you know it's interesting what I need interesting Rick I'd I never know what we're gonna react to obviously we sit down but I also never know what the freak you're gonna do when we start the intros and half the time I'm concerned you're gonna do something to me oh yeah like this yeah it's on Corbin and Corbin gave me post-traumatic stress disorder aids and follow us on Instagram and thank you and to do it into a trailer there's actually Kumar in it and video oh cool but long right correct yeah it's one of his decently older ones I think okay it's called bull bull liar bull bull that's right and I'm mad at my Hindi learning app the freaking thing gave me like 10 free things and then said you now have to buy the full edition oh pigs capitalism really but yeah no idea what it's about but we will find out in just a second what that's just the beginning screen looks like either it's gonna be the beginning of the old NBC logo or potentially the party family that was a self-promotion by Rick seagull he was on the part your family here we go maybe quite effective that one wasn't as effective as I would anticipate it was very strange I love how many films have they done together because it's obviously they're in mission Mongol together now have no idea how many they've done obviously I'm trying sorry I'm trying to see yeah looking for another trailer if there's actually a different trailer that gives us any information or a teaser well let me look it up let me because I couldn't tell you what the hell this is about that's all actually looking weird 90s as which was fun love that that's that's exciting for us but outside of that I couldn't tell you what and I love that videos in it because yeah I want to see her work loved her in Kahani right yes yeah Connie but I start the K on that word and I get Kasari and Connie came out in terms of twisted an NRI and his wife decided to stay in his ancestral home paying no heed to the warnings about ghosts I was right it's ghosts and ancestors soon inexplicable occurrences cause him to call a psychiatrist to help solve the mystery huh sounds like a Johnny Depp film something something Johnny Depp would do little quirky weird ghosty dark I think it may be darker than the trailer gave it credit for maybe it's not maybe it's director is pre I can't say that name you're gonna have to hear the shot right here to show okay what does it come does it call itself a dark comedy well yeah it's comedy horror interesting it's nearly three hours long thoughts two and a half yes it's actually video who else anybody else the bat think so interesting yeah I'm not the trailer alone doesn't make me want to I mean well yeah cuz I can't even tell like what it's what it looks like it just looks like it's weird the fact that they're both actually and video so that's the biggest draw it's just a huge draw I'm wondering also if this is gonna get copyrighted so yeah if it was cut up I'm sorry it's T-series T-series and it was all you've heard that channel right you've heard of that company there's a small YouTube channel that's becoming channel a little little ankle biters that are just kind of making things a nuisance for us big channels yeah so you're gonna have to let us know if this is any good yeah watching it like where I mean I know there's a lot of octaves we need to watch but there is but there's also we're getting close to October so there's films that fall into that category like Tumbad and Street and this one probably that might be to watch in October is this worthy yeah you're gonna have to let us know I do believe they're also doing a remake of this really I don't think he's in but I believe who would be doing a remake of it oh teeth here or is it a remake because my guess is this was a South Indian film and then it was remade by them looks like because that happens a lot what about it to comes on 2020 it looks like oh so a sequel to it mm-hmm that's what's nice about ancestral ghost films is that you can keep making sequels and bring back the same characters but I don't see like auction in it so I did I did you can bring back the shut up maybe he died in the first film maybe they both died maybe everybody died or maybe it was like a South Indian film and then Bollywood is now remaking it that's what I'm but I don't think it is it's actually in video no I agree but you said you thought you saw that there it's been a remake no it's going I mean a new one's coming out soon I think but like a sequel or a remake of the original because this is clearly that is I didn't watch it I know that I don't do that without having the camera on he doesn't do anything without having a camera on your goddamn right


Now from the previous video, we learned that the atomic mass unit is defined as a 12th of a carbon 12th. In the first part of this video, we are going to use that definition to estimate the mass of a proton or a neutron. Now what does the number 12th in front of carbon really mean? Yes, it indicates a specific type of carbon isotope. But it is also the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in a carbon atom. Now any atom is made up of three components, electrons, protons and neutrons, except for some hydrogens. Electrons are practically weightless compared to protons and neutrons. It's about four orders of magnitude smaller than a proton or neutron, so we tend to ignore it. Now the atomic mass of carbon 12th is 12th of a proton. That mass is mainly made up of the mass of the protons and the neutrons. We also know that protons and neutrons weight roughly the same. So let's assume that they are the same. So that will come down to 12u equals 12 times mass of protons. So the mass of a proton is equal to 12u divided by 12, which is 1u. Now since 1u is the 12th of the carbon 12th, this is our estimation of the mass of a proton or neutron from the definition of atomic mass. So how close is it really to reality? So these are the actual mass of the proton, the neutron and also the electron. As you can see, the electron is very insignificant compared to the other two. And I'm also giving you the atomic mass unit again for reference. You can see that if you estimate the mass of a neutron or a proton by 1u, that you are not actually that far off at all. And at the level that you will be dealing with in chemistry, the arrow is just very significant. Now I have a question for you. So you know how a carbon 12th has six protons and six neutrons and six electrons? What if you add the masses of these particles together? Would it be equal to the exact mass of a carbon 12, which we know as this 12u? So six times a mass of protons plus six times mass of neutrons plus six times mass of electrons. Now that would come down to 12.0989148u. Now that's not exactly 12u. Why? Why is the mass calculated by the addition of individual neutrons and protons and electrons to make up a carbon 12 bigger than the mass of a carbon 12 itself? But that difference in mass is actually called the mass defect. And it's due to the binding energy of the nucleus. I'm sure that you have heard of Einstein's famous equation, e equal mc squared, so e for energy, m for mass, and c for speed of light. In a way you can say that mass is just a representation of energy. So the mass defect is basically just a representation of the binding energy. And vice versa, the binding energy is just a representation of the mass defect itself. So e equal mc squared, say you have your mass equal to one atomic unit, 1u times c squared. Now if you look up the speed of light and do the unit conversion, you will get a result of 931.5 mega electron volt. Now 1u is worth 931.5 mega electron volts of energy. So the mass defect of that much is worth equal to 92.15 mega electron volts of energy. So it is indeed the case that when all these neutrons and protons and electrons come together, an amount of energy of 92.15 mega electron volts is released compared to when they were individually separated.


As a result of the Etruscan expansion that from the mid sixth century BC also involved the westernmost area of the Povalli, the Etruscan, favoured by use of writing, held economic and political control over a culturally heterogeneous territory, characterised by Ligurian and Celtic presences. In this period, the manifestation of worship are those typical of the Etruscan Italic word, linked to the offering of votive schematic bronzes, representing generic devotees, or in very case, the divinities. In western Emilia, the Etruscan preferred the occupation of strategic point to control the Valli routes, as we can see in the mountain areas of the Panaro, Secchia, and Sasamogia and Trebia valleys. Between the sixth and the fifth century BC, in these valleys it is possible to observe a network of small centuries and a simple saccela. In many cases, the sanctuary is represented by the same water spring, or by the mountain, natural trend room, toward which converges the rituality of the inhabitants of the area, and the wayfarers who travel along the important Valli routes, linking North Etruria with Etruria padana. These sanctuaries, that often lack durable wall structures, are characterised by the presence of small bronze donors, such as small and locally produced anthropomorphic and animals figurines, which in some cases reveal a Ligarian ancestry, as in the case of the donor of Montese, near Lake Bracciano. Before the Celtic invasion at the beginning of the fourth century BC, the archaeology documents the presence of Ligarian people in the high areas of the Apennine, and Celtic people in the high plains and hills. The stone of Bismant, but the real art of the regent Apennines, is located on the road that connects Pisa and the Cerchio Valli with the Po Interland. Here, the Etruscan presence is documented already from the 7th century BC. In the Hellenistic Age, the site was under Ligarian control. In particular, in this period, the attendance at the top of the plateau is documented by numerous brooches and a pearl in blue glass. Even if there is no certain evidence of the existence of a cult place, we can hypothesize the veneration that this particular rock formation may have inspired. We have also to consider that the mountain top was inhospitable for a permanent settlement, but not for ritual activities. On the Mount Barazzone in the Reggio Emilia area, on the slope of a look in the Riveranza, in 2010, metal objects were found during a survey. A small bronze ingot, free-to-created con stubs, free-chartose brooches, iron wapons including a tip of a spear, and a probably defuncionalized blade. The findings may be related to a votive deposit of a Ligarian chief burial located in a dominant position. Not far away, we find a similar situation on the Mount Valestra. On its summit, a defuncionalized sword attributed to the Latin Bichu was found. Traces of esposures of two fires suggest that this sword comes from the burial of a Ligarian military leader. The prestigious object had perhaps been exchanged within the circuit of the gift, aimed at strengthening the alliance between the Celtic and Ligarian components, which the sources document before the Roman conquest. Also coming from the mountain are testimonies of a Ligarian settlement documented by Ligarian and Etruscan pottery dating between the 3rd and the 1st century BC. The Ligarian presence in this period is due to the control of an important trans-opening route that is reactivated after the Celtic invasion of the 1st century BC. Proceeding to east to west, we find the Sella del Valoria, located in the up-and-enriched between Parma and Lunigiana, two kilometers from the modern Chisapas. The site was the object of very recent excavation campaigns that found traces of cult practices of the Iron Age linked to the passage of Etruscan Celts and Ligarians. Among the finds, there are an obelisk Masaliata of the type Alaru and a small bronze statue of Heracles, dated between the end of the 4th century and the beginning of the 3rd century BC. In the Val d'Arda, in Piacenza area, on the top of Mount Menegosa, fragment of Etruscan and Ligarian pottery, a truncated con stad and ceramic of goddess Echian origin were found. Just below the summit, a Fibula Certosa of the Ticino type, partly fused by lightning, was found. All the artifacts date back to the 5th century BC. The site, surrounded by steep slope, stood in a strategically important position but was inadequate to host a permanent settlement. The finding could therefore document traces of attendance related to the hilltop cult. Mount Menegosa is one of the offalites of the Emilia Romagna. These rocky masses of volcanic origin and blackish in color are particularly concentrated on the border with eastern Ligaria and the high valleys of the Tarot and Trebia. The site examined have some common features on which I would like to focus. Strategic position, intervisibility, liminality. The mountain brings men closer to the sky and therefore to the gods and they are naturally visible even at great distances. They are also an important point of reference for travelers, allowing them to find their way even along inaccessible paths. Not all mountains, however, are considered secret. The case examined show a concentration of sacred hilltop site in very precise point of the Emilian Apennine along those transapening routes that connect the Po Interland to North Etruria, through La Spezia and to Garfagnana. Those routes guarantee the communication between the Emilian Apennine and the Ligarian and Tuscany Apennines. Raw material, semi-finished and finished products traveled along these trade roads, some of which were already new during the Bronze Age. For example, between the 6th and the 5th century BC, metallurgical production was one of the mainstays of the Po Valley economy, although the region was free of metal deposits. The raw material came then from Ligaria, Tuscany, the Po and Alps, and received the first processing during the journey. The concentration of sacred area distributed along the way confirms the vitality of these trade roads. The sacred hilltop site were in fact part of a network of sacred areas and centuries, all equally displaced along the same routes. In the Upper Panaro Valley in Montese, not far from the Reno Valley, an important apennine route between Etruria Padana and Tyranian Etruria, the discovery of a votive donor to assume the presence of a sanctuary of high ground active from the middle of the 6th to the beginning of the 1st century BC. In Reggio Aria, the Surano Mountain concealed in its ornate the traces of a cult addressed to an infernal divinity, the Trascan Sur Suri. Coming from the pain below, a refragment of what is bronze statue of a human figure of a Trascan Padana tradition and the bronze weight. The strategic importance of the place is still documented in medieval times by a road that connected the mountain of Reggio Emilia to Alta Garfagnana. In Alta Garfagnana in the heart of the Epuan Alps, the cave known as Bucca di Castelvenere was a place of cultural activities from the late archaic age to the imperial age. The lack of documentation in the period between the 4th and the 2nd century was related to the presence in Garfagnana of Ligurian tribes coming from the north. A confirmation of the important link between cults and trade routes is given by the Heracles Road, mentioned by Pseudo Aristotle, a fundamental communication route to promote the Greek and the Trascan trade toward the French and Spanish coasts. This important Caravan route resumed the legendary route taken by Heracles with herds stolen from Gerion. A road made safe by the hero who defeated the barbarians preventing them from reading. I believe it is no coincidence that in the Sela del Valoria, which of Heracles was found, it is probably related to the cult of Heracles, spread in the 4th century BC by the Fossae of Marseille. The latter, in fact, used the myth of Heracles as a paradigm of commercial traffic with the Cisalpine, followed by the collapse of military and commercial Etrascan Povale following the Gallic invasion. The discovery of the obelisk Masaliota Allaru, dated to the middle of the 4th century BC, seemed to confirm my hypothesis. Also, the life of these centuries was linked to today's strategic position. Some Etrascan Ligurian centuries indeed have to be forgotten following the dissolution of the network of Etrascan control over the territory. The advent of the Gauls in the 4th century BC led to a new distribution of population and to interruption of many roads that connected the two sides of the mountain range. Another important feature of these mountains was the intervisibility. Some of these hilltop sites were even in visual connection with each other as in the case of Mount Barazzone and the Pietradipis Mountmot. From both peaks, it was also possible to see Mount Thesa, whose horny, perhaps high name of the Etrascan god, Texans. The same intervisibility characterized the Mount Menegosa, from which we can see Mount Peniche and Mount Alfio, but characterized by cult activities in the Roman period. The intervisibility between hilltop sites is one of the key elements to understand the happening landscape and interconnection of the sacred and the economics dynamics of this region. Following these visual paths, we discover a network of trade roads placed under the protection of superhuman hedges, whose names are unknown. People from different ethnic groups turn to these diving powers asking for protection along the way, each according to their own tradition and their own personal sensitivity. The third feature is the liminality of those sacred hilltop sites. We are far from the city and its political power. We are far from the urban landscape shaped by the political and religious authority. Those centric with natural vocation are places where communication between human and superhuman agents seems more genuine. The archaeological data confirms the simultaneous attendance of people from different origins. This allows us to imagine an interaction between local communities and also more simply between individuals. This is the case of Pietra di Bismantva and Montenegosa, where the material culture shows the contemporary presence of Etruscan and Ligarian people. Here we can observe the cult porosity and interplay between different ethnic groups that characterize this border territory. Furthermore, we have to consider that some of the rich territories were part of the Roman sources as Compasqua, territories for community use. This zone of transition between different areas acted as a boundary between distinct Ligarian groups. The intertribal grazing areas were subject to particular sacred constraints. In these areas, there were common cults, including hilltop cult and ancestors cult. In the examinated cases, the finding in the Baratsun and Valestra mountain seems to allude to these practices. The defuncialized weapons were perhaps donated to the diving entity represented by the mountain or belonged to a prominent figure of a Ligarian community who lived nearby. Buried in a dominant position, even an isolated burial along the ridge could take on the symbolic sense of a boundary and give secretness on the landscape. A few centuries later, the same places will try to escape the Roman conquest at the network of the centuriation and will assume the role of real places of memory and identity of the Ligarian communities. Last but not least, some of these mountains, such as the Bismant of Aston and Mount Menegosa, may have inspired a sense of particular veneration for their unusual shape or color. To conclude, the economic organization of this border territory influenced the geography of the secret, emphasized the role of some hilltop sites and favored the interplay between different human groups in the period before Romanization. Thanks for your attention.


So did you see the news about you didn't about there's been a lot of news Johnny Dapp will direct his first director effort in 25 years He's gonna direct it in 25 years from now his first directorial film in since in 25 since 25 years ago titled Modi it got you didn't it it's about like a Italian artist It Like and he's playing Modi Hey, welcome back to her see what ranks is up Corbyn. I'm Johnny Dapp falls in Instagram Twitter for more juicy content. Thanks for watching guns row like button So like the the the the first line of the the headline got me. I said Johnny Dapp will direct Modi It's first director effort in 25 years the biopic of Italian artist I can't say that name Medio the meddes will be led by Italian star got it Ricardo Scarmaccio Pierre Nini and a Lesser known actor by the name of Al Pacino. They're good friends. Yeah, I've been for a long time But yeah, I saw it. I was like he's doing what and was it spelled M. O. D. I'm okay Johnny Dapp is Modi Oh my god, I got was like that's what is happening. That's so funny. Anyways, that's not what this video is about at all I just thought it was hilarious. I agree today. So this video is actually really interesting It's called. Why is Bollywood obsessed with white dancers? Good question? Good question. I would like to know there seems to have been a Bucking of that trend in recent years. Thank God, but for decades There were too many white people Maybe it's because the white man suppressed them and put them on the back burner for so long Indians wanted to put white people on the back burner in the background. Maybe so maybe could be Sit back there colonizer exactly So this video is gonna go into a little depth of why where you know what? I was wondering during the coronation ceremony, which I didn't watch it Just saw pictures of it and I saw the song that was being sung Gross you heard about what it sounds like they're singing. Oh, yeah But I was watching the pictures and the different videos that were on the news in different places and all I could think to myself Was how many of those jewels came from India? Well the one in the crown. I I know the crown. I know here we go Yes It makes sense when you're doing a scene in New York or England You Are my son, yeah, that's genie. Okay, so she now runs an animal center in Goa, but 20 or years ago Oh, it's great entertainment and casting agency in London and that's when she met Bollywood producer So rose that you are up We did he was me he was really the first person wanted to have Western women in his movies And it was a different reason for context This is the same guy who has produced films like for here are very welcome and a water bugger Okay, we wanted women that would be willing to wear less clothes and kind of be the sit-down Interesting Western culture trying to paint their culture in other words the white women were willing to be more slutty Around that the Indian actually didn't want to do sounds I've never thought of that The Western vamp in Bollywood is a running archetype that originated in the 1950s The idea was simple Indian women heroines had to uphold our great Indian sanskar And so we used lose Western women to play the evil seductress on skit But here's how that changed to featuring groups of Western dancers in songs So I did quite a few films with furrows They're all quite small things and then after I did the awards ceremony and we did cabi cushy That's when things changed because yeah, she didn't want just particular looking girls He wanted a whole mix. He wanted it to be like because it was a university So he wanted people that were you know black white red head blonde all different shapes and sizes So that was quite refreshing the cabi kushi genie is referring to his current Joe has 2001 blockbuster film It was set in India and the UK 3KG was one of a slate of big budget 3KG No, 3KG Cursing on stories of NRIs With cabi kushi, cabi gam, Karan and Yash Johar went out of their way There's 3Ks to add up the scale and glamour quotient of the NRI film One of the greatest soundtracks in all of Bollywood He said look if I'm shooting this, if I'm making this movie that is supposed to be based out of London College then I can't have Indian dancers there So hence he then got these dancers Right, there's many times that happens It's in London or New York That makes more sense Now a leading wedding planner and previously an ad executive for over a decade who has been working with white performers since the trend began And I think for them onwards it created a trend of getting an international dancers to make the background look beautiful, to make the picture song look really sexy to make the whole environment look a notch higher I mean Gora skin always works in these kind of surround exist So unfortunately I think that's how it is Aditya Bluntly states the philosophy of much of the ad in entertainment world back then And even today, though conversations about representation, beauty norms and colourism have become more mainstream Our old ideas of Gora skin being equal to glam remain strong I think originally when we first got the request to come through in the late 1990s and 2000s Western artists were exotic and for a national audience in India they probably hadn't been exposed to western types of dancing They were fresh talents to expose to an audience of millions and millions in India For the NRIs or the Indian diaspora living in other areas of the world it was probably enjoyable for them to see other countries reflected in these films to feel that they can still stay connected to India No matter that these people are going out to Switzerland, UK, America, Spain All these wonderful countries Upon release when K3G became one of the biggest domestic hits in India and number three at the global box office in the UK Success and success in featuring white dancers would become a staple not just in big budget Bollywood songs but also beyond After K3G it became a big trend I still use the foreign dancers and the Indian dancers' fuses together They look really beautiful There was Mahalagala, there was Johnny Gaddaar also where I wanted to infuse our dancers Ads have shot a lot with a lot of international dancers the British dancers where there was a tea bag ad I remember there was a DOI What really motivated British dancers to travel across the world to perform in India Hi, my name is Guntha Smith My role in I did two films in Bollywood which one was Kabakushi Kabikan and the other one was Kalwanao Pay wasn't anywhere to what we would have got paid in England but it's all about the experience You get to see a different country and you get to travel and sometimes you take less payment to experience that I was smiling just thinking about it In fact most dancers didn't seem to know much about Bollywood before they came here All I knew that it was very extravagant compared to kind of like here in the UK lots of colours, lots of dancers everyone very happy, everyone you know the moves, everything all in unison For most young British dancers like Guntha and Clinton it was about the experience of coming to India getting to be in a Bollywood film sometimes clubbing the shoot with a trip to the Taj Mahal They made the most of being here and had a blast on shoot Others, especially women, it could seem like a big career move As I was at university studying performing arts I was studying dance, drama, music and started doing castings and auditions and this casting came up for a part in a Bollywood movie and I just thought this is it, this is my chance to get out to India That's Anna Edwards, a British model, performer and actress who auditioned for her first Bollywood movie role about 20 years ago She wasn't sure whether she was cast as a dancer or an actor back then and her experiences highlight the absurdity of the industry trend The director comes up and tells me that I'm shooting with this snake and I was like okay and then this basket gets carried over to where I am on set and I was hardly wearing anything I was kind of wearing like a bikini sort of thing because they were going to wrap me in purple and red silks and then on comes this guy with his snake in his basket and he takes the lid off the basket and it was a stick I was going to say it looks like a python The body of it was... The head looks like a python Is this for real? They genuinely wanted me to lie on the floor That's usually said in the casting notes And I still didn't actually understand what the scene was and I can remember just looking at the director and saying oh my god can I just have a minute to get used to what's going on here and he was like we don't have a minute Anna Get on with it The stereotypes about western women that Bollywood have been perpetuating over the decades translated into western women's treatment of screen recording We just watched it We just watched it and commented on All the Way Women Because at the time it wasn't very common for western girls to go and work in India I found that there was a false perception of western girls From seeing what we saw Western people I would say we have western dancers and you would have them clothed in the smaller things So the girls would be in a cabi-douche They were in a little bra top and short skirts and things like that But the Hindi dancers were so poor You didn't have that So there was that element to it Where western dancers were allowed to put them in this But you know They weren't allowed to be put in this I kind of got that because religions and that kind of thing But why is it acceptable to put that onto another nation onto somebody that's not from my Yes we had to put up with some challenging behaviour from male dominated industry But we broke the ice and that's how I see it K3G clearly made it cool to feature western dancers in films But there were other factors that pushed the trend to feature white dancers in particular For one Non-stop they were using the foreign dancers and that time she started with London British dancers Then other countries came in Australian dancers Especially Russia, Ukraine and everything mixed and matched And there were other things started opening They started using them commercially for their corporate, for birthday parties and everything So it became weird suddenly The market has become the people They started opening the business that way Once this trend began to pick up Producers and agencies started realising that hiring from eastern European countries with weaker currencies made more sense Since they could be paid lower wages and were more willing to relocate to and work out of India I just think the kind of people that started to be booked They weren't trained dancers They didn't have any skill sets They were quite happy to work longer hours for less money So it made it more difficult for us to hire dancers It's not such a novelty for them to come over anymore They've been before They know that the money is not good in the hours along They've already ticked off their list So it became harder and harder to find people that wanted to come The Yash Raj film, Joom Barabor Joom was Jeanie's last gig After which the changing economics of the business made her leave this industry and show business far behind But the trend still lives on Even as Bollywood itself changes form with the rise of the Pan India blockbuster Dance halls around the country continue to feature white background dancers This was supposed to be in London This night club scene But we shot it here Oh my God I haven't seen this for ages I'm going to have this in my head I don't know This song got used over and over again for other things as well It makes a lot of sense Actually, now that I think about it is the wanting scandalous dancing and scandalous women to wear scandalous clothing but not want to taint the Indian culture with having Indian women in it It makes absolute sense in that regard The other thing that they didn't cover that I'm guessing it was intentional I don't know When was this video made? Two months ago Without question And we know this by reason of those we've talked to over the years videos we've seen about this particular topic specifically about agencies and the film industry a huge reason that they didn't talk about and I don't know where it would stand as far as the larger reason but it's a big one was they have white skin There's a reason that there has been the predominance of lightening creams and the ill treatment of particularly women who have dark skin and using white girls propagates and perpetuates this fake ideal that you're more beautiful the whiter you are I wish they had talked about that because not talking about that seems particularly disingenuous It's really interesting One made video though by the way Very well done I just wish they had covered that reality because it is very much a dark underbelly and if you're going to tell why Bollywood is obsessed with white dancers you've got to be honest about the good reasons as well as the really bad reasons and they left out the bad reasons The channel is the swaddle The swaddle Did they create the video or just publish the video? I believe it's their video Really cool to see some of the dancers that were involved then and to hear some of the input and all of that makes so much sense They probably hire white actors the exact same way which is why they're terrible The great white goat Mark Bennington It's true but the reason that the goat is working so consistently is because Mark lives in India It's much much easier to have him work because you don't have to fly him in from the United States or from London and he's already living within a context where he understands the pay rate What's this? We need to portray a white man It says we need to portray a white man and every frame is Mark Bennington He's a great guy and he has a great book by the way if you don't know that look it up Mark has a really great book If you only have one good white actor why not use him over? He has said because I've talked to him about many things and one of those things is many different times talked with Andrani about what would life look like if we lived in India or at least had a home there and a home here and Mark's reply to me was you'd work all the time bud as we know a huge lack of talented actors and the big reason for that is how much it fricking costs even when you do something which you have to do for most projects in India when you have to do something for sag actors like we are and you do it under what's called the one rule it's an allowance for a film that's out of sag jurisdiction to use a sag actor it's used frequently for international films however there's still going to come an expectation for the compensation to be commiserate to what you would make at basic scale which is going to be way beyond what you'd pay an actor to do that role if you hired them in India and plus flying and accommodations basically why if you live there you basically will give up your sag that's what Mark did Mark's not sag anymore but he makes a good living over there absolutely he does he's working all the time he teaches acting classes good for him anyways a good video let us know what you thought about the video and any other videos we can react to down below


This is the Big Picture, an official television report of the United States Army, produced for the armed forces and the American people. Now to show you part of the Big Picture, here is Master Sergeant Stuart Quain. One of the most important lessons our nation has learned in its years of strength and leadership is that it does not stand alone in its resistance to the Communist threat of domination. Indeed it cannot. That resistance is and must be a band of steel unifying the entire free world. Knowing this, we realize that weakness anywhere in that chain of resistance is a serious and perhaps could even be a mortal threat to our security. It is for this reason that part of our defense effort goes into shoring up the military strength of those free nations which need and request our help. Nowhere are the will and the strength to resist more vital to us than in the Far East, some of which is already heavily scarred by communist aggression since World War II. Passions not known to us stir many of these lands, war and its holocaust, the struggle for and birth of independence. These and others have brought their special problems. In eight of these countries, we offer some form of military assistance. Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, the Philippines, Taiwan, or as it is known to many of us, Formosa, Korea, and Japan. Our big picture camera under the supervision of Captain Gaitano Files has traveled to this part of the world recording for you the story of these colorful and exotic countries and how they and we have been strengthened by the work of our military assistance advisory groups stationed there. Today we are going to bring you that story. The first country we shall visit will be Thailand. Thailand's bustling capital city of Bangkok is the hub of the country's commercial and political life. Its colorful markets reflect the ancient and unchanging aspects of life for the Thai people who number more than 20 million, composed of many races which have settled here. The canals that crisscross the city are another unique characteristic. For centuries, these waterways have been heavy with life and commerce, with people living in sandpans along the bank and boats bringing rice into the crowded city from the surrounding countryside. Thailand is a religious country. About 95% of the people are devout Buddhists. Buddhism is the state religion headed by the king, and the enormous monuments and statues attest the abiding faith which is a significant part of the lives of the Thai people. The importance of the religious life is mirrored also in the magnificent temples whose histories reach back deep into the national culture and the Buddhist monasteries which are found in every community. Fiercely proud of their independence and alert to the need for common defense, Thailand requests and receives vital assistance from the United States, including help given by a joint U.S. military advisory group. This assistance, designed to bolster Thailand's military establishment so it will have the strength to resist aggression, has different forms. It includes the advisory work of American military personnel who help the nation in its program of defense planning. It includes also the actual supply by our country of material and equipment essential to Thailand's military strength and defense capability. Military advisors from each of America's armed forces are on duty in Thailand to assist the country in the training of its military force and in the use of new equipment which the country has had no experience in using. Thailand responds with energy and dedication to this program of developing its fighting muscle. As a result, the proud and independent nation is slowly but unmistakably developing the look of formidable force, one with the strength to give meaning to its determination. And of that determination, there is no doubt. Pride in its history of independence and the will to continue it vibrate clearly in Thailand's national life. It is an active member, indeed the only one of its immediate neighbors to belong to the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. An answer in terms of mutual protection pledges to the menace of international communism. Thus a major leading role among the free nations of Southeast Asia is assumed today by Thailand, whose very name means Land of the Free. The new young republic of South Vietnam against a bloody backdrop of eight years of war brought by communist-led guerrillas. A bitter and prolonged conflict had left the nation of Vietnam divided into free and communist zones. Following the ceasefire, the free zone of South Vietnam secured its independence from France, which since the 18th century had dominated the area formerly known as Indochina, and by referendum it established the National Republic. Today with that long dreamed of prize of independence a reality, the serious young republic is determined to keep it secure. As with Thailand, South Vietnam receives invaluable assistance from the United States in giving punch to this determination. Equipment and material with which to build an effective military strength, and expert advice in the know-how of operating the tools and equipment of modern war. Figurous and serious about the challenge facing them, strongly desirous of making themselves invincible against any future attempt at aggression, the Vietnamese are responsive pupils, adapting themselves quickly to the techniques of modern war. The people of Vietnam live with a culture that is both rooted deep in Oriental tradition, and rich as well with the influence of the West. The streets of their large cities are much like the boulevards of Paris. But the marketplace is that found in every country in Asia. Living in fertile soil which gives them a heavy surplus of rice for export, the Vietnamese are today as they have been for centuries industrious tillers of their land, and proficient in the ancient and lovely skills of their heritage. A land of endless contrasts, Vietnam exhibits an almost incredible beauty. Rich in tradition it keeps alive an ancient legend that the dragon of Vietnam will always arise to throw off oppression. Forward-looking and realistic, South Vietnam today with the help of American aid is giving the dragon of its honored legend the teeth he needs to keep the young republic strong and free. Another newly independent nation receiving American aid and acting as host to a U.S. military assistance and advisory group lies to the west of South Vietnam. It is the kingdom of Cambodia also formerly a part of what was Indochina. Here as elsewhere in Southeast Asia, American aid has the same purpose to give the country the strength that needs to withstand aggression. But this aid is extended and received in a somewhat different environment than that of Thailand or Vietnam. Unlike the Thais, the Cambodians are not members of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. They are not like the South Vietnamese markedly pro-western. They maintain a rigidly neutral policy, aligning themselves with neither west nor east on a dominant struggle of these times. But so long as that neutrality is effective, communism can gain no inroads in Cambodia. Provided the country is strong enough to resist the encroachment it does not want. And American aid such as that given by our military assistance and advisory group in Cambodia is designed precisely to provide the strength. U.S. needs and wants allies in its stand against the ever-present threat of international communism. But it cannot realistically insist on such alliance as the price of economic and military aid. For much of the security of the free world rests with the determination of the uncommitted countries such as Cambodia to stand in their own way against aggression. Cambodia is studded with relics of an historic past reaching back to the splendor of the Khmer Empire which flourished between the 10th and 14th centuries. The colorful customs of long ago live on such as the retreat of the water ceremony. Each river village sends a boat to compete in races on this festive occasion which comes after the wet season each year when the king commands the waters of the river to reverse and flow once more to the sea. The river at night comes alive with the lavish signs of the country's most spectacular national celebration. The people too, descendants of the ancient Khmer's reflect a way of life unbroken with the culture of the past. In many ways life does not change much in the ancient land of Cambodia. But in other ways life is changing here. There is a stirring in this land of people working to make the fruits of their independence secure. The construction of a 130-mile road from the capital city of Banang Ben to the sea is representative of the projects underway. The road will promote trade bringing new economic benefits and working skills to the people of Cambodia. To the Cambodians it is a project of great importance to their hope of standing as a strong and free nation and it is being accomplished with the help of American aid. Laos is the third nation along with Vietnam and Cambodia of what was Indochina. A remote inland kingdom surrounded by Vietnam, China, Burma, Thailand and Cambodia it is difficult to reach. Laos is a constitutional monarchy where more than one million subjects are ruled temporarily and spiritually by their head of state, the king.  The independence that came to them along with their neighbors earlier in this decade sits well with the Laotians even though life here too goes on very much as it has for hundreds of years. A religion, Buddhism is as it has always been to Laotians an integral part of existence weaving its way through every aspect of their daily life. The Buddhist monasteries are centers of learning where every male citizen traditionally spends some time during his life. The devout faithful support these monasteries with their gifts. Buddhism is a gentle and peaceable religion which forbids its followers to harm any living creature and promises them an end to suffering in the nirvana after a series of successive lives and rebirths. Buddhahood, the state of enlightenment, is theoretically possible for any devout male Buddhist to attain. But Laos is not living in the past any more than its neighbors around it are. The land is marked with signs of new development, new construction. Its remoteness from the world is being steadily eliminated with the improvement of its primitive highways, impassable in the monsoon season, and American aid is making much of this vital work possible. American aid to Laos is restricted by the terms of the Geneva ceasefire agreement which brought an end to the spreading war in Vietnam. Laotian army has some personal knowledge of the communist menace. In the later months of the war in Indochina communist rebels invaded Laos, penetrating to within 20 miles of its capital. By the time of the ceasefire they had been pushed back to two northeastern provinces by French troops and the Laotian army, which stands today as the hope of the nation's defense. The Philippine Republic was plagued by years of harassing warfare brought by communist-led rebels called the Hooks after World War II. But the Philippine army defeated the Hooks and brought peace once again to their land. The Philippine army which accomplished this is a tough, aggressive force which works diligently at the job of training. Today the Philippine armed forces are composed of five major commands. A compulsory military training program is in operation and the entire military establishment has one primary goal to make itself prepared to protect its country's security against any enemy. The joint U.S. military advisory group whose mission is to help the Philippines attain their goal of self-protection is one of the first such groups established by our country. In as much as the United States has been deeply involved in the reorganization of the Philippine army and other armed forces, help in working out the military equipment and supplies needed has been and continues to be of great importance. Equipment supplied by the United States is of many kinds. Arms to the Philippines as to all countries receiving military aid are supplied as part of the Mutual Defense Assistance Program. Assistance in troop training, technical and combat training alike also continues to be an important part of our help. Training of Filipino troops is not a new experience for the U.S. army. It organized the Philippine scouts in 1901, shortly after the United States took over the Philippines as its possession. The army used the Philippine scouts as part of its own force in several small engagements and then in World War II against the Japanese invaders of the island. The American army has always maintained a deep respect for the Philippine soldier, his quickness to learn, his adaptability and his performance on the field of battle. The account given by Philippine troops during World War II, the heroic stand at Batan and Corregidor when three out of four defenders were Filipino and the record of guerrilla warfare in the Japanese occupation that followed are by now legendary in the annals of war. Philippine troops fought bravely with the United Nations forces in Korea. The Philippine Republic's passionate defense of the cause of freedom is not dimmed today. Aside from Thailand, it is the only nation in the Far East receiving help through a U.S. military advisory group which belongs to the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. America's special interest in the Philippine soldier is a reflection of its interest in the Republic he is part of. A country which was given its independence by the United States after almost half a century as a U.S. possession. The Philippine Republic's democratic government is one of the strongest links in the community of free nations. And its people joined with the United States in a common interest built out of years of friendship and mutually shared ideals are among our staunchest allies in the stand against the common danger. Once called Formosa by the Western world holds a position of distinction in the Far East. On this island less than half the size of South Carolina for years hardly noticed by the world at large events of international consequence now focus compelling attention. It is chiefly known as the present home of the nationalist Chinese those who fled China's mainland when it fell to the communist forces but that is a new role. It is also a land with its own culture, its own industrious people and a history that has not treated it kindly. A possession of China it was occupied by the Japanese for half a century before World War II. Formosans emerged from that experience knowing life to be hard and grim. Today the future of Formosa is one of the world's great question marks. Invasion by the red Chinese who have never seized voicing their war like intentions remains a constant possibility. America's military assistance and advisory group stationed here has a never-ending task of helping the Chinese nationalists and Formosan forces train to defend themselves against such an attack. Amphibious training becomes particularly important to troops on an island so close to a hostile and threatening port. American experience based on its island hopping operations during the war is of enormous help. For the Chinese army which is always fought in the interior never had much combat practice in amphibious assault. Training in all kinds of modern warfare with the help not only of American advice but equipment and supply as well goes on without let up on the island of Formosa by as determined a fighting force as exists in the world today. Under Chiang Kai-shek's leadership the men of free China's armed forces devoutly believe they will one day regain possession of their mainland which lies under red control. It is a proud and defiant hope held despite the skepticism of much of the rest of the world by men who have sacrificed much in their refusal to be Communist Dominic. However the future treats them these spirited men stand today in the frontline of the free world's defense. Korea has a symbolic meaning to today's world unmatched by any nation in the far east and nowhere in the whole vast range of military assistance which America provides to nations throughout the free world is the story of the beginning of that assistance rooted in such dire necessities. The Korean military advisory group, predecessor of today's MAG had an urgent mission to train South Korean soldiers into an effective defense against the Communist invaders bringing destitution and widespread destruction to their land. By the time hostilities ended the Republic of Korea's army was a first-rate fighting force. Today the military assistance and advisory group in Korea continues the program of aiding in the training of the South Korean army teaching them the most modern methods of war and the best use of the arms they get from the United States. This training shows dramatic effect. Rebuild after suffering more than a million casualties in the war the South Korean army today as it guards the uneasy border which divides its nation is efficient and strong the fourth largest standing army in the world. American aid to Korea has been important to that beleaguered nation and to the cause of freedom in the world for many years now it continues to be no less important today. In their amazing progress toward recovery from a devastation in war unequal since the time of Carthage the Korean people show a spirit quite in keeping with that manifested by their army. Their courageous dedication to the hard tasks of reconstruction in a divided land is a testimonial to what they have already proved in hardship and suffering. They stand firm against communist designs. Japan has a special distinction among the nations under study in this report. Japan is the only one which the United States once entered as an occupation force. Today so swift have been the events of the post-war world that only a fast fading national memory can recall the victorious march of American troops through the streets of Tokyo after Japan's capitulation in World War II. The defeated nation lay in ruins then buried under the ugly ashes of a war begun in a vain belief in invincibility and ending in destruction. Japan today has risen far out of the humiliation of its defeat. It has rebuilt and it has reformed. It has made the revolutionary change from a totalitarian nation to a constitutional monarchy. The major share of the credit for this of course goes to the industrious Japanese people themselves but it is also true that much of it was accomplished in a successful American occupation without parallel in history with American energies and aid focused on the problem of rehabilitation. America's military assistance and advisory group represents today's version of the aid necessary to Japan and the totally changed attitude of the free world toward Japan itself. Once it was believed that Japan should remain a demilitarized state but it has so conclusively proved its right to take its place among the free nations of the earth that a good part of American aid today is directed to an effort to help Japan build an effective defense force capable of protecting itself against aggression. American troops are not in Japan today as an occupation force. The peace treaty ending the spectacularly amicable occupation is now several years old but American troops are there as advisors helping the troops of the new Japan adapt to the techniques of modern war in a continuation of the solid and durable friendship uniting Japan and the United States. Japan's army-type power is called the ground self-defense forces established during the occupation as the National Police Reserve and later known as the National Safety Force composed of a new generation of Japanese fighting men and patterned on the organization of the U.S. Army it is a serious and determined force already well capable of taking care of its country's internal security diligently and steadily it trains to achieve the capability of providing an adequate defense of Japan the goal set in the peace treaty. The new Japan which faces its future proudly and with confidence is rewarding evidence of what American aid can accomplish for this once bitter enemy of freedom is today one of the most valuable components in the entire world of free men. Our military aid to the nations of the Far East is one of the most effective defenses the free world has against communist aggression in that most vital area. Now this is Sergeant Stewart Queen your host for The Big Picture The Big Picture is an official television report for the armed forces and the American people produced by the Army Pictorial Center presented by the United States Army in cooperation with this station


TFNN headline news update. Good morning everybody. I'm Tommy O'Brien, coming to you live from TFNN 9am Eastern Time, December 31st, New Year's Eve. Hope everybody stays safe out there. No drunk driving, take an Uber, take a Lyft. That's a free ad for them, but it's too easy, folks. Be safe tonight.  New Year's Eve been quite a year in the markets. We're starting off the final trading day of the 2010 decade, going into 2020. We have a little bit of negative action in the market. S&P futures, negative by four right now, trading at 32.19, NASDAQ futures, negative by 18, trading at 87.15, that's NASDAQ 100, Dow futures, negative by 37 points, trading at 28,403. We'll start things off. We have a chart of the S&P up here. You can see the high going back to early Friday morning in the S&P, 32.54 right now. We just hit 32.16, 75, just below the lows that we had yesterday, currently trading right at that level, 32.17, 50, S&P's up almost 30% for the year. It has been quite a better year for the markets. Jumping over, we'll start things off with the VIX. How about a little bit of spike in the volatility? We've been flirting with 15 right now. Pretty remarkable. Almost all-time highs in the VIX, showing a little bit of volatility premium being priced into this market. We'll jump through some of the indices. There's your Dow 30, currently trading 28,386. We were as high as 28,483, so you're about 100 points off of where we were trading that at about 5.30 AM this morning. NASDAQ 100, trading at 87.10. We were as high as about 87.47, just three hours ago. Here's your S&P that we covered, currently trading 32,1750. Crude oil with some volatility this morning as well. We were up there at 61.82. We just traded down about $1.00. You have crude trading at $60.88. Gold contract, quite a spike overnight, yet gold. Trade up to 15.28, currently trading at 15.24. Gold catching quite a bit as we end 2019. And the Euro-US dollar, we have some dollar weakness. Euro strength, Euro trading at 1.1038. In terms of what else you have happening in the market, pretty remarkable year. Apple and Microsoft doesn't get much better than those. Apple, 85% on the year, Microsoft, 55%, two of the biggest gainers in the S&P 500 when you talk about market cap, quite a year it's been for sure. Stay tuned, folks. We got our man Larry Pesimento coming up live right now at 9 o'clock. I'll be back at 10 o'clock with Tom. It's New Year's Eve, but we have live programming all the way till 4 o'clock today, folks. Stay safe. Have a great New Year's Eve. We'll be right back.


To connect the next 500 million, mobile marketers will have to be brave. And I hope you can join me at the Mobile Marketing Conference Greenwich 2020 on November 19 and 20, where I will share brand new research on why marketers in the mobile space will have to be brave and more importantly, how to be brave. I'm Thomas Barther. I'm the author of the leadership book, The Twelve Powers of a Marketing Leader. And I look forward to my session at Greenwich 2020. I hope to see you there.


Hello everyone, welcome to another video. Now, I just thought I'd make this video to officially respond to some of the things that have been said about me and other vegans in the media. Now, I've got a copy of the times here. Now, the vegan thing has gone viral across the media UK wide, and also in Australia, media has contacted me about this as well. Now, I'm going to tell you where this all started. A lady from the BBC contacted me about a week or two ago and wanted to do a piece on vegan activism. And she came out and filmed us doing some activism and did a story with us on the BBC. She also contacted Ed and got Ed to do a live debate with a farmer which turned out really well. I was then asked later on after this Ed to go on the Jeremy Vine show. Now, Jeremy Vine is a popular radio and TV presenter. I wasn't aware of who he was but I went on his show anyway. And what ended up happening is he had a ham sandwich on the table. I proceeded to educate him on what happens to pigs being gas chambered in the UK. Hello Jeremy, how are you? I don't know whether you're angry today or just generally about the whole thing.  Probably pushed into a gas chamber because that's the most humane method for stunning pigs in the UK, a gas chamber. He round me up a little bit. He brought the intensity of the conversation up higher and I didn't bring the conversation back down like I usually do. In retrospect, looking back at that interview with Jeremy Vine, I could have been a little bit calmer, not let my emotions get in the way. I let my emotions run the conversation and I kind of fulfilled the angry vegan stereotype that they wanted me to. Now, people misconstrued my passion for anger. It's always the way. But what's happened is the media have taken that interview and they have, you know, taken it and ran with it. They ran with it.  But what they are doing is they are tarnishing vegans with the same brush. Now, vegans go nuts with threats to farmers. I don't know where they're getting this from, but they're saying that vegans are giving farmers death threats and they're putting my face under these headlines. I mean, if you look at all of these newspaper articles that's a face of me and saying that vegans want to murder farmers and all of these things that the media do to try to get a good story. I want to publicly say that I condemn any death threats from either side. Okay, if we just look through my Facebook inbox, I could show you many death threats coming from non vegans and farmers saying they're going to slip my throat and all of that. But I would like to see the evidence of these actual death threats from vegans to farmers. And if I do see evidence of them, I would publicly condemn them myself because that is not the type of advocacy I promote. Now, all of my workshops on vegan advocacy are online. Okay, and I promote a polite, respectful dialogue with Socratic Method, polite education. That's the type of advocacy I promote. So I publicly condemn any death threats.  I do not hate farmers.  Okay, that's what I hate and that's what I'm against. I understand that farmers are just a product of conditioning.  So really, it's the consumers that are putting farmers in work like this. That's the first thing I want to respond to.  We want a peaceful world. That's what we want. And farmers are not the enemy. The practice of enslaving, exploiting and killing animals is the enemy. Okay, we want to educate farmers and hopefully get them to transition to plant-based alternatives. With Jeremy Vine.   I'll get into that. I've spent many hours out the front of gas chambers here in the UK, in Australia. And it's very distressing to hear pigs thrashing and screaming through their last moments. And then when he waves a ham sandwich, I really felt compelled to educate Jeremy about it. So Jeremy, mate, no hard feelings from my side. And the media have really taken this story and ran with it. Now, who knows, this could possibly be a good thing for the animals. I mean, they're giving me a bit of a voice here to speak up. But I just really wanted to publicly address this media charade that's happening right now. Nearly every single newspaper in the UK, Scotland, I've been on radio here in Ireland. Australian media have gotten in contact with me as well. Attacking my character a little bit, calling me an ex-prisoner, an ex-gang member, you know, ex-drug dealer and all this, which is what the media are going to do. But I want people to stop looking at my character and my personality and start looking at what I am saying. Okay, listen to what I am saying. And it's about animals. Listen to what I'm saying about the animals. I want people to start looking right into this. So that is my official position on this. I do not hate farmers. I do not want threats from vegans to farmers. That is not how we create positive change. Okay, but in these situations, we always need perspective. Okay, we're having names called on either side. Oh, a little bad name called to a farmer. Is that in perspective really as bad as forcibly breeding animals into existence? Okay, for the sole purpose of slitting their throats for profit. Because all animals in every single industry to do with animal products, eggs, dairy, flesh, wool, they all finish off with a knife across their throat. Now, if you put that into perspective, who's the real victim here? Is it me? Am I being victimized because I'm getting little names called to me in the media? Is it the farmers who are getting so-called death threats, which we haven't seen evidence of? Okay, they haven't produced any evidence of these death threats. But is it the farmers? Is it the vegans? Or is it the animals? Okay, this is the perspective we need in these situations. Now, I'll always speak for animals no matter what. This is what I'm here for. I'm here to spread the truth about this. The truth cannot be long hidden, okay? It's coming to the surface. They cannot hide what happens in that slaughterhouse. They might like to portray this humane farm propaganda. Look, we look after our animals on the farm. Yes, but when you send them on that truck, you send them through those doors to get their throat slashed open. Show the public that part of it, okay? Show the public that part of it. Alright, so that's my official response to this media tirade. And stay tuned. I've got a lot of videos to come. I've got a few radio things to upload, a few debates, and we'll see you in the next Vegan Prophecy video. The Vegan Prophecy is happening, okay? It's already happened in my mind, okay? A vegan world is inevitable.


Hi everyone, nice to meet you. I have a few questions for you. So who here knows JWTs? Knows them, uses them, cool. Who here knows how JWTs were born? How they came to life? Yeah, good. Okay, so the rest of you that don't know how JWTs were born, you're going to learn today. Isn't that cool? I think that's awesome. But then again, I like to talk about these things. And you're also going to see your first JWT. So I hope you enjoy your time with me today. And let's talk about JWTs. But before I get started, let me introduce myself. Hi, I'm Jess. You can call me Jess. Jessica is too formal. So hi. Only my mother calls me Jessica, I think. I work at Auth0, which is part of Octa.  Basically, this means that we make it as easy as possible for you to implement the authorizations and authentication flows on your web apps, apps and APIs or whatever you need to do an authentication flow. As my host said, I have a podcast in Brazil, my colleagues that do the podcast with me here today. I'm so excited. Thank you. And I do Git Vicious, which is a Git study collections card. So if you need help with Git, go there. It might help you. And you can find me on most social networks under the handle, just in parallel. So disclaimer, first things first. Usually I call JWTs. JWTs, I say the three little letters. But if you come from an English speaking country, you probably heard the name Jot. That's the name of JWTs. Where I'm from is usual to use the three letters. And I'm going to be speaking JWTs or Jots throughout this talk. So keep that in mind. Now disclaimer over. And it's going to be some cold at the end, so don't worry. So it's impossible to talk about Jots or JWTs without speaking about the JSON object signing encryption, which is an amazing effort to create a collection of standards and patronizations about the web, and specifically JSON objects. And today we're going to speak about one RFC. That's our main focus. That's the RFC 7519. That's commonly known as the Jot specification. And that's going to be the things that we're going to talk about. It's going to be in there. And usually a JWT is a standardized string that represents some information. So it conveys some meaning depending on your systems and your situation. And so let's break it down. So JSON is the object, is the way that we're going to structure the information we're going to carry from 1.A to 1.B. Web is where this information is going to be carried over. So it has a space constrained environment. So that's how it's going to outline most of the things that we do with JWTs. And token usually is a unique identifier and that is specific to context. So it can only convey meaning depending on context. And if you've never seen a JWT before, I know some of you already have. So this structure will be familiar to you. But at the first glance, this looks like a random sequence of characters, letters, numbers, and other characters. But if you take a closer look, it actually has a three-part structure, the header, the payload, and the signature. So let's break this down a little bit more. So the header contains information about the token itself. What type of token it is, what algorithms were used for signing and creating that token. So you basically take a JSON object for us in Python, which I love. It is a dictionary kind of information structure. And you encode it into base 64. And notice the word is encoding, not encrypting. So anyone that knows how to decode a base 64 string knows how to get this information back. The second part is the payload. That's the coolest part, or at least one of those coolest parts. That carries information about a given resource. If we are talking about a logging scenario, this would be information about the user, for example. You might have information about me in a hypothetical scenario. So my name, my last name, and when I created that set of informations and what is the subject, that would be the subject of the token. Well, a user, in this case, me. And it is important to notice that both the payload and the header are only base 64 encoded. And each part of this JSON object, or this dictionary, if you prefer, it is a what we call a claim. So each key value pair is a claim. It is the most basic structure inside of JWT. And we have three types of claims. Why not? Right? The first type are the reserved claims. These come from the job specification. So these are standardized by the job specification. You can have a subset of the claims in the specification, or all of them. It depends on each case. And will depend on your case. And the reserved claims come from the specification only. And information like who is the subject of the token, who created the token, when the token was created, and what is like the expiry date of the token. Good. And the second type are the public claims. Those are standardized in a way by IANA, one of the organizations on the Internet. And they idealized for us to have some sort of interoperability in between systems. I love the word, even though it's very hard to say in English and in Portuguese, too. So the idea is that everyone would speak the same language when creating, when using claims they are standardized by IANA. So, for example, instead of using first name to refer to the first name of the user, we'd use given name. Instead of using family name, instead of using last name, we would use family name. And so on and so forth. And guess what? This list is extensive. That is a lot of public claims that you can use already. But in case you need a very specific claim for your systems to work, there's another type of claim that you can use. And those are the private claims. They are particular to your system and your situation. And they can be anything that you want, really, anything. And as long as you keep in a valid JSON format or dictionary, and we know that we can validate these kind of things in Python in a very easy way, you can have any information in there. But the more information you have, the bigger the output stream you're going to get. So try to be mindful of the information that you put on the JSON Web token. And try to keep it only the relevant data in there. And you're going to see a little bit, you know, in a little bit, why? Now, the signature. I left this part for last. Well, because it comes last. And because it's a little bit different from the header and the payload. The signature takes the header and the payload into account. And it passes this information inside of an algorithm to, well, sign the token. And, well, here I have an example of an algorithm that has 256. It only takes a secret together with these information from the payload and the header. And, well, this secret is actually not as good. It usually would be something like this, a random string generated by secret generators. Please. This is only an example. Don't use this in production. But the idea is the same. And there are two types of algorithms you can use. The IHS 256, my Portuguese almost spilled, is a symmetrical algorithm. It only takes a secret both for signing the token and for verifying or validating the token. In Python, depending on the package or library that you are using, it would mean that you would probably decode the token, even though the code is not the correct term for verifying a token. There are the type of algorithms that you have, and that's the one that I like the most, the asymmetrical algorithms. And you can notice here we use two different keys for asymmetrical algorithms. One key for signing, that's the private key, and a public key for verifying the token. And the cool thing about this is the public key, you can share it with everybody else. So in case you ever sign a token, somebody can check whether or not you signed the token, because there is a way for you to share the public key for people to validate the token. And there is a format to do that. Part of the Jose, the JSON object signing and encryption, is JSON web key that comes from a different RFC, the 7517. And it specifies the format, also a JSON object, for you to share the public key. And if you never see one, it looks a little bit like this. Of course, it's longer, I shortened it for it to fit on the slides. And the cool thing about this is because keys are bound for by mathematical properties, you need to know each parameter to generate a key, and what is the relationship between the public and the private key. But another cool thing, you don't need to know all of these things about the mathematics and the functions for creating the key. Most packages and libraries today, they already take care of that for you. And if you're following OIDC or interact with the API and systems that follow OIDC, they probably have a well-known endpoint that you can retrieve these set of keys. So you can just send the endpoint link for the package, and they'll be fine. The package will know what to do. Now, let's see some code, because why not? So if you are dealing with JWTs, you probably want to verify it. And I'm using PyJWT or PyJot, a library that a colleague develops and maintains. And this is an example token, so keep that in mind. It's not a real case token. I created just for this talk. And if you import JWT, that is from PyJWT, and you create your token as a string, you're going to be able to validate it. And there is a couple of things that you can do while validating your tokens. But the simplest case is to import JWT, pass along the string of your token, and use PyJWT, or in this case, JWT object, to decode the token by passing along the token string, and passing along the key or secret, in this case, it's a secret, because this token was generated using a symmetric algorithm that I already know, and it's super secret, as you can see. And then you can pass what algorithms were used for signing the token. And I cannot code without making typos, so you can see there in the recording too. So once you decode it, if everything is successful, you're going to see the payload of the token on your screen. And you can save that into an object for using that later if you need it. Now, if you don't know everything that is to know about a token, for example, you don't know what algorithm was used for signing the token, you can get that information by using a method called get unverified header in the case of PyJWT. And you pass along your token, use that method, and it should reply to you another dictionary with all of the information of the token. And there I go typing wrong things again. And once you get that, you can put that into object and use that on the previous step that we already seen for making your code a little bit smarter. I always do that because you never know. Maybe a token has a different type of algorithm, you never know. So we save that in a header data object there because I'm very particular about the name of my variables. And then you can call the code again. And if everything goes well, and I know it's going to go because I recorded this once, there I go my secret again. And keep in mind that if you're doing your code, you're probably going to store your secret on a variable, not just type it out like that, especially maybe in a file that reads that you read it. And then you can use the header data again for making your code a little bit smarter. Always try to do that, an advice, just in case. And then you go again getting the information from the user. I feel so sorry for you. But let's say that what if something goes wrong? I always show you the happy path, everything worked. But if something goes wrong, what do I do? I don't want an error is just blowing up in my face whenever something goes wrong. So in this case, this token was expired. So once I tried to decode it or validate it, it would show me an expired signature. And PIDWT, like all the other packages that I've worked with, they have their so you can import and try and accept that error in the most friendly way possible. Usually, you would do that so that you could log that error for some for logging purposes and discovering why I'm wrong with your program or your system. So there I have my accept and I'm just spinning because I want to show you what is happening. And if I can type things right, it would be nice. Unable to decode the token and whatever I got from it. And if everything goes right, and it will, let's see. Ta-da. Signature has expired. So that's how you know you probably have to get a new token because that token was expired. Now, this is a different token, as you probably can notice because of the size. And because if you are dealing with tokens that were signed with asymmetrical algorithms, you're probably going to have a little bit more work to do. That is importing a way for reading keys. In this case, I used an SSHRSA key and I'm reading the public key so that I can validate my token. Notice that I'm using the public key to validate the token and not the private one. So for reading the key, you have to do a little bit of extra steps. This key is in a file in my computer, not in an endpoint, but it could be in an endpoint if you want it. And JWT in this case has a lot of functions for reading public keys, which is nice. You can read any type of public keys you want. And you have to encode it. And then you can pass that into the decode function once more, instead of a secret, now a key for getting the information of the user. And there I go again. Token, key, typos. Yes. Thank you. Auto-complete is wonderful. Algorithms. And this time I didn't use that trick for getting the algorithm from the token header, but I could if I wanted to. Notice the different algorithm now is RS256 and everything worked and I got the information from the user. Now, where do you find JWTs in the wild? And that's the most important question probably. So access tokens are the most common ones, especially if you're talking about Python, because we deal with APIs all the time. So access tokens are the idea way for you to get access to a protected API, but access tokens doesn't have necessarily to be JWTs. It could be some other type of token. But if you're following the latest standards that is anywhere seen on the block, not part of the Jose, but I thought it was important to mention to you that was authored by Vittorio Bertacci, a principal architect about zero after much work. You now can have an RFC to use as a basis for using JWTs as access tokens. So that's a very good read. I would truly recommend it. Then you have ID tokens. And ID tokens are cool because they are always JWTs. And the important thing is it can take a little bit out of the work of doing two requests to your back end for getting the information of the user. So once your user login, your back end would reply with an ID token with information from the user, like profile picture, user preferred name, and things like that. They'll make your life easier for showing, or at least the front ender life easier for showing the information of the user. Now, speaking of tokens, you may have word of refresh tokens. But refresh tokens aren't the JWTs. That's why I'm not talking about that here. And that would be an entirely new talk, so maybe next year, who knows. And finally, a few tips and advices, how to be safer with JWTs. Don't store JWTs in local storage. And don't do that because that opens you up for a type of a vulnerability in an attack called XSS, that's cross-site scripting, my God, these two words. But the idea is for you to be safer, don't store that in local storage. If you need to validate your JWT, put that step on the back end if you can. All right? And start on in memory for validation purpose. Once the memory is flushed, no problem there. And try not to verify access tokens on the front end. If you need to verify an access token, do that in the back end.  Don't put sensitive data in this ability. And this is a tricky one. Because, well, if I'm putting the information from the user on the ID token for displaying that on my front end, how can I not put sensitive data? So what I'm talking about here is actually, for example, credit card information. Do not put, like, the numbers of the credit card in there because anybody that can decode a base 64 will be able to retrieve that data. And you don't want that data lying around everywhere. Tools. Because we love tools. Let's say you are working with JWTs and you need to debug a JWT. JWT.io is a tool that we developed at OutZero. And you can debug your token on our web browser. So you can access on your phone, paste it there, and you can see the claims inside of JWT. You can verify it if you want to. So it's very useful for figuring out, for example, if you're implementing tasks, why are my tasks not working? That's really helpful too. And the second one, if you want to more in-depth content about JWT, I truly recommend the JWT Handbook. It has a lot of examples, user cases, and things like that. And how to be safer with JWTs. So if you want a longer read, go ahead and download it. Finally, that was all for today. If you have questions, find me in the hallway. Thank you. Oh, we still have time. Okay, so folks, we have some time. So some Q&A for Jess, I think maybe we can have three questions. Do we have anything remote, remote questions? I don't think so. He's not raising his hand. No? Okay. Hi. I was going to ask from my experience, what would be your preferred tactic for invi-dating the JWTs? Because this is actually a real problem. You don't want to let users always use them until they just expire. So what's your preferred tactic for invi-dating them? Well, see, if they are expired, they shouldn't be able to use it, because they should be validifying the JWT in one of the verification steps. I mean, before they expire. Oh, yes. That's a tricky question, because once the JWT is out in the wild, you cannot call it back. So probably what you would have to do is make a step on your end for some type of JWTs, but that's hard. We can have the discussion longer offline. Hello. Hi. Anna Wilson. Hi, Janet. Great talk. Thank you very much. I know what you said about not storing the tokens in local storage. Yeah. When I was starting learning about JWTs, I saw that advice, and also not to store them in cookies, because that's vulnerable to a different problem. Why do you keep them? Well, it depends. Why do you want to keep them? So that the user can be authenticated on their next request? Well, if they are going to be authenticated in the next request, probably the way to do it would be using cookies, but there are different types of cookies that you can have, and probably there is a safer cookie that you can use. I haven't reached out. Find me later that I can send you. Cool. Thank you so much. Thank you. So is this actually a good idea to take the header from an unverified JWT and use it as the header? Because doesn't this actually introduce a potential vulnerability if you are using different key schemes? I mean, both symmetrical and asymmetrical in your application? Well, the thing is, getting the unverified header is a way for you to know what algorithm was used, and by the algorithm you can know which type of key you have to use. Yeah, but the thing is that if you would actually do, if your application would implement both symmetrical authentication and asymmetrical in two different places, then you can use the public key, you can recreate your own JWT and send it to a different API that, you know, should supposedly use the symmetrical one only, but if it would reuse the same code and, you know, getting the header from the JWT token, then you would be vulnerable to, you know, someone could basically forge the JWT token. So you control the way for creating the token and you're using the public key, is that it? Yeah, attacker can actually create, yeah. I mean, I could create my own JWT. No, yeah. Public key, yeah. Yes. But, well, if you are creating your JWT with public keys, we should not be doing that. So my point is that if you are showing this on a slide, the problem is that someone could use it incorrectly, right? So that, my point is just, it's good to point out that there is this potential issue here. Yes. You should probably match the algorithm to the expected one. Yes, you should do that. In this case, I didn't show the example, but we'll make the code longer. There are very, well, three steps that you have to do. It's good to add it at the end of the, of the, when you show the issues, right? Okay, thank you. I'll note that on the next one. Thanks. We might have one more time for one more questions, or I think we can just close and if you have anything else to discuss and she will be in the hallway. Yes. If you have another round of applause for Jess.