Bangalore Trivandrum and our online friends, we can start, we can start with the history questions. First I will do the history part in the main question paper of test 11, rest of the things will be done by Mr. Rajitha and then by Mr. Gautam, Mr. Rajitha will do the sociological part and Mr. Gautam will do the geographical part. Mr. Rajitha and Gautam is going to be connected from Bangalore. They are out of station, they are there in the class, they will connect from Bangalore to here in Chennai. So we go for the history questions. First question, examine how the Mohal paintings reflect the life of royals while the Rajput paintings reflect the life of the people. So it is a 10 mark question. So the introduction, so in the introduction we have to write about the paintings of the Mohals. So the Mohal painting, so the Mohal painting we have to start it when it was started. So it was started with the time actual painting was started during the period of Akbar. So with that period of Akbar the Mohal painting was started. The Mohal painting where, because it is a 10 mark question, we need to give a very small introduction, it is enough here. So it is a blend of the or fusion of the Persian and the indigenous, Persian and the indigenous paintings in India during the medieval period. So that is the need of the introduction. So it is the Mohal where the royal, the Mohal where the royal and yes the Mohal paintings were royal in character because the Mohal paintings were aristocratic in nature, aristocratic it was aristocratic in nature because most of the paintings were reflect and the scenes of the court of the Mohals, the court of the Mohals are the court proceedings of the Mohals. And then most of the Mohal paintings were reflecting the materialistic life, the materialistic, materialistic, materialistic in plunder and pompous, plunder and pompous. And most of the paintings of the Mohals were reflecting the materialistic of the Mohal royal life like hunting, hunting and the lifestyle. So they were exhibiting the royalness and most of the Mohal paintings were considered to be as a, that was the less folk art or alienation of the folk art, there was no any progress of the civilization of the common people. So that is why because of these things the Mohal paintings were considered to be as royal in character and the Rajput paintings were people's character because it was the life of the people, Rajput, the Rajput, they were the life of the people, life of people. Here in the life of the people, the daily activities of the people, the common life of the people of the Rajput states were reflected there in the Rajput paintings, life of the people and it was not materialistic, there are Rajput paintings where the spiritualistic in character because spiritual, because most of the paintings during the, most of the paintings of the Rajputs are explaining or exhibiting the religious tendencies. For example Radha, Krishna, that is a Radha-Krishna painting or the Krishna-Kalt or Radha-Krishna-Kalt. So it was spiritual in character and the Rajput paintings were the fusion of the folk art, fusion of the folk art, folk art and the Rajput paintings were democratic in sense, democratic in sense and the question is about examine, either if you examine here it is fine or if you examine at the end it is fine, if you do here the examine for the Mohal painting then it is fine or if you examine separately for the Rajput at the end it is fine or if you do the examine collectively at the end before conclusion it is also fine. The Mohal paintings where it is not wonder, there is nothing to wonder here in the case of the Mohal paintings of royalness because it was in the initial stage it only confined the court so all the paintings were confined to the courtroom and it exhibit the royalness but it possess the secular tendency but in the case of the Rajput paintings it reflect the life of the people but it was having a religious tendency because the Rajput states were under the Bhakti cult so the Bhakti was there that is why Radha Krishnakal that why most of the thing so it was because of this thing. So in the examine Mohal where court initial stage the Rajput where the Bhaktis or you can take the stand it was because of the decentralization another examine also you can take it was the centralized government so the painting was also centralized within confined to the imperial court in the later part when the Rajputs have came back to their home state when the later period after the 17th and the 18th century when the Rajputs regional states were emerged it was a time for the Rajput states to have a decentralization that is the painting so that was here in the Rajput states that it was because of the decentralization so examine and at the conclusion that it was at the conclusion the Rajput painting you have to give a painting you have to give conclusion for the Royal and the Rajput paintings are generally about the painting anyway anyway the painting was started during the period of the Mohal period but the modern painting was emerged because of the Mohal paintings and came down to the path of the 18th century where it blended with the Europeans and it was in the path of the modern painting conclusion so modern painting modern painting not necessary to confine this one even you can confine here to that generally about the painting in the medieval era so you can confine the conclusion this is our part that is to the substantiating to our question that's all if you want to within the boundary of the question safe conclusion so introduction for the painting Royal Substantiation or you can examine at the end of Royal paintings of the Mohal Rajput painting Substantiation for that and the examine part of the Royal sorry Rajput painting and the conclusion of the painting it is a landmark so we can substantiate like this this is the thing can we go for the next one ok next question both in action and reaction the Christian missionaries became the heralds of modernization of India critically analyzed this is the question ok so the introduction the introduction the introduction is about the Christian missionaries of India the role played by the Christian missionaries you can take the words from the question itself here the Christian missionaries are considered to be as a modern modern herald of the modernization of India they were considered to be as a pioneer in making India into the modern path whatever the thing for our convenience we can take points from the question itself either introduction for or for the conclusion so they were the pioneers they were the pioneers for the modernization of India who brought India into the modern path introduction India into the modern path modern path ok introduction now or you can add a few more words if in case if they asked it in 15 marks question you can add the who brought India into the modern path by means of the 1813 act and then the 1833 act you can bring it in case of it is a 15 mark question so it is a 10 marks question you can limit yourself there with a three line introduction itself then ok then the question is about the critical analysis question is about the critical analysis so critical analysis so in the critical analysis we can separate it into positive critical analysis and then the negative critical analysis ok what are the positive critical analysis of the Christian missionaries yes they were the modernist and they were the people who brought India into the pioneer path the main positive critical analysis of the Christian missionaries they were the persons who were responsible for bringing the social reforms social reforms in blood spectrum social reform they were the people who were crusade crusade for women's women's you can bring it they were against Sati they were the people against for the dowry system they were the people they were the people against the Prada system and they were the they have wage the crusade war against the women's problem and they were the people against the infanticide infanticide that is the thing and they were against the idolatry worship idolatry and positive system and they were the people responsible for criticizing the caste system caste system that it was existed in India in the name of the untouchability they want to remove the in the caste system you bring the untouchability here not the entire caste system they criticize in the caste system they criticize more about the untouchability untouchability and then they did a humanitarian works during the time of the disaster for example for example at the time of the famine humanitarian works humanitarian works and during the time of a draw during the time of the famine during the time of a plague all these did the humanitarian works positive criticism and if you come for the critically analysis so it is a negative critical analysis we need to give and all these done by the Christian missionaries with the motive of the conversion conversion that is converting to the Christianity and as a because of this conversion it evoked a reaction evoked here reaction revocation from the orthodox Hinduism orthodox Hinduism and leaders Hinduism and the leaders for example you can bring it here the Lala Lajpat Roy you can bring it here that is the Thilak Bal Gangadhar Thilak and all these things you can cite as an example that is a value addition part here if you give you of examples here that is a value addition part here and then apart from this there is nothing there and they attacked the entire thing that is a apart from this there is nothing they have did all this thing few of the critical analysis of them and then for the conclusion part the conclusion part what is the conclusion you have to give for this anyhow even though the question is about modernization of India so the conclusion we can give even though they did this thing conversion on all these things the entire social reform in India was because of the Christianity Christian so here in the conclusion whatever the criticism may be and the social reform in India was because of the social reform in India was because of the reaction of the Christian missionaries so they were the people who brought India into the modern path modern path so can bring it bring it like this both positive critical analysis the negative critical analysis and the conclusion if you give any other conclusion than this you can bring this part into the conclusion you can bring this here in the conclusion that is they were the pioneers in bringing India into the modern part and they were the India they were the heralds of the heralds of India in the path of modernization you can bring it here use the question here words here in the conclusion also in case if you not used it in introduction so these are the points positive and negative critical analysis and then the conclusion for that okay next one the League of Nations failed not because of the league but because of the notions of the league nations analyze okay so introduction to the introduction the introduction about the league the introduction about the league the league of nation was started after the world war one it was started in the Paris peace conference conference as to pro as to maintain the global collective security global collective security okay the league of nations and then it was not because of the league not of the league league it was not failed because of the league because the league was an organization there was no faith it was not failed because of as a organization because of as a organization because because you have substantiated to that because it was failed because of the notions of the league of nation league of nations now you have to write for this league was not failed as because of the league it was because of the notions of the league notions means different different perspective of different different nations that's why it was failed notions of the nations and here it is a analysis question so you have to take the analysis for each and every point absenteeism of the member countries absenteeism absenteeism here you have to take analysis for that it was absenteeism because the most powerful nations were absentee in the league for example to say United States of America was not a member there because the US Senate never approved for the membership of the league of nations so because of it it was a failed one because of the different stand because of that use the word in the question because of the notions of the United States United States of America stand and the different different facility for the member states and when when Japan and Italy were invaded into Abyssinia and then in the Manchuria when league criticized league criticized because of the stand they withdraw the membership so withdrawal withdrawal withdrawal absenteeism analysis the part and the second part national interest the national interest the national interest okay every country in the league of nations try to protect their only national interest not for the global interest not for the global perspective or for the not for the global security collective security for example to say France was more concerned for crippling Germany and the encircling Germany France never worked for the collective security of European continent so it was failed there league was not failed here because of the stand that was taken by France to encircle Germany not to give a collective security for the European continent so here France you can take it as an example here in the analysis you are to bring the country for analysis point here as an analysis and here economic sanctions the economic sanction the economic sanction the economic sanction was a armed power rest with the league but when it comes to the execution part in 1920s for example to over Italy and Japan the stand that was taken by Britain and France over the economic sanctions were different because of that if the economic sanction provision itself become powerless in the league because here we have to bring the incident of the the same the that is the Japan and Italy and here balance of power the balance of power the balance of power here the balance of power should be maintained for the global peace but instead of the global peace the Britain and France who ran the league between the war took their own balance of power so they have took the balance of power according to their own convenience so British and France analysis here British and France balance of power equality of states the equality of the member countries the equality of the member countries member countries and you have to bring it here the different notions of course to maintain the equality in the league every country had one vote every country had a equal stand but when there comes a crisis situation certain powerful countries must need a extra inequality to curb to prevent the crisis here you bring it here United Nations organization where the powerful five countries enjoying the creamy veto power so here the union and the veto you bring it here so that is why preventing the crisis situation most of the thing so the league you I write the conclusion here conclusion so it's a 10 mark we can confine it to this few of the points so the league was actually not failed the league was strengthened and it was a powerful one it was not the league organization it was not a failed one because of the different different perspective of the notions of the nation leagues of the nation league of the nations it was a failed one failed one so here notions of the nation notions of the nations so that is analysis so what analysis here simple analysis simple analysis you can bring it any positive or negative it is a extra value addition part you can get extra marks there in case if you critically analysis even though it is not asked in case if you do some of the critical analysis critically one or two points here it's a value addition part no problem if you bring the analysis that is fine good third question the league of nations failed that is about the thing so introduction not the league notions of the nations with analysis part okay we go for the next one what were the causes for wide spread present movements after independence this is one part enumerate some of the person movements of the 20th century so there are two parts in this question okay so the introduction part the introduction part so the present so it is about the the present to movements of the 20th century where the more violent and struggle or the struggle against the state against the state simple enough simple enough here and now what you needed to do here was immediately after independence many percent agitations many percent movements came up because of the problems that were not solved by the British they left as it was so you needed to have a connecting point between that to the post independence so here if you you needed to have you needed to give you a connecting point the British you need to do a small connecting point here the British left India without solving any of the reform land reforms are the land problems what came up during the period and that was continued after the independence that continue where you need to be given here British problems land problems problems continued after independence after independence if you do this connection it is extra extra value addition here otherwise if you skip this area and jump into the problem the answer body is hanging I believe that would be hanging no connectivity there there is one connection there many certain certain questions is like this you need you to connect the earlier part and the present part through a small connection in history many areas is like that where we need to connect one area is land reforms area because land reforms is not not genuinely after independence it was because of the British so in that area you need to have a small connection between the British and then to the post independence like this okay come for that this is the thing causes that is the first part what were the causes the causes so it is a ten more question if you list out the causes it is enough if you take few causes and explain it in two or three two two lines then it is also fine and good that is extra mark so that was the land say the land reforms land reforms failure in the post independence because of that redistribution of land problem the land redistribution of land so here we are speaking only about the land agrarian crisis so it is connecting to the land so I am not going to write anything land land so redistribution of the land and that was the eviction problem eviction in most of the areas the presence were evicted by the landlord that created a lot of agitation in the post independence period the issues of the sharecroppers the sharecroppers the sharecroppers were denied of the sharing the crop that was considered to be a livelihood so they were agitated and that was the that was the non revenue extractions non revenue extractions non revenue extraction means in many of the areas no revenue but the farmers are forced to do some of the work for the landlords that is a non revenue extraction working in the farm and doing some middling activity like this one this created a lot of distress among the peasants they were forced and apart from this connecting to that when they were forced to do that work that was called forced labor forced labor rural indebtedness indebtedness rural indebtedness like this if you list out few of the thing okay or if you explain two two two two lines of these things then it address the first part of the question then we come for the second part and enumerate some of the major peasant movements so they are we are asking you to enumerate only so explain or that if you do in two two lines then it is okay peasant movements that is enumeration enumeration means simply we are going to list out there or explaining in two lines that was a peasant movement that came up after independence that it was the that it was in the case of the B that it was in the case of Thibanga even though it was started before before independence but it continued the problem continued after independence also that was it was related to the land distribution if we explain then it is okay and then Telangana peasant movement the Telangana peasant movement the Telangana peasant movement when there was a famine happened the food become the crisis for the people of the Telangana area so the landlords were hoaded the crops and the grains and there was a block and there was a blocking the entire grains during that in that area so it made the peasants to agitate and they were forced to grab all the grains from that area and police were cracked down and they were and they were heavily forced over them and then the peasant the Telangana peasant movement came to an end and then that was in the 1970 in the in the 1976 it was in the case of the Bihar peasant movement the Bihar peasant movement or we can call it as a Bodh Gaya movement Bodh Gaya movement where in the Bodh Gaya the large acres of the land were brought under the control of one under the kind of Bodh Gaya the Bodh Gaya shrine and the landless people were asking for the land and because of that the landless people were forced to enter into the land of the Bodh Gaya and the Bodh Gaya committee went into the Supreme Court the Supreme Court asked them to separate the land for the landless people that was a Bodh Gaya movement or the Bihar peasant movement Trikakulam Andhra the Trikakulam movement the Trikakulam peasant movement that was for the redistribution of the land that was in the case of the redistribution of the land and after that Naxalbari we know that Naxalbari it is also where the big zamindas have large tract of land the landless people where ask them to give the land for the landless people that leads the agitation between the agitation of the peasants between the zamindas and the peasants which lay into the into the movement that was called Naxalbari movement that was the con and Pabna okay okay sorry sorry Pachyala the Pachyala peasant movement against the illegal extraction of rent against illegal extraction of rent in Punjab in Punjab so if we explain these in few lines then it is okay and normal conclusion I write conclusion here the conclusion the conclusion part the garment field in some conclusion part in some areas the government has successfully come across with this they come across for the problem of the land revenue land revenue problem for passing up of the zamindari abolition like this in few areas till the land problem was still existing because of the no records that was present there was a exact data and the exact record was not present and still it is considered to be as a problem for the India after independence so you can bring the conclusion in real situation some areas problems are some areas till it is present because of the land reform failed so land reform is a failed one so bring it the conclusion here if you want to bring it into a positive tone of the conclusion positive conclusion you can bring it problem still problem is present here and that that's all okay the fourth question okay 11th one 11th one what is Raul attack do you think Raul at Satyagraha was a palpable failure describe how it led to the non-cooperation movement so there are three parts in the question the first part definitely you have to write what is mean by Raul attack it is a 15 mark question so that should be the introduction part of you introduction in the introduction part you have to write it what is Raul attack the Raul attack is nothing but it is called the anarchal revolutionary criminal crime anarchal revolutionary criminal act of 1919 that you have to explain here and it was brought by the British judge Sidney Raul at Sidney Raul at if you write this one it is well otherwise no problem and you have to bring it the provisions of the Raul attack and any one can be arrested without any trial and any it can be arrested without any warrant and they can confined without any trial the cases to be present to only before three supreme sorry three high court judges without any jury like that three provisions if you give it in the introduction for this one paragraph this one paragraph indeed is enough because that collectively says what is Raul attack the Raul attack and the personality who created it and that is the provisions of the Raul attack and it is also called as you write it black act it is also called as black act okay this is the first part second part do you think Raul at Satyagraha was a palpable failure so we are moving for the second part palpable failure so palpable failure is to some extent we can say that it is a palpable failure because the main objective of the Raul at Satyagraha was to repeal the Raul attack not happened so in the first act it was not repealed not repealed here you can say it that is to some extent to some extent under two in the palpable failure to some extent to some extent we are enumerating the point to some extent it was considered to be as a failed because the core objective of the Raul at Satyagraha was to repeal the act but it was not happened so it was considered to be as a palpable failure the main objective of the Satyagraha was to engage in the Satyagraha activity in the form of a non-violence but in many areas where Satyagraha was practiced and in many areas there was a why there was a violent sporadic violence so sporadic violence sporadic violence and it was a palpable failure and the mass have not learned about the Satyagraha the the mass have not learned about the concept of the Satyagraha not learned about Satyagraha concept here you write it the concept not the concept the mass have not learned about the concept of the Satyagraha that's why they don't know what is about the non-violence and Ahimsa on the Satyagraha that's why it was considered to be as a failed because mass have not learned about the was not educated about the Satyagraha Raul at so that's why it was a palpable failure to some extent but coming for the next one we considered to be a palpable failure but the same question palpable failure you are coming across but we cannot say it as a failure because it was the first time the Indian mass come across the non-violence activity non-violence activity and the Raul at Satyagraha gave a national national leader for the entire forthcoming mass movement that was Gandhi as a leader the Gandhi as a leader the mistake that was learned by the mass that was re-corrected and going to be used in the subsequent movement in the case of the non-cooperation movement so it teach the mass about the mass activity or mass movement mass movement so we cannot totally say it as a palpable failure to only some extent it was failure but if you take the entire national movement into a broad spectrum it is in the infant stage so all mistakes were corrected in the subsequent movement so you give a pre-conclusion for this palpable failure itself certain questions we need to give you a pre-conclusion this question is one such questions where we had to give you a pre-conclusion and then come for the next one describe how it lead to non-cooperation movement so that is a third part of your question so lead to what is the keyword here lead to all lead to non-cooperation movement NCM after the black act was paused now we are coming from the introduction after the passing up of the black act Gandhi gave an ultimatum Gandhi gave an ultimatum to the government to repeal the act to the vice-roy but the vice-roy never repealed the act and the government ended the ultimatum and Gandhi launched the Raul at Satyagraha in the name of the national heart all national heart all by the time of the national heart all was there in Punjab the government have arrested two of the Congress leaders that is five within blue and then Satyapal dr. Satyapal so because of this protest there arresting the Congress leaders and other problems present there it leads the Jalian wallabak massacre added to the Jalian wallabak massacre because of the international because of the international international effect or impact where the caliphate was abolished because of the abolition of the caliphate Gandhi cooperated with the Muslims Islam here and he launched the caliphate movement with the continuation of the caliphate movement in 1920 it ended with the non-cooperation movement so that ended with the non-cooperation movement so that is to be connected here so describe how we lead to the non-cooperation movement that is the thing if you end here then if you don't need to say then it is okay but it need to hear because why this is the most important area because 1919 1918 1919 to we are in the sentin to 2019 this area non-cooperation movement Jalian wallabak League of Nations Treaty of Versailles all these are in 1919 you please have a site over that and that is a potential area of asking question from this year that is in the prioritized area anywhere from the first world war or post first world war era questions definitely may be there prioritized area okay so this is about the done conclusion done conclusion so it is a three-part to question it is a three-part to question so it is entirely about the Raulat Satyagraha and connecting to Raulat Satyagraha only so this is a added part here so you can give conclusion for the Raulat Satyagraha here you can bring the pre-conclusion introduction what introduction need to be right for this introduction I the personalities were differed over their ideas the personalities that differed over their ideas for example to say in the national movement the different ideologies and different strategies were followed by different personalities for example to say that it was with a clash between the Gandhi and the Shubhas Chandra Bose and the Gandhi and Ambedkar and less one was to found that most vivid one was between the Gandhi and then the Nehru if you give it in the broad spectrum or generally to the confining to the question it was a clash of personalities of the ideas in the strategy and in the program between the Gandhi and Nehru where had difference of opinion in implementing the strategies and in the programs in the 1930s okay here they are simply asking the difference between the two that is okay the difference difference here both of them okay first we have Nehru here on this side and on the other side we can have Gandhi Gandhi so how these two were differed in their programs and then the strategy first and the foremost one everyone knows that which is come it is very common there in the entire book Nehru Nehru was completely opposing to the idea of Gandhi where the Gandhi and strategy of the national movement was struggle to struggle that is struggling and taking a brief constructive program and then to getting some concessions from the government by means of the constitutional agitation and then by means of the struggling after that so the entire strategy of the Gandhian movement was struggle to struggle but Nehru was completely opposed for this struggle to struggle in the 1930s he thought that struggling and then taking a recuperation they taking a breath and recuperating for another struggle can completely liquidate the moment so there is nothing used in the struggle to struggle we have to directly have the strategy to struggle we need to directly strike the imperialist government so we have to follow the struggle to victory yes we that is the first and the foremost one ideologically both of them were different struggle to struggle and struggle to victory next one Nehru in the 1930s was mostly with the idea of the Marxism and socialistic thought socialistic thought but Gandhi was completely differed with this ideology of Marxism and socialism and he never considered that as an he never he was very silent in have we have he was very silent and he was not sanctioned about this ideology in any of the platform he was very silent or non-approved non-approved or differ over this ideology Gandhi next one here in this Nehru till the time of the 1930s the entire Congress movement were not based only on the class basis not on the entire mass movement even non-cooperation movements civil disobedience movement was over by this time majority of the peasants majority of the workers majority of the laborers were alienated of the mass movement in 1930s he wanted the class who needed to bring to the mass Nehru but Gandhi never considered about this one he was differed with the anti-imperialistic struggle so Gandhi have a different strategy regarding this class struggle next one 1927 Nehru was the leader of the all India state people's Congress he wanted to include the princely states into the movement mass movement in include into the Congress platform that is inclusion of the princely states the princely states but Gandhi never accepted this idea till the end he never accepted the idea of bringing the princely states into the Congress platform or to the agitation that was differed here differed or not approved not approved and then Nehru was a different ideology after the suspension of the civil disobedience movement of the council entry program he was in favor of the council entry program but Gandhi was always against about the council entry program against against and Nehru criticized for suspending the civil disobedience movement Gandhi was Gandhi was justifying for that justification for that so both the Gandhi and Nehru were even though working on the same platform both of them were differed in their ideologies differed in their programs against anti-imperialistic struggle and the strategies in the 1930s not only 19 after 1930s and then the conclusion for that conclusion for that even though even though both of them had differed in their opinion strategy in the opposing the imperialistic British imperialism in all sense but they were always compromising with their ideas for the name for the interest of the Indians that is for the interest of the people nowhere else on the on some on one occasion Gandhi told that his Jawaharlal Nehru was considered to be a successor after him even though there was a difference of opinion while coming to the interest of India they have buried the difference and they have be a people's leaders that was the thing so conclusion you ended with a positive because that is a reality also even though difference of opinion in case whatever it may be maybe Gandhi and Shubhash Chandra Bose both of them have the objective of India to get the freedom Gandhi and Ambedkar differ in their opinion but objective was the same so all these people have differed with Gandhi in different different strategy different different ideologies but all these people's objectives were on same stand so while you ending the question in the conclusion always reflect with a positive tone about taking a positive stand regarding the objective of Indian national movement that is getting freedom for India that is that is a correct one also okay discuss the impact of First World War on European colonies in Asia and Africa explain how the colonial questions were dealt with in the peace treaties okay so the introduction part so the introduction part in the introduction part this is about the colonies after the First World War they are speaking about so here in the introduction part the First World War the first world the first world war brought the colonization to an end in one way not end end in one way and in one way and brought the colonies to the limelight the limelight or national movement there in the colonies anyway colonies national moment limelight one way they are colonization somewhat come to an end like this if you do introduction then it is okay and then they are asking about impact after First World War in Asia and Africa so impact brought spectrum impact if you write it one by one one by one one by one that is also correct or if you write it West Asia Asia and then Southeast Asia and Africa that is also fine that would address you because it is a 15 mark so if you if you segregate it like that in the broad spectrum if you write it then it is okay for example the impact in the impact if you if you subdivided that into West Asia that is as that West Asia in the West Asia what was the impact brought by the First World War over the colonies and here in the West Asia it was the Ottoman Empire which was present this Ottoman Empire was completely abolished and after that in the remains of the from the territories of the Ottoman Empire the British the mandates were created you have to bring that word mandate here the mandate were created this mandate were brought under the control of the British and then the French for example the present Palestinian brought under the British Syria Lebanon brought under the country brought under the French mandate so here they were brought under the mandate of the league and those mandate were brought under the control of the British and the France Ottoman this Asia come for Asia here in the case of the Asia you have India also here Asia here in India after the impact of the First World War you have to write it about the that is about the brawler Satyagraha and then the non-cooperation movement simply political awakening in the form of the national moon more aggressive form of the national movement like the non- cooperation movement three line four line it is enough here and then with the case of China still we are under the division of Asia in China the spread of communism here the communism here because of the spread of communism there was a opposition from the nationalistic government which was ran by Chiang Kai-shek so the coming that there was a complete opposition between the coming to government and the communist revolutionaries so you can simply write it here in China because of the impact of the civil war where communism was spread there because of the communist revolutionaries under Mao Zedong opposing for the Chiang Kai-shek government China underwent into the civil war civil war impact for independence civil war that is communism revolutionary fighting for the independence of China from the foreign influence that is on the foreign powers who kept China under its control ok China next in the case of Korea in the Korea simply right Korea was brought under the control by Japan so the Koreans are fighting against the Japanese so here Japanese against Japanese if you write then it is Japanese so the points so Indochina Indochina against the Vietnam is against French in Burma against British anyway it come not comes under Southeast Asia but in the inside book that they have segregated here only okay that's why I'm going with the Burma here so the Southeast Asia so this is regarding the Asia broadly now we come for Africa Africa it's about Africa in the Africa emergence of national movement impact national movement emergence of the national movement for the have against the imperialistic countries by the respective colonies in African countries and then Pan African Congress Pan African Congress here for a political platform for the African countries to fight against the imperialism they founded the Pan African Congress the Pan African Congress and then to collectively bring under the entire Africa under a cultural movement they have started the negrotide movement a cultural movement for the Africa cultural moments for the Africa entirely not necessary to bring South Africa here West Asia Africa care North Africa here entirely you bring Africa here because if they ask 15 marks about Africa then you bring West Africa North Africa South Africa into a broad spectrum so that is about the first part of the question explain how the colonial questions were deal within the peace treaties so we are moving for the next part of the question third part so colonies and the peace treaties so the colonies here once again you have to bring out the same concept here the colonies under the peace conference are put under the mandate the mandate system where the advanced nations to administer the colonies advanced nation to administer the colonies here the defeated countries colonies were shared sorry not shared defeated countries colonies were brought under the mandate of the respective League nation countries for example for example the Lebanon the France the Palestinian under the British the German colonies the German colonies in Pacific was brought under control of Japan the German colonies and German the German colonies in Africa was brought under the mandate of the British like this they put under the mandate system and you can write it for the mandate system entirely colonies only the question colonies were brought under the mandate system of League of Nations but not collectively only few were brought under the control so you can criticize the mandate system here in the end of the conclusion so it is a conclusion part conclusion so in the conclusion the mandate system is responsible for the second world war because it never ended the colonization and the colonization was continued in another form because the League of Nations which ran the mandate system was run by British and France so the British and France only redistributed the colony among themselves after the war so this mandate system is responsible for another war second world war so the colonization was not entered after the first world war but positive note write it in the ending in a positive note positive tone even though the colonization what not entered but when comparing to the 19th century the colonies have got more awareness ended with more awareness in the form of a national awakening in the path of independence in the path of independence you end with the positive tone to end answers with a positive tone okay so peace treaties the third part and the conclusion okay any doubt here any doubt there in the adaiya any doubt with the adaiya people yes no doubt thank you thank you Bangalore Bangalore people any doubt no Kiran okay okay Kiran thank you 200 people any doubt with the Trivandrum people no if you don't have any doubt please raise raise your hand okay thank you any online people having any doubt okay thank you thank you very much I know that you are hearing me alright thank you so we'll start with the sixth question what is herd mentality and how does it impact Indian culture and society the 10 mark question two parts first is something like a definitional part maybe you could have one or two sentences about it and then you could straight away go on to the impact part coming to the first part herd mentality so which means the mentality of an individual to follow the rest of the members of the group or to imitate the lifestyle or imitate the ways and mannerisms of another set of people and going with a crowd that is what so we can also call it as crowd mentality or mob mentality and the reason why this has come into the picture is because of the increasing number of instances of mob violence that we are witnessing in the country and they have a tendency to pick up a technical question from there so you could have your own definitions and give some alternate words for the same coming to the second part how does it impact the Indian culture and the society there are multiple ways to structure this particular question either you could go with say the socio-cultural political economic like that part or you could broad-based it based on generally Indian culture and Indian people and their mentality so because it's a general studies question if you take it that way you can write a lot more points so either way of structuring it is good or you could have a third structure wherein you take a point and you say positives and you say negatives and then you start giving examples for that right so I would want to write this particular question in a style wherein everything is getting included try to take the dimensions from the socio-cultural part political part etc and have an analysis which is like going to be positives and negatives and give illustrations so in that way I'll combine many things and I'll at least be able to have 8 to 10 points to write for a 10 mark question so we could go with few things first one is say beliefs of the people beliefs of the people similar to the beliefs of the other people in the crowd which means like people can get swayed in any particular direction for example the spread of fake views next it's values small things can become big big things can become small and there could be changes in the values of the people and so what we can see is mob violence you could see protest culture coming up anti-institutional culture coming up all these things we could cite it as a crowd mentality or as a mob mentality so this is showing an indicator of the changes in the values next choices for education we could see that there is a herd mentality towards that at one point of time we could see that the South Indian trend of shifting towards professional courses and the North Indian trend towards shifting towards arts and humanities courses I take up a course because everybody takes up a particular course not because I want to take up that course so we could see this in patterns of education choices of people marital choices marital patterns so we could talk about how choosing a particular bride or a groom from within a caste or within a religion or within a language caste consciousness religious consciousness of the people and the counter to that what we could see is leading to honor killings or shame killings this could be cited as an example you could also cite another example of how community based matrimonial sites have become very famous because everybody follows it so at one point people will just go into a jyotishi and going and finding out the matching today all these things have come online so there is a mentality towards shifting towards that then the trends in nuclear family so once we could see that a family is having two children you could see many families having that kind of a culture coming to a one child many families coming to that kind of a culture getting whatever the children need and ensuring that kind of choices of the children are paid he too that could be seen and one part so all this we could say in the socio-cultural part next is we could talk about voting patterns there is a herd mentality in that so now I can shift to politics I could talk about voting patterns and when voting patterns have a herd mentality we could see multiple things one we could see a vote mobilization happening we could also see a vote fragmentation happening it could be it could happen in any direction then in economics I could think about consumerism for example brand craziness of people certain brands they become very popular everybody wants to own a bad brand you could extended to technology as well certain kind of gadgets becoming very popular certain kind of cars becoming very popular owning luxury goods becoming very popular so everybody needs to have it if you don't have it it's like as if there is no status for you in the society so there's a herd mentality like that then you could discuss about food and mentality in that like shifting towards a fast food culture so if you don't know to talk about it you'll be left out sports and a herd mentality in that so whether you are interested in a sport or not when a group follows a particular sport if you don't follow you have nothing to talk to them talk to the rest of the people so invariably a person starts following a particular sport so that could be another thing religion and religious discourses is another aspect that you could discuss and this on one end could impact religious tourism for example you could talk about at the varadar you could discuss about so there is this temple in Kanchipuram which became very famous because the president visited that particular place all of a sudden there was like everybody visiting this particular place you could see this in Amarna we could see this in Hajj pilgrimage we could see this in various aspects so you could talk about that as well okay so we have at least from every dimension we can pick a point and we could talk about how herd mentality has impacted this side as well as that side you could balance it out and write alright so in such kind of questions a herd mentality then it is irrational herd mentality with the rationality with an individuality it is a person's choice but when there is no rationality in it a person has to reconsider like that may be some kind of conclusion you could give with rationality okay so now we will go to the next question is it argued that far from being antithetical to democracy caste has had an essential part to play in the advancement of democracy in India substantiate your view this is very typical to the last year's question pattern wherein they give us a sentence in quotation and then they ask us a view regarding that so in such kind of questions there is an expectation that the first paragraph of your answer should give some explanation to the statement that they have given and then we go and present our view and have points to side whichever view we are going to take so let's first understand the question far from being antithetical that means opposite to democracy caste has paid an essential part in advancement of democracy so everybody thought that caste is going to pull democracy down but we do see that some people are arguing that caste has in fact helped democracy go to a different level altogether so that's the explanation now about our view you can go with your view against the question you can go with your view with the question you can take a balanced view as well and you can say that certain instances we do see it is hindering democracy certain instances it is emboldening democracy you could go with three kinds of answers for this question whatever be your answer I think you could have a basic set of points with which you can make your arguments your arguments or your view can be your own but some points in this direction so one aspect is social advancement of people with the concept of productive discrimination or reservation caste has played a role in that second is electoral constituencies getting delineated on the basis of caste so equal political representation you want to march towards equality as a dimension of democracy so basic dimensions of democracy you want to give equality you want to pay heed to liberty you want to talk about the spirit of brotherhood these are the things that we want to cover in this answer and we are telling that caste positive or negative you can write your answer based on these points okay so one is reservation second is electoral delineation third is caste-based census 1931 and later on in 2011 it has helped us to identify the vulnerable groups and identification of a vulnerable group can help to do inclusion so can help us to make targeted policies towards a particular group so that can be there then we could see caste-based movements happening some anti-caste movements happening in India some caste consolidation movements happening in India you could see various examples so you could talk about the self-respect movement you could discuss about the Mahar movement you could also discuss about movements like the current Jad Patel Gujar movements as well so you could take examples from different time points in history and you could make your point then caste correlating with class so caste and class joining together in say the OBC creamy layer and say the EWS categorization which we have done and so here we can find that caste is getting strengthened because it is joining with another institution or it is joining with class right next another dimension which we can say is caste is an accepted way of social life to think about an Indian life without caste is very difficult because caste has not stayed within Hinduism caste has spilt over to every other Indian religion as well so keeping these four to five basic points you can base your argument that caste has pulled democracy down or caste has taken democracy forward you could have your own arguments okay a good place I keep a point pulled it down here pushed it up here like this and then you could you could have a view on it is it alright okay and because it's a question we dealing with democracy with each point that you write you correlated with help to achieve equality caste based movements you can correlate it with liberty or the freedom or the expression of the people then you could discuss about the spirit of brotherhood there in caste based mobilization is happening right come people coming together and making their choices in movements especially that could also be cited any system will have both pros and cons so caste system it is a part of social life you try to say about what are the positives and what are the negatives right and a good way to write this answer could also be like starting with a Gandhian and Ambedkarian approach and then coming to your argument or ending with say a constitutional approach like that also you're starting an ending part of the answer you could tweak it and take your own view alright so in my opinion I would end this kind of an answer by saying that caste as a system might have strengthened but casteism or the caste based evils are pulling Indian democracy down this could be one of the ways in which you discuss so here untouchability all that points and all you can integrate and bring in some basic things have it in your answer next we could go to question number 18 the pattern of historical development has been different for the scheduled caste and scheduled tribes with the latter never been an integrated the integral part of the mainstream society and so they want to tell us that if the schedule caste and schedule tribes all throughout Indian history they have been treated in a very different way but today when I see the schedule tribes are very much behind schedule caste and they're asking us to tell why what are the reasons for it and how it is so we could base our answer with initially an explanation for the historical development a good way to write this answer is you can start with the Varna system and then you can come on to the Simon Commission and discuss about how the Simon Commission initially spoke about the schedule category and post Simon Commission you could come on to say discussion with the constitutional provisions and later you could come up to Mandel so I think four points you could have in your introductory paragraph where in you tell the historical development of how this categorization of schedule caste and schedule tribes come up okay and then you can go on to your basic points of the answer so how do you how do you what are the points that you are going to keep in mind so they have not asked your opinion they have themselves stated that the STs are behind SC so there is no point in writing it like a comment question some basic idea that you need to have us again you can go think in various ways you talk about the social aspect economic political like this you can think and technological aspect so in social aspect you could talk about your educational opportunities available then you could talk about mainstream aspects like literacy and dimensions of literacy literacy being very low in the STs you can talk about health and nutrition of the schedule tribes being very much poor you could talk about tribal poverty then you could talk about jobs done by the people helping to get more income when you compare SCs and STs then STs are remotely located so joining them with policies has been a very difficult one in most of the time then you could bring in the dimension of technology left behind by technology because not able to pick up or adjust with the changes in technology you could talk about agriculture or cropping patterns and how it has helped the SCs when compared to the STs then you could also talk about the leaders available in the schedule cast they were pioneers they were visionaries they were able to bring up the schedule cast much forward then compared to the schedule tribes schedule tribes empowerment happened in the only in the cases wherein jargon movement had happened and later on you can see creation of shut this gut but schedule cast on the other hand right from the social releases before movements itself it has helped them to come to a better position so with these basic points you could tell then you can come to political side political representation side if you consider a non-reserved seat given to a particular person to contest in the election we could see that only 1% of the seats are being get being availed or being given to the schedule category people and in the schedule category people itself if you compare how many SCs and how many STs are able to get the open seats given to the general people you can see that SCs are only getting that one person seat and ST person is hardly getting a seat that means that much of elitism is there in the schedule cast when compared to the schedule tribes even in a general electoral seat a non-reserved electoral seat so that is another so more number of political representatives are comparatively there so there is more of voice and so we could see that there is a betterment opportunity as well fine then you can say to target this there was there was this consideration of identifying the vulnerable groups so we have identified the PPG's now we have identified the PVPG's and you end your answer with to counter these things of backwardness there is a there is a current strategy so end it with a current in health nourishment and all you should be talking MMR, IMR all those things communicable diseases non-communicable I've just given you the overall areas which all you should be covering each and everything points you have to take and you have to write it with examples as well okay next question religions are inherently patriarchal examine the influence of religion on patriarchy in India so it's a very tricky question to write because it gets narrow then they ask us the influence of religion on a society it's easy to write but then they ask us to combine two dimensions and then give an answer it is a little tough to think and write the answers but then once you start thinking you can easily generate with a lot of examples so the idea of taking this question was previously they have asked a question the impact of patriarchy on middle-class working women in India they've gone to a very specific area of asking question recently there is an expectation that they might get to specific questions in general studies paper one and so this question has been picked so that you're able to answer or handle specific questions okay what is the context of asking this question here is would have very recently even yesterday in the paper you'd have read about how some nuns who had alleged that they were sexually assaulted they were banished come down they were asked to come out right so we could see that every religion is having some element of patriarchy and we are going to examine that alright so what are all the ways in which you're going to write this answer most of the religions they are emphasizing patriarchy is one perspective some religions trying to change to counter patriarchy is another perspective and judiciary and constitution trying to give equality is another perspective so there are three basic areas of thinking to handle this particular 15-mark question otherwise we will not get points you write a 15-mark question okay so what should be the areas religion influencing personal laws so religious personal laws would be one basic part then we can say religion is influencing patriarchy so here there are going to be three basic areas one is going to be inheritance the property sharing the second inheritance though it has become equal we could still see that the patriarchal dimension is existing in the form of gifting or in the form of dowry and religions are sanctioning that fine counter to this you could say Islam which is talking about an aspect called Mahir or a bride price so there we can see that there is a counter in dowry in the Islamic Dover concept or bride price concept but then is it being followed in a large way or not is the larger question to handle next is marriage personal laws associated with marriage here again we can see across all religions we could only recently see that the trend of adultery in divorce the provision of adultery in divorce this has become a little gender neutral but initially we could see that who could put a case against who for adultery as a provision to take a divorce from a marriage that was inherently patriarchal and constitutional intervention or judicial intervention or legal intervention and trying to overcome it religion salvation son preference okay so you need a son to give you moksha which is an inherent concept which is associated in a very vague way no in many cases it's an open way of why there are a large case of female fetusite or whether there is a very poor child sex ratio in India so you could talk about salvation and religion so religion religious followers thinking behind salvation and this is existing in almost all religions next in marriage itself marital rape and the discussions on marital rape which is not going on in a further dimension at all it shows the heavy influence of religion in this okay because we could see that the dimension of patriarchy is getting correlated with this then the next aspect is you could talk about temples you could talk about pollution you could talk about menstruation and why such a thing is there most of the religions follow religious textbooks and religious textbooks have been authored by men women had very poor literacy so there is no exposure to writing or there's no exposure to reading so things have been traditionally followed without any question so most of the religions there the books are written by the men we hardly know about any woman priest in any temple or mosque or church so one or two Maulavis one or two priests they might come up so we hear about a large number of God women we don't see women priests in any temple that's not a larger case so there again there is an influence of religion in a job taken by a person today we have come up that any caste person who is having that skill can become a priest next it should it should perhaps go on to dimensions of gender equality that would be the future of this particular concept then the aspect of sexuality and the aspect of chastity or virginity associated with the men and religion sanctifying it religion giving an approval for most of it then religion children abortions family planning there would be a very big chain of events all right so with these basic points you could you could write I mean current affairs I think you should be talking one was we should talk about the nun to movement and you and TOO movement like me to there is a nun to there in the nuns have started coming out please take in points from all regions and right in concluding these kind of questions you could say though there is an inherent patriarchy one can see that the counter to this patriarchy is happening with the legal dimension or with increasing literacy or with increasing exposure and you tell that there is more of movement towards equality or there is more of a movement towards neutrality like that you could say okay last question in society the trends and patterns of urbanization in India are more exclusionary than inclusionary argue your stand in the same with suitable illustration so there is a need to cite examples for every point that you're going to suggest there are two parts to this question one is there is a part called trend and pattern and second part is there is a stand so I can't take a stand seeing that it is inclusionary today I can't take a stand like that or I can take a stand with the flow of the question itself fine so let's start with an explanation of the first part trend and pattern of urbanization so what are the trends one we could see a trend of over urbanization two we could see a trend of sub urbanization three we could see a trend of rapid urbanization we could see a trend of top heavy urbanization and five we could see a trend of bottom heavy urbanization okay six we could see a trend of sprawling So, for each of these things, over urbanization trend, sub urbanization trend, rapid urbanization trend, for each of these things you should give illustration, so over urbanization trend and sub urbanization trend, for this you could site any city, so you take various cities one North India, one Central India, one South India, one East India, one West India, like this you take one example for each of the point that you are going to write, then you can give the illustration, okay. Now in this top heavy urbanization means the rise of population in metropolitan and megalopolitan areas of India, so better you go with the examples of Mumbai or Kolkata, like that you could go and with bottom heavy urbanization that means more and more towns are getting added. So, every census more towns are getting added, so number of towns are more and population of cities are more than the population of the towns, so one is in terms of number, second is in terms of population, number of towns are more than the number of cities that we have in India, but the population of the cities and the populations of the metro cities, they are greater than all together put the population of all the towns of India. So, population wise cities are more, number wise towns are more, so we are having some six trends, sprawling means the population increase, okay. Now when I am writing this, you need to take the data from the census and you could put it or you could go with illustrations, now what are all the things that these are the trends, now for exclusion and inclusion part, how are you going to tell? So if I am going to tell that there is an exclusion, what why is there an exclusion, you could see that certain governmental initiatives are there, there in new districts are being created, new states are being created and so new towns will automatically get created, in other parts they might not be such a case. Then renaming or considering certain new towns or new cities under the Hrida screen or under the smart cities initiative, so certain new cities can get functional, so in that way some cities will go ahead when compared to the other cities. Third is, exclusion can happen when there is a difference in policy at the central level and the state level, so the state and central politics involved, then there could be an exclusion based on the population of the urban areas, so when the population sizes is automatically bigger, we could see that some people are invariably getting pushed into slums, so there is going to be poverty coming and so people can get excluded there. Then see that certain initiatives would be taken to start educational hubs and those educational hubs would become the new towns or the new cities, so the other parts would automatically get left behind because they are having this attraction to bring the people to study in those places. Then we could see new industrial initiatives taken with credit facilities available or we say some contracts or agreements being signed, with these things also we could see that some new economic growth happening and industrialization happening and urbanization happening and other parts which do not have that industries, they might get left out, then resource availability and that could lead to a pattern of urbanization, it could be human resources, it could be even other resources, other resources leading to industrialization, leading to urbanization, other parts they do not have that and so they are getting excluded, so based on economics, based on geography, based on quality, based on culture of poverty, based on population, we can take in some points and we could see and we could also see a trend of religious trend, so religious towns and religious cities, when they get a prominence with the change in governments, there could be some pattern of urbanization coming because of that, so once some town becomes popular or some place of worship becomes very popular, there could be some settlements happening around it and that itself can have some economy, then that is not there in another place, that place can get excluded, okay, so initiators are being taken to include, however the trend of exclusion is more than inclusion and you kind of call this as an urban-urban divide or you can even call it by another name like town, city divide or urban-urban divide, already there is a rural urban divide and we are trying to bridge it and such patterns of exclusion are leading to more of a divide between one urban area and another urban area, a city and town is not the same, one city and another city is not the same, one metro and one city is not the same, for example now you could start giving each things one example, metro of Kochi compared with metro of Chennai, compared with metro of Hyderabad, compared with metro of Delhi, Delhi more number of metro users we could see, then you could see that least number of metro users as it comes to, so irrespective of the time in which we have launched, we could see that multiplicity of modes of transport, right and the cost factor, all these things are varying, right, so we could see that though the trend of urbanization is there, there could be certain other kinds of exclusion happening in say infrastructural growth, so that could be one thing, then you could talk about heritage cities like Jaipur recently getting, you could cite an example from Jaipur as well, so for illustrations you take one Delhi example, talk about Noida, Ghaziabad and all that, you take one Calcutta example, talk about the neighboring places, you talk about one Chennai example or a Bangalore example, you talk about one example from the western part of India, like this you take up examples and then you can talk, you have any questions? I believe Vananakar is connected, right, so I believe compared to history and society geography was sympathetic to you, hopefully, okay, so the question we needed to start with is, question number five I guess, explain the acidification of the atmosphere and the hydrosphere, yeah, so I think of all the ten questions for this question it was surely technical, like without it you would not be able to answer it, see kindly note it is an explained question, explained question, now since they've talked about explanation or only need to explain it, like few words on impacts, few words and consequences you can add, there are no restrictions, but primary part is if you've explained it you get maximum marks, again you're talking about two parameters, acidification of atmosphere, so you're primarily talking about a consequence acid ring and we talk about acidification of hydrosphere again, ocean acidification is a major part, so we'll talk about the structure of the answer here, so these two sections how to address it, so as the introduction you're asked to explain what exactly do you mean by acidification, now since the term acidification is involved you're expected to say what exactly is pH, so you're locating about what the number of hydrogen ions in a specific particular area, so depending upon more number of hydrogen ions being there it is classified as a more acidic environment, now since you're talking about acidification of atmosphere and hydrosphere both will have different domains or different parameters, if you take acid rain you can start with atmosphere or hydrosphere, you can't go for a unified explanation, introduction simply say that pH value is less than 7 it is neutral, then let's take atmospheric section, so under atmospheric section you can try to understand what exactly it is, so common to both of them is your carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas emissions, specific to acid rain is apart from carbon dioxide talk about sulphur dioxide emissions, the large number of sulphur dioxide industrial emissions is going to contribute to aerosol formation in clouds, so when these compounds react with presence of water the pH value is going to be low, so if you take acid rain the general pH value is 4.0, so any value which is any water which is actually having 4.0 is closer to be acid rain and talk about locality where acid rain is actually happening you're primarily focused on industrial centers, so very specific to industrial areas you can quote northeastern part of the United States or western part of Europe or you can take parts of China the entire eastern coast of China and say that it is a localized phenomenon, so this areas if you're able to hit that itself will be enough, if you want to talk about consequences like to elaborate the area, talk about consequences on plants, animals and human infrastructure, you can talk about corrosion of cement, corrosion of the autobes, what will happen to human beings if human beings are actually getting impacted by acid rain, skin lesions, you can talk about plants and you know animals access is not possible in urban areas, plants you can definitely mention because already urban areas are very very low green cover and if it acid rain is going to be there in large numbers it is going to cut out their leaves and affect the entire ecology of urban systems. Now talk about ocean acidification, if you simply contrast with the atmosphere it will definitely be simpler, acid rain or the acidification of atmosphere is pretty localized or impacts at least you can see only localized, but ocean acidification you're talking about entire carbon dioxide emissions majorly compared to other gases, second ocean acidification you're talking about the global ocean surface, you're not talking about a localized area where acidic areas is more, there might be lakes but you're not talking about lakes and only you're talking about oceans and general, so when you talk about hydrosphere mention that oceans generally have an acidic pH value or basic pH value generally, so it is above 7, why it is above 7 because large amount of salinity content, so since more salinity content the global average of pH is 8.25, now since this is a technical question I need to mention values, okay, so 8.25 if you look at globally last two of years it has come down by 0.10, so 0.15 that's a global change when you talk about hydrosphere the global change, now talk about the explanation for it, you can mention carbon dioxide being getting dissolved in ocean waters and since carbon dioxide is getting dissolved in ocean waters there is going to be large amount of carbonic acid, chemical formulas need not write at all I'm just writing it on board, so if there is going to be more formation of carbonic acid this word acid is important, what is going to happen to your pH? pH is going to decline that's why it's moving from 8.25 to 8.15, so if there is going to be more acidic environment your marine organisms are going to be affected especially the organisms which secrete calcidious cells because all these calcidious cells will be dissolved in a low pH environment and your calcite compensation depth begins to increase, so those terms you were able to mention well and good, the point is since it is hydrosphere if you want to mention specific lakes and rivers you can take Yamunov for example or you can take a place like you can take Rhine itself the specific locations you'd like to mention you are welcome to mention the point is if you addressed atmosphere especially acid rain and say that that's a local phenomenon this is a global phenomenon and global ocean acidification if you are dressed then it's more than enough okay so it's a proper explanation question where more diversification is not possible so it's pretty much restricted now we'll go to eight question what are heat waves and then explain the consequences yeah yes impact of temperature mean high temperature okay okay you're talking about thermal and circulation you've always mentioned that's okay if you want to go till that level you find optional then it's fine geo optional students will definitely remember thermal circulation ocean deposits the points made is for others like can we talk about thermal and circulation can we talk about ocean deposits being completely damaged because of ocean definition you're welcome to mention there should be no inhibition and writing optional points in GS no problem only get going in going at plus marks others no problem political science optionally better in GS 2 economic softness cold better in GS 3 it varies between options you're welcome to do that no problem the focus on GS right now what are heat waves explain consequences so this was a news recently you know France experience a heat wave that's what this particular thing was put see kindly note first you talk about what are heat waves question start with the definition of heat waves and explain the areas where heat waves are mostly applicable you've taken these two parts in your introduction is fine so talk about heat waves there is no proper definition of heat waves what are expected to write or understand this generally if in an area in an any in any area if the surface temperature is greater than 5 degrees Celsius above average fine and that condition is going to persist for at least one week or more than few weeks it is called as a heat wave any area in which the average temperature is more than 5 degrees Celsius and that is going to persist for a week or more than 5 weeks or more or few weeks in any area average temperature greater than 5 degrees Celsius it's going to persist for a week or more than that it is called as a heat wave fine now talking about the areas which are prone to heat waves this should be this should be simpler areas from these heat waves don't make it very complicated coastal area continental area which experience more it is continental area so you can draw parts of the world and mention areas which are continental especially Russia fine you can take places in you know interior parts of Canada also because they're rarely you know those regions which are mostly accustomed to snow due to global climate change they are more susceptible to heat waves so continental compared to coastal area so within India you can quote examples here which one Telangana how many years back two years back last last year three years back only you can also go to Telangana for continentality coming to the next part in terms of latitude tropical areas are more prone or temperate areas more from think carefully it is a temperate regions reason is tropical regions always experience high temperature so if there is already high temperature increasing above you know extremely high temperatures very less that's why temperate regions are more from that's why we talked about France even though France most parts of France of coastal region so these two points you can mention like where exactly heat waves is prone no technicality are very simple continental versus coastal second points temperate is more compared to tropical temperate is more compared to tropical okay now coming to consequences so talking about consequences you are given a freeway because it does not say explain the consequence of heat waves on humans it simply says heat waves so first part we'll talk about regions as such you can take grassland regions or agricultural regions drought is a major classification major consequence sorry major consequence large area droughts you take France again talking about the entire region ice melting or glacial melting these are general points so because of glacial melting what is going to happen yeah again greenhouse gases will be emitting all the methane which is trapped here is going to be emitted and that is going to create large amount of problems now we'll come to plants and animals and so within an urban environment and rural environment which is going to experience more heat rare chances urban environment why because yeah because it's a heat island effects you the heat island effect urban areas so when it comes to urban areas fauna and urban areas will be affected you can mention birds because it's very very difficult to find water sources in an urban area so especially flora and fauna and urban areas are affected more you the heat island effects flora and fauna specific to urban ecology coming to individuals you can talk about heat strokes each strokes we can talk about loss of human productivity loss of human productivity okay and you can also talk about grassland ecosystem because in grassland ecosystem if there is going to be considerable increase in temperature forest fires very simple point so ecosystem three points one is droughts second is ice or glacial melting then forest then forest fires when it comes to plants and animals one point urban ecology human beings you can talk about heat strokes decline in productivity so comprehensive you want to add points more than this it'll be enough just talking about diversity where all you can think okay next one what are the areas of India which are more prone hazardous to low pressure systems you're talking about your cyclone hazard map that's the entire thing and provide reasons for the same so two parts of the question first part you're asked to explain which particular regions that if you're able to get it you should be comfortable what are the regions in India definitely coastal regions coastal regions have a high amount of hazardous cyclones second is parts of Saurashtra and your Kativa Peninsula okay next part is your north eastern India and surprisingly parts of Gansidic plain and eastern part of Jamun Kashmir so these are the areas which are more prone to cyclones now give me reasons for these first reason cyclone tropical cyclones primarily occur over water bodies and since they are primarily occurring over water bodies since they require large amount of moisture heat and latin heat coastal areas are more prone to cyclones and hazards compared to areas which are interior that can be a very very simple point now talk about region in north eastern region and your Gansidic plains you can talk about terrain the reason why in spite of the fact that quite far away from the coastal area even though the experience more risk is because of terrain reason north eastern India is more mountainous so there is going to be more a low pressure system it can trigger large amount of landslides and make the impact very very higher you take your Gansidic plains Gansidic plains has large number of meandering rivers and one of the important irrigation water forming Gansidic plains what irrigation you Gansidic plains canal irrigation okay so low pressure systems can increase the risk in these regions because of terrain and topography fine tell me about Ladakh and parts of Rajasthan while Ladakh and Rajasthan would come here in the cyclone high risk zone Ladakh is there and parts of Rajasthan also what could be the reason western disturbance now we are getting it see kindly note if you take western disturbance that's why it is mentioned low pressure systems not this tropical cyclones because of western disturbances parts of Rajasthan and Alak are prone to cyclones that's one area where you could miss so if you only think about tropical cyclones you can miss a point always mention low pressure systems so quick question western disturbance are going to be higher info or low rainfall systems compared to tropical cyclone low rainfall in spite of that while Ladakh and Rajasthan high risk in spite of that think about Ladakh and Rajasthan you'll get idea are they dry regions or wet regions dry regions now you tell me the answer see thing is dry regions do not have proper wetland ecosystems that is if there is going to be more availability of water they do not have proper channels how they can distribute water wetland ecosystems always have some channel dry land do not know how to handle water if you look at soil percolation capacity or areas in which water is going to be redirected it is not much at all that is the primary reason why dry land regions are more prone to flash floods if there's going to be increase in rainfall okay it's okay if you want to give a very bad example I'll give you one it's more like a chain smoker was the person who's working for the first time a chain smoker would be very comfortable with a cigarette but the person who smokes for the first time is going to be very very difficult against most king causes cancer it's injuries to health okay just to give you an example between dry land and wetland ecosystems moving to the next part what are the areas of okay that we've seen 9 question number 10 question number 10 explain why water we examine why waterways in India unable to manipulate the European counterparts so India versus Europe when it comes to waterways you can write your standard reasons only thing expected is when you quoted simply quote examples from Europe like this is very successful and India this is very known start from climate of India start from physical geography then go to human geography to start with this when you take India rainfall is concentrated only on three months of the year so only three to four months of the year and only then you receive large amount of rainfall which means your waterway cannot be used for trade and transport throughout the year basic gold climates some right simple reasons first is this temporal distribution of rainfall which means your waterways cannot operate throughout the year then talk about spatial distribution spatial distribution you can talk about two parameters within it that is you can talk about the divide between north and south you take boy no waterways in north India they receive more rain waterways in south India is going to receive less rain rivers so that is going to affect the functioning of waterways throughout second parts within a river basin there is variation you can take the example of Ganga River basin Ganga River basin lower gasitic plane is going to receive large amount of water that is not going to be there in the upper gasitic plane if there is going to be variation in water level it is difficult to operate waterways the three points within this first is temporal factor reception of rainfall second is spatial factor reception of rainfall between north and south northern rivers southern rivers within northern rivers there is going to be variation within the same river basin the kindly notes we are talking about climate so in all of your statements what is expected is you make this link with the river system to waterway a sins rainfall is not there a sins water is not available all the time it is not able to waterways in India but you take European region western part of Europe what climate are we experiencing yeah Mediterranean climate in southern way you find British climate northern parts of France so British climate most important characteristic of chemo graphics you find rainfall throughout the year okay so since there is consistent rainfall throughout the year you'll be able to able to operate your waterways without any problem same parameter okay now let's come to complexity in terrain so when you talk about terrain India's terrain is more and more complex when you take about European region because you can quote this particular link itself Kenan Betwa even though Kenan Betwa is a very important river interlinking project in which is in India for water linking Kenan Betwa does not have the same sloping pattern throughout the journey meaning when the river is actually interlinks there are areas in which water is naturally flowing from a higher level to lower level that there are sections in which water will need to be pumped up to go from areas of surplus areas of deficit that is a problem in India that is not the case with most rivers in Europe you got the difference I guess which means your waterway cannot be operated the during interlinking of rivers there is complexity in slope during interlinking of rivers complexity in slope that's not the case with Europe and most important points comes from this solid waste management one of the major reasons why Indian waterways are not successful is large number of sewage is getting dumped into our waterways example Emuna mention Yamuna River contrast Yamuna River with Thames River Thames in London contrast those things so even though Thames used to have those problems now it is completely rectified but Yamuna still the problem is there since this is a GS1 paper bring in history parameter also see historically Europeans waterways have always been maintained example Ryan waterway Ryan has remained a very important waterway throughout European history that if you look at countries like these Belgium especially Netherlands and Luxembourg entire infrastructure of all the cities which you find there all the minor towns will be structured based on waterways so large number of booths will be coming through these waterways and if look at the house construction everything is modified based on that so historically there is more importance to conservation of waterways in Europe but that is not found in India okay because India was under different administration then different history different kingdoms historically and hence you do not find this problem okay and talk about last point you can mention this factor even though it is not geography you can always add this because four points you write geography history one point you add finance the person is not going to care we can insert it you can talk about finance right now they were able to they were able to convert Thames from the great sting to a proper waterway only because of investment and India's already a developing nation which has other needs so right now it cannot pool so much money into waterways we can finish with that so 10 months I think this should be more than enough along the diagrams most should should be more than enough okay yeah what are the states that we can mention it quality should be comfortable again you can mention no issues after writing GS1 points add those no problem we can talk about coordination between states that also can be mentioned the question 14 very important current of his right creation of union territory in India as an expression of India's geography problem was it says India's geography so can't mention history of society points justify question so it is right they start with the simpler ones you can take the man and the you and then the other another have these two things it is simply surface area the surface area of these two union territories is extremely less hence they do not have enough economic clouds for financing themselves service areas very less cumulatively they form approximately only 500 square kilometers you want the actual date to take both of them together only 500 square kilometers that is the reason so then a comfortable one which you can always mention see this particular answers Austin 15 marks the only way the answer will work is only if you use this in your paper after mentioning what exactly is union territory in India have a tabulation for Daman and you put in the map locate the these are very important locations then you again you put your Indian Arabian Peninsula and say the Lakshadib is located here and the man is located here these two are strategic locations put one more map say that if you take Pondicherry Pondicherry is located here it is located in Andhra Pradesh is located in Kerala so multiple territory hence need to be union territory that's the only way you can expand this answer fine use the same thing for Ladakh also Ladakh is a cold deserts fine so the only way you can expand this answer is using maps and because reasons are very less so Lakshadib and the Manikabar Island same story it is located in Indian Ocean region and the Manikabar Islands is very much close to Malacca straight which is a very very important strategic place it should not be given to state government for control to take Lakshadib apart from being a very important strategic location India should focus more on environmental conservation and Lakshadib has large amount of atolls you can write with no harm in that India government is focused on conservation talk about Pondicherry just make sure you give different colors just say that Puducherry is here Mahi is here and Karekal Karekal is somewhere Yanum is somewhere since it is dispersed it was under the control of French it was dispersed in three different locations so three different locations if not be advisable to give a state government and monitor yeah that's the only issue that's why I'm speaking only about geography as you have more points pure rights your rights yeah just to be allowed to justify it's a common question you should be very comfortable that's why that's what makes this question very difficult well should be cake for its Lakshmikan paper ring fourth chapter fifth chapter he himself would have given reasons now we're inventing reasons that's why so French you can say that it was under French control location of three different territories and then this cannot be under one single government hence it is brought in a union territories then for Chandigarh Chandigarh what artificial region you can reach there is one language yeah sure okay after mentioning these things that you can mention historically we have references in which not this funny problems was there you can mention not not this not not decent body problems you can do that but make sure that it comes later yeah after these things so even under Indian issue we have true promises if you're running out of points you can always mention Chandigarh you can mention the issue of language because Punjab Lahore was used to be the capital of Punjab and after it was taken out there has to be a situation where a balance need to be maintained linguistically between Punjab and Haryana and hence Chandigarh was told to be the important state and to balance it for linguistic reasons it was given as a union territory for both the places fine and since it's a very plant city then finally there is no reason for Delhi there is nothing in Delhi so Delhi I'd recommend not to use it because you cannot justify based on geography there is only historical reason now let's come to again when you finish the answer kindly note when does your Jamun Kashmir and Ladakh become union territories 30 31st of October so 31st of October meaning before you write your means fine. So Ladakh and Jamun Kashmir if you are mentioning mention at the last at the same time there are few proposed union territories. So Ladakh is a cold desert which is described for environment economic development as you can say that again Jamun Kashmir we can't push in base of geography if they made it Jamun as a plateau region Kashmir as a value you can say cold desert plateau plain would have been easy to write in terms of geography but we can't do it Ladakh can say it's a cold desert fine now moving to the next part so diagrams will help you out to extend his answer that's the point I'm trying to write. Okay next question is renewable energy is a potential replacement for fossil fuels or energy needs of India. I'll just tell you where you might have gone wrong this one that's the only catch in the question how many of you wrote only about electricity not done right you're written only about electricity then you usually come only about electricity of Michigan it simply says energy needs you talk about transportation fuel and everything and so on and so forth so introduction you can start with this and assess question you need to say whether the statement is particularly true or wrong since it's an assess question you start with India's energy mix is so on and so forth look at India's energy mix more than 45% I'd rather write it 45% it is cold 22 or 23% comes from biomass and approximately again 20 odd percent comes from your natural gas and oil so we look at predominantly it is fossil fuel composition then biomass takes it up so only after this you have a hydro energy coming in renewable energy coming in so percentage of renewable energy is very very less so you can say this at the start of the introduction itself thing is even if you're not given these percentages just say that fossil fuels coal and natural gas dominate 70% of India's energy needs no one's going to worry about it at the end of the day that should be maximum that's it's not we'll go for assessments see kindly note we can split it into major sections first is transportation energy needs when it comes to transportation energy means India doesn't have a replacement so when we assess this say that oil and natural gas is primarily used as a mode of transport and if you look at natural resources we have enough natural resources in India we don't have so except for a few places like Bombay high or you take northeast in India the amount of natural resources of oil and natural gas is not much so we look at replacements also only replacement is biomass so even if you take biomass biomass is only at the preliminary stage we do not have segregation in urban areas as you know degradable waste and non degradable waste only when you have this classification you'll be able to process it into biomass so since this differentiation is not there segregation is not there it is very very difficult for doing it so that should be an honest explanation so you can say that when you conclude for this particular section if India is able to pursue aggressive policy for segregation of waste then maybe biomass can be an important replacement like India can rely on us ok now we'll come to the largest part electricity generation so under electricity generation let's say what are the positives you can write with reference to India's geography so that's again uses stream of diagrams so first you say that India is a tropical country tropic of cancer passes through so large amount of sunlight solar next part you say that India is an extremely large amount of coastline there is a more possibility of wave energy then you say that India has large amount of undulations and waste here and there so one two three four multiple locations of this here tidal energy simply use a map then after that you say that India has monsoon and climate because of monsoon climate your south-west monsoon north-east and monsoon wind energy offshore winds you can use offshore winds offshore winds so you can use geography part and say more and more now let's come for practical analysis like assessment you can say this by writing this is no issue so when you do the assessment biggest problem is solar energy is India's access to semiconductors like we do not produce semiconductors or manufacture them in large numbers hence we rely on others second thing solar energy is again focused more only few months of year so few months it's very very hot few months it's very cold so solar power or solar energy is susceptible to intermittency it cannot be produced throughout the second solar energy is intraday within a day during daytime you'll be able to produce more but during night time means you'll not be able to take much for solar energy so inconsistent is a solar energy right a bit specific to India that's all so generally these are negative general criticisms of solar energy what I'm saying but you can say it as specific to India when it comes to wave energy simply say technology or investment is not there yeah storage capacity and that's the point I'm trying to make like you whatever you generate in day or summer cannot be stored and used it in winter or nighttime that's amazing when it comes to solar not just India so general criticism each and everything general criticism if you're able to try to do it so wave energy you can say the technology is not available wind speeds are not consistent throughout the day because that's what is going to generate this general criticism against tidal energy it is going to damage your ecosystems again it is not going to be consistent power area of power in different base of India are going to have different powers of electricity so so that's how it will be different you go to West Bengal again it is going to be different general criticism against wind energy again yeah cost of installation again it is seasonal problem of storage so if you're going to have multiple different types of energy in grid connection that is going to create even more problems so only thing is right about different parts of energy with reference to India's how it can be generated that is part general reasons why it can be relied on that is why it cannot be replacement of fossil fuels right the general criticism of all them and link it they also will be over I think what the link how to structure is because everything is going to be general criticism right it's specific to India India's population is very very high hence we cannot do that India aspires to be a 5 trillion economy hence these type of power generation is not going to be consistent in helping us so those words if you're going to insert it it will look like specifically for India criticism will be general general points got the difference then this should have been a comfortable question in 16 to explain jet streams what are the climatic changes they bring about this should be a very comfortable question I guess because first 7.5 is a proper just in question start with what exactly a geostrophic wind which is balanced between your friction with no frictional force balance between Coriolis force and your pressure gradient force then say that these are fast flowing long narrow meandering so on and so forth then do locate the location of jet streams suprobial high-pressure belts up or low-pressure belt both the hemispheres we're studying more on polar jet stream because the this just seems very very powerful the talk about these then coming to impacts impacts on climate or you know what they can do to climate change three major things first is this I think you're very very familiar this because of meandering motion they will be able to create alternate areas of high pressure and alternate areas of low pressure this is general traditional diagram so because of this they can either contribute to rainfall or they can hinder rainfall you can example you can either mention English because England's climate is primarily determined by these just streams or recently between last two to three years Pakistan was in use because one of the low pressure systems which was created during winter season that pressure system got broke away and then migrated towards Pakistan so Pakistan had a period of unexpected high rainfall okay during this drought season tell life report. So next slide we usually write reason polar vortex news due to meandering of jet streams it's a possibility that if it is going to shift southward cold polar winds from the interior region can come and affect the areas which is here so basic example is your polar vortex and third part jet streams are able to influence world climate better because of the they have the ability to shift along with pressure belt they move northward during summer season and move southward during winter season so best example is your pressure belt affecting your India itself so western disturbances you can mention so these things are the major things when it comes to jet streams again one more point not required just understand that when it comes to winter season if it is the winter is going to be very very severe your two jet streams can combine together at times at few locations your polar just stream and your sub-probable jet stream at times over few locations they can combine that's a reason development okay or observation coming to the last what do you think yeah you can always write about it's no problem so the question was the climatic changes they bring about the point is don't restrict yourself to India that's all now what people think is jet streams they immediately start rating monsoon you can you can speak about any jet stream global you can talk about global jet stream local jet stream classification you're familiar with that then you can talk about Somali and region yeah West African jet streams there is a jet stream in Southern Africa also all those of your family that you can write it no issues that's the explain parts thing is when it comes to effect on climate similar to India same thing will be writing again and again Somali the stream India South African or West African just got it you always mention India issues thing is it'll be the opposite usually people restrict themselves to India 17 plate tectonic speed a maze is rolled in bio diversity distribution across the world analyze comfortable or not not comfortable geo optional talk to you then so please give a simple introduction of what exactly is plate tectonic drawer the entire world is made of place place on interaction of place volcanic eruptions mountains everything is formed is mentioned the major plates then using those plates start explaining first thing plates are always undergone movements so since they've undergone movements based on their location the climate of that area is actually determined so that's the first important factor this you written comfortably seconds now take areas of treatment for example you take North America colliding with plastic plates you see that here mountain ranges of form so only in areas of conversion boundaries are going to have high mountains and in areas of high mountains with increase in altitude there is going to be decrease in temperature because of the biodiversity is varying at multiple levels fine let's take third point you say that because of variation plate tectonics there are areas in which you can have volcanic eruptions you take South America the South America there are large amount of volcanoes which are present due to conversion plate boundary due to volcanic eruptions your soil is very very rich but in countries like Australia which is not located in plate boundary the soils are very very poor hence biodiversity is less border because volcanic ashes going to contribute now flipping over you can mention this particular points plate tectonics play a major role in differentiation of car differentiation of animals you can talk about marsupial distribution like Marsupia is primarily oriented towards Australia you can talk about this you can talk about how animals were distributed between North America and South America is too much of Panama so only after is too much of Panama landmass was formed between North and South America animals are migrating between North and South you can talk about this particular factor also 51 how plate tectonics in terms of ocean deposits because you have trenches and trenches will have different biodiversity when compared to areas which are shallow water so shallow water versus deep water that is actually determined by plate tectonic so conversion plate boundary you can talk about Middler Lantigrish say that Middler Lantigrish has large number of volcanoes underwater volcanoes and geothermal vents and underwater volcanoes have different types of ecosystem compared to other areas because in Middler Lantig you all have different volcanic eruptions that is going to that is going to influence it so you see that you have points each and everything if it is linked to the diagram you should be comfortable since it is an analyzed question you need not justify it also you can say that other factors in spite of plate tectonics climate is a factor due to human migration due to human activities things are getting moved from one place to another you can mention all factors also the point is when you write these things mention plates and red that is only how plates are actually influencing these things you've done this you should be comfortable so I believe compared to history and society geography was always and is always comfortable okay so I think we'll close any doubts yeah okay thank you