were produced as the prolateness of a sphere world around and around the fixed center like a football world by a strain these humps are pulled at by the moon and the earth rotates on its axis against this pole hence it tends to be constantly though very slightly dragged back in so far as the tidal wave is allowed to oscillate freely it will swing with barely any maintaining force giving back at one quarter swing what it has received at the previous quarter but in so far as it encounters friction which it does in all channels where there is an actual ebb and flow of the water it has to receive more than it gives back and at the balance of energy has to be made up to it or the tides would seize the energy of the tides is in fact continually being dissipated by friction and all the energy so dissipated is taken from the rotation of the earth if tidal energy were utilized by engineers the machines driven would be really driven at the expense of the earth's rotation it would be a mode of harnessing the earth and using the moon as fixed point or fulcrum the moon pulling at the tidal protuberance and holding it still as the earth rotates is the mechanism whereby the energy is extracted the handle whereby friction break is applied winds and ocean currents have no such effect as mr frondi and oceana supposes they have because they are all accompanied by a precisely equal current somewhere else and no internal rearrangement of fluid can affect the motion of a mass as a whole but the tides are in a different case being produced not by internal inequalities of temperature but by a straightforward pull from an external body the ultimate effect of tidal friction and dissipation of energy will therefore be to gradually retard the earth till it doesn't rotate with reference to the moon i.e. till it rotates once while the moon revolves once in other words to make the day and the month equal the same cause must have been an operation but with 80 fold greater intensity on the moon it has seized now because the rotation has stopped but if ever the moon rotated on its axis with respect to the earth and if it were either fluid itself or possessed any liquid ocean then the tides caused by the pull of the earth must have been prodigious and would tend to stop its rotation have they not succeeded is it not probable that this is why the moon always now turns the same face towards us it is believed to be almost certainly the cause if so there was a time when the moon behaved differently when it rotated more quickly than it revolved and it exhibited to us its whole surface and at this era too the earth itself must have rotated a little faster for it has been losing speed ever since we have thus arrived at this fact that a thousand years ago the day was a trifle shorter than it is now a million years ago it was perhaps an hour shorter 20 million years ago it must have been much shorter 50 million years ago it may have been only a few hours long the earth may have spun around then quite quickly but there is a limit if it spun too fast it would fly to pieces attached shot by means of wax to the whirling earth model figure 110 and at a certain speed the cohesion of the wax cannot hold them so they fly off the earth is held together not by cohesion but by gravitation it is not difficult to reckon how fast the earth must spin for gravity at its surface to be annulled and for portions to fly off we find it about one revolution in three hours this is a critical speed if ever the day was three hours long something must have happened the day can never have been shorter than that for if it were the earth would have a tendency to fly in pieces or at least to separate into two pieces remember this as a natural result of a three hour day which corresponds to a non-stable state of things remember also that in some past epoch a three hour day is a probability if we think of the state of things going on in the earth's atmosphere if it had an atmosphere that remote date we shall recognize the existence of the most fearful tornadoes the trade winds which are now peaceful agents of commerce would then be perpetual hurricanes and all the denudation agents of the geologist would be in a state of feverish activity so too would be the tides instead of waiting six hours between low and high tide we should have to wait only three quarters of an hour every hour and a half the water would execute a complete swing from high tide to high again very well now leave the earth and think what has been happening to the moon all this while we have seen that the moon pulls the tidal hump nearest to its back but action and reaction are always equal and opposite it cannot do that without itself getting pulled forward the pull of the earth on the moon will therefore not be quite central but will be a little in advance of its center hence by kepler's second law the rate of description of areas by its radius vector cannot be constant but must increase page 208 and the way it increases will be for the radius vector to lengthen so as to sweep out a bigger area or to put it another way the extra speed tending to be gained by the moon will fling it further away by extra centrifugal force this last is not so good a way of regarding this matter though it serves well enough for the case of a ball world at the end of an elastic string after having got up the world the hand holding the string may remain almost fixed at the center of the circle and the motion will continue steadily but if the hand be moved so as always to pull the string a little in advance of the center the speed of the world will increase the elastic will be more and more stretched until the whirling ball is describing a much larger circle but in this case it will likewise be going faster distance and speed increase together this is because it obeys a different law from gravitation the force is not inversely as the square or any other single power of the distance it doesn't obey any of kepler's laws and so it doesn't obey the one which now concerns us this the third which practically states that the further a planet is from the center the slower it goes its velocity varies inversely with the square root of its distance c page 74 if instead of a ball held by elastic it were a satellite held by gravity an increase in distance must be accompanied by a diminution in speed the time of revolution varies as the square of the cube root of the distance kepler's third law hence the tidal reaction on the moon having as its primary effect as we've seen the pulling the moon a little forward has also the secondary or indirect effect of making it move slower and go further off it may seem strange that an accelerating pull directed in front of the center and therefore always pulling the moon the way it is going should retort it and that a retorting force like friction if such a force acted should hasten it and make it complete its orbit sooner but so it precisely is gradually but very slowly the moon is receding from us and the month is becoming longer the sides of the earth are pushing it away this is not a periodic disturbance like the temporary acceleration of its motion discovered by Laplace which in a few centuries more or less will be reversed it is a disturbance which always acts one way and which is therefore cumulative it is superposed upon all periodic changes and though it seems smaller than they it is more inexorable in a thousand years it makes scarcely an appreciable change but in a million years its persistence tells very distinctly and so in the long run the month is getting longer and the moon further off working backwards also we see that in past ages the moon must have been nearer to us than it is now and the month shorter now just note what the effect of the increased nearness of the moon was upon our tides remember that the tide generating force varies inversely as the cube of distance therefore a small change of distance will produce a great difference in the tide force the moon's present distance is 240 000 miles at a time when it was only 190 000 miles the earth's tides would have been twice as high as they are now the pushing away action was then a good deal more violent and so the process went on quicker the moon must at some time have been just half its present distance and the tides would have then risen not 20 or 30 feet but 160 or 200 feet a little further back still we have the moon at one third of its present distance from the earth and it tied 600 feet high now just contemplate the effect of a 600 foot tide we are here only about 150 feet above the level of the sea hence the tide would sweep right over us and rush far away inland at high tide we should have some 200 feet of blue water over our heads there would be nothing to stop such a tide as that in this neighborhood till it reached the high lands of derbyshire manchester would be a seaport then with the vengeance the day was shorter then and so the interval between tide and tide was more like 10 than 12 hours accordingly in about five hours all that massive water would have swept back again and great tracks of sand between here and ireland would be left dry another five hours and the water would come tearing and driving over the country applying its furious waves and currents to the work of denudation which would proceed apace these high tides of enormously distant past ages constitute the denuding agent which the geologists required they're very ancient more ancient than the carboniferous period for instance for no trees could stand the furious storms that must have been prevalent at this time it is doubtful whether any but the very lowest forms of life then existed it is the strata at the bottom of the geological scale that are of the most portentious thickness and the only organism suspected in them is the doubtful euzoon candidates sir robert bowell believes and several geologists agree with them that the mighty tides we are contemplating may have been co-evil with this ancient lorencia formation and others of like nature with it but let us leave geology now and trace the inverted progress of events as we recede an imagination back through the geological era beyond into the deemed vista of the past when the moon was still closer and closer to the earth and was revolving around it quicker and quicker before life or water existed on it and when the rocks were still molten suppose the moon once touched the earth's surface it is easy to calculate according to the principles of gravitation and with a reasonable estimate of its size as then expanded by heat how fast it must have then revolved around the earth so as just to save itself from falling in must have gone around once every three hours the month was only three hours long at this initial epoch remember however the initial length of the day we found that it was just possible for the earth to rotate on its axis in three hours and that when it did so something was liable to separate from it here we find the moon in contact with it and going around it in the same three hour period surely the two are connected surely the moon was part of the earth and was separating from it that is the great discovery the origin of the moon once long ages back at date unknown but believed to be certainly as much as 50 million years ago and quite possibly 100 million there was no moon only the earth as a molten globe rapidly spinning on its axis spinning in about three hours gradually by reason of some disturbing causes a protuberance a sort of bud forms at one side and the great inchoate mass separates into two one about 80 times as big as the other the bigger one will now call earth the smaller we now call moon round and round the two bodies went pulling each other into tremendously elongated or prolete shapes and so they might have gone for a long time but they are unstable and cannot go on thus they must either separate or collapse some disturbing cause acts again and the smaller mass begins to revolve less rapidly tides at once begin geogenic tides of molten lava hundreds of miles high tides not in free ocean for there was none then but in the pasty mass of the entire earth immediately the series of changes I have described begin the speed of rotation gets slackened the moon's mass gets pushed further and further away and its time of revolution grows rapidly longer the changes went on rapidly at first because the tides were so geogenic but gradually and by slow degrees the bodies get more distant and the rate of change more moderate until after the lapse of ages we find the day 24 hours long the moon 240 000 miles distant revolving in 27 and 3 days and the tides only existing at the water of the ocean and only a few feet high this is the era we call today the process doesn't stop here still the stately march of events goes on and the eye of science strives to penetrate into the events of the future with the same clearness as it has been able to describe the events of the past and what does it see it will take too long to go into full detail but I will shortly summarize the results it sees this first the day and the month both again equal and both now about 1400 hours long neither of these bodies rotating with respect to each other the two as if joined by a bar and total cessation of tide generating action between them the date of this period is 150 million of years hence but unless some unforeseen catastrophe intervenes it must assuredly come yet neither will even this be the final stage for the system is disturbed by the tide generating force of the sun it is a small effect but it is cumulative and gradually by much slower degrees than anything we have yet contemplated we are presented with a picture of the month getting gradually shorter than the day the moon gradually approaching instead of receding and so uncalculable myriads of ages hence precipitating itself upon the surface of the earth once it arose such a catastrophe is already imminent in a neighboring planet mars mars's principal moon circulates around them at an absurd pace completing a revolution of seven and a half hours and it is now only 4000 miles from his surface the planet rotates in 24 hours as we do but its tides are following its moon more quickly than it rotates after them they are therefore tending to increase its rate of spin and to retard the revolution of the moon mars is therefore slowly but surely pulling its moon down onto itself by a reverse action to that which separated our moon the day shorter than the month forces a moon further away the month shorter than the day tends to draw a satellite nearer this moon of mars is not a large body it is only 20 or 30 miles in diameter but it weighs some 40 billion tons and will ultimately crash along the surface with a velocity of 8 000 miles an hour such a blow must produce the most astounding effects when it occurs but i'm unable to tell you its probable date so far we've dealt mainly with the earth and its moon but is the existence of tides limited to these bodies by no means nobody in the solar system is rigid nobody in the stellar universe is rigid all must be susceptible of some tidal deformation and hence in all of them agents like those we have traced in the history of the earth and moon must be at work the motion of all must be complicated by the phenomena of tides it is professor george darwin who has worked out the astronomical influence of the tides on the principles of sir william thompson it is sir robert ball who has extended mr darwin's results to the past history of our own and other worlds tides are of course produced in the sun by the action of the planet for the sun rotates in the 25 days or thereabouts while the planets revolve in much longer periods than that the principle tide generating bodies will be venus and jupiter the greater nearness of one rather more than compensating for the greater mass of the other it may be interesting to tabulate the relative tide producing powers of the planets on the sun they are as follows calling that of the earth one thousand mercury one thousand one hundred and twenty one venus two thousand three hundred thirty nine earth one thousand mars three hundred and four jupiter two thousand one hundred and thirty six saturn one thousand and thirty three uranus twenty one napkin nine the power of all of them is very feeble and by acting on different sides they usually partly neutralize each other's action but occasionally they get all on one side and in that case some perceptible effect may be produced the probable effect seems likely to be a gentle heaving tide in the solar surface with breaking up of any incipient crust and such an effect may be considered as evidenced periodically by the great increase in the number of solar spots which then break out the solar tides are however much too small to appreciably push any planet away hence we are not to suppose that the planets originated by budding from the sun in contradiction of the nebular hypothesis nor is it necessary to assume that the satellites as a class originated in the way ours did though they may have done so they were more probably secondary rings our moon differs from other satellites and being exceptionally large compared with the size of its primary it is as big as some of the moons of jupiter and saturn the earth is the only one of the small planets that has an appreciable moon and hence there is nothing forced or unnatural in supposing that it may have had an exceptional history evidently however tidal phenomena must be taken into consideration in any treatment of the solar system through enormous length of time and it will probably play a large part in determining its future when Laplace and Lagrange investigated the question of the stability or instability of the solar system they did so on the hypothesis that the bodies composing it were rigid they reached a grand conclusion that all the mutual perturbations of the solar system were periodic that whatever changes were going on would reach a maximum and then begin to diminish then increase again then diminish and so on the system was stable and its changes were merely like those of a swinging pendulum but this conclusion is not final the hypothesis that the bodies are rigid is not strictly true and directly tidal deformation is taken into consideration it is perceived to be a potent factor able in the long run to upset all their calculations but it's so utterly and inconceivably minute it only produces an appreciable effect after million of years whereas the ordinary perturbations go through their swings in some hundred thousand years or so at the most granted it is small but it is terribly persistent and it always acts in one direction never does it cease never does it begin to act oppositely and undo what it has done it is like the perpetual dropping of water there may be only one drop in the 12 month but leave it long enough and the hardest stone must be worn away at last we have been speaking of millions of years somewhat familiarly but what after all is a million years that we should not speak familiarly of it it is longer than our lifetime it is true to the ephemeral insects whose lifetime is an hour a year might seem an awful period the midday sun might seem an almost stationary body the changes of the seasons would be unknown everything but the most fleeting and rapid changes would appear permanent and at rest conversely if our life period embraced myriads of eons things which now seem permanent would then appear as in perpetual state of flux a continent would be sometimes dry sometimes covered with ocean the stars will now call fixed would be moving visibly before our eyes the earth would be humming on its axis like a top and the whole of human history might seem as fleeting as a cloud of breath on a mirror evolution is always a slow process to evolve such an animal as a greyhound from its remote ancestors according to mr darwin needs immense tracts of time and if the evolution of some feeble animal crawling on the surface of this planet is slow shall the stately evolution of the planetary orbs themselves be hurried it may be that we are able to trace the history of the solar system for some thousand million years or so but for how much longer time must did not have a history a history and also a future entirely beyond our kin those who study the stars have impressed upon them the existence of the most immeasurable distances which yet are swallowed up as nothing in the infinitude of space no less we are compelled to recognize the existence of uncalculable eons of time and yet to perceive that these are but as drops in the ocean of eternity end of lecture 18 recording by simon dexter and of pioneers of science by sir oliver lodge


What are you doing? I was looking at that bust. My bust? Yeah. Is that your bust? Yeah. It's not your mom's. The whole Greek god busts over there.  That's I'm Corbin. I'm Rick. It's Ron. It's so juicy. It's what? It's also on a person's hand. You know what I want? What? Legit. I think it's, I love people who have pianos that have a bust of like Beethoven on it. I think it's Beethoven. It's pretty awesome. I figured which Greek god there, but it's some Greek mythology. Well, for some reason, like a lot of them just disarm the arms, and I've never understood that. Too much work, I guess. Today, what are we doing, Rick? We are reacting to a song. What's that food video? Oh, good. We reacted a couple from this site before, but what? Your shed's open. Oh, bummer. Yeah. So why the vatapav is Mumbai's best sandwich? I was going to ask you that when I walked in the door. Yeah. That's so weird. Why is vatapav Mumbai's best sandwich? Yeah. I mean, it was bothering me. I couldn't, hard to sleep last night. You had vatapav? No. I think you did. I think we had it in a food video, but it's from a restaurant, so it was absolutely shitty. Because it was a street. Yeah. I've made a vatapav. No, I don't think we ever got to it. Because we, because remember we were, we were supposed to do a street food video, but we didn't get to it. We didn't have time. We didn't have time. But I've made one on the channel, my channel, before. Right. Quite good. First thing you think, I have had one? Like when I went to Calcutta? No. I think we had one, like. On the trip? No. When we've done food videos. Oh. I think we've had one from a restaurant, but it's from a restaurant here, so you know that's crumb. Yeah. Some of the food was good. But obviously not in comparison. No, no. But doesn't mean it's not edible. But yeah. So this is a, it's probably the most famous sandwich in the world. Wait, no, he did it. What? Right when we got to Mumbai. They gave us vatapav. That's what they gave us? Like when we were eating that, when we first arrived on the street? And they met us all in the queue. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. That's what we ate? That's what we ate. What the? Colonel Sanders? But there's obviously a bunch of different versions. I remember now. Yeah, that's what we had. I didn't know that's what we ate. It was really spicy. Here we go. It wasn't that one. No. The US has the cheeseburger. Vietnam has the banh mi. Mexico has the torta. And India has the vatapau. A sandwich beloved by millions. So beloved in fact. Now that we're looking at it. McDonald's tried to emulate it. Like that's absolutely the best place. With their amoutique burger. However unsuccessful. So let me introduce you to the vatapau. This is the vatapau. Well. The best way to describe it? It is deep fried mashed potato. It is spiced but not too spicy. And always served hot. And this is the pow. The pow is the bread. It should slightly deflate when you poke it. And there's the chutney. There is some debate around how much there should be. But one thing is for certain. It needs to be there. So without in mind, we are going to three places with three different takes on the sandwich. Starting with the inventor's son. My name is Narendra Shukba India. And I serve vatapau. And the other in Mumbai. My father had started this vatapau in 1966. The vatapau was already existed. But I think he was the first person to actually put it inside the pow and just give a punch to it. Okay this is your vatapau. When the word Bombay comes. It is definitely linked to vatapau. Mumbai is vatapau. It's a favorite food of everyone. It's quite filling. Two vatapaus is like as good as one dinner. And one is like your breakfast. Next, we are going to call this the popular one. My name is Manohar Uttarva Uttarva. My husband is Swami Samartha Vadavar stall. When I was in the stall, when I was in the stall, there was a series of vatapau. There were new papers and English papers. And finally, this is the modern one. This is Dheeraj Phukta. I run Jumbukink. We are the largest vatapau chain in Mumbai city. Jumbukink is known as the company which branded the vatapau. The Shazwan Jumbukink, Nachos Jumbukink, Paneer Jumbukink. There's a double-decker Jumbukink. It's different from the street pie because we are way more hygienic and it's the innovation that people really love. It is a sin to tamper with the original dish. It doesn't look as good as the other ones. It's the same way too many times. So we now have eight different types of Jumbukink. It's an awesome combination. This whole story boils down to one thing. No matter which way you serve it or where you buy it, you should be eating it because it is amazing. That's when it was on here. Yeah, right when we got it, if you haven't seen the first Mumbai vlog. And yes, would it be more sanitary to be in a big chain like that? Absolutely. But do you want your street food sanitary? No, no, no. That's not what we pay the big bucks for. I want to see the guy no hands dirty spitting into things. No, what? What are you talking about? Absolutely. I want to be picking his beard hair out of my sandwich. Look, there's my video. We made Mumbai Vada Pav. And chutney. Look how small Leland is.  Look at him first. He's looking at you like, really? I'm related to you. I haven't done a video on my channel in so long. Me too. How long has it been for you? It's been about a month or two months. Oh wow. I think it's on Thanksgiving. Wow. You're younger than three months. I don't even know how well Leland would sit now. He's just walking everywhere. Just let him cook. Yeah, just let him go. See what he comes up with. But yeah, Vada Pav is delicious. I made mine with, I put less spice. Spice, because that's my poor baby mouth. Did you make two versions? One for Stephanie and one for you? Sometimes I do. Yeah, sometimes we'll put a little more. The chutney has a little more spice in it. She can handle it too. Yeah, she likes spicy food. I'm just the wimp. Leland could probably handle spice, honestly. Have we given them anything to spice it? You should. And you should film it. Give them a hollaping. I think we've given them some hollaping. Yeah, because they're... I don't know why they can have it, and I can't, but... But yeah, right when we got to Mumbai, I vividly remember it. Which was great. I didn't realize that's what it was. We had it was. It was best greeting. The masks and the music. And then that, and then they blessed us. I don't know what that's called, but they had that available for us. That was really sweet, beautiful. They tried to welcome. But yeah, they gave us... It was delicious. It was. It was very spicy. I remember you coughing. Extremely spicy. And I think they even told whoever made it put less spice. That doesn't mean... That doesn't matter. It was good. I remember we had some more and left over and we were eating it in the car. We were driving. Man, I want to go back.  Yeah, that was a good trip. It was a really good trip. Yeah. Makes me hungry too. Yeah, it does. And it makes me hungry for authentic, good Indian food, which... Fun you either have to make. You have to find, yeah. Or I think... I haven't been there yet, but there's a little India in... Yeah, we need to get down there. In Los Angeles. It's a bit of a drive. It's about our south in LA, which is a long time. Even though it's probably only about 25 miles, probably. It's going to take us at least an hour. But it's apparently the... I think there's a little Korea... We got to... We should do that one though. China. But... Covid. There's a Covid going on right now. Anyways, I'm hungry. Let us know what other food videos we should react to. I wish I could have something to do about a pop right now. Yeah, that's... I'm craving it right now. Don't hurt yourself. Yeah, yeah. I'll be right back. No, thanks. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye.


The study found that adding certain biocides to atolocollogen matrices did not significantly affect the viability and proliferation of caratinocyte cells. This suggests that these materials could be used as an effective alternative to traditional antimicrobial biomaterials. This article was authored by Jorge López Garcia, Marion Lihaki, Petr Humpalasek, and others.


This video is brought to you by Capbeast.com. Design your own custom snapbacks and hats. Yo what's up guys welcome back to another video on this channel. The NBA season is really dry at this stage. There's not a whole lot going on. There's obviously the Fever World Cup which is really interesting but outside of the Fever World Cup there's really not a whole lot going on. So in this video I want to talk about three things. One is the Dwight Howard situation and my thoughts on him joining the Lakers because I haven't really covered that on this channel yet and I think it's interesting but I just don't want to make a whole separate video on that topic because I really just don't think it deserves its whole video. I think it's just something I want to talk about. The second and third thing I want to talk about are two rumors. I think it's really interesting when we discuss rumors on this channel because they haven't happened yet but they're just rumors but there's always something with rumors that kind of sways us in a certain direction compared to if it was just like a random rumor like Camilo Anthony to the Brooklyn Nets. We're going to talk about obviously Kyrie and Kevin Durant want him which means that it is something that is really possible and the third thing is Andre Gadala to the Los Angeles Clippers with Doc Rivers, the head coach of the Clippers, liking an Instagram post of Andre Gadala in a Clippers jersey. It's a rumor but there's something there so we're going to discuss all three in this video so if you enjoy these videos be sure to subscribe leave a like if you're new and let me know what videos you guys want to see on this channel because it's a really dry time of year with no NBA so I want to know what you guys want to see on this channel and without further ado let's get into it. I want to thank today's sponsor catbeast.com if you want to make your own snapbacks and custom hats be sure to click the link down below in the description box below would you believe me if I told you that Camilo Anthony the last time he played in fact last season with the Houston Rockets he scored 22 points on 52 percent 24 points the game after on 44 percent he did have an off game in between scoring only eight points on 16 percent but what matters to me is the way that you can bounce back from a performance like that he then scored 28 points on 75 percent field goal shooting against the Brooklyn Nets and then finished that off with a 17 point performance the next game only five days later he was waved and never picked up since. Camilo Anthony despite what people say about him is still a scorer and a guy that you could use whether it's off the bench or as a starting player in this league and I truly believe that yeah obviously he did have some poor games last season but so do many other players in this league. Camilo Anthony of course is going to have some bad games just like he had some good games 22 24 and 28 points in a four game stretch last season I mean it shows that he can still perform and now obviously for him not to be on a team is pretty devastating and honestly I think he should be on a team and I do believe it will be the Brooklyn Nets and here's why. First of all before I can get into that we have to understand that there has been a change in the way that people are viewing Camilo Anthony and this has been a league wide perception including fans as well. People seem to hate on mellow based off what the media have said about mellow but if people looked at mellow in a different light maybe he would have been picked up by another team last season and actually played after Houston. His representatives have obviously tried to change the narrative in the way that people view mellow I mean we've seen him go on ESPN we've seen him have talks and interviews and he's obviously come out and tried to get in the media in order to change the way that people view him which I think is working in my opinion I think he's been the scapegoat for a few teams that really didn't live up to their potential. In Oklahoma you had Paul George and Russell Westbrook with Camilo Anthony who are you going to blame Camilo when you have James Harden and Chris Paul and you're starting off the year very slow who are you going to blame Camilo so obviously there's been a lot of people that have just jumped on that bandwagon and I believe he can still play and it's not because of the videos that we've seen online and it's not because of what he's said in the media or what his representatives have said it's simply due to the fact that I saw him play in Houston and I saw him perform on the court but he was always going to be the scapegoat so why should he join the Brooklyn Nets then well number one Kyrie Irving and Kevin Durant have both stated that they want him if those are the two biggest stars on a franchise and they're new stars on a franchise that haven't even played a game on that franchise I feel like the franchise should listen to them they are their star players and this does not mean that Mello will go straight into a starting small forward role simply because well he obviously hasn't been in the league for a while and I think we all know this and even Mello knows it himself now that he probably isn't a starting player accepting accepting the role that I might not normally would have accepted in the past I don't mind coming off I've done it I've came out the bitch in Houston 10 days we don't know how that works I don't mind coming off the bench that's never been that's not an issue with me why should somebody believe Carmelo Anthony when he says that because I'm because I'm speaking my truth I never do this I never speak out about this even when he failed to recognize that even just last season I feel like now he knows and he's come out and said it that doesn't mean he can't be a starting player for a few games especially if obviously a guy like Kevin Durant is injured the second thing is he's reportedly been working out with the Brooklyn Nets now the Brooklyn Nets are in search for a small forward it has been said that they're working out Joe Johnson who dominated the big three league Mello and obviously a few other guys that they see fitting to work with the Brooklyn Nets and I feel like if it's Mello or Joe Johnson they may go towards Joe Johnson simply because he really knows his role but if we're going on talent either way you could look at it Joe Johnson is a great player maybe he is in a bit better shape but we don't really know that I guess the Brooklyn Nets will know that before anybody but from what we have seen Mello is in pretty good shape and if you're going to choose a shooter and if we're going off somebody that's recently played in this league well it's Mello because he just played last season the one thing for me is that Mello just has a lot left to give he needs to be on a team that is trying to get him a ring and whether he wants that ring or not it doesn't really matter of this point he just wants to play but the Brooklyn Nets are very interesting if he can perform at some sort of level he may be able to stay on this team and when Kevin Durant comes back he may have that real chance to get a ring next season if he can even get on the team this season and performs at some sort of level the online sports media has definitely tried to paint a fake narrative towards Mello and I just disagree with it completely so that's what I have to say about Mello and I reckon he could be on a Brooklyn Nets jersey next season let's get on to the next topic so Dwight Howard is obviously a member of the Los Angeles Lakers now after the Marcus Cousins got hurt they obviously needed to go after a center I really thought they'd go after a guy like Kenneth Fareed I just thought he would be more of a stretch player in this league today he is undersized and he is in the center but he's a guy that shows hustle rebounding and scoring but if you're looking at a better player than him you would have to say is Dwight Howard I just didn't think they really wanted him in the locker room but it makes sense I said in that video where I talked about Kenneth Fareed and the Marcus Cousins I did say that Dwight Howard was the best player available but I just didn't think they were going to go after him simply due to the fact that he was there six years ago and it didn't really work out what I'm interested to say is how the Lakers fans react to Dwight Howard will they boo him will they accept him what's gonna happen because he isn't the Dwight Howard that was there six years ago in fact the Dwight that was there six years ago was still a very very good player but he obviously isn't the Dwight Howard from Houston or Orlando this is an older version of Dwight Howard that has basically been out of the league for the same time as Mello was last season Dwight Howard was a beaten man last season he had back surgery and obviously he just wasn't himself playing in Washington but when he did play he was actually a very sole player he just didn't have the explosiveness and the athleticism but he has shown in recent footage if you look up Dwight Howard recently he looks like he's got some of that back so what does it mean for the Lakers now if you have guys like Rajan Rondo and LeBron James as your facilitators on a team with Dwight Howard I believe that no matter what they will feed him the ball they've got Davis of course but Davis has stated that he does not want to play center whatsoever you're not going to want to have Javail McGee as your starting center for the entirety of this season he's obviously going to need a break and a guy that can fill in for 10 15 20 minutes per game is Dwight Howard he can rebound he can score he's a guy that blocks shots at the peak of his power he was unstoppable and the best big man in the game if he can just tap into a little bit of what he was in his past playing days then he's going to be a great player for the Lakers no doubt not the Dwight Howard we once saw but a great player for the team not to mention he has a zero dollar salary protection which means that every day that Dwight Howard is on the Lakers he will earn just under 15 000 for every day he is on the roster but that roster position will start on October the 21st if they wave him then he doesn't get paid out whatsoever so it's a win win in my opinion for the Lakers but either way his contract is 2.5 million which is obviously a very small amount for a guy that was once one of the highest players in the league which means that he's obviously there to win and not mess around otherwise he will be out of the league next season and if he actually plays well he may stay around for a little bit longer and win a championship which is what he wants so I don't think it's a loss for the Lakers at all lastly I want to talk about Andre Gadala to the Los Angeles Clippers obviously I told you about head coach Doc Rivers liking a post on Instagram claiming that Iggy will join the franchise if this is true and Iggy gets waved by the Grizzlies and actually does join the Los Angeles Clippers this is going to be very exciting to watch we know that Iggy is obviously one of the best defenders that the league has ever seen and yes ever but he's also reaching the end of his career obviously he's not going to play the minutes he once played and he's not going to be the player he once was but he's probably going to have a similar impact to the way he played last season with the Warriors he came off the bench and he didn't really have a big impact he only scored 5.7 points had 3.7 rebounds and 3.2 assists per game last season with the Warriors he did shoot 50% and shot 33% from beyond the arc but what Iggy brings to the Clippers team is it allows a guy like Kawai Leonard to rest a little bit more Paul George can rest a little bit more as well if they're both suffering with injuries throughout the season obviously we know that Kawai had a lot of rest days last season and Paul George is coming off a shoulder injury which means a guy like Iggy could be a good replacement for a few games here and there until the playoff start in which he will be a very very handy player I mean we already know about the Clippers defense you've got Kawai, Paul George, Patrick Beverly, Montrez Harrell and if you adding a guy like Iggy to that well it's going to be very very fun to watch and it's going to be interesting to see how they manage all these players together so with that being said I hope you guys enjoyed the video let me know what you think about any of them will Dwight Howard fit with the Lakers will Mellow join the Nets with Iggy join the Clippers I want to know what you guys think down below if you're new around here be sure to hit that subscribe button leave a like follow me on Instagram and hit the notification button so you don't miss an upload and with that said I'm out peace you gotta focus on what's real man


your house. Look what we found. Happy Sunday! Not even kidding, when I'm running 100 plus miles a week in the summertime doing vertical, it can be very difficult to do any extracurricular activities. So the fact that I can even move around pretty nimbly without any, without too many aches and pains is a good sign that the body is so far holding up to the high volume. We're going to talk about 110 mile training week. Well first we're going to play a little B-Ball outside the school. Thank you neighbors. All right, here we go. Denver Broncos playing. We're playing basketball in the background, having a good time. I got my legs up. Remember, resting, trying to elevate the legs. Just stay off them. I can still hold my ground though on a basketball court, right boys? So, here's the deal. 110 miles this week. Well, the run is not done yet today. We'll see if I actually get it done. We will get it done. But going to hit 110 miles. It's a good solid week of training. High volume. I realize it's high volume and I'm not saying you need to go out and run 110 miles to get ready for your marathon. I'm just communicating what I'm doing in order to attempt my best at chasing down a 219 marathon in Houston for that OTQ, that Olympic Trials Qualifier and how and then in the studio we're going to talk about why I'm running high volume and how the body is, like what does it actually feel like to run 110 miles in one week? So, I'll explain all of that out there. And I'm working on my training log for the upcoming week. So, I do not lay out every single workout at the beginning of the training block. Rather, I lay out the general volume I want to hit. When I say volume, that means how many miles, how many kilometers I would like to be running, let emphasis on like two, meaning at the end of every week, every Sunday, I reevaluate. I sit here and I just listen to the body and I'm like, huh, how's the body feeling? And if I can still play basketball with my boys, I feel like the body is actually reacting pretty well. We'll go into more detail out in the studio, but I reevaluate how I'm feeling. And if I'm not feeling well, if I'm just feeling run down, beat up, I drop the volume for the next week or maybe cut a workout completely for the next week. So, that's what I'm working on now here in the training log. But in my bread, hope you had a great week of training and I will get you the question of the day out in the studio.  All right, here we go. Let's see here. This next week is going to be big as well. Shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot. Boom. Good shot. All right, I'm feeling real warmed up, going out for 10 miles. I'm not going to film the run today. Just going to get it done. See you in about 80 minutes. Shout out to Seth in Tennessee. Thank you, Seth, for sending this. Riot Roadrunners, awesome. I appreciate the singlet. It'll be, it was nice out today in Denver. Snow is definitely melting, so the dirt is opening up. But anyway, I'll be wearing this a lot next summer. Okay, here we go. Shake time. You better believe it. Absolutely delicious. Not bad. Every day, it tastes just a little different. So, I'm testing the waters with these shakes, but it's getting there. It's getting there. And we're going to the actually the kale. So, it was a really healthy shake today because the kale was on its last leg. You know, when you have a veggie that just needs to be eaten immediately or else it's going to go bad. So, the kale was on its last leg. So, it was an extra. I put as much kale in as possible tonight. And just trying to recover, be smart, sleep well, sleep really well, eat well in order to make sure the body is as happy as possible after 110 miles this week. Sure enough, I met the goal. I feel good about that. And when I communicate to you, my volume, I am definitely, definitely, definitely not bragging. Okay, what I'm trying to do is to show all of you and especially everybody, everybody, but especially let's say high schoolers, college students, like the name of the game in aerobic endurance sports, a.k.a. running, patience is the name of the game and consistency. My dad always said when I was in middle school, Seth, the more consistent you can be in your training, the more rewards you will reap later in your running career. Okay? And now, at this point, how I feel right now. Okay, real quick, Niggles, let's talk about aches and pains and then I want to talk about how the body feels after 110 miles of marathon training. First of all, I had a little PF, a little plantar fasciitis flare up about 14 days ago, right after Argentina. I took a couple of days off of nothing and it just flared up. I don't know if it was the cold weather. It just flared up just for like 48 hours, maybe a couple, maybe three days. I got on top of it stretching and it went away. So we're good. No PF. I have a niggle on the bottom of my right foot right here, right below my pointer toe and I think it is a bruise, a deep bruise. I've actually had it for a little while. It's about a two on the pain scale and again, this is one of those niggles that I'm not worried about, but I'm just monitoring, okay? And I don't think it's, I may not go away until I take two weeks off, three weeks off. I just don't know. I'm putting ultrasound onto it, but that's another niggle. Niggle number three. Okay. Good news. My hip is good. All right. So that's good. It didn't react. In fact, I don't think I felt it at all during this past seven days, the week before I did. This week, good to go. My left knee is a little tight, my left knee. So I'm working on it. I don't know if it's the cold. I don't know if it's the pavement and concrete.  And again, I'm monitoring it close, but it's one of those niggles that I'm not overly worried about, but I just, I gotta be careful, gotta be careful with it. So how do I actually feel? First of all, aerobic training. I think the vertical gain that I sought out, and this isn't, you know, just connecting it to your running as well, if you're getting ready for Boston or a big race in the summer, and maybe you're getting ready for a huge marathon like nine months from now, I believe in aerobic training first before anaerobic. Why? When we're training consistently at our, in our, let's say, let's just roughly say 125 beats per minute for our heart rate up to like 155 or maybe 150, right in that range approximately. What's happening is with the more consistent you are, you're actually expanding the size of your heart and the stroke volume of your heart. So how much blood can your heart actually pump through your body? And then I actually am refreshing my, I'm reading some old textbooks from college about cardiovascular development and neuromuscular development. And I kind of forgotten this, but the more consistent you do endurance sports, aerobic training, your blood vessels are actually the diameter of your blood vessels that deliver blood to your muscles are actually expanding, the diameter is increasing ever so, so slightly as well. So it's all happening during your aerobic exercise. Now 110 miles the last week, it's a lot, I get it. This past summer, seeking out, oh man, I'm a lot, a lot of vertical gain. I, right now, everybody, I don't want to get too excited, but let me just tell you, I'm having a really difficult time running slower than 730 a mile right now. Like it's, and I'm not, I'm not trying to brag. I'm just trying to communicate like the, the base foundation. And remember that the pyramid, we talk about the pyramid and training. I love that aerobic base, all that aerobic base, training for Pike's Peak, the 300,000 feet of vertical gain. I, I'm very excited. I, and the fact that I'm not getting vertical gain right now, about a thousand feet per week, rather than five to 8,000 feet per week, my legs are just singing it. They're just, they're just singing it. They're praising it like my legs feel amazing. They are, I would say after 110 miles, I would put them, like excluding the niggles. Like, if the niggles weren't there, oh my goodness. But I mean, I'd say they're like at an 8.5 out of 10 right now. They just feel amazing because I think that vertical gain has set me up for just for feeling good right now because I can just go run flat and fast. So anyway, that's how I'm feeling going in. I just want to communicate with all of you. That's how I'm feeling during this marathon training. I hope your marathon training or your ultra marathon training or your two mile training or your 800 meter training, whatever you're training for is going very, very well. And question of the day, here we go. What was, now this is, you might got to think back, what has been your highest volume of training ever? And we're not bragging. We're not bragging down in the comments. We're simply communicating and learning from each other. And how did your body react to that high volume of training? Was it good? Was it not so good? Was it even keel? Did you end up with an injury? Did you end up setting a huge PR like a month later? What happened after your highest volume of training over a week or maybe over a month? If you want to look at it a little more zoomed out, that is okay as well. I've got some big training coming up this week, which means I got to go edit the vlog, get to bed. I love you all. The boys and I, we didn't break anything inside, playing some hoops. Oh man, sometimes the best entertainment is free entertainment, right? Just getting a little hoop out of the neighborhood neighbor's trash. Can't beat that. Can't beat that, can you? So anyway, I love you all. Thanks for being here. Thanks for watching. That's my little reflection on high volume 110 miles.  I'm going to keep, I'm going to go up another step this upcoming week. So I'll get you another update probably in seven days from now. Sound good? I love you all. We're going to toss it back on the right to aerobic engine training on the right. So why I train my aerobic engine first before adding anything else that'll be on the right. And then on the left, we'll talk about mileage as well. Another discussion that we had probably six or seven months ago. All right, there you go. Seek beauty, work hard, and love each other. See you tomorrow.


Thank you all. It's quite an honor to be here today. I was asked to talk about the agriculture forest nexus. Agriculture in black, forest in white. Agriculture is often the bad guy. But I'm here to let us try to talk differently about agriculture. I've been straddling the forest agriculture divide for over 30 years, starting out in the forests of Kalimantan in Indonesia, watching birds and monkeys. But every day hearing chainsaws, cutting, cutting the forest. And I thought, what's going to happen? What do we do? And so I thought, I think we really need to be working outside of the forest to figure out what to do with agriculture to allow the forest to remain. I still think it is a challenge. I think there's great successes, but we need more. And I think that requires a debate, an open debate. It's often too contentious. People stick in the forest. They stick in agriculture. They don't talk together. So we need to change that. So that's my first challenge to everybody. What is an open platform to be able to discuss this in a Scientifically reasonable way so we can move forward Rather than digging into our corners? I'm afraid the current draft of SDGs has sustainable Agriculture. I believe that's goal number two. And then conservation and recuperation of terrestrial ecosystems. That's down like goal number 15. They're totally separate. They're not connected. They will not allow the dialogue we need Because agriculture is linked to forests. And the development of agriculture will determine the fate of the forest. So we have to have that debate. It's got to be an open debate. And a way to look forward. So i have one and only one slide. I was told i couldn't use any, but they said i could do this one. What does this tell you? This is also a picture from indonesia. What do you see there? You see agriculture? Do you see a forest? Yes? No? Well actually this is an agricultural landscape. So here's the first challenge. Think broader about agriculture. That thing that looks like a forest is an agroforest. Most of the trees in there have been planted by people For timber, for resins, for fruits. So all agricultural systems are not the same. And their links with forests are quite different. So open up your minds about what agriculture is.  All forests are not humid tropical forests as lovely as they are. And i'd love to spend much of my time there. Forests are different. You have miambo woodlands in sub-saharan africa That are currently the largest changing ecosystem right now. So let's open the debate and think how to do things Differently. The clearing of the serato has been Listed by agronomists. Agriculture is one of the Greatest successes for producing more food. We have to produce more food. We need forests. We have to produce more food. How do we do it? Ecologists say, but look at all the biodiversity was lost. And even though it was less carbon lost or the amazon Is still a lot because the area is large. So i challenge you, how could the serato have been done differently? Should it have been done differently and produced still enough food? We have to produce at least 100%, even 150% more food to feed 9 plus billion people. How do we do that? How do we do it differently? Can we? So challenge yourselves. Especially as africa and the african green revolution is taking off. The woodlands, the miambo woodlands, the guineas Are being threatened more than the congo rainforest right now. But anyway, how do we do this? And that's a challenge for all of us. So a lot of the debate these days is taking two forms. One is agricultural intensification, also called land sparing.  This could be, if that were a forest, land sparing. All the agriculture is being intensively cultivated in the landscape Where it should be and the forest is right there, looking okay. The other one is called land sharing. And there are other, it's also called wildlife friendly. It's the integration of agriculture and forests and trees within the landscape. Or landscape mosaics. This is also a landscape mosaic. I like this picture. I can tell all sorts of stories about it. So let's first look at agricultural intensification. So again, that's increasing yields on your current agricultural lands. So you spare more land for being converted to agriculture.  Well, there have been several studies, analyses, meta-analyses done. And at a global level, the answer to that is yes. Agricultural intensification does spare forests from being cut And grasslands and other natural ecosystems. They say as much as 12 to 17 million hectares were saved From the Asian and Latin American Green Revolution. With less than 2 million hectares of forest being cut as a result of that. So that sounds good. But when you get to the local level, And again, i want us to think local, think specific about the types of forests, The conditions where you are. Because the conditions of agricultural Intensification can lead to more deforestation. But it depends on many factors. Demographics. What's the population pressure in the area? Do people really need To move into that forest? Roads.  Market integration or lack of Integration will really change that dynamic about agricultural Intensification and if it leads to more forest clearing or not. The types of crops, the types of grown, whether they're Labor intensive or not, will also determine the outcome of Agricultural intensification. So as many of my colleagues in the Front row know far better than me, it's actually the policies That have to play along with agricultural intensification. And when you have the right policies in place, we'll Hear more about them today. We already heard some of them. Carlos, that that is the effective way to produce food And also protect the forests and other natural ecosystems that We need for many ecosystem services. Carbon being one, but Biodiversity the other. And biodiversity is Carlos that is probably becoming more and more important than the carbon story. So yes, agricultural intensification, i will submit, is the right Way to go if you're talking about biodiversity and carbon Stocks. But perhaps there are other ecosystem Services that are equally important to agriculture. Such as pollination, pest control, water, water quality, the flow Of water and floods, controlling floods and things like that. So land sparing is perhaps not the solution to that. And that's where i think these landscape mosaics become Incredibly important. Just to give a couple of rather Gross examples, the one i really like is the law, i believe it Was a law in brazil that brazil nut trees could not be cut. You could cut the forest, but you had to leave the brazil nut trees. Well, i traveled around the amazon a lot, and wow, this is great.  Well, years went by and people Discovered, wait a minute, there are no brazil nuts coming out of these trees. What was going on? Well, it turns out the pollinate of these trees Was far away in the forest. So the forest wasn't close enough. We didn't know enough about the ecosystem service of pollination To allow that ecosystem service to happen. Pest control is another one. And there's a bit more Information on some of these types of things. There's great pollination work going on now too, and i'm Just trying to highlight some of them. But pest control, if you Have strips of native vegetation within agricultural fields, There's much better biological pest control. We know that. But we don't know how much of that vegetation we need. We don't know where it should be in the landscape or what its Composition should be. So i think we're quite remiss In looking at all these other ecosystem services that come From forests and other natural ecosystems and how they are Important to agriculture. So i'd like us to again reopen Our thoughts, and i think there's a lot of fruitful work that Could come out of that. The other one i bring up is water, And that's the one really directly related to climate. And again, there are people beginning to look at this and Look at it the proper way. But very often people don't Study the connection between the rainfall that goes into the forest, The rivers that come out of the forest, the ground water, and How that feeds into agriculture. More and more people are looking At that. The best example of water and Forest ecosystem services is the new york city water supply That comes from a very nicely protected forest area. I work a lot in africa, and there have been several Rife schemes that have failed three years after putting Them in because the water dried up. There was not enough water for irrigation. So they are replanting Their national parks to include wetlands and forests to make Sure that there is sufficient water for these rife schemes. So i think more and more we actually need scientists involved In these types of planning and decision tools so that Agriculture can benefit from forests, and we can intensify And keep the forest there. So again, i would like to say Not all forests are the same. And so let's think about ecosystem Services and what they are so that we can at least start Some dialogue and some systematic approach for knowing about What areas we need, what are the populations we need within Those areas and those landscapes, and the configurations of These landscape mosaics to provide those ecosystem services. It will differ on the forest type, the kind of agriculture and The interactions between them. There are some good models being Developed now by raman kuti and the luka and others that look At the value of different ecosystem services in the Agriculture part or the non-agricultural parts of those landscapes. I think they are very useful. They have been used again mostly for carbon and biodiversity. I think we really need to expand them to those other ecosystem services. And they need to become spatial. Currently they are not spatial. There are a few that are, but i think we really need a group of students And a whole new cadre network of people to really start Delving into these ecosystem services in landscape mosaics. The other thing is that there is very little field data. Even in the united states for a lot of these types of situations. Let alone in the developing world. So we need to put together a strategic Plan for where those data need to be collected. Can be collected everywhere. But how can we do it strategically so That we can use models to help look at trade-offs and synergies With different agriculture, forest combinations and configurations. So i'd like to talk about, people talk about trade-offs all the time Between agriculture and forestry. I would like to talk about synergies. And so my last major issue is recuperation of degraded lands. People talk about it all the time. I think there's great confusion About even what a degraded land is. It's often confused with Marginal lands. But i think a degraded land is where primary productivity has dropped. For whatever reason. Marginal lands never had very much primary productivity And might not. So i'd like us to think about degraded lands Where the potential for increasing primary productivity is there. And how we go about it. Again, we need a systematic approach. Including a definition. But also the identification of where they are. The maps out there are done by people sitting in a room. Just saying, hey, is this degraded or not? Yeah, i think it is. And we now have global maps about degradation. So let's look at that as a possibility. It's also, so we can answer, so what degraded lands can we rehabilitate? What is it about that land that we could rehabilitate? And rehabilitate it for what? For crops. That could be it. Or for forests. Or for trees. Or the combination. And i don't think we know that. And i really think it's a real fruitful research area to think about. Let me give some examples. Many people can say it doesn't work. I was recently at a meeting in ethiopia where people were talking about planting trees. Planting trees and landscapes and agricultural systems. And a colleague of mine, an african colleague, got up at the end of the meeting. He said, by the way, i can count more publications i made about planting trees Than actually trees that were planted. So what's wrong? Why aren't trees being planted when we think they should be planted? We need to look at it more. In south africa there was a huge campaign To plant eucalyptus and pine trees for fuel wood, for timber. Shortly after that the streams and the rivers started drying up. And now there's a campaign called work for water. So people are actually now taking those trees down so that the water Will once again flow through these streams. Those trees were put in the wrong landscape where there was not enough Rainfall never was for trees. And so we have to be careful how we think about Recuperation of degraded lands. There are very good examples also. And i think ethiopia is one of those. And they have a merit project. And this is food for work or cash for work. And people are actually transforming landscapes by planting trees, Set aside areas, forests are growing back.  And they found sediment loads and rivers are down by 50%. Carbon stocks are up, biodiversity stocks are up. And water is appearing and streams have dried up 50 years ago. So there are ways at large scale that we can recuperate. Recuperate through planting trees and transforming landscapes. The other big example that's going under way is china. And it's happening at an enormous scale as you can imagine. Some of these command and control projects can work to a certain extent. But not all of them have worked in china. People don't know why. Some areas it's worked and some areas it hasn't. So i'd like to see us put a concerted effort together to find out What's worked and what hasn't. But there have been many of these projects. And why they didn't work if they didn't work. They include the biophysical, the social and the institutional factors. And i think we can move a large way towards using the land already cleared Much more efficiently and effectively. Thank you.


What scares narcissists? What makes them afraid? What makes them nervous? What prevents them from gaining access into your life? Most people in these types of situations become very alert and attentive. They pay close attention to what the narcissist is doing. They become very observant. They are quick to notice or perceive things because they're trying to figure things out. They're trying to become aware of something that was not previously known in the hopes that they can then stop them in their tracks. In the hopes that they can then stop them from continuing their intended course of action. But this is actually very unreasonable and irrational behavior because now you're just trying to control everything the narcissist does which is what narcissists do. You cannot be in two places at the same time. You cannot have eyes everywhere. You cannot anticipate everything that the narcissist is going to do. It's not realistic or practical and you're just going to drive yourself insane by trying to operate in that way. You're not going to scare them away by constantly trying to be on top of them or by trying to expose their behavior. It's just going to make your life more difficult because then you always have to be one step ahead of them. You always have to be better prepared. It's not only going to take up all of your time and energy but it's just not a respectable way to behave. It's not good to chase someone around and try to anticipate what they're going to do next. The narcissist isn't going to care. They're just going to see it as a game. They're going to find it amusing. They're going to lead you into thinking that you're on to something when really you're just running on this endless hamster wheel going nowhere. A more efficient way to scare the narcissist is to become a liability to them. Be a person whose presence and behavior is likely to put them at a disadvantage which will then display to them that you're not worth their time. Being around you is going to cause more problems than it's worth. Narcissists are always involved in making secret and underhand plans. They're always trying to control the environment. They're always trying to observe everything that's going on and they will throw some bait your way. They will do something to entice you. They will try to attract or tempt you by offering pleasure or advantage. Which then helps them to determine if you are going to be a good victim for them. But if you just sit back and let them do all of the work then not going to want to deal with you. You don't need to anticipate everything that they're going to do. You don't need to figure everything out. You need to develop strength. You need to develop the emotional and mental qualities required to deal with them. You need to be unmoved, unaffected by emotional excitement. Unchanging your purposeful intention. When you're not paying attention to their informational instructions they don't want anything to do with you. And by doing that you could end up exposing their behavior. You couldn't become a danger to them when you cross the line and you behave in a way that they don't seem to be acceptable. They're not going to want to deal with you anymore because then you become more of a problem than you're worth. They want it easy. They want everything to be convenient for them.  It will complicate everything. It will make them very confused. And they will be forced to notice you now. They will be forced to give their attention and concern to you. They will still talk bad about you. They will still think that there's something wrong with you. But they will be forced to respect that you now have the ability to influence their behavior. You now have the ability to affect and change how they behave around you. Because you have changed their beliefs and opinions about you. What scares narcissists? It's when you don't become unsettled very easily. When you don't feel anxious around them. When they can't keep you off balance. When you don't respond to their intimidation tactics. When you remain firm and strong and you passively resist their authority. It scares them. But it should always be passive. Rather than over reactive. When you respond with intense emotions. It displays a lack of strength. It tells them that they've still got a hold in you. They've still got a strong influence and effect on you. But when you regain control over your own reactions and emotions. That is what scares them away. You have to become unfazed. Not bothered by anything. Relaxed in any situation. You have to recognize your value. You have to recognize the level at which you deserve to be treated. And your level of importance and usefulness to them. Because your level of importance. Should demand a certain level of treatment. But narcissists want the goods for free. They don't want to invest anything into you. Because they know that if they can trick you into doubting your worth and abilities. They're going to get whatever they want from you. Without giving you anything in return. But when you know your worth. And the treatment that you deserve. It will scare them away. Because that makes it less convenient for them. It's so much easier for them. When they get everything for free. Without having to invest anything into you. But when you realize your worth. That's what scares them away. That's what then gives you the ability to continue your growth. Progress and positive change away from them. When you realize your worth and you become strong. That is when they will reject and dismiss you. They won't want anything to do with you. Because your strength has scared them away.   By being honest and strong. You become more of a problem than your worth. You become a liability to them. You're too difficult for them to deal with. By not giving them attention and assistance. That they do not deserve. That they have not gained deservedly. A return for their behavior or achievements. Because they don't value you. They just expect your attention. They expect your admiration. While never doing anything to earn it. Thank you for watching. I hope this video has it with you. Please like, comment, share and subscribe. If you would like to donate. My PayPal link is in the video description. Coaching Inquiries. You can email me at coach.naxviver.uk Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon.