A compilation of major reports shows of 400 Nigerians were killed in the first three weeks of 2022. And the newly amended election act bill bars voters from contestant candidates' certificates in court. This is plus politics, I am Justin Acadone. At least 486 people were killed in the first three weeks of 2022 by non-state actors across Nigeria. An average of 22 people a day, a compilation of major reports shows that over 80% of the killings were carried out by terror groups that have terrorized the north of the region. In the first week of the year, at least 216 people were killed by armed persons. The victims include the 200 killed in Zamfara, the seven killed in Kaduna, three in Plateau, three in Aqaibam and three in Nondo State. In the second week at least 37 people were killed by non-state actors. The figures include 18 in Plateau, one in Abuja, one in Imo and 17 in Kaby State. Now in the third week at least 13 people were killed, three persons in Kaduna, four in Abuja, one in Aqaibam and five in Niger State. Now last week the Niger State governor, Sonny Bello, announced that at least 220 people were killed in his state between January 1 and 17. But joining us to discuss this is Kaby, the more security risk management expert and if you want a security analyst. Let's start with Kaby. Good evening to you, Kaby. Many thanks for joining us and plus politics. Good evening. I think it's my pleasure to be here. All right, Kaby, let's just dive into this particular worrying issue. From what we hear, about 486 people have been killed so far in just about 22 days in three weeks in 2022. What does this really tell us? Because it is really sudden if you consider that's about an average of 80 or 42 people daily. What does this really tell us about the security situation judging by the fact that the president came out sometime earlier this year in January 1 and was telling us that security is a bit under control in the country? Unfortunately, the reality says otherwise, it says that the situation is not exactly under control. It's where you have this number of persons being killed and clearly social order, the social contract that has brought us together, the people is no longer as tenable as it should be. Even if it were 10 persons that were being killed in a month in Nigeria, it's still worrisome. But in this instance, we're talking about hundreds, 400. I do have my reservations regarding the sources used by this particular report. I run a consultancy and we keep our own data of deaths and I know that in 2021, the list that we recorded for Edmont was around the same 400. In fact, in June of last year, we recorded 1,032 deaths just in Edmont alone. Now I don't know what methods this particular compiler, this data used. What I can tell you that the figure is almost similar to what we're also keeping using industry standard and scientifically verified methods. Now there are certain teams, common elements that run across all the locations where this death is being recorded and that is the issue of non-state actors that have harmed themselves and that are now challenging the supremacy of the use of force by the state and unfortunately they are successfully challenging that supremacy.   And then if you go to the south east and to an extent south south, you have the session is groups that have been challenging the authority of the state as well as militants and sometimes in gunmen who are criminally oriented. So that's the common feature really across almost all parts of the federation and it speaks at one thing which is the weakness of the state institutions, first off to protect citizens and residents and then secondly to ensure that this non-state actors who are challenging the supremacy of the state are arrested and penalized. Unfortunately we were not seen enough of that. So more of these non-state actors are arriving and becoming bolder to do that and that is why we are seeing this situation. There are three guards for these issues. One of the three guards is politics and as you probably are aware, the political system has convinced, there is a lot of political issues that are driving attention at the moment, the activity and motion state elections are being discussed. The national convention of the ruling party is an issue. The main opposition party, the political democratic party, is also discussing more intensively, it's likely like theirs and this is also increasing the tension as well as the potential for violence as well as the death. One issue that remains to be researched is the rise in ritual killings. My consultancy, the database that we keep, has seen that rise in ritual killings where they are best in body organs and a lot of their anecdotal information suggests that that rise is associated with the politics that I discussed earlier. So that's why it takes 486 people to comment on. Okay fine, we'll get back to it. We'll try and analyze the figures and statistics that have been reeled out to us. For more than 80% of the killings were carried out by terror groups that have terrorized not west and not central zones of Nigeria. In a minute we'll come back to you Kabeir. But let's bring up security analyst Efe, one hour until this particular in no discuss. Good evening to you Efe, thanks for joining us on Clots Politics. Good evening, it's always a pleasure to be here. Yes, these figures are really very worrisome. It's just been three weeks in 2022 and we hear that over 486 people have been killed, the ones that we know so far. Some of them have not actually been reported. But more worrisome is that these acts were carried out by non-stick actors and Kabeir just gave us a bit of an overview and he said that these terrorists and these criminals are becoming bolder by the minutes. What have we failed to see as it is stemming this issue of security in Nigeria? Oh, okay, if you want to thank your last question correctly, what do you expect us to do to stem the tide? What have we failed to see, that these non-actors are becoming bolder by the day? Oh, okay, okay, much clearer. For me, I'm very worried even before this report came out. The last time I saw the governor of Nigeria said he executed the president in Asa Rock, you will see that Shimano is clearly helpless and it is an open secret that parts of Nigeria's state, not like your part of Buenos Aires, are under the control of non-stick actors. In other words, there is an absence of government authority outside of Nigeria that is concerned. And in terms of what we are shown to see or what we've done, for me, there is no end game in sight and there is no concerted tactical approach to saying that this is how we want to go about it. It appears that terrorism and the like have been accepted as a norm now. We must now continue at a branch of Nigeria's historical and anti-terrorism network. We must be now and again a continuous fight which is not fully coordinated and tailored towards a definitive end. So we have this situation where you make one in-road today, you step back, you make another in-road tomorrow, and you also allow the terrorists to criminalize the aggressors, it holds the will, and then you wait for the while you go again. So at first I'm concerned what I find missing is the apparent lack of a coordinated approach which regards to having efficient manpower, efficient equipment, and strategy which goes into huge taxes on the ground. We think we want to disturb what we're looking to achieve with ex-manpower, deploying from ex-regions. As it stands, it appears like our military and our security agencies have said that certain parts of the country cannot be effectively secured. That is the impression that I have being from the security environment. So I wonder what the other in Nigeria and the United States and elsewhere would feel. You know we can juxtapose this issue that happened in Paraguay, while we also have people from Kenneros coming in, Ambaroneas, whatever you call them, coming to attack Nigeria. And we understand nothing from the Nigerian perspective. So whereas we have internal issues we are dealing with, we have terrorists that have also turned the phone off, and also have those ones that are climate-induced in terms of the air region and the third angle, the issues of climate change that are facing them. So for me, it is missing on the part of the government that they have a strategy and a tactic to deliver the consequences on me. They need to really step up and the citizens need to know what the plan is and what is the end game. Is this going to be the case continuously or is this government, the plan of the government is off, and then the next one will come and continue. What is the end game? It is missing. All right, thank you Efe for your input. Let's bring back Kabeh into this discussion. I'm sure you have heard Efe's point of view. He seemed to note the issue of a lack of coordinated approach, issues of manpower and equipment. But specifically he was emphatic when it came to a Niger state. Let's talk about that for just one minute. The governor said at least 220 people were killed in his state between January 1 and 17, although most of the killings in the state were un-reported until the governor's statement, meaning that the media could have missed out on the exact figure. What is happening in Niger state? Is it that the state itself or the government in Niger is a bit overwhelmed as it cannot really secure the lives and the property of the resident who reside there? Kabeh? Like to categorically state that the industry standard practices that we use in collating these figures does not indicate that 220 people were killed in Niger. What's the true picture? This figure we have is much less than that. It's about 78 persons. So even the governor being the chief executive and the chief security officer in the state, one cannot dispute him. What would have been really helpful when he stated that was to have indicated where these persons were killed? Because frankly, the processes that we use to collect our information includes the security agencies and I can tell you with all sense of responsibility that even with the security agency the figures do not match what the governor mentioned. Again, because I'm quite experienced in the sector, sometimes there could be errors in when the statements are being made. I'm just hoping that that's not what happened in this instance. But then even if the figure is the 78 that I mentioned, it's very worrisome and concerning. There are about five local governments that have been more or less dominated by these non-state actors. And one of the major worries for me is our inability as a people to even disaggregate the name of these non-state actors. So I prefer to call them gunmen because on the one hand, they are terrorists, just like the federal government has recently declared them. But then on the other hand, they are unknown gunmen, depending on which security agency you discuss with. Then again, depending on what arm of the media you are engaging with, they could be called again unknown gunmen or even gunmen unknown if you want to be funny. So that is a major issue. Who are we dealing with? And what crime are they committing? Is it a terrorist offense or is it a criminal offense? Is it mandatory? Is it mandatory? How come in the 21st century, in the year 2022, we have bodies that have dominated five local governments. These are outlaws. So how can you have outlaws in a state that is governed and that has state institutions? Now, what are the common features that allow them to flourish in a state like Niger in these five local governments that I mentioned? Number one is land mass. Niger has probably the biggest land mass in any of the states in the federation at the moment. Number two is the ungoverned spaces, the forested parts. Because of this large expanse of land, Niger unfortunately is disposed to that several forested parts, several mountainous parts that allow these non-state actors to hibernate. Number three is its proximity to crime-free areas such as Kaduna. And then, of course, through the ungoverned spaces that I mentioned, there is a direct sort of link through forests that traverses Zamfara, Kasinah, Kaduna into Niger state. And then to an extent, even like you state, so a lot of the movement of these non-state actors from these locations, crime-free locations that I mentioned, ends up in Niger. So if there is an ongoing security force operation, like there is at the moment in the other locations like Zamfara, Kasinah, what they do is they move down. Of course, there is pressure on them in Kaduna. They now move down into Niger into these ungoverned spaces. Now, it's also very easy for one to conclude that the state government has not been able to respond adequately. Now, the argument by the state government is that security still remains in the federal exclusive list as well as the constitution. So the state governments cannot do a lot to address the issue because they can't control or dictate the situation. So what do you suggest? A combination, a better coordination, just like FAA has mentioned, between the federal and state government. And then a judicious use of the security vote apart from Lagos state. And perhaps, in fact, apart from Lagos state, I'm not aware that any other state has been transparent with the way it's using its security vote. What we hear is that they provide funding for FOIL, for by this security agent. Sometimes they buy vehicles for them, but no other state government is transparent in terms of how it does that. Now, what Lagos state has done is it has this security trust fund, which is a pool through which every individual in the state, every corporate body in the state is able to put money. And then that money is transparently used to support security organization. Now, that is the kind of ingenious and practical steps that would like to see things like that. So why are other states not actually burying a leaf from Lagos state? Because it's easy money. It's money that is not audited. And so they are able to use it for things that, unfortunately, I don't even want to speak about in this platform. This has been well documented. CIVLAC did a report, I remember well over two years ago, that documented this issue of security vote and how state governments, unfortunately, are not just state governments. It cuts across good state government, federal power status, name them. This is one audited money that they use it for. So again, it's easy for the governor to mention this figure, but what is more important is he should have told us, for instance, where this figure came from. And then what he is doing to ensure that by February, this figure will reduce to less than 10 and then we'll be happy. All right. Thank you, Kabir. We'll come back to you. Now, Efei, I'm sure you have been following the discussion. Let's talk about another state that gives me a bit of concern. Sometime in December, on a daily basis, we were hearing of what we could hear or we heard rather of killings along the Abuja Kaduna Expressway. From the reports that was released from the compilation, the West 7 killed the first three weeks here in 2022, three in Plateau, three in Acquirebom, and three in Undostate. Would you say, since the declaration of a bandit as a terrorist, that the situation in that particular axis that some Kaduna Abuja has actually changed for the better? Efei? Well, I would not be making the mistake of making a safety conclusion which is just what the attribution is. Because for me, and from the perspective I see, sometimes some of these things are not reported. As you are aware, the issues in Nigeria's case were not in the public domain until the government cried out. So what was happening in Abuja Kaduna Rao, sometimes you have a death of reportage as to what is going on. But even then, if we have some red spikes for a week, two weeks or a month in a particular axis, and then Sokoto and Kaduna Inland and Zafarat become issues.  You remember what happened with the prison district Borneo State, and there was a rocket fire into my degree, from outside, and we described it as people who are fleeing or who are being executed and what are we. So for me, I wouldn't say that the declaration of a disbanded denuclearization has achieved results for us. There is still more to be seen and to be done. And as far as I'm concerned, we need to have a proper coordination nationally. And let us not forget to mention that two days or two weeks ago it was reported that the police is complaining that Nigeria are not turning up for recruitment. The first public relations of Nigeria specifically mentioned Southern Nigeria. People are not coming up to be recruited into the police. I do not know what the army is seeing with regard to recruitment of refugees. I'm talking about 9.6, digressing a little. We are aware that it has about 10% of the land mass of the entire country. Yes, it does. What have we done to steal off the number of security agents in the country? Military to lead paramilitary. So from it appears like we are not, we don't have the agency. We have a war situation and call it staccato of sorts, you know. It is not a normal warfare. It is not synthetic warfare. So what you have here is different. It's a guerrilla kind of thing. And it might be a single group. So the country is being turned at its things by different parties. We are supposed to be in war mode. So in terms of manpower, training, personnel, there's supposed to be an aggressive recruitment. And in some cases, without them being immodest, you can see we're not even conscribed. There should be conscription going on. To have the requisite numbers and tie that into the inventory that you have and deploy appropriately. Then you can hold commanders to account. So I think that the policy of information as to what goes on in Kazina, Abu Dha Kazina Ag is now, it's not enough for us to say that yes, because we were declared as terrorists. There is now some, okay, see what happens, we decided we now have them from Kani, from the late five years ago that I was kidnapped. So this is not a franchise. Boko Haram is not a franchise. The banditry is not a franchise. Everybody is cashing in on criminality across the country. We are wetter even in southwest Nigeria.  Meanwhile, they are from the southwest itself. And the same scenario across both. So I think that the government may be overweb.  They should seek for him support. All right, they should. It's a little bit down the shoulders and the heads of the military commanders. They should do same. I'm also aware that the military have been asking that they need more equipment. They need more personnel. The police, the same thing. What about the DHS, the intelligence angle? What are they providing? What are they bringing to the table? Are you supporting them to deliver? Are you giving them the requisite manpower that they need? So I think the MRSA must be talking more to the president. He must be the one declaring the House of the Air Force we have at all these issues of insecurity.  You don't fight an indefinite war and expect that things will just fall into place. You don't have an approach that is basically a no approach. What is your aim? You are aware, for instance, that parts of Casun, parts of the 9th estate, parts of Buenos Aires are under siege. So what are you doing? Well, we have a relation in Anambra. We were able to deploy over 30,000 policemen. So what are you doing in those places? Why are you not mopping up people? Getting friendly forces and searching for people in that area at the same time.  Or maybe they go to Quarro. So for me, the government needs to break down the shoulders of his commanders and beyond doing that, he must support them aggressively. All right. Thank you. Let's just get some final words from Ma'am Kabeer as we wrap up on this particular discourse. If you raise some pertinent point, you talked about the recruitment of Nigerian police, the Salvaters are not actually showing any interest. He also talked about ungoverned territories in maybe some part of the northern states in Nigeria. As we wrap up this discussion now, so what should the government, that's the federal and the state's government, be doing in the interim so that the residents can actually go to bed with both of your rides closed? I mean, better coordination is the way to go. Each of these government levels have their own security arrangements. So at the federal level, it's got like 27 ministries, department and agencies. And FA has talked about the need for coordination between the 27 ministries, department and agencies, as well as the military units. But beyond this better coordination at the federal level, I believe there is need for enhanced coordination between the federal and state levels. There is no state government, no state that you go to in Nigeria to be that does not have some form of state level arrangement. In fact, in some states, you have different state level arrangements. I can use the example of San Faraz state that has the Ansakai, which created the most that we have today in terms of boundary. If you go to Burma state, they have different civilian ATF. They have hunters, you know, unit named them. They are all state level units. And the reason why I say this is because they are documented and they have been paid some form of stipends by the state government, but they are not captured into the security architecture. So we need better coordination between the federal and the state government so that all these state level arrangements are captured into the security architecture. Now, this is for the short term. For the long term, I think we need to start having a conversation around decentralization of security arrangements at the country so that we can have some form of state level either policing or security arrangement that is recognized by the Constitution. Not this haphazard approach that we have that frankly is not helping us. It's actually causing more than helping us. All right. Thank you so much. Indeed, we need to be more coordinated in our approach to fighting the issues of security, stemming these issues in the board. Many thanks to FA1, our security analyst and of course, Kabeer Muhammad, security risk management expert. Thank you so much, gentlemen. You're welcome, Justin. Thank you for having us. All right. All right. Thank you for staying with us. We'll take a short break now. And when we return, Nigerian voters might be stopped from challenging the certificates of candidates of elections except they participated in the primaries more in a moment. Stay with us.


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This is gonna be a great run. It's not gonna be bad. I'm gonna ready check and make sure everybody's ready to go I'm gonna go fairly quick. I'm a prop paladin. So I'm not gonna go too quick I need to drink every now and then but this is gonna be a good run We have some of the finest players in all of Azeroth here with really really good gear That's really playing as warlock at the time. Yeah, he is okay I'm gonna I'm gonna drink real quick and actually should mark these so like if I if I get hit So here's how prop paladin works is if I get hit I can do a lot of return damage I just generate a lot of threat the biggest problem prop palins have that two problems one mana, which is not that big of a deal They literally don't on the taunt.  Are you a furry? No, I'm not a furry I recently want to get back in a while specifically classic on one of the enemy recommendations We're recommendations to what right now zg's in the game and it's gonna be really good because it gives you a chance to Like actually catch up to play the game. You know probably viable paint right tank and TPC Yeah, typically here's here's kind of the secret with paladin tanking is like you need a lot of one class six Is kind of like the bare minimum But you should have like eight plus of one class and you cast blessing of kings greater blessing of kings and it gives you a Tone of threat for each one. I miss last so much. I wish the console rumors are true Wait, I mean why don't you plan do you think that's a common thing people would rather play while on console and PC I don't I don't know how I don't think that's actually like a pretty common thing I think I think this game would be really hard to play on Okay, cool. Oh nice Zulean headdress. That's a good one rune bloodstained Hoburk is another very good one That's very good. This is a good alternative to um savage gladiator chain Hey, well, we're clear to pack a console player wouldn't have wiped there true. I Didn't see what happened just everyone dead But this is a classic example of why you don't let paladins do anything other than you true You love glancing at the map. Yeah, I do it a lot don't I? Just like double tap M. I don't know why I do that Okay, we're getting we're getting position we'll go ahead and rebuff everything.  We are sacrificed to the blood God Our Lord a car Why was I not getting healed? I was silenced of all Horricks of all the times for you to shut your you chose that one Which has red gear how does rich have red gear and he's still doing more damage than all of our other mages His gear doesn't give any stats guys. Is that true? There's no way that's true.  Yeah, I said I said something but I mean I know why it wasn't read it wasn't read at the beginning look at the damage meter from the last yeah Well, how are you at the top of the meters and your gear is red like what like mages well? It's simple. That's fun. Let's go ahead and let's look at why so we have yet You have lackmeister who is a fury warrior who's doing 104 DPS He hasn't casted a single heroic strike you have vines over here who is a moonkin Nothing more needs to be said there ankle biter who's actually just about as threatening as a chihuahua who is doing a hundred and fifty-four DPS He didn't use his chained essence of a crannies.  Hey, I'm gonna be honest. I think I should stop doing ZG pugs Is the thing way too long? Yeah, I mean normally this takes like I mean I can take anywhere from one to So like it's not going any slower than that, but yeah, it's a little slow Okay, why is rich doing less damage than me now after he got repaired who won this cloak? I need this quote What happens let's get the cloak of a cari worshipers Okay, I'm gonna put on this cloak because it gives me spell power Okay, so we're gonna do Jindo and we're gonna we're not doing fish boss rich is malding about what the cloak You're rich. Yeah nice cloak Oh Look, I mean I need this cloak. It looks cool. It's for my transpire Yeah, Kevin's doesn't the fish prime. Thank you, dude. I sub because of that. I now know that you're the constant greater for me I thought I finally had friends that were gonna help me get Lou well up to Azman's raid I still remember you want to see a clip as my beginning of my classic experience Let me see if I can find this right now if I type in twitch the first thing that pops up is me and Malcova Street What wow that's really convenient, isn't it? I wonder how that happened wait, dude. What a weird coincidence Why does that happen? Did she pay for like a like promotion or something because you've been to her stream Like it organizes it based off of like which streams you watch the most wait. There's no way. That's right. Yep. Oh, I didn't I didn't even know She's stream. I thought she was more of a I thought she was more of a wait Is that extra for me? It just takes the twitch website. Hmm. I don't know. Yeah, I really don't understand man That's crazy. I wonder how that happened. Oh here this clip is this clip is called the true classic experience by the way Look rich this is this is the classic experience, okay?   It's gonna be the wwe of video games Okay, it'll be Mizkip versus Mia Malkova and Mia Malkova will win right?  Oh, here's my question. How much baby oil is involved? Apply it as necessary It's my motto. What do you guys think? Yeah? I mean, I could be good We can just have everybody wrestling each other to if that's easier, you know Mizkip might build a pool in his house I don't know inside of the house and it's not inside out at his house inside of the outside of his house I didn't tell you but I was planning on building one inside of ours. Nice. I think it's called a bathtub rich Yeah, that's just a bathtub. I'm going at a bathtub without boundaries There's a chance that me and Mitch we're gonna live together and he literally went that's disgusting Did Mitch I'm telling you Mitch is reformed. I'm also saying why do we do no damage? I feel like this boss is just healing itself Okay, let's see what we get. Oh, that's a good one.  I'm a ZG where paladins can't steal my gear rich I'm gonna better ZG. Do you want to pull this big pack? That's one from the right side. Yeah, let's do it rich We actually need you here. You're actually top damage.   Hey, it's the entire man. That's fake, dude That's fake. You just wrote that that's not That's fake dude, and it's you can't do these pixels are obviously like right there There's no way that one's real dude trust. I've seen a lot of fake Yeah, this one's a fake wait what the hell they have a panther and we tell yeah, can you not get the original tiger anymore? No, like market actually that's actually cool. Okay. Let's go ahead and get full buffs. Where'd you find these people trade chat? We're downstairs with the wrath of the soul player Dude, I swear.  Yes. What do you want? Let me know what you what what item do?   I seriously.    You sound like you're having split personality right? sniper rifle of the monkey carried on a stick All right. Well, it's gonna be able to tank this it'll be fine. I Mean to be fair This is a really good shield. I mean you know what else he's missing so much armor I say and in full green gear. Oh, oh, I see he's got his feelings. Okay. I get it So worried there for a second.   No, I cause I saw the green and I saw a drake feint talisman And I started getting confused. Okay, Zane, you're gonna tank because he can just heal himself whenever you Yeah, you're taking first you guys have 30 seconds until the blood second. Okay, just pop something.  This is you bro Intervate yourself and I hear I think you're using on me fine. It's going to he's going in for melee. That's good level up I mean, hey, it's something Five seconds left five seconds left. Okay, you got it.   He was at 7k health as many you could have done I didn't stop them. No, I never stopped damage like I lost. I died to damage from the boss It was over man. It was 7k dude. Yeah, and you know how long it takes us ready to do 7k One person if one person it was survive The I'm not I'm forgot English if one person had survived it would have been the difference We are gonna wipe to son of a car Go All right, just sheep it they're the good oryx don't get in combat with them just res people oryx Oryx just keep him busy keep the son of a car busy oryx is gonna res oryx start raising people now quickly wait Where was rich on the damage meter?   I think what happened was whenever I got feared I think I got feared like out for a second and it dropped on my thread or something weird happened with a fear It went crazy and started killing everyone before I got it back Hey, can we do this all warriors blow fear at the beginning of the fight just so we don't have that again Ironically, yes. Yeah, all warriors use intimidating shout as soon as we get to the boss So you can't accidentally use it. Give me just two seconds. I got a drink really quick.  I had to make a I had to make a mana Ruby.  Give me the cloak. All right.  I Can't find whenever you're ready. So you guys want there you go now we begin the true in the game It's 50% we are not going to do it again.  Just press the buttons chat. We have a ready second Throw grenades Semper he's immune. Okay, take it home. This is it boys.   It's not even funny. Okay.  Wow, okay? I need to get some food I'm really hungry guys. We had a great raid a great time. It was really it was really successful I will never forget this raid guys. I'll say that for sure. Yeah, I'll see you later Were you in for the start of the fight, did you join fight late? It's not showing your name


I'm reading Matt's comment now. I don't understand how lack of patent protection will work in some parts of the economy. Pharmaceuticals, for example. Price are inflated. Okay, what would be the incentive for these companies to extend large amounts of capital? Okay. Well, I think I know where you're going. Let me just answer this in a couple of ways. First of all, I don't know if you've read a lot of RAND and others on, like, the antitrust question, for example. Okay, let me read the rest of it. Okay. Well, I would say, first, as a libertarian, our view is moral. Our view is moral. That is, the question is primarily, who has the property right? So, for example, on antitrust, a lot of utilitarian-type free market types would say they have these arguments for why you don't need antitrust law. But they're not really against them in principle if you do need them. They just think that they're good economic reasons to think that antitrust is not necessary because companies can't really collude that successfully because of the nature of the market. But a moral principle view is, but companies have the right to collude. They have the right to fix prices. As long as they're not violating anyone's property rights, they have the right to do that. And I think that's the fundamental approach to IP. Why do you have the right to tell me I can't use my own property in the way that I see fit? Even with something at my own invention, which is what patent laws do. So, if two companies are competing and they're trying to find this wonder drug, and they both find it around the same time, the first one who gets to the patent office can stop the other one from using their own idea. Why is that just? And I don't think asking a question, well, what's the first company's incentive to invest in this R&D? Asking a question is not an argument. I'm not being critical of you. I'm just saying it's not an argument. And asking a question doesn't justify the use of state force against my property rights. I mean, it just doesn't. The only thing that justifies that is if I commit aggression, and the competitor hasn't committed aggression. They're just using their own property as they see fit. Now, I would highly recommend that you go to the free online copy of the book by McKellie, Boldrin, and David Levine called Against Intellectual Monopoly. You can find the link on the resources section of c4sif.org slash resources. There's a link to their book there. There's a chapter on pharmaceutical patents, which is always trotted out as the best example of why we need patents. And they do a great empirical case, just showing that actually it is not in practice in today's world that useful or sorry, it's not essential. You have to read it. It's thorough and just devastating. They show that a lot of the cost of patents or for advertising or for things that are not protected by patents, et cetera. So take a look at that. And second of all, I would say this, just as a sort of a common sense matter. We have a situation where we have a state which hampers human life in a severe way. It imposes untold costs on companies, regulations, the FDA process itself, taxes, inflation, export and import controls, all kinds of things like this, which totally are like a huge weight impressed upon these R&D companies. Just imagine if we could cut the corporate income tax rate by 90% and the income tax rate on personal people, on individuals, by 90% so that they would be richer and have more money to spend on these drugs and things like this. And they'd be cheaper to hire employees if you didn't have pro-union legislation and environmental laws and all these things. They would have so much more money in the first place that they would have a lot more money to spend on R&D. And to the idea of entrusting with the state, which imposes all these penalties and drags and weights on companies and on innovation and progress, to ask that state to give me a monopoly that I can use their state courts for to harm my competitors for a temporary time so I can charge a slightly temporarily monopoly price for my product to make it a little bit more attractive is insane. I mean, you don't trust these criminals to do that. And if the state's imposing cost upon cost upon cost upon cost upon you, why would you not want to just say get rid of these costs instead of saying give me a temporary monopoly where I can have a little bit higher profit to make up for all the cost you've imposed on me. Just stop imposing cost on me in the first place. So that's my primary view on that. And as a practical matter, I mean just imagine this, you go down to the store. We've all seen this. You'll see Tylenol for $6 and generic acetaminophen for $3, half the price. Some people buy Tylenol, some people buy acetaminophen. Why do some people pay twice the price? Because they trust the brand name. I mean, there's an advantage being first to market. There's an advantage to your reputation and your name. There's spillover effects. There are any number of reasons why you want to make money, why you would engage in R&D. Okay, Julie, why should I not share the key to your course via Facebook? Well, I would say it wouldn't be morally wrong because you can have... Libertarianism doesn't pretend to be the sole source of ethics in society. I mean, there's personal morals and there's reputation effects and there are personal commitments and promises. And there's also contracts. And you could say, I don't think we do it here because we don't care too much. I mean, we're not worried about it. Mises is not a money-making organization. Not that there's anything wrong with making money. They're trying to spread the word of economics and liberty and truth and all this. And that's why we open up so much for free. This course is...the Mises Academy is done in a... We're selling a service where there's an instructor with personalized information and back and forth and things like this. And to get these professors to teach, they want to let them have some little profit to induce them to do it. So this is the one thing they do they charge for and they don't open up to the world. And there's a practical reason not to open it up. Now, why shouldn't you do it? I mean, if we had a contract and you'd be a breach of contract, I don't think we would do that because we don't care too much because we kind of trust people. And we're not really worried about it. I mean, if people started doing that, I think we would just change the system a little bit and make the change of code every week, something like that. Yeah, I did talk about this earlier. Someone asked that question earlier. So I'd say it's sort of just bad form, but that's not a libertarian issue. That's more... I'll be there in 15 to 20 minutes, so just wait for me to read your book. Yeah, you could make a contract. You could say, I mean, if you wanted to, you could have a contract that said, you know, every student who signs up agrees to pay $1,000 damages to Mises if you reveal the key. I mean, I don't know, but you could do things like that. But there's always the choice, is that alienating your customers when you do things like that? And I'm talking about a pure profit type thing, not just something like this.   One problem is, and Bob Murphy's course, by the way, someone did that apparently, and there was a troll in the room that had to find a technical way to get around it.   So I would think the students who are really interested in this wouldn't want outsiders involved who are going to interfere with the lessons they've paid for. Anyway, a chapalaya, your thoughts on logos. I was trying to utilize NFL logos for an event and got shut down for IP reasons. How do you do that? Okay, so that's a good question. That's a trademark issue. Let me explain. A trademark is a mark that is used to identify the source of a service or a good, okay? Nothing wrong with using a trademark. This is what people would do. It's just the same thing as using your name, saying, you know, I'm John Black, and I've had this job, and the circle of friends, and this is my reputation, and please hire me. I mean, people who use names as identifiers. In my view, in libertarianism, in a libertarian society, the only type of trademark right you would have would be basically based on fraud. Let's just say Coca-Cola. There's a Coca-Cola company, and they're selling a certain Cola product under their name, Coca-Cola. Now, if I make a knockoff of Coca-Cola, and I'm selling it to people as Coca-Cola, but it's not genuine Coca-Cola, I'm defrauding these people, and they should be able to sue me, which is why I think this would never be a major problem, because you're only going to have fly-by-not operators who are doing this, because they're going to be sued for fraud. The problem with trademark law is that it gives the right to sue to the original trademark owner, not to the customer. Now, in my view, the trademark owner is not, he's not violated, he's not harmed, because he doesn't have a right to the customer's business. If the customer wants to change his mind because he, for whatever reason, he has the right to do so, so Coca-Cola doesn't have the right to sue. Furthermore, trademark law is not always based upon fraud, so for example, if I sell you a $20 Rolex, which is a knockoff, now you're not defrauded because you know you're buying a fake Rolex. This is common.  So I think it should just be totally a fraud-based thing. I think trademark law should be just basically abolished and replaced by pure fraud, pure fraud law. Oh, Julie, I'm not saying it's personal, but maybe I misunderstood your question. Well, let me, hold on a second, let me read your question again. Why should you not share the key to the course by Facebook? Well, I think if you understand the purpose of this Mises Academy system, it would be immoral because you know that there's sort of a gentleman's agreement type thing here, which is it's a moral thing outside the realm of pure libertarianism, but it's contemplated by it. I mean, people can have morals. I just think it would be a bad form because you'd be damaging what people are expecting here. And if people don't cooperate, then we might have a worse course and the whole Mises Academy might not work. I guess that's the reason. But there's no penalty for you to do it if that's what you're asking. No official legal penalty. And I would not be in favor of that. I mean, if someone did that, I would just say, well, you know, we have to find a different way to find a cost of exclusion to make this course work, right? Because, you know, I wouldn't teach this course if I didn't make a little money off of it. But I'm not doing it for money, really. I'm doing it for fun and for the experience and to interact and to spread the word. So if we can't find a way to make it work, then we'd have to find some other way. So I don't know if it was Krugman or not. Okay, a chapel. I only pretended to be officially representing the NFL organizations. I would be fraudulent. No. Yeah, if I understand the hypo you're giving me, yeah, I think that's correct. And I think that we would have to have a strong presumption of caveat and tour. In other words, look, you've got to treat people as grown-ups. And if you're having an NFL logo on your booth or whatever you're doing, people shouldn't assume that you are saying you're authorized by the NFL. I mean, if you put on there officially authorized by the NFL, in fact, let me go back a couple slides. You should take a look at this post here about Nina Paley's idea, Carl Fogel's idea of the creator endorsed Mark. So if you actually say, I authorized the use of this and they put it on there and then they didn't, that would be a trademark infringement. Okay. Some people are leaving, by the way. We're at 9.30. I don't mind personally staying much longer, but I'm afraid to cheat some people out of the discussion who left at the course time, although they can watch the recording later. So let's not go too much longer. Maybe take 10 or 15 minutes, max more. But go ahead. We'll see how it goes. Okay. Julian's question. Well, this is basically the contractual copyright scheme that some are proposed and it's somewhat related to Rothbard's idea. And your question is, in the libertarian world, could a music company make a contract with each CD buyer so you're not allowed to copy the CD? Yes, I think they could do that. But if you remember, number one, let's go back to our contract idea. Contract is not binding obligations. It's just a network of transfers of title to property. So in other words, if I buy a CD and I agree to this clause or provision you're talking about, I mean, I have to agree to some consequence if I do copy it. So really the contract just sets up a payment of money from me to the music company if I copy the CD and if they can prove it, I guess. That's another reason they wouldn't even try it. I mean, they know that it's futile to even try to do this. And in the libertarian world, you wouldn't have government snooping and subpoenas and all these injunctions and orders from courts to even try to go on a fishing expedition to figure out this in the first place. How do I view proprietary software code? I don't know. What do you mean? How do I view it? Proprietary means different things. Do you mean DRM? Well, of course I'm against it because software, I'm not against DRM and I'm not against password protected software or you have to have the encryption key to unlock it or the code. That's fine. If you want to do that, that's fine. I mean, like in this course, right, you have a pass key. But proprietary usually means you own it, right? Proprietary, you're the property owner and that is you're only the owner of it if there's IP. So patent and copyright, primarily copyright are the two IP types that cover software code, software code itself. Without patent and copyright, you would not need copy left and GNU and in fact it would make no sense because those are all licenses and a license is just permission. That's what a license means. I don't know. I mean, creating a false encryption key would be fraud. I don't understand. Give me an example. Who's creating the key and giving it to who? You mean like if I'm fake Microsoft and I sell a bootleg copy of... I sell a bootleg copy of Windows and I say, if you pay me the money, I'll give you the key. But I can't give you the key because I'm not the original vendor. So it's just a scam, you're saying? Just a scam by a... I think that'd be some type of fraud or some type of theft, sure. But that's another reason why the reputation would be more important in a patent-free and copyright-free world. You wouldn't buy from some Joe Blow on the Internet who you don't know. You would use trusted systems like an Amazon or some vetted software distributing network or you'd go to Microsoft.com and use them, whatever. I think Alex is... I think he was envisioning some software vendor who was a pirate who was pretending to have a key but they didn't so they're just stealing the money. So Locke says you get your money if you mix labor with it. Well, that's a good question and I actually think you kind of hit on what I, myself, have seen as a big problem with the entire Lockeian framework. So Locke... I mean, Jessica, I can't say whether it's wrong. I mean, that's an ethical question. I don't think it's wrong but that's because... you could imagine a similar license in a copyright-free world and then it would be contract breach to do it. But would that be a likely restriction that would be placed on you? I doubt it. Anyway, let's go back to this Locke question of a Julian. So what Locke says is that you own yourself and therefore you own your labor and therefore you own whatever you mix your labor with, which was already, which was previously unknown. The problem with that argument is that it's... it's crankish because to say you own yourself is not specific.  I mean, I don't know what myself is. I know that I have a body and every human has a body which is a scarce resource and there are sometimes scuffles and squabbles over these bodies. There's never a fight between two selves. There's never a fight between people trying to control or hurt each other's bodies without their consent. So to be a self-owner means that you are the one who has the right to control who gets to use or touch or do something to your body. So that's all self-ownership means. Your labor is just one of the activities you can perform with your body. So it's an action. Now, would you say you own your actions? I mean, I don't even know what that means. So I don't really know what they mean when they say you own your labor. It's not a substance. It's just a thing you do with your body. So to say that you own your labor is just... it's a failure to be precise in thinking. Rothbard pointed out that we do not... Sorry about that. I hate when he does that. I don't know why he does that. Am I back? No. So, okay. Am I back? Hello? Test, test? So I think Locke is actually correct in his basic argument, but he has an unnecessary step. Instead of saying you own your body, you own yourself, therefore you own your labor, therefore you own what you mix it with, I think a more direct argument is better. Just skip that and you just say, look, if there's an unknown resource out there and you are the first one to claim it by appropriating it, by mixing your labor with it, that's fine as a metaphor, but that means you transform it or you use it. You possess it and you put up borders. You demonstrate that you want to own it. Sorry, not just temporarily. You possess it. Then by doing that, you establish a better claim than anyone else. So the reason is because anytime there's a dispute of a property, one of the people claiming it is a latecomer with respect to the earlier possessor. And in my view, the very idea of property, which is that you have the right to continue to use something that you were a previous possessor of, not just bear possession, not just might make right, not just the right to use it as long as you have it, but the idea that you have the right to settle possession of it, the right to possess it. That very idea implies that whoever has it now has a better claim against someone who comes later and tries to take it. That is a latecomer has a worse claim than an earlier comer. That is why the first guy to own it has a better claim than anyone. That is why homesteading works. So I think Locke is correct. He just includes these crankish notions of labor ownership, which I think was part and parcel of this quasi-mystical, confused idea of labor, which results from overreliance on metaphors, not scientifically clarifying the concepts that you're using and not being specific enough. I don't want to be harsh on Locke. I mean, he was great and he was not standing on the shoulders of giants like we are now. Yes, not just transforming is basically, I think the fundamental concept is what Hoppe says, is in bordering, which is setting up borders. Somehow doing something with this resource to show the world that you are claiming it as yours, putting a fence around it, plucking the apple, putting it in your possession. All these things are signals or signs to the world that, ah, that's that guy's property. So now I can navigate around it and leave him alone and let him use it in peace and I'll go get my own property. So in fact, I believe that this confusion about labor also was mixed in with Adam Smith's ideas about the labor theory value and which led to the Marxian ideas about alienation and all their class warfare between the employers and the labor, they call it, you know, the workers and the labor theory value itself. So I think that this whole fixation on labor is unscientific, overly metaphorical, confused and has led to, in political theory, the intellectual property and reputation rights mistake and in the realm of economics has led to Marxism and bad economics. I'm actually not sure where this, I don't know if Locke is the one that came up with his labor stuff. I mean, I think he was part of the, you know, the milieu at the time and I'm not a big historian so I'm not sure where it came from. I think it was around before him. He was kind of putting it together. And I'm not sure about the transmission of those ideas from him to Adam Smith in the economic realm, but there's some connection, I believe. Yes, in fact I think creating is a bad, I mean, I think what you create is you create value, so you create wealth by transforming things that you own already. You could say that, in a way, an unknown piece of land doesn't exist in a practically logical sense until someone regards it as a good and homesteads it, but that's a hyper-subjective and so you could say, as soon as you homestead it, you create it because it wasn't really a good before, right? You just caused it to come into existence as part of the universe of goods by regarding it as a good. This is the subjectivism of Austrianism, which is good, but if you take it too far, you become hyper-subjectivist and I think it's just complete nonsense to say that you create a piece of land by homesteading it. No, I think what you do is you appropriate it. You appropriate it, but I think you appropriate it by imbortering it or fencing it. Yes, that is my view. That is Hoppe's view and if you read in chapters one and two of a theory of socialism and capitalism, he goes into this a lot. It's really good. Anything else? Well, I agree. That's why I say imbortering, imbortering in general. For land it would be fencing. For other things it would be a different type of imbortering. Matt, there might be some pragmatism. I mean, pragmatism is not always bad.  We all want to get along. We all want to find rules that we can use to have prosperity and cooperation and peace. Okay, let me answer this question and then I will bail out too. But for the value question, the point is that you cannot own value to things. You can only own the physical integrity of property that you own. The value, I mean, you don't need to own the value of how you regard it. You can regard it however you want. But the value of how it's regarded by outsiders, that's how they regard it. You don't have a property right to how they regard it or value it. So there cannot be any property right in the value of things because that would be like the property right in other people's brains, right, how they think about or regard your stuff. Anyway, let's call it an end. I enjoyed it tonight and feel free to, oh, I have to make one announcement. I'll send it on the list. I'm going to Ohio for a federal society debate on Wednesday. So I cannot do the regular Q&A at the same time. I'll be on a plane. So I'm either going to do it earlier in the day on Wednesday or perhaps I will do it on Friday. I'll post on the list and ask everyone what they prefer. So good night, everyone, and I will talk to you all at the next Q&A sometime this week. Bye-bye.


Now, the United Kingdom is to impose its largest ever set of economic sanctions on Russia. The sanctions include pushing to end Russia's use of the swift international payment system, freezing assets of all major Russian banks, limiting cash held by Russian nationals in UK banks, and sanctioning more than 100 individuals and entities. Burjansk and other European leaders, too, agreed that Russia's use of the major payment system should be suspended. You made the argument in your call with the German Chancellor Olaf Scholz and in a meeting of the G7 leaders. Overall, we'll be imposing asset freezes on more than 100 new entities and individuals. Next, on top of these financial measures and in full concert with the United States and the EU, we will introduce new trade restrictions and stringent export controls similar to those that they in the US are implementing. We will bring forward new legislation to ban the export of all dual-use items to Russia. We will set up a new dedicated kleptocracy cell in the National Crime Agency to target sanctions evasion and corrupt Russian assets hidden in the UK, and that means oligarchs in London will have nowhere to hide. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


अलो फ्रेंट्स आम संजे गुप्ता इस वीडियो आम गों तो देमून्स्तेट यूँ हूँ यूँ कैं फाँन्डाउ सम्वोग एवन अड एलिमट्स सब रेट्ली अप वे मेट्रिक्स भी पास्टिं तूडी आरे लिंट्वोग फुंक्षन बहुश्ताँ यूँँँँँ तूडी ऑधंणियो औब लग्डियो औड अप लग्डियो मूँँँँँँँँँँ makeção दरफ सन्संे लि़ा और दोनबढ़ Бог़ का आपके लिआ after that i am defining main function inside main function first i am declaring a 2d array then ij variables now with the help of printf the masses enter elements will be displayed on console to receive elements from user i am implementing nested loops so first loop is i which will provide row indexes and second loop is j which will provide column indexes now i am repeating scanner statement with these nested loops so that elements of 2d array can be stored at different indexes after completion of reading process i can call some function and i am passing 2d array inside it so this statement is function calling and then return 0 so return type of sum function is void that's why it will not receive any argument from the function definition so after implementation of main function i am defining definition of sum function so this block will be known as function definition inside this function i am declaring some variables so here s1 and s2 variables are initialized with 0 now again i am implementing nested loops so that i can access elements available at different indexes so i will be providing row indexes and j will be providing column indexes now i am applying if condition here i am checking whether array element which is available at aij position is divisible by 2 or not so if array element is divisible by 2 then it is even element otherwise it is odd element so i am applying this notation s1 equals to s1 plus aij so aij element will be added into s1 if it is even now else if it is odd then it will be added into s2 so this is the complete implementation of this nested loop again you can see if aij is divisible by 2 then aij will be added into s1 otherwise it will be added into s2 after completion of these nested loops we can print the sum on console with the help of this printf so even sum equals to percent d then slash n odd sum equals to percent d then s1 comma s2 so this way complete definition of sum function is implemented in front of you now i am going to execute this program so that we can check the output so you can see i have entered nine elements so now count how many elements are even so two two two only three times i have entered even value so even sum is six now odd elements are one one one one one one so six times i have entered one so odd sum is six so the program is working properly it is showing the correct results so this way i have passed a 2d array into function so that i can find out sum of even and odd elements separately i hope you have understood how i have implemented this code if you want to watch more programming related videos you can follow or subscribe my youtube channel through the url youtube.com slash sanjay gupta underscore tax school you can download my programming app techemist that is available on google play thank you for watching this video


So here's another example of forming a group of integers mod n. So while we can use either integer addition or multiplication to form the group of integers mod n, and again in a little while we'll actually use both of these, one problem is that if we use multiplication of the element cn we might not be able to find inverses for all elements and that means we won't be able to use all of the elements in a group. So what that means is that if we want to talk about the group of integers mod n, it's convenient to start with the operation of addition only and then we can talk about the group zn. And this group will consist of the integers mod n where the operation that we'll be using is the operation of integer addition. For example, suppose we want to find the Cayley table for the group z6 and so we begin by looking at the distinct values mod 6. These are going to be the possible remainders when a number is divided by 6, namely 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. We form the Cayley table. 0 is the additive identity and so this allows us to fill in that row and column. And then we can do the other addition remembering that a is congruent, a is equivalent to b, whenever a and b have the same remainders when divided by 6.  But there is no element 6. That means we're going to have to replace 6 with something. To find that something we need to find a number with the same remainder when divided by 6. Well, when 6 is divided by 6, the remainder is 0, so that means that 6 and 0 are going to be congruent. And so we have 1 plus 5 is congruent to 0. Incidentally, this also means that 5 is the inverse of 1. Now because the operation is the operation of addition, we also know that addition is commutative, so that set of sums also gives us another set of sums. So we can add 2. So 2 plus 2 is 4. 2 plus 3 is 5. 2 plus 4 is 6, which is congruent to 0 again. 2 plus 5 is 7. And again, there is no 7, but 7 and 1 are congruent because they both have remainder 1 when divided by 6. And again, addition is commutative, so these sums give us another set of sums. 3 plus 2 plus 2, 3 plus 2, 4 plus 2, and 5 plus 2. And we continue with the addition. 3 plus 3 is 6, which is congruent to 0. 3 plus 4 is 7, which is congruent to 1. 3 plus 5 is 8, which is congruent to 2. 4 plus 4 is 8, which is congruent to 2. 4 plus 5 is 9, congruent to 3. 5 plus 5 is 10, which is congruent to 4. And that completes our Cayley table.


What is up guys, Karma Medic here and welcome back to another dose. If you don't know who I am, my name is Nasser. I'm a second year medical student at Kings College London and I'm doing this UCAT series to help you guys do as best as you can on your upcoming UCAT test. So in today's video I'm going to be covering the situational judgment section. This section is supposed to be a test of how good of a moral and ethical doctor you're going to be in the future. It's supposed to be a little bit of a personality test I guess. The whole purpose of my series is that I answer these questions live on camera and I walk you through my thought process as I read the question, as I look at the different answers and as I evaluate them. And that way you guys can see what it is that I'm thinking about while I do the questions and hopefully you guys find that useful. If you guys are looking for specific tips on how to answer questions in the situational judgment section, I made a video on this last year. Before we begin I want to thank Medify for partnering with me on this video and on this series. Medify is an online UCAT resource and I've been using their questions and their question bank to answer all the questions I'm doing in this UCAT series. If you guys haven't heard of Medify or you want to check them out I'll leave links in the description below. And without further ado let's jump straight into answering situational judgment questions live on camera. Alright so here we are on the Medify website looking at the situational judgment questions for the UCAT. And quick disclaimer before I get into these questions. I haven't practiced situational judgment UCAT questions since last year when I made a similar video to this one. But I have been a student doctor on the wards and in general practice. And I've been talking to patients, examining them, taking histories from them, talking to their families and everything like that for about a year or so. So yeah I should do really well. I feel ready and prepared for this. So let's just get started. Okay so first question. John is an elderly gentleman who is in a lot of medication after having a heart attack last year. Elderly medication heart attack. He's also taking medication for diabetes and is finding it difficult to manage when taking specific medications. He's worried about his memory. Two is he's also had a stroke four years prior to the heart attack. He comes into cardiology review clinic to check on his condition and this doctor named Dr. Smith states that he is not improving as expected. Dr. Smith inquires further and learns about John's habit of forgetting his medication. Okay. How important are the following considerations for Dr. Smith when deciding how to respond to the situation? So John's forgetfulness could be a sign of an undiagnosed medical problem. Yeah so I'd say absolutely this is very important. It does mention in the blurb that John himself is getting worried about his memory as well. So he's worried about his memory too as he has also had a stroke about four years prior to the heart attack. So the fact that the patient is worried about his own memory is a bit of a worrying sign. And the reason that I say is that it's very important is because it's clearly having a big effect on this patient's health. So because this patient has quite a few comorbidities them forgetting to take specific medications for any of those is going to be really detrimental. And we know in the paragraph that he is forgetting his medications and as the doctor finds out he is not improving as expected. So anything that has an impact on patient health or safety is always going to be very important. Write that down. Make sure you put that in your notes.  So this is going to be not important at all. And the reason for that is that Dr. Smith or any doctor's personal opinions or personal assumptions or projections that they make onto patients is not important. You treat a patient based on their clinical presentation based on their health situation. You don't treat them based on what you think of them because of their appearances or their actions or anything else. So this is going to be not important at all. John stated that he thinks that he doesn't like taking his medication because there's so many and would like a reduction in the number of pills he takes. So this is actually quite a common problem in the elderly. It's something that we call polypharmacy which means that you're taking a lot of medications. So this is something very important to address. Right. And the reason for this is that if we don't address this then John is probably going to continue as he would saying you know these medications are annoying I don't want to take them and he's going to have worse and worse health as time goes on. We want to address this and reiterate to John how important it is that he takes these medications like we said well like we saw in the blurb he's had a heart attack he's had a stroke. So these medications are going to be very important in preventing from those things happening again and keeping up its overall health. So I think it's very important that we address something like this and since this has a direct impact on patient health and patient safety I'm going to label it as very important over important. John may need to have further checks to make sure his other conditions are under control. Obviously this is going to be in the top half of options either important or very important but I'm going to go with important as it's not I guess it's not like the direct most immediate action that needs to be taken. The first thing that needs to be tackled is that we check his habit of taking medications and things like that. Okay and then finally John tells Dr Smith that he has been under a lot of stress this year and this has impacted his daily life. Again this is either going to fall in the important or very important category. Now with patients being at the center of the healthcare system you know being patient centered and holistic in the way we approach patients stress and the patient situation at home their mental health are things that are becoming more and more important and that are being taken into account more and more in patients treatment and management. So this is definitely going to be important or very important. I don't know where to put it though between very important important John tells us that he's been under a lot of stress this year and this has impacted his daily life. I'm going to go with very important but I'm interested to see what the distinction between very important and important is in this question. So let's see how I did here. All right awesome five out of five correct. Gonna have a quick read through them and see if there's anything that they said above while I already added. So this is something really important to know down as well. The wishes of a patient is very important for a doctor to consider. Anytime a patient expresses an opinion of theirs or anytime they express a wish that's something that definitely needs to be taken to account definitely needs to be tackled and considered. So write that down as well that's something that's always going to be very important. Okay great first question five out of five I'm feeling good knowing that I'm a good ethical student doctor on to the next question. So Joseph is an FY2 working in a busy A&E ward. If you guys didn't know FY2 stands for foundation year two. So after you finish medical school you have foundation year one and then you have foundation year two and so that's where this doctor is. In any accident emergency he's been working for six days in a row that's tough and is looking forward to finishing his shift and going home. He's promised his friend that he will attend the party that day as he missed the last one due to work and is worried that he's continually letting his friends down. He has almost finished his shift and just has to see one patient Mr. Smith before he goes home. Mr. Smith is very intoxicated with alcohol and appears agitated but requires an urgent blood test. Joseph tries to take blood from Mr. Smith but he becomes aggressive and makes it clear that he does not want to have the blood test. However it is imperative that Mr. Smith has blood taken in order to be treated. How appropriate are each of the following responses by Joseph in this situation. Whether Joseph has to stay at the hospital for another couple of hours in order to get that blood or whether he gets a colleague to take that blood in the next hour or so and he can leave and go home. The end result has to be that this patient gets their blood taken ASAP and so we can improve their health. Also I totally forgot to mention that I did not fix my hair today. I kind of woke up and decided to film this video. Hopefully you guys don't mind. I don't think it looks too bad but yeah anyways back to the questions. Ask his senior consultant to perform the blood test instead. I'd say this is either inappropriate but not awful or very inappropriate and let me explain why. So this patient is under this doctor Joseph's responsibility. So Joseph is the one who needs to take blood from this patient and it's not a case where Joseph is unable to take that blood. It's not that he doesn't have the skills or he doesn't know how to which would be an appropriate time to go talk to a senior consultant. This is just a situation where the patient is being a little bit difficult. So before Joseph goes and talks to the senior consultant, before he escalates the situation and takes it to another person, I think Joseph needs to make a stronger attempt to take blood from this patient. You know either talk to the patient and explain why he needs to take blood or leave and come back in a little bit maybe when the patient has calmed down a bit. Joseph needs to take a little bit more action and try a little bit harder to take blood from this patient before raising this issue to the senior consultant. Now I wouldn't say this is a very inappropriate thing to do because it's not going to lead to any harm or any danger to the patient. So I'm going to say inappropriate but not awful. Continue with the procedure and it's very important that Mr. Smith has a blood test. So Joseph tries to take blood from Mr. Smith but he becomes aggressive and makes it clear that he does not want to have the blood test. So since the patient has made it clear that he does not want the blood test, it would be very inappropriate for the doctor to continue with the procedure. Once the patient, if the patient refuses treatment or the patient says I don't want X done, you cannot force that upon them, you cannot do it anyway, you have to respect their wishes. What you can do is come back and talk to them later or have a conversation with them about why they don't want something to happen and you know maybe you can change their mind by educating them or informing them of something that they didn't know about but it would be very inappropriate to continue with the procedure. If the patient says they don't want it then they don't want it.  So again, I definitely wouldn't say this is appropriate because like yes we want Joseph to go to this party because he's been working a long time and he really wants to enjoy his social life and all those things but at the end of the day the patient's health, the patient's safety is the priority and that's always going to come first. So this doctor Joseph is going to be expected to have to be late to the party or to miss the party in order to complete his duties as a doctor at the hospital. So I would say asking another junior doctor to complete the procedure in order for him to go to the party is going to be inappropriate. Would it be very inappropriate? I don't think so because again it's not going to cause any harm to the patient, it's not going to you know put the patient in danger so it's not a very inappropriate thing to do. That doctor needs to take responsibility for his patients and deal with all of his jobs before he leaves the hospital. Raise his voice and tell Mr. Smith that he must have a blood test to be treated. Very, very, very inappropriate. Definitely shouldn't raise his voice A and B should not be forcing treatment upon this person unless this person doesn't have capacity or is being treated under the Mental Health Act but those are two very different situations. He should not force treatment upon this person now or raise his voice for sure. Leave Mr. Smith to calm down and come back later to take his blood. That's exactly why I said at the beginning. Also call his friend and explain that he will be late. Very, very, very appropriate thing to do. A, you're leaving the patient who it says is agitated to calm down a little bit and then you're going to come back. You're going to take responsibility for this patient. You're going to try to take blood from them. That's correct in itself. And then calling your friend to explain that you will be late. Also a very appropriate thing to do. All right, let's see how I did on this one. So partially correct with one and five being orange. So let's see what one and five were. So I was on the wrong half. So being on the wrong half of these questions is not good. So here I've chosen inappropriate but the answer was actually appropriate. That means that I'm not going to get any marks for this question. Whereas if I had chosen a very appropriate thing to do but the answer was appropriate since both of those are in the same half let's say the top half is appropriate. The bottom half is inappropriate. You would still get partial marks. So deciding between the top half and the bottom half of answers is the first and most important thing to do. And then whether you choose the correct one within that space is less important. Obviously you want to choose the right one but you'll still get partial marks if you don't choose the perfectly correct one. Although his response would make sure that Mr. Smith has the blood test and it's important that Joseph tries to deal with the situation at a direct level before seeking help from his colleagues. So this is what I was saying that he needs to deal with it himself before seeking help. It would be more appropriate for Joseph to try and calm the patient down and explain the importance of the procedure before trying again. So that's what I said before. In retrospect looking at this question generally if you're ever asking your senior or asking someone for help reaching out for help that's generally always going to be an appropriate thing to do. Either appropriate or very appropriate. I remembered this from last year so I should have said that before. Okay and then the fifth question so here for example I would get partial marks. The correct answer was appropriate but not ideal but I chose very appropriate but since I'm in the right half I would get partial marks. So this is better of a mistake than this mistake I made over here. So I guess something I didn't consider is that it's urgent that they get the blood test quickly in order to treat him. I thought incorrectly that he just needed to have the blood test not that he needed it right now. Since he needs it right now then it's less ideal to wait and then come back later. Okay cool. Next question. Eleanor is a first-year medical student interviewing a patient starts to become visibly upset. How appropriate are each of the following responses? So I've actually had a similar situation to this where I was visiting a patient in their home in order to take a history from them and sort of understand how their disease impacts on their health on a daily basis and you know patients are really kind they really want to speak to you they want to offer you tea they want to offer you food they want to offer you gifts and so yeah sometimes you have to draw the line and say no. I mean it depends on a lot of things so let's see what's going on here. So be firm but polite and refuse to accept the gift explaining the reasons behind it. A gift as a box of chocolates okay is not something that is like a big deal you know it's not like this patient gave you money it's not like this patient has given you the rights to their assets or anything like that this patient is simply giving you a box of chocolates you know which probably wasn't all that expensive it's something quite small and it's just a gesture to say thank you in fact it would probably be a nice gesture to accept the gift thank the patient you know and leave it at that because the patient is going to be happy they want to give you this gift they want to say thank you so let's see be firm but polite and refuse to accept the gift at this point the patient has become visibly upset I think the right thing to do would be to accept the gift so be firm but polite and refuse to accept the gift explaining the reasons behind it I'd say this is inappropriate but not awful I wouldn't say it's very inappropriate it's not going to cause the patient any harm so just inappropriate but not awful accept the gift and say thank you to the patient I think this would be the right thing to do at this point try to calm the patient down this is like when you're in a fight with your girlfriend or boyfriend and you're like just chill out just chill out calm down it's going to be the wrong thing to do so I'm going to go with inappropriate but not awful um I mean actually no so try to calm the patient down yeah there's nothing wrong with that that's only going to be a good thing so calm them down refuse to accept the gift and leave abruptly absolutely not the leaving abruptly part there is what's wrong with this refuse the gift offer to continue visiting her as she seems lonely um so this question is a bit difficult because if if you had to continue visiting this patient like I did for example in my GP then this would be a perfectly fine response because you are going to go back you're not going to continue visiting her because she seems lonely you're going to continue visiting her because she might need a checking up on her health or on her situation or on her medications to see what's going on I'm a little bit confused I'm conflicted for this question not gonna lie let's see so similar to last question let's see the ones that I got partially correct partially incorrect here okay I was on the right half so that makes me happy accept the gift and say thank you appropriate but not ideal so accepting gifts from patients is against GMC guidelines is they can affect clinical judgment and appears unprofessional however in some situations it'd be more unprofessional to refuse so this is what I was trying to get out before hopefully I explained that okay um appropriate but not ideal so here I was on the wrong half okay the response is inappropriate but not awful Eleanor conceded the patient is lonely and simply wants some company she's not causing any harm by continuing to visit her however as she is only visiting the patient for coursework and has asked all the questions she needs then there is no need for her to return it would therefore be unprofessional to Eleanor to continue visiting the patient so this is what I was saying for me for my GP home visits that I did this year I was asked I was asked to return to the patient's homes multiple times to follow up with them so then this would be totally normal but since like it says here that the student has only visited once just for her coursework then it would be unprofessional to continue visiting them so yeah I should have said it appropriate all right let's have a look at the next question gene is a medical student who's on placement on gene is wondering whether to come in to keep her company interesting situation okay how important are the following situations for gene when deciding how to respond that the patient is willing to talk to her very important if the patient does not want to talk to the medical student for any reason whatsoever you need to respect that wish and you need to not go talk to that patient maybe they want some alone time maybe they're just thinking of something else how much the patient wants to talk to you I should say it's very important whether Annette is having a caesarean or natural birth this is not going to be important to whether you go talk to her while she's waiting to give birth or while she's waiting for her partner to come so this is not important at all the Annette's partner is of the same gender as her obviously not important at all whether Annette is with a female partner or with a male partner or with someone who doesn't identify as any gender or whatever is definitely not important you treat patients you talk to patients and everything based on their health and their clinical need and not on anything else whether Annette is in any pain right now very important so of course if Annette is in any pain at all she's probably not going to want to talk to you as much she's probably going to want to see doctors receive some analgesia things like that so I'd say taking into account her pain levels are very important whether Annette has any refreshments that she may like Jean to bring for her if Annette is expecting to receive I guess refreshments from Jean um that is something to take into account so Annette might just want the refreshments but not any company um but the fact that she wants refreshments from Jean means that she she's willing to have Jean in the room she's willing to have Jean come close to her and give her the refreshments so I'd say important but not very important or wait a minute let me go back and read that one more time whether Annette has any refreshments I'm going to say of minor importance okay let's see how to change of heart five out of five correct good thing I had that change of heart this is a minor importance it's a courteous thing to ask her but really right now Jean should be focusing on how she can help lift her mood more direct and effective methods such as talking to and comforting her great on to the next question I love doing situational judgment questions they're honestly so much fun this is like exactly what you will be doing as a second-year medical student you're going to be talking to all these different patients finding yourselves in some strange scenarios you know patients being really happy patients being really angry or sad um and you need to navigate your way through it so I really like this section of the UCount test I think it's really important all right we've got a nice short one here Robert is a junior doctor who's been assigned to spend the next week tutoring a group of medical students Robert notices that the medical students arrive to the hospital looking somewhat scruffy and are not following the hospital dress code not good he's wondering whether to raise this issue with them yeah probably should how important are the following factors for Robert to consider so the medical students might be offended um I mean they might be offended but the more important thing at stake here is you know medical students are representing doctors and the medical field in general and so they need to dress appropriately they need to act appropriately they need to talk appropriately whether they get offended or not it still has to happen going to go with no important at all medical students are fully aware of the hospital dress code this is very important because they're fully aware of it and they're choosing to ignore it so this changes the situation from someone who let's say was not aware of the hospital dress code so that's going to be important Robert has already developed a good rapport with the medical students this is of minor importance it it's not really that important whether he has a good rapport or no rapport at all he still needs to respond to the situation and he still needs to bring it up the students have been asked by the medical school to give feedback on Robert's teaching methods so like maybe in real life Robert might want to be kinder to the students in order for them to give him better feedback but definitely for the purposes of this exam and for the purposes of responding and acting like the ideal doctor you're definitely going to want to say not important at all here the students unprofessional appearance may negatively impact on the impression given to patients absolutely that is the key issue here that patients might get a negative impression of medical schools of medical students of doctors of hospitals and that should definitely not be happening okay let's see all right cool four out of five with one partially correct rubber has already developed a good rapport with the medical students is apparently not important at all this factor should not influence Robert's decision to raise the issue it is a hospital policy of health professionals to adhere to the dress code I can get behind that all right next question so Hannah is a medical student who is on attachment on a busy ward typically the roles of a medical student in her year are to help with some procedures when supervised but mainly to clerk patients and observe the staff on the ward are generally supportive however one day she's asked to perform a cannulation on a patient while the foundation yield doctor deals with more urgent patients she has never been formally taught a technique and is not sure of all the steps carry out the cannulation and hope for the best in this case definitely not because there's a risk to patient health and safety if the medical student is going to carry this out without any training without any guidance just winging it basically definitely not the right thing to do ignore the doctor and carry on clerking other patients rather than risk it again very inappropriate because the doctor has asked for this to happen because this probably needs to happen to send off some tests or to administer some drugs or whatever so this is something that needs to happen the fact that Hannah can do it is important and should be addressed and a solution should be found for it it shouldn't just be ignored so this would be very important very inappropriate thing to do leave a note on the nurse's station about the patient and ask the next nurse you see for advice after clerking patients asking advice is not inappropriate that's appropriate but this is definitely not ideal let the foundation your doctor know that she can't do the procedure very important thing to do you know you need to let them know hey i'm not trained to do this i haven't received training to do this and i cannot do this offer to try and help the doctor on other tasks that she can do very appropriate thing to do you know you say hey i can't do this because i'm not trained in it or whatever i would love to learn if you would show me or blah blah but if you don't have time for that or whatever i would love to do some other tasks that i can help you with that i'm able to do while you take care of this calculation all right four out of five with one partially correct let's see what's going on here ignore the doctor and carol and clerking other patients rather than risk it this is inappropriate because Hannah's not identified anymore all right Joanna is a medical student and talk to the basketball team and explain that she can't attend the game because she needs to study um so this is definitely an appropriate thing to do because she's talking to the team she's communicating with them the fact that she's stressed and she has other things she needs to work on i'm going to say this is not a very appropriate thing to do because the more appropriate thing to do would say that instead of she can't attend the game she should just attend less daily training but maybe she can still go to that big important game so i'm going to say appropriate but not ideal because i think there's a better solution ask the basketball team if she can attend training less frequently so that she can fit in more studying absolutely very appropriate try to ignore the stress big no no generally ignoring or pushing aside or delaying um is going to be inappropriate or very inappropriate make an appointment with her student advisor to discuss how better to deal with her exam stress very appropriate thing to do that's exactly what student advisors are there for uh person personal tutors etc um yeah they're there to help you when you feel like you're a bit overwhelmed or when you need some advice so yeah it's a very appropriate thing to do attend all the training sessions and plan to reset the exam in a few months absolutely not you should never plan to reset the exam you should plan to pass the exam with flying colors if you happen to fail and need to reset it that's fine but you should never plan to reset the exam all right four out of five one partially correct the response is inappropriate but not awful time out of studying to relieve stress is important including basketball together make sure i'm more stressed this is inappropriate really i mean okay all right next question how important are the following considerations for claude the fact that he has confidentiality of the husband's health of course very very important he should not talk about the husband's health or cancer diagnosis or anything like that with anyone besides uh besides the husband and of course to the healthcare team and anyone in charge of his the husband's health but i mean to the general public to the general people he should not be talking about his health claude is feeling a little tired at the moment and wants to go home so i'd say this is this is difficult so i'd say this is of minor importance because i mean we don't know why the wife is crying yes it's very likely that she has just learned of her husband's diagnosis but we don't want to make that assumption we don't know if that's the case she might be crying for a totally unrelated reason i guess it's it's not important at all the more important thing is this person who you see is crying and is upset and you want to see what's going on with them so that's the priority here his bus is leaving shortly and speaking to this lady may cause him to miss it again for the same reasons not important at all he can always take the next bus he can take an uber he can take the tube whatever the level of distress that the lady is feeling it's important maybe not very important regardless of the level of distress she's in right now we can see that she's crying so she's at the level of distress that would require his attention anyway and so he should go see her no one else is around currently i'd say that that is important if her husband was there or if someone was already consoling her or something like that then you know maybe you wouldn't have to approach the situation but if you can see that she's alone um then yeah you're definitely gonna want to go talk to all right nice cheeky little five out of five hopefully my reasoning was like easy to follow and understand and yeah next question dr smith is working in a rural gp practice and is currently in a consultation with the patient dr smith becomes visibly upset not that i've seen thousands and thousands of patients but i have definitely seen this happen once or twice and heard about it happening a lot more anyway how important is it for dealing with situation that miss green is upset um it's important it's definitely not of minor importance it's important to take into account you know how you're going to tell her that she's has incorrect inhaler technique and how you're going to talk about it in fact it might be very important yeah i'd say it's very important the miss green lives very far away from the nearest hospital also very important because that means that she is less likely to quickly get to hospital if she's having an asthma attack if her life is in danger and she doesn't have good inhaler technique so that's very important the miss green disagrees and says she's using her inhaler incorrectly not important at all the fact that she disagrees i mean maybe of minor importance the fact that she disagrees doesn't change the situation that she's using incorrectly doesn't change the situation that she needs to be told how to use it correctly um although it does change how you would talk to her and stuff so i'm going to say of minor importance yeah the miss green has an extremely severe type of asthma super super super important i mean if she has a severe type of asthma that means it's even more important that she knows how to use the inhaler when to use the inhaler etc though the gp practice is very busy and dr smith's next patient has been waiting for 30 minutes um this is important but uh this patient clearly definitely needs to be taught how to use this inhaler she's gone to any many times um you know her life is at risk if she doesn't know how to use the inhaler properly and if she doesn't use it when she needs it so yes people are going to have to wait people might be upset but it's very important that dr smith takes the time to explain to mrs green how to use this appropriately so i'm gonna say this is important but not very important i wouldn't say it's of minor importance but yeah i'm between important or of minor importance sometimes the wording in these questions kind of trips me up the gp is very busy i'm gonna go with of minor importance it's of minor importance that they've been waiting it's either important or of minor importance let's see 50 50 um so let's see damn it damn it so close so close so it was important fine and i remember in in some other questions i've done patients waiting has been important so don't say that it's of minor importance patients waiting is going to be important all right guys and i think that is going to be it for me that's where i'm going to cut off this video for answering situational judgment test questions live on camera if you guys have enjoyed this video please do leave a like on it leave me a comment down below don't forget to subscribe to my channel if you want to see more medical school content from me also cheekily follow me on instagram if you don't do so already and anyways guys i hope you've had a fantastic day good luck with your u-count practice and your u-count exams and i'll see you guys in the next one peace