Good evening. We're on the air again with another edition of Patience on the News. Every time we begin, I usually allude to the number of years we've been doing this. And I think last time I said it was 14 years, and I think we're getting close to 15 years. But we've done a lot of shows. I think maybe 125 or 130 of these shows we've had many famous people, none more famous than the guy we're going to have on tonight. He's a dear friend of mine. We've known each other for 55 years. His name is Tom Johnson, W. Thomas Johnson. Tom Johnson was CEO of CNN for many years, retired from CNN. Prior to that, he was the publisher of the Los Angeles Times, publisher of the Dallas Times Herald. And prior to that, when he was a very, very young man, very young, he was executive assistant to President Lyndon B. Johnson. I met Tom when he was in the first group of White House Fellows. Many of you have heard of the White House Fellows Program. It began in 1965. Tom was in the first group of 15 White House Fellows who came to Washington for a year to learn about the government and to educate themselves and, I suppose, educate others. And Tom stayed. Tom stayed because President Johnson liked him, relied on him, and he became a top aide to the president at a very, very young age. So Tom, welcome. We're delighted that you agreed to be with us. Well, I am delighted and honored to be here. I have been reading a book that I like very much. The author is Harold C. Pacious, and the title is American Journey. I love the book because I mentioned it several times, favorably, in it. It does have one major issue for me. There are not enough photos of me in the book, but I hope that your viewers, your listeners will know of this book.  I'm also very pleased to know that you have been doing Pacious on the news.  Well, thank you, Tom, because it's a little nerve-wracking. You have been at the pinnacle of journalism, both in the newspapers at the Los Angeles Times as publisher and at Dallas Times-Herald, but as the CEO of CNN. And so that brings me to my first question. There are going to be many questions. We'll have a discussion here, but I asked a lady the other day that was on a Zoom with, look, I'm going to be interviewing Tom Johnson, the former CEO of CNN. And what do you want me to ask him? And she said, oh, ask him about Ted Turner. I want to know about Ted Turner. And I suppose, did you know Jane Fonda too? Yes. So anyway, that's okay. Maybe you could summarize for the folks. This is a very interesting man, Mr. Turner, right? Until I met Ted Turner, I thought that LBJ, President Johnson, was the most complex man I've ever known. But Ted actually eclipses that. And I think, you know, Ted Turner, first, he wins America's Cup in his unbelievable sailing competition. He takes one of the worst teams in baseball, the Braves, then become the Anna Braves, from the bottom to win the World Championship. He wins the heart of Jane Fonda. But beyond that, and these are all creations of his headline news, CNN, airport channel, Turner Classic Movies, all of it. And I must tell you, he cares so much about leaving this world a better place than he found it, Hal. And just as an example, he gave $1 billion cash to the United Nations to strengthen any organization that he thought would help to bring about peace between the countries on the planet, rather than the wars on it. But Ted's an extraordinary guy. And I love working with him directly, reported to him directly for 11 years. Wow. Well, that's it. And that is, my friend is going to appreciate that answer because she was very, very interested in that. So our listeners probably don't realize, and I need to tell them that the miracle of Zoom allows us to interview you in Atlanta, Georgia. So you're in your home in Atlanta, correct? Okay. And I have over my shoulder. My wife went up, my wife of almost 58 years, who also knows how patience quite well, because when we came to Washington at early age, Hal was the very first person to welcome us to Washington and to a very different life of the public service and politics and the White House and trying to make the world a better place through what LBJ was doing and issues like civil rights and much more. But I owe it to Hal for not only a lifetime of friendship since then, but really an introduction to the world that was very different from any world that I had experienced in Macon, Georgia or Harvard Middle School or in journalism school. Well, we're going to move on with this. I appreciate that, Tom, the audience needs needs to know that they need the truth, which is rare these days, incidentally, they need the truth. It didn't take me to set Tom Johnson on his course through life, but I was pleased to be part of it at the very beginning. Tom, you're down in Atlanta and Georgia has been in the news a lot lately and you have a governor who kind of tried to do the right thing. You have a secretary of state who definitely did the right thing. You have a deputy secretary of state, all Republicans who had to hold off and hold the line under enormous pressure from Donald Trump. Tell us a little bit about Georgia politics that these guys are now in trouble for trying to be honest, right? It's fascinating that three of the most significant Republican leaders in the state, starting with our governor, but also going to our secretary of state, and they audited, they checked, they rechecked the voting records here. I mean, they did every imaginable check and recheck and concluded that the voting was legal, that it was done by the highest standards. And I am certain that if they had seen misconduct, that they as Republicans and devoted supporters of President Trump would have reported it. But instead, they did not cave to the pressure that came down from President Trump. They said, Mr. President, there's no evidence of wrongdoing here. And in doing the right thing, they then were basically the targets of very, very harsh statements and even a pledge by former President Trump that he will come and campaign against this governor when he's up next. I mean, it's really, it's really sad to see that these men absolutely were ethical in their handling of this election.  So, Tom, you know, you've lived, you've lived in California, you lived in Texas, you've been all over the world, but you were born and raised in Georgia, you live in Georgia now. You must know Republicans in Georgia who are very normal, traditional Republicans. Are they upset about what's happening? It's very interesting. First of all, it is amazing to me how many of the Trump loyalists continue to support him and support him no matter what new wrongdoing may be, an accusation may come out. But yes, there are Republicans who are embarrassed by that and also now embarrassed by a young Congresswoman from North Georgia who is a conspiracy theorist. And this is such a different world. And of course, Georgia is just one example of one state. I mean, this is happening in states throughout the country. Arizona is another example. What happened in Pennsylvania?  We were in Washington. It's still tough for me to understand quite how we got there. Another Georgian, I think, Newt Gingrich, who was a very tough Republican Speaker of the House. A lot of it may have originated with Newt, but much of this has also been building for some time. Yeah. And I agree with your observation about Newt Gingrich. He was one of the more consequential politicians of the 20th century because he changed the tone in Washington. It was burn every bridge, burn the house down type of politics, and it's stayed with us. But back to Georgia again, this woman, Marjorie Taylor Greene, the conspiracy theorist who says absolutely crazy things. Nobody can think their same thing that she says she elected to Congress this year. So why is that?  You don't know, but I don't know. Hal, I do not know that answer.  And it is really tragic. And of course, I am embarrassed for my state to be represented by a woman, a person of that usually. I mean, on one hand it's bizarre, but it's also almost evil in a way. And I so hope that responsible voters will recognize that and that she'll only have one term. And that's it. I try to stay out of partisan politics despite my background. I mean, I really do strive to make the calls based on the merits. I've voted for good Republicans. And I have very good Republican friends. But this world is, I'm hoping we've always heard that the pendulum of politics swings. And I'm hoping it's now been swinging over to the right back in the way that we haven't seen in quite some time. But there are also, though, there are a lot of fringe elements, very much fringe elements out on the left. How to reunite America, I think is the biggest challenge that those going into public service today have. How to reunite this nation. Well, the network you used to run at a special on last night that I watched about this issue. Yes. And it was it oppressed me. I'll be frank.  And you particularly have been involved in public life as major newspaper publisher and the major network chieftain. It's a little bit scary. And I don't know how it's going to be resolved. But one of the things they pointed out, Tom, was that in the days when you and I were in Washington, the two parties were not at each other's throat. They had different views on certain things. But the Democrats had both liberals and conservatives in the party, Southern conservatives, and the and the Republicans had liberal and conservative. And that's how a lot got done. Do you as a southerner, do you think race plays any role in these monumental political dynamics? In my opinion, race plays a major role in all of this. And I think we have seen it here in my state and in my region of the world for many, many years. But I think it is playing a role throughout our nation. And I hope that there will be much more discussion about race and how we can support each other. Good citizens of both sides can look at issues of race. And of course, that would clearly also include the role of Hispanics and certainly, you know, our gay and lesbian friends and Asians. I mean, there is a serious problem that exists. And the only way to deal with it is openly, honestly, admit that our educational institutions have much more to do. But how I think so much, but also as family, that, you know, fortunately, I had parents who were not racist. And fortunately, as a young man here in the middle of Georgia, I had African American young friends. It helped me. But so much of us being brought together was at least in the early stages. A lot of it had to do with our parents and our grandparents and their thoughts. The schools, certainly the churches, but I must tell you, I think racism is almost a part of every institution in our society. You were, you went to the University of Georgia and when you were a student there, you were, you ran the University of New, University newspaper, the college newspaper. Was the university being integrated while you were there? Yes. In 1962, Charlene Hunter, later to become Charlene Hunter Galt, and Hamilton Holmes, desegregated the University of Georgia because of my role as a campus reporter and also as reporter for the Macon Telegraph. I've actually stayed near Charlene as she entered the University of Georgia and as she attended classes and even was out front of her dormitory on at least two nights when there were demonstrations there. First of all, the violence at University Georgia was not as difficult as it had been in other universities such as the University of Mississippi. I befriended Charlene at the beginning of a lifetime friendship. She and I actually worked together at one point at CNN. She was the Africa correspondent for CNN but she and Hamilton did integrate it and at that time I built some lifetime friendships. Also, Vernon Jordan, the legendary Vernon Jordan, accompanied her as she came through the gates of the University of Georgia. But how I saw as she walked along the campus early days, people shouting some of the most vile comments at her. I saw on one occasion a young student try to reach out and spit at her. It missed her but it hit one of the security officers walking with her. She came down and worked with us on the red and black, the campus paper, but even there she did not receive the kind of welcome that I had expected she would get even from some of the young student journalists. So she did not stay on the paper yet she went on to great recognition as a professional journalist with the New York Times. So it just, I picture all of this and you wonder the virulence, the hate, the hate. They didn't know her. They didn't know anything about her other than the color of her skin which was enough for them to hate her. It's just incredible. But Tom, leaving Georgia for the moment and talk a little bit about what's happening in Washington, I've been wanting to ask you a question because you spent far longer with LBJ than I did. But Donald Trump condemned everybody who wasn't with him. He's going to run people against Republicans and primaries unless they do what he wants them to do.  Now, Lyndon Johnson, he had, there were Democrats who I remember particularly when the war got going and in 67, 66 prominent Democrats in the Senate who were opposed to the war and who were a real thorn in Lyndon Johnson's side, some of them friends of his. You were there. You watched it. Well, it's certainly Senator Fulbright and Senator Wayne Morse. They were very strong critics of the war. It pained LBJ to have that opposition. But hell, it was really interesting because both Wayne Morse and Senator Fulbright would support President Johnson on his domestic program and vigorously oppose him on Vietnam. And LBJ taught me a lesson which was today we may lose their vote today on Vietnam, but we lead their vote tomorrow on Great Society Initiative, housing, fair housing, or education, or, you know, corporation for public broadcasting. And LBJ, while he was an incredibly sensitive person and would like to have everybody love him, he had, but he understood some of that. And of course another best example was his closest friend was former Senator Richard Russell who was a strong segregationist. He went to grave a segregationist. President Johnson had to literally just sort of overpower Senator Russell to pass the Voting Rights Act and the Civil Rights Act. But Senator Russell was one of the strongest supporters of our policies in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. So he didn't want to make enemies of people even when they were opposed to him on something. Is that right? Well, with one exception I think he had a very awkward, difficult relationship with Senator Robert Kennedy. You know more about that perhaps than do I, but I think Senator Kennedy, who in so many ways was a brilliant, inspirational, certainly US Senator and later candidate for the presidency, I mean there was just a continuing sort of clash between the two men. I regretted that and yet I don't, there was no solution that any of us could come up with. And I must say that Senator Ted Kennedy and LBJ got along well. Mrs. Kennedy and the Kennedy family got along very, very well with LBJ. But we talk about, we really talk about tough opposition or not unfavorable attitudes about each other. That was probably the toughest, toughest one. You were, because you were around LBJ a lot, particularly in the last two or three years in the White House. And were you around him the day that Martin Luther King was assassinated? I was standing by the two tickers outside the office that you and I shared and just happened to be standing by the ticker when a flash, which is the highest form of a bulletin, all of the bells on the two ticker machines went off. I looked down and I saw the AP lead, one sentence, Dr. Martin Luther King has been shot and I just ripped it off and walked right over. I had went right through the President's two secretaries and I said I must take this usually you had to stop, explain yourself, maybe get rejected by either Marie Faber or one of you Roberts. But I took it right in and handed it to the President and he was sitting there incidentally at the time with the Chairman of Coca-Cola, Robert Woodruff, and a man who went on to become Governor of Georgia, Carl Sanders. So I handed him the advising him of the fact that King had been shot. Now the first flash did not notify the world that Dr. King had been killed. That came in a later notice. And what about when Robert Kennedy was assassinated? Were you around the President that day? It was very much around him along with then appointment Secretary Jim Jones. The President said provide them, meaning members of the family, with everything that needed. So from that point forward whether it was presidential aircraft, the 707s, the jet stars, whatever was requested. And I had a lot of direct ties with the staff all the way through all that. And of course, Brother Johnson called Mrs. Kennedy, she called family members and he was greatly pained. I mean you think about the assassination of Dr. King and Bobby Kennedy both in the year 1968, which is a year where we were having unbelievable body counts of the losses of Americans in Vietnam. I mean sometimes up to 400 a week body bags. So that was an incredibly tough year. And so you saw what it was doing to a youth. You think that the burden of that of all the deaths of people had to weigh on him. And do you think he felt trapped that he obviously wanted to get out of Vietnam and couldn't figure out how? So wanted to get, he so wanted to find a way to get a peace agreement signed between the United States and Hanoi, between the United States and the Viet Cong and the South Vietnamese. And one of the reasons he decided to step down, March 31st of 1968, was not just because his health, because his health was not good or because of the campaign and Senator Kennedy and others deciding to run against him. But more than anything, he wanted on his watch to be able to bring about a peace with South Vietnam. And we got at least as far as getting them to the conference table finally in Paris for discussions that would be led on our side by Evil Harriman. But I must tell you, peace eluded him. And the only thing I have told a few people privately is that President Nixon did advise him on the day R2, I don't know which, before his death. And it looked as though we were going to be able to have quote a peace deal with honor. So while we're on President Nixon, so President Johnson's number one goal was a peace being made. They were in Paris talking, there were peace talks going on, hopes were up. But you personally have knowledge that President Nixon was responsible for ruining those peace agreements, don't that peace talk? I want to be very careful about my facts, especially with you. Yeah. It was only after we left the presidency that I was able to get documentation. And they were notes that were made by Bob Hollerman in a conversation with President Nixon, in which President Nixon told Bob to have Mrs. Chinalt continue with her efforts. And the story there of course was that after all this time and effort and billions of dollars that we put in and finally to get the four sides, Hanoi, Viet Cong, South Vietnam and the United States, the conference table, the South Vietnamese pulled out, they backed out. And we're sitting there saying, my God, why would they? Well, as history and the archives now show, Mrs. Chinalt, the winner of the famous Claire Chinalt. And a Nixon go between for the staff of President Nixon and were able to get the South Vietnamese convinced that they would get a better deal if they waited for President Nixon to be elected than they would out of LBJ and human Humphrey. LBJ considered that treason. And I to this day don't fully understand why human Humphrey, who was advised of this, decided that the country had just had too much that year, too much catastrophe. And he did not leak it. I'm convinced had it been leaked. So they would have been elected in 68. I will go to my grave, believe it. And by Tom, but nobody leaked it. But Tom, there's some people that say, why didn't Johnson say something about it? And LBJ later told me, and he told Clark Clifford and Abe Fortress, who was two advisors, I think, two advisors on that decision, that it was up to human Humphrey. That I should tell you, we had used intercepts. We had used taps on the Vietnam embassy. We had used other surveillance techniques that were questionable in terms of legality, perhaps. And I think had we gone with it, all of those, all of that would have been public. And it probably would have come as no surprise that the United States tapped the lines of the South Vietnamese embassy for its conversations. But how he let human Humphrey make that decision. And I don't know whether it was one of the most patriotic acts of anybody in public service.  But it was either one of the most patriotic acts or one of the acts that I just, I mean, not announcing it led to the Nixon presidency. Now, the Nixon presidency had a lot of watergate, probably the worst, but Nixon presidency did a lot of peace with China.  So, Tom, I want to talk a little bit about the press LBJ and the press because he, the press was really on him heavy. The criticism was substantial. Yeah. And it must have hurt. He didn't like it, did he? LBJ, I mean, literally, LBJ wanted all the press coverage to be positive. He wanted, and you knew Hugh Seidey and Phil Potter and, you know, all the various people, the Texas press like Margaret Byer and Merriman Smith, LBJ had this, he wanted to have a wonderful relationship with Muriel Dobbin and all of the reporters covering the White House. And he would walk the grounds of South Crowns with them and he'd take them in his Lincoln convertible at one occasion with them throwing beer cans out the window, which I think Muriel Dobbin wrote about in The Baltimore Sun. But the press wanted access to LBJ and my God, I mean, if he saw something on the ticker that he offended him, he wouldn't just call lawyers or Christian or me, he'd call the reporter directly. And if Dan Rather didn't give him any satisfaction at CBS News, he'd call Frank Stanton, the chairman of CBS. I mean, God, you know, and then he had to, he read every newspaper, according to Baltimore Sun, he read all the wires, he was the most informed presidency, and when he wasn't able to get it fast up, he would open the lid on the wire services and read it right down, it was getting sort of tight out coming through. But he had the credibility issue and the big issue was the reports that were coming back to the Pentagon and to the White House that we were using. General Westmore was telling us, I can just slide at the end of the tunnel, and that we were killing far more, far more Vietnamese than we were losing. We were presenting a much more positive perspective, a much more positive report on Vietnam than the truth. And there were reporters out there, David Halvestam and Peter Arnett, who were writing stories that were saying how terrible the war was going. And Cronkite finally said, there's no victory out here for America, it's a stalemate and we better negotiate a peace, at which point LBJ said, if I've lost Cronkite, I've lost, I've really lost America on it. But the press was, I really think the press was more accurate then in reporting on Vietnam than our reports that we were putting out at the Pentagon and sometimes at the White House, because that was what we were being fed back. Thank goodness the CIA director, Dick Helms, seemed to always tell LBJ, straight talk, usually just one-on-one. But we were badly damaged by our press policies related to Vietnam. And Tom, you were, some place I wasn't, you were on the inside when they had these Tuesday lunches with Secretary of Defense, Secretary of State, the CIA director and the president, and you, you were in the room. And so you were privity to all of the discussion. So I was, I was not a policymaker. I was sitting there with my reporter notebook, taking down notes as best I can. LBJ had even sent me to morning classes. I think Mickey McCann might have been a part of those classes, but I know there were a couple of others to learn to do shorthand. I remind people there was no Sony Walkman in 1965, 66, 67. They were these large real really. But yes, I was there not as a policymaker, but as a note taker. And sometimes I was sort of stunned by what I heard. And but all I was doing is getting those notes, trying to get them down. And hopefully all of them are all available down at the LBJ lobby. There are hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of pages of notes there, fortunately typed for those like Robert Carrow who are at work on their books. Tom, I'm going to ask you to talk about the difference in the media now and then and the importance of the fact that we just had three networks. There were three highly respected networks. But what I want you to tell that story. And then I want you, I have to get it up and get something to plug in my, my iPad that I'm using to conduct this interview, because I just saw that it's running out of power. So you you keep talking about the networks and and and then tell them I was in the White House. There were three highly respected news divisions of three networks, NBC News, CBS News, ABC News. There were very highly regarded anchors like John Chancellor, Walter Cronkite and others. And it really was only in 1994, our news network CNN that we sort of the world changed dramatically. And of course, since then, there have been other 24 hour services, primarily Fox News and MSNBC. The three cable news channels and three network channels became really quite, quite different. The network news channels maintain just a morning news show and an evening news show. And even to today, those three networks do an outstanding job. I mean, ABC, NBC, CBS do an outstanding job. In my opinion, what really changed was when Rupert Murdoch installed Roger Ailes as the creator and the owner and creator and the president of Fox News. Murdoch and Roger Ailes saw that there was a ditch that conservatives did not feel that the media was what was reporting their perspectives. They saw the media as liberal. They saw CNN, which in my opinion was not, but they saw CNN and some except you must NBC is more liberal. This is a very personal view, one that I have not shared with many people at all. Rupert Murdoch and Roger Ailes did more to take down journalism in the United States and in case of Murdoch in other countries where he had ownership than any other fact and they did a brilliant job. First of all, adopting fear and balance as their slogan. No network was ever less fair or less balanced under Roger Ailes' reign, but and I also have to admit that Roger was a friend of mine. And when I tell people that they just they just they're stunned in a way, but Roger took Fox News way down about as far as it's going and later we learn about many of his personal transgressions. But today we have so many other sources of information, sources that are not edited, no editing, no fact checking of so much of what flows like gushers out of this vast internet online world that we have today. And all I can say is thank goodness that we still have The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Los Angeles Times, The Wall Street Journal, but we have too many other services that are just devoted to almost conspiracy theories and sensationalism and fax me damn. Yeah, Tom, when you I want to just switch years a little bit. Uh, when Lyndon Johnson retired from the presidency, you went with. Yes, and that's advice of Bill Moyers. Yes. And you you left and you actually flew with you went to the inauguration and you and LBJ and others get on Air Force One at Andrews Air Force Base and flew to Texas. And you were his executive assistant in his retirement in Texas and then you ran his radio and television stations and other businesses, right? Well, I became executive vice president and chief operating officer of what was called Texas Broadcasting that own radio stations, television stations, music, photo processing, banking, cattle, ranching, a few other things. I mean, I found myself learning to do such things as how to pregnancy test account. I mean, and my role as head of head of head of Co-Anchie Cattle Company. But you know, it was a fascinating experience, but I should tell you how I continue to want to go back to my profession. I had journalism in my blood. I had print ink flowing through my veins and and and I finally I was getting some good offers. And I finally told President Mr. Johnson shortly before his death that that I hope that I could return to my profession. And I know a lot of people said, why didn't you stay on they even offered you an equity position in Texas Broadcasting. But but I felt it was it was it was time for me to get back while I was still young and try to earn my way up the ranks. I still wanted to become a newspaper publisher, which is what I told those interviewing me for the White House Fellows in 1969. I hope one day that I can get to be a newspaper publisher. You mentioned Texas Broadcasting, all of those businesses that Johnson family businesses and everybody thought thinks that LBJ, you know, conniving and so built that business. And he was he was responsible for and his wife was just the front for it. But he did not run the LBJ family businesses. They were run, but first on a daily basis by a man named J. C. Kellam, who had been with them since early days. And I was one of two people brought in to succeed Mr. Kellam. And Mr. Kellam decided he didn't want anybody to succeed him. And I think he died at his desk later. But Mrs. Johnson took her inheritance from her family inheritance. And it was that money that Jesse Kellam used to invest in this small radio station, which later was was built into a TV station. And of course, what was so interesting is for quite some time, there was only one television tower in Austin. And in the campaign of 1964, Harry Goldwater said yes, he could always recognize Austin, Texas, when he was flying himself around America, because it was the only major city in America, they only had one TV tower true at the time. So tell us about Mrs. Johnson, you are very close to Mrs. Johnson. Mrs. Johnson was the person who had great wisdom, thoughtfulness, balance, whenever LBJ would sort of go into either a deep funk about something or get upset about something. I'll never forget when he would get upset with her. Mrs. Johnson would sort of place her hand on his on his lower arm, and say, now London, now London, she would calm him down. And she also was such an individual force of nature. She wanted the highways of America not to have used car lots with old cars, just damaged cars all along the freeways. She didn't want billboards that Ted Turner and others were erecting all the nation's highways. So I mean, she created this effort to quote, beautify America. And she worked very hard on her own with our national forest. And yet, and when I drive around Washington today, or down the highways of Georgia, or Texas or so many others, and I look at those wildflowers each spring that pop up. I think about her, but it was far more than that. She was the one that encouraged him to step down and not to seek a new term. She saw his health was not good. She saw it was tearing him apart. She recommended not seek a new term. And she also just solid, solid. And I admired her immensely. Now LBJ a couple of times found that I was responding directly to Mrs. Johnson and taking orders directly to Mrs. Johnson. He called me in one morning. They said, Tom, I want to make one thing really clear to you. And he sort of bumped me on the chest like this. And he said, Tom, you work for me, not Ladybird. He said, they understand you work for me, LBJ, not Ladybird. I said, yes, sir. So in any case, I continued to work with Mrs. Johnson because the two in combination were vastly stronger than either one of them separately. Tom, you know, you were, of course, in his last years around President Johnson all the time in the weeks leading up to his death, you knew he was pretty sick, didn't you? He was taking nitroglycerin tablets and placing them beneath his tongue. The doctors, Dr. DeBakey and Dr. Cooley in Houston had told him that he was not a candidate for any type of heart surgery. He damaged his heart too much when he was in the Senate in a heart attack there. And his last real major event was a civil rights, a big civil rights event at the LBJ Library just days before his death, in which he basically recommitted himself. And all of those in attendance to let's overcome the wrongs that exist in our society. He had seen the way young Mexican students were treated in Cotula, Texas. He had seen as he was a dexic crap how segregation that kept blacks from eating at lunch counter from going to the restroom in the restaurant, from staying in a hotel that was an all-white hotel, he saw it in his core. And if there was one subject that mattered to him, it was to try to give the poor people of America an opportunity to improve themselves. When he died, were you there?  I was at my desk. Mrs. Johnson called me and her exact words were, Tom, we did not make it this time. Linda, this dead. I'd like for you to handle the announcement and the arrangements. The arrangements had already been worked out with a part of the Department of Defense that does that for every president and first lady, former president, first lady. And so I did announce it and it turned out that Walter Cronkite took my call live on CBS Evening News. And so he got the break on that story largely because he didn't ask for a call back to Double Jack. He didn't go wait for the wire service to come across, but he got a break of quite a break on the world by just back that we knew each other and he took it. But you know, LBJ left the way he wanted. He with no advance notice to the press, how patients and I could rarely get any kind of advance notice on when the president was leaving on a trip, what he was going to fly out that day to the ranch or something else. I think because of the kidney assassination, when the schedule was published ahead of it and the route of travel, everything, I think LBJ thought that too much lead time would enable a Lee Harvey odds wall. And God knows we've had many deaths and attempts on the lives of President Reagan and President Ford and others. But in any case, LBJ was a complicated guy. I worked directly for him for eight years. I survived. I love the old man. I mean, despite all he could be mean, he could be tough, but also he could be generous and thoughtful and kind. He wanted to use his time, the workaholic that he was. He wanted to use his time to make America a better place. And he did. Tom, most of our listeners have a lot of attention to public affairs and so forth. And so they're very aware, some of them, most of them are aware of the fact that Robert Caro has written four volumes about Lyndon Johnson and is working on the fifth volume. It's a monumental work, perhaps I would say one of the two or three most monumental works ever done on an American president. And he is obviously fascinated by Johnson and all these different dimensions of him. And so do you think that these volumes, the fact that Robert Caro decided to devote a significant part of his own life and create five volumes about Lyndon Johnson has been great or good for Lyndon Johnson's legacy? The answer is yes. Robert Caro has done an extraordinary job in researching not just the documents, but he would like going out and living for a period of time in Central Texas. He interviewed early on so many of the Johnson closest allies like John Connolly or Walter Jenkins or others, Mrs. Johnson to some extent, that are no longer alive today. I expect his final book will have some extraordinarily tough reporting about decision making as it related to Vietnam. And I expect that, and I expect that it will be, it will probably, I don't know, it probably will be the best read of his books, all of which I've read. But in any case, Robert Caro is, I mean, he used his title Master of the Senate in his, one of his volumes about LBJ. Robert Caro is the master of the LBJ story, sort of the good, the bad, I mean, the epic highs and the lowest lows. Some of the, every president has aides like you and people that are close to them. And then there are others that are sycophants, you know, they just, whatever that President Dez says is great with them. George Rudy called me a sycophant and that really hurt. Who did?  I really tried to be, I really tried to be very honest with LBJ and I also tried never, ever, ever to leak because I knew two things would destroy any relationship if he thought I leaked information or if he thought that I was disloyal. So I would have conversations with him in complete privacy, just the two of us, just sort of talking. I mean, a young guy from Georgia and an aging warrior, and we'd have conversations. And sometimes, I mean, he taught me how to drink scotch and soda on it. Anyway, I developed this personal friendship with him. But I think if you could ask LBJ today, did I try to design my relationship with him so that I agreed with him? No. And I actually have some notes that make it pretty clear. And I hope I'm not remembering it in Carol's book as a sycophant because I really tried to be independent and honest and truthful with him. And I felt the only way I could really serve him was that way. And anyway, I guess perception matters and we'll wait and see how it all turns out. Tom, I will say one thing as we wrap this up. I've known you for 55 years and I know you. I know your personality. I know your values. You couldn't be a sycophant to anyone. There is no human being to whom you could be a sycophant. It is not in your nature. I hope that I've tried, Hal. And I think that we talk about truth versus lies today. There's a battle going on between truth and lies today in our society, not just in media, not just in politics, but there's a battle that's underway between truth and lies.  I hope that truth prevails because I don't know what America would be like if truth doesn't prevail. But we're in a period right now of testing to determine whether the people like this member of Congress from North Georgia are all these Trumpians and their view that really Donald Trump didn't have anything to do with taking over the Capitol or whatever. We're in a period of testing now and I hope that forces of good can win. But I am carefully optimistic, but I'm not so sure. You've been around a long time, Tom Johnson, and I can sense the concern you have about the state of our nation today and the question of truth, which is always first in the minds of journalists like yourself. None of us know what the answer is, but we hope, we hope, and I'll be specific, that Republicans all across this country will say they stand on the side of truth and they're going to do something about it because they're the only ones with the power. The people are the only ones with the power to make sure that truth once again becomes ascendant. Well, we have a wonderful new president and I hope that he can, I've known him since maybe 40 years and I know that he wants to be a bipartisan. I know he wants to be a good leader. I know he wants to represent all Americans.  He wants to represent all Americans and I just hope he's given the opportunity. Tom, I can't thank you enough for taking the time with us. You've been absolutely terrific, fascinating discussion with you. Oh, that book, you know, it's not for sale. I want everybody to get a copy, even if he has to go out and buy them for you, of American Journey. It is a wonderful book. I'm a part of it. It should be a more major part of it, but the real story of how Patience is family and what it's like to come to America and make it in America. It's a hard, hard task at times, but the Zacos family, but the Patience family, they'll have another family, the Zacos family who did it too. But thank you for having me as a part of today. I have been honored.


Some Mozambican families are returning to their homes after Mozambican and Rwandan troops regained control of a strategic port from Al-Shabaab fighters. Kimboal, the prior, was retaken earlier this week and the joint forces are seeking to establish stability in and around the area. Before the arrival of the Rwandan forces, Mozambique had not succeeded in stemming insurgents' offensives. More than 3,000 Mozambicans have been killed and 800,000 people displaced in the four-year insurgency. The UN World Food Program estimates that nearly 1 million people need urgent food aid as a result of the conflict.


Hopefully you can see on the slide what I'm going to be talking about. At the very top of the spreadsheet when you open Excel, what you'll see is the ribbon. If you're on a very, very, very old version of Excel like Office 2003, you won't see the ribbon and everything will look very different. But more recent versions of Excel use this ribbon concept. And that's this whole section at the top of your spreadsheet. The ribbon is organized into tabs, so those are things like Home, Page Layout, Data, etc. At the very, very top you'll see a row of teeny, tiny little icons. And that's your Quick Access Toolbar. The Quick Access Toolbar allows you to use commonly used tasks, and it's a quick shortcut that you can customize. And I'll show you how to do that later. Underneath the ribbon is the Formula Bar. The Formula Bar shows you what's happening in any particular cell in Excel. So if you click on a cell in the Formula Bar you'll see what's in that cell. If it's just text like somebody's name or location then the Formula Bar will show you that text. But if you have a formula in that cell the Formula Bar will show you the underlying formula behind what you see on the screen. So if you have a really simple formula in a cell like 1 plus 1 in the cell it'll show you the number 2 which is the result of that formula. The Formula Bar will show you the underlying formula that's making that magic math happen. Next, one thing that is my golden rule for Excel is that no matter how awesome you are at it mistakes happen. That's why I always save an original or a clean copy of the spreadsheet before I start doing anything. That way if I delete something or I overwrite something or I make a mistake I can still go back and have my original data saved. And this particularly if you're not super comfortable with Excel this can be really liberating because no matter what you do to a copy of a spreadsheet you still have your original data preserved and just fine even if you really mess up the copy. And I was planning to demonstrate what that actually looks like but in the slides you can see a step-by-step explanation of how to actually do that in Excel. I mentioned earlier that at the very, very top of your screen you can customize a quick access toolbar.  And if you don't really know where everything is located in Excel you can spend a lot of time clicking and looking around on the tabs to figure out where the button you're looking for is. That's where the click access toolbar comes in handy. If there are a handful of things that you do over and over again in Excel you want those to be really easy to get to. So to customize the click access toolbar at the very top of your screen, again apologies that you can't actually see me demoing this, there's a little tiny drop-down arrow. It's highlighted with the number 1 on the slide. If you click that drop-down arrow and choose More Commands you'll get a pop-up list of some favorite and commonly used things in Excel. You can choose from that list the things that you use all the time and Excel will put them at the very top of your screen. So no matter what tab you're on in the ribbon, what you're clicking around, and what you're doing you'll see those click access commands right there at the top of your screen. I use, put things like insert rows and delete rows that I use all the time I put at the top of my click access toolbar.   So if you hit the Alt key what you'll see is the keyboard shortcuts you can use is to navigate to any tab in the ribbon. And if you click, sorry, if you type on your keyboard any of those letters, so for example if I want to go to the Home tab I would hit H on my keyboard. Excel would take me to the Home tab. And then once I'm on the Home tab the view will change in Excel to show all of the keyboard shortcuts that are available for the Home tab. So without even knowing what the keyboard shortcuts are really Excel lets me perform almost any task that's available in the Excel ribbon just using my keyboard shortcuts no mouse required. All right, next on the list is one of my favorite things that helps avoid the bane of many new Excel users' existence which is scrolling all the time. One of the big differences I notice between people who use Excel a lot and people who only use Excel infrequently is that people who use Excel a lot actually don't spend a lot of time scrolling up and down and back and forth in their spreadsheet. That's because we have a few quick tips and we're going to share those with you right now. One of them is freeze panes. So you know how sometimes if you're in a spreadsheet and you scroll down that top row where you have your labels disappears and then you're looking at data down at the bottom and you don't quite remember what the column labels are and you have to scroll back to the top to check what the name of that column is and you scroll back down and look at your data. That's a lot of wasted scrolling time. To avoid that you can use freeze panes which is available on the View tab in Excel. So you just click on the cell where you want to freeze the spreadsheet, go to the View tab, and choose freeze panes. And what that does is it tells Excel that no matter where you scroll around in the spreadsheet you always want the row above the cell you clicked on and the column to the left of the cell you clicked on to be visible. So if you scroll down all the way to the bottom of your spreadsheet that top row will still display and if you scroll right the columns on the left will still display. This is really handy to keep you from having to scroll around and keep checking what your headers are.  One of which is a keyboard shortcut actually a number of ways of which are keyboard shortcuts. So if you want to just go to the very top of your spreadsheet you can grab the bar on the right side and scroll up or you can just use the shortcut which is just control and then home on your keyboard. And that will take you automatically to the cell in the top left corner of your worksheet. Similarly if you want to go to the very last cell in the bottom right corner of your worksheet the shortcut control and will take you there. You can also select a data just using your keyboard versus using your mouse to select data. To do that you hit control and shift with your left hand and the arrow key down or up and that will select all of the data in a particular column. One of my favorite tricks is using autofill as well. That's another way to avoid all of the scrolling. This is one that particularly would benefit from a demo. But if you've added something to a column say a formula or a label and you want to include, you want to copy that same information all the way down to the bottom of the column. If you hover over the bottom right corner of the cell that you've added something to you'll see your cursor will change to a little black plus sign. If you double click on that little black plus sign Excel will automatically fill in to the bottom of the column what you've put in that first cell. This is really handy because I see a lot of people in Excel copying data down to the end of a column by clicking on that corner and then dragging down. And if you have a really long spreadsheet with thousands and thousands and thousands of rows it takes a really long time just to scroll down. So double click to autofill, it's your friend. All right, the next thing I'm going to talk about is one of my favorite and I think most underutilized things in Excel which is filters. So imagine you have a spreadsheet that lists all of your events and all of the volunteers you had at those events and everything that those volunteers did for the events. If you just want to look at data for a particular event you can use a filter in Excel to only show those rows for a particular event. On the data tab if you click filter you'll see little arrows appear at the top of your screen. I show those on the slide and how that looks in the spreadsheet itself. If you click one of those arrows you'll get a pop-up list that shows you all of the ways you can filter a list. So for example, if I have events that happened in San Francisco and Oakland and Berkeley I could choose to filter just by looking at events that happened in San Francisco. And you can tell when a filter is being used in Excel because the icon, the little button at the top of the column changes from that little drop-down arrow to a little filter with a drop-down arrow next to it. You'll also be able to tell if you look at the left-hand side of your screen when a filter is applied because it will look like some rows are missing so it will jump right from 1 to 5 to 20, whatever. So if you see that there's data that looks like it's missing or rows that aren't displaying it's possible that a filter is being used and so if you want to see all of that data without the filter you just click the filter button again and the filter disappears. Thanks so much, Ariel. I appreciate your time on this. We're going to go ahead and move forward. First I want to go ahead and pause for just a couple of minutes and take a couple of questions that were related to Ariel's section before we hand off to Rachel. So we had some questions about the alt key for shortcuts and how that works. What's the benefit of using the alt key? Can you expand on that a little bit? Sure. So the alt key is really handy. The world is kind of divided up into mouse users and keyboard users.  So the alt key is really useful for keyboard shortcut people. And so if you don't want to click through the various tabs in Excel to access the commands that are listed under each tab, the alt key lets you do that just with your keyboard rather than using your mouse. It's really just a matter of personal preference. One way isn't better than the other. Great. Thank you for that. We also had a question about freeze panes. And Rhonda commented that freeze panes freezes the first 15 rows of everything she does. Is there a way to make freeze panes work where you want them to? Yes. You need to be very careful to when you click on freeze panes, you want to make sure that you've actually before that clicked on the cells that you right below where you want to freeze. So if you want it to freeze just the first row, click on the second row. And that will freeze one row up from where you clicked with your cursor. So the steps are click the cell right below where you want to freeze, and then go to the tab and select freeze panes from there. And that should avoid the problem of having the first 15 rows freeze. Great. Thank you for that. Let's go ahead and move forward and get into Rachel's section. She's going to be taking us through some more intermediate and then some advanced topics. So we're going to be switching more to manipulating data and formulas, which we all love formulas. So we'll go ahead and try and get started with that. And if it's hard to see some of the slides, you can also click full screen. It will diminish your chat window so that you can see a little bit better because we know some of these slides were really created as a resource for you after the fact. We were hoping to show live, but we want to make sure that if you are looking at them with us right now that you're able to see them a little bit better. So feel free to do that if that would help. So thank you so much Rachel for joining us. We're glad to have you on. Hi. So I believe I'm now sharing my screen. Thank you Becky for giving us back online. Awesome. That worked out. Thank you so much for your patience. So now we're going to go over text to column one more time that you can see it live. So this is my sample data spreadsheet that I got from downloading a Googled free data online and got this from the government website. So let's go to the first place I was. I wanted to do text to column. As you see here, these are all last names, comma first name. This is not helpful for what we want to do. So we are going to separate this one column into two columns. The first step is identifying a column which is here. And now I need to insert rows to give space to move this. So I'm going to do that by completely selecting these rows here. If I select three rows, right-click, and click Insert, it will insert the number of rows that I've highlighted. So I have just inserted three new rows. The next step is completely highlighting the entire row that you want to put into multiple rows. I like doing that by clicking the letter. I click the letter. This entire column is now highlighted. To do text to columns, you go to the data ribbon right here, click, and then you will see this button right here, Text to Columns. And we will click this. It opens this dialog box. And we will go through this again now that you can actually see. So here there are different ways you can separate the data. The limited, which is by commas, tabs, or certain things we select, or a fixed width which allows us just to pick a space it will always be the same width as the name suggests. So after I've selected that, I will click Next. Here are my options to separate. I could do anything I want by typing other. I could type in a letter but I'd want to separate. Here I only want to separate by commas. So I'm going to select comma here. I don't really use this feature. I pick what I want and I click Next. And then here I just click Finish. And here's this question. There's already data here. Do you want to replace it? Click Yes. Unless you have information in these columns that you don't want this to write overwrite. So click OK. And now we have a column for last name. So we will update this name, last name, last first name. Now we can get rid of these extra columns. Now we are going to move into formulas one more time and I will show it on my screen and walk us through one more time and go through the theory to move us forward. So here, this is to the structure of the formula we are talking about before. So as you see here, there will always be this pink equal sign, the name of the formula, the name of the formula, the open parentheses, the content for which ends the formula, a separator by a comma, more content for the formula, and then an ending parentheses. So this is always what we need. We always need equal signs. We always need this ending and opening parentheses and separating everything with commas. And again, there's not to be up or lower case. And we will go through the problems together now in Excel. So we will do the right formula together. So here is a project ID that I was once showing us before. So let's insert a column here. It's always, I like inserting new columns and ever want to do new formulas by my data. It makes it easier. So here, we are going to call this project ID numbers. So what we want to do is we want to remove this P. We don't want to have this P here. We could have done this text to columns by the limited, or we can do it by this formula. So we are going to write our formula together. I'm going to type in this cell and you can also see it up here in the formula toolbar. So while you are here, you type equals because that is the beginning of a formula. I'm going to type the name of the formula which is right or left because we want to return the right or the left contents of the cell. So I type the word right, open parentheses. And if you look down here, it's prompting me. It is bold. It says text. What do I want the right of? And text is the same as a cell. So I will click this cell which has a lasso around it. It's in blue it shows me. So now I'm going to separate with a comma. And as soon as I do that, it's going to jump to the next portion. So I type comma and then it jumped to number of characters. Excel is prompting me through this formula which is super helpful. So I know that I want the six characters to the very right so I will type a six. I will close parentheses and push enter. And now we have the project ID numbers. And I will double click here to bring that all the way down. Now I'm going to go through some other types of formulas on a summary sheet. Let's say our boss asks us how many contracts do we have? What's the average value? And what about per year? So we're going to go through finding the total count, the average for the total, and then we're going to go through how to do it separated for only per the year it is. So I have built out this summary tab here which is very easy to do. I have just typed in a simple chart and put in some borders. And so here I am going to type in my count formula. This is also going to show us I can type a formula on one tab and have it count information on a separate tab. Excel is a relational database so everything in every tab can relate to one another. It is very smart in that way. So here in total we're going to start. So what if you follow along with me? What does every formula start with? What do we need to type in? If you just want to type that into your chat box you can start doing this together. So it always starts with an equal sign. And then the next part is going to be the name of the formula. And these names you will learn with time, with necessities, what you need to do. Let's say I type in to Google how do I count how many contracts I have? And then you would see that it is a count. And then it is pretty intuitive like this, we want to count, it is called count. Type in the name, we will do open parentheses. And here you say value 1. And this is kind of learning the terminology. Let's ask us what do we want to count? So I am typing the formula here but I want to count information on this other tab. So it is just as easy as clicking on this other tab and going to the space that I want to count. And I want to count this contract value. And you can see in the formula bar that it is updated. It is now starting with the name of the tab because I am in the raw data 2014 and 2015 tab and it specifies that here. And I am going to put my cursor in the first cell I want to count which is the very top of the line too here. And I am going to select all the way to the bottom. And my favorite way to do this is a special shortcut on the keyboard. With my left hand you can follow along with me, push the shift button and the control button at the same time with your left hand. So those are held down. With your right hand push the down arrow. And that will select all the information. This also works with the right up and down arrow keys as well. And what I always like to do with my ranges is to lock the range end. If you see here it says T2 to T51 which is the starting and ending cell in my range. By pushing the F4 key you will see that dollar signs have appeared and this locks my range. And this will start to make sense as we go through more formulas going forward. But we will start introducing it now and it will make more sense. So to end my formula I am going to do a closing parenthesis and push enter. As you see here it has updated on a completely separate tab and it has counted the total projects. Now I am going to find the average spend. So here I will type equals. And then what do you think the next part is? The name of the formula, average, open parenthesis. And we are going to do the same thing, the same exact thing we did before. We are going to select our range. So going here we are going to put our cursor in the first cell. I am going to do my drop down trick with my left hand. I am going to push shift and control the same time. They are both pressed down. With my right hand I am going to push the down arrow to select everything to the next space. You will see up here it has the range and to lock that I am going to just push the F4 button. I push that it adds some dollar signs, our range will now not move. I am going to add ending parenthesis and push enter. Now we have our average spend. Now this tab that we have has information for 2014 and 2015. I want to write a formula to count the number of projects for only those years without having to go in and manipulate and sort and move the data away to keep all the data together. So there is a special kind of formula called account if or an average if which basically says I only want to count it if there is a certain criteria. So in this case only count it if it is in 2014 or only average it if it is in 2014 or 2015 to get us those numbers. And since there is a chart there is a really cool way to do this that we are going to do together. So in the count of projects we are going to type in our formula. We are going to type equals the name of the formula is count if open parenthesis. And now we are going to look at our prompts. It is asking for our range. So what is the range? What is the range of information that we want to count? So since it is if we have to find where the years are since that is our criteria. So we are going to go back into our data tab over here. And this is all the data. I happen to know that the years are all the way over here right here. It is the fiscal year. So I am going to select my range. You can also do this by highlighting like this. I am going to lock this range by pushing F4. And then I am going to follow the prompts. So there is more to this formula so I will push comma to get to the next part and it says criteria. I could either type this in like 2014 and that would work. But I am going to show you another trick. So the criteria is the years 2014. So I am going to go back to my summary tab and I am going to clear out this space. So right here I have my range, I have my comma, and now I need my criteria. What I am going to do is put my criteria by selecting this cell, the criteria is NSL which will help with writing the next formula. So I am going to end parentheses and push Enter. So now you can see that it counted 16 different projects in 2014. So Excel, if I were to copy this cell and paste it here, Excel remembers the formula and will also understand that the criteria is right above the count. So if I do control, copy, then click here and do control, paste. It automatically counted that there are 34 projects in 2015. And I will show this to you. So if I go to this cell and if you push the F2 button, it shows you what the formula is. And here you can see that this is selected, this cell 2014 for the criteria portion of the formula. If I go to this cell and I push the F2 button, it will show me what is compromising the formula. You see here it shows my range and then now this is highlighted. So this is a really easy trick. If you have to go all the way down for multiple years, you can write the formula once and then copy and paste it all the way down and Excel will just follow the same pattern. So now we are going to go to Average Spend If a certain year. So this is to show you that just how important following the problems are because the format and the order of the formulas do change with different formulas. So we are going to start with writing the equal sign. Then the name of the formula which is Average, open parentheses, excuse me, Average If, Average If, open parentheses. So here we are going to read through this first. It says range, criteria, and average range. So first we have to select the range that has our criteria, the range that has the year, and then we need to put in our criteria and then we need to actually put in the range that is going to average which is the contract amount. So to get our range for the criteria, we go back to our separate tab with the data. This is our range right here. So we will select the whole range of years. We will push F4 to lock, comma. Now we are on criteria. I could type in 2014 but I would like to just use my cell. So I will go back here and I will select this cell here. So now this is my criteria, whatever it is and not cell. This could be anything, this could be a name, this could be location. So now I am going to separate with another comma. And the last portion is the range that I would like to average. So we will go back to the raw data tab and select where the contract amounts are. And I will select this all the way to the bottom, F4, Ending parentheses, and Enter. So again, this will work. I am going to copy this and I could do copy paste. I could also do this drag down and move across. And it will tell me the average spend for 2014 and for 2015. Now that I have this, we are going to get into pivot charts later. But I wanted to show you that you could easily make a graph here just by going here, Insert, and you can do recommended charts. And you could add in type of different bar graphs. This feature is available to you. And this actually could be its own lesson. I just wanted to introduce the idea that you can create really easy graphs by the Insert ribbon and going through the raw data. So people hear this word a lot, PivotTable. I am the first time I heard it. And I was like, what is a PivotTable? The name doesn't make any sense. I don't like it, not very intuitive. But a PivotTable is basically a way to make a chart. You can insert any rows you want, any columns you want just by dragging and dropping. It allows you to add filters. It is a way to make a cool chart. And it will give you averages. It will give you counts. It's really super handy. And it's gotten even better with 2013. A few of you have used PivotTables before. People didn't really like using them in the workplace because they weren't as updatable. If you add a new data into your original spreadsheet, they would update. But now they do. They are really, really helpful. So here I am going to show you how to insert a PivotTable. So the first step is selecting the data that you want to chart. So one of the rules of PivotTable is that every column must have a header name. This will make more sense when we are going through to make our PivotTable. So you want to check that every column header has a name which it does. I'm going to scroll all the way across. So the next step is to select your data. I like to start in the very left top corner. I'm going to push Shift and Control with my left hand. I'm going to push the right key to select all the way to the right. I'm going to push the down arrow key to select my entire data set. So once I have all my data selected here, I am going to go to the Insert ribbon. Click Insert, and then click PivotTable. So then it brings up this prompt window. When I first learned Excel to prompt, the window is really confusing me. I tried to read everything. But this is a range of the data we selected, and it's just asking where we want to PivotTable. I always like a new worksheet. This makes it a lot easier to work with. I click OK. As you see here, it created this new tab. I want to rename this right away. PivotTable, PivotTable, and give me some info what is 2014 and 2015. These are good happens to get into to help you stay organized. So you are looking at the screen. You are like, what is going on? Here is a PivotTable that you are going to create on the left. And here it says PivotTableFields. So this is all the different fields. And then this is everything we have to work with. And these are all the things we can do with that. So for example, we have, let's put in our columns. So I want to put in the fiscal year as my columns. So I dragged it. I took it. I put my cursor on top of it from the available fields. I dragged it down and dropped it into columns, which I did. And now you can see 2014 and 2015. Now I have to continue building my chart because this is not helpful. So let's put in, now I want my rows. I want to see borrower country. So I took borrower country. I clicked it. I'm holding my click down dragging it and dropping it in rows. And you can tell it's ready to be inserted when the green line comes up. So there we go. I have all my different countries listed here in the chart. And let's say I want the average spend for each year. So I'm going to go for the contract amount. So I'm going to take total contract amount, and drag it, and put it in the values field. And now it's at some. It shows a sum of everything I spent in 2014, 2015, and grand total. So really that was dragging, dropping. I could have picked any combination I wanted. Let's call it the values tab. Let's say now I just want a count. I don't want some anymore. So I'm going to do the drop down. I'm going to go to value field settings, and I'm going to go to count. And now I have a count. And I can sort this. I can filter so the countries at the most at the top say I want the average spend. I can click on this values again, do a drop down, value field setting, and click on average. And now I have the average spend. This is all here for me. I can also do a filter. So I can do, I can do, I can do borough country and a filter here. And let's say, so doing that that means I only see a certain amount of data at a certain amount of time. So let's do it like this. Let's do major sector up here. So I just, I changed what I was doing. I still have borough country in the rows, and in the filters I have major sector. So here, excuse me, oh that's another trick with the pivot table.  But if you just click right back on here, it comes back. So I have this way filter, and I can do that. If I click here, if I had more than one major sector, I would have, right now all of these happen to be agriculture fishing and forestry. I could click certain ones, and it would change for each piece. So that's all. And that's how it works. The best way with a pivot chart is to think what information I want to display, and just really thinking through. You can even draw out the own chart you wanted to make, and then follow that. This is where the columns are going to go. This is where the rows are going to go. This is the type of value that I want.  And now I am going to show you how to make a cool chart a pivot chart. So we are going to highlight our pivot table. We are going to go to Analyze. So after we have highlighted our pivot table, we go to the Insert ribbon, and we click on Pivot Chart. And I am going to do columns. And now we have a chart that shows this. And while I have this, you can make a chart, but I want to show you how to do a slicer, which I think is really cool. So a slicer on a chart will automatically change the chart, slice the chart up based on selected criteria. So I will go Insert Slicer. And I will say, okay, what criteria do I want to mix and match? So here I want a slicer on Borrow Country. So after I was in Analyze tab and selected Insert Slicer, I get all these options of what I want my criteria to be. I want to be able to update my chart based on Borrow Country. So I click there. And this makes this whole button menu, slicer buttons. And so I can click, okay, I want the chart just to be Brazil. And so it changed to just be Brazil. Let's say I just want Vietnam. And then it automatically changed the chart to be at Vietnam. This is really helpful if you want to show us the name for all the departments and you can go down just to one. I like to send it to the different managers. People really like this. And it's a really fun way to look at charts which can be kind of boring.  And since I only have a couple more minutes, I'm going to quickly show us how to perform the lookup now and go straight into that. Before you move on, Rachel, can you show quickly how you created the pivot chart? Because you showed the table creation, but it was a really fast movement from the table to the chart. So people didn't quite catch that. Absolutely. I'm very happy to show how I did that. Thank you for your patience with me. I probably sped right through that. So we have our pivot table here. This is our info. To do a pivot chart, I'm going to highlight my pivot table. It's all selected. And then you're going to go to the Insert ribbon right at the top. Insert. And then you'll see all these options. There's charts. And then there's a pivot chart right here in the middle. All you do is click Pivot Chart, a drop shot on the pivot chart. And here you can pick different types of charts that you want. There's all these different selections. I would like to do a column, a bar graph. And you can pick the different ones you want. I'm going to stick with the very first one and select OK. And now I will show you the slicer one more time since maybe that was a little quick as well. To insert a slicer, it's actually on a different tab. You can see at the top here that these are special ribbons just for pivot tables and these are now highlighted. So in the Analyze tab, there is an Insert Slicer feature. So you click Insert Slicer. And then you select, once this comes in, you select how you'd like to slice and change the data. So I will go back and select Barwork Country because that's the different elements I'd like to see by country. And I will click OK. And then I have a list of all the countries. And I can go through each piece and go to Vietnam here. And click through all the different countries and see what they each look like. Now we've gone through that. Back to you, do you have time to do a VLOOKUP or would you like to move on? Okay, let's go ahead and do it. Great. Okay, let's do a VLOOKUP which I love. VLOOKUPs are one of my favorite things. They are so helpful. So what a VLOOKUP is, it finds a value in one row, looks for it in another workbook, and returns another value that's in the same row as that. And I'll explain in use case. So every single project here has a project ID number. And I want to know, this is how much it cost in 2014, 2015, but I also have a list of all my projects that were in 2013. And maybe I had some of the same projects in the previous year. I want to know what the cost was in the previous year and if it existed. So one way to do this is to take the number, take it, and look it up and this, and go back and forth, back and forth, which is extremely time consuming and not efficient at all. It should never be done, especially when you have a feature called a VLOOKUP. So for a VLOOKUP, there are very particular pieces that we need. We need to have a unique identifier which is the way to look up our data. So that can be a name. It could be a first name, last name, combo. It could be this project ID. It just needs to be something that is unique to each piece that we have. So here we have our number right here. So I'm going to remember that my project ID is in this column. And I'm going to write the VLOOKUP in this column by the contract amount. So I'm going to insert a column to write this formula. So we're going to walk through this together. I'm going to say equals VLOOKUP which stands for vertical lookup and open parentheses. So now let's read through the prompts together. And the first thing it asks for is a lookup value. It's like what am I looking up in the next sheet? What am I looking up? So we're just going to type, we're going to put in the corresponding cell in this row. We are looking up this project ID number. That is our first piece. So back in the formula, and we will type in a comma. The next thing it says is table array. I think the hardest part with VLOOKUP is the language they use. What's a table array? It's not something we use in every day. Table array means the range that you wanted to look at. Where are we looking this ID up in? So we're going to go, we are looking for this in the raw data 2013 tab. The next rule with the VLOOKUP is that your starting part of your range has to be the first call limit, how the math, how the search works. So we have to start the lookup right here. Our unique identifier is project ID, and it has to be our first one. So we're going to start here. And we're going to go all the way down to the contract amount. So another way to do that, I like to push SHIFT and push down with my right key because if you look over here, it gives me a little box and tells me how big my selected area is. And this will be helpful in one moment, and I will explain why. So we're starting here, and I'm going to move over with my right key until I get to contract amount. So I've selected all the contract amount. I'm going to push SHIFT, CTRL with my left hand, and the down arrow to get my entire selection. And if you see here, it says my range has 11 columns. So I know that this column here, the information I want is 11 columns away from my starting, my project ID number, and that is an important piece. So let's finish our formula to the top. We're going to push S4 to lock in our range with the VLOOKUP. You always want to lock in your range. Otherwise, it will bring the lasso down one row each time for each row that you go down in your formula. We lock that in, type a comma, and it says column index number. So how Excel knows what information you want is by counting the number of columns that is away from your unique identifier. You have to tell it. As we saw before, we want the 11th column. It's how far it was away from each other. We'll add in one more comma. And this part is also kind of confusing. It says range lockup. The easiest way is always type false. Always type false. This means we want an exact match. I've never used true ever. I don't know many people. I don't think I know anyone that's ever used it. I'm sure someone does. This can be probably more advanced, more math features, but we do not need this in most all cases. Type false and parentheses, push enter. And now we have the amount for 2013. So let's drag this down by double clicking. And you'll see here that some of these have a hashtag NA. What that means is Excel looked and did not find this project in 2013. So you can know it just was not there. It didn't exist. NA, there was no information for it to bring back. So that is the very basics of a VLOOKUP. I encourage you to practice this on your own. These make more and more sense than more and more. You do them. I would Google how to do a VLOOKUP, read through, and just really keep on doing them. They save so much time. And those are all the things we took out. So a lot of things I was going to cover about I think maybe all we had time for it. And I want to thank you so much for listening. I know this is a lot of information. I know it's very dense. I know we had some technical issues. But I had a lot of fun chatting with all of you over this webinar. I'm going to pass you back to Becky. Thank you for that Rachel. And I know we zipped through a lot and missed a fair amount too. So we've got quite a few questions in the queue. So Karen asked, how did you select 2013 in the VLOOKUP you were just doing? So can you quickly go back into that and show us where you did that? What was the question was how I got 2013? Okay, so when you think about a VLOOKUP, you have to think, okay, I have information in two separate places. So my first workbook here is Information for All Contracts for 2014 and 2015. On a separate worksheet is the information for all projects for 2013. So I have information in two separate places. So I'm going to clear this out by just clearing contents. I'm going to rewrite the VLOOKUP with Altogether. So we're going to start equals ZLOOKUP. The first part of the lookup value which we talked about is going to be our project ID right here. So now I'm going to scroll back here so you can see the formula. So it says Table Array. And this is going to show us how we selected 2013. So I'm going to click to the tab where the other information is and highlight where that is. So I am moving from this 2014-2015 tab and going to the 2013 tab here. And to repeat what we talked about earlier, to select my data I have to make sure my unique identifier of the project ID is first so the counting portion will work correctly. So I select here just by putting my mouse over. I also like to do it by pushing Shift with my right hand and just pushing my right arrow until I come to the information that I would like. So now you can see my green lasso is all the way from project ID which needs to be my start to the end and the total contract amount. And now I'm going to push Shift and Control with my left hand and the down arrow with my right hand to get this entire selection. Now they have it selected, push F4, I'll type in 11 of the 11th column, Boys and the Fals, and Enter. And somebody was asking how you knew that it was the 11th column. So when you had that highlighted, the distance between your open column and where the data was that you were trying to pull from. If you can just show where that showed you that it was 11 spaces, that would be helpful. So people know to look for that when they do it themselves. Absolutely. Okay, let's do that again. So I will go to equals, so you look up. So I am going to put in my cell, and this time I did the second one, comma. So we are going to go into where the data is. So remember, we always start with our unique identifier, Rule of the Lookups.  And once you get the rules down, they don't change. So I start here. So once you are in the cell you want, if you push Shift with your left hand, it's going to help you select all the rows at the same time. So with your left hand go ahead and push Shift, right arrow, push the right arrow once. Okay, if you see here in this tiny little portion, I don't know if you can see it unless you are full screen, there is this tiny little rectangle that says one row by two columns. And that is just giving us the dimensions of what I have selected. So I only have one row in two columns. That is there. So if I continue to push Shift with my left hand and push the right arrow with my right hand, and I did, now I have three here, this is updated to one row by three columns. I'm going to keep on pushing this, updated to four. Keep scrolling until I get to Total Contract Amount. And if you look here, it has now gone from one row by 11 columns. It is signaled right here in that, right there. And if I push Shift Controls down, I get that pop up here at the bottom. Another way to do the 11 is when I first started, I didn't know I could do that, so I counted. I literally counted. The first project ID would be column 1, then going forward 2, 3, 4, or you can drag your mouse across and it will do a count for you. But this I find using the little, the dimensions box is very helpful. Again, always push F4 even if it's not making sense why yet, it will start to. You always push F4 to lock in the range, 11, false. We always type false. And we will push Enter. Another way to do it, how do you know what the count is too? If you scroll across, I'm back on the 2013 tab and I'm showing another way to know what the count is. So I'm starting here, right at Project ID, and I'm just going to scroll across here to what my contract amount is. And if you look here at the bottom, this gives you a quick what is here. There's the average of what these amounts are and it has a count which is also 11. So that's another way if you pre-plan, you can figure out what number you need ahead of time. Great. Thank you for that, Rachel. And some folks are still a little bit confused about how the lookups work. And I'm really, really new to using them myself. This was some of the wizardry that Ariel had shown me when I needed help. And I was trying to get two sets of attendees from a webinar. There were two different files, two different spread sheets, and I was trying to get email addresses from one to transfer over to the other one. And I was using the attendees' names as their unique identifier. And it was super amazing to me. It was one of those big aha moments that I could transfer data between two different sheets without having to manually plug all that in or copy and paste, copy and paste. So it can do things between sheets, between workbooks, between columns in the same spreadsheet. So it is a really great feature to utilize and I'm still practicing it myself. So I'll probably re-watch this section afterwards. But I'd like to go ahead and go with a couple more questions before we start to wrap up. We had some questions about the right and left formulas that you talked about at the end and whether those can be blended. So can you blend the equals write formula for two separate cells so you could have a first name in the same cell as the first four letters of the last name? I don't know if that makes sense, but can you blend those? Absolutely. So this is usually called concatenate, but you can do this doing the equal and sign. So I'm going to do that quickly here for you. So I'm going to insert a new column and I'm going to show you how to combine information together. So this is, let's say, I want to combine first name, then I want a space, and then I want the first three of the last name. This is going to be a little bit more advanced. I'm going to go slowly, but it is going to answer the last question. So in this cell I'm going to type equals and then I'm going to say, okay, I want it to put all the contents of the first names. We'll type that here. And then I have to think, okay, what else do I want? And I want something else. I put the and sign and I want a space. Anything that you want Excel that's not explicit you have to put in quotations. So I'm going to put a space in quotes. So quote, space, quote. And that's how I'm going to get a space. And now I want the first three letters of the last name. So and I want something else and I'm going to put this and sign. And I'm going to start writing the formula. And here I don't have to put an equals sign again because I already have that at the beginning. So I am going to just start writing my formula. So here I will type left because I want the left part of it. Open parentheses. Which text do I want? I'm going to select last name. And then I ask comma, the number of characters. And I'm going to put three. Ending parentheses, enter. So now I have Aaron, AAB. And I'm going to drop this down and it will happen for every person. I could update this formula. Let's say I wanted to have a comma in here. And so this blank space, I'm going to the toolbar to edit my formula. I'm going between the quotes and I am adding a comma space. So she can enter. And now it is added a comma. I wouldn't want that between the first name and last name but I'm just showing you different functionalities of how this could work. Great. Thank you, Rachel. So I'm going to go ahead and stop sharing right now because we are nearly at time. And I would love it if – let me move forward here in the slides. Go back to the deck itself. I just want to make sure that folks know that if they are looking to upgrade, if you are not currently on Office 2013 or have Excel 2013 that you can access that through our Microsoft software donation program. And we have Office Standard 2013 available that has 7 products including Excel or Office Professional Plus 2013. That includes 10 products so it expands it a bit to offer some of those additional Microsoft Office Suite products. We also have Office for Mac 2011 which is different looking than what we just went through but has many similar features. And you can also access Office 365's donation directly through Microsoft and we help verify that you are an eligible nonprofit to receive that. And Office 365 includes for no cost a cloud version of Excel. However if you want the desktop version as well you either need to pay a per seat per month fee for that or you can request it through TechSoup and our donation program directly and use them both together. So the links on this page are included in the follow-up email that you will receive later today. And I know we didn't get to go through everything the way we had planned but we would love to know if today's webinar helped you increase any of your confidence in any of these areas. And we will like I said try to redo some of this so that you can have the full recording that you can watch that will be better than what we've come up with today with our technical issues. But you will still receive today's recording later this afternoon and I'll try and edit out some of the unhelpful moments where we were dealing with the technical issues. But go ahead and let us know how you're feeling about these areas currently. Like I said if you're on an earlier version of Excel there were a couple of parts that would not necessarily apply to what you're using in particular the Pivot Slicer feature. And the more interactivity with that is a 2013 feature. So if you liked that then I would recommend upgrading. And all of the software donations through TechSoup come with software assurance that allow you to upgrade for no additional cost within two years if Microsoft releases a newer version. So I'm going to go ahead. I know we already covered some questions and there are many in the chat that we don't have time to really get through since we are at the top of our time. But you can also continue asking questions in our databases and software forum. Some additional resources for those of you who are interested in learning more about Excel. We have a couple of articles and webinars so Excel 2013 create professional looking spreadsheets. There are other resources linked from these as well. A webinar we did last year on Excel tips and tricks. I guess that was two years ago now at this point but it was with 2013. We also have a short video Customize Your Toolbar and Keyboard Shortcuts. And one specifically I'm using Excel as a budgeting tool also using 2013. If you're using 2010 these last two resources on the list may have some use for your needs. So definitely check those out. If you would take a moment and let us know in the chat one thing you learned today that you will try to take home and practice or implement for your own organization and that would help us know how we did even with the technical issues. The links are not clickable in the slides right now but they are in the PowerPoint that you would have received earlier and that you will receive again this afternoon. So we will send that back out. We would also like to invite you to join us for upcoming webinars and events. Next week we will be talking about how to get tech donations before the fiscal year end which is coming up on June 30th for many of us. And here at TechSoup many of our donation programs reset as of July 1st. So if you would like to take advantage of the donations you can receive this fiscal year join us to learn more about the programs that rely on that. And then we will be talking about foundations integrating technology into their giving. So that is specifically geared toward foundations. And then we will talk about how to get those Microsoft software donations. So if you are new to that program please join us for that one on the 4th. Then we will have two events that are focused around Office 365. So one that is a real intro to what Office 365 is and one that is going to cover more detail on some of the new additions to the Office 365 suite. Thank you all for joining us today. Thank you Rachel, Arielle for your time as presenters. Thank you for bearing with us with the technical difficulties today. And hopefully we will be able to get you something that will be even more useful for you to take home after the fact. We really appreciate your patience in joining us and hope you will do so again. You can connect with us at TechSoupGlobal, TechSoup.org on Facebook and on Twitter. I would like to also thank the San Francisco Public Library for offering these Excel trainings and for Rachel for helping build that curriculum and for all that she's done to get this information out. And we will continue trying to deliver parts of this to you over time. Lastly, thank you to ReadyTalk, our webinar sponsor that provides the use of this platform so that we can present these webinars to you on a regular basis. Thank you everyone. Hope you have a terrific day. Bye-bye.