Hello everyone, welcome to the today's class. As you may recall that in the last class I discussed some aspects of the sulfoxide sulfonate rearrangement, the mechanism and the application of sulfoxide sulfonate rearrangement to some interesting molecule synthesis involving very interesting mechanistic aspects and applications of say for example, Diels-Alder reaction or allyl alcohol to allyl sulfonate ester followed by allyl sulfoxide formation and subsequent reactions. Now today I will discuss some more aspects of this allyl sulfoxide allyl sulfonate rearrangement and its application in the synthesis of very interesting molecules. I also mentioned about the fact that in some cases when sulfoxide reactions do not work that means allyl sulfoxide to allyl sulfonate rearrangements do not work then even allyl selenoxides can be reacted and they also work in a similar fashion as the sulfoxide work. Now in this particular slide which I have presented here there is a combination of this sigmatropic rearrangement which is Mislow-Evans rearrangement which is nothing but the 2-3 sigmatropic rearrangement associated with humeral reaction. Now I have already mentioned a few times that how allyl sulfoxide can be converted to the corresponding allyl sulfonate ester from different kinds of substrates. Now let us take an example of this diene which is having an allyl sulfoxide part here but is attached to another olefin at this part. So this is not the same diene which we took last time for the Diels-Alder reaction. In the Diels-Alder reaction case what we had taken was this particular vinyl sulfoxide as a diene where the sulfoxide part was directly attached onto the double bond which is why it underwent Diels-Alder reaction. That is not the case here in this particular case what you would have is allyl sulfoxide rather than vinyl sulfoxide but then this diene containing an allyl sulfoxide is treated with a butyl lithium a base here to generate an anion alpha to the sulfoxide and reacted with this particular aldehyde. So it is like an aldol of form reaction and when this anion here reacts with the aldehyde and the generated OH is further reacted with phenyl COCl benzoil chloride then what you generate is a benzoate here. So this particular part at this stage here is the same part as it is here. The aldehyde this is the aldehyde carbon that is attacked by the negative charge of the anion which is alpha to the sulfoxide then the aldehyde gives O- and that O- attaches to the benzoal chloride to form this benzoate. Now this particular sulfoxide which is having a diene unit in this fashion undergoes interesting reaction to form another diene sulfoxide here. Now look at it very carefully what you have is this sulfoxide here was internally oriented this is an internal position an internal position. Now the same diene has now got interconverted to a terminal terminal terminals position. Now the sulfoxide has come to the terminal position. So obviously the diene part has moved into the internal position and here it was it on the terminal position. So the terminal diene has become an internal diene and internal sulfoxide has become a terminal sulfoxide. And then this sulfoxide when it is treated with trifluoroacetic anhydride and sodium acetate it allows functionalization at this center via so called fumarer reaction. Now this work was published in 1982 in a very interesting paper by E. J. Corey and the mechanism for this reaction is very interesting which is discussed here. Now as you can see that after the aldol type of reaction one gets this path R is the remaining side chain of the aldehyde and this is the benzoate which is coming from the aldehyde. Now this is what is your internal sulfoxide internal sulfoxide internal sulfoxide and this diene is terminal diene. Now just like that it cannot get converted into this diene which is internal diene and terminal sulfoxide. So this is internal diene and terminal sulfoxide. Now just like that it cannot undergo but what it does it is very interesting. Now if one looks at the this path here only this path this particular path which I have encircled with blue pen it is allyl sulfoxide. So that undergoes allyl sulfoxide sulfenate rearrangement to form this unit which is now is allyl sulfenate ester. Now this allyl sulfenate ester is basically flanked by two double bonds. So the this sulfox allyl sulfenate ester has a choice either it undergoes to the same rearrangement back to the sulfoxide or it undergoes a new rearrangement and generate this unit. This is exactly what is happening. So that means that if you have a diene which has an allyl sulfoxide unit at one end of the diene it can undergo allyl sulfoxide sulfenate rearrangement to form this type of sulfenate ester which is now flanked by two double bonds in an allylic position and then it undergoes a different kind of allyl sulfoxide sulfenate rearrangement in a different way and give this terminal sulfoxide. Now this terminal sulfoxide when it is treated with an electrophile like trifluoroacetic anhydride then that allows the pulmonary rearrangement to take place. Now if you recall the pulmonary rearrangement we had discussed it earlier time and here there is a proton which is what is expected to trigger. So I have repeatedly mentioned that unless there is at least one hydrogen atom adjacent to the sulfoxide pulmonary reaction would not take place because once this sulfoxide is activated by the say electrophile like trifluoroacetic anhydride then you would get an intermediate of this kind and this kind of intermediate has to lose a proton from here and then generate this sulfonium ion. This sulfonium ion then is attacked by the nucleophile which is present as an acetate ion to attack onto this to form this particular alpha acetoxy sulfide. So you have an alpha acetoxy sulfide from this particular rearrangement. So this is a beautiful mechanism is a beautiful way of converting a very interesting substrate to in a very regioselective fashion to this particular alpha acetoxy sulfide. So now one can carry out many different interesting applications of this particular highly functionalized molecule to convert into different intermediates which could be useful in the synthesis of important natural products. Now this yet another example which is similar to the example that we took last time where now we have a different vinyl sulfoxide here the diene and sulfoxide are in conjugation with each other except to the fact that this another example is basically a chiral molecule chiral molecule. So if the sulfoxide is made chiral this is why it is made chiral. This is a chiral sulfoxide because sulfoxides can exist as enantiomers they are having three different groups like double bond O this carbon sulfur bond and carbon toluene bond and of course a pair of electron that allows the enantiomers to be formed. So if this particular diene having a sulfoxide is made in a chiral fashion then the Diels order reaction gives this intermediate. The stereochemistry here is governed by the Diels order reaction rules which is not the scope of this particular course however this is how it will happen but now since there are two asymmetric centers which are formed that will be chiral centers that is because the sulfoxide is chiral and therefore the reaction would give a highly diastereoselective reaction. When now you see that this particular molecule has this part as allyl sulfoxide. Now this will undergo already one has induced asymmetry into the substrate based on the enantioselectivity governed by the sulfoxide. So now once you have these two centers here as chiral centers and now you have a allyl sulfoxide when this undergoes rearrangement and since this is a beta orientation here beta so the alcohol which is formed is also beta and it was found that the reaction is done at minus 10 degrees 2 hours and yield is 91 percent whereas enantiomeric excess that is optical purity is more than 98 percent. So this is a very beautiful example of combining the information obtained from the chirality of the sulfoxide, the Diels order reactions stereochemistry and enantioselectivity from the sulfoxide followed by the concerted this is the concerted reaction and therefore there is no possibility of the loss of stereochemistry and that is what is transpired into a an enantioselective Diels order reaction giving this bicyclic interesting allylic alcohol. Now we would move to another topic which is called Saegusa eto oxidation and if time permits then we carry out the two interesting transpositions one is 1, 2 tycheton and enone transpositions. Now what is Saegusa eto oxidation first we will take that. Now what is interesting in this particular reaction is if one takes an enone salel ether of this kind and if one treats with palladium acetate and in the presence of benzoquinone one gets this enone formation that means the double bond is coming on this and this enone salel ether gets converted to the ketone. Now initially when this reaction was done it was found that one can do this reaction with more equivalent of palladium acetate but then palladium acetate is very expensive and therefore the reaction will not be of much use unless it is made in catalytic fashion. But the reaction is very interesting because once you are in a position to make an enone salel ether of this kind in a highly regioselective fashion then the formation of the enone will occur only in a particular fashion like for example if enol salel ether is formed here then you can always get the double bond in this particular place it will not go on to the other side. Now if one extends this and applies in a different way one can start with an enone say cyclohexenone add methyl group in by lithium diamethyl cuprate and the particular cuprate that is going to form would look something like this here O and M, M is like copper and lithium species and then this is converted into this enone salel ether by Me3SiCl and once that enone salel ether is now generated this is the enone salel ether that is generated similar to the one it is shown above would now undergo a Si-Goussa eto reaction that means palladium acetate palladium 2 in the presence of benzophenone. Now that gives elimination from here this hydrogen goes off and you generate this enone. Now two things which are important one of course is that Si-Goussa was a Japanese chemist and an eto they were the ones who did the reaction first and therefore this is called as Si-Goussa eto reaction. Now here palladium 2 is the one that actually does the reaction but then this palladium 2 is converted into palladium 0 and which then reacts with benzophenone and then gets converted into palladium 2. So basically benzophenone is a co-oxidant that is required to convert palladium 0 to palladium 2 of course in the literature as we go along we will see that there are many other co-oxidants which people have reported literature. Now what is the mechanism of the Si-Goussa eto reaction for that we have to understand that palladium 2 salts such as palladium chloride, palladium acetate or palladium trifluoro acetate react with a double bond particularly an electron rich double bond to form a pi complex. Say for example if we have a compound of this type which is an electron rich double bond that is an enol silyl ether then we can expect that if this is reacted with palladium acetate then we have a pi complex of this type that can easily form and this particular pi complex undergoes trans-metallation by the expulsion of trimetal silyl acetate in the sense that this oxygen silicon bond is broken and oxygen palladium bond is formed this is what is trans-metallation. This results in the formation of oxo-allyl palladium complex which is in equilibrium with this particular palladium species. Now in this case you have oxygen palladium bond and since it is an enol ether type of species it breaks and can form a carbon palladium bond. In both the species the palladium remains in oxidation state of 2. Now these two species would be in equilibrium and this particular species which has a hydrogen at the beta position for example this is an alpha position and this is the beta position. So there is a possibility of a hydride transfer from here to here and subsequently there is a loss of carbon palladium bond here to make it double bond that leads to the formation of this particular species in which now the newly formed palladium 2 species has a pi complexation with the double bond that has been regenerated. Now this palladium species then loses acetic acid and palladium 0 and generates an enone which is what is the product of the expected psychusa eto reaction. Now this palladium 0 then undergoes oxidation to palladium 2 with benzoquinone which is used in stoichiometric amount and thus this particular reaction is essentially catalytic in terms of palladium salt and stoichiometric in terms of the co-oxidants such as benzoquinone. There is also a report in the literature where in place of benzoquinone oxone has been used as a co-oxidant. This entire mechanism is reported in the literature in 1999. Now you can also carry out this reaction which is published in 2013 by using oxone. Oxone is basically a triple salt is a triple salt which is primarily potassium peroxy monosulfate and this potassium hydrogen sulfate and potassium sulfate are essentially to stabilize the salt because it is a peroxy salt. Such combinations have been reported in 2013 to convert this enol solid ether for example of this kind where only 20 mol percent 20 mol percent of palladium acetate is used along with one equivalent of the oxone to form an enone from this enol solid ether. This can also be done on acyclic systems and you can get the corresponding enone. So this is a very interesting and cheap method by which instead of using benzoquinone you can use oxone as a co-oxidant and carry out the reaction. So as you can see from here that the enol solid ether is converted to the corresponding enone where palladium 2 is gone to palladium 0 and the palladium 0 reacts with this potassium peroxy monosulfate and then of course that gets reduced and the palladium 0 gets oxidized to the palladium 2. This is what is the one of the latest applications of the Saigusa reaction. Now if you look at the literature or the earlier methods one can say why do we want this palladium and co-oxidant etc.  So it is essentially a kind of ketone to enone on a simple substrate. Of course in a similar fashion you can take the enol salyl ether which is what we took in the Saigusa eto reaction and treat with n iodo succinimide. N iodo succinimide is nothing but is this like n bromo succinimide it is this here which is the source of i plus instead of it is a source of i plus i plus source. So you can introduce here this iodo group here and then in a similar fashion as this reaction here this elimination of HI under basic condition here given enone. So one can do it but the problems associated with these are the fact that some of these alpha haloketones like alpha haloketones can undergo under basic conditions to give Faworsky rearrangement. So one can reaction or rearrangement. So there is a danger when you have substrates of this kind where alpha haloketones are reacted with base. So you may have a side reaction but that is not the case with this particular Saigusa reaction. The other way of course is we can take this ketone for example which we have already discussed it is that you can treat with strong base at low temperature and you generate a kinetic enolate, kinetic enolate and react with phenyl selenyl chloride to form this alpha phenyl selenoketone which upon oxidation with either hydrogen peroxide or metaparopropanzoic acid or sodium metaparidate. Basically you have to do the reaction under careful conditions so that you make a selenoxide here and this selenoxide then undergoes elimination to form the double bond. So this is definitely an alternative but then you have to have different alternatives to carry out the same reaction so that on certain substrates with certain functional groups certain reactions work and other reactions do not work. Therefore for any particular transformation you have to have many different ways of carrying out the reaction different methods to be developed for such a awesome to provide different alternatives. Now another example where simple applications are done is of course taking this ketone and making the corresponding enone. So here it is a very simple case you can generate an anion here which will form the corresponding enol salyl ether with the help of this. This is lithium hexamethyl disilazane and then of course you generate an anion here make the enol salyl ether and you generate a double bond at this particular position. Here is already an enol salyl ether with the palladium acetate acetonitrile at room temperature the reaction takes place to form this ketone. Now this has been converted into the alkaloid morphine whereas this has been converted to another natural product called peri-bicene. So it is a of course you have to get to these enol salyl ethers in a very regioselective fashion. In this case there is no problem but in this case one has to develop differently how one can get to this enol. Once you have got the enol salyl ether the formation of this you can see that at room temperature just one step and one can get this reaction done. So this is what I have discussed so far and there are many more examples in the literature. For example one can also use the DMSO and oxygen as a co-oxidant or in place of benzoquinone or oxone. So as you can see here only 10% palladium acetate is used to form convert this enol salyl ether to the corresponding enone using oxygen as a co-oxidant. Now in this example for us for example here enol salyl ether is already formed here with palladium acetate with one equivalent the reaction was done to get to this particular enone. But on the other hand if one takes one atmosphere oxygen and only 10 mole percent of palladium acetate and you can get in 8 hour 62% yield and then that has been converted to an to an alkaloid. So these are new developments which are replacing the standard benzoquinone co-oxidant to something simple as simple as oxygen as a co-oxidant. So I think that we will stop today on this particular reaction note. I hope you have understood some new aspects of sulfoxide sulfonate rearrangement and I am sure that you will be able to make use of or at least theoretically construct different allyl sulfoxides and convert them into allyl sulfonate esters and place them in such a fashion that they lead to very interesting applications in organic synthesis. And also similarly you can make use of the Syguza eto reaction for converting in all salyl ethers or some other salyl ethers not necessarily coming from ketone or aldehyde but in some other fashion. For example from nitro and then of course you introduce the double bond adjacent to the functional groups like ketone to enone or nitroto-nitrolifking. Like this one can do it. So I have given examples, I have given literature references, you can go and read them also and ponder over the mechanism and of course we can always discuss it in the question answer sessions and we will take it up from here for the next 1-2 ketone transposition next time. Thank you and see you next time.


Welcome friends and visitors in Monet Café. I'm artist Susan Jenkins and today we're going to talk about how you can use a complementary underpainting to make your paintings pop.  Well, complementary under paintings are a way that you can create that pizzazz and burst of color in your artwork. So I want to go into a couple of little articles and things I can show you before we get to the painting today that may help you understand it better. Now first in order to understand how to use complementary colors as an underpainting we have to first know what complementary colors are. If you just think of the word complementary as a complement but it's actually the opposite or directly across on the color wheel. So if we're going to have a painting with mostly blues and greens which happens to be a lot of landscapes which we focus on a lot in my channel the opposite on the color wheel of those colors is going to be warmer tones more in this side. So that's all it's not hard knowing what complementary colors are it's just the opposite of the whatever it is on the side of the color wheel. Okay so if you're doing cooler and greens you're going to get more of the warmer yellows, oranges, reds and magentas. Okay so those are the colors we focus on when doing a complementary underpainting. Now this is an article that I found on the artist network website. It is a great description of how this particular artist uses complementary under paintings. It's by Michael Chesley Johnson the artist and let me just show you real quickly. I'll provide the link in the about section of this video but you see this painting that you know it has a lot of greens and blues in it but it's so interesting and so intriguing with color. You can kind of see the bits of the red beneath that foreground tree but he goes on to explain how he approaches a complementary underpainting. First he has his photo and he goes into details about how he looks for the values then he gets his initial sketch in you know how he chooses his composition and then now notice these complementary colors that he's used. He has the the darker values of course for the trees the vertical trees anything verticals always a little darker and the reds and this burgundy here is the darkest value. He's got his yellows for the sky and the water and he's got his medium values more for the land. So that's kind of a basic idea of how to get down complementary colors and like I did in my video he also does an alcohol wash. I think he actually does a turpinoid wash. What that does is it sets the color so that when you go back over it with your pastel you're not going to get the bleeding or the blending of the pastels together. The video that I'm making here of my painting that I just recently did I did not do an alcohol wash and you will notice the the blending of colors. I was kind of in a hurry but you see how these colors just start to pop when you put it on top of that complementary underpainting. It's just beautiful so let's get started and I will show you my technique and I hope you learn something. All right now here I'm just basically laying down a sketch as a guideline. I'm using UART sanded paper 400 grit and a reference photo from a site I use often paint my photo and it's www.pmp-art.com. You can find some great reference photos on this website and I'm just basically getting in the generalities here. You don't want to get too specific with this. I liked this photo already because it had a good composition to begin with. It was very nicely divided with the rule of thirds that I talk about often. The back horizon line is in the where the water or the land meets the sky is in the upper third and that group of grasses that's going across the painting in the foreground is in the lower third and so I'm just basically getting in some general shapes always working big or less detailed to more detailed and the sketch shouldn't be that detailed at all and this is a new pastel in you pastel. It's a harder pastel that I'm using just to get the sketch in. Sometimes it's good to establish some of those darks just to get an idea of where things are. Now here I am using the complementary colors that I spoke about before on the warmer side or the opposite side on the color wheel of the blues and I'm using the darker colors. I sped this up a little bit. The darker reds will be anything vertical. Trees and grasses are always going to be darker in value and the sky and the water is in the yellow. That's a lighter value. The sky and the water is almost always the lightest thing in a landscape painting and of course you see that oranges, orange and pinks I used are going to be the ground. They're a medium value. Now I'm just going ahead and laying in some of the colors. I went ahead and got down the underpainting and I want you to notice too that I did not on this particular painting do what I often do which is called alcohol wash or you can use water or turpenoid. I've never used it before but I've heard you can and you basically do a wet wash over your underpainting before you start laying down the other colors. As you notice I did not do that here. It was a little bit of just a time constraint. I really do like adding the alcohol wash because it sets your underneath colors so they don't blend as much with the colors that you're starting to lay down. So as you can see I'm just getting the values in now and getting my general idea in and I apologize for the speed video. I know a lot of you ask about real time videos and I promise I'm trying to get back to that. Many of you know my life was a little turned upside down due to our home flooding and my art studio flooding when Hurricane Irma was here. So my family is we're still getting everything together but I try to sneak in a little painting here and there and I absolutely love being able to pop into the Monet Cafe art group on Facebook. Please join us if you haven't already. It's just a great place to learn and grow and just experience beauty. There's a wonderful artist of every level on there and the thing I love about the group is that no one ever feels or they shouldn't feel very quickly they feel welcome. They shouldn't feel inferior if they're just beginning in their pastel art journey. So the group makes everybody new feel welcome and there is never a question that is not a good one to ask. You can ask anything in that in that group. So please just come on over to the Monet Cafe art group in Facebook. Now you can see here I'm laying down some of the you notice that the greens on top of that orangey color underpainting and a little bit of the cooler greens and blues and now I'm working on the water a little bit. So this is going to be a little bit of a faster tutorial here again for time constraints but you're getting the idea of how you start with the warmer tones and then you just gradually start adding more local color which means the color that's natural to the scene on top of your underpainting. Now a lot of you know if you've been around my channel very often I get a little creative with color as long as you get the value right you can do that. For example there's in the reference photo there's no pink in the sky and there's none of those really rich pink magenta's in the trees but the value is close so you know you can do that and I just love to explore with color it's part of the fun of painting. So enjoy the rest of this painting and I hope to upload another video soon. At the end of this painting I had a correction I had to make so I show how you can kind of erase the pastel painting. I won't show it in this video but it's coming up soon so you know you don't have to be so afraid if you do something wrong you can you have some degree of correction when you're pastel painting. So enjoy guys and I am just happy to be making a video or two here and there and if you haven't subscribed to our channel already my channel please do and click the little bell icon if you want to get notified of upcoming videos. So join us if you would like and enjoy any upcoming videos and I am so happy to be back creating in Monay Cafe. Happy painting!


The newly nominated Chief of Army staff, Major General Farouk Yahya says the cooperation of other arms of the armed forces, other security agencies and the citizens is all it takes to succeed in the fight against insecurity. Major General Yahya said this during the screening exercise conducted by the Joint House on Defense and the Army. The report is presented from our studios. The House of Representatives Joint Committee on Defense and Army commenced screening of the newly nominated Chief of Army staff, Major General Farouk Yahya. The exercise is aligned with the law chamber's decision to have a session with service chiefs before the final confirmation by the Senate. The Joint Committee went straight to business with the chairman, House Committee on Defense, challenging the Chief of Army staff on the need for synergy between the armed forces. The worst is lingering in insurgency in the Northeast. This war has caused the country a lot, both financially and in terms of human lives. This must stop. The armed forces of Nigeria needs to adopt innovative measures to curb the killing and wanton destruction of property as a result of cases of insecurity. I therefore hope that it confounds the new Chief of Army staff will do everything possible with other service chiefs to bring this to an end. Major General Farouk Yahya pledged cooperation not only with the other two arms of armed forces but also other security services and from Nigerians. He says the experience he acquired through various trainings and postings in the Army has prepared him for the tasks ahead. Somehow it was done. I was involved also in internal security operations both there and here because here they are for more it is also involved security enforcement I mean dis-enforcement and peacekeeping as it developed. Here also I have been to the Northwest like I mentioned South-South as I mentioned and not East. The committee moved into an executive session for further screening that bothers on the security of the country.