Yeah. Yeah. Okay. So next we'll see a thermodynamics of reduction process. Okay. Overall, what are the processes we have? How do we, you know, what are the processes involved in the reduction that we discussed? So next we are going to see thermodynamics involved in the reduction processes. So heading you write down thermodynamics of dynamics of reduction process. It is only we have Ellingham diagram. Ellingham diagram will discuss what it is, but you need to just understand like two, three information that we can extract from Ellingham diagram. Okay. It is basically the plot of or the graph of right on the heading Ellingham diagram. It is basically the graph or plot of delta G naught, delta G naught and temperature graph of delta G naught and temperature delta G naught versus temperature. And in this what happens, the reaction we are considering is the formation of oxide, formation of oxide of various elements. And these diagrams, these diagrams can be used to predict, can be used to predict the feasibility of the feasibility of the thermal reduction of an ore, the thermal reaction right down, thermal reaction of an ore. Like if you have any reaction, suppose M solid we have, it combines with oxygen, basically it is a formation of oxide. So we can also do this for halides and sulphides, Ellingham diagram we can draw. In the slavers and mostly that they ask is for oxides. So we are discussing oxides only. M plus O2 gives a MxO to, I'll write down here, 2x this side. So you see here what happens. This oxygen is a gas. It is converting into solid. So since we have the reaction of the graph of delta G naught and temperature, correct. So could you tell me in this reaction, what could be the change in entropy, delta S naught greater than 0, less than 0 or 0? Less than 0. So delta S since gas will have more entropy than solid, gas is converting into solid. So we say that delta S entropy change is negative, which means if delta S is less than 0, which means delta G naught becomes less negative. Yes or no? Because delta G naught is equals to delta H naught minus T delta S naught. So delta G naught becomes less negative here. So it increases with temperature, correct. This means as temperature increases, as temperature increases, delta G naught increases. That's the one first thing that we have. So we need to understand the relation of delta G naught and temperature only. So do we have anything about entropy then? Enthalpy whatever it is, see. Enthalpy whatever it is, delta G naught delta H naught minus T delta S naught, right. So if this is negative, so overall delta G will increase only. Enthalpy change is there, but that is not a major effect here. This becomes positive, delta G is increasing. Next one more line you add over here, next line. The free energy change that occurs when one gram molecule of a common reactant the free energy change that occurs when one gram molecule of a common reactant which is oxygen here because we are talking about oxides, correct. So common reactant in bracket right on oxygen, the free energy change that occurred when one gram molecule of a common reactant oxygen is plotted against, wait a second, one gram molecule oxygen is plotted graphically against temperature, then this graph is known as Ellingham diagram, correct. So delta G naught for one gram of substance plotted against temperature. So the graph is called Ellingham diagram, okay. We can do this for halides as well as sulphides, okay. But there we have the reaction of sulphur and halogens here, but in the syllabus we have for oxides only, correct. We have also seen delta G naught increases and increases in temperature, that's one thing. Now if you look at the graph, I'll show you the Ellingham diagram here. Yes, I have. So this is the Ellingham diagram we have, you see. It is given in NCRT also, you can open up and see. It's fine visible, all of you? Yes, sir. So this is the graph we have. You see it is zero degree Celsius and then delta G naught is increasing, negative, the value is increasing, correct. Here temperature is increasing. You see for all the reactions MgO, Mg plus O2 we have positive slope and then there's a sharp change in the slope. We have this also slope increases, slope increases, slope increases. For this carbon the slope is decreasing, okay. So mostly for all the reaction you see, the slope increase, we have positive slope, right. With the graph going up with increase in temperature, delta G naught value is increasing and at some point we have a sharp change in the slope here. This is what the observation we have, right. So when you calculate delta G for all these reactions at different different temperature, this is the plot we get. So but why does it increase sharply for some, not at all increase and decrease also for some? Yes, yes, one second. We'll discuss. Sure, sir. Write down the, this you don't have to draw. If you want you can roughly you can just draw, okay, but it is given in the, roughly you just draw because when you refer your notes it should be there, okay. So roughly you draw for a few reactions, like carbon reaction you must draw, okay. Magnesium you must draw, okay. We have somewhere HG also, HG, carbon, magnesium you must draw, CO2 also you draw, correct. Done. Let me know once you're done. Sir, the carbon one is a straight line, horizontal line. Yes, sir. Yes, okay. We have two reactions here. One is it is forming carbon dioxide and other one is forming monoxide. Done. Finish. Okay. So I think you're done. Yeah. Okay. Now you see we will discuss why this sharp change we have over here. Sharp change we observe whenever there is a phase change, okay. Like you see at this temperature why we have this sharp change over here because at around 630 Kelvin this mercury boils, okay. So HG boils at this temperature, HG boils at this temperature. That's why we have a sharp change in this. So wherever we have the sharp change it represents the phase change of the reaction. Magnesium also at certain temperature, which is this here, at this temperature magnesium also boils. Okay. Because continuously we are increasing temperature. So we must have the boiling point of metal, correct. So it will boil at this temperature. So whenever we have the sharp change it represents a phase change of the reaction, correct. Understood this point. Yes, sir. Sharp change is this. Second point you write down which is more important. Metal switch lie above in the allingum diagram. Metal switch lie above in the allingum diagram. Get reduced by, okay, properly write down this, okay. Metal switch lie above in the allingum diagram. Get reduced by the metal, which is below. Get reduced which is below. What do you mean by this particular line? So what I said, metal switch lie above, get reduced with the metal which is below. So magnesium can reduce aluminium, okay. Magnesium can reduce aluminium till the temperature is around 1623 Kelvin, okay, 1623 Kelvin, roughly. Because at this temperature now, beyond this temperature you see the magnesium line is up and aluminium is below this, correct. So reduction of aluminium is done by magnesium when the temperature is below 1623 Kelvin. This is the another information we have. If you talk about this one, silicon and magnesium. So it is possible till 1966 Kelvin, till this point. Till this temperature, magnesium can reduce silicon but beyond this temperature it is opposite. This is the property, like you know, the features of allingum diagram. Whatever graph is there up, like all metals which are placed or the graph which is there below one particular metal. So the upper wall we have the metal, the graph which is above, that metal will get reduced by the metal which is present below in the graph, right. So temperature based reaction it is, right. It's not like it is universe always it happens. It will be there for a certain temperature and then it may get changed. That is the second point over here. Third feature in this write down that we easily see that gives free energy change increases with increase in temperature, increases with increase in temperature. Fourth point, the sharp change, the sharp change in the slope or turn you can also write down the sharp turn in the graph but the sharp change in the slope represents the change in state. The sharp change in slope represents the change in state when the metal melts or vaporizes, melts or vaporizes. Another very important point, you see this line you consider corresponding to delta G is equals to zero, this line, right. You see below this line for all the reaction delta G is what, less than zero, correct. And when delta G is less than zero, it is spontaneous and the oxides are quite stable. Can we say that? Obviously we have certain temperature for all the reaction. You see this graph is also going at some temperature it will cross the line, right. This graph is also going like this at some temperature it will cross the line. So when delta G is less than zero till that temperature, the oxide of a certain metal is said to be stable. But when the delta G becomes positive at any temperature, then the oxide is not a stable and it can easily decompose into its metal. Are you getting it? Right. So this point first you write down below delta G is equals to zero line, below this line where delta G is equals to zero, below this line delta G is equals to zero. The oxides are stable and when delta G becomes positive and when delta G becomes positive, the oxides become unstable and dissociates into metal, dissociates into its metal. Now the last property here why this carbon will have two types of graph, right. We have graph here for carbon. One is we have minimal change or there is no change in delta G when it forms CO2 and then we have this negative slope. The graph goes down like this when it forms carbon monoxide that is CO. So write down to this. Write down the carbon with oxygen. I'll write down next slide. Carbon with oxygen shows two types of reaction. One is when C plus O2 gives CO2, suppose this is a reaction one and the another one C plus half O2 gives CO the reaction two. Correct. Okay. Now if you look at this reaction, we have a carbon solid O2 gas CO2 gas. Okay. Gas, it is CO is also gas, it is solid. So see in the first reaction what happens, right. In first reaction, in first reaction, the volume of CO2 obtained, the volume of CO2 obtained is same as the volume of O2 used in the reaction, volume of O2 used in the reaction. Correct. So you see one mole of this gets consumed and one mole of CO2 forms. So if you look at delta S change in entropy here, it is minimal like almost zero. Correct. Because we have two different gas, we can also delta S is equals to zero but the change is not that great. Okay. Hence what happens, change in delta S is minimum over here. That's why the Gibbs free energy change delta G0 is also minimal. That's why if you go back and see the graph we have here, in the graph, you see the change in delta G is minimal for CO2. You see it is almost a straight line or slightly decreases almost minimal. Yes. So this is for the explanation for the first, you know, a reaction of CO2. Correct. Now what happens in CO when CO forms? You see you can easily understand the number of moles in this reaction, we have this reaction. So half moles of O2 consumes one mole of CO forms. Correct. Or the ratio is like one is to two, one mole of O2, two moles of CO, 10 moles of O2, 20 moles of CO. So one is to two ratio we have. Correct. It means for this reaction what we can say delta S is positive. Right. Delta S is positive. That's why everything is reversed over here. Right. So when delta S positive, delta G becomes more negative as T increases. I don't hear. Delta G becomes, becomes more negative as T increases. And that's why the graph goes like this. Okay. Like this, the obtuse angle slope we have. Correct. One more thing I would, I would like to add here. Okay. So we have T. Here what happens? At this point, we have the two reaction, right? CO and CO2 reaction is this. So this temperature is around, you know, 630 Kelvin is this. So slightly above this, around 700 up to 710 Kelvin. Right. 700, around 700 Kelvin, the reaction gives CO2. We have this reaction because the line is below. Right. So around 700 Kelvin below that, below less than, I'll add on here. If the temperature is less than 700 Kelvin, approximately 10, 15 degree maybe, maybe there, right. Like increase or decrease, 710, 700, no, 15 maybe there. But if temperature is less than 700 Kelvin roughly, correct, then the reaction of carbon and oxygen gives CO2. If the temperature is more than this, then it will give carbon monoxide. That is the information we can extract from Ellingham diagram. The point simple here is what? That it gives the feasibility of the oxide forms of various elements, metals, okay, at different, different temperature. Okay. The sharp change represents the change in phase. That's what we have discussed. The metal which is above in this, you know, diagram will get replaced by the metals which is present below. All these things are temperature dependent process. Okay. Like you see below this temperature, magnesium can reduce aluminium, but above this temperature, aluminium will reduce magnesium. Okay. So the three, four points I have given you, mostly they ask questions on them only theoretical questions. You just need to understand these two, three points. If you keep these two, three points in mind, you can answer all the questions based on Ellingham diagram. Okay. Done. Sir, what is the change of state represent for the carbon monoxide one? Where? Sir, in the, I can't see your question. No, yes, sir, that one. This one, right? So phase change will occur over here. So before that carbon monoxide would be liquid. Yes. And then it converts into gas. So, but isn't it cautious at true temperature itself? Oh, we say that, see, when we write down the reaction of CO plus O2 give CO2, we always write, it's a gaseous form. We don't talk about temperature over here. But actual understanding is this, like based on temperature, because we have some gas, no. So if you have higher temperature, correct. Then the current interaction will be less. Correct. Interaction is less than liquefaction is difficult. Right. So it is possible that we'll have some liquid form because you see temperature is extremely low. You see. Oh, no, not this side. The reaction is possible here. You are increasing the temperature. Correct. So it is possible that at some point it may get spoiled. But usually when we say C plus O2 gives you CO2 gas, we don't talk about reaction temperature over there, no. So the state of the compound or molecule that you are getting, it may depend upon temperature, because we know interaction of molecules, you know, whether it intermolecular force lies in the range of gaseous state, then it will be a gas solid state, then it will be a solid. Correct. So actual understanding will have this over here. So you can say at less temperature, maybe CO2 will be in the liquid form. We have one more thing here that at some times, you know, this will get boils at some temperature metal, you know, melts also. Right. The temperature is below. We are talking about higher temperature over here. So all these represents the phase change. Usually why we are confused over here that whenever we write down the reaction of carbon and oxygen, we don't talk about temperature. We'll say we'll get a gas over here. But yes, temperature is a condition that we need to think of. Okay. Correct. Yes. Yeah. If you want to understand this reaction, you can, why the slope is this, phase change the logic. Correct. If you look at the delta S for this, for this reaction I'm talking about delta S is what? Less than zero, greater than zero. This is gas. Correct. This is also gas. So three moles converts into two. Delta S is decreasing. No. Yes. Property is decreasing. So with increasing temperature, then property will also, the delta G will also, it means normal relation we have, like we had for the gases. Delta G increases. At this point, we'll have a phase change and then a sharp change. Correct. Okay. So we had done all these things. Now we need to see some extraction of some metals. Okay. We have a, I'll show you the flow sheet. Okay. How to go through the process of extraction of like copper and extraction of silver. Obviously we have zinc and other metals also. So all we are not going to do because not that important. Since we have discussed the you know, the basic process, what all the steps we have in extraction of metals, we have seen concentration of different methods into that. Calcination we have seen, roasting we have seen, we have seen the reduction method. So all those methods only we are going to use for any metals. But yes, there may be few changes, few changes, few process will be different here and there, but more or less, we'll have the same thing that we need to do. Okay. That we had discussed already. Few examples we'll discuss, flow sheets we'll discuss for the metals. So first one is extraction of copper right down. Heading right down, extraction of copper. So what you need to memorize here, first of all, that what ore we use for the extraction of any metal. Okay. Since we are discussing copper, so copper calia we use what we use copper pyrite ore. We have many minerals, but the mineral that we use for extraction is the ore and that is copper pyrite. Flow sheet is what? The flow sheet you see. You also copy this down like this only because if you go to write down the theory for each step, it will take a lot of time and not that required. Okay. I suppose if you do for other metals also on your own, write down in this manner only flow sheets. So that once you go through, you will understand it properly and revision will be easier in that way. So we take this ore that is copper pyrite. Okay. Copper pyrite, C-U-F-E-S-2. And what we did? We did the grinding. Okay. Crushing also we call it as. Terms may be different. In English word, you can understand. Grinding, crushing. So crushing and sieved. Sieved, you understand, no? Filtering, right? Like what are the larger impurities we have that you can easily remove? So hand picking is one of the way. Another one is sieving. We can filter it, right? Sieves we can use for that purpose. That's the next one. Crush, small size, sieved. Whatever impurities we can remove, we'll do that. And then we'll move on next. That is the concentration of ore. So here, again you see what we need to do. Concentration of ore, which we also called as dressing. Dressing of ore. Dressing of ore. What method we use? This is important for you to memorize. The method we use is froth flotation process. Now, since we have discussed this in detail, so I'm not going to discuss this again over here. That is why I've discussed in general. What is froth flotation process? That is what we are going to use over here based on obviously the property of metal and impurities. So here we are using froth flotation. Okay. So in froth flotation, you see we add pine oil, right? Why we add pine oil? Why we add pine oil? To generate froth. Yes. So to increase the froth, like to generate large amount of froth you require, right? And one more thing we add into this. That is potassium or sodium zenthate. Correct. So the froth flotation process just go through once. You'll get it. What all things we have over here. So in short, I'll just write down here, not in detail. So we have powdered ore. Correct. See a little bit of understanding you must have, like the way we have discussed the general, you know, process. But eventually you have to mug this up. There's no other way. Right. So powdered ore, H2O, we add pine oil, pine oil to generate a froth and air also will pass through it. It converts into the sulfite ore in the froth, in the, you know, froth, sulfite ore in the froth. Okay. We add pine oil, potassium zenthate, sodium zenthate we can add and we agitate it, mix it properly. The impurities settle down. So in short, step-wise, I'll write down here. So we add pine oil, detail we have discussed. We also add potassium zenthate or sodium zenthate zenthate and the mixture will agitate, right? Or we agitate, you can say, or we can, you know, rotate the what we have there paddle, right? In which there is a blade so that we can mix the entire mixture properly. So we'll agitate it, right? When you agitate it, whatever impurities we have, not all obviously, whatever impurities can settle down, the impurities will settle down and then we can filter out the froth from the top, which contains the mineral, okay, the ore that you have. Correct? Copy this down. Can we, can we move now? Can we go to the next slide? Done all of you? Yeah. So next step is what? After this, we have roasting. We know roasting will done how? In presence of air or in absence of air? In presence of air. So next step is roasting. So roasting what we do into this one, the concentrated ore are strongly heated in presence of air. So what happens in this process?  Some impurities are like arsenic present, okay. This also combines with oxygen, forms oxide to AS2O3. It is the volatile oxide. It also will escape, okay. Antimony we have SB plus, we have 302. This also forms 2 SB2O3. All these are volatile oxides, right? So all these escapes into the atmosphere. So we'll choose the process, the steps, the process based on the impurities present so that we can have the maximum advantage of the given process, okay. Since all these are forming volatile oxides can escape into the atmosphere, we'll use this roasting, correct. So copper pyrite that you have, the reaction would be here Cu Fe S2, Cu Fe S2 reacts with oxygen because we are adding oxygen in this reaction, converts into sulphide first. So Cu2S Fe S plus O2 and then further it converts into the oxides. Cu2O, this converts into FeO. Overall, in roasting step, we'll get the oxide of copper here, right? Then the entire mixture here will send this into the blast furnace. Blast furnace is again the machine, the device we use for the process of smelting, okay. Removal of impurities again. So we'll send this into blast furnace. This we haven't done, okay, because it is not required. Like the process is smelting only, but we used to have it in a machine called blast furnace, okay. The device in that device is blast furnace. So we send this into blast furnace for smelting. Smelting in blast furnace, in presence of air. So what happens here? Ion sulphide, you see, FeS plus Cu2O converts into FeO, Cu2S, this is one reaction which happens there. Further, this FeS in presence of oxygen, the reaction is taking place. So it converts into oxide again and SO2 and then this oxide FeO with SiO2, it converts into FeSiO3. What is this SiO2, could you tell me? This is the slag we have. Remember flux, acidic flux? Yes, flux plus impurity, it becomes slag, correct. So first all the impurities will convert into oxide. That oxide combines with acidic flux and it forms slags and then it comes out. So yeah, right, right ranker, correct. So in this process smelting, what happens? We add the roasted ore that we get in this step, okay. The roasting is done, so ore that we get, we call it as roasted ore. So in this roasted ore we mix with, we'll add Coke and silica. Coke or silica you can add, you'll have this reaction, correct. Now, after this we have bessemerization. Bessemerization is nothing but the removal of impurities again, whatever the iron sulphide is left, we need to remove that further. So we'll do bessemerization. For bessemerization also we add silica. Okay, I'll write down next, first you copy this down. The last, second last step is bessemerization. Bessemerization is done in bessemer converter, again the name of the device machine, right, bessemer converter. What we'll do into this? We'll add silica. We'll add silica, okay. So the reaction is FES, whatever iron sulphide is left in the previous step. This get oxidized and convert into oxides, sulphur dioxide forms, then this FEO reacts with SiO2 that we are adding here, converts into FESIO3 which is again a slag will remove it and the copper sulphide that you have, Cu2S, this combines with O2, converts into Cu2O and SO2. Okay, now this you see it goes under auto reduction next. What was auto reduction? This Cu2S sulphide and Cu2O copper. This reacts and it converts into Cu and sulphur dioxide signals, correct? So like this the copper that we get is 98% pure, right? We call it as blister copper, blister copper. Further if you want we can do electro refining also in the next step, electro refining also we can do here, auto reduction also we can do, electro refining also we can do here. So tell me one thing in electro refining because sometimes they ask you what should be the anode here in electro refining? Anode is pure or impure metal? Thin or thick? Anode is thick one. Anode is the thick one and cathode is pure thin. It is impure thick slab, copper slab, right Cu slab. Cathode is pure thin slab, right? It is pure thin Cu electrode. What should be the electrolyte? Electrolyte must contains which ion? Cu2 plus ion that is the only condition. So we can take CuSO4 plus H2SO4 electrolyte, right down there CuSO4 and H2SO4 electrolyte we can do. So this is the extraction of copper we have. So like this for other metals also you can do the same thing you need to understand that what is actually happening. Almost we have done the entire process how to do the extraction of any metal. One more we will discuss extraction of silver. Others you know zinc, ion, for sure you must go through once through NCRT or whatever book you have, correct? So extraction of silver next you write down. This is the smaller one we can finish it in five minutes and we don't have time also after that. So we'll do this. Next write down extraction of copper. 9th December crash course is starting, right? You know that? Got the info? Yes sir. All of you. Ask me all of you. Prepared for it? You can type also. Yes sir. Yes sir. Yes sir. Yes. So yeah. So it will be mostly a problem solving session. Okay. We'll discuss theory also a bit but you need to come prepare because everything we won't be able to discuss, right? So whatever chapter is there given for a date, you need to come prepare, revise your notes, at least solve 10, 15, 20 problems, at least 20 problems you must solve and then come for the class. Then only it will help. Otherwise it will be like you know wasting of time, right? If you have any doubt since you won't be able to ask yours every small, small doubt. No, we'll have a plan of in the entire 11th and 12th grade, right? So we'll do all the chapters mostly, correct? So whatever chapter it is, come prepare for it. All of you. Okay. Extraction of silver. It is done by Sinite process. This also they have asked many times, okay? It is done by Sinite process, correct? This you must remember Sinite process, the name or we use that is urgent type or the formula of urgent type or is ag2s. So we'll take the urgent type or grinding is done. We'll take the fine, you know, powder of it and then we'll allow this to pass. Allow this to go for the concentration of ore and the concentration or dressing of ore is again done here by froth flotation process. The process we are using is froth flotation. So again, pine oil we add, we add, you know, air. So froth carrying sulphide particles, ag2s will be up and below the impurities will happen, okay? And then we have a step over here. We call it a Sinidation. This step is based on the property of metal impurity. We can have few changes, but more or less it will be same. Okay. It is nothing but we have just a reaction here. We have ag2s, urgent type ore, which we get after the concentration. So it is the concentrated ore is allowed to react with NaCn, sodium Sinide. Okay. So it forms a complex compound of NaAgCn2, agCn2 plus Na2s. Okay. It is the impurity Na2s. So Na2s is further allowed to react with O2 and H2O. 2 Na2sO4 plus NaOH plus sulphur is removed here on this. And then we'll filter it, right? So that is filter it in the next step. We'll filter it. We'll get the filtrate to silver here, NaAgCn2. From this silver will get precipitated with the help of zinc. We'll add zinc over here. So the reaction would be 2 NaAgCn2 plus Zn. It gives Ag forms and we'll get Na2, ZnCn4. We'll get the black precipitate of silver here. Black precipitate of silver, right? Zinc is more electropositive. So it can displace silver here and we'll get silver. One second, sir. What do we do with the black silver? No, this is the, we'll get the black precipitate of silver. Further step is left now. Okay, sir. One second. After this, we add some, you know, alkali solution into it, like KNU3 we can add so that the impurities are oxidized and we'll get silver metal. Oh, okay, sir. Done, sir. Done. Okay. So after this, what is that noise on your side, Venkat? We had some plumbing work. Okay, same here. Oh, okay. For me, it is to every day. Like I have shifted into the new apartment. So it's like every day there is some work here and there. So cut, cut, cut, cut every day. Full wash base and all they're doing stuff. Ag plus KNU3 will have the fusion now. So this black precipitate of it, it converts into silver metal and all the impurities here will get oxidized and it will, it will rise as the scum, which we can filter out. The impurities we can remove like that. Okay. So we'll get Ag metal, silver metal after cooling, after cooling. This is the one we have. And the last step in this is again the same thing, that is electro-refining to get the, you know, more purity of the, of the metal, electro-refining to get the more pure form will do this. Again, anode here, the same logic that we did. It is impure, thick, silver metal. Like this question also they ask, okay, impure, thick, Ag electrode and cathode is the pure one, pure Ag electrode. Electrolyte will choose in which the silver iron is present. Like we have Ag NO3 plus HNO3 solution will have you. And this is the pure silver deposited at cathode. Okay. So this is it. Like iron, at least iron, you must do iron and zinc you can do two more. Okay. We'll have this steps only. If you revise two, three times, you'll be understanding this how to do this. But again, you will forget. Okay. Because the things like this only, this kind of chapters, you should revise before a week of exam, definitely before a week of exam. Like this one we have, we have polymers kind of chapter. Surface chemistry is also of similar category. But a few things we can understand in surface chemistry. Right. This kind of chapters you should revise in the last minute. Okay, guys. So fine. We're done with this chapter. Next class, we will start with surface chemistry. Probably we'll finish it next class. Don't know. We'll see. Otherwise, next next class definitely we'll finish the entire syllabus. Okay. So we have time, 9th of December, we are starting the crash course. So after finishing surface chemistry, we'll probably taking practical organic chemistry we haven't done. No, like those methods, Jildal methods, Dumas methods and all, it was there in 11th grade. We haven't done. So not much important, but yes, we'll finish it off since we have time. So we'll do it also. It is a concept of more concept you need to apply not much. It will take half, like one or two or not more than that. So we'll do that also. Correct. Fine, guys. Thank you. Take care. See you in the next class. Thank you, sir.


The other area team heading to state and girls hockey brainered little falls. They gathered for some autographs were to recognize on the ice before the section game tonight.  Of course, they play at Thursday at 6 will hear from them tomorrow night at 10. OK, look forward to that. Thanks Colin. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland news, please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


So, there are couple of things you need to be mindful of in the soul of it. The first is you do not want to make, you do not want your decrease to be too little because say for example if you decrease this too little say let me give you an example like this. So, suppose I draw a function like this, suppose here is your function and here is your retrain, you take a very large step say and you go here, but then the decrease is very little, the decrease is just decrease in the function value is just this much. Then you take another step looks like a very large step, again the decrease is not much the decrease is just this. Then the decrease this, then the decrease this, then the decrease this, what is happening here? What is happening here is that although you are decreasing your function value at each step your decrease is becoming progressively lesser and now it depends on the kind of iterate that you have designed it could very well happen that your decrease by doing this you in fact your decrease becomes so insignificant that you end up sort of stagnating at some at this sort of level without actually reaching to the minimum here. So, the first thing you and one looks for when you want to choose the right sort of alpha in a line search, by the way this is called line search because what we are doing is a unidimensional search along the line or along the direction pk. So, the first thing one looks for when one does a line search is what is called sufficient, sufficient decrease or sufficient descent. So, that means that when we are doing line search the function must every step should actually give us a sufficient amount of descent. Now, how much is sufficient? So, is 10 to the minus 2 sufficient is 10 to the minus 3 sufficient is 10 is 10 sufficient is 1 sufficient. So, there is no there is no we cannot put a number on what is sufficient what is sufficient descent. So, what we can do is we can we can try to define sufficient descent in terms of the in terms of the function in terms of properties of the function itself. So, there is an entire set of there is a way of defining what amounts to sufficient descent which I will tell you now which basically tells you what sort of alpha ranges are good for you in terms of the in terms of the properties of the function itself. So, that so this leads us to what conditions that are called wolf conditions. So, this is these are these are not the only known conditions, but these are very popular. So, hence I am hence I am mentioning them. So, suppose once again let me draw a function like that. So, this I what I will plot now is just phi and here is my here is my alpha. So, what suppose we so this is suppose my make this a little smoother at this point this is my alpha. Now, remember we do not know the value here we do not have a picture of this this kind of a function here what we what we can try to do is as I said feel our way through. So, let me also make this a little. So, one popular condition which is which are called wolf condition they impose the following. So, you look for an alpha. So, you look for the condition basically says look for alpha equal to alpha k alpha k such that rather look for look for alpha such that we look for an alpha such that this the quantity on the left here which is what is the quantity on the left well the quantity on the left is simply phi of alpha. So, we want phi of alpha to be less than equal to the quantity on the right. Now, what is this quantity on the right let us look at this in as a function of alpha this is actually a linear function in alpha. So, let us call this l of alpha. So, remember we are fixing a k fixed for a fixed k we are looking for an alpha such that this inequality hold and let us see what this inequality is by the way what is c 1 here c 1 is just some c 1 is a constant is some constant between 0 and 1 usually it is taken to be something like 10 to the minus 2 or something like that. So, what is so c 1 is some constant between between 0 and 1 and now for that fixed constant we are looking for an alpha that satisfies satisfies the right hand side is a linear function of alpha is a linear function of alpha. So, if c 1 was 1 what would it what would this look like well this l of alpha then would try to track in that case the slope in that case would try to track the slope would be this sort of line it would be a linear approximation to it would be the linear approximation to a to phi of alpha however, because so this is this slope here is phi dash the slope here is phi dash alpha. However, because c is between 0 and 1 what this does is it actually flattens the slope it tends to make it make it a little a little a little more horizontal. So, l of alpha actually looks more like this this is l of alpha this line here the red line that I have drawn that line is actually l of alpha and what is this condition saying the condition is saying that we should look for an alpha such that the function phi lies below l of alpha. So, the acceptable alpha according to this condition then become this interval and this interval is become the acceptable values of alpha. Now, if I just simply so if I impose this condition effectively what it is saying is well I am going to accept any alpha once if my if the way I impose this condition is it says that I am going to accept my alpha once this inequality here once the wolf condition here is satisfied. Now, the what this does is the does the one good thing it prevents regions like these it is prevents regions like this green region. If you look at this green region what is happened here is that the in this green region what is happened is that the function has as you have come to the point where the function is now increase has is certainly increasing and it makes no sense to pick that large an alpha right. So, in other words where if the so what it does is it at least make sure that you are not you are not taking taking too large an alpha you are not taking too large a step so that you over so that to such a large step that you your function then starts going into an increasing increasing regime. So, in that in that sense it is a if this is actually useful that it prevents this green region. However, it does not also it does still does not guarantee that you will be taking where you can you will not be taking very small steps like for instance how if you look here this you know you these these little little steps that are close to alpha equal to 0 these are also these are also still acceptable acceptable values of alpha. So, if it could well be that these you know your your algorithm will come back to you with you know if based on the way you are actually searching for alpha it may well be that it will come back to you with with an alpha that is too small says a some alpha here this green point at M. So, to prevent that to to make sure your alpha is not too large, but at the same time not too small you actually you need another condition. So, another condition which is imposed in this sort of way. So, this this condition says f of xk plus alpha pk transpose pk is greater than equal to C 2 transpose f of xk transpose pk where now C 2 is another constant that is between C 1 and 1 and C 1 is the constant that that we have used above. Now, what what is the meaning of this why why does this make sense. So, the left hand side what is the left hand side here. So, this condition is effectively let us try to first intuitively understand what this condition is doing this condition is trying to prevent these kind of this sort of extremely small steps. So, the way to prevent these extremely small steps is what by the way it is doing it is by saying I would like my curvature to be sufficient I want to get to a point where the curvature is sufficient. Now, why does how is this condition capturing curvature well what it is doing is it is you look at what is the left hand side here the left hand side is actually the left hand side here is the derivative of phi at alpha and what is the right hand side anybody. So, what is the right hand side well the right hand side is the derivative of phi at 0. So, what this condition is actually doing is that it is asking that the derivative of phi at alpha should be at least C 2 times the derivative the initial derivative which is which is phi dash of 0. So, alpha equal to 0 is this point. So, what it is basically saying is that the curvature that you get for the for the acceptable the acceptable alpha should be such where the curvature is at least C 2 times the initial curvature or the initial the or the slope should be at least C 2 times the initial slope. Now, why does this make sense well so suppose if phi dash alpha was negative was suppose phi dash alpha was was negative. Now, if phi dash or if phi dash alpha is negative then this condition will not if phi dash alpha is you know say strongly negative that means it is in that case phi dash alpha is going to be less than phi dash 0 if it strongly negative means it is much less than phi dash 0 then in that case this condition would not be satisfied and it would you would be looking for an alpha that you would be looking for an even greater alpha. So, when phi dash alpha is strongly negative it effectively is alluding to the fact that you could decrease the function even further because your phi dash alpha is negative. If and if you are if the function can be decreased even further then you mean you know it makes no sense for you to settle for the alpha that you have already you would want to search even further and get an even better decrease. So, when phi dash alpha is is less than phi dash 0 this condition will not be satisfied. So, it would it would ask you to increase it would ask you to you know search further to get an even better alpha because there is scope for an even better alpha. So, on the other hand if phi dash if phi dash alpha is positive one usually has that phi dash alpha is a phi dash of 0 that means this initial one this one is usually negative right because you are you are getting to you you are choosing a direction in which your function decreases. So, this quantity is usually negative and. So, if phi dash alpha itself is positive then this condition is satisfied and or even if mildly negative this condition would be satisfied because it is a it is pointing to the pointing to the to the case where you cannot decrease your function any further and you are potentially reached your sort of the amount of decrease you could you could get in this direction the optimal amount of decrease you could get in this direction and hence it is now this time to stop searching and freeze the alpha right. So, so geometrically the what is happening here is that that well. So, let us say this this here was this here was phi dash at 0 if that is your phi dash at 0 then what we are good what we are doing is again you are multiplying this by c 2. So, that will make that will flatten the slope a little bit further. So, you are looking for a slope that is a little flatter than that say of slope like this and so the kind of so the desired slope looks a little bit like this you should use a different color here. So, this is what the desired slope looks like. So, the as a result what happened what has happened is from the acceptable the acceptable alpha range has now become from all the way from here till actually this sort of point till this point, but then if you also impose the first condition if you impose both of these together the the acceptable range then becomes something like this this intermediate range right and from here it goes from here till here. So, the green range that I have that I have drawn here that becomes then the acceptable range of range of alpha. So, as you can see why this is the reason all this is complicated is because we are we have to sort of feel our way through and choose the right alpha by based on some sort of you know educated estimates or educated guesses about how the function is going to behave in the you know as we as we change the alpha right. So, coming to put to summarize we have these are what are called these are the wolf conditions. So, a sufficient decrease sufficient decrease or right. So, a sufficient decrease or wolf condition is said to hold if if alpha satisfies satisfies these two equation where where where C 1 and C 2 have satisfied this kind of inequality between them. Now C 1 and C 2 are constants that are chosen that are fixed they you do not vary them across iterations alright. So, these are the this this is yeah. So, this now choosing this takes usually a bit of trial and error to figure out what the right values of C 1 and C 2 are, but any C 1 and C 2 between that satisfy this are are alright for us. Now there is a stronger version of these of these wolf conditions in which the second one what are called strong wolf conditions the stronger wolf the strong wolf in the strong wolf conditions you change this this here is replaced by. So, let us call these equations W 1 and W 2, W 1 holds and W 2 replaced by replaced by the following which is you replace it by the absolute value instead of taking the gradient oh sorry I missed the transpose pk here yeah. Instead of simply taking the derivative you actually take the absolute value of it less than equal to C 2 alright. So, now in this case what happens is under the strong wolf conditions if I you the strong wolf conditions will if will are stronger in the sense that you are not we are we are all we are we are not the differences that we no longer allow the derivative to be to be too positive right. So, we do not want we so the derivative of this the derivative at alpha of phi at alpha k should not be too positive. So, if we do not allow for for instance slopes where the yeah. So, say for example, a slope like this where the derivative is now is too positive we do not allow those sort of things. So, that even further constraints your further constraints your choice of alphas.


Hello everyone, good afternoon and welcome to another YouTube live where we are going to discuss a lot of things related to how you can prepare for UGCnet December 2023. Okay, so before I move ahead just wanted to check from you all if my screen is visible, if I am audible to all of you. So if you guys can just comment below, it would be very very helpful. I am just going to go live on YouTube and check if whatever I am saying is visible to you guys. Okay, so just wanted you guys to comment below if you are able to hear me and see my screen clearly. Okay, so Farhad says yes ma'am, Aditi says yes, great. Thank you so much Farhad and Aditi for the quick response. Now without any further delay we are going to jump right on to the topic. Okay, so if my screen is visible just want you guys to comment below if you guys can see the PowerPoint presentation. Great, hi Shivangi, hi Om, hi Ifrah, hi Rumi, hi Junaid, hi Sajata. Thank you so much for the prompt reply. Now we will just move ahead and talk about the topic. Okay, so the very first thing that I want to talk about before we even enter into the video that you cannot complete the full syllabus in four months. This is something you have to get very straight into your head that it is not possible for anybody to cover UGC net English syllabus in just four months because the syllabus is very very vast. I am going to give you a sneak peek into the syllabus and we will see that you know how vast is the syllabus but in short I just have to say one thing that it is not possible to cover the full syllabus yet. In the next four months we are going to cover topics which have a weighted of 80%. So if you cover these topics in the exam in the next four months and you sit in the exam there is 80% chance that you are going to clear it. Why? Because if you have seen the UGC net cut off is somewhere around 60 to 65%. Now if you cover the entire syllabus there is a chance that you get like 90% marks but then our aim is to just get 60 to 65% marks so that we can beat the cut off and we can be in that list of net NJRF qualified student. For that even if you attempt 60 to 65% paper correctly you can definitely clear net and we are here saying that by following the timetable that I am just going to talk about. You can cover 80% syllabus. Okay 80% syllabus is something that you can cover. One more thing very very important four months are left. A lot of people would say that you know revision is something that we can skip because we just have four months in our hand. But let me tell you very very honestly that you cannot skip revision. Revision is very very essential. If you want to read in four months, regular revision is the key. And I am going to tell you how you can add revision very very beautifully in your day to day syllabus. So three things we begin with. Number one, don't aim for 100% syllabus complete. So I will not sit in the paper. I was recently watching this very beautiful series Quota Factory. I would just want to show that to you. It's a beautiful series Quota Factory and there are so so so many you know this is the episode Quota Factory. You can watch it here. I saw it on Netflix. The reason I am saying this because when I was going through the series last night I saw that there is a very very nice line that has been said by the teacher. He says very beautifully that you should never think that I will complete the exam only when my whole syllabus will be completed. Because mastery never happens on any subject. The reason why I have put this as the first slide in the PPT is because a lot of people will think that we are not going to aim for December because we cannot complete the full syllabus. Or in the month of November you see that okay so much is left so I am not able to you know cover the entire syllabus in the next one month. So I am not going to sit for the exam. Please don't make this mistake. This is a very very important thing for everyone of you to understand that anybody who even tops UPSC, IATJ, UGC, NET, whichever exam you think of. Nobody, not even the topper can finish the entire syllabus. Even when I sat for NET, there were a lot of topics which I did not get the time to study. But whatever I planned that I have to read this, I will take the paper with it. I have revised it 6-7 times. Okay so please don't get in that direction that unless and until I don't cover the full syllabus I am not going to sit for the exam. I will tell you 4 months ago that you will not be able to complete the full syllabus. But you can very easily complete 80% weightage topics which have 80% weightage. Total you know in that if you talk about the entire syllabus, you will be able to cover the topics of 80% weightage. And if you can cover that topic in next 4 months then very very easily you can clear this exam. This is something that I can bet on because a lot of students every year enroll in our courses, get connected to us in the last 4 months and they are able to clear the exam. But in this video I am going to talk about how you can study on your own and cover the syllabus. Now just I want to understand if you guys understood what I said so far. If you guys have understood please say yes or you can say understood in the chat box. So that I move to the next slide where we talk about the 4 months time table. Okay by the time let me just see there are a lot of people who are live today and I can see so many of you responding. Junaid is there, Akanksha is there, Sunidhi is there, Sujata is there, Lakshmi is there, Jules Rajan is there, Farhat is there, Aditi says understood, Farhat says understood. Radhipan says yes ma'am, great, perfect. Okay so one thing very very clear that in 4 months we have to only target and complete 80% weightage topics and then we can move forward. Okay now let's jump into the monthly time table strategy. Now monthly time table ke agarum baat kare so I have taken September, October, November and December into the picture. And December is only going to be about revision, mock test series and previous year papers dena. We are not going to cover anything new in December. I would always want you guys to keep your December free because number one we don't know when the exam is going to happen. So even if it is in the mid December or in the second week of December. So we should have the first 15 days clear with us. Okay September, October, November na aapko kaisse parna hai if you have not prepared anything so far. So uski aam baat karenge. So the very first thing is paper one ko aapko satsaat lena hai. Now in the previous few lines I have focused on the idea that paper one may now they are asking any number of questions from any unit. So earlier it was like 5 questions per unit they were asking. So there was a fair chance that you can skip 2-3 units and you can focus more on the strength that you had. And you can get more marks from those units and 2-3 units jaase 5-5 questions I think you can leave them. Now there is a fair chance that they might ask 8 questions from the unit that you have left and only 2 from the unit which you have completed. So you don't want to be in a problematic state in the exam room. And that is the reason why I would suggest you that hame sare units kabar karna hai. Now I have included 9 units you might think 8 units uniki hai. One unit I have not done because that unit is reading comprehension usme you don't need any preparation to that extent. That is something that you can just practice and you will get it. You don't have anything to learn as such in that unit. Okay so talking about the 9 units we all I think you all know what are the 9 units. If you don't then I can just show you you just need to pay for one syllabus and we can just have a look at the syllabus. Okay so these are the topics okay I think you all are aware of it. Teaching aptitude, resource, reading comprehension, communication, reasoning and mathematical aptitude. Logical reasoning, data interpretation, ICT, people development and environment and higher education. Now coming on to which unit should you pick first and which unit should you pick last. Now it is totally up to you when it comes to paper one. See there are students who would say that let me do the easier unit first because that will help me gain confidence. And let me keep the difficult units for the November month.  There's a wonderful book by Brain Tracey where he talks about this thing that eat the ugliest fork first. That means tackle the most powerful or the most difficult problem first thing in the day so that the rest of the day you are chill. You can you know focus on other secondary things. So there can be a strategy where you take the three most difficult units in the month of September. For example, if you are somebody who is not good at mathematical reasoning, logical reasoning, data interpretation. You can take those three units in the September and later you can take the easier ones. That can be one approach. One is you divide it. Big unit first, small unit first. That is totally up to you. There is no short short way through which you can get success. But what you have to focus on in this. So September, October, November, the three months, we have 30 days. Now in 30 days, 10 days per unit is what you should be devoting. Now every day you should have a target that September 1st to September 10th. In the first 10 days, I am going to complete any one unit. It can be anything. For example, you are doing research methodology. So you take research methodology and you do, you complete it in 10 days. You do not have to give more than 10 days. You have to study the research methodology in 10 days. How to study? How do you approach every day? We are going to look at it in the second part of the video. In this video, when I will move to the next slide, we are going to talk about this. Now coming on to the main problem that is how to cover paper 2 syllabus. So paper 2 syllabus is divided into two parts. One is the main syllabus which is the crux. And one is other topics which is something which I would say is a little secondary to the main topic because major questions are coming from here. Now, for those of you who have seen UGC net paper 2 syllabus, I am pretty sure you know that the syllabus given by UGC net for example, if we talk about it. So the syllabus given by UGC net is not something which is very, very handy. You cannot understand a lot of things from the syllabus. So that is the reason why we have given a complete syllabus free of cost on our website. So I will just take you through that. It is a completely free syllabus. I am not promoting my website at all. It is just something that we have given entirely for the benefit of the students. It is available free of cost. You can see the syllabus and it will help you to understand that what are the topics that you should be studying. So if I talk about the syllabus, these are the 13 modules. British literature say they came module 5 Indian literature then 6, 7, 8 and so on and so forth. Now this may say, I would say all of them are important if you want to clear net and if you want to clear GRF in first attempt. But now that we are only talking about the most important area where 80% questions come. So if I talk about that, that is British literature, part of American and Indian literature, literary criticism and literary theory and in theory we have cultural studies but I also have it as a separate module cultural studies. So theory, criticism and cultural studies. If you look at the timetable that I have prescribed, this may I am saying that every day you have to do British literature in Indian American countries and other may say every day you have to do literary criticism, theory and cultural studies. So I have divided it into two parts so that it is not boring. Sometimes it happens that theory is very very difficult. So if you have to only study theory throughout the day, you get exhausted, you do not understand it. So I want to compensate it with something which is easier, that is British literature. So how to read, what to read, I will tell you. If we talk about September month, in British literature I would suggest four writers you study, everyday four new writers you study, for 30 days if you study you cover 120 writers and similarly in October everyday you cover four writers from British literature for 30 days, you cover 120, 120, 120 becomes 240. Now if you look at the list that I have given which comprises of all the important writers from where every year questions have been asked. So we have put them in one place by clubbing and this is the part of the online course syllabus so this is exactly what we are teaching to our students also. So you can understand that if you are teaching something to the student we are providing the complete material. So apart from this even if you are preparing on your own you do not have to study anything new. Okay, so if we talk about British literature so in our course there are 350 writers. Now as I said that you cannot cover the entire syllabus so you can only cover 80% important topics. So out of the 350 writers you have to pick and choose any 240 writers which you will study for this exam. You cannot complete all 350 writers that is totally up to you. Now you might ask that ma'am please tell us which one is important from age of Chaucer which should we go for. Now the problem here is that every year they keep on shifting the weightage they give to topics. At times they don't ask any question from the Elizabethan period. This entire Elizabethan period chapter number 4 they skip, they don't ask anything and they ask a lot of questions from Romantic Age. Sometimes they ask questions from Civil War and they totally skip Romantic Age so that is totally up to them. Now I would suggest you pick any 240 writers and the better way to pick those 240 writers are topics that you have confidence on because in that case you just have to do something more in order to cover those topics. You don't have to study something from scratch. So if you have already read Chaucer a little you've studied Shakespeare then you should read it well. How to read these topics how to you study these 4 writers I'm going to talk about next in this lecture but for now just understand an overview of the entire month's syllabus. So in September you have to take any 120 writers October 120 in November Indian and American literature this is what you have to do 4 writers and 30 days 120 writers so you have to meet American and Indians and read 120 writers which is approximately the whole American and Indian literature. So if you go to American and if you look at this this is about 60 writers and Indian maybe we have about 60 writers so you can take the print out of this list and you can start studying on your own. So these 60 writers and American's 60 writers is what you have to complete in the month of November. But first September in October you have to finish British literature for 240 writers. Now we come on to paper 2 some other things that you have to study simultaneously along with British and Indian and American literature. So if we talk about September so literary criticism now literary criticism is a beautiful thing that there are only 25 critics if you start from here and this ends your T.S.Liter 25 and you have 30 days so every day if you do 1 you can complete literary criticism very very comfortably in the month of September. If we talk about literary theory and cultural studies so in literary theory there are about 100 writers so what I would suggest is that you divide the entire month into 10 theories so 10 theories you get 3 days so for example you touch upon new criticism now these are the topics of new criticism you cover these 3 in one day next 3 and next 3-4 in one day similarly you take formalism structuralism, post-structuralism modernism, psychoanalytical archetypal, feminism, Marxism new historicism, eco-criticism cure theory, post-colonialism so you can pick any 10 theories that you like, divide 3 days to each of the theories and you finish it off in cultural studies if we talk about cultural studies so a part of cultural studies is also in new historicism so you can club new historicism and cultural studies together and you can cover this entire thing in the month of November so this is a small topic but cultural studies as I would suggest is a little difficult for anybody to understand so you might have to devote more time to understand these topics so this is how you break the entire thing when you do one literary criticism critic every day in October you divide you take 10 theories and every day in every 3 days you have to complete one theory and in November cultural studies every day one lecture would be sufficient December is all about revision mock test and previous year papers how you have to do it we are going to talk about it later now we should not focus on it now our mind should be okay and I cannot see the cursor okay now we move on to the next and the most important topic which is the daily timetable the monthly timetable that we have seen will be covered when you are following a routine daily now I have designed a timetable which is for 8 hours you have to study 8 hours now this I am designing why because next 4 months if you want to clear UGC net then you will have to give 8 hours if you have not done any prior preparation now if you are somebody who is like no I mean I study a little and even if I clear it is fine then I will do an extra time in that case you can devote 2-3 hours that is fine but if you are eager to cover me in this attempt in next 4 months in that case you have to devote 8 hours every day now I am going to take a break and I would want to know from you if you have understood the previous slide that I spoke about monthly timetable so just put in the comments below if you have understood this ok so please put understood in the comments so that I understand and then we move to the daily timetable section ok I can see a few of them a few of you asking other questions like Avanish is saying how do I do PhD from private university worth is private university from private university worth ok so Avanish for this you can refer to a lot of videos wherein I have spoken about PhD so you just write PhD on youtube and you will get my videos Suparna is saying how do we register in your course towards the end of the video ok great a lot of you are saying you have understood Jaswanthika is saying can you repeat once again ma'am Jaswanthika I would request that if you have not understood once the live is over you just watch the video again and you will be able to follow what I have explained so far ok now let's move to the next topic which is daily timetable so daily I have told you everyday I have to give to paper one paper one make two topics everyday you have to study for 30 minutes each ok now if I move to the last slide I have told you that you have to cover 3 units in one month 3 units in one month that means 10 days make 1 unit 10 days make 1 unit and in 1 unit there are about 20 topics from where they make 5 or 7 questions every time so 2 topics if you do everyday in 10 days you will cover 20 topics ok so 20 topics you have to do for each unit how to do it I will tell you so I will show you how I study if you are preparing on your own it is absolutely up to you that you can also use the same strategy now if I talk about research aptitude our course in which if you see there are these 20 lectures that I am giving I teach in 20 lectures because the same thing that I am sharing with you here which I am asking you to do on your own self study same pattern I teach my online course students so the same method that has worked for my students I would want to tell to you as well now if we talk about research aptitude course so first lesson is interruption second is objective and characteristic third is types of research not types of research are very different so we have divided it into 3 parts then steps are objective what are the design variables types of variables are hypothesis sampling probability sampling non-probability sampling tools of data collection data analysis and representation hypothesis testing seminar conferences workshop and symposium what difference is there what is the format of thesis writing what is the citation and research ethics in 20 lessons we cover the entire research methodology's unit and all these lectures are 15-20 minutes long it takes 30 minutes same process you have to follow in 1 hour you have to read 2 topics for example 1st September you decide that now today I am going to start with research methodology unit first go through the previous year papers and check what types of questions are coming from which topics make a list of 20 topics where more than a year more questions come there might be certain topics where you have never asked a question you don't have to work upon that again go back to the first slide where I have spoken about the fact that we have to focus only on 80% weightage 20% weightage topics from which questions have come or once in 3 years we have to skip those topics we have to read the same topics where repeatedly questions are coming so after doing 2 topics you have to make a list before starting each unit so if I go back to that slide so if you want to do 3 units in the beginning of the month you have to see 3 units on one paper take a sheet of paper ok take a sheet of paper your write down research aptitude and write down the 20 topics that you have to study similarly take another sheet of paper write your ICT and write down 20 topics that you have to study and only those topics you have to read 2 topics every day ok now you can get this list free of cost again from the cost that we have ok from here the list you can get free of cost you don't have to pay anything if you want to see the lectures then you have to pay but if you don't want to see then you can just go through it their per cup pricing is 799 but then if you get it in bundle then the prices are going on where we are giving paper one for just 1500 rupees all the 10 modules so you can even buy that that is up to you but coming back to if you are studying on your own in that case if we talk about communication there is a process of communication there are characteristics there are types of communication barriers to communication effective communication classroom communication, mass communication traditional media commonly asked definitions commonly asked terminologies and important concepts related to communication so we have divided from 20 lessons so that if you do 2 lessons per day you very easily cover the entire unit in 10 days so you have to keep the same way if you are studying on your own so you have to prepare paper one first make a list of 20 topics of each unit and every day do 2 topics of each unit now we come to paper 2 where you have to put your majority of the time now in paper 2 as I told you in this slide every day you have to do 4 writers so in 30 days you cover 120 writers so if we look here so every day you have to do 4 writers now how to pick 4 writers very easily I told you you can check this list which is available free of cost on the website ok in this list you will find all the writers now pick any 4 writers you have to read if you don't want to go chronologically that is up to you if you want to go chronologically start from here if you don't want to go chronologically I have to read romantic writers so go to the romantic writers section start with William Wordsworth, Coldridge, Saudi and Byron these 4 writers you have to read in this list that today I have to read these 4 now in these 4 writers what you have to read per writer firstly you have to know basic biographical detail of any writer then you have to only know 2 major works read 2 major works in detail don't read too much because if you start reading each writer's 10 major works in detail in summary then you won't be able to cover syllabus because you have to make your own notes and then make a list of all the minor works you have to write all the key pointers this is what you see 4 hours I have given for 4 writers so 4 hours and 4 writers if you have to do that means 1 hour you have to do 1 writer you have to read one writer in 1 hour means you have to read only 1 hour in 1 hour of wordsworth you have to cover all these things now I'll give you a very simple example ok so if I go here for example I'll give you an example John Milton John Milton is a basic we see an important writer he has to read in 1 hour so what you have to read first biography as I told you biography you have to read so in biography you have to study all these things which languages were there friend who were there these are some basic details this is a course pdf what all things you have to read who influenced Milton when was the loss of eyesight after restoration what happened who was the second marriage who published the third paradise loss who influenced the classical writer who told whom what William Wordsworth told about Milton what are the critical responses so you have to read these basic details when it comes to the biography then it comes to the minor works as I told you you have to read minor works biography major works and minor works minor works which you don't have to read in detail so if we talk about Milton so Milton's 7 8 8 prose works which are minor things you should know what is it called who was inspired where was it inspired you read a small summary of commas what was the pamphlet what was the criticise you don't have to read anything else doctorine and discipline of divorce what was the full name what was the marriage these are the pdf which is a video lecture which we explain to the students these are just the key pointers that they have to remember so in this way you have to make a minor works and then definitely if we talk about major works then you should know what are the things in each book and what is happening and what is not happening book wise you have to see this and this is something you have to do for every writer like if we talk about Dryden so in Dryden's biography you have to see these things what was the criticism about Dryden then we have to see what were the minor poems these are some minor poems you should know a little about them you should know about the minor dramas Tempest most of you don't know about this this is Shakespeare's Tempest he worked on musical comedy and and new characters and special effects Aurangzeb Karke Shahja's son he wrote a play about that then if we talk about the main works then I have taken two works one is Absolum in Edgerton which we read in detail what are the important things and then we look at what are the important things what are the starting lines what are the closing lines what are the critical analysis facts and quotes and all these things so in this way you have to read any work any writer so I have given you an example of one writer in which way you have to read which sources you have to read we are going to look next in one hour you have to see this topic because we talked about this you have to do this too so literary criticism theory becomes very very easy why because in literary criticism theory you have to read only one writer so every day in one hour you only complete one one writer you will find the list here here is the list Socrates, Plato, Aristotle you have taken Socrates and whatever work he has done in literary criticism you have made notes of it you have taken Plato, Aristotle similarly if you are taking literary theory as I told you in three days you try to cover the entire theory so there is new criticism so first day you have done these three topics next day you have done these three and next day you have done these three and you are done with new criticism there is formalism so there are less writers so this is how you divide every day one writer or criticism you have taken two or three writers and two hours you have to give for revision whatever you are studying you have read these four writers yesterday and you have read one literary criticism for example you have read Coleridge, Wordsworth, Byron and Keats and along with that you have read Aristotle's criticism these five things today you have to revise it and only then you will start with anything new so whatever you are studying in these two hours if you get time I would even want you to include paper one's revision so paper one is paper two whatever you have read in the last day you will read it every day one hour, four hour, one hour whatever you have read yesterday you will revise it in these two hours and today what you have read this is how you have to break the entire timetable okay now we will talk about the next topic which are the books and resources from which you have to read I will discuss about paper one and paper two both but before that just wanted to know from you from you in the comments if you have understood the daily timetable put in the comments if you have understood okay meanwhile take it easy is saying ma'am please suggest a good book for paper one and he has written ten comments same comments copy and pasted so I am going to you know deliver that Gurvinder Kaur says okay I thought it's a live class yes Gurvinder it is a live class Junaid says understood thank you Junaid Farhat Sarheen is asking ma'am Kaur's fee Farhat you can you know go to my website and you can call on the number which is seven nine seven double six zero three seven three one and my team is going to give you all the details about the cause pricing and everything Neha says it is already recorded not it is not live Neha it is live just wanted to know okay Tarushi says understood Shivangi says yes ma'am great okay so now that you guys have understood so far now we will talk about the resources which we can use to cap for paper one I have already told you for each unit make a list of 20 topics that you have to study okay any 20 topics where questions are coming from and study them from any one book which book is good because it totally depends on which book language you are understanding everybody is different like there are so many teachers on youtube you might like me somebody might like somebody else someone likes teaching style now can someone say objectively that this teacher is best it is possible that the teacher is best you are not understanding right so everybody understands in a very different way everybody's learning style is different you can read any book from where you can read I had told you that for paper one was Oxford publication by Harpreet Kaur now is that the best book for you that you have to check and choose but at the same time I will also suggest you that first you have to make a list of 20 topics which you have to study and you have to study from one resource very very important is any one book or any one resource that you have to refer to hundreds of thousands of books and notes and different things because you will not be able to finish the topic the biggest challenge in front of you is to cover more syllabus in 4 months now we don't have this topic that all the questions of research methodology should come this is not a challenge because that happens when you have done basics for many years you are advancing and you are reading more and to cover syllabus you have to refer to any one book or one resource I will also tell you that we also have a course for UGC net paper one if you go to our website courses.arpatakarwa.com there is a complete video course of 10 units which is for 7000 but now there are offers running on because we also want more people to clear in 4 months so if you buy paper run at a very very high discount 60-70% off is running so you can talk to my team about it<PHONE_NUMBER> is the number where you can contact my team and they will help you out okay this number is already displayed on our website so when you go to the website you will find the number here you will also find it down there you also have the whatsapp link so you can put your questions or queries on whatsapp and my team is going to reward back the offer is running which is not going to be for long 2-3 days offers are there and where we give at a discounted rate so if you buy this course you get all the units in which there are lessons and PDFs and you also get test series so each unit wise test series is included there are 70 tests which will help you in the last one month like we talked about that you have to give revision mock test in December this test series will help you so you can even buy the course if you want and if you want to study it from books that is absolutely fine I am telling you the way from where you can study even in our course you will get 20 topics of each unit as I showed you in the lecture and you will get PDFs and you will also get videos you will also get PDF and mock test you will also get demo if you want to enroll in the course if you want to see the demo lecture it is also available you can also see that you get PDF notes you get videos of each topic you get PDF and along with that mock test is also available so 70 mock test is also available so this is available as a course if you want to study it from yourself any one book you prefer read those 20 topics from this book it is possible that if you don't understand any topic from any book then you will have to take reference of any other book or YouTube videos that is the reason why we have a course in which through videos we clear you everything that you don't have to wander around you will get everything one by one and in very concise form my paper one course is designed in this way that in 10 days if you give one unit an hour in 10 days you can cover the entire unit in this way it is designed so that is up to you I have also told you the book I had referred to which is Oxford Publication's Harpreet Kaur's book now again it is something which I am just saying out of my personal experience this is not a sponsored video I am not sponsoring Oxford Publication or something just because I have used that book I have told you okay in chronological order chronological order is a course that I have just shared with you here in full course syllabus so the entire course is in chronological order and if you read this from this list then you can also read from this chronological order that is up to you okay now let's move on to the next topic which is what are the books and resources of Paper 2 now first of all I have told you that you should talk about Paper 2 in British Literature you have to make a list of 240 Writers you can find the list free of cost on the website there are no charges from here whatever 240 Writers you like you can take out the printout of this list you can just read which Writers you want to read and these 240 Writers you will cover in the exam you will not cover more than this you will have to tell yourself my aim is to only study 80% syllabus I cannot do 100% similarly you can take out the American and Indian list from the website and you can follow that list that is absolutely free of cost now from every place what I have to cover biography major works and minor works biography you will read from Wikipedia and Encyclopedia for example John Dryden okay let me just give you John Dryden okay John Dryden you will get Wikipedia in Wikipedia you will get so much information about John Dryden you will not get more than this the problem in Wikipedia is that you will not know which is important information and which is not but if you refer past year papers you will know that this information can be asked in the exam and this can not be asked where our course helps that in biography the list we have given you you have different videos of each writer each writer has one video on biography it is a 15 minute video you can see in that we will tell you all the crisp points which can be asked from the writer if you want to study Wikipedia is a wonderful source one is Britannica's Encyclopedia which is this here you will get John Dryden but again the problem is you get so much information and it becomes difficult for you to scan through it and understand which are the main pointers if you refer past year papers you can see from there and you will understand from there and then only that much information you put in your notebook if you join the course in that case we give you detailed lectures on each writer now we come on to major works as I told you I am doing two major works there are writers like Virginia whose 6-7 novels are important Jane Austen all the novels are important but you have to study only 2 because you have given 1 hour for each writer if you study 2 works in 1 hour and make notes that will be more than enough from where you have to study cliff notes, park notes, lit charts these are 3 sides suppose I put Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice how to search I will tell you that you have to study from books many people will ask me that I don't have any book to refer to British literature, Indian literature, American literature there is no book where you will get all these so I won't suggest any book to refer at this time here if you go see these are park notes then cliff notes then lit charts you will get free book summary you can study them you can study from 1 out of 3 you can study from 3 because sometimes you don't understand the language you can study from 1 out of 3 and you can make your notes by studying how to make notes again I have already put free videos on YouTube which is part of my course sorry we have recently put a video on Pride and Prejudice this is exactly the same video as you should study this is the video in which I am explaining the entire thing what are the characters how to study how is the romance going on this is a part of our online course exactly the same videos we give in our course so you can also buy our course in that you get all these things in video format and you can cover one writer end to end in an hour how can you take the details I am just going to show it to you I am telling you both things so how can you join the course how can you study from yourself so you will go to our website courses.arpatakarwa.com you will find this here there is also a bundle course we are having special offers for those who want to subscribe for 31st December there are courses till 31st December and 6 months 12 months whatever courses you take for example you go for online course on paper 1 and paper 2 so in this you will find lectures you can ask my team they will help you out you can see the validity options 31st December 365 days, 180 days you can also buy different offers you can also buy from here we also have our mobile app on google play store as well as apple i store ios you can also buy from there you can go to any lecture you will find lectures and also pdf so if we talk for example I will show you how to read so suppose if we go to romantic age okay in romantic age we have to go to Jane Austen now Jane Austen has one video about Jane Austen on Sense and Sensibility Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park on Emma so if you have seen these 6 videos in 1 hour which is 15-15 minutes if you have seen these 6 videos then it is end to end you don't have to read anything on any of these sites if you don't take this course you can read it yourself I have also told you the way you have to go to Wikipedia to read about Jane Austen to make notes you have to read minor works when you go to Wikipedia when you go to end you can see works for example Jane Austen these are all the novels of Jane Austen unfinished works, these are other works you have to take out the list to read which works I have to read then you have to read the main works like Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma these are 4 questions you have to read them in detail how to make their summaries I have shown you on the website the YouTube channel on YouTube and and you go to sorry you go to Pride and Prejudice you will get this summary how to make notes section wise if you go to our course there are demos available you can also see I will just show you very quickly if you go here this is where you get demo, videos and PDF for English Literature you can see here if you don't want to buy at least you will get to know how to make notes I have told you in the biography if you want to read from here major works you get the list of minor works like I have told you you get the list of minor works along with that when you scan past year papers you will get to know John Dryden's question I have just read the rape of the lock but Alexander Pope's this is a minor work that you have to study now we will talk about Paper to Literary Theory and Criticism so make a list of writers again at arpitaakarwa.com you can find free of cost here then study topics from three books if we talk about literary theory then there is a book by Pramod K. Nair I will show that to you as well contemporary literary and cultural theory this book you can get you will understand literary theory another book is Peter Berry beginning theory I think Peter Berry's beginning theory is better than Pramod K. Nair because language is a bit easy but again as I said everyone can like different books so you can see both of them if we talk about criticism then the book of M.A.R. Habib is very good M.A.R. Habib the problem in these books is because they are telling you theoretically so theoretically understanding any topic of literary theory and criticism is difficult because you get help of videos so if you ever feel that you have taken out a list from arpitaakarwa.com you are reading Socrates M.A.R. Habib sir you don't understand anything so another interesting way is go to YouTube and put that topic the problem is there is only one thing and it is that you have a lot of time to learn from different sources and to understand and if you don't understand then you refer to past paper you refer to videos on YouTube all these things are very time consuming if I tell you frankly this is the same way I explained when I gave the net and the major works in it were not these book rags there is a set of penguins in which there are summaries e-notes, grade savers I had read all these sites and then I made notes together but the problem is that we don't have enough time so these things you prefer from one site you prefer one of these books and again if you want then this literary and criticism is also part when you buy our paper one in paper two full course in each module you will get all the lessons you will get trials American, post-colonial, European, Indian criticism theory the sequence in which we have given we teach you in the same sequence theory, criticism are all lessons 90 lessons are there in theory if you just read it then your whole syllabus gets covered you get the whole mock test series topic wise age of Chaucer's mock test series age of Revival, Elizabethan age mock test, Enlightenment age mock test, Romantic, Victorian everyone's mock test you get along with it you get the whole paper one all units of paper one and the mock test series of paper one in which there are 70 tests full length and unit wise similarly the mock test series of paper two full length test and unit wise plus all of our mock test if you go and you attempt any mock test you will see that in this mock test you will find the whole report of analytics that you have said what are the things you have properly what are the things you have not which sections you have all of that is also covered so this is the way of paper one and paper two preparation just going back and revising all of it once I would like to ask you if you guys have any confusions any doubts I would like to take those questions or else I would just want to quickly revise and tell you how to complete it so just let me know you have written in the chat box if you think that you have understood so far and you want me to quickly take you through the entire series again I will help you revise it Akshay says Akshay says 400 video lectures are available right now all from British Literature and they are uploading yes so we continuously upload and make lectures new you know make new lectures and upload them so that you get updated content so this is Swati says maa maa the content of video lectures and audio lectures same not same we have upgraded the content in audio lectures the things we were telling you the more better and extra things we tell in video lectures that is the point of upgrading the course that what is already there the things which are already there better than that Junaid says understood Sajata says yes all is clear so we can go ahead okay so great so what I have told you let me see if all of us I told you very simply that we have to see the whole course that in 4 months we can cover 80% weightage topics we are not seeing that we cover the whole service in 4 months we can't do all the topics with full depth we just have to see 80% weightage topics what we can do regular revision is very very crucial now moving on to the monthly timetable every month 3 units what to do for paper 1 that means you have to do 1 unit in 10 days if you do 1 unit in 10 days then you will do 3 units in a month if you do 3 units in 3 months then your whole service will be covered for paper 1 in paper 2 you have to do 240 writers in British literature don't aim to do 10 writers in a day you won't be able to do it you won't be able to do it for 2-3 days that is why you have to do 4 writers every day you will be able to do 240 writers out of the 350 writers whose list is on our website as I said you can't do all the writers pick the writers which you are interested in which you have already studied in your bachelor's master's so that you can easily make those writers' notes and in November you have to cover Indian and American literature then we come to paper 2 other topics like literary theory, criticism and cultural studies so there are 25 lectures 25 topics on criticism you have to cover those topics in September in October you have to complete any 10 theories feminism, Marxism, any 10 theories you can get out of this list and out of these you have to complete one theory in 3 days so you took new criticism, formalism structuralism, post-structuralism post-modernism psychoanalyticalism, archetypalism feminism, Marxism and suppose, post-colonialism you took 10 theories completed one theory in 3 days and completed literary theory in October in November you have to take the cultural studies which I have listed you can read from here also if you want to do a book refer then you can do that you will take the cultural studies in November month and after completing this in December you have to review what you have read you have to give them the same topics and revise the previous questions of the same topics so this is the monthly timetable next we come to daily timetable in daily timetable we have read that in one hour you have to do 2 topics per day if you do 2 topics per day then you will do 20 topics in 10 days and in 20 topics one unit will be completed which 20 topics are two ways to figure out if you go to our website you can find the topics free of cost or you can refer the book of past year and you can see which 20 topics are the questions of that unit for example, on research methodology on validity every year so validity becomes one such topic that you have to study now we come on to the daily timetable for UGC net paper 2 like I said in paper 2 you have to read all these things in one hour so in 4 hours you will do 4 writers you have to give 1 hour of theory of criticism if we talk about theory then you can read 2 or 3 writers depending upon how big the theory is and in 2 hours all these things that you read yesterday you have to revise it that is tomorrow so you have to constantly if you did not revise these 2 hours then these 6 hours that you are working hard will go into the water because after 1 month you will not remember anything I have put some videos on toppers in which on YouTube we have talked to every topper and all the toppers have to say that we had made revision as priority so you can see these videos on our channel that was their strategy to prepare for UGC net now we will talk about paper 1 you have to make a list of 20 topics of each unit and you have to read any one book or one resource I had told you that I had read the books of Oxford publication but that does not mean that it will work for you you can take our course of paper 1 in which you get 20-15 minutes if you watch the videos everyday then your topic will be covered you will also get PDF so that you can just revise through the PDF moving on to paper 2 the list of writers you will get from free of cost website you have to cover the biography of every writer major works, minor works I have told you the list from different places for criticism theory you can refer books that are not available these 3 books will be available on Amazon again this is not a sponsored video I had read these 3 books and I liked them so I have shared them with you one disadvantage of these books is that it is difficult to understand that is why at times what happens is that the topics you read from these books you do not understand so you may have to watch videos on those topics you can also alternatively buy UGC net paper 1 and paper 2 you can also buy paper 2 that is also available and you can also buy paper 1 and 2 that covers everything paper 1, paper 2 paper 1 and paper 2 mock test video lectures, PDFs, everything and right now we have a special offer in which you can take the course till 31st December we are giving at a very very high discounted price we also have a 180 days course which you can cover in 6 months and 365 days so it is totally up to you you can also call on the number<PHONE_NUMBER> and you can get the details about the courses from my team as well so how can you read free how can you read paid you have to be vigilant enough to understand what methodology you like but if you want to take paid any special request please watch the demo lectures before you enroll in the paid course so that you know whether you like my teaching style or not, demo lectures are also available on the website so with that note I would like to take your leave I hope that the video was helpful and you understood how to read I would also want to know from you in the comments that if you have any other questions then you would want me to take next YouTube live on so I can take that as well so with that note I will take your leave and let's meet very soon on the next video very in we are going to discuss many more frequently asked questions till that time I would want you to prepare a timetable for yourself considering the timetable that I have shared with you if you want to make certain changes in that timetable you can definitely make it a monthly as well as a daily timetable because when you achieve daily then you will be able to achieve monthly you will be able to direct monthly and if you don't make it daily then nothing will happen so that's it from my side for this lecture I will meet you very soon in the next lecture till the time we meet next happy learning keep loving literature and stay tuned to www.arpatakarward.com