Okay, I'm going to talk about a Geography problem that I started thinking about recently and the problem is this Given any particular spot on the ground like this yellow dot if it rains there. Where does the water go? so In particular, what is downstream from that spot and then also conversely? What's upstream from that spot? So all the places where if it rains there the water is going to go flow past that yellow dot So I started thinking about this recently and I'm not a Geologist or a hydrologist actually a mathematician But I looked into it and found out that You can get a data set from the US Geological Survey that describes this and so I wrote kind of a fun graphics application to visualize the results so let me Want to switch real quick and give a demo of the application and then talk a little bit about what went into creating it So let's see Yeah, so here's the here's the program. This is online at this address. I'm running this locally at the moment But you can check it out if you want so what's happening is as I move the cursor around The program is drawing in blue everything that's downstream from where the mouse is And It's drawing in red everything that's upstream And the maps interactive so you can pan and zoom around like in Any web map that you'd expect and it's it's interesting to look at some particular areas here like let's zoom in on New Orleans and highlight the Mississippi River near downtown and then zoom out and you can see all the area that Drains to New Orleans and Another area that's cool to focus on is Chicago If you zoom in look how close the Mississippi watershed gets to downtown Chicago. In fact It actually overlap. I mean how close it gets to like Michigan. It actually overlaps a little bit there But that didn't used to be the case Some canals were put in in the 1800s to connect the Des Plaines River, which is this river right here with Lake Michigan and that's what allowed ships to transfer between the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes and That gave rise to Chicago as an important transportation hub in the 1800s Another area that's kind of fun to to focus on is You go out here to Montana and So this is the starting with the Mississippi way over here and then coming up on the Missouri River It's to see how far you can get over to the west before jumping across the Continental Divide To get to the Columbia River watershed to go to the West Coast and that's in fact exactly what Lewis and Clark were trying to do in their famous expedition 200 years ago or so Another area that's fun to focus on is Nevada and part of Utah Look at this. It has the property that in a lot of cases the downstream flow never makes it to an ocean This is what's called a great basin and it's known for being particularly dry and and having this hydrologic property There are a few streams and creeks there But they just peter out all the rain that falls either evaporates or soaks in the ground or flows into lakes They have no outlet like Salt Lake and I think that's why it's salt so anyway, so let me say a little bit about What I learned about surface water hydrology in order to create this program Let's see So like I said, the data comes from the US Geological Survey There's a database called the watershed boundary data set and it works like this It divides the country up into regions. It's a nested hierarchy of regions and I'm going to zoom in to the smallest level the one that's the greatest level of detail and Look at this one particular example So I'm going to focus on that particular region and then switch temporarily to a 3d view that I made with Google Earth So that we can see a little bit more about the shape of these regions So as the camera moves around here, you can see that The boundaries of these regions more or less follow local ridge lines These regions are about five or ten miles across at this level And the bound their boundaries are very carefully chosen so that all the water that leaves each of those regions does so at one point and In just a second that polygons doing a turn red. Yeah, so the red polygon You might be able to make out there's a stream in the middle of that that flows up This one flows north and enters the yellow polygon at that one point So back in the map There's that red polygon and it flows into the yellow one at that one point and This other red one also flows into the yellow one And the yellow one flows into that blue one and that blue one flows into that blue one and then so on This gives a relationship between these polygons. It's a mini to one relationship So every polygon has one that's downstream from it and possibly several that it is downstream from And so that means that you can think of these polygons is acting like nodes in a graph And there's edges directed edges between them that describes the flow And so that turns the whole map basically into a gigantic directed acyclic graph Which means that the original problem of figuring out what's upstream or downstream just translates into graph traversal Which is kind of a well-known problem and a lot of fun to code So once I realized that I said yay, I know how to do this, but it turns out they were There were some challenges with the data first of all the data set you download this from the USGS It's two gigabytes. It's way too big to do anything with interactively and I wanted to make kind of a fun web app Like I showed you and so I had to figure out something about that and part of the problem You can see if I zoom in on just one polygon Part of the problem is that there's so many vertices in the boundary thousands or hundreds at least and so that can be remedied because This is a common thing in GIS and there's a lot of good open-source GIS software that will simplify a polygon and Replace it with another one by dropping vertices in a way that retains most of the original shape So you can cut down the size of the data set But remember there's a there's a bunch of these polygons There's about a hundred thousand and they're all right next to each other they share borders And if you simplify them all separately You end up with regions like this where there's little gaps and overlaps and So the reason for that is that in the original data set each polygon is stored separately And so what I ended up doing is to translate the data into a format That the stores the shared border once rather than separately with each polygon And there's a format called topo JSON that was invented by the author of D3JS that does exactly that and so by converting the data to topo JSON and then simplifying I got a good clean set of polygons that fit together well and Got the size of the data down to about 40 megabytes And and then I decided to use leaflet JS mapping library to make the map Leaflet's a great library. I like it a lot But there's an issue in that the way it draws polygons by default is it uses SVG which creates a node in the DOM for every polygon and This is the Mississippi watershed here and it's got about 30,000 polygons in it And so the first time I ran this the browser just crashed and So I had to figure out a different way to do that So the DOM manipulation is slow that didn't work Turns out that you can use leaflet with HTML5 canvas rendering also though and so by switching to canvas I actually got it to work and it worked reasonably well But it was still a little bit slow and so I made one more optimization and that was to notice that When the program is drawing these big red upstream areas, they actually consist of a bunch of little polygons But I didn't really care about drawing the individual polygons all I really cared about was drawing the one red blob and So by doing a little bit of computation in advance to merge All the polygons in each each of these red blobs into one and just store the perimeter It cut down the rendering time from being linear in the number of polygons to square root which for Big regions made a huge difference and so that's what allows the program to be as snappy as it is and made me really happy So I also made a mobile version just for fun that uses some slightly different optimizations But most of the same ideas and so it's online and if you want to check it out and talk to me about it I'd be thrilled There's my contact info. So that's it. Thanks


Hello, my name is Gergij Broutegom and today I'm going to talk about Secure Delivery, the flux and the open component model. Our time is limited and I would like to also show a quick demo about it so most of the information I'm going to provide will be available through websites and public demos and further readings basically. So let's dive in. The agenda is I'm going to talk about what is OCM, what does it do, how can it help and how do we combine it with flux. So let's talk about OCM first. OCM is called Open Component Model. It's a new standard introduced by SAP and it's basically describes how to deliver software artifacts. So it's an S-bot, it's a software bill of delivery. So you define what you would like to deliver in so-called components and this is all technology agnostic and it's a machine-readable format. So what does this mean in practicality? We define software in blocks of code through YAML. So for example, if you have a software called identipod info, for example, which is a popular testing software, Kubernetes, software that you can deploy in Kubernetes to test it, you would define it. It has a backend, it has a front-end and it has some sort of cache and these are your components basically that you can define in YAML in this new standard, in this new format and once you defined it in this YAML, you can then define further things to do with it, for example, to deliver it somewhere and then verify that the component and its further components are the same as they are. They have resources and sources and further component drafts into it in it and then you would use the OCM CLI which is provided to you to sign this component to verify it. So this is all very complicated, so let's step through it a little bit. So the magic happens because of the tooling that it has. On GitHub, there is a there's an organization called Open Component Model and this organization has all the components that are or all the repositories that are necessary in order to use OCM. You can write your own tooling for the specification, of course, but this has been provided to you. The OCM is the main repository here. This is a library and the CLI together, the library provided to work with the specification and the CLI provides further tools like transferring and signing and verification and building up a component to basically utilize the spec. And so what we did is what does this mean is that basically using this tooling, you can once you define your components, you can create a, for example, you can create a transport archive, something that is called transport archive. And once you sign your components, the signature and verification is all inside the components. It creates an artifact and an OCI blob and you can further then use the tooling to transport this blob anywhere that you want, for example, into a fenced environment or like an ultimate cube boat and an environment that is very strictly monitored. And because of how you use to create this component using the component specification, everything will be offline. Basically, it will be transported to you, including the images, including all the files that are linked with your component and that you provide access to. These accesses that you define, that you would define are many, they basically, they can be a GitHub repository's release artifacts, they can be an OCI repository, they can be a, I don't know, a simple tar file. Anything that you define an access for, it will fetch this component, it will fetch the contents of it, and that's what you will assign and then validate and verify. So there are further options. It's not just, it's not just signing and the verification process. It's also that the, for example, if you have an OCI image that you would like to fetch, once you sign and verify your component, it can be, it needs to be pointing to a local image repository that you have running somewhere, for example, once you transferred from a public place into a local place, you need the component to point to this local environment. So that's localization. When localization happens, everything will be replaced based on some rules that you define in the component file, and these rules will make sure that, for example, images will be replaced. And for example, in a hand chart, instead of pointing to a Bitnami repository or something like that, it will point to a locally downloaded RGZ that contains the hand chart artifacts. That's what localization provides. And then there's configuration, this configuration, it can be further used to configure the end result. So for example, what I will show in the demo is that we have a pod info application. It has certain configuration options, for example, a backend or a background for the web, web interface that it has, or a replica account, for example, how many replicas it runs, one, two, three, whatever. And these are configurable objects. And this is entirely reproducible, so this needs to be something like I can deploy this or I can use this to transfer my component anywhere and it should look the same. So this is a component version. A component version is the specific version of your component. So for example, for pod info, there is a pod info version, which is 0.1.0 and these are the resources that it defines. It has an image artifact that it points to a location. It has a chart and some manifests. The manifests will be used to deploy this application and they are simple Kubernetes manifest objects. And then we have another component reference. So this basically you can reference different components in your component, the skip tour, to build up a hierarchy. So we have a pod info component and it references the backend, it references the frontend, and so on and so forth. So you can build up a dependency chain basically between the components. So the guts of the OCM component is it has sources. These sources point to the actual source that contains your application code. This can be used further for code analysis, for example, or running security checks and so on and so forth. As resources that we saw, these are OCI, RP files, blob, star, hand charts, whatever, and then references which are all the components. So where does flux come in into all of this? Flux is we at Weaverx, working closely together with SAP. We built a system called the MPath system, named pending, which consists of five different controllers, which I'll talk about in a moment. So these controllers use the specification to build up something called the product. This product represents a single application, a single application deployment. We use the OCM specification to build up this application and then further enhance the specification and its capabilities to do delivery. And this we did with flux. Basically what happens is that we take the component resource, we transform it into a Kubernetes object, and then let flux do all the basically the applying and the reconciliation and the version handling and everything like that. It's true flux. So our main repository, for example, that deals with all the manifest that we generate, will go through a flux repository. So we have this concept of a project. A project is the highest, a high-level representation of something that an admin would start to build up. A project could have several components or several products. These products are basically installations and they can, the deployment is done using selecting targets. These are all very new concepts and I am linking to a further reading that can be found here to read about these subscriptions and the product details and all that. So what happens is that we bring in this component, we identify it, we do localization and configuration based on some rules and then using, choosing a target, we deploy the application. So right now, so what is the target? So right now, we only have a Kubernetes target. This means that we will use the end result of all that process, the localization, the configuration and all the replacements and everything and that will result in a manifest bundle. And we will take this manifest bundle and select the target for it. Target selection happens through labels. So for example, you have an environment that is ingress enabled, that has a load balancer deployed and you wish to deploy in this environment, then you would use a label selector called Kubernetes, ingress enable for example. And based on that, we select the target that will have a Kubernetes config file in it and Flux will do the deployment into this remote cluster in a specific namespace. And what it deploys basically is this bundled manifest thingy that we create an OCI repository for. So internally, we are running a OCI registry for the MPAS system and this OCI internal OCI registry is the sharing point between our system and the Flux system. So Flux can read from this OCI registry and we just put stuff into this OCI registry and Flux takes care of the rest. It's beautiful. So enough talk, let's try to walk through the demo really quickly. So I already have this environment running here we have a lot of stuff in here and this is all public. So this demo that I will show here can be found here. This link is in the slides. So MPAS public demo, you can download this and play around with it. It further explains what kind of components there are and what it does and what are the concepts. So let's talk a bit about concepts. We have two organizations. We have the software provider who will build the product and we have a consumer who will consume this product. The product is a pod info application. So we have the MPAS application here and we have the pod info component here. The first thing that we will do is create a release. This release will use OCEM, the CLI, to basically build Tecton we are using in the demo. We use Tecton to do this building process. So here we can follow along how we will use the OCEM library to publish a new release, publish a new component. So basically we build it, we sign it and transfer it. Where do we transfer it? So the transfer is from the provider into the consumers, into the providers OCEM repository. This is a locally running Qtel server. This all runs in the cluster. So once you are finished with the demo you can tear down the whole thing and nothing will remain on your computer. So this is all self-contained. So it will push into the local registry of this component of this software provider organization. The consumer will subscribe or will take from the provider's repository and push it into their own registry. And this is done via a subscription. So subscription subscribes to the software provider and the destination is the consumer's registry. We provide some secrets of course accessing any of this information and for verification purposes we do this. So signing this is very important. The whole chain is verified from the beginning to the end. Once it gets into the MPASS system we sign it with an internal key which is automatically generated and then all of the components in the MPASS system will be able to verify that it's in the system. That this is the same component that we are using and it hasn't been changed on a configuration and localization has been updated but the component itself is still the same. And so the supply chain is basically secured via signing. The OCM library also provides integration with Cosign so we can be assured that our component is the component that we deal with. So once we subscribe to this component I already created a project. The project consists of several folders that describe products and whatnot. So I'm going to merge now into my GitOps repository two projects, products, sorry. One is Podinfo and the other one is VibGitOps which displays information about our cluster. So here the subscription defines that I would like to subscribe, generate a product for this subscription. So once we once we apply this we will get two new pull requests from our system. The pull request contains a bunch of things for example a readme and instruction on how to configure things and the product deployment. This product deployment describes our product, what kind of components it has, what kind of resources it contains and it creates configurations and localizations out of that. What we will also get is a validation check. This checks for validity of the component and it checks for validity of the configuration. If the configuration right now is based on policies but this changed to Q-based configuration in the future. So Q-based configuration can be validated based on a schema. So once I merge this commit the whole deployment and selection and target process starts to spin. It selects a target. It selects a target. We can follow this in the product controller log. All the things are happening. It creates certain things, objects and then it basically deployed the pod info application. It deployed it into this cluster because right now all the target I have in here is a Kubernetes target and it doesn't have a configuration, a Kubernetes configuration in it. So the deployment happened in the same cluster in which the target is residing in. But we have... So once this pod info application has been deployed, the demo is configured with credentials to be able to access it through a... This is the readme for the demo. So you can access basically the pod info through this link. So if I do that, it only works in Chrome at the moment, I should have the pod info application. And I could, I don't know if I still have time, I have 20 seconds left. So if I would go in here into the generated product, which is on the products and would be changing this value, for example, to two or the message or the color, then I could see the change here or a new application would be released. I am out of time though. So this has been secure delivery using Flux and MoCM. Thank you very much.


Item number SCP-4521 Object Class Safe Special Containment Procedures SCP-4521 is to be kept in Site-551's bioterrarium, and only accessible by personnel with level-2 clearance or higher. Additionally, attempts are to be made daily in an attempt to provoke vocalizations from SCP-4521. Description SCP-4521 is a Douglasburg tree with abnormal shape and leaves. SCP-4521 was discovered within God's Silence, Oregon, after reports of an, quote, air-piercing silence, quote, from within the tree's vicinity. Amnestics were administered, and SCP-4521 was transported by implanted Foundation agents to Site-551. Currently, SCP-4521's knowledge property is that it is in cable of screaming. No apparatuses are found in SCP-4521 that allow it to scream, and attempting to create one has been met with failure, C-Testing Log. Attempts are being made to provoke screaming within SCP-4521. No memetic or cognitohatidus phenomena originate from or affect SCP-4521. Multiple attempts using several other anomalies have been made to detect any screaming, but no screaming was detected. Test Log The following are attempts made by on-site personnel to eliminate SCP-4521's anomalous ability. Test 1 Carving Mouth on SCP-4521 Outcome Several holes were placed upon SCP-4521 using a chainsaw. Those screaming appears to emanate from these holes.  Outcome Those screaming detected. Brand disappeared within two days' time. Test 3 Place multiple species of spiders upon SCP-4521's base. Outcome No screaming detected. Approximately 30% continued to stay on the tree. 50% of the spiders that stayed burrowed further into the tree. No screaming was detected during this time. Test 4 Take a tree that is genetically similar, related to SCP-4521, and slowly destroy it in a close radius around it. Outcome Trees successfully destroyed over the course of 28 hours. No screaming detected. Test 5 Take a tree that is genetically similar, related to SCP-4521, and Outcome Redacted by request of ethics committee. No screaming detected. Test 6 Use a D-class personnel under the effects of amnestics in the event that SCP-4521's screaming is anti-mimetic. Outcome No screaming detected. Test 7 Attempt to communicate with SCP-4521. Outcome See attached audio file. Audio file File 4521 Interview Begin log Uh, hello? SCP-4521, can you hear me? Did you say something? Oh, that was my imagination. I'm sorry. Listen, do you want to talk? Do you have something on your mind? Just let it out. Come on, it's not healthy to bottle up. You can tell me. I'm friendly. Do you not have a reason to, you know? I do hope those dots in your head are doing you well. But that need to be let out. This is for your own good, I promise. Don't worry about making too much noise. I don't mind. Can you hear me? Can you even hear me while you're trapped in your mind? Can you see me through the foggy, muddy waters that are your eyes? Come on. The deafening silence is killing me. If you don't want to speak, or at least scream, the test will continue. It's only healthy. Please, you're scaring me. You know, when I was a kid, I assaulted a kid. I took a bike lock and crushed his skull in, and went on for six minutes before being stopped by one of his friends, who I also clocked in the head. I went down the street, and I saw this lady. She fell off her bike. It was the same bike I stole the bike lock from. I took that bike, cut it up into several small, tingly pieces, and fed her the bike over the course of several hours. She just laid there with a broken leg, and her stomach eventually ruptured. The black ooze that dripped from her stomach indicated that someone might have called the cops, so I went home and locked my room. Do you want to know what I did? I screamed. I opened my mouth, and let out the largest roar that was trapped at the bottom of my lungs. All those wasted opportunities, all those memories, fading away as the calming ring of my torn voice box filled the room. And look where I ended up. I got a doctor, and I'm working for one of the best organizations on earth. It's not too late. Or you haven't felt that thrill yet, haven't you? Typical.  Born in some random remote part of Siberia. No other individual in sight. You're too weak to impress anyone, so you just stay by yourself. I see your game. But I can't help you. You need to scream. You need to scream. You need to scream. You need to scream. Dr. Hodge proceeds to say the same exact phrase for 37 hours before being escorted by on-site guards in order to prevent death by dehydration. After waking up from a short 4-hour nap, Dr. Hodge promised that he, quote, will not stop until this tree finally screams, unquote. Testing is to continue.


You could ask what is the force that this motor exerts during a single step and the force for kinesin is roughly of the order of 10 piconewton. So, these are not small forces ah piconewton ordered forces which in the context of these nanometer sized objects are pretty large forces that these motors exert. Another another characterization another quantity that you can use to characterize motors is their processivity and what processivity means is that how long does a motor walk before it unbinds from the filament and falls off ok. So, these motors are walking on the filament these motors are walking on the filament, but before they walk they need to come and bind to this they need to come and bind to this filament right. So, it binds with some rates let us say k on, but similarly once a motor is bound and it is carrying a cargo it can also unbind with some rates right some k off ok. So, the typical sort of distance that a motor covers before it unbinds from this filament is what is called its processivity and different motors have different processivities. For example, RNA polymerase is a highly possessive motor it needs to walk thousands of bases basically it needs to walk the entire length of the gene ah before it needs it can unbind because if it unbound in the middle then you would get partial transcripts which are of no use to you. So, an RNA polymerase once it binds stays bound until typically the gene is completely red. So, it is a highly possessive motor. On the other hand if you in the other extreme if you consider muscle myosin some myosin that are found in muscles the actin fibers in muscles they are not very processive at all they just take two three steps before they unbind from the actin filaments ok and you can have a anywhere in between for example, dyneins are more processive than kinesins and so on. So, that is another measure that you can use to characterize this motor properties. So, the force exerted is sort of a measure of how much force would you typically need to bring this motor to a stop ok. So, what this means is that for kinesins typically you would need 10 piconewton force to completely stop this motor and I will I will show a slightly different context for this force measured sorry this force exerted has a more direct sort of meaning. Now, let us focus a little bit on let us say this kinesins and dyneins. So, here I have a microtubule right it has a minus end and a plus end. So, this is my microtubule and I have some cargo right which needs to be transported. I know that a kinesin if it attaches to this cargo will tend to walk towards the plus end. On the other hand if I had a dynein bound to this cargo let me draw if I had a dynein bound to this cargo it would try to move towards the minus end ok. Typically a cargo will have multiple motors bound to it and not necessarily of the same type. So, it could have multiple kinesins bound as well as multiple dyneins bound ok. If you had multiple kinesins as well as dyneins bound to this cargo what sort of motion would I see if I observe this cargo as a whole would it move towards the plus end or would it move towards the minus end. So, what these cargoes typically do is what is called as bidirectional motion. So, if you see the these dots these fluorescent dots these are cargos. If you see there are cargos that are moving sometimes sometimes moving this way and then sometimes moving back in the other way right. So, there is a single cargo depend and then depending on something we do not really understand completely what it depends on. It will sometimes move in this direction it will sometimes move in the other direction. But yet so and most cargos are going to be bound by both kinesins and dyneins. So, it is not that generally only one or the other is bound and what these movies show is that these cargos will typically do some sort of a bidirectional sometimes it will move this way sometimes it will move back that way. And yet somehow the cell sort of manages to deliver cargo very reliably to where it needs to go right and in the time scales that it needs to go in. So, even though there are both types of motors that are bound let us say your cargo has been produced here and it needs to go here in some amount of time. The cell will generally every time get you there even though the underlying motion might look very noisy bidirectional sort of motion. The macroscopic results are fairly robust and the mechanism of that also is not very clear how the cell regulates this sort of bidirectional transport in order to reliably achieve directed motion in the presence of these sort of opposing motors like kinesins and dyneins is not very clear. But at least at the microscopic level this is what the cargo does it executes bidirectional motion where it moves sometimes this and sometimes that. You can see it also over here this is I think mouse experiments on a mouse neuron where it again shows this sort of bidirectional motion. Ok. Now, you can think of this motors in a slightly different context. For example, instead of binding a cargo like this what it could do in principle is that if this motor one end is bound to the microtubule the other end is bound to another microtubule let us say. But let us say in the reverse direction let us say plus 1. So, these would generally be sort of complexes. So, this leg wants these are kinesins let us say. So, this leg wants to walk in this direction this leg wants to walk in this direction. They these because these are kinesins they both want to move walk towards the plus end of the microtubule. So, in a setup like this what would you observe it would observe sort of sliding of these microtubules related to each other right. So, if you have these sort of doublet microtubules you can have sliding of these microtubules related to each other which way this slide depends on the relative orientation of these microtubules whether they are parallel or anti-parallel. You could also imagine that this sort of walking causes bending of these microtubule structures oops. So, if you have these sort two microtubules on which these motors are walking on which this motors are walking, but you also introduce some sort of chemical cross links between them you also introduce some sort of chemical cross links at certain positions. So, that these motors so that these filaments cannot slide against each other then what this sort of walking will do is that it will produce local bending it will produce local bending of these structures. So, these are contexts in which directly these sort of motors can apply force and this force can result either in sliding or in sort of this bending of these structures. So, these are not typical cargo binding scenarios of these motors, but scenarios where these motors bind two filaments either parallel or anti-parallel or indeed a bunch of filaments. So, it can cause sliding it can cause bending. Another one of the most common examples of the roles of this sort of motor motion comes in this context of muscles and in muscles the relevant fiber is actually actin and the motor is myosin. So, instead of kinesins or dinanes it is actin it is myosin is walking on actin.  So, if you zoom inside this muscle what you find is that the basic unit is what is called the basics muscle cell in some sense is what is called the sarcomere. So, here is one sarcomere and then this sort of sarcomere structure repeats to form your muscle. Inside this sarcomere you will have these two sorts of filaments. So, thick red one this is called the thick myofilament and this thinner orange ones which are called the thin myofilaments. So, this orange ones are called the thin myofilaments. What happens when you contract or expand the muscle is that these two the thick and the thin myofilaments slide against each other. So, here is if you zoom in even further the thick myofilaments are nothing but thousands and thousands of myosin motors all bunched up into a filament with only the myosin head domain which binds to this actin that being free. So, I have this let me watch the over here the thin myofilaments are what are your actins and this myosin heads these go and bind to the actins. They walk along the actin, but because the myosins are formed into this thick bundle the bundle this myosins themselves do not move, but these actins actually slide relative to this myosin bundle. So, when this actin head sorry when this myosin head executes what is called as a power stroke. So, it takes in ATP it converts that ATP into ADP plus energy and it takes a stroke. So, let us see I think this is what will show. So, it gets activated by absorbing ATP and it forms a cross bridge with this actin fiber that is the release of the inorganic phosphate. Once it is formed a cross bridge it will execute a power stroke which means it will so, it releases the ADP as well it executes a power stroke like this. So, it slides this actin filament relative to this myosin filament and then it sort of release this bond releases which is called the cross bridge it releases and then it gets reactivated again to walk once more. So, ATP binds again and it releases this bond and then the cycle will be bond repeating. So, this thick myofilament is so, I have these actin heads and let me say this actin bodies. So, sorry myosin ATP. So, these are all my myosin motors ok. The bodies of these actin myosin motors all bunch up together to form this thick myofilament to form this thick myofilament. What is what is visible are these heads of these motors of these myosin motors and these heads walk along this actin filament over here this helical actin filament over here. As it walks on this actin filament there is a related sliding of the actin relative to this thick myofilament and that causes this movement of the this sort of relative sliding that causes the contraction and expansion of the muscles. This is sort of governed by the release of calcium ions. So, why does it not always walk that is because the myosin binding domain on this actin that is not always visible to the myosin. It gets visible only when calcium ions come and bind and it causes a sort of structural change in this actin filaments. So, this sort of motion of this these molecular motors like myosin on these actin filaments is what underlies this muscle movement any sort of muscle movement. So, this is just that same thing, but in terms of pictures. So, these are my thick filaments over here and you can see the myosin heads and then there are these thin filaments on which these myosins walk. As they walk they produce a related sliding of the thin relative to the thick filaments and that is how your muscles contract. So, this whole thing is one sarcomere and then this structure is repeated n number of times to form a complete muscle. One more context where these actins and myosins exert forces comes in context of cell division. So, this was the spindle formation by Michael T. Views, but once the once this the chromosomes have been separated out for example, over here there is an actin ring that forms in the center of the cell along with myosin filaments which walk on these actin rings on these actin filaments. This actin actomyosin ring rather this actomyosin ring is contractile. So, it slowly pinches off the middle of the cell until it you form two daughter cells basically from a single cell. So, this contractility is again a function of these myosin motors walking on the actin filaments. So, the same sort of underlying biology motors walking on filaments. So, this sort of translational motors underlie a lot of very different phenomenon cargo transport which is straightforward, but also this sort of cell division or muscle movement muscle contraction and so on. So, very different very different macroscopic phenomenon, but the underlying biology is very similar. So, you have these motors walking on these filaments. A nice way to visualize these sort of forces that these motors exert on the filaments comes in the form of these gliding assay experiments.  So, if these motors were myosins then you throw in a bunch of actin filaments because these motors are fixed to the glass slide the motors themselves cannot move, but what you will see is motion of these actin filaments as a whole. So, these are called gliding assays and so, here for example, is a typical gliding assay, what you are you are seeing are these actin filaments that are moving. It seems they are moving on their own, but what is happening is that underneath which we cannot see are these myosin motors they are walking along these actin filaments causing a sort of sliding of these actin filaments relative to the cover slip. This is a somewhat dilute system. So, you have very few sort of actin filaments and so on. You can make this very concentrated for example, and you get very interesting phenomena. So, for example, this is an experiment done with again actin and myosin similar sort of experiment, but extremely high density now ok. So, what you are seeing again you are not seeing the motors what you are seeing are simply the filaments, but now at a much higher density than the previous experiment and you see this very beautiful patterns that form and merge and dissolve and you have different vortices that arise. So, there is a collective sort of motion of these actin filaments because of the coupling with this underlying motors walking on these filaments. It can give rise to a variety of phenomenon and different scales depending on the density and so on. So, that is one sort of way to visualize the effect of the interactions of the motors with these filaments this gliding assays. You could also do sort of single motor assays in which you observe a single bead being moving along a track whether it be microtubule or actin. So, for example, if you can see these are this is a bead for example, this is a kinasein experiment if I remember correctly. So, it is moving on microtubules and you will see that the bead sort of attaches and then it moves along the microtubule after some time it will detach and go off. So, one sort of thing that you can ask from these experiments for example, is how do these motors walk along the how do these motors walk along the underlying microtubule or actin.


Well, I'm Rob Gibson, I'm the convener of the Rural Affairs Committee, the MSP for Cathness, Sutherland and Ross, just across the water from Orkney. The committee is kind of focusing of course on rural affairs, climate change and environment with the view to thinking about how land reform is affected and affects those. So, one group was visiting Rousey as an island with the kind of problems of remoteness that needs to be tackled by a group of people that makes the most of the resources. The second group was visiting the Barony Mill and Butchers and Orkney Cheese. My group spent the time doing an important job in terms of agriculture. We visited a tenant farmer at scale to hear about his issues. When we were there because it's next door to Scarabrey, we visited the ancient village and the fact that it's a world heritage site means that we have to find ways to ensure it's protected. And in contrast, we then went to the Agronomy Institute of the UHI because they're the place that directs the development of crops that are fit for northern climes. And we spent a session with the youngsters in the modern studies classes getting them to think about how they're affected by land reform or how land reform affects them. It's good to be able to take the Parliament round the country because it's the Parliament for all of Scotland and because some of us live a good deal further away than the central belt, it's great to get the Parliament out here and let people see it working.


You're welcome back. It's still the breakfast on Plus TV Africa and we're going to be looking at the papers as usual on off the press this morning and we're being joined by a very special guest of honor Well, if I say that it will sound like we've never heard him on the show But it's a regular on the show and you'll know why I'm saying this We're being joined by architect Ezekiel Nyaito, public affairs analyst joining us from a quiet bomb state Good morning and welcome to the show sir Thank you for having me always a pleasure If I had the voice I would have sung a song for you for your heart for your birthday yesterday was your birthday you clock 60 actual 60 and you are a politician is just Nowadays when you hear 60 you'll be looking at all the people as the primary schools the secondary schools they the first Letter of appointment and all that to find out if that person is actually 60, but you are 60 Congratulations on that milestone sir Thank you so much. I appreciate God has been so merciful and gracious to me We're afraid you will have a hangover. You might not wake up to do the program this month But we thank God for message was more Congratulations, sir, okay, so so we're going to Daily independence now we're beginning with daily independence and the leading story is no excuses Perform or I suck you tinabu tells ministers so many people kind of liked that Statement what is your take does it portray the president as a strong-willed? person then that can do and undo when the need arises I think it's Very important communication because Nigerians were sick and tired of the last administration where The man just hands you over the office and that is it Tunibu is somebody that can relate to very easily because he micromanages and for a leader in a country like Nigeria you must be hands-on it's not enough and again against the backdrop of Entitlement mentality people believe that as you appoint them you don't appoint them to do the work You appoint them as a reward for the work they have done and it It's refreshing to hear the president say You don't do the work. I fire you and trust me. Let me tell you I I have come to that point where I'm starting to keep hope alive I'm starting to see certain things that must be And rather than wait to see if it will be I am saying it must be it.  No your thought is My son's gotta leave Sergeant's gotta do it. You are not hoping and waiting to see You are hoping against to because it's in your larger interest Or the side it's urgent to be successful. I'm sure you get what I'm heading to. Yeah, so Nigeria must be well Our president will perform and we the citizens will help him to perform because the issue of if or if not is over He is the president of the federal republic of Nigeria and that's finito So he must perform and we will make it possible for him to perform That's why we are saying we agree with what he said perform or quit but um Why some people are just looking at it like Will he can he is this fact that in the previous administration we had one of the most famous Quotes in our political history. I am for nobody. I'm for everybody so At the end of the tenor the second tenor There was a different interpretation to that because when he said it everybody thought this is a tough man that has come and is going to Flush out all the bad eggs that we have in our society But at the end of the day it meant something else Maybe he meant well, but he didn't have the will or The power because a lot of other people may have clipped his wings Don't you think it's possible that this can happen here? Anyway, you're keeping hope alive Yeah, these are two different paradigms One is Look, I'll be fair to all Okay We understood it to mean that okay This one says I must perform There are two different things for me. Oh, I'll tell you this There's a tendency of these you know Ethnic biases, you know Clownishness that tendency because you see a lot of your bars coming to the party Honestly and sincerely I'll say this as a senior citizen officially Okay, and that I couldn't care less If tinubus junior brother is a minister of finance And the daughter is a minister works. I couldn't care less If by appointing them These people come and fix our problems Because I don't I don't care. Look when Jonathan Former president Jonathan was the president of the federal republic of Nigeria I can't really say that the south side was better off I tend to have impression that when president Um The one that succeeded him immediate past president How can I a buhari? I think that president buhari my personal opinion Deep more for the Niger delta than president Jonathan did for the night and night Niger delta Okay And and it's understandable. So for me is Please if you want to park all the Yoruba people no problem But just make sure that there are people that will perform Now there's this argument. Oh, you can find people that can perform from any part of the globe or any part of the country True it is and there is a constitutional provision for fairness and equity in the distribution of not just resources but offices in the land But I think that you know beyond the legalities I would rather have a Yoruba man that can perform well than an uh Acquirable man that feels a sense of entitlement and gets to the office and for four years I only have my brother that is there and not the country that is better Better still let him not only for an acquirable man That can perform So between the three choices The best choice is spread it and get the best hands to do it the second Best choice is get the people from wherever and let them perform The worst is you bring in your clansmen and they do nothing like in the past administration So it's a tradition of those three, you know, the worst the good or the Manageable and then the best Good the bad the ugly we remember. Okay. Uh, well Going to the south south now the river state is a state of concern right now when the governor and the as well governor fighting now it was speculation that It might be that the minister of the federal capital might have a hand in what is happening in river state and events In the past few hours have just confirmed that he has a hand in what is happening In fact, he even did say that Impeachment is not a a coup. It is constitutionally provided for in the constitution. So Whatever is going on in river state if they remove the governor, it's not a bad thing It's not a coup so long as it is the civilians that are doing it and it is in the constitution So this headline carries I have capacity to fight back wiki wants detractors Maybe this one this particular statement is for detractors as he is performing in the Federal capital territory But we do also know that he has said nobody can intimidate him and that the political structures in river state must remain the way they are Which means that the political structures that are loyal to him must remain the way they are and he can dictate To anybody at any time as far as this river state What are your comments on what is happening generally in river state between the governor and the fct minister? You know, Nigerians have A memory that sometimes treacherous we forget a probably a little too soon And we also do play a lot of the ostrich You bury your head in the sand and you think that you are buried your whole body is exposed And we also have an entitlement mentality where you want to have your cake and eat it These are the different aspects of Nigeria politics that we have become victims of Where there's a problem with the leadership And the origin of the problem of the leadership is the followership I always talk about office of the citizen of the faith the day you see there's a statement that we make and we've glorified that statement and I'm starting to think that it's a false narrative The problem of Nigeria rises and falls on leadership That's not true That's not true The problem of Nigeria because we run a constitutional democracy Rises and falls on the people that choose the leaders You can't be a governor until you have been chosen you see a goat You carry yam And give the goat to keep The goat eats the yam You turn around and cry foul The problem is it with the goat that did what it naturally would do or with you that was so Pardon me stupid to give yam to goat to keep Let me tell you until we come and take responsibility for our leadership recruitment We'll just be going around in circles If it was like a theocracy where you have no or a monarchy Where you don't have a choice I can understand with that that problem that issue rains But in a constitutional democracy Where the power of choice is vested in the people and we Decate our responsibility and would rather collect money on election day And hand over our sovereignty and our mandate To one man called mr. President or one man called the governor Whom we know who he is or she is But we play the ostrich and pretend not to know And then the man comes to office and he's himself And then you now say oh our problem is leader. No our problem is not our leader Our problem is you who and I that chose those people until we come to that reality We will never make progress in our country and we will because citizens like us Are starting to put a search light on the office of the citizen Either of the federal republic of Nigeria of acquire boom state or of your state to say we've got to wake up Now we're going to reverse state I'll tell you this If I were the governor, I will understand the seasons at times The memory of Nigeria is short Is short. There's nothing called political structure Two months to a lecture Three months to a lecture six months to a lecture You can move everything called structure All you need is number one to be wise You know where you are going. You know where you're going. You know where you're going as a governor of river state You are making the biggest mistake by starting a fight too early And let me tell you that the fct is another state And the budget is humongous And not only that we can has good control of the power of state And he has good resources at his disposal He has capacity to take care of his boys, but if you were smart You would play along Let the first year pass by some level of emotional, you know intelligence Do you understand me? Let people start to feel some level of sorry for you I mean, why is weekend doing this now? I mean, why is weekend for now? Unknown to him People are saying why is he biting the fingers that fed him? So he's not been able to establish that issue of buying the sympathy of the people He's not but but sir one one year is quite some time because if the rumors are right even though the FCT minister has denied these rumors that he wanted a percentage of Of the state's income To come to him monthly. He wanted to take an aspect of governance And leave one of the aspects of governance to the governor himself, you know So he will still be in almost absolute control of the state What if this is true and one year this money goes to an individual it will become more and more powerful Let me tell you something. Let me tell you something There's something called strategy There is something called strategy And unfortunately With all due respect most governors don't understand the meaning of that was strategy One man that understood this so well Was ibb and unfortunately a lot of our young people Were not privy and we don't have history You know ibb will set you up It's like, you know oj simpson, you know, uh trial Everybody concluded that this guy did these beds somehow They could not link him to it You understand me government there is opposition Do you get the point If I were to have advised him I'll tell him, you know what this open confrontation is still too early and still too fresh Number one number two. No, you're not going to accept this You're not going to accept this Number three is that there are many ways to kill a rat Get some information across to opposition Do you understand me You can do things that nobody traces anything to you Do you understand me somehow they can know that it'd be like say this man But you just see they're pretty No gentlemen, let's be careful. No, no, no, and then when this thing is festering You go to your boss Do you understand me?  This is government. You know This was starting.   Yeah, the bible says wisdom is profitable to direct This open confrontation might consume the governor unless he starts to have Very very serious strategic thinkers around him who knows how to get what he wants and yet, you know Diplomacy they say is telling somebody to go to hell and he actually looks forward to it There are many but we don't have thinking governors. We don't have strategic governors We just have this, you know brute force, you know, political No that you don't agree. You have to show that you are the governor. You have to blah blah blah No, it's not like that.  You are the governor You are in control of the results of the state and there's a way you can do it so that no man Can pack more money than is You know some level of appreciation for him, but you can't come and run my system. No, you won't I would Devil and diplomacy that's what we're seeing Ned reverse the governor come to me free of charge I'll tell him how to balance equation. I've heard the kind of wisdom you're going to give to him He better consult you now. Okay. Um, let's move to another interesting interesting A headline interesting, especially because is what you're passionate about labor yesterday there was a protest in imo state and We found out that the The president of nlc was arrested In fact, the words that nlc is using is abducted and then that he was assaulted even though the the police say that he Was taken into protective custody. It was for his own protection that it took him but we've seen him with swollen face and We are we tend to agree with the fact that he was assaulted. Maybe not by the police We don't know that but the old fingers are pointing to the police. But now The thing is before the protest the governor sought and had an injunction that this protest cannot hold and The nlc still went ahead and did the protest and whatever happened happened. Now accusing fingers are pointed at the governor Of the state the headline reads labor accuses us or dima of abducting Brutalizing nlc president your comment on the general behavior or the general happenings in imo state yesterday You know, I I I happened to be an in-law of imo state and um I don't know a lot of times I feel Really bad about that state because imo state has Extremely resourceful set of people It has set in strategic advantages in location It has a lot of things going and I don't think that imo state has developed the way it should We have governors that seem to be more interested in politics than in governance And in that process They seem to apply a lot of underhand tactics and things that do not all go well for the welfare of the economy of that state you see this issue of Relating with workers it's one that you must understand that The bible says a workman is worthy of his pay and do not tie them out of the hall that that trades the corn You know We we've seen a lot of politics and so little governors and the welfare of the workers is not prioritized As a result the people are unhappy And then you now use might now use caught now use Extra judicial process if we were necessary to to to muscle the people Agere is a very good friend of mine and um One that we have many things in common principally the welfare of the workers and um I think that I think that what has happened is not acceptable You want to do a protest or one hand you say the court has said no But then if even if the court says no you are going to now bring thoughts to infiltrate How can you rescue? A man Who wants to Work for the workers? Who are the counter protesters? Are there the people that says no we don't want better welfare? Is that possible? It begs the question and goes without saying that it must have been organized people Brought into cause problems and then you now come to rescue agero from from the secretary not even on the street um Sorry, he was he was taken into protect protective custody from the from the secretary not while they are on the field That's the story. That's what i'm saying Who are they protecting him from? Are they protecting from the workers that he's going to talk for? Or they are protecting him from the mob that they have Stations to disrupt What could I mean? We have you seen workers protest workers and it turns a violent No Yeah, I've not seen one in Nigeria What usually happens is that when people carry out their legitimate protests They will be organized counter protests by those we know better and as a result There's the fracker, you know, but I think that Emo state needs to be a little more diplomatic in the way they handle their affairs and a lot more transparent And I also think workers need to you know the resources when I was campaigning The engagement I had with nlc was so robust and was so honest That They themselves I told them you are The problem you are the frog that sets the rain that beats you, you know, it's a local, you know Idiom, you know Why there is nothing in government that can be done without the civil servant nothing You know everything The governor cannot lift a finger without the civil servant No commissioner No head of paracetam can do anything without the civil servant So two things When you help the government to siphon the money and nothing is left and you turn around and cry Wolf then I'm just wondering if you are thinking like I'm thinking or there's something wrong with my own thinking Okay. Well, let's let's move to the guardian newspaper. Even if there are so many other Things too that we could have discussed in The previous paper they're daily independent But a red flag as domestic borrowing On domestic borrowing as tinnable considers 30 trillion naira fresh loans Um, what do you think there's almost every week now? We hear a loan here loan there loan for palliatives loan for cars loan for One thing or the other now. He's thinking about 30 trillion naira fresh loans And the government said that there would be no borrowing whatsoever I'm wondering what you think about it. You see you see you see my brother You see the bitter truth Is that we need to go back to our leadership recruitment There's something equation paper I'm setting out for INEC because these are The things that made me go As far as to the supreme court I gathered this level of experience and I was driven not that this, you know Inordinate and be short to rule but by the strong desire to interrogate our electoral process And ultimately make it better We can't continue the sins that we are doing You want to be the president of the federal republic of nigeria and you have no understanding of the fundamentals You make statements to play to the gallery and make the people happy and you do not realize that those statements Are not Are not factual. They are not possible. They are not implementable. They are not thought through You know, we just want to say things that the people and then we are gobbledy enough That when they say those things oh we clap clap clap clap clap When are we going to sit down and say sir with all due respect? What's the current situation and why do you say this is not going to happen? What you have in mind to do so there is there's robust engagement and interrogation To ensure that by the time you get into the office There's the percentage of what you are not aware of is not more than 2030 As I sit here, I could tell you about the government of akwae bomb state Nothing less than 70 percent Because I studied I read I Get it I could tell you the things I will not be able to do as governor Because the resources are not there I could tell you the things I could do Because I took time, you know, there was something that mr. Donal Duke told me I don't know whether jokingly or seriously He said yeah, because he doesn't like to come in here. I took he just calls me in here, you know You know, you know in cross river. You have me as a name Anyway, it's it yeah You have so much money in a quiet bomb state. You don't need to think I have no money in cross river. So all I do is think At first I laughed at it But at the end of the day, I discovered that that was the most indicting statement anybody could make No matter how much money you have you cannot but be a thinking governor You must be a thinking governor But how many governors do we have that are thinking governors and because he was thinking With the mega resources he had Today he remains to the best of my knowledge the only governor That has branded a state and that brand has remained notwithstanding efforts by past people To probably make no sense of it and everything but everybody continues to say oh Cross river is tourism Calabar carnival and it's still lasting. Why am I saying this? We need to know that there's nothing wrong in borrowing Absolutely nothing wrong in borrowing But I get concerned.  Maybe you have to have left office, but that's wrong Because you're thinking your administration. You're thinking yourself. You're thinking your name You it's like the government. You're not even Nigeria to be about you No, are you giving a quiet bomb state to be about the governor? No It's about the people about generations unborn. It's about thinking about the next generation as a leader If you cannot consider the next generation, you do not have right to have that tag of a leader You must think generational and not administration These are the issues and the matters that bother me about government There's nothing wrong with borrowing that please you cannot borrow for consumption It's it's one two three simple fundamentals Show me how the circle closes Let me tell you there are a lot of things about our country that people have not exposed, you know are not exposed to Where are we getting a lot of our resources from? Everybody knows oil Question number one. What is our production quota? Why is it so? Question number two. Have we engaged our future in any way? That shouldn't be a private conversation That shouldn't be a secret of a clique That should be a national discourse Because there's a lot of insinuations We have like no forward borrowing against productions today so that even if we double our production now because of the understandings that we have of taking in advance and You know, colorizing it as it were with the crude. There's so much Opacity within our system so for me I don't have anything against borrowing. He can borrow 50 trillion which he actually needs to borrow But can we have this class of thinkers that sit down and and say we must be disciplined The president is thinking of buying a yacht for himself Of people are thinking in terms of buying proud doors for national assembly People are just not let me let me end on this because time is probably not outside. It is important. I make this statement Rappel if I agree. Good. Yes, just raffle. Yeah Yeah, number one is that Our nyra is having problem Why is the nyra having problem? Because the supply of the law per dollar is short Now what do you do? I'll tell you one, two, three things. Number one, we celebrated our You know, the the dubai route being open to us Are we thinking Dubai route does two things to Nigeria One my sixth birthday would probably have been celebrated in dubai That was the destination of celebration for Nigerians And you know what that means a hundred people are coming over to Dubai to celebrate with me Each of them will not need to spend less than 20,000 dollars multiply with that What do we gain at the end of the day? Nothing. That is number one leisure luxury enjoyment Number two is buying buy buy buy buy And these two things that we need in Nigeria today. Let's wrap up They should strategically burn Dubai number two Why do we want to buy rados instead of innocent? Does it make sense? Number three, they've released a list of 43 items That you can now beat for quarry exchange to are we you know, we need to forget IMF And sit down and think From first principles to solve our problems. All right We need the clincher here is that we need governors who are thinkers. We need Not only governors we need Leaders who are thinkers no matter how much money we have We should never be the dodgy thing that we have a lot of money our problem is how to spend it Well, this is how we wrap it up because of time Architect Ezekiel Nyaitouk. Thank you for your time. And once again, happy birthday Happy birthday senior citizen Of the federal republic of Nigeria Thank you so much for your time this morning Thank you. Thank you We'll be talking with architect Ezekiel Nyaitouk, a public affairs analyst who eventually turned 60 Yesterday and we congratulate him for that and pray that God keeps him Alive for longer and strengthens him to do the job he has been doing Especially in as regards this citizen of the office of the citizen of Nigeria We'll take a short break now and we will be joined by an L NLC chief team that will be telling us First hand what happened in the most state yesterday. Stay with us


Hey everybody, welcome back to another exciting episode, another edition of A We Can Keep Them Here on YouTube. Gio here and today we're talking the god damned. Let's do this. Welcome back to the channel everybody and yeah, I've had this book for quite some time and only until a couple days ago I thought, you know what, I could do another read through, make a video for YouTube. I haven't covered this book yet. I love talking about image comics or independent comics in general. It gives you sort of this freedom that's not, you know, you're not bogged down or constrained by capes and cows and the big two and all that stuff. Here we have a very peculiar twist to stories that we've known about for ages. This is sort of a biblical reinterpretation of certain characters and our protagonist is actually Cain of Cain and Abel. The story is set 1600 years after Eden and we follow the character of Cain and he's, as he's wandering through a hellish landscape called Earth. This is before the flood as the book kindly informs us right here, book one. And he's walking aimlessly not really knowing what to do.  He's had so many hundreds of years living through Earth to this place that is filled with such barbarism and cruelty and violence and drought and, you know, sickness and fighting. It's a very inhospitable place compared to your perception of ancient history of ancient Earth, if you will. You see, Cain committed the ultimate sin of murdering his brother and the ramifications from that have corrupted the Earth and, you know, made us as a species that much more breakable and fragile than we were before. And those effects in real life still bother us now to this era, to this day and for the rest of humanity's existence, we will always have that in the back of our head that a person can murder another individual. Regardless of all of that, this story is written by Jason Aaron and drawn by Adam Getta, who you may know from his work with Jason Aaron in DC's Vertigo series Scout.  The action is intense, the landscapes just look straight out of hell.  And here we have something completely different to look at. And here we have some muddy brownish colors to represent most of the book. It's this kind of art style which dominates the story. But you also have some very interesting night scenes like this, which really calms the reader from the hellish experience. It's sort of, you take a deep breath when you come to scenes like this. Of course, it's in the dark, there's no light sources. So you don't really know what terror lies in the dark. So it's even more frightening that these characters are roaming about like this. So we're following Cain, like I mentioned earlier, and he is seeking a way to end his life. So many years, hundreds of years, he has cursed God and he just doesn't want to continue anymore. He knows what he did, he's fully aware, and it's not necessarily, or at least at the start of the book, about seeking redemption. And it's more about just sort of freeing himself of this pain.  So he is on this journey, and along the way he meets a couple characters which sort of maybe bring some of his humanity back. He goes on this mission to save someone, and through that process maybe finds a little bit more about himself and remembers who he was before he murdered his brother. It's that sort of moral dilemma which of course Jason Aaron expertly goes through and captures a very interesting reimagining and a very interesting take on a famous character and sort of his reluctant nature of not only being like could he be a hero to this story, but he reformed himself as a person and not end it all and find some sort of new lease on life. And at some point in this book there are multiple hints at that and it's very interesting. I love the, I love that this story isn't necessarily about cursing and being like an FU to religious stuff. Not at all. It's not an alternate take for entertainment purposes, but also to sort of remind the reader that the stuff, and this is, we're talking about murder, so we have to take it with a grain of salt here. But what I'm trying to get at is that some of the stuff that we've done can be redeemed at least and we can find the right path from the negativity and we can aspire to do some good even through dire situations and all that stuff or at least that's what I took out of it. Other than that the story has a way too much violence and gore and just dirty looking people, just living mat-mack style in the desert with fricking animals and all that stuff. So it's a very interesting, wild, crazy, bitchin' interpretation of Before the Flood period when it comes to the Old Testament. So yeah. Also the comparison between Noah which is radically different than what you're imagining compared to Cain is pretty fricking interesting. I like that the book has a clear starting point and resolution and it gives you wanting more. We don't have a volume too unfortunately, it's been teased and the creative team is working on it, but we don't have that yet. However, the ending of the book, it ends on a really somber, sad note with promises for even greater tales to follow.  I would love to see this comic book adapted into either a video game or a live action movie. It has a lot of potential to be explored in an alternate medium, I think at least. A very interesting story, a wonderful artwork and the scenes and the action and the panels and everything, it just is very cinematic and scope. This book is obviously rated mature so I don't recommend it for everybody. And of course I do know that a lot of people, and I didn't even want to bring it up simply because it touches on biblical stuff, I am a fairly religious person and I had no problem whatsoever reading this at all and took some a lot of positives out of this and Aaron's examination of a character that is villainized and how he can rise against expectations and kind of maybe go on this redemption arc I guess. So I'm hopeful, I'm really excited about the possibility of that second and maybe more third book. Hopefully we do get to see that sometime soon in the next year perhaps, I don't know. Have you read The God Damned? Let me know in the comment section down below. This was a strange mix of biblical stories with Conan the Barbarian mixed in with Matt Max and The Witcher. It's pretty wild. If you've read it let me know, if not tell me your favorite sword and sandals comic graphic novel. Let me know down below, I'm very interested in finding out as well. 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