Good morning everyone, ok. How many of you have used Sylab? Has anyone used Sylab? Anyone used MATLAB? Ok, some of you have used MATLAB, ok. So, Sylab is an alternative to MATLAB, so I am going to tell you some of the good things about it and I am going to explain to you why you should use it, why it will be useful in this course and also in other courses and possibly in the future as well. Some of you may want to take it up as your career, it will become clear as we go along. So, this is a possible outline for this. I said possible because we are going to do some calculations and depending on the interest you show, we will do lots of things and then we may cover all of this or only some of it, but we will certainly do the things that you want to. We will start with a brief history of Sylab. It was started by Professor Cliff Boller who was a computer science professor in New Mexico State University. He was in robust algorithms project that means how to compute Eigen values, how to solve linear systems accurately without any mistake, even for large scale systems it should compute correctly and in time. So, he got funding from the government, US government to develop MATLAB. What is this MATLAB? By the way MATLAB in Fortran that is the original MATLAB this we are talking about in the early 80s or late 70s. From 75 onwards you can say 75 to 80 was the time frame. He released this MATLAB in the early 80s as open source. This is written in Fortran that was one of the conditions for funding that whatever is created should be released as open source, but some people got the idea that they can actually commercialize this. So, they started with this open source thing and started their own companies. There were two products Matrix X and Control C that came out of this MATLAB. They added some user interface, added documentation, added some extra features they started selling it and it became very successful. Matrix X, Control C and then after seeing this Professor Mohler realized that he made a mistake in releasing it as open source. He also quit his university position. He started his own company called Mathworks and he wrote the entire MATLAB in C because it became commercial. Of course now it has grown very big. They have about 2000 staff members working for Mathworks. This is the story of early history. Out of this came SyLAB also. Some French people said that they would also go commercial. They started with the open source MATLAB and then they wrote, they called it BLAISC or something like that, but they found that they were not selling any copies. Maybe they were selling something like one copy a month. So, they figured that it was not at all economically viable to sustain that operation and so they said they would become open source. So, they released it as open source. So, I would say probably from late 90s SyLAB is available as a open source software. It is equivalent of MATLAB. You see that all of them have come from the original MATLAB. So, they are all MATLAB compatible. SyLAB will be about 95 percent compatible. And these packages are used extensively for linear algebra, simulation, solving that is solving differential equations, signal processing, control system design, identification. You name it, it is any one of these is used. Matrix X and control C, we do not hear much about that about them. So, we have mainly only these two MATLAB, which is the commercial thing and SyLAB is just the opposite. It is completely open source. And SyLAB is created for mathematicians. So, whatever I am saying now is applicable to all of these packages, but my focus is going to be on SyLAB because I am going to also emphasize why SyLAB is important to you, why we should adopt SyLAB, why we should use SyLAB in our calculations. As I told you, Clem Euler when he was teaching mathematics in the class numerical analysis multiplying matrix by vector and so on, he saw a disconnect between the way he was teaching in the class and the way it was coded. Because when you write, when you want to tell your class, I want to multiply matrix A with vector X, you just type A into X.  He said why should computation be more difficult? Why cannot the computer do understand what the mathematician wants to do and implement it? So, he came up with this environment. So, I have simultaneously opened SyLAB environment. So, if I, for example, supposing I say A equals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 0, I have got this matrix A and then suppose I have the vector X. So, I have got this vector X. Suppose I want to multiply these two, I just have to type A times X. So, this environment was created for mathematicians. Like the way they would do mathematics in the class. If you want to multiply a matrix and a scalar, you would just type, for example, 2 into A, it will do that. So, he said why cannot it do that? So, for example, 2 times A, it will just do that. It will multiply, it knows that it is doing a vector scalar arithmetic or matrix scalar arithmetic, it should do that. And notice that I did not type it, I did not allocate storage, I did not do any of that and it does that automatically. So, as a result, this SyLAB is created for mathematicians and it enhances the productivity of the programmer. You can just come to the calculation directly. This is what I said just now and belongs to the MATLAB family, originally created by Professor Clay Muller. It can call programs written in FORTRAN and C. It has a good graphics capability. It has a very large installed base and it also has an underlying language, interpreted language. For example, it has if then else loop, for loop, while loop, case statement. It is possible to define a function. So, it has an underlying language. So, using that you can actually define your own algorithms and above all it is free. That is actually extremely important. I am going to talk about that soon why it is important. I want to spend some time on why we should actually go for open source software. It is extremely important. Commercial software is expensive and possibly for students it may be cheap. How many of you have installed MATLAB? How many of you bought? Unfortunately, actually the company does not mind even if you use illegal copies. It does not mind, but the issue is something else. Students use commercial software in colleges. Unfortunately, it is not available at small and medium companies. The reason is the cost. So, use of unauthorized software by commercial establishments result in disasters. Companies may even have to close down, have to bear jail sentences, etc. And as a result, most of the SMEs in India do not use any software. Especially this is especially true for high tech software where the cost differential is enormous. If you take something like Microsoft Office, there may not be too much difference between academic price and commercial price. But some other high tech software packages may be available may be available only at very high prices. May be 100 times, sometimes even 1000 times because you may even get a free copy in academia. So, if you multiply it is going to be 1000 times, 10,000 times. So, it will not be. So, I would even say that. So, as a result this puts companies at a great disadvantage because we do not use commercial software because these after all software packages are written to improve your productivity. To predict things, to solve your problem, to solve a model, so on and so forth. And so, I argue here that there is no alternative to open source software and commercial software that is 1000 times more expensive for industry is like a book that you cannot use outside the classroom. And it has. So, actually it creates a lot of possibilities. For the potential entrepreneurs that it is possible for you to offer consulting services using something like SILAP or something along those lines that you can actually you are because the platform is free free of cost. And the final delivered product also will run on in the company without any further additional investment. So, as a result it gives lot of exciting opportunities. We have a long way to go in this country. We have to solve many problems. Our industry has to solve challenging problems especially if they want to compete with other people, other companies, other companies from other countries. So, this will using reliable software, open source software has a great potential and we desperately need this. Now, I will start with the usage of SILAP. I will give some outline, some of the features. It is not possible to cover all of it. I want to give you a flavor of SILAP in the rest of the stock. The way I have arranged this slide is my commands are given in black. And the resulting answer is in blue. And in the second line can somebody tell me why B is not displayed? There is a semicolon. So, SILAP says that any time you put semicolon the result will not be a code. A plus B plus C it will say 22. In the first one I just computed it puts the result in ANS short form for answer which is the default variable. Otherwise I can assign them to variables and I do the computation. The computational result also goes to some default thing called ANS. Before I proceed there is one thing that I want to tell you. So, before I get started there is another brief. This is also extremely important for you. There will be some people who will come and say this is open source software may not be that good. Don't use it, our product is lot better, no bugs and so on. So, I have gone to the website of first SILAP user conference and this was held on 1st July 2009. If you look at the program, the program as well as presentations used in that conference are there. If you look at the keynote address I gave this talk National Mission on Education through ICT open source software. And of course, if you go to the presentations here the talk material is here. I wanted to tell you refer to not to this talk, but to the talk given subsequently in the afternoon on this talk at 330 use of SILAP for space mission analysis theory Martin CNES. CNES is equivalent of their ISRO. Through Arian they have launched several of our satellites. In the early part of our ISRO's history they used to launch our satellites. So, I after the I was chairing that session I asked Dr. Martin the senior manager in CNES I asked him after his talk was over. His talk is here by the way you can go through the presentation. So, he went on explaining how they use SILAP in their space mission. So, I asked him finally is there any application for which you don't use SILAP that was my question. He said no they use SILAP for everything. So, if somebody say SILAP doesn't work don't believe them don't believe them. So, that is an important thing I wanted to tell you in case there are some myths. One of the things that you should do when you use SILAP is to open a file open using a command called diary. So, that whatever you do from that time onwards will go to that file and then you can save that file go and delete unnecessary things and then you have the working version. So, let me just check. So, this is my ok. So, let me say diary test dot alright. So, from now on whatever I do will go into this file called test dot se which is in this directory which I got using the pwd command ok. We saw all of this anytime you have a semicolon result is not a code otherwise it is a code by the way I will put this pdf file also ok. SILAP has variables predefined variables reserved variables for example pi you have to put a percent sign in front. This is different from MATLAB in MATLAB you will just type pi otherwise you will say percent pi. So, you can do things like this. So, if you want to create a vector you can say x equals 1 through 5 you will just say 1 through 5. You can do things like x y equals 1 in increments of. So, let me just do this 0 in increments of 0.2 all the way up to 1 ok. So, I will just create it and then I can say something like let me see. I can also say x z equals lint space of 0 to 1 and 6 points right there are 6 points here that will also be you can use the lint space you can do you can of course enumerate the whole thing. So, there are many ways to create vectors and so after defining this you can calculate sign of this ok y equals sign of z. So, it has created now what I could do is I can say y equals 0 to 0.2. So, let me not just do go up to 1, but go up to 3 multiply the whole thing by percent pi right. I am creating a vector 0 to 3 in increments of 0.2 multiply the whole thing by pi and I put a semicolon ok. How many numbers what is the length of y? What is the length of y? 16. Length of y is 16 because you have an extra end point you have to add that 15 plus 1, 16 right. So, I can say z equals sign of y and then I can say things like plot 2 d of y comma z. If I have more points you will get a smooth point smooth curve. So, you can do all this calculations. This is very interesting. So, let me do the following a equals 1 through 5 b by the way Sylab is case sensitive small a is different from capital A just like in c, but between c and Sylab there is a difference the indexing is from 1 in Sylab whereas, in c you will start with 0 ok. So, b equals 1 through 2 to 1 in increments of 2 all the way up to 9 ok. Now, what will this give? b of 1 is to 2 is to 5 b of 1 is to 2 is to 5 what will be the answer? b is here what will be b of 1 is to 2 is to 5 any case ok. First evaluate 1 is to 2 is to 5 what will that give? 1 is to 2 is to 5 what will it give? 1, 3, 5 right starting from 1 increments of 2 all the way up to 5. So, you will get 1, 3, 5. So, b of 1, 3, 5. So, b of 1, 3, 5 will be 1, 5 ok. So, this has that is the reason why I say that it is a high productivity tool right. If you have to you know if you compare assembly and c when you go from assembly to c you can say that 10 lines can be coded in one line. Similarly, when you go from c to Sylab you can say 10 lines of c will get coded into one line of Sylab that is the increase improvement in productivity that is the reason why people use these packages for simulations. It also has lots of very useful libraries. For example, I defined a matrix called A right. If I want to say determinant I want to find the Eigen values from spectrum calculates. If I want to do singular value decomposition you have that so on and so forth. These are all built in and these packages are state of art ok. So, CNES uses this package to launch its rockets. So, you can do things like I of course said b of 1 is to 2 is to 5. I can also do things like d equals b of 1 to 5 followed by 1, 0. So, you can do things like so it becomes 1 to 5 is 159 and then to that you append 1, 0, 1. So, lot of these calculations can be done very easily. What will happen if you do 1 is to 2 is to 8? Let us try that. So, this is our b, b of 1 is to 2 is to 8. What do you think will happen? Nothing is defined beyond that either it could complain or it could give its interpretation of what the answer should be. So, let us see what Sylab does. It says error, but some other implementations could go up to 1, 5, 9 and stop there. So, you want to. So, what is d? Some other variable let us do this. It may not even accept it. Are you saying that something like this b of 1 is to 2 is to 8? No, that we can do. So, if you just say 1 is to 2 is to 8. So, ideally it would have gone till 9, but because 8 is there it will stop at 7, it will stop at 7. And then of course, as I mentioned this is I am subtracting a scalar from a vector. I am multiplying times a minus b you can do all of this. That is not a problem. It has a command called dot. For example, a is there it is a vector. What do you mean by square? There is no meaning square of a matrix, but here I am using a dot raise to up arrow is raise to the power, but dot raise to means you raise each element by that. So, it will be 2 to the power 2, 3 to the power 2 and so on. Here I raised a dot raise to the power a itself. Then it takes appropriate value. For example, here it is 5 to the power 5. You can of course, do a dot divided by b and then in fact, I would want you to try out some of these things. All these calculations I would want you to try later and see if you can answer say see if you can explain some answers. Some of the answers are quite interesting. Some of them have deep meaning. We do not have time to discuss, but if any of you would try and then ask me, I will be glad to answer them. It has logical operators. Obviously, you need all this if you want to construct a language. We will come to that before that I will do some examples here. You can compare you know things like this. Let me just do this. Do the following. Before I proceed, let me just close the diary so that I do not forget at the end. I have closed the diary. We created the thing in test dot a c e. So, I have if I am not mistaken e max here. So, what I will do is just hold on a second. Hopefully, I can make this bigger, the largest size I have. I hope you can see some of it if not all. You can see that whatever we did, for example, the first line here says error invalid index. You may recall this. So, you can go to this at the end of the session delete all unnecessary commands or all the commands that did not work. Then you have a set of commands that work. I would want all of you to practice this, to use this. Start using silo open a diary file. Then you do not have to remember anything that you did. There is a slave, the diary that is going to remember all this for you. Now, so let me say gpa. Let us go to our calculation. gpa equals 7.8, 8.3, 6.2, 5.8, 9.1, 7.2, 6.8. So, these are the numbers I gave last time. Then I say let me say m equals mean of gpa. We will find the mean and then s equals standard deviation of gpa. So, it has calculated. Then I say find gpa greater or equal to m and gpa less than m plus s. So, this is the number of the two. So, from mean equal to or greater than mean up to one standard deviation. Let me find all of those. So, what do you think it will give? So, it is going to give from 7.3 all the way up to 8.4 for 2 or something like that. It will tell you only those locations and that corresponds to look at this. Only these two numbers come under that. So, it helps you in a vector do a search and locate those positions where some condition is satisfied and it is a vector. You can do it for a whole matrix. Then you can also ask things like you can recall the previous commands by using up arrow. So, what I do is let me close it here and I say gpa of that, gpa corresponding to that index. So, then I can also say something like grades, grades. Now I am creating a new variable called grades. So, suppose I want to give AB to this. So, I have to say it is a character, it is a string. Actually, I had defined this already. So, let me clear grades. It will say grades undefined variable. Now it says AB. So, I can also say something like if it is greater than or greater than or equal to m plus s.  So, it has given a a and in between it is undefined. So, this search, locate and so on are extremely useful. So, here for example, I have two variables a and b. I am comparing a and b. So, it gives all of them to be false. A and b are nowhere equal.  What will be t f? a greater than b, it will be false, false, false, false from here onwards it is true. So, I would want you to try this. I will just refer you to one file and then I will post this file also in the website. Then you would need that. So, this file I will be conducted a workshop jointly on July 6. In fact, this ministry funding was used for this purpose. It gives examples of for loop. It gives a for loop example while expression and then loop breaks k statement and then function. And then there are also online functions how to define them. And it is possible to save the functions into a file and call from there. Examples are given. So, it is not possible to cover all of it in this class. All examples are here. We will post lot of these. If you have difficulty, you can ask me. So, I want to thank you.


Let's talk about Lazard being back though. Obviously great connection there. He's out week one. What's the comfort level going into week two? Does that change anything for you as an overall player? Jenkins back, is there like more comfort? There's definitely some more comfort with 13 and 74 bag out there. Allen shows up way more than just in the measurable stat sheet though. But I guess one point to always remember about him, he's very valuable in a bunch of different ways. He's such a smart, smart player, an excellent blocker. And I would say that about Sammy and Randall as well. You know, those guys really, really block well. It's more than just that. And I'm excited about getting Allen back. The conversations we had on the sidelines were pretty top level and we had some things we were trying to get to later in the game and just, you know, we had a couple bonehead plays that kept us out of some more opportunities in the red zone and the field.


Hi everyone, Joe for Jaspy's casebreaks.com, yeah, with another series one baseball hanger box break, which will unlock another multi sport madness break. This is madness. Big thanks to Chris and Nick, Nick standing in the way of Carl Chris's efforts to get all the spots. Let's see what happens. We've got to do the break first, four and a five, nine times, and we'll do a different dice roll for the giveaway part at the end. Four and a five, nine times for names and teams, two, three, four, five, six, seven, nine, and then nine times for the teams here. All right, first half, second half, and let's print and rip. All right, thanks everyone, or thanks to the both of you for making this happen. The important part here, who's going to win those spots? Gather everybody's names, new dice, new list, and let's roll it and randomize it three and a two, five times. Good luck, one, two, three, four, and five. Now from nine on down, it's going to be sad times, only the top eight can get in. I think Nick had three spots and I already see his three names there, so I think it's all going to be Carl. It is. Carl had the odds, or Chris had the odds on his side. There you go, Chris Carl. We'll see you in the next video for the break, Jasper's Case Breaks dot com.


The inference of clonal architectures in cancer using single cell RNA-seq data remains challenging. Here, the authors develop SEVEN, a variational algorithm for copy number-based clonal structure inference in single cell RNA-seq data that can characterize evolution and heterogeneity in the tumor and the microenvironment. This article was authored by Antonio de Falco, Francesca Caruso, Xiao Dongsu, and others.


Thank you. Okay, hello everyone. My name is Andres Chicova, and I hope I don't disappoint you, but my profession is not computer science. I study psychology, and I will talk about Tabletia, the app for children with dyslexia from the perspective of my position. I am some kind of coordinator of this project from the very beginning, and yeah, I will tell you more about it, but I firstly should tell that we developed Tabletia and CZNIC, which is actually a non-profit association, which takes care, I'm sorry for my language, but I don't understand that so much, but takes care of the CZ domain registry, so I work in the department of research and development, which is called LAPS, and we do a lot of open source development there, and you may know, for example, Turing Omnia, which is our new router, which is open source based, and we also develop Node-NS and BERT, but I will tell you about Tabletia, which is an app for Android and iOS, and it is cognitive training for children with dyslexia, and we are based, we are specialized on older children because the reason why we realized that we want to develop this game was because there was a lot of teachers and psychologists who told us, well, it's fine, we can do a lot of education with these children, but they are not motivated, and especially all the children are not motivated to do anything for them and to be better, so we realized we want to make a game for them to have fun and at the same time to force them a bit to do something for them, so Tabletia is now available in Czech, Slovak and German language. We started with the Czech version, but then our colleague from Slovak told us that they would like to have the app as well, and then we realized that it could be fun to do it also in German, and now Tabletia contains eight games which are connected in detective topics, so there is young detective who is trying to become better detective and learn how to do that. Tabletia is already available for free on Android and iOS, and it's used already in many schools and counseling facilities in Czech Republic and also in Slovakia and Germany, but we try to convince children to use it also on their own without being forced from schools and other facilities. I would like to tell a bit about dyslexia actually is because I'm not sure if it's clear what I mean when I say dyslexia, so it's one of the specific learning disabilities which means that people who have dyslexia have problems with reading and writing, but the problems with reading and writing are caused because of some deficit in cognitive functions. It means that firstly those people have some problems with attention or working memory which caused the problems with reading and writing, and we also used to say a lot that people with dyslexia are using a lot of different strategies how to learn, so when they have problems with in some part of this cognitive functions they are trying to avoid that and in using different learning strategies. So dyslexia should help them to find the way how to getting better and how to find the things that work for them and where are the weaknesses. We are not doing that alone in CZNIC, we are cooperating with some different universities especially Charles University in Prague, the department of psychology where I study and we consult all the work we do on the app with Lenka Reichova who is a specialist on special educational problems and who helps us to make the app really working. And we also worked with Konstantin the philosopher university in Nithra where some people helped us with developing the Slovak version and also university in Vienna where we developed the German version and now we are doing a bit of research on the Hamnitz University of Technology and speaking about technology I would say just a few words about the technological part of the app. We firstly developed it just for Android because it's used like yeah I think in 80% of cases where we want people to use tablets yeah it's they use smartphones or tablets with Android so we decided to do that in n-gine but then there was a lot of people who told us that they would like to use that also for iOS. So we decided for some cross-platform development and because the app is already written in Java we decided to use LibGDX which allowed us to make the app for iOS and Android at the same time and there's also option to make it on desktop which we are going to train this year if it works and if it really works the same way as on tablets and all the apps with all the content all sounds and pictures it's open source under the licensed gpl and you can find the object on GitLab. We also do a lot of testing with the app because from the very beginning we tried to really use children with dyslexia as the people who should tell us if it works as it should and if they like it and if they understand what they should do but yeah every time with some new game which we developed we firstly try that on our own if we are able even to play that and if we think that it's okay we are going to schools and we are asking children what they think about it and we also are trying to make the game so difficult that the children are really learning something new but at the same time not so difficult to help them to really have not just be disappointed and frustrated and now we are also trying to focus more about the effectivity of the app because it's it's really interesting question if it really helps if it really if we let people to play some games if it helps them to be better in reading and writing so we try to make some pre-post test design to find out if it's true but to be honest it's quite difficult because we need to find a lot of children with dyslexia it means they should have the diagnosed and collect them together and let them play the game for some time so I don't know like six or seven weeks at least three times a week but we are trying to cooperate on that with schools but we found out that children are not going to school so much I don't know how it's possible but they are missing all the time so it's really hard to catch them and we are still working on the app so we planned to make 10 games so there is two left which we want to develop this year and we also try to focus on the desktop version and there was also a lot of questions about our languages because the first question you may have is why is it not in English but it's quite difficult because as we wanted to make an app which would work for Czech children we focused on Czech language dyslexia is based on the specificity of each language so people with dyslexia struggle with something else in Czech and in English so it's not so easy to make games to be so yet transformable to other languages I will show you some slides from the game so you will see me more about what I'm talking now and we also from the from the data we have from the app we found out that we already have some problems with German version because in the parts of the app where there is a lot of reading text the German version is much harder for the children than the Czech version because there is a lot of like huge German words which are not so easy to read so so that's what we are going to try to fix you can see here this is the first game we have there who understands German can read that it's it says a rubber or in this case in German it's it's quite complicated because there is a lot of like gender correctness and for example in Czech language we don't have a word for woman detective or woman no detectives but not a woman robber no I'm sorry yeah whatever but but in German we have to write that all the time both so this is the beginning of the game started to be more complicated in German language because they need to read two words in step one at the beginning and then you can see there is rubber has some yellow whatever something on him and and some some passes and the the task is to read this this information and then you will see some people coming into a shop and you have to find out who was the robber so in this case it was that the picture is not belonging to the text before but it would be quite easy because you can just say okay this one has this but then there are more complicated instructions for example the robber is a person who has the same trousers as a person who comes for him so the people have to really focus more on the on the content and use their working memory this is another game which is on spatial orientation so in this task Chun have to put the map together to find out where the robbers are hidden and there are different maps and and each game has three different levels of difficulty so this is the the easiest one and then you have four to four times four and five times five maps this game is on phylogical recognition and analysis and you hear some voices and you have to find out which one is the right one so firstly you see some some word and then you have to find from these three options you can see with the signs there which one was the right and in the more difficult version there is some letter missing in the middle of the word so it's even more difficult to find out and there was also one of the games which was quite complicated to make in german because the german works some kind of different in pronunciation pronouncing seeding words than english then check and even in english when we were thinking about it it was yeah it seemed even even worse this is a game for the training visual memory where the detective sees some some windows and at the same time he sees watch where some some time appears and they have to then press the right windows and put there the right time when it appeared this game is shooting range it's when we started to to test that that with children we asked them what other game they would like to have there and they all told us okay we want to shoot someone and we were like yeah you know it's not real dad what do we want to do so we tried to put them the shooting in the game but not on the people so yeah they don't like that so much but at least we tried so this game is training of attending you can see the the flower there on the right corner so that the flower is randomly changing and they have to shoot the the right flowers on the screen this one game is it's called in the darkness but it's not really in the dark but imagine that you are here you are this small person and are trying to go there to the safe and you have to plan your way to the safe through this labyrinth or building so you have these kind of blocks taskfuls you can do you can walk one step or you can turn or you can jump across the the door or you can open door so you have to plan that and if you are finished then you can go and you will see if you did that right then we have a visual recognition so you can see some symbols here and you can see also the same symbols there so the task in this is the e level it's to just find the the right symbol but in the more complicated version the symbols are reversed so they have to manipulate the symbol in mind before and then there is also a version where there is more symbols on the same place so they have to find it in the middle of them and this is for now the last game which is on the phonological memory so here at the beginning some kind of sounds there is for example three sounds in in the beginning and then they see this room they have to find out what was the sounds and in which order they they were so they put then the subjects which made the sound in this order here and there is also some other parts of the of the app which is this hall of fame where you can see that when you are good and you are really getting better you are also gaining some some trophies and special special prizes and here you can also see there are some some badges which show how good detective you are there's also some part which is called statistics which shows how are you doing in the app and if you are getting better or not or if there is something what you should train more or something what you shouldn't do at all and this is also a part which is called encyclopedia this slide is from a web page because the app is obviously not in in english but this is how it looks like so you have here some kind of things which are explained to the to the children what that actually means that they have some kind of dyslexia or so because they are sometimes really interested in that but yeah we realize that there is like for example there aren't sometimes even don't know what that means so we try to make that easier for them to understand and there is at the end some what they can do to learn better and all the texts are also with with recording so they can hear that at the same time they read it which helps them to understand better and that's it for me I thank you for your attention you're saying you want to translate the languages what kind of people are you referring to? well um yeah the question was what kind of people we are looking for to translate the the app in other languages um yeah translation is easy but it's it's collocated in the meaning of the dyslexia so we need some kind of expert as we did that in for example with the german version we asked a person on the University of Vienna who understands dyslexia in german context and yeah so so that's basically what what we need that the the biggest problem we have because we have people who are programming that and yeah then we of course need some native speaker to uh record all the texts but that's also not such a big deal okay it's me by anna god levin's does it work um okay we asked the people who are uh really working with app who are doing that to children on the daily basis and they told us we think it works we saw some kind of evidence we see that if they do this task then they are getting better in this real life task i'm sorry that was a question so these games are to help kids with dyslexia but can they also be used or like or similar games to diagnose it or like you know of like other methods uh the question was if we can use that also to diagnose dyslexia well we can't it's it's quite complicated but we can say in which particular cognitive functions are some deficits so we can say yeah okay spatial orientation it's a big problem but you are really good in working memory but we can't say okay you are dyslexic yeah that was yep uh four years yeah oh the question was how long it took to be here yeah yeah i i saw earlier when you were about to uh because some kind of death do but actually get data on how effective it is i'm sorry i'm not sure if i understand the question you were going to do some death to see how effective it was do you have any idea when you got the yeah we all already started with that and um the question was i'm sorry the question was uh what or how we if we already did some kind of effectiveness research or are we going we started in in last year we did some kind of pilot testing but the thing is that it's even hard to to tell what should be the test we use to find out if really works so we have some kind of cognitive tests but is that really what we want to measure and then we have some kind of reading and writing tests but the problem is that for these older children 11 to 15 there is for example in Czech Republic there's not so much test we can use and they already know the test because those are the tests they were measured with to be diagnosed dyslexia so they the tests are already biased yeah have you tested against school results or something like that it's not transferable yeah the question was if we try to measure that against test results or school results it's not what we can actually i don't think it's a good idea at all because yeah usually they are in normal schools because the the the deficit is usually not so huge to make them being in in some special schools but there are in in in the schools sometimes some classes where all the children with dyslexia are maybe from different classes but for this one lesson where they are doing some kind of reeducation so they are doing this like cognitive trainings and also some some kind of like reading and writing training too yeah and there is also a lot of like facilities where people with dyslexia are attending some kind of reeducation without the discord context so it's in a free time let's say as a kind of remedial teaching yeah if you make a doctor there are a lot of also yeah we already yeah we were already in contact with some people from from um Netherlands and Belgium but it didn't work out it's it's quite complicated process to put that all together and we are now focused on finishing 10 games and then we can maybe easily transfer easily yeah exactly i think we're gonna have to stop there thank you


Zinc metal is a promising anode material for aqueous secondary batteries. However, the unfavorable morphologies formed on the electrode surface during cycling limit its application. Here, the authors report the tailoring of the surface morphology using a lanthanum nitrate aqueous electrolyte additive. This article was authored by Rui Rui Jiao, Hai Feng Wang, Haoran Du, and others.


Hello everyone. So, in this session I will be discussing about you know adults nutrition, pre pregnancy nutrition, pregnant mothers nutrition, lactation nutrition extremely important as part of our first 1000 days you know and first 1000 days not necessarily start from conception actually you know and I would like to add many more days than first 1000 days and you know it is a total life cycle right I mean you want your girl children of course boy children too, but girl children to grow well, to have a good height you know to have good nutrition during adolescent phase so that they can have a and then good pre pregnancy weight and nutrition you know. So, it is a whole cycle and I think it is important that I touch base upon adolescent nutrition as well as your you know your pre pregnancy nutrition because you know that is the foundation right because what happens when the conception takes place first 3 to 4 weeks or even 6 weeks mothers they do not even know that they are pregnant right. So, all the nutrition that you know features is getting is mainly coming from mothers storage and you know whatever food that she is eating. So, I think it is we do not need to wait till she becomes pregnant and then start telling her what food to eat ok. I think it is important you know you start at any time any phase that you see that person ok and primarily for women because you know obviously you know they carry this pregnancy for 9 months and then she is going to breastfeed and you know so for her health is extremely important not that I undermine you know gentleman's health, but I think to have a healthy you know tall and intelligent population we will have to take care of our women ok. So, let us start with adolescent nutrition of course we have prepared amazing recipes for adolescent we have also shown like how adolescent grow and you know what all things are required for the growth. Main thing I want to say that adolescent is the second phase in humans life after first say one year or so that they grow very fast ok. So, even if you have suppose miss that age of intensive growth and you know if child has missed good nutrition during that phase you know this is a second phase where we can basically you know kind of stimulate child's growth and she can hopefully overcome those you know side effects of poor nutrition during first few months of life or first few years of life you know. So, again protein protein protein you know I am very kind of strict with protein intake do recommend adolescents you know if they are vegetarian to eat lot more legumes and pulses and dals good quality protein is important. So, dahi you know buttermilk is good paneer if they can have access to you know koa like lot of the tribal areas I do see koa koa is that you know coming from milk you know. So, that is important do tell them to have lot more nuts and seeds now if you remember that many of us you know who grew up in 80s and 70s and 80s you know we used to have peanuts and channa as a snack which our children do not eat believe me they do not eat channa and shing as a snack what they eat they eat those lace wafers they will eat some you know candies or chocolates or you know some of those fancy things and even poor and tribal children I see them eating lot of this packaged food which is which is available for 5 rupees you know. So, please explain to mother to do not give those junk food and even adolescent. So, if you look at a lot of this adolescent data we do not have very good results on those adolescent through CNNS we have now all this data you know and lot of this young girls and boys they are not eating you know kind of protein rich food they are not eating animal based food eggs consumption is very low you know milk consumption is higher in boys than girls girls should be drinking more milk actually you know also not much fruits and vegetables. So, please recommend you know children adolescent to have a healthy food now there is one more data that we were evaluating you know when we were kind of presenting CNNS data to Gujarat government is you know 20 percent of children teenage boys and girls 20 percent of them are pre-diabetic and that is a huge number.  So, please remember your complementary food that I took session in my last couple of weeks you know start those kind of food no jaggery no sugar you know avoid a lot of this seed oil avoid fried food in children's diet you know and that will kind of create the foundation of good health. So, do that and adolescent as I said focus on protein focus on iron rich food non-veg food is of course much better iron absorption because of heme iron that it has you know and also focus on other nutrients which are like so for example vitamin B12 now we do see lot of B12 deficiency in adolescents also in CNNS data so do talk about you know taking at least dairy in the diet you know the dairy will increase B12 other food which are high in B12 is all in non-veg food. So, do tell children adolescents to kind of adopt a healthy lifestyle with that healthy lifestyle of course that comes the exercise and you know other things which will kind of make them much more confident of who they are you know but food is food is the main thing. So, here I will be basically sharing our recipe tutorials vegetarian recipes for adolescent and non-veg recipes for adolescent and I am also adding pre-pregnancy nutrition of course many of our mothers they become pregnant early on so you know this pre-pregnancy nutrition should be seen you know starting from 16, 17, 18 years of age because you know if you actually look at real numbers you know we have many young adolescents like you know adolescents at 17, 18 years old giving birth to babies. So, the pre-pregnancy nutrition is really important we have focused on basically folate okay folate comes from real food B12 your choline, choline is important for a baby's brain for baby's neural tube development we already know about folate or folic acid but we do not know about B12 and choline also as important in development of neural tube okay and another thing which is important is your protein I recommend is zinc is another nutrient omega 3 is another very important nutrient for pre-pregnancy and pregnancy nutrition so pre-pregnancy nutrition is pretty much like a pregnancy nutrition you know you're just preparing your your body to to conceive and then to to get that nutrition going to your to your fetus okay so you know we have not repeated that tutorial for pregnant mothers it's basically both pre-pregnancy and pregnancy nutrition is pretty much the same okay so thank you so much and enjoy yourself. Welcome to the spoken tutorial on vegetarian recipes for adolescents in this tutorial we will learn what is adolescence importance of nutrition during adolescence and how to prepare vegetarian recipes for adolescents such as soybean cutlet, sorghum and tomato chila, peanut curry, pearl millet and sorghum vegetable kichuri and stuffed paratha with sesame seed chutney first let us understand what is the period of adolescence. Adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood 10 to 19 year old individuals are considered as adolescents during this period there are physical, sexual, mental and social developmental changes now let us look at the reasons for increased nutritional requirement during adolescence first there is a rapid increase in physical growth such as height and weight second for providing nutritional support to the body during illness and pregnancy during this period adolescents may also go through emotional changes such as stress anxiety and mood changes also during adolescence there are social developmental changes for example there are changes in their lifestyle and food habits their food choices may be affected by what their friends like or dislike therefore good nutrition is important to support these developmental changes and adolescent female requires 2000 to 2400 calories and 40 to 55 grams of protein per day let us look at some healthy vegetarian recipes for adolescents before we begin note that in all the recipes being explained in this tutorial one cup is equal to 250 milliliters our first recipe is soybean cutlet for preparing this you will need one fourth cup soybean one fourth cup split bengal gram half beetroot one fourth cup boiled peas two tablespoons peanut powder one teaspoon gram flour one teaspoon coriander powder half teaspoon red chili powder half teaspoon dry mango powder salt to taste one teaspoon drumstick leaves powder two teaspoons sesame seeds one teaspoon oil to begin we will first sprout the soybeans soak the soybeans in water overnight drain the water and keep them on a strainer to remove excess water keep the soybeans in a cool and dry place away from direct heat every day wash and drain the soybeans two to three times until sprouts appear this will avoid spoilage of soybeans it may take around three to four days for soybeans to sprout now soak the split bengal gram overnight strain it the next day in a strainer in a pressure cooker cook split bengal gram and sprouted soybeans together use one cup of water and cook until one whistle after cooling blend soybeans and split bengal gram to make a thick paste now to make the drumstick leaves powder roast the drumstick leaves on medium heat let it cool and make a powder of it using a mixer or a grinder to prepare the cutlet mixture in a bowl take grounded soybeans and split bengal gram add grated beetroot and boiled peas now add peanut powder gram flour and drumstick leaves powder add rest of the spices and mix it well then make small round cutlets of it coat the cutlets evenly with sesame seeds on all sides now heat the oil in a pan and cook the cutlets from both the sides soybean cutlet is ready this recipe is rich in protein calcium iron magnesium omega-3 fatty acid let us move on to our next recipe which is sorghum and tomato chila for this recipe you will require half cups routed sorghum two tablespoon gram flour one teaspoon drumstick leaves powder one tomato and half onion one tablespoon curd half teaspoon red chilli powder half teaspoon coriander powder half teaspoon turmeric powder salt as per taste one teaspoon oil please note that the procedure to make leaf powder has been explained earlier in the same tutorial first we will prepare the sorghum powder using sprouted sorghum dry the sprouted sorghum in sunlight for a day or two now roast them on a low flame till it completely dries off next make a powder of it using a stone grinder or a mixer now let us begin with the recipe take sorghum powder and gram flour in a bowl add rest of the ingredients and spices mix well and add water gradually the batter should be thick pouring consistency heat a pan and grease it with oil pour a spoonful of batter on the pan and spread it in circular motion cook the chila on medium heat on both sides sorghum chila is ready sorghum is a good source of protein magnesium zinc and fiber if sorghum powder is not available you can use finger millet powder or pearl millet powder or amaranth powder chila can be eaten with gooseberry chutney coconut chutney lemon pickle tomato chutney or curd gooseberries lemons tomatoes guava oranges are good sources of vitamin c try to have food rich in vitamin c with your meals this will enhance iron absorption in the body iron requirements are higher in adolescent females as compared to males due to menstrual blood loss let us move on to our next recipe which is peanut curry to prepare this recipe you will need half cup peanuts half cup rich god one medium-sized onion one small tomato four to five pieces coconut half teaspoon ginger garlic paste one four teaspoon red chili powder one four teaspoon coriander powder one four teaspoon turmeric powder half teaspoon cumin seeds salt as per taste one teaspoon oil procedure first soak the peanuts in water overnight now pressure cook them in one cup of water for two whistles meanwhile grind the onion tomato and coconut to make a thick paste heat oil in a cooking pot and add some cumin seeds and ginger garlic paste now add the grounded paste to it add pieces of rich god and rest of the spices saute it for two minutes add the boiled peanuts in the cooking pot now add half cup of water to make the gravy and cook on low flame for five minutes peanut curry is ready in case peanuts are not available you can also use white chickpeas whole Bengal gram kidney beans cashew nuts and if rich god is not available then you may use pumpkin snake god brinjal or capsicum peanuts contain good quality fats they are also excellent sources of proteins magnesium zinc and antioxidants nuts and legumes also contain folate adequate amount of folate during adolescence will help to prevent birth defects during pregnancy next we will learn the recipe for pearl millet and sorghum vegetable kichidi to prepare this recipe you can use a combination of amaranth or codo millet or finger millet or foxtail millet ingredients required for this recipe are one third cup pearl millet one third cup sorghum one third cup green gram one tablespoon peanuts half cup of mixed vegetables such as carrots french beans peas half medium-sized onion half teaspoon cumin seeds one teaspoon curry leaves powder one four teaspoon red chilli powder one four teaspoon turmeric powder salt to taste one teaspoon oil or ghee please note that the procedure for leaves powder has been explained earlier in the same tutorial procedure first soak the pearl millet and sorghum in water overnight strain it the next morning and keep it aside heat oil or ghee in a pressure cooker to it add cumin seeds and sliced onion add the vegetables spices salt and mix well saute it for two minutes add pearl millet sorghum and green gram in the cooker now add two cups of water and cover the pressure cooker cook on high flame until three whistles then cook for 15 minutes on low flame pearl millet and sorghum vegetable kichidi is ready this recipe is rich in protein iron calcium magnesium and zinc now we come to our last recipe which is stuffed paratha with sesame seed chutney to prepare this recipe you will require one cup whole wheat flour half cup bengal gram half medium-sized onion half teaspoon carom seeds one teaspoon flax seeds powder half teaspoon dry mango powder half teaspoon coriander powder one fourth teaspoon red chilli powder one lemon salt to taste two teaspoon oil or two teaspoon ghee first we will see how to make roasted bengal gram powder heat a pan and roast bengal gram for two to three minutes stir it continuously to avoid burning once it is roasted keep it aside for cooling now grind the roasted bengal gram into fine powder now to prepare the filling first mix the roasted bengal gram powder and chopped onions now add red chilli powder dry mango powder coriander powder salt and mix well add some lime juice and water to bind the filling let us see how to prepare the paratha take whole wheat flour in another bowl and add flax seeds, carom seeds and salt add required amount of water and prepare a soft dough now divide the dough into balls roll out to make parathas and fill a portion of filling in the center and fold the filling properly and make flat balls now roll it again to make a paratha heat pan and cook the paratha from both sides stuffed paratha is ready for the filling if roasted bengal gram is not available you can use boiled split bengal gram or sprouted boiled green gram the paratha can be served with sesame seed chutney for preparing sesame seed chutney you will need one fourth cup sesame seeds one tablespoon split bengal gram four to five pieces of fresh coconut three to five pieces of tamarind one dried red chilli two to three garlic pods one teaspoon cumin seeds salt to taste one teaspoon oil procedure heat oil in a pan roast the sesame seeds bengal gram garlic coconut red chilli and cumin seeds roast it for two minutes after removing it from flame add salt and tamarind grind all the ingredients add half cup of water to make a smooth paste sesame seed chutney is ready this recipe is rich in protein calcium magnesium zinc and folate these nutrients will help in muscle and skeletal development it is important to get adequate amount of calcium through diet from an early age deficiency of calcium can lead to osteoporosis in females in later stages all of the recipes in this tutorial are rich in nutrients which are required for adequate growth during adolescence this brings us to the end of this tutorial thanks for joining welcome to the spoken tutorial on non-vegetarian recipes for adolescence in this tutorial we will learn about what is adolescence nutritional requirements during adolescence preparation of non-vegetarian recipes such as spinach burji, mutton leg soup, mutton liver and lungs curry, minced chicken with dill leaves and fish curry let us first understand what is adolescence adolescence is the transition from childhood to adulthood 10 to 19 year old individuals are considered as adolescence during this period the requirements of energy and proteins are high why because during this period there are physical, sexual, mental and social developmental changes in adolescent female requires 2000 to 2400 calories and 40 to 55 grams of protein per day adequate amount of other micronutrients are also essential such as iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, folate and vitamin b12 importance of nutrition during adolescence has been explained in another tutorial of the same series after learning all that is important during adolescence we will start with the preparation of recipes first recipe is egg spinach burji you will need one egg half cup spinach one small sized onion one green chili half teaspoon ginger garlic paste half teaspoon turmeric salt to taste two teaspoon oil or butter procedure heat oil or butter in a pan add ginger garlic paste green chili and chopped onions saute the onions for two minutes now add turmeric powder and the chopped spinach crack the egg into the pan mix all the ingredients well now let the egg cook for two minutes on medium flame egg spinach burji is ready to be served next is mutton leg soup you will need 200 grams or one whole mutton leg half medium sized onion half teaspoon ginger garlic paste half teaspoon mixed whole spices one teaspoon turmeric powder salt to taste one teaspoon Bengal gram flour wash and clean the mutton leg pieces thoroughly apply half teaspoon turmeric powder on the mutton leg pieces keep it aside for 15 to 20 minutes and wash it again this will remove any smell from the leg pieces in a pressure cooker put the mutton leg pieces and chopped onions add whole spices ginger garlic paste turmeric powder and salt add one cup of water and cover the pressure cooker cook it on high flame until one whistle then lower the flame and cook for 15 to 20 minutes allow the pressure from the cooker to release by itself and only then open it simultaneously while leg pieces are being cooked in the cooker mix Bengal gram flour with two tablespoon water to make a thin paste add the paste to the soup and stir it well bring the soup to boil and keep it on slow flame for two minutes mutton leg soup is ready next recipe is mutton liver and lungs curry you will require 100 gram mutton liver and lungs one medium sized onion one medium size tomato one teaspoon ginger garlic paste one tablespoon curd one four teaspoon turmeric powder one teaspoon garam masala powder salt to taste two teaspoon oil or ghee wash the mutton lungs and liver in water thoroughly heat oil in a pressure cooker add chopped onion and saute till it becomes light golden in color then add chopped tomatoes and ginger garlic paste and saute it now add the lungs and liver to it add the spices curd and mix well saute it for five minutes add one cup of water and cover the pressure cooker cook it on medium flame for 15 minutes mutton liver and lung curry is ready and can be served pearl millet roti or sorghum roti if mutton lungs and liver is not available you can also use chicken liver and chicken heart the fourth recipe is minced chicken with dill leaves take 100 gram minced chicken one cup dill leaves half medium sized onion half medium size tomato one teaspoon ginger garlic paste half teaspoon red chilli powder half teaspoon turmeric powder one teaspoon garam masala powder one fourth teaspoon coriander powder salt to taste one teaspoon oil or ghee heat oil in a cooking pot add onions and ginger garlic paste now saute till onions turn light golden add tomatoes red chilli powder turmeric powder and coriander powder mix well and add some salt next add minced chicken and saute for four to five minutes pour half cup water and cover the pot cook on low flame for five minutes add chopped fresh dill leaves mix well and cook it on medium flame for five minutes minced chicken with dill leaves is ready the last recipe is fish curry take 100 gram or two pieces of rohu one small onion one small tomato one tablespoon peanuts three to four pieces of coconut one teaspoon cumin seeds half teaspoon coriander powder half teaspoon red chilli powder one fourth teaspoon turmeric powder salt to taste two teaspoon oil or ghee note that this recipe can be prepared with any locally available fish of your area procedure roast the peanuts on a pan on medium flame stir them continuously to avoid burning then keep them aside to cool rub the peanuts between your palms to remove the outer cover grind onion tomato peanuts cumin seeds and coconut into a paste heat oil in a cooking pot and add the paste add red chilli powder turmeric powder coriander and salt saute it for two to three minutes now add the fish pieces and one cup of water bring it to a boil cover the vessel and cook it on a low flame for five minutes you can add chopped coriander leaves on top for garnishing fish curry is ready all of these recipes are good source of nutrients such as protein fat iron vitamin b12 zinc magnesium and folate let us look at the health benefits of these recipes firstly chicken fish eggs mutton are all excellent sources of complete protein secondly iron present in non-vegetarian food is easily absorbed iron requirements are higher in female adolescents because of menstrual blood loss low iron levels can cause fatigue pale skin and increased risk of infections iron is required for growth in lean muscle mass and blood cell volume third fish like mackerel salmon tuna cod herring and sardines are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids omega-3 fatty acids is needed for brain and visual development interestingly only non-vegetarian food milk and milk products contain vitamin b12 vitamin b12 is required for red blood cell formation energy production and neurological functioning it also helps in healthy development of fetus during pregnancy also meat and eggs are good sources of zinc zinc is essential during adolescence for growth cognition and sexual maturation therefore it is of utmost importance to have a well-balanced meal a combination of different non-vegetarian and vegetarian food should be included in our diet this brings us to the end of the tutorial thank you for watching welcome to the spoken tutorial on pre-pregnancy nutrition in this tutorial we will learn about nutritional requirements during reproductive age and pre-pregnancy period let us first begin with protein protein is required for growth and maintenance of muscle tissue it aids in cell repair and bone development as well as for joints it helps in improving immunity and maintaining a healthy liver and also provides energy protein forms chemicals which helps in digestion breakdown of toxins in the body maintaining blood sugar and carrying signal to and from the brain deficiency of protein leads to diminished growth of fetus for its age poor height memory and motor skills in the baby along with high risk of infection in adults it leads to wrinkling of skin hair fall tiredness and weakness frequent infections and muscle loss another protein called keratin is an important part of hair nails and skin interestingly the protein is made up of different substances called amino acids there are in total 22 amino acids out of which nine amino acids have to be taken from the diet let us now look at the two types of protein which are the complete protein and the incomplete protein all nine amino acids mentioned earlier are present in animal proteins that is why animal proteins are called as complete proteins on the other hand in plant-based proteins some of these nine necessary amino acids are in lesser amounts for example cereals are low in lysine while pulses are low in methionine it is therefore important to consume different plant proteins together in combinations for example grains and pulses should be consumed in a combination as they both will provide enough quantities of necessary amino acids now we will learn about another important nutrient fat good fats from food are important for good health there are some fats that cannot be produced by the body like omega 3 fatty acids hence they should be taken from the diet these fats maintain heart health reduce inflammation in the body and can help to improve the chances of getting pregnant they also reduce the risk of premature birth of the baby and increase intelligence in the baby after learning about protein and fat we will now learn about vitamin a vitamin a helps to maintain healthy eyes it regulates cell growth increases the chances of pregnancy and improves immunity during pre-pregnancy period like vitamin a the entire vitamin b complex plays a crucial role in strength and health of women in all the stages of life among all the b vitamins we will first look at vitamin b6 pyridoxin vitamin b6 pyridoxin is required for functioning of the nervous system thereby improving the brain development also it may provide relief from pregnancy related nausea yet another nutrient is vitamin b12 which along with folate and choline helps to prevent anemia and neural tube defects neural tube defects are birth defects that affect the spine and central nervous system of the baby which are formed during the first month of pregnancy note that a neural tube is a part of the fetus that develops into the brain and spinal cord hence it is important to have enough folate vitamin b12 and choline in the body before getting pregnant deficiency of vitamin b12 also leads to anemia infertility and miscarriage now we will learn about another important nutrient folate folate which is also known as vitamin b9 helps the body to make healthy new cells these cells carry oxygen from lungs to all parts of the body deficiency of folate in pregnant mothers leads to anemia and defects of the brain and spine called neural tube defects note that neural tube defects has been explained earlier in the same tutorial we will now learn about the role of iron iron is required for formation of hemoglobin in the blood and for fetal growth low levels of hemoglobin in pregnancy can lead to high blood pressure during pregnancy preterm delivery low birth weight baby and miscarriages apart from this hemoglobin helps to transport oxygen to other tissues and cells low levels of hemoglobin or iron leads to anemia moreover iron may be low in women due to monthly menstruation warm infestation diet low in iron and poor absorption due to phytic acid and oxalates in the food in order to decrease phytic acid and oxalates and to increase absorption of nutrients use pre-cooking methods like soaking sprouting roasting and fermentation signs of iron deficiency anemia are tiredness and lack of energy breathlessness increase in heart rate and pale skin remember with iron always consume vitamin c rich foods as it will help in iron absorption vitamin c also enhances immunity and thus reduces infections next we will learn the importance of calcium and vitamin d it is suggested to consume calcium as it helps in development of bones the fetus requires calcium for bone and teeth development low levels of calcium can cause weak bones however remember that vitamin d is required to absorb calcium in the body the best way to obtain vitamin d is exposure to sunlight between 11 a.m to 3 p.m for 15 to 20 minutes next we will learn about choline choline is important for brain development of the baby as it enhances memory and attention span deficiency of choline leads to fatty liver in adults miscarriages and neural tube defects in fetus which are mentioned earlier in this tutorial let's move ahead and learn the importance of zinc zinc is important for immunity and cell growth it helps in making genetic material and protein in the body it helps in healing of wounds also it contributes to ovulation and fertility in women and it is important for growth of the fetus note that lack of dietary zinc can affect the sense of taste and smell delay the growth of placenta which is a chord that transports nutrients from mother to the fetus lack of zinc also affects the growth of embryo and results in low birth weight baby another significant nutrient that we will look at is iodine iodine is required by the body to maintain normal levels of thyroid hormone which are produced by the thyroid gland deficiency of iodine in mother leads to increased risk of miscarriage and stillbirth of the baby it can also lead to birth deformities low birth weight stunted growth and mental retardation in the baby magnesium is another nutrient which helps to calm the nervous system it prevents cramps and migraine headaches by relaxing the blood vessel in the brain it also maintains healthy blood pressure and rhythm of the heart it helps in production of genetic material and enhances bone development apart from a healthy nutrition for a healthy pregnancy it is important to avoid alcohol as it can lead to miscarriage or weak embryo other things to be avoided are tobacco cigarettes drugs self-medication excessive use of sugar tea and coffee junk food and sweetened beverages as these substances can affect reproductive health and have adverse effects on pregnancy note that it is also important to manage weight before becoming pregnant underweight women give birth to small babies or preterm babies which are born during seven to eight months of pregnancy such babies are at highest risk of premature deaths however on the other hand women with increased weight have high risk of gestational diabetes and blood pressure also it can lead to neonatal complications therefore women should consult a health care provider to maintain a healthy weight before getting pregnant along with this it is very important to consume a healthy well-balanced diet containing vegetarian and or non-vegetarian foods remember that all non-veg foods are rich in protein omega-3 fatty acids vitamin b12 vitamin b9 zinc iron calcium choline and vitamin d along with animal-derived food plant-derived foods pulses millets cereals nuts and seeds will help information of immune system muscles bones liver hair skin eyes and brain apart from these dairy products will also aid in formation of bones and teeth of the baby alternately leafy vegetables and seeds are also rich in calcium and help in formation of bones and teeth of the baby like leafy vegetables fruits are also rich in vitamin c and they help in improving immunity absorption of iron and prevent infections for fertility of the women and growth of the baby beans nuts and seeds should be consumed along with other non-veg foods various non-veg food and animal-derived foods like fish dairy eggs help to maintain normal thyroid hormone improve growth and prevent physical defects nuts and seeds are rich in magnesium and are essential for functioning of nervous system and prevention of leg cramps this brings us to the end of this tutorial thank you for joining