Let us just go and look at little bit on historical development, so how did we get aerofoils and were they there right from the beginning, okay. So there is a very short video which tries to capture approximately 100 years of historical developments in aviation, so I think it is a very interesting video, so maybe you should just watch it, it is a brief history of aviation, 33 hours, okay. And then of course after this there have been many, many, many, many new developments, okay. So Sir George Cayley also flew some gliders quite many years ago and he was the first person who began looking at aerofoils and coming up with the idea of giving them what is called as camber, although the all aerofoils did not have camber during that time. So Phillips was the first person to talk about optimizing the shape of the aerofoils to achieve a particular mission and later on we had so many other people who studied various types of aerofoils, two names stand out here, the one of Otto Lillianthal and Octavo Shenute, they have contributed immensely to aviation, so this is the first glider which was flown by Sir George Cayley, it is designed by Sir George Cayley, okay. You can see it is being towed by a cable, so it is being launched by a cable, where are the aerofoils, there are no aerofoils here, what you see is just flat cloth placed over a structure but given some kind of a shape and actually it occupies a particular shape based on the wings. So then we had Lillianthal as I said a very famous aerodynamicist I would call him or glider designer who tried out various things including ornithopters which tried to mimic the flight of the birds, once again no aerofoils, only flat plates but curved and twisted at various places. So then even the Wright brothers also developed some gliders, okay, this is one of the gliders that they developed, again if you see the aerofoils are not there, these are again flat parchment sheets with little bit of rounding in the front, the focus mostly is on making a structure which can withhold a person and the control system, okay and which side does the aircraft fly, does it fly from your right to left or from left to right, what do you think? So how many of you say that it flies from your right to left, raise your hands, few people but most of you feel it goes from left to right, okay that is because you are conditioned by the thinking that the tail should come on the back, okay, this one is from Wright brothers who put tail in the front, so this flies from right to left, alright. So Wilbur tested the concept of wing warping or wing twisting, let us see what this concept is, it is a small example, it is a small demonstrator, it just shows the basic structure of the box type wing that were designed by them, look at the wing tips, they are twisting, so it will be nice if somebody can build a model of this one, this wing warping mechanism and instead of using a hand, you can use a small remotely controlled servo to twist it and to show the working of the wing. So in 1901 we had a glider and these gliders basically because they fly slowly and not as efficient as today's gliders, this tended to have a very large wing area, so they became very difficult to handle and because of that there were many deaths and many accidents because people were not able to manage or control these gliders. One more reason is the forward elevator which becomes very sensitive to the control, so according to the designers of these gliders, the Wright brothers, they were interested in controlling it proactively, they were very good in flying but they were not interested in stability, they were more interested in control. So the last capsule of this course is going to be on stability and control, so there I will elaborate this point little bit further. So because they were using forward elevator, there were many last minute escapes, several times they came close to crashing or came close to getting majorly injured because it is very difficult to control. So the aerofoils used by Wright brothers were essentially thin aerofoils or just flat sheets with some curvature in the front and they did a lot of wind tunnel testing at low, one of the special contributions of Wright brothers is the use of a crude wind tunnel to test the working of their own designs. So they did low speed wind tunnel testing in their own workshop and the results that they got in the beginning were very misleading and there is a very interesting story in which the Wright brothers did some internal testing and they found that the data that they are getting is totally different from what is published by other people. So and then how they actually figured out, in fact they wrote a letter saying that our results do not match with your results, we see that the flow remains attached at low speeds in the wind tunnel but in reality when we fly we do not find the flow to be completely attached. So the wind tunnel testing was misleading, one reason for this was the transition strips for absentee. So therefore they were not able to replicate the same conditions. These are pictures of some World War I aircraft and interestingly these are in the side view so you can look at each aircraft and you will find that the aerofoil is basically a flat plate which is some curvature. So all World War I aircraft they had an aerofoil which was of this particular type. So the ideas like providing camber, rounding, thickness they came, they were known but they were not implemented at that time. So you can see for example this World War I plane, if you look at the tip you can see get a rough idea about the aerofoil cross section. So notice it is essentially a flat thing. So then we look at types of aerofoils. We look at what kind of aerofoils are there. So flat plate is also an aerofoil and flat plate can also generate lift. It is not necessary for you to have curvature or rounding. In the next class I am going to talk about the dynamics of creating lift and there I will explain to you how a flat plate can also create lift. And here is proof, here is a CFD picture of a flat plate and you can see there is a difference in the pressure. The blue zone is very visible on the top of the aerofoil. So you can make out that there is a pressure difference. The pressure at the top is lower so there is going to be upward 4. Then the question is why not use flat plates. Flat plates can make you fly. I have built some small chuck gliders and I fly them using flat plates. I do a demo in many places and before me so many people have flown aircraft. So then the question is why not use flat plates? Why go for curvature, aerofoil shaping or do you think what is the need? When you can manage with a flat plate then why should you go for such complicated things like providing a profile or a shape. So let us see who can answer this question. Why not use flat plate? So the problem is not to generate the lift but the problem is to sustain lift at angles. So this is a question which many people ask, flat plates cannot produce lift, the answer is no they can produce lift but there is a problem. So as you can see here is an example of how flat plate can produce lift, they can produce lift but why do not we use them so the answer will be available through a small video. The first test I did was with the unprofiled wing. You can see that the wing experiences air flow separation at a fairly low angle of attack. Air flow separation is the generic term given to the occurrence where the boundary layer or the layer of air closest to the surface of the wing has a velocity of close to zero. This is visible in the form of turbulence and eddies as you can see here. This represents the wing at stall. You can also see the oscillating trailing vortices characteristic of a wing at stall here and here. When we look closely we can see a small trailing vortex present even when the wing is at a low angle of attack. The first test I did was with the unprofiled wing. You can see that the wing experiences air flow separation at a fairly low angle of attack. Air flow separation is the generic term given to the occurrence where the boundary layer or the layer of air closest to the surface of the wing has a velocity of close to zero. This is visible in the form of turbulence and eddies as you can see here. This represents the wing at stall. You can also see the oscillating trailing vortices characteristic of a wing at stall here and here. When we look closely we can see a small trailing vortex present even when the wing is at a low angle of attack. So the main problem as Ritu rightly mentioned is that at a particular angle a flat plate is sufficiently good. You may just have to round the leading edge to avoid immediate stagnation pressure creation of the air because a flat plate will have some finite thickness. So for that thickness and that thickness portion in the front the flow will come to a rest. So if you just round it slightly or give it some kind of a shape in the front and in the back it becomes very easy. So if you are always aware that the flow will be coming to you only at say 3 degree angle you can make a very optimally shaped flat plate for that angle and it will give you very good lift. This is what you see in the ceiling fan. What do you see in the ceiling fan? Do you see aerofoils in the ceiling fan? We see a flat plate with some bend. That bend is basically to ensure that the air is consistently and strongly pushed down because you do not want the fan to lift up but you want the air to come down on you. So you give you take a flat plate give it some shape towards the back that is all. So if I want to operate a fan at a particular angle continuously I can manage with a flat plate. But in an aircraft as your speed changes you have to align your aircraft with the wind at different angles and that is where a flat plate will be immediately a problem. So the initial aerofoils that people used were flat plates with a small curvature in the front. So that at a range of angles you still do not have a flow separation and that is how we got the wings of the aircraft during the first world war and other low speed applications. But soon people realize that it would not be enough we have to do something more to get a better information. So the answer is this if the leading edge is sharp there will be easy flow separation as we saw in the video also quickly a vortex will be formed and that is going to consume energy from the free stream so you will have more drag and the angle at which you lose lift or the stalling angle become very small. Therefore if you want to stay up in the air you need to have more powerful engine because drag is going to be larger. So then people said okay let us go for rounding and let us go for chambering or shaping the aerofoil. So there is a hypothesis here that the cambered aerofoil will perform better. Now let us just investigate let us see what are the conditions under which this hypothesis can be true. So first we should define what is the cambered aerofoil and aerofoil in which the camber line and the thickness line are not identical because there is a presence of a camber. So these are the terminology which we have already seen. So airflow speed and static pressure both of these are going to generate the lifting force as we will see in the next one. Now if you provide camber or curvature you change the velocity acceleration you change the increase in the you result or cause increase in the velocity and hence more changes in the pressure but this is true only if the flow is laminar to some extent it is true even in turbulent flow but mainly it is true when you have undisturbed flow and most of the wings are designed with this concept that you provide a curvature so that the ambient air comes in and because of curvature it accelerates as it accelerates you can expect lower pressure and therefore you can get lift. So the efficiency of the aerofoil increases if you provide camber but in certain circumstances this may not work as we will see sometime in the future. So here is a discussion about the effect of camber on the lift. So there is a curve called as a lift curve which is shown there on the x axis you have the angle at which the aerofoil faces the free stream or the angle of attack and the y axis we have the lift coefficient or a measure of the lift and rate. So if you have a medium speed aerofoil then it is good to have a minor camber or a mild camber because you will produce more lift due to more acceleration but also you will have a smooth stalling characteristics shown by the gradual reduction in the lift beyond the angle. Now if you have a high speed if you design something for high speed then if you provide too much of camber you can have a problem. So in this case you will start getting a sharp because if you provide too much camber and too much rounding for a high speed aerofoil very soon the flow will accelerate to numbers that you do not want it to exceed. Then if you have a low speed aerofoil or if you have a low speed requirement. So this is an example of the aerofoil which are seen in the engine components in the compressor and the turbines and the rotors there you go for thin cambered aerofoil. So if you are going for a paraglider something that glides for a very long distance. So in a paraglider you have a very thick aerofoil with less curvature with a reasonable curvature. So depending on the application that you have in mind the shape of the aerofoil that is suitable for that application keeps changing. So one has to have an information about now how do you determine which shape is better for which application it is determined either by experience or by wind tunnel testing for a particular application. So in the tutorial session that we conduct we will do some experiments and try out and see how these parameters change. So if there is a focus on the lift over drag ratio improvement not just increasing lift but increasing lift over drag then you need to have better aerofoil. If you just want to have more lift you may take an aerofoil which will give you more lift but there may be very bad drag. So the focus so now the drag is the basic key to it is the key aerodynamic characteristic and that has to be kept as low as possible.


Hey guys, welcome back to Sick Sister Stuff. Today I'm sharing with you 23 ingredient recipes to make dinner a whole lot easier. So my name is Kristen. I am the second sister from SickSisterStuff.com and every week we share simple, easy recipes for you guys so you can get dinner on the table. Now these last few months have been really interesting. We have been getting so many comments of stories from you guys.  People have lost jobs, there's been fires, there's been all kinds of things. And so you guys have asked us to find some simpler recipes that don't take a lot of ingredients to help you out a little bit more during this rough time. So this last month I have been doing a few recipes a week, filming them for you that are just three ingredients or less. Some actually are four ingredients but you get the gist of it. We're trying to use the littlest amount of ingredients as possible so it won't cost you a ton of money. And so you can easily get dinner on the table for your family. That's our main goal as sisters. So I know this video is a little bit different but I hope you enjoy it and I hope that it's helpful for you. So if you guys are ready, let's get cooking. The first recipe is our scrambled egg cups. Now for this recipe you need one cup of cheese, 12 eggs or a dozen eggs, and one cup of ham. Now I didn't have ham so I had to use sausage which works out just fine, it's all pre-cooked, ready to go. And then a little bit of salt and pepper to taste. Now you're going to crack all 12 eggs into the bowl, whisk them all together.   Now I'm using a 1 fourth measuring cup to just dump it right into a mini muffin pan. Next go ahead and just sprinkle your favorite cheese on top, preheat your oven to 350 degrees, put the muffin tin right into it. You're going to cook this for about 20 minutes. When it's all done, there'll be a little bit poofy which I like that word poofy.  So here's what you need. You need two tablespoons of normal yogurt. Then I like to add sweet and condensed milk so I'm adding 14 ounces of sweet and condensed milk. You don't have to add this, you can just do yogurt and milk if you want but it gives it a little more flavor. Then we're using fair life whole extra filtered milk. The extra filtered is very important because this is a half gallon. Then you need an instant pot that has a yogurt function. And that's it. That's all you need for this recipe. So first I'm going to pour a little bit of milk and maybe about a half a cup of milk and then I'm going to put my sweet and condensed milk right on top of it. Now you want to get a whisk and you want to mix this in really well. It's really thick so the better you whisk the better it will be. Once it's all mixed in it's time to add the rest of your milk. So go ahead and just pour it all in. Next you're going to add two tablespoons of just normal yogurt. It's the plain kind, it's not vanilla, it's no flavors, just the plain yogurt. And two tablespoons. Alright, those are all your ingredients. Now it's just time to whisk it all together. Now you want to make sure you get the yogurt chunks because you don't want big chunks in your yogurt while it cooks. You want it completely smooth. Now you can put your Instant Pot lid on it, take the ceiling lid off, or I just put a plate on top of my Instant Pot. So now you're going to push the yogurt button. You want to make sure that when you push the yogurt button you want normal. You don't want less, you don't want more, you just want normal pressure. You want this to cook for the eight hours. So if the eight hours shows up on your Instant Pot you are correct. You want to cook it up instead of counting down when using the yogurt button. Now when it's all done it will say yogurt. That means it's time to take your plate or lid off and see how it is. Now this is still really hot but I just want to show you the texture that this is thick and creamy and perfect. So I'm going to put a paper towel on top and then just any type of lid or saran wrap or anything like that so it can store in your fridge. Now I stored mine overnight and in the morning I woke up. I actually had to flip my lid so it would fit in the fridge. But took off my paper towel so it can get all of the moisture and it is perfectly cold, delicious yogurt. Now right now this yogurt is really, really thick but the more that you play with it and stir it around it will break up the proteins and it will be able to be a lot more smooth. Today I'm just serving mine with a little bit of granola and two blueberries on top. I like to use the fresh blueberries but if I run out then I like to use frozen. Our next three ingredient main dish is Dr. Pepper pulled pork. You need 12 ounces of Dr. Pepper, a jar of your favorite barbecue sauce and a three pound pork roast and just a little salt and pepper to taste. Go ahead and put your roast in the bottom of an instant pot. You're going to add a little bit of salt and pepper on top just to give it a little bit of flavoring. You're going to add 12 ounces of Dr. Pepper. I'm kind of just eyeballing it because you don't have to get it exact. You just need somewhere around a can or 12 ounces. Go ahead and dump on a whole jar of your favorite barbecue sauce. Go ahead and put the lid on. Make sure that the lid is on nice and secure. If you have a little nuh-hub make sure you turn it to ceiling and I am going to cook this for about an hour and 30 minutes because it is so big and a little frozen inside. Yes, we want to make sure it's cooked. When it's all done cooking, you can release the pressure and go ahead and take the lid off. Now you can serve this on buns or even on top of salad. However you like to serve it, it's going to taste amazing. Now the side dish for this one is our three ingredient avocado salad. I love this because you just need two avocados, a little bit of little tomatoes and then a jar of artichokes.  You can also use a small bite-sized pieces. Then go ahead and dump those into your serving bowl. Next we are going to cut up the avocados. I also like to cut these into small bite-sized pieces because you don't want a huge bite of avocado and nothing else. Next we are going to chop up some artichokes. Depending on how many you like, this is a large jar of artichokes. I am cutting up about half of them. Now for a little bit more flavor I like to add a little bit of the liquid that the artichokes were sitting in and then just mix it up. This recipe is my go-to side dish. The next recipe I am making is Instant Pot Ribs. Now don't be intimidated by these they really are so easy. So first I am going to add a lot of salt on top of my ribs and then a little bit of pepper. Next you are going to grab some apple juice and pour about a cup to a cup and a half into your pot. Add a little bit of liquid so you will be able to get the pressure. Now my Instant Pot is a 6 quart and the ribs I am using are beef ribs so they are actually a lot bigger but if you are using pork ribs you can put them in your Instant Pot just like this in any size of Instant Pot but because my ribs are so big they don't fit that way so I am going to show you how I put them in. So first you are just going to cut them right down the middle. Try not to cut the bone and try and make the meat on both sides if you can. As soon as you are done cutting them you are going to put them inside the Instant Pot one on top of the other. Then put on your lid make sure you seal it tight and always always make sure it is on sealing so it will work. Then you are going to press your meat stew button and go all the way down to 25. Now I let this recipe do a slow release meaning I let it release on its own. So now I am just going to check yep there is no pressure so I am going to open it up and the smell of these things are amazing.  Before your Instant Pot is done cooking go ahead and preheat your oven to broil so it will be about 550 degrees or broil. Now before we broil these we are going to spread some barbecue sauce on them so they will be caramelized I guess so I just did a few squirts of barbecue sauce you can use any kind of barbecue sauce you like and then I just spread it around so it will be pretty even on each rib. Then when you are done stick them in the broiler for about 2 to 4 minutes you need to watch it so it doesn't burn your ribs. Now instead of just dumping this apple sauce I am going to put some potatoes in it because I am going to have mashed potatoes with my ribs this is totally optional but I am all about easy side dishes when you have your potatoes in you are just going to turn it make sure it is sealed then you will push manual you are going to go up to 15 minutes while those are cooking my ribs are done and they look amazing and the side dish for this recipe is my Instant Pot Corn Next we are going to jump right into the corn now I have a slow cooker recipe for this but today I am making it right into the Instant Pot Now if you have never made corn but now is the time to do it you don't have to watch it you don't have to wait for it so I took 1 cup of water and I threw 4 ears of corn on you could add probably one more in a 6 quart Instant Pot Now if you are using a 3 quart one go ahead and split the corn in half if you are using an 8 quart you can add more corn if you want Alright we are going to close the lid and put it on sealing and now for my favorite part I am going to push manual and go all the way down to 5 minutes Now once it is done I do a quick release so I can eat my corn faster but if you do need to wait a little bit it is fine just to sit in the Instant Pot until dinner is ready so I take my lid off and my corn is perfectly done The next main dish is BBQ Salmon You are first going to start by lining a pan or cookie sheet with foil a whole lot easier to clean up then you are going to add your salmon onto the foil skin side down add a little bit of salt and pepper onto your salmon and let it sit there for about 10 minutes or so Next you are going to pour on your favorite BBQ sauce and make sure you spread it around so it is covering the salmon pretty evenly Now you are going to take your salmon make sure your oven is preheated to 400 degrees and you are going to cook it for about 20 to 30 minutes when it is done it will smell amazing and the BBQ sauce will be like a delicious glaze on top Now just a quick note I would suggest getting fresh salmon from the deli not frozen Frozen just does not taste very good I will just be honest with you Now the side dish to go along with the salmon is our honey roasted carrots You are going to need some olive oil carrots obviously a little bit of salt and pepper Now I love to use these bagged carrots because I usually mix everything in this bag but my 3 year old got to it first and got a little whole so now I am going to mix it all together in a ziplock bag for you Next you are going to pour about 3 tablespoons of olive oil onto your carrots Go ahead and zip up the bag with a little bit of air but not a ton of air and you are going to mix that olive oil around so it will cover every single carrot Then go ahead and dump your carrots onto a cookie sheet Now I usually like to take that same bag and kind of just spread them around You don't want carrots on top of each other when they cook Next you are going to add about a teaspoon or so of salt to spreading it all along the carrots evenly You are going to do the same with pepper If you don't love pepper you don't have to add it but I love pepper with these carrots Next you are going to drizzle about 3 tablespoons or so of honey right onto your carrots You just want to make sure every carrot gets a little bit of honey When you are done you are going to go ahead and bake those at 400 degrees for about 20 to 25 minutes or until your carrots are the texture that you like them I like them very cooked so I go about 30 minutes every time Now I like to add just a little bit more honey on top right before I serve them just to get that little added sweetness It's my favorite Now make sure you serve these nice and hot They are so good that way Now the next main dish is our easy club chicken So you are going to need a box of club crackers about a half a cup of butter, a little package of zesty Italian seasoning and then of course chicken You are first going to take your butter and microwave it in a microwave safe dish until it's completely melted While that's melting go ahead and crush up your crackers into little tiny crumbs You will want about a cup and a half of those Next we are going to add our Italian seasoning dressing packet right on top of the crumbs and just mix those all together until it's well combined So now that the butter is melted you are going to put your chicken into the butter Make sure the butter is all around the chicken and then put the chicken into of course the seasoning the crumbs and the Italian seasoning Make sure it's all covered ready to go and then you can place that right onto Then you are just going to continue those steps until all of the chicken is gone and you have used all the bread crumbs and the butter If you need a little bit more butter go ahead and melt some more Alright now it's time to cook You are going to preheat your oven to 375 degrees We are going to cook it for about 45 minutes to an hour depending on how thick your chicken breasts are Now halfway through you can flip those over It's totally up to you And there you have it easy club chicken Now without this recipe is our three ingredient Parmesan rolls For this recipe you need 12 frozen dinner rolls, a half a cup of butter I like salted butter and then one cup of Parmesan cheese Now I microwaved my butter in a microwave safe bowl and we are going to dip the frozen roll It's totally frozen into the butter mixed around a little bit Then you are going to go straight into the Parmesan mix it If you need to press Parmesan onto it you are going to put it into a 9 by 13 pan that has been sprayed with non-stick cooking spray Now you are just going to continue this step until all 12 rolls are onto your pan Now these rolls need to rise So we are going to cover them with saran wrap and put them in a warm place I like to put them kind of in the sun or just a spot where it's going to be warm so they will rise a little faster Now once they are doubled in size in the oven you are going to cook them at 350 degrees for about 15 minutes or until they are golden brown on top I like to serve this with just a little bit of butter and it's the perfect side dish Now the next main dish is our three ingredient chicken tacos So you just need a taco seasoning packet, a frozen package of chicken and then also your favorite salsa I am going to cook it in my instant pot today so we are going to put the chicken in the bottom of the instant pot Now these are tenderloin so they are a little bit smaller You can use chicken breasts if you want to I am putting about 6 or 7 in there because we have to feed a family of 6 Now on top of the chicken you are going to add your taco seasoning packet, just dump it right on top and then you are going to pour on your salsa, I am using the whole jar of salsa just because I like it that way Now because it is the instant pot I am going to add a little bit about a fourth a cup of water so it will pressurize Next go ahead and put your lid on the instant pot, make sure that little knob is turned to ceiling, not venting Then go ahead and push the manual or pressure cook button depending on what you have and because they are pretty small I am just going to cook this for 20 minutes with my frozen chicken Now when it is all done cooking I turned my little knob to venting and let out all the pressure so the lid will come off nice and easy Now I pulled out my chicken just to shred it up just a little bit easier You can leave it in the instant pot and shred it from there but yeah, whatever works for you Then all you do is put it on some tortillas or salad add your favorite toppings, I am going to add just a little bit of cheese on top Then I am just going to roll it up and serve it nice and hot The side dish to go with this recipe is our cauliflower Spanish rice So all you need is a jar of your favorite salsa some ground chicken or turkey depending on what you like and then also some rice cauliflower I like to get the frozen kind Now you are going to start by putting your turkey or chicken into a skillet and you are going to cook it up Now if you have never heard me talk about the chopster this is one of my most favorite kitchen items I will put a link in the description for you It is amazing Now once your meat has started to brown just a little bit you can go ahead and add your cauliflower rice onto it It is still frozen, I am just cooking it just from frozen, just like this Then mix it around until your meat is all the way cooked and your cauliflower rice is nice and soft Once everything is cooked it is now time to add the salsa so I am adding one jar about 16 ounces of just your favorite salsa Then just mix that in until everything is nice and well combined And that is all there is to it One of my most simplest recipes but also one of my favorites The next recipe is sweet and tangy meatballs You can make this in your Instant Pot or slow cooker, we are going to do the Instant Pot today So you are going to take a package of frozen meatballs and pour it into the bottom of your Instant Pot Next you are going to add a can of chili sauce and about a half a jar of your favorite grape jelly That is all there is to this Now I am going to pour a little bit of water in my chili sauce and get the sides just to give it a little more liquid and to get the sides of the chili sauce Then put your lid on, make sure your little knob is turned to ceiling Then you are going to push the pressure cook button and meatballs only cook for 7 minutes Once it beats you can just walk away Now once it is done you can turn the knob or press the knob to venting so you can release your lid safely once all the pressure is out Now my husband loves to eat these over rice but my kids love to eat them just with a toothpick Now the side dish to this recipe is Parmesan Corn For this recipe you need a package of ranch dressing a half a cup of parmesan shredded parmesan 2 tablespoons of butter and then 3 cups of either frozen corn or fresh corn Now to make my life a little easier I am using frozen corn today So I am just going to add 3 cups into a microwave safe bowl Now my packaging said to add a little bit of water and microwave it for about 5 minutes until the corn is cooked through and the package tells you to do Next you are going to add your 2 tablespoons of butter Now if you have a little bit of water left over go ahead and dump that out before you mix in your butter Now once your butter is melted we are going to let it sit for a few minutes just to cool down then we are going to add 1 tablespoon of your ranch dressing and then add the parmesan Now if it is really really hot your parmesan is going to stick together a little bit before you start mixing in all the rest of the ingredients I am telling you once you have this corn you won't go back to just plain corn ever again Now our next main dish is our avocado chicken salad Now I use some bakery rolls a little bit of salt and pepper avocados and then a rotisserie chicken First you are going to slice your avocados into cubes or small pieces just to make it easier to blend it up small pieces is a must when you are making this Then you are going to add a little bit of salt and a little bit of pepper you can kind of taste test see how you like it you can always add more later if you need more Next I am just going to smash all the avocados up with a fork you can use a blender if you want but I feel like I waste some on the side so I am using a fork today Next you are going to take your rotisserie chicken whether you cut it or tear it up it doesn't matter you just want bite sized pieces into the bowl Once you have about a cup to a cup and a half of chicken go ahead and mix your chicken and avocados together Now the thing that makes this recipe even more amazing is serving it on delicious bakery buns This is one of my most favorite go to recipes when I have not a lot of food in the kitchen This is what we make Now the side dish to this recipe is baked zucchini fries So for this recipe you need some small crumbled parmesan cheese two eggs three zucchinis and then some Italian panko bread crumbs Now you want to cut up your zucchini so they are about the size of normal fries Now if you have foil you want to line a cookie sheet with foil it will make your cleanup so much better So now I need two containers for my mixture so I am using cake pans We are going to put two eggs in one mix it up really good and in the other pan we are going to add about two panko crumbs and then about a fourth of a cup of the parmesan Then just mix that up until it is well combined Now it is time to put it all together So I have my zucchini all cut up ready to go So you are going to take a few pieces I did a few pieces at one time and just kind of mix them around in the egg mixture Then you are just going to put it right over into the crumbs the panko bread crumbs yeah that is what it is called Then just do the same thing with all of the zucchini And when you are all done it is time to bake So we are going to preheat the oven to 425 degrees We are going to cook these for about 10 to 12 minutes until they are nice and baked After the 10 to 12 minutes go ahead and open it up you are going to flip over the fries as carefully as possible not to burn yourself please And then you are going to close the oven for another 10 to 12 minutes Then when they are all the way done just pull them out that should be nice and browned and they are kind of crispy just like fries. Your kids won't even know that these are zucchini The next recipe is our man catching chicken which is so funny but you are going to need some chicken You are going to need 3 fourths cup of maple syrup a half cup of Dijon mustard and about a tablespoon of red wine vinegar You are going to make the sauce first I highly suggest Dijon and not just plain yellow mustard It just gives it a better taste The next ingredient is maple syrup So you are going to use 3 fourths cup of maple syrup and just put it right on top of your mustard Then you just need about 1 tablespoon of your red wine vinegar Wish that all together until it is well combined and then we are ready to put it on the chicken I took a 9 by 13 pan and just lined up my chicken then I just poured on my delicious mixture Go ahead and preheat your oven to 425 degrees Now because my chicken is thick I am going to cook about 15 minutes then flip it over and cook another 15 minutes If you have thick chicken I would cook it for 20 minutes and then flip it for another 20 minutes Now once your chicken is all the way done go ahead and pull it out Now after I plate the chicken I also like to pour a little bit of the sauce on top Now the perfect side dish for this recipe is instant pot green beans Alright next recipe we are going to make some beans So I have 2 tablespoons of butter 1 cup of water 1 pound of green beans and then on top of the green beans I am going to add just a little bit like a teaspoon of garlic and go ahead and put your lid on make sure it is all the way tight turn it again to sealing so it will pressurize and you are going to go all the way down to 5 minutes Now I cook mine for 5 minutes and they are really well done You can even do 2 minutes and they will still be good Now when it shows the L that means that the timer is done and you are ready to let the steam out So that is called a quick release So I turn the little knob once all the pressure is out my lid will come off Now one of my favorite things is when the garlic pressurizes it kind of pressurizes the garlic flavor into all of the beans It is one of my most favorite things to make So these beans are done and we are all ready to serve So I like to serve them in just a serving dish, individual bowls however you like to do it Next recipe is our pepperoni pizza rolls Now all you are going to need is mozzarella cheese some pizza crust and some pizza sauce I am rolling out my dough and spreading it out a little bit because we need to make rolls here so we need to spread it out pretty thin so it will cook evenly Now just to give it a little bit more flavor I am adding a little bit of garlic salt and just a little bit of Italian seasoning on top of the pizza crust Next I am going to add about a cup to a cup and a half of mozzarella cheese Then you want to make sure that you spread the cheese all around pretty evenly Now it is time to make our pizza rolls so we have to carefully roll the dough with the cheese inside of it Now there are ends here I am going to cut off both ends but I am still going to use those because they will work just fine Next you are going to cut about 1 inch pieces or rolls and then just carefully place them on a cookie sheet I would also suggest spraying your cookie sheet with cooking spray to make it easier Now once you are all done making them go ahead and take the pan you are going to cook it in your oven at 425 degrees for about 10 to 12 minutes Now when they are all done they should be nice and golden brown on top and the best part is just dipping them in your favorite marinara sauce Now the perfect side dish for this is our simple green salad with some chopped romaine salad a really good poppy seed dressing I love paneras and then just a can of mandarin oranges Now I like to make this with individual serving so I added my salad added some dressing and then on top you are just going to add a little bit of mandarin oranges I love that you can throw it together in literally a matter of minutes Alright you guys if you love this video make sure to give it a big thumbs up and comment down below what is your favorite recipe that you have made from Six Sisters and I will see you guys next week, bye!


Okay, hello there, how is everyone? My name is Ossil Marchano, I'm a developer. And the mic, where is the mic? This one, okay. I'm a developer, a new taller. We are building a open source payment system. I want to talk about it, how it is built, what it is aiming. So, first I want you to know that this is a digital payment system, it's not a banking system. So I wanted to show you some examples of what does it mean. And it's a payment system that is token based. So what does it mean a payment system that is token based? So the wallet that the user is going to be installing will have the token like cash, like physical tokens. It's not going to have a reference account to a database. So in this way, it will be very faster and easier to pay to some merchants, because there is no third party involved. We are going to, I want to talk about the use case first to set up what we are going to talk. There you will see some differences with cryptocurrency. We are talking a little about them and why it's different just to keep in touch. Why it's different? And then we are jumping into the main components of Taller and how they interact to build up the system. And if you are looking enough, we are going to see some demos. I have some, I built something interesting here that I wanted to show you for this talk. So I want to hurry up, so we will have time for everything. So this is Alice. Alice likes building video games since she was a kid. She grew up and she built an arcade room and the good, the business is really good, but she has a problem. I'm coming from Argentina and Alice is from Argentina and Argentina has this problem with currency that is the inflation is very bad and the currency, the money has started to get low value. So she's not rich, but she's having problem with the cash. And she said, since she's a hacker and she always working with digital things, and she said, okay, maybe we can move into the digital world to try to solve this problem. Let's start to think what we can use. She knew about this conference, but she couldn't get in here. And she first things in credit card, but she has this issue that kids doesn't use credit card, not yet. Also in this case, credit card has this issue that has some fee that is really high relative to the cost of playing a game. So it's not possible for her. She also is thinking about this platform like all the platform that are already open. But most of them doesn't have open APIs like we saw in some talks. If she wants to iterate with some vendors because some of the people that are coming here have some account in a particular platform, she will need to iterate to a different platform and it will be a hard problem to solve. So another guy came, Bob, and she just had an idea. You need block change, she said. But yes, it may be a solution, but she started to think about the main block change, Bitcoin Ethereum. And for her particular problem, the transaction cost and transaction delayed, maybe it's an issue. Lightning network is promising. Building a new coin for this particular case seems like a bigger problem than the initial one. So she keeps investigating what is around. It's not a bad solution. I'm not saying it's not a bad solution, but there are alternatives. And she heard something about this guy, Richard. I don't know if you know about him, but in a conference, in a speaking, he mentioned a project called Newtaller that has this feature that is anonymous and private for the consumer, but not for the one who's selling and providing the services at the merchant. So she thought, okay, maybe it's nice and start investigating about this project. And she found that Taylor is much more closer to the cash than an account-based system. When you have an account-based system in the physical where you have a lecture, when you have a credit account and you move money from one place to another, and in the cash, you have something that you give to someone else to cancel some transaction. Moving this into the digital world, in the part of using tokens in the digital world, you have this problem of double-spending. So Taylor addressed this issue using a centralized exchange and some tokens that guarantee the customer that is not being traded by the exchange. The exchange cannot correlate the withdrawal with the deposit. So the exchange, whenever it gets out of the deposit, it doesn't know who is the money from. So the user gets private payments and with no traceability. A lot of people is talking about the democratic risk of using account-based system in government. So this is interesting. It's not part of what Isis is thinking right now because she wants to build an arcade room, but okay. Seems like a lot of people who's working on this. She also found nice documentation that you can check out. The documentation to build this is open source. It's not just open source, it's flow. So she as a hacker can build on top of this software, build solution for her. Talk to the community, read in the news. A lot of information there that you can also check out. And she read through these documentations in the key components of the system. And the key components are basically, I'm going to talk just a few of them because there are more. The exchange, the wallet, and the merchant. So a customer who wants to buy something using Tyler needs to install a wallet. There is a web extension to use the browser and a mobile extension. We are going to see them running. There is an exchange. This exchange, you need to think it as an interface of a banking system. So if I want to use cash, if I want to pay in the street, I go to an ATM, I get cash and use it in a merchant. This is the same but in the digital world. So the wallet is going to talk to the exchange to say, hey, I want to get a Tyler tokens. By the way, this Tyler token doesn't have a market value like a coin, a crypto coin. This Tyler tokens, if they are dollars, they are, you have $10, you have $10 in your wallet. It's not like an extra currency involved. So the exchange gives you the coins into the wallet. There's a withdrawal process. The exchange doesn't know who is getting the coins, doesn't have an account or information about the user who is getting the coins. And then the wallet is going to use these coins to sign tickets needed that the merchant needs to create to provide the services, to get paid. So after the wallet signed or paid the merchant, the merchant can use this information, this contract signed by the coin to say the exchange, hey, I want this money that I get because I was paid with your currency. You see the loop here and the exchange cannot relate who was the one that withdraw the money. Not even when it withdraw the money. So the user get the privacy that he needs. And the merchant needs to tell the exchange how money is getting. So this is really important to be taxable. So far so good? So, okay, yes? Taller is the exchange? Taller is the whole system, the whole protocol that interacts with the system. And what we are building is the protocol so every individual component can be created by different participants. So you can build a wallet that follow this protocol and to talk with different exchanges and different merchants. So we have a software reference that I'm going to show you right now, but someone else can build another wallet and use it with everything that I'm going to show you. The same for the exchange and the merchant. So after she saw this, she'll say, okay, show me the money, where's the demo? I want to see it running. So Phil, she saw a wallet goer station. I am going to show you right now. Yes, I can show it. She saw our extension. She, we draw money from our bank that we have in the demo, we have a bank because maybe this is a better way to show it. So when you fill a wallet, you need to talk to the exchange and the exchange is going to say, okay, you want $10 in Taller coins, you need to send me $10 in my bank account. So what we are going to see is that the customer is going to be at the bank account saying, I want to withdraw coins and the exchange is going to say, okay, send me your $10 to my account, I am going to print it for you and you are going to, I am going to give these coins to your wallet. With that, the customer can talk to the merchant and when the merchant say, you need to pay for this, the customer is going to use the wallet to sign the contract and the merchant is going to receive this signed contract and tell the exchange, I want to receive this money in my bank account. Yes, so this exchange is, services is like interface like the credit card because it's allowed you to pay, it's another payment system for different things. So if we can do this, let me see because I'm in another machine, let's try to do it. We can go to demo.taller.net, I don't know who is this computer, but I'm going to start the, install the, install the wallet and also you will see that it was not prepared, I was not prepared for this computer so, there you go, we have a good installation and as you see, I have no balance here, there is no money yet. I am going to go to the bank, demo.taller.net, I have already installed my wallet, I'm going to read and then at the bank, let's create a new user, all these, all these two, I think I'll read, there we go, never. So this bank is also a reference offer that another bank can build and this bank knows about Taller, so it has a button that said start withdrawal process with Taller. So the bank is going to show me a page without QR code to start the withdrawal process so when I start withdrawal process, you will see this QR code and my extension know that this page has this withdrawal so I'm going to withdraw money. Before doing the withdrawal process, I need to acknowledge the long, long, long thermal service and when I confirm, then I'm going, the wallet send me back to the bank because the bank need a confirmation step, they said, okay, you're going to send five kilos to the exchange, you see that? So seven times seven is 49, okay, yes. And there we go, the wallet have received the coins. The wallet doesn't know about the user, doesn't have any information about the user, the exchange doesn't have any information about the user, the bank knows that the user a way transfer to some account, the exchange account and we have already there the coins. So next I'm going to go to a shop. This shop has an iteration with Taller. It responds for two payment required when there is some article that needs payment. So the wallet knows about this, when it found 402, it redirects to the Taller unit that is in the header of the response and I can use Taller to pay this, like it is a credit card in my browser so when I pay this, first I go to a confirmation page so I'm in a secure environment to make the payment. You show me some information, as you can see there is also a fee involved, I'm going to talk a little about it. And when I do payment, I can see the article. The merchant that is in the bag is receiving the coins and he will talk to the exchange to get the deposit back. So another thing that I saw in this demo is the tipping feature. So the merchant can ask for payment but also can tip the user, given certain actions. So here what are we seeing is a question, what payment do you prefer? It doesn't matter the answer, but the thing is that when Alice answers this it can get a tip from the merchant. When Alice accepts this tip, okay you have the tip, I can see the balance here. I have a withdrawal, a payment, and a tip from the backend demo and this give me money that I can use in any other place. Yes, any other merchant. So effectively I'm getting money, like cash in my wallet. So going back to what is Alice doing, I'm going to show you this link to be... This is also dual with an Android device. We have an Android application. I want to show you something here. There is an Android you can search for taller wallet. So after seeing this Alice thought, okay, this is my software, but I want my arcade room using this, what I need to do. So, no, not that one, this one. So she thought about this using a cash validator connected to a computer to create a tip. So every time you use a cash validator, it will create a tip that a user can scan with the mobile device to get money to her or his wallet. And then using another QR code in a machine to do a payment. And since there is all the code there to be used and it is free software, she can start doing that and build the system. So after playing a little around, she came with this QR code. I will try to scan it right now, let me check. With the taller wallet. So since I have not yet filled with cash, the wallet doesn't do anything, but we can try to, let's go to the report. So as you can see, the money went through. So if I use another one, it won't validate. But if I scan it again, it's checking the tip. So this QR code is just that URL. I can use also the web extension to do the pickup. But what Tali's want to do is use the mobile phone. So every client there in the arcade room can use her mobile device. So you can see I'm getting 20 pesos from Argentina. I'm gonna set this tip. The information say also that this tipping is from the merchant. Now I have this balance in my wallet. And then what I can do is another QR code with the payment that every QR code might be different from different arcade machines. So when you pay, you need to review the payment and you can confirm and explain. So after she built this up, she thought, okay, this, oh no, this is not the machine. This seems like a good solution. And she tries and she's trying to build this right now in Argentina, doesn't matter. But this is it, this is Tali. And as you saw, there is no blockchain involved. Some services running in a server, all crypto technology. And it's mainly based on a paper from David Chom and black signatures. That's why the key, the token that the wallet gets cannot be correlated from the deposit to the withdrawal. So the user get privacy and anonymity. There is a lot of topics that we didn't talk here, but are really important. We just talk about the main features. There is auditors, that audit exchange. There is a coffee software that the merchant can use to create orders. Maybe I can show you. Because it's here when you see something running. Merchant. This merchant backend is the one being used by the credit arcade. So you will see the orders. For creating a tip, a tipping, you need to create a reserve that links in exchange. So you are going to say the exchange, I'm going to save this money. So user can pick up and you have an API to authorize this tipping. Let's change here. There is also nice other features that for example, age restriction coins. There are some coins that you can create. If you want, for example, to give coins to kids that cannot be spent in some products that are for 18 or greater. So this coin cannot be used with those products. It is a really cool protocol because the kid doesn't need to give any information about the age or who he is or who she is. It is in the coins. So the kids get these coins like parenting, for example. You, as a parent, you need to give the kid a special wallet or when you do the withdrawal process, you need to ask the exchange, okay, I want coins that cannot be spent in beer, for example. Every operation can have fees. So the exchange can operate and charge for the operation. There is a working process in the peer-to-peer payment because as I mentioned, you have the tokens in your wallet. But if you share this token with the other person, you need to trust the person who is receiving the coins need to trust that the coins are not going to be spent before you. So the peer-to-peer protocol, what allows is that you don't need to trust the other person who is giving you the coins. And of course, the wallet is like a physical wallet. If you lost the wallet, you lost the money. It's not an account with a reference to some places. So that's everything. If you want to know more, there are a lot of things. This slide is in my talk in schedule. So you can check for the links. You won't remember everything. This, everything, but the important thing here is that central banks are taking central banks and taking notice about this and talking about future implementation of digital money. And it's a really good project, really easy to jump in. I started working here almost two years from now. So please join. And that's it for me like this.


To learn this course requires willingness to question every value that you hold. Not one can be kept hidden or a little obscure in your learning. So it's really about full exposure, full disclosure. In fact, I mentioned that I had been setting up a monastery. It's not a typical monastery. It's got the reverence and the prayer and the devotion and everything, but it doesn't have all the vows and it doesn't have all the rituals. Basically, we just had two guidelines at the monastery, and it's no private thoughts and no people pleasing. And so we encourage everybody to be very forthright with their emotions, with their thoughts, to never just act based on to try to gain approval or to try to please somebody else, but to really feel it out intuitively before you move forward with anything. And the no private thoughts is similar to, I guess, in the Catholic Church that had confession, but it's basically not doing it to a priest or trying to be absolved by some special figure, but it's just really getting in touch with your thoughts and not feeling a need to hold them and push them back down, being able to expose them. So every day at lunchtime there's expression sessions, and they're very lively, because people know that they have full permission to express whatever's on your mind with whatever intensity is going on as well. And they move through it very fast because there's no attempt to repress or suppress anything, and they feel a safety in the context of the monastery to do that. So that's part of the exposure and disclosure.


I'd like to welcome Professor Sandcat, the Vice Chancellor of the University of Belize and formerly of the University of the West Indies to introduce our next keynote speaker. Thank you. Thank you very much, Matt. My dear colleagues, after a good Sri Lankan lunch, you look forward to dessert and coffee. I don't know where the coffee is, but we have dessert here in that we have Mr. Mark Prensky, who will be treating us to his own special thoughts on education. He is a renowned American writer and speaker on education. Mark is the one who coined the terms, most of us are familiar with, digital native and digital immigrant. He did that in 2001, and he is an award-winning internationally acclaimed speaker, author, and practical visionary in the field of education. Today, he champions an emerging, new, empowered, to better the world education paradigm that more directly benefits all students and the world in which they live. Mark has spoken in over 40 countries. He has authored seven books and has published more than a hundred essays. His work has been translated into a dozen different languages. Mark is the founder of the Global Future Education Foundation and the AriseNet.world, that is real-world impact education network, which unites all groups in the world, offering and empowered to accomplish education for kids. Previously in his career, Mark headed an early prototype charter school. He spent six years at the Boston Consulting Group and founded and ran a learning games company for over a decade. Mark holds an MBA degree from Harvard with distinction and a master of arts in teaching degree from Yale. He has taught at all levels from elementary to college. Mark's latest book, Education to Better the World, on leashing the power of 21st century kids, and published by Teacher's College Press 2016, that book won the 2016 Forward in these Book of the Year awards in education. And I was pleased to get a copy of it and I just give you a few of the little quotes on this book. Prensky offers perhaps the most compelling case and model yet articulated by anyone for today's globally empowered children. I must read book for all educators and anyone who cares about education. And this came from Rocky Hill School in Rhode Island and from Arizona State University. Mark Prensky offers a lucid, inspiring, optimistic, doable and crucial blueprint for how we can build a future with the schools that children desperately need. Another one says, Mark Prensky was always ahead of his time. This book is a gold mine and a powerful wake up call. And finally, we need the better world Prensky envisions and we need it now. So it is really a distinct pleasure and honor for me to welcome on behalf of Col and the Open University Mr. Mark Prensky to address this conference. Mark, good afternoon everybody. Thank you, I am so happy to be here. Thank you, Asha and everybody at Commonwealth of Learning and the Open University for inviting me. I wanna give a special shout out, where are my bus friends? Hey, yes, people that I met coming in. And I've made a lot of friends and I love this conference more than any that I've been to in a long time because it's so diverse. Because there are so many people here from so many different places. I grew up in New York City, I'm used to diversity, I miss it in California, so I'm thrilled to be with you. And I'm gonna talk to you about what I think the world needs from education because it may be a little bit different than what you have thought about before. You already heard, if you're saying Mark who, you already heard, I'm known for the digital immigrants and digital natives terms which I was very proud to learn this year or now in the Oxford English Dictionary. I have contributed to the English language mother tongue. I apologize for speaking in American. If any of you need simultaneous translation, I'm sure it can be provided. And if you want to get the slides or you want to contact me later, I give my presentation in a very specific way where the logic of what I'm saying is all in my slides. So that enables you if you wanted to give this same presentation to somebody else, you could do that. And all you have to do is send me an email at markprensky at gmail.com. And my request to you, I have a request because you represent diversity in people and places, I represent diversity of ideas. And so I'm gonna ask that as you listen, there may be things that you agree with, there may be things that you disagree with, please keep your mind open. And we can talk about this, we'll have time at the end for conversation and we can dialogue about this all the time. And I'm thrilled to do that with everybody. So let me start with something that I think we all agree on. We all want our kids to be educated. And I think we all want all our kids to be educated. Is there anyone who disagrees with that? That's good. But here's what's a little more controversial. I think what's changing and what's gonna be changing very quickly is what a good education is. And what being educated actually means in the world. Now here's another question for you. Raise your hand if you're optimistic about the future. I'm glad to hear that. Raise your hand if you're pessimistic about the future. I'm less glad to hear that but I have a piece of advice to you, please don't share that with the kids. Because a lot of, I go into classrooms and I ask the kids how many of you are pessimistic or scared about the future and I get a lot of hands raised and I fear that some of that comes from their teachers. So this is an optimistic talk. I'm gonna be very optimistic with you. I'm a huge optimist about the future and the future of education. And the reason I'm an optimist is because I'm optimistic about our kids. And one of those is my kid but I mean all kids everywhere. I think those kids represent and I absolutely loved the term that we heard from the Seychelles, our common wealth. But I'm also a realist. And so while we want all our kids to be educated and we more or less think of being educated in the terms that we grew up with, we all know what education is because we all went through it. What does the world want and need from education? Especially going forward. And more specifically, what do our kids want to need from education going forward? And so this is really a talk where I'm gonna focus on the kids and the world they'll live in. And as Asha remarked last night, one of the things that I noticed when I go to conferences like this is there are very few young people. In fact, is anybody here under the age of 30? Okay, welcome. You represent half the world. Congratulations. And I think that's something that we ought to really bear in mind because a lot is changing. And particularly in the past, we used to know we, the adults, knew what was good for kids. We did because we were the adults and things didn't change and whatever was good for us was probably good for our kids. But now we don't. We don't know what's best for our kids because they don't live in our world. That's Elon Musk's car revolving around the earth but they're gonna live in a very different world. They're living through huge changes in civilization and this is happening everywhere. And we're largely unprepared for this. And so I'm gonna show you now the image that I want you to remember and take home with you if you remember nothing else from this conference.  What's going on is that we in this room collectively, except you, are the last pre-internet generation the world will ever see. Never happen again because from now on we have the first internet generation and all the generations that come after that. And that is a big, big, big difference. And what it means is things are speeding up. The pace of change, and we heard this from other speakers, is changing dramatically. In the past, in the distant past, things changed but not very fast. So it was easy for us to give our kids the same education that we got. Then in the last few generations things started speeding up and we went from the Wright brothers to the supersonic jet and to the moon in less than 100 years. But things were not equal. It was unevenly spread. There were places that didn't move as fast. What's gonna happen going forward is it's gonna move much more quickly and it's gonna spread much more evenly. So that's what we need to be prepared for. I think human society will change more in our kids' lifetimes than it has ever changed in the history of the world. And I'm not alone in thinking that. And the reason is because we have this different pace of change. It's not easy to understand because we didn't grow up with exponential change. We grew up with linear change. It went up slowly. And then sometimes it went up a little faster. But now we have something called exponential change. It's going up really, really fast and it's happening everywhere. And that's what we have to learn to wrap our minds around in the future.  It's already up hundreds of thousands of times from when we went to the moon. But now we're gonna get another billion times.  We're gonna have everybody connected at high speeds and we should do that as quickly as we can. Energy prices will get close to free. We'll see our intelligence augmented and we'll probably send our kids out into space, either as tourists or workers or miners or whatever.  You can find it on your own when you get the slides but every piece of human endeavor is going to be changed. And how fast? Well, you heard about the hundred years. You all know about Dubai that rose from the desert in 50 years and look what it is today. Mobile phones got to most people on the planet in 40 years. Facebook went to a billion people in 10 years and then to a second billion people in five years. We got to the cloud in less than four years and CRISPR, which is gene editing, went from the laboratory to babies in less than four years. We have electronic cars. We have flying taxis in Dubai. We have bioprinting of organs. This is already with us. We're gonna have 5G, really, really fast internet to everybody in the world almost certainly within five or so years. And if you believe Ray Kurzweil, who's a very forward thinker, we will connect our brains to the cloud within 15 years, which means that we don't need to be preparing our kids for the where the world is today or even for the where the world is tomorrow. We need to be thinking 15, 10, 15, 20 years down the road. What do those kids need? What kind of world are they gonna be living in? Because already today in many places, any 10-year-old walking down the street can access all of human knowledge. That's a really different place to be. And what it means is that the things that we have counted on for so long, tradition, and incremental improvements, that's no longer enough. We have to prepare not for the past or the today or the future or tomorrow, but for what Peter Hinson calls the day after tomorrow. And that's where your focus should be, ladies and gentlemen, on that day after tomorrow. And that's a good thing because it means that we can leapfrog. Just like the mobile phones came into places that had never had fixed phones and they managed to leap that whole technology, we need to leapfrog in education and in what we do. It's time to put on new lenses. It's time to see our kids and education. When I say kids, I'm talking from five years old to 25 years old. I just use that term as a catch-all. It's time to see them in a very, very new way. It's time to focus on those kids. And the interesting thing that I've observed is that learning, although we talk about learning till the sun goes down and beyond, it's not the goal of education. It's a means to the goal of education which is to accomplish useful things in the world. And I think that's a really important shift that educators need to make. Another big thing that's happening is that our kids are becoming human machine hybrids. Does this look familiar? I blocked out the faces because it could be anywhere. The kids are on their phones. We heard about it from our friend from Nigeria. They're already integrating themselves with the devices so that it's hard to pull them away. They're already broadcasting their thoughts and we're starting to see through these things we can look at kids and know what they're paying attention to and what they're thinking. And they're embedding technology into their bodies. So this is already starting. Now project out five, 10, 15 years. And some people are afraid of this, but we are really doing what humans have always done. We are amplifying who we are. At one point it was we did it with the wheel at another point we did it with electricity. Now we're doing it with this digital technology. And we need to be helping our kids do this because interestingly enough, machines are already better at a lot of the things that we used to do even as we grew up. Machines are better at reading. Google has something now called Talk to Books and it can read 150,000 books in half a second for meaning. Writing, a lot of non-fiction writing is already done by machines. Accessing information, researching, translating. Our kids are not gonna need to learn languages because the machines are gonna do it for them. Some of those things are already here, but there's more that's coming that machines do well. Machines are actually good at many aspects of critical thinking. They're good at debating. How many of you have seen the YouTube of IBM Debater? I highly recommend. Go look it up when you can. IBM Debater, Watson, their artificial intelligence machine debates Oxford style, one of the best debaters in the world and it comes to a very, very close decision. So there's all these things, project management, systems thinking that machines are doing better, even art and music. Machines are starting to make the stuff that we listen to and that we like to look at. So what's left for us? And the answer is plenty. The answer is humans are good at dreaming. We're good at imagining and feeling and respecting. We're good at feeling empathetic with each other and speaking and persuading and of being compassionate and ethical. We're good at creativity. We're good at uniqueness. And we're especially good at accomplishing things. We're much better than machines at accomplishing things, particularly if we don't know in advance what we need to accomplish. Yet we still spend a lot of our time thinking that kids and humans in general need maths and English and science and social studies. That's our normal curriculum, which I abbreviate as the mess. That's what we give in the entire world to our kids. We give them the mess. But of course we've realized that we need a little more. We need some additions like critical thinking and problem solving, all these things that we've called 21st century skills, empathy, you've heard about all these things. I call that the mess plus plus. But Pasi Sauber from Finland has another name for this. He calls that the global education reform movement. And the acronym for that, ladies and gentlemen, is CHIRM. CHIRM, that's all the competition and the standardized testing and the test based accountability stuff. So let's put those two together. And what do we get, big drum roll? We have a germy mess. And that, ladies and gentlemen, is unfortunately what a lot of arch education is. The textbooks, the curricula, everything that's overstuffed, the testing, it's a germy mess. And if you wanna see a picture of it, it looks like this. We just pile one more module on top of another module and each module looks neat and clean, but it's just a big pile and it's too much for everybody. At this point, I've got to have a big caveat because the other side of that germy mess is that it's all of human knowledge. It's all the things that we've ever come to know is people and understand and do. So I don't want anybody to go out of here and say, Prinsky says all of human knowledge is unnecessary and useless. That's not true. It's useful, it's useful. It is very useful. The problem is the germy mess is not useless. It becomes the germy mess when we get lost in the details, when we feed all of it to everybody, whether they need it or not, and especially when we don't apply it to making the world a better place. When we do that, it ceases to be the germy mess. The kids don't want it all in advance. They don't want that germy mess in advance. My kid certainly doesn't. He's 14. He goes to a great high school in Palo Alto, California and he has one word for it, prison, because they only need parts of it. They need the parts that are useful for getting done the things that they wanna get done. The same kid comes home and on his simulator, he flies big jet planes, 777s and 787s and A380s around the world. But they need relatively little in advance, very little. They need reading probably for a little while longer. They need arithmetic. They need to know some things about government, but very, very little compared to what we try to stuff into our kids' heads in advance. And the reason they need so little is because their world is a different world. They don't need all the things that we had because they have access to all those things every day all the time. And the bulk of what they will need, and we heard this yesterday that the jobs haven't been invented, most of what they need hasn't been invented. So we're gonna have to do this on the fly. And what that means, ladies and gentlemen, to me, is that we don't need to focus as much as we did on content. Content is all I've heard about this whole time. What content do we do? How do we deliver it in more ways to more people through electronics, all this, and that's almost all the content from the past, which is, as we've heard, the Jeremy mess. But the other way to do it that we couldn't do before is we can focus on the people. We can go say to each student, what are your dreams? What are your problems that you care about? What are your strengths? And we can craft an education that works for each individual. And that's really what technology is now giving us the power to do, individualize. So what do the kids really want need? What they really want need is, from everything that I observe, and I go talk to kids all over the world, they want the power to affect their world. That's what they want. Kids didn't have that in the past, but they do today, and that's what we should be focusing on giving them. And I don't mean kids, just the young ones, even the adults. Because if you look at what employers say, and this is from Google, it used to be on their website, I don't know if it still is, we need people who can get things done. And ladies and gentlemen, you can go through 21 years of our education and still, and have learned a lot, and still not be able to get things done. And almost all of us, when we join whatever profession it is, or company that we join, we have to start at the bottom because we don't know how to get things done. That has not been part of our education. So when we look at this cartoon, we can contrast the people from our pre-internet generation who say, well, we've got to feed people all this germy mess, all this content, with the young people who say, no, no, no, no, no. We just have to get things done, and we'll learn whatever content we need along the way individually. Because we live in a time where individuals, particularly in small teams, anywhere, in any of your countries, at any age, can attack real, real world problems. And they can do it on the family scale, on the team scale, on the community scale, cultural, national, world, and cosmic scales. That's what the kids really want. Real world accomplishment. Accomplishment is different in my mind from achievement. Achievement is great, you become valedictorian, you climb the mountain, that's for you. Accomplishment is for others, it's for the world. And that's what the kids want to do. And since we're in Scotland, I can quote a Scott, Thomas Carlisle, from the 18th century who said, nothing builds self-confidence and self-esteem like accomplishment. So we've known this for a while. And yet, and yet, too often, we treat our kids as if they can't do anything without us, without the educators. And we treat them as if they were pets.  Ladies and gentlemen, our kids are not pets. I don't know if we were when we grew up, but today I can assure you that they're not pets and they don't want to be treated as pets. They know they're becoming empowered and they're gonna do it with us or without us. They want to increase their power to affect the world now. And our job should be and is really to empower kids further. And that's why this is such a huge opportunity because I've been listening to all these statistics that say 19% or the age or the median age of Africa people is 19 or 27 in other places. That means there's a lot of kids in the world, a lot of kids and by empowering those kids, we unleash their power to make a better world and they are waiting on us to do that. And that's what's really missing. If you want my opinion, Prinsky's opinion, what's missing from our education is accomplishment, is getting things done. And that's what we should be focused on. I'm not a huge fan of this term lifelong learning. It's important, but what we really wanna do, I wrote an article called Why Those Promoting Lifelong Learning Get Only Partial Credit. You get some, but only partial credit because we don't want lifelong learning, we want lifelong accomplishment. That's why we're doing the lifelong learning, but if it doesn't lead to the accomplishment, it's not worth anything, it's not worth paying for. And how different a world would it be if kids left school not with a diploma, not with credentials, not with a transcript, but with a resume of accomplishments, a list of personal and team accomplishments that they could point to and by which we could judge their capabilities and merits. I want every kid to be able to say, see that, last year that was terrible. It was bad, it was smelly, it was ugly, it was dirty. This year it's great, and I and my team did that. And I think you could take a whole country and do that. In my book, I have a whole chapter of how you could spend a whole year with every kid in the country doing projects that improve your country. And boy, would you have a better country after that one year, in my view. So, we all know that this is not a Pollyanna world. Our kids are gonna live in a world of good and bad, and there are gonna be tons of problems. We all know what they are, a lot of them. Climate change, political change is happening now. Technology change is happening. All of these kids see these problems. They blame us a lot of the time for having created them. Sometimes they're right. But the difference from the past, and this is so important, is that it's a world in which they can do something about. A world in which they can do something about. They can make these positive changes because they're entering a world where they have agency. We didn't grow up with agency as kids, but today's kids have agency. They have extended minds that are all networked together. And just give it a few years, and everybody will have that. And they can all therefore be explorers and accomplishers from the very earliest ages of even kindergarten. And that is what's caught us all by surprise. That's what that cartoon is, except for the kids. They know it. They're fighting climate change. Is there anyone in the room who does not heard of Greta Thumberg, the woman who's been fighting climate change, the young woman who just took the boat across the ocean so she didn't have to fly? Kids are collaborating online. Kids are doing real world projects. I recently heard of some students in Bangladesh. They got so fed up with the traffic and how people drove. They went out into the streets and started directing traffic themselves and giving out tickets. Yeah, the kids. They already see that we live in a time where they, in small teams, anywhere at any age can attack the problems that they see. And this is our huge, huge opportunity. This is a time when our kids can be, and this is my favorite word from my friend. Mm-hmm, excuse me. It's a while, right? When I come to my favorite word, I lose my voice. The word is solutionaries. If you have some water, that would be great. Can I raise my hands? Will you call on me? Okay, maybe a little water will be good. Okay, I've raised my hands. I've had to drink a water. I'm back. So our kids know that they're solutionaries. They see this. They are starting to understand this. And we need to see it too. That's really what has to happen. We need to change our perspective on who kids are. So how do we do that? How do we help them get ready? We focus on them, not as learners. I don't like that term at all. We focus on them as people. People with their own dreams and ideas and things that they want to accomplish. We don't just feed them content. They're not pets. We don't have to give them pet food. We support their dreams. This is a teacher whose students said about her, she showed me I could take my dreams as seriously as I wanted, and he became a famous actor. We help them understand individually what they care about, what they're good at, what they love to do, so they don't wind up doing something they don't love to do. We're very bad at helping kids understand this. We are particularly poor at that because we've never focused on it. But that's what the kids want from us. Look at me as a person. See education as empowerment, which leads to accomplishment, which leads to impact, positive impact on the world, which leads to a better world, which is what we all want. And by seeing the skills is not just thinking, which is the academic way to look at skills, but action and relationships and especially real world accomplishment. We have to change our thinking to seeing education as being about accomplishing and bettering your world and being empowered to take positive action and applying your passions, not just having them, getting things done, doing in the real world and not just in the ivory tower or the classroom and being prepared for anything. So here's what we do. What we do today is the old form of education because somebody said to me, we were having conversation. He said, yeah, we've always thought that the world, that education was about making the world better. And it is, I think that that's true. But we've been very indirect about how we did it.  And then the big bet came. The big bet was, would they go out and improve the world? And some did, some didn't, most didn't. So that's not the best way. The much better way is to put kids together with real world problems. It's much more direct. We focus them from the beginning on the problems. They come out with solutions, often they're better solutions than we had. The world improves just because they're going into school. But even better, even better, we get empowered world improving people in all of our countries, in all of our communities for the rest of our lives. So the answer to what the world needs from education, my answer is world improving people. That's what we want. Or you could say, eight billion unique symbiotic hybrids constantly adding value to the world. Or you could say just more simply, people who can get things done. So now let me give you a few examples. And we'll go through these quickly. But these are things that kids have already done at all levels. These are projects that have been completed and there are thousands of them. I've collected a bunch in a database, which you can get at btwdatabase.org or you can get it on your phone. Primary school kids are mapping the brain. Now how can primary school kids map the brain? Because there's a game called IWIRE. And IWIRE requires you to figure out the connectome of the brain and guess what, young kids can do that. They're creating and sharing and preserving culture. In Iceland, they're making audio books in order to preserve the Icelandic language. Maybe you could do that in some of your countries. They're designing things for their community. Group of fourth graders found out that their community wanted a water park and they put out an RFP for a water park. The kids said, we can design that. They did. They lobbied the city council. They got approved. And when the architects built the water park, they built the kids' designs. So talk about the kids being able to point to something and say, you know, that didn't exist and now because of our team, it does. They can barter the tech skills they already have for skills they don't, like for reading skills with old people. This is a product in France. By the time they get to middle school, they can operate drones. In South America, they're using drones for reseeding places that need reseeding because of mining. They're printing 3D printing prosthetic hands for people who don't have them in all kinds of body parts. But not just printing, which is easy because you just download the plans. They can go out using their social media skills and find the kids who need the hands and the prostheses. And so now the world is holding hand-a-thons where they make hands for kids. We had a big problem in Flint, Michigan in the US with lead in the drinking water and it was hard to measure. Well, guess who solved that problem, an 11-year-old. She came up with a way, with her phone and a sensor to measure the lead in drinking water. Or we have a problem, some of you may have this, with parents, this is hard to understand, leaving kids in their hot cars while they go shopping. And kids actually die from that. And so this kid said, no, you don't have to do this. This 11-year-old said, I'll invent a seed. If a kid gets too hot, it sprays water on the kid. It calls the cops and it calls the parents. 11-year-old, 13-year-old's grandmother had Alzheimer's disease, didn't recognize people. 13-year-old smart girl, she said, we have facial recognition in the world. She designed an app that her grandmother can point to anybody who comes into the room and it will tell the grandmother who it is. So this is what our middle school kids are doing. They're turning waste into useful products, like styrofoam into water filters, and old tires into furniture, and scrap into science projects, and even cloth into sanitary pads in rural India. Which means by the time they get to high school, they can be doing much more sophisticated projects, robots and controllers, and creating news, and writing news, and art, and cleaning some of these big things in the world that really nobody's figured out how to clean before. And mini supercomputers and 3D printing. They can do apps that reduce police abuse by having a yelp for police encounters and being able to compare the different cities. They can reduce bullying by letting kids reserve seats at non-bullying lunch tables. They can maintain things all over the country in remote places through sensors. And kids have already, high school kids in the world, have created new ways to diagnose Ebola, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, plant diseases, and more. And they're monitoring earthquakes around the globe and forests and marine debris. These are what our kids are capable of doing. By the time they get to university, well, it would really be useful if they'd had 12 years of doing this, but even if they just get there now at MIT, they invented a football that collects the energy from being kicked, and you can take it home at night and use it to power your house, your lights, your devices. They can capture CO2 in paint so that houses can be like trees and take CO2 out of the air. They can edit genes, and one of the things, and especially seeing this wonderful pitch here, reminded me that you can take big spaces, football fields, and turn them into organic gardens. And at one university, they did that. And so suddenly, all their university students learned not only to be organic gardeners, but to feed the entire poor community around them. And ladies and gentlemen, that is just the beginning. People are doing this all over the world. The kids want to, you can go to the database, btwdatabase.org, and that's what people are gonna have to do in the future. They're gonna have to use these extended minds and networked minds well and wisely to get useful things done. It's not about content. And as educators, we need to be helping them. So we have two options as I see it. Option one is we continue, we can continue refining the Jeremy mess. We can spread it to more people in more ways, and we can do lots of MOOCs. There's a gentleman here who did 300 MOOCs, and he still doesn't have a job. But here's what I told him. You know what? In your generation, you can do things because now you have that expertise, you can start webinars, you can start a YouTube channel, and you can distribute that to people all over the world who want some of your expertise and earn a living in an entirely new way. So we can do that. We can join the germ. We can improve how we teach the mess. And that will give us a pet food curriculum, which is what we have. Or, and this is the huge opportunity in the world, we can create the real world impact, empowerment education for kids and all people where you're empowered to better your world, and that's what we help you be able to do. It's an alternative, it's not the academic education, it's not the vocational education, it's the accomplishment education, based on accomplishment and real world impact and student empowerment, and it's structured around the dreams and interests and strengths of concerns of each kid. And to me, that is our challenge for the future. How do we do it? Well, it doesn't exist today, except in a few places here and there, so we have to invent it. Isn't that great? We can actually do something. We can create a better kind of education for our kids and that's already happening. There's a group called Design for Change that if it doesn't exist in your country, already exists in 60 countries, you should look it up. They're doing a lot of this with kids. It's being invented around the globe and it's being invented in a great many ways so each of you can do it locally. You can fit this kind of education to where you're from and what you do and what your needs are and it can be permanent, it can be side by side, it can be every other month. There are so many ways it can be done but you've got to start thinking along these lines. So really what I'm here to do today is plant a seed. I'm planting a seed, I hope it'll grow in your mind and flourish and that it'll flourish in each of your countries and around the world and you're right at the beginning of this because it's just starting but our kids truly need it and we all truly need it. So let me give you quick concluding thoughts. Imagine if your country were known, whatever country you're from, not from your ranking on the PISA tables which is what everybody talks about but your country were known for being the place that produces people who can get things done. If you want people to get things done hire kids from that country and if we make the purpose of education to better the world for use to better their world it would unleash the energy, creativity and compassion of students and teachers in ways that we never imagined. So we're today on the ground floor of a very new world to come.  Not all of them but they're moving really fast and they're on their way to becoming super powerful symbiotic human hybrids and just wait if you don't see it today it will be true in 10 years when these kids go out into the workplace. They live in a world where accomplishment is more important than credentials, any credentials, badges, whatever you wanna offer them. So everything we do for our kids and for our adults should empower them further to accomplish and better their world. So don't get caught by surprise, start now and how can you start? You can go to AriseNet.world and you can start to see the coalition that's being put together of places around the world and that's where I recommend you go and I wish you good luck. Thank you.


Greetings from Purdue. I am Neil Odinger, an aeronautics-nationalics master student from Noblesville, Indiana, and newly commissioned officer in the US Air Force. As the first cadet to volunteer for the Purdue Military Research Initiative, Graduate School is my initial active duty assignment before Air Force pilot training. I strived to have an impact on people and projects. In the Purdue Space Program, I'm helping design, build, and test a liquid propellant rocket for the Base 11 Space Challenge, a race between student-led university teams to launch first. In Air Force ROTC, I commanded the Honor Guard at football games, parades, and other events. And as President of Purdue's American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Chapter, I encourage students towards aerospace careers. These steps lead me in my persistent pursuit of the next giant leap to be a test pilot and astronaut. It is my honor to introduce the 2021 Distinguished Engineering Alumni Award recipients from the School of Aeronautics and Astronautics. First is Ernest U. Gambaro, engineer, lawyer, entrepreneur, and philanthropist. Following Purdue, he was a Fulbright scholar studying in Rome with leader of Italy's Burgeoning Space Program, working on the San Marco Program, which launched Europe's first satellite into equatorial orbit. While at Aerospace Corporation, he worked on missile and space programs for the US Air Force, earning him top security clearance, working on the country's premier orbital reconnaissance system. Gambaro's intellect got him noticed, and he was selected as the youngest team member to design experiments that went aboard the Gemini spacecraft. As a lawyer, he was assistant general counsel of the Computer Sciences Corporation, recovering the third largest settlement award by the Iran claims tribunal in the Hague, among many other multimillion dollar acquisitions. In his persistent pursuits of the next giant leap, he co-founded InfoNet Services Corporation from the former computer timeshare division of CSC and turned it into the world's largest secure data network provider, retiring a senior vice president, general counsel, and secretary. Gambaro is an enthusiastic philanthropist, influenced by what happened to him as a student at Purdue, and wanting that experience to be shared with others. He endowed the Gambaro Graduate Program of Aeronautics and Astronautics at Purdue for his forward-thinking approach to enabling client access to computer mainframes that transform the computer timeshare into the world's largest provider of secure data network services to large and mid-sized multinationals, which provide sales and customer support in over 80 countries. The College of Engineering is proud to present the Distinguished Engineering Alumnus Award to Ernest U. Gambaro. Our next honoree is Tanya M. Skeen, an aerospace leader in the nation's highest defense operations. Her career has been a roadmap in the persistent pursuit of the next giant leap as a change agent, taking futuristic concepts and applying them to real-life military challenges faced today. Upon graduating from Purdue, she was commissioned in the U.S. Navy as Technical Instructor and Assistant Director at the Nuclear Power Training Command. Her leadership and management career took off with stops as Deputy Director of Test and Evaluation, U.S. Air Force Headquarters, and Executive Director of the Army Rapid Capabilities Office, leading the mission to quickly integrate equipment acquisition methods and other capabilities, transforming and improving processes and systems. Today, she is a leader in military aviation, serving as the Executive Director for the F-35 Lightning II Joint Program Office in Arlington, Virginia. Her elite team is responsible for the transformation in combat aircraft for 21st century threats, securing air dominance and a rapidly accelerating digital age. Her many awards include the David Packard Excellence in Acquisition, exemplary civilian service, Department of Defense Value Engineering Award, and the Navy Achievement Medal. For her exemplary management of complex systems, bringing together the United States Armed Forces, consisting of the Air Force, Marine Corps, and Navy, as well as eight Allied nations to implement affordable and sustainable fifth generation strike aircraft, the College of Engineering is proud to present the Distinguished Engineering Alumni Award, Tanya M. Schien. To learn more about how Purdue influenced these honorees, please click on their video link below. Boiler up and hail Purdue.