Hi, this is your host, Sapni Bhartiya, and welcome to another episode of State of Energy. And today we have with us Jean-Michel Glechon, director of Florence School of Regulation. Jean, it's great to have you on the show. My pleasure, Swethneel. And today we are going to talk about the recent LF Energy Report, which is more or less like, kind of showcases the collaboration that is going on there between Giant, like Alia, and RTN. And it kind of shows much more bigger picture as well. But before we talk about all those things, all the report, quickly tell us, you know, since you wrote the far word, what is this report all about? The topic of the report, the big picture is that climate change is a real emergency. We cannot let it go.   It will destroy insects, trees, animals, and many humans will be injured by it. Therefore, we have to act. We do not have to act tomorrow or after tomorrow. We have to act right now. And utilities are at the core of this action because utilities work with energy, produce energy, transmit, distribute energy and can be immediately mobilized to reduce the impact of energy on the environment because energy can be environmental friendly.  Not at all. It is the kind of energy we have chosen with the humans and among the humans, the westerners, unfortunately, first. We have chosen fossil energy because it is easier to get cheaper and this easiness to extract fossil and the cheap price we can have to pay for fossil made fossil too attractive. If we make a small effort, we will go to renewables and renewables are becoming cheaper and are becoming easier to get. But it takes sometimes, it takes here 20 years, there 30 years, there 35 years. 35 years is not long if you look at modern age of humanity. Let's assume that modern age of humanity was born in 1770. But it's not yet 300 years. So for thousands of years, humans were living in alliance with nature and there is only 300 years that we are killing nature. So we can do better and we will do. First of all, thank you for putting it so beautifully because we don't hear perspective like these in general. And yet you're right. The funny thing is that it doesn't matter whether we're human in every ecosystem, there are always byproducts that can be dangerous for that ecosystem. But balance matters how much byproduct you're creating which could be dangerous. And when it comes to humans, the scale at which we have to either produce food, everything leads to an imbalance. So we actually need balance everywhere with food production or energy production and coming back to the point of energy sector, what I also see and I may be totally wrong is that as we are moving more towards let's say electric vehicles, electric cars, that's where you know, energy sector is going to play a much more important role because folks will be charging their cars or other vehicles at home as well. It doesn't matter whether we are going to use batteries or not. So energy sector is also setting a trend for a lot of other industries to look at and also it's also poverty. I mean, we talk about cloud and everything else, but if this power goes off, nothing matters. So this is powering our world actually. Now, let's talk about what kind of, you know, changes you have seen within the energy sector where it is driven by their own motivation to move towards something which is cleaner or is it driven more by political or is it driven more by economical? Oh, Swapnil, there is three major changes, not one. And it's incredible that a sector being an industry for engineers, an industry with assets, investments, thousands of billions invested, this industry is changing three times. This industry is changing because of the digitalization. Everything has become digital. What does it permit? It permits to monitor, to know, to adapt, to foresee, to forecast, to discuss, to take better decisions, to create algorithms, taking decisions quicker than you and me. This is digitalization. We know because if you buy, if you have the money to buy a Tesla, you will see that your car is also a computer. It's a car and a computer. There is no difference today between a car and a computer. And we know because of our funds. For my kids, a phone is a computer. For me, I know it is a phone. I know that it is a black box on the wall. And you speak a little bit because you are ashamed and because you are lost, you do not know exactly how it works. All of us, we have seen that phones have become computers and phones have become cameras. So we see what digitalization means and an anecdote because anecdotes are very good to understand. One of my younger brothers is now living with a new person. This person has been met on the phone because the phone has become a way of acting, interacting, discovering people and matching better with other humans. So we see that the life is digitalized. Let's digitalize the energy industry, the generation, the transmission, the distribution, also the consumption. If all our devices at home were as smart as a phone, they can detect if they have to stop working because they deliver enough utility for us, they can detect if they stop working because the central energy system is saturated with demand, is better to wait, etc. This, as you see, leads us to smart consumption. It has another name, demand response. So digitalization of the energy sector, particularly the electricity utilities, is a major societal and industrial change. But it is not alone. The second one is decentralization. In industry, we can have technological waves pushing to bigger assets, bigger units, enormous investments. A typical in the electricity sector is nuclear. In the nuclear industry, if you do not have in your pocket four to five billion euros, forget, you cannot do anything. But new waves of producing appeared. And one of the ways is very well known everywhere. It is solar PV. In solar PV, you can invest with 10 euros. I have a bag. This bag has 30 square centimeters of PV. With this, I can charge my phone. In summer, we are in summer, now in Europe, I can charge my phone with my bag. This is decentralization. So the big, big utilities are still there because they have a lot of money and a lot of workers and a lot of self-forces. But decentralization too is there. So more and more people can choose. And third, as you said, and I didn't put it as first, renewables, because first-side industry is pushed by renewable, renewable becoming cheaper. People can invest directly in renewable because it is cheaper for them. And where it is pushed by government decisions, regulatory decisions, renewable are literally exploding like we have in Europe. In Europe, we think we target that in 2030, 70% of all electricity in Europe will be from renewable sources. If you add these three factors of changes, digitalization, decentralization, renewable, this industry is entirely new. And being entirely new will create new challenges for the companies. The companies will have to be smarter, faster, agile, and therefore looking at new ways of understanding the world, understanding their assets, their customers. And this reactiveness can be extremely well helped by new softwares or new ways of conceiving softwares or using them. Excellent once again. So beautifully said. I'll talk about the first that you mentioned was digitization, which as you also said, if you buy a Tesla, it's more or less like a computer. We kind of, you know, it would be not wrong that we kind of live in a software driven world. Everything that we do around mostly is done by software, but which also means that unlike old days, software is something which, you know, folks can reuse, which, you know, we don't have to reinvent the wheel every single time, which we have seen in many industries, which various resources, which also creates a lot of fraction, fragmentation. With digitization, you know, software driven, which also leads to a second point, which is open source, because open sources make it easier. You write one code and if you want, you can share with others. They will join, collaborate, improve your code so you will benefit from their work. So also talk about the, when we talk about just digitization part, what is happening in terms of adoption of open source where folks, companies, the interesting thing with energy company is that there are not 50 companies in the same country. In most cases, there are monopolies. There's only one country, company per country, but there are so many countries. So talk about the role that open source is playing in helping companies digitize their infrastructure. But again, I will not start directly for open source. I will start with common words that many, many people know like sharing economy. What does it mean, sharing economy? It means you have assets. You do not use them all the time. You use them 20% of the time, 30% of the time. The rest you do not.  Other people also can use my assets. But to use your assets, we need a frame of communication, of mutual understanding, mutual operation, of control that everyone is doing exactly what was foreseen, et cetera. So we need a scheme, a common scheme where information flows, communication is done, and some verification is possible. But for this, we need a common standard. We need a common set. We know with another word, platform. What is a platform? A platform is exactly a standard where this information can be verified, obtained, and communication works. But sharing is not the only word. The second word is collaborative economy. Collaborative economy, why? Because if we have to interact, we will interact better if we really understand things the same way. If one day I help you, the next day you will help me. If when I understand something, I can explain you. When I do not understand something, I will ask you in this type of bilateral exchange and equality of rights and of duties, what we call peer, to be a peer.  In this exchange from a peer to a peer, we are free as individuals, but we are also a community because we are peer, we have something in common. And at the level of the society, it's stupid having one million people speaking different languages because they cannot help each other. If they were speaking the same language, in practice it is always the case. In practice, in any country, we have at least one million people speaking the same language and frequently more, but even one million is enough. So that's a community. Within a community, we really help each other regarding knowledge, regarding information, regarding communication. Exactly the same applies inside a company and between companies. When they understand it, they are quicker, faster, more efficient and even cheaper, which is extraordinary. And remember that we were discussing that the starting point is a digital economy. In a digital economy, many things can be cheap because assets are cheap. So the resource we have to economize is the human resource, the human mistakes, the human resource. And the digital economy permits to create this very lively community. And Open Source is telling it with only two words. It's a source, something we share, but it's open. So we share it in something being an equal amount of possibility. And as you were explaining about, you started with shared resources, shared economy. I think Open Source has kind of now created a model that people can follow because otherwise, as you were saying, that they have to be there like each other, but it makes it easier.  It's a win-win game. Let's now zoom out of this high-level discussion and just focus on this report. When you wrote the forward, you went to the report. What are some key highlights that when you read them, they caught your attention from the discussion we just had? The key points are the same. It's an emergency for the humanity as a whole. It is challenging to do it fast. It is extremely costly if everybody does it alone. And there is less central points having hierarchical rights. This I didn't tell about the electricity industry. Electricity industry was very centralized, very hierarchical, like in an army. Not because, like in an army, the general has rights and nobody else can give orders, but because engineering was dictating codes and use of assets. And engineering was dictating a single way of doing everything correct, and it was done from the central points. But we have seen that all of this decentralized demand becomes very important and not only supply. And decentralization of energy makes the consumers making real decisions as important as the supplier. And the suppliers are more diverse because decentralization of supply itself. So because of this, the electricity industry has become challenged by the needy changes, but also able to deliver them if they are smart enough to go to open source, to collaborate, to give entry points to others. This was really striking to me. In this report, it is a Dutch company doing distribution. Distribution means feeding each consumer. Each consumer is connected to the electrical grid by a company named Distribution Company. The other one, the French, is a transmission company. A transmission company is a very big company doing only very big things. A transmission company works for 100,000 people. Lower than this, they are not interested. It's cheaper to them, they do not do. But these two, one working for each consumer and one working for blocks of 100,000, they are facing the same challenges and they are addressing these challenges the same with open source, which is remarkable. And open source Linux Foundation, being localized in California. So you see that it does not matter where you are. Linux Foundation in California, transmission in France, distribution in the Netherlands, it works perfect. Anecdote, because I love Anecdote. I had to quit today a conference here in Denmark and I had to explain my neighbor why I was quitting only 15 minutes before the end. And I told, you know, I have an interview about open source Linux Foundation. He told me, incredible, you won't believe, my company is just switching to open source. We have discovered that open source is more reliable, more efficient and cheaper. So all the company is switching to open source, boom. And this company is a leading Danish company for transmission of gas, transmission of electricity. You see how it goes. Right. No, no, you, I mean, once again, yeah, it's open source kind of global phenomenon where it doesn't matter where the folks are based, they can search. Now, this case, you know, especially when Eliana, you know, as you mentioned, and you know, RT French and Dutch companies, they're working together with Linux Foundation Energy. Does this kind of also create a playbook for others to follow? Because as you mentioned, a lot of folks, they do want to embrace open source, but they don't know how to approach it. So will it help other energy companies also to have, you know, kind of a model to follow? In Europe, we have about 60 to 60 transmission companies, depending what you put in Europe. For example, Ukraine, but it's also Switzerland, and do you think that Europe is only European Union or all European countries? So we have 50 to 60 TSOs. We have several thousands of distribution companies. A distribution company, by nature, is smaller than a TSO, because the TSOs lose big things. But a distribution company can go down to 60,000 customers. All these small companies, they cannot afford to reinvent the wheel. Even inventing the wheel is too difficult for the small company. So for them, it's a blessing that such open source exists and can be used. And they can just add a small layer because they have individual needs, but the bulk of the software is already there, and they can have access to the experience of those who don't do the stupidities when you are new. So it's extremely useful for these companies. So it should expand inevitably. And I hope that what you are doing this evening will help expanding it. One more question I have for you before we wrap this, and which is that as companies do understand the importance of open source of the share, sometimes it becomes hard to find folks who are aligned with your interests. Trust becomes a big issue. Should I trust your code base? What if tomorrow you pull it out? So that's where the role of neutral organization, which in this case could be Linux Foundation, there are other foundations similar to that. What do you think roles these neutral foundations can play in bringing these, in some cases these companies can also be competitors, under the same umbrella, so they can share resources where the sharing is needed. At the same time, they can compete in the market as well. So talk about the importance of these kind of foundations. Of course, Linux can work like Wikipedia. We can buy Oxford on Cyclopedia, but it is printed. It's not a community. Novel things are on in it. And the thousands of individuals having knowledge cannot not share the on Cyclopedia being Oxford. Okay, it's excellent, but it's done by 60 people. And the same is true for this world of open source, having a foundation like Linux, having a name, having a record, having successes, is guaranteeing that if we go there, we have little risks and not a guarantee, but a very high probability of success. Second, which is true also, any organization has a culture and organizations have culture of doing by themselves, controlling by themselves, and shaking by themselves because they have the responsibility of the results of the performances. And here, a foundation can give incentives to explore, incentives to enter things differently. It's very well explained in the small report. It costs you very little to enter the world of open source. So if you invest very little, you will do very little mistakes too. And step by step, you will understand how it benefits to your organization and how your organization can trust this new way of working. And you will see that both Allender and RT, these two pioneers, were very reluctant at the beginning because the bosses of the organization were not believing that it can be useful to cooperate, to collaborate, to innovate. But finally, they do. Jean-Michel, thank you so much for taking time out today and of course talk about this report and share the broader vision about where the world should be heading, how we can make things more sustainable. I really love the discussion and I would love to have you back on the show again. Thank you. Thanks to you, Swapnil, and thanks to Linux Foundation, the wonderful job made there.


Okay, we are back in Scottsdale National Golf Club, sunny Arizona and I'm about to take on the back nine and don't forget if you've not watched episode one then pause this video now and hop on over to the channel. This is every single shot of the back nine at Scottsdale National. And don't forget as a quick reminder I finished at four over for nine holes. Not playing great right now but we're on 10 par five, hole we've slightly left to right and that's probably the best drive I've hit the day so far. As you can see by the quick bend down for the tee we know that's a good start and right up there on this par five. So when you've got hybrid in hand just over 200 to go and you can see just by that dip in the knee there and a look down to the ground I've got it a little bit thin off the bottom grooves. Still almost chased up then I've got very much kind of linksy style shot a bit of a bump and run because there's not a lot of green at the backside of the flag which you'll see now. It probably wasn't a bad effort to be fair but again don't forget these greens very very quick 14 on the stimp and not too bold rolled it down there and to be fair it was a it's an easy comfortable five but with where the drive was I should have hit a better second shot with a chance of birdie but anyway four over and onto the next which is gorgeous all one of my favorites on the course little par three. When you're playing one three four from the tees I've got but as you can see surrounded by bunkers it's a nice easy wedge you've got to be sort of down that left-hand side as again there's a bit of a camber for and a kick there on that bank in a good position it's right downhill you can see this one again I'm going to say the same thing over and over it's very much a delicate tap but you can see that I have a listen okay so four over onto a par four missing very much left to right on the shape shot here so that's two really good drives on the back nine start the back nine and again just a kind of bump and run and playing a bit of link style golf here at the moment but the pin at the front no room for error in terms of a wedge so I'm really happy with where that one's come up to and a real good opportunity at birdie first one of this nine again really good stroke happy with the putt just stayed up on the high side and stayed four over onto par three playing one six nine into the wind a bit I'm playing five iron again just a little glance down there I got just a little bit heavy slightly off the bottom grooves and this one come up way short and a real awkward bunker shot do you know what I'm more than happy with that to be honest it's so awkward for us to play that but it's come up a way short and as you can see there's a massive swing on this port which I get wrong in terms of the pace don't get it high enough on the left hand side and still leaving another good 20 foot for bogey and unfortunately I don't make that and another par three kills me it's they're so tough and this one in particular so a double takes me to six over not good anyway par four the line is right of the bunker that you can see driver off the tee and again really happy that's three drives on the bounce that have gone well basically where I'm aiming put me in a good position don't forget par five par four rather I've got five ironing and pin just hidden around the corner a little bit really good tempo on that one and again this is going pretty much right at the flag that we can't quite see from where I've put the camera which wasn't great but again decent birdie chance seems like a good stroke just low on that bottom side and I'm not going to complain too much about that like I said that was a decent enough port but again not finding the birdie unfortunately so it stays at six over so par five now another opportunity at five forty eight yards not the not the best drive just come off that one just a tad but again getting away with it and now in a really good position now on a middle of the fairway three wooden and and again shot traces didn't pick it up but I can think you should be able to see the ball flight it was a really good strike to be honest with you and now put me in a great position with just one three nine into the flag I've got nine ironing and and I'm looking straight down the the the flag to be honest with you and that was an awful shot once again came off it and what you can't see here is I haven't got a bad lie so choked down a little bit on a wedge popped it up reasonably nice but you can see again how firm it is you're not going to get no grab out of the lie that I did have and I'm still going to put to save a par which to be honest with you from the second shot should not be what I'm putting out and I've just completely lost my head starting to wilt and tire a little bit I think and well now I've got this to save a bogey which is right to left and pacey as they all are yeah absolutely chuffed with that to be honest with you to remain seven over but a disastrous yeah pretty poor now this is the 16th it's one three five I had a hole in one 24 hours earlier from just a little bit further back pin is left today and again not a lot of green in front of it so I'm just playing a little bit of a quarter or a half wedge and just trying to punch in a little bit lower I came up just a tad short but not not a bad shot a long way to go and up the hill you see it just took a little bit of bobble on the rise there and again it's kind of it still leaves a fiddly one to make par but thankfully I'm going to do that so still seven over so par 417 I'm starting to wilt a bit physically and I'll hand over to the audio from the course I knew I've completely gone here yeah we got away with it again you're gonna like that one I don't think we've had this first one right to stick so on to 18 can we make a birdie to finish driving and another par five right at the mountaintop is the line pretty much got it straight again it was a bit of a low chase so I wouldn't say it was the best driver of the day but like I said considering I'm wilting we got it down there big wide fairway and we're in the middle of it so we'd take that so five iron now which was it's a layup short of the bunker and I sort of quit on it you can tell it's a layup but again I'd say I got away with it but left the real sort of awkward yardage that flag is is slightly tucked away left where I'm at the idea was to be further right with the five iron leaves a 58 wedge in to finish that was just a case of trying to keep it nice and smooth don't be short and don't be long because you can see the traps waiting either side of that option and I've got a chance and a look at that birdie slightly uphill so it's a good chance to be fair green drill so so true and it was never online but a decent enough pace and that's finishing things up at seven over a great help for my caddy Aaron around the way thanks all for watching hope you enjoyed it the course was as you can see in immaculate condition and to be honest with you like I said physically I wilted a lot on that back nine so glad to finish up with seven over and probably a little bit better score than I actually played on the day to be honest with you and sometimes golf goes that way anyway like I said thanks for watching give me feedback in the comment section below don't forget to subscribe if you don't already and I will see you all probably tomorrow night we've got another video upload for tomorrow evening so bye for now


Hello and welcome to the Grand Line Review, your source for everything one piece. Today we are going to be examining what I think is a very neglected aspect of the series, being the wonderful world of engineering, in particular through the creative eye of USOP. Now USOP holds a surprising amount of talents in almost every field imaginable, bar physical combat of course, and one of the ways he set about making up for that deficit was to invest in technology, going on to invent a slew of gadgets over the course of the series, some more useful than others, but all fantastic and full of imagination. And I think it's about time they had their chance to shine. The criteria for this list is as follows. A gadget in this context will be defined as a portable device. It doesn't necessarily need to be mechanical or electrical, and they will not be judged simply by their usefulness, but by the imagination put into them, as well as their overall construction. And obviously they need to have been created specifically by USOP because well that's the name of the list really. Furthermore, all USOP gadgets must be canon, because the world government patent organization have a policy of never accepting filler inventions. So look, my hands are tied on this one guys, what can I say? But with that out of the way, let's begin. Welcome to the top five USOP gadgets in one piece. Number 5 Octopus Shoes Here we have a brilliant little invention designed for more stealthy use. These shoes allow USOP to traverse great vertical distances via the use of suction cups rather nicely scattered about in an octopus formation which stems from the fact that he uses Octopi to construct them. But using these USOP was able to scale the arc maximum whilst in flight during the Skype era, but they also proved versatile enough to make a comeback during water seven. As he and the guys of Saga King donned them once more on the sea train in order to skip fighting through all the cards and get directly to Niko Robin. Furthermore, despite the fact that they are called octopus shoes, USOP also suggested making use of them on your hands in order to achieve even greater vertical maneuverability. All in all, octopus shoes were an ingenious solution to USOP's problems at the time and may even have had the potential to rescue Robin from the sea train had she allowed it. A fantastic little opening gadget. Number 4 USOP So, we've started out with a fairly interesting name for this gadget which is essentially a glorified belt that has the ability to fire a Batman-esque style grappling hook once again allowing USOP to traverse spaces that his regular human-y body would not naturally be able to access. And this is where the name comes into it because the primary use of the belt was to wrap the grappling hook around a tree branch and then swing across it like Tarzan, eventually reaching another destination. However, this particular gadget is a case where USOP did not entirely think things through as he neglected to build a mechanism to disconnect himself from the grappling hook. As a result, just as USOP was about to achieve his goal, he was sent flying right back to where he began. But at the same time USOP was a brilliant idea, it just probably needed a bit more R&D before it was put to the proper test. Number 3 USOP Pound Hammer Next up, we have a series of items from the delightful USOP Arsenal, all of which carry the same general concept. Essentially, the Pound Hammer series comprised of an incredibly intimidating looking gigantic hammer, however, they are in fact completely hollow and not at all dangerous. In fact, the very first iteration of Five-Ton Hammer was simply two frying pans and a stick covered with a metal sheet, with the final product weighing roughly two kilograms, despite the fact that it is clearly labeled as Five-Tons. USOP then went on to construct a 10-ton model that used a balloon on a stick, which would pop upon impact. And yes, they do seem like fairly novelty gadgets, but the true brilliance of these inventions is how they employ psychological manipulation against USOP's opponents. After having seen the size of the hammer as well as the weight labeled upon them, the mind cannot help but perceive it as legitimate information, which has generally resulted in USOP's opponents going into a state of shock just prior to impact. And while these hammers will only work on, how shall we put this, weaker-minded opponents, they are still an absolutely ingenious gadget. 2. The Kuro Kabuto Here we have USOP's current weapon of choice, which he developed during the two-year timeskip. It was made to be a large, more powerful version of his initial Ginga Pachinko, yet more portable than the original incarnation of the Kabuto. And what you might be saying right now is, so what, Grand Line Review? It's just a slingshot, brah. I mean, have you lost your mind? Has making all of these top 5 videos on arguably irrelevant topics melted your brain? To the point where you believe a mere slingshot deserves the classification of gadget, much less a place on this list? And to you I say, yes, yes I have. But also that this particular slingshot is a bio-engineered weapon that has the ability to grow up and take on a life of its own, consuming large amounts of whatever is around it and proceeding to use it to attack USOP's foes. It's a fantastic fusion of USOP's primary areas of knowledge, being rudimentary mechanics and pop greens, and it allows him to fight on a level that he could previously only dream of. A brilliant and essential gadget, and whether there is still one marvellous invention left to cast our minds upon. 1. The Clam Attacked Despite being known as the numbing signature piece of equipment, most of the various incarnations of the Clam Attack were actually developed by the ever clever USOP, which you can certainly tell because the original incarnation of the device held all of USOP's signature madness in the form of a wide array of delightful party tricks. All quite impressive on their own actually given the device they appear from, but the true wonder of the Clam Attack comes in the form of weather manipulation. These devices had been shown to somehow be capable of creating cold and hot air as well as electricity, which in the hands of a regular person would probably be nothing more than another novelty. However, under the control of the weather prodigy that is Nami, this weapon actually turns out to be incredibly devastating, especially in its later incarnations, which allow Nami to create complex weather phenomena in the simple swish of a staff. And while this probably can't be considered a pure USOP gadget because it did have a lot of theoretical input from Nami, it is still probably one of the greatest devices ever seen in the series and thus absolutely cannot be ignored as anything less than the reigning champion on this list. And that pretty much does it for the top five USOP gadgets in one piece. If you enjoyed this video and the content this channel produces in general, then please do consider donating to the Grand Line Review Patreon because the support of all of your amazing people is what continues to make this channel possible. Also do check out my Teespring store if you're interested in shirts, hoodies and other miscellaneous items, but the proceeds going directly to support the channel as well. And if you'd like to join the fun at any time, then please do head over to my Discord server where a wide array of shenanigans takes place on a daily basis. And finally, please do comment with your own favorite USOP gadgets. This has been the Grand Line Review and I'll see you next time.


So, we will actually go ahead from where we left yesterday evening. I had actually given you at that time six possible methods which have been defined in RSE 3261 which actually can be used. Out of these two actually can be sent without creation of any session without basically technically creating any dialogue. So, one of them is option other one is invite. So, this I have not told I am telling it for first time. Invite we are already aware of. So, invite can cancel are technically used for setting of the session buys for terminating register is for registering and options is for querying the other entity what are the capabilities with that server actually. So, the request URI which is formed this is universal resource identifier. So, far I have only told about SIP for example, Atlanta dot com kind of thing. So, I have only talked about so far this thing, but as far as RFC is concerned when you make an implementation you need not only use this you can actually us SIP you can us SIP even other kind of URI standards can be followed and you can even implement those URIs. URIs also can be used in the system that is permitted RFC as per that does not say anything specifically. Only the problem is if you implement some other kind of URI scheme then it is the problem of the SIP entity. It has to figure out what has to be done with that whether it has to be mapped on to another SIP URI or it has to be mapped to a non SIP URI another one, but that will be headache of the entity. As a SIP we will not bother, but we require so this is what we call the scheme. So, SIP and SIPS are two schemes you can even use other schemes URI structure has to be there has to be a domain name. From domain name you will find out where the request actually has to go. So, that is the only important thing. So, domain name is important, but scheme actually can change. So, in fact for telephony there has been already a scheme which was built. So, which can be used alternately this is as per RFC 2806 scheme is known as TEL. So, you might have actually seen this thing at lot of places is a telephony thing or maybe whatever is a domain name kind of concept which can be there. So, TEL URI is also there. So, this also can be used this is one example there are many others which people have built over the time, but the translation from this non-SIP URI to SIP URI or non-SIP to non-SIP is a responsibility of the entity which is implementing the protocol, but you can use even non-SIP URI that is one important thing. Usually because when I am been telling people will actually conceive an idea a notion that always SIP URI has to be used no it is not needed you can use something else also. So, now coming to the status line because last time it was the request thing which was actually talked about. So, either there was a request line or oblige status line. So, request line is structure I have defined last time. So, status line so now mostly it is I am just discussing is about the rules which have to be followed. So, status line typically will be written as this should be equal to. So, this should contain a SIP version a single space character status code and a single space character and then of course reason phrase and in the end you have to have CRLF carriage return line feed character which has to be present. So, that is a BNF definition for the status line. So, request line I have already told reason phrase PHA will not come. So, this is basically human readable entity this will not be interpreted by the machine this will be interpreted by the machine this you are going to write. So, that some entity might be actually using a older version of RFC or SIP V1. So, in that case you will behave accordingly or you will reject if it is not as per your this thing. So, you have to specify when SIP V3 for example will come. So, V2 and V3 machines will coexist. So, depending on what kind of response is coming or what kind of request is coming you have to behave in that way. So, usually when you are going to implement a machine or implement a software you will ensure that you will implementation can handle both kind of requests. So, you do not have to implement only one, but you have to implement both kind of RFCs. So, V2 as well as V1 usually that is commercial entities will do that. Open SIP I think does provide both the options if you are going to use open SIP library. So, in fact the complete implementation you can find out as open SIP dot org. So, this is where you can get the library and then this has the complete implementation of this. So, tomorrow if you want to actually build up any application you can use the code from here or you can contribute back. Now, status code here is 3 digit code this I have already mentioned earlier and only the first digit will specify that 3 digits this will specify the classification. So, 101 or 1002, 199 series will correspond to what we call a provisional response code and you can also write it as 1 x x x acceptance going from 00 to 99. Specification does not talk about what will be for 00 will be used what will be for 01, 02 something, but this is going to be provisional, but depending on usage they essentially become norm. So, this is there in other RFC not in this one. So, this typically for example is provisional means that request is received and we are continuing to process the request. I think this I have mentioned earlier sometime back also. Similarly, you will have 2 x x category this corresponds to success. So, action has been or method has been successfully received or action has been successfully received it is understood and it is accepted that is what it means actually. So, 200 is ok for example, 00. There can be other variant also, but most of them will signify it is a success. Then you will have 3 x x code which can come this is usually for redirection. So, this says further action need to be taken in order to complete the request that is what the meaning is. 4 x x is client error client is the one who has sent the request response is sent by server. So, something which has come from the client is malformed there is an error actually in that. So, I am not able to parse and understand what was the request that is the meaning of this 4 x x. So, technically this request will contain either bad syntax or cannot be fulfilled at this server that is what it means. See for example, you are sending a message to register and you send a invite to register. Registrar would not understand it can only understand register request and the response will be success when the registration happens. Now, that is the only thing which can be done nothing else, but so in that case will say it is I cannot fulfill this request. So, whatever you are sending me is invalid thing. So, that is what the 4 x x is reserved for then you will have. Sir in the Alice Bob example, sir 486 and 488 were sent from the server side that is from the Bob side. So, Bob should be the server then sent. What was that 488 for? 486 was sir busy and 488 was not accepted. So, it is actually assuming the client is in error because I am busy he should be aware of that may be that is it is not the server error. Server can still fulfill the request, but as of now I am not possible because it is coming at the wrong time most likely that is the meaning. So, it is a 4 series was given in that. So, there is 5 and 6 also let me just come to that I have not noted it down. I have not noted down 5 x x and 6 x x, but so there is a 5 x x also I think that is a server error if I remember correctly and there is 6 x x I think local global field area. I think I had written it sometime back it must be there on some other sheet same thing gets repeated actually. So, that will be the status code. Now, coming to the header fields so far we have not discussed header fields it is only a samples actually were shown. So, moving to from request line to header fields. So, header fields will contain typically a structure which is going to be a header name and a header value field name and field value technically. So, a structure will usually will be header this will be usually consist of some header name. So, that is a grammar actually header value. So, a star actually shows that there can be variable number of parameters a variable number of values which can exist field value there will be comma. So, this can repeat H colon H colon is this two dots a colon actually H colon is written in the grammar. So, I have just copied that actually it is colon. So, header will usually consist of multiple lines each line usually will contain one field we can actually have multi line fields also are possible and every header field will start from character number 1 in a new line. If in the beginning there is an space then it is not a new field that is nothing but the previous had the header field in the real line has been broken. So, I can split one single long line into multiple lines, but I have to ensure in the beginning the first character should be either at least one white space or one tap. So, that is a condition I will come to this particular example. So, usually header field format is going to be field name. So, I want to actually do away with the space. So, I am going to put a dash in between actually to be more clear and this will be usually a field name and you can have arbitrary amount of white space here before and after the colon that is permitted. So, this is not illegal. So, in case if you write for example, some field which is there is usually white spaces are not there you will note that wherever I am putting I am actually putting a hyphen for joining the words and make it a single word I am not putting a space because the space is taken as a separator is a delimiter actually for the various fields. So, again this is a structure, but that is fine. So, subject I am not writing capital in fact it is case insensitive capital in small does not matter. For example, in email you might have seen that you send an email to me with full capitals you send it to me like this will both the mails reach to me or not they will always reach to me is case insensitive actually case does not matter. So, same is true even for CPURI same is basically it is true for any header field except under special cases which are specified or there is a string under the quotations. If there is a string under the quotations then it is case sensitive thing entity case does matter in that case they are not same. So, I think this again has been taken from. So, if a parameter is under inverted quotes that whatever is there under the quotes has to be case sensitive. So, in fact that is also true for HTTP URLs. So, subject I can actually put no space large number of space and I can write say lunch I am taking same example given in the RFC or I can now put. So, these are all valid whatever I am writing I can write all three are valid actually headers as far as a syntax is subject is I think is not the header field there I have not verified that, but the what is the recommended practices. So, when you write a software or code you have to ensure that you follow the recommended practice, but you should be willing to accept assume that the other guy who is going to send can send you a malformed thing he may not be following the recommendation, but you are supposed to follow. So, it should not be arbitrary. So, other guy who is sending the message may not follow that is fine you will be you should be able to accept all this, but when you send it is recommended you are always going to put no white space here or no space character and there will be exactly one space character and then whatever is the value. So, that is the recommended format and header fields can be split over multiple lines they can be extended that is permitted because every new header field will be starting from first character in a new line. So, that is essentially q is being used for the encoding purpose. So, that you can actually split a same header field over multiple lines. So, again taking an example when this is being constructed for example, you write. So, I am using a standard there is no white space one white space I can put up a string, but if I write something like this. So, I think this is very similar sentence which is there in the text actually these will be all this will whole thing will be one value this is not under inverted quotes, but it is one value because values are separated by comma. I can have multiple values for one field name, but then they will be separated by comma there is this is only one comma. So, this is one field this is another field in this case. So, another value actually field value name is subject. So, before this comma this is the field this is the field a special meaning can be taken off if I put inverted quotes then it is a one single value. I can have an option to split into two lines I can put like this. Now, if I put this invalid actually because I am starting from the first character in the next line this has to be then a header actually field I cannot do that. So, this is basically an identification mechanism so that on the receiver side your software can parse it easily and understand what is the message. So, there has to be at least one space or one tab or more than that any number. So, usually the practice is wherever your first character starts you will that is a recommended it is actually becomes human readable that is the reason actually why you do it this way. So, this is in the earlier version both are same. So, I can have multi line header fields. So, we have done this spacing stuff we have done multi line the sequencing of headers is that important. In the CRLF field will be there. In the format. Because next header has to start only from the new line. So, CRLF has to be there this is only for one header I am actually you are right there has to be CRLF in the end that is true where has to be where has to be a formula if you put it and this is aesthetics inside that what does it exactly signify where after that aesthetics. This one header value means what is header value is this is the field you can have multiple of them I can actually put for example, subject colon you can say lecture. So, that is the one value you can put a comma then you put you can say food that is a another value you can put say school that is another value. So, three values for this particular thing. In fact, this is equal to interestingly this is equal to I will come to that I was coming to the ordering, but let me give this special ordering this is nothing, but equal to actually writing this subject lecture. So, that is actually equal to three header fields header names or header field names can actually repeat that is permitted. And the order does matter order does matter because if I actually for example, move this thing on the top then the structure this and this are not same. So, whatever is the sequence of the values here in same order they should appear that is important. See for example, this the problem is for example, I am deciding a root field root says the message has to go from me to you first and then from there to another guy from there to another guy. So, I am defining even the sequence by this the message should go if I change the sequence I can either define the root header for example, I can say root colon and I define a CIP URI for CIP colon A dot abc dot com I can define another root B at the rate i j k dot com similarly I define third one. So, this actually defines the sequence I cannot disturb the sequence I can write the third entry as. So, this is how the message will be forwarded. So, it has to go one by one it has to first of all go to this from there it will be sent to this guy from there it will be sent to this. I can set up a multicast conference actually through this mechanism. I am just giving a what is the structure what are the rules yeah it is syntax specification. So, I can have C a raise power x y z the equivalent of this as per this. So, as you are propagating you can keep on deleting or removing. So, remember why a header field has to follow a sequence you cannot simply swap, but I can also put them in comma separated form that is permitted. A comma separates a field value not the semicolon I will be also I can also use semicolon a field value can also have parameters. So, a field value semicolon parameter name is equal to parameter value and any number of parameters can be there. So, that is also there in another extension in this. So, root for example, here will be this is equivalent now I have to put a comma remember they are multiple values I say I am now putting it in multiline. So, I should not start from the first character. So, I can start somewhere here I do not want in a multiline I can write in this line itself and of course, you have to use in all your eyes you have to use escaping this I think I have already mentioned earlier. So, all the special characters have to be escaped in that case means if I know which all characters have to be. So, the relative order here does matter, but relative order of fields actually it does not matter unless the names are same when the names are same within them order does matter they can be placed anywhere. So, header field sequence two you can put in the end for example, from you can always put first only first thing has to be request line and after that whatever is the header thing can be in any sequence, but if the names are same within those things the order has to be maintained because that is important they all even can be combined into a one single entry this combination cannot be done only for now there is a recommendation again it is not a rule. So, when you are writing a software. So, other guy can do anything this is from the source when you are sending invite that time you can decide client will give the route it is like source routing see when this is route this these are users I am not worried about proxies I want to signal you. So, I will tell my proxy to find a route to you and then pass the signal on to you after proper authentication when I say after you should now send a message to somebody else. So, I will pass on this whole header to you. So, it will go to you first and then from there it will go to you then from there it will go to you then to the final destination which is two. So, all three guys intermediaries will be informed these are not proxies these are clients. So, this is helpful for example, we are taking up a confidence yes a kind of overlaid multi casting when it has to be created see I do not want to communicate it to every everybody or I want to just in same message has to be broadcasted to five guys. So, it is has to go in this particular sequence. So, recommendation is that this particular fields route record proxy require see does not matter whether I write a small letter capital I have told already it is case insensitive I can write all capitals I can write all smalls it is permitted in this case. So, one capital is small capital is small that is also going to be same. Not necessary see I was at the mistake earlier because that is the way it was written and that makes it more legible and beautiful that is the only thing. So, that is a recommendationary practice, but need not be. So, when you receive something you should be you should prepare yourself for the worst when you are sending follow the recommendation then max forward and proxy authorization these fields are recommended to be always on the top of the message why they have to kept on the top of the message why do not want them to be at the bottom what is the benefit computation will be less computation will still be the same only thing it will take less time to parse because the message may when the message received at a proxy they are going to receive all these header fields first. So, parsing can finish much faster for the proxy. So, when I am sending a message to you all the header fields which I am expecting you to actually parse require should be always kept on the top of the header that way you will be able to parse it much faster because every header field which comes it starts a separate computation process after parsing. So, this parsing can the computation is start much earlier when it comes at the later stage it will be starting much later. So, I can save time in setting up of the calls or managing the calls again this is a recommendation not mandatory thing. First thing will be always request in the status line that you cannot change after that there are headers header fields. So, I am only talking about header fields now not the request in status line and then there is a in the end there is a CRLF and then there is a message body. So, message body also can be of various type it can be a binary object only the content length will be specified. This I have all told multiple field values can be combined into one single field value in this way by using comma separated field values actually list. This combination combining cannot be done for certain kind of headers you can do it for everything else except there are four cases where this cannot be done here you cannot do it for this particular header field name you cannot do it for authorization you cannot do it for proxy authenticate and you cannot do it for proxy authorization. So, why you think it is not permitted in this case you simply I think drop the header fields after looking at it you do not have to reframe them in this case in earlier cases you have to reframe. For example, this when you reach to this particular root this guy you have already reached. So, this will be dropped out of this line only two will be left out your reframing for the reframing is not permitted. I think it is probably because the hash is also must be going to check for the validity of whatever data you are sending in this that is my most likely guess I have not figured out the information because everything has to do either with authentication and authorization. So, whenever you are sending some keyword or something it is a good idea to actually always also send a hash with that hash will be broken the moment you put that thing and hash should be part of that string. So, you are saying about that common semicolon yeah that is now I am coming. So, now field aims also can have parameters field values. So, I think one of the example was tag which we did or branch in case of your invite and response thing. Now, that is addition now remember the field values are still separated by commas. This I found slightly strange because usually whatever is there as one single entity is separated by a semicolon. So, within that I can separate the sub fields by commas that is usually is the practice normally English language, but here it is done the other way around I do not know the reason why this is done this way, but that is it. So, a field value by definition I will not write I will write field name. So, header field will look something like this. This is the header field it will contain a field name colon field value any number a semicolon parameter name is equal to parameter value and any number of parameters can be attached that is why the star is there and this forms one value actually if there is another value then it has to be comma and then the next chain will start. See this whole thing is technically one parameter one value one field value it is only one field value, but the field value has been appended with parameters when the second field value has to be done there has to be comma and the next field value will come which can also be of the same form. So, branch and tag thing which we had earlier was nothing, but parameters they always took the form semicolon whatever was the parameter name is equal to parameter value and one field may have more than one parameter values. They can have more than one parameter value it is permitted you can have more than that is why star is put, but the same parameter name cannot be used more than once a parameter name cannot exist for more than once it cannot be repeated repetition is not permitted. Within this field value I am putting parameter one is equal to parameter value then I cannot put semicolon parameter one is equal to another parameter value now because though both are parameter one. So, what I am saying is if I write a colon b I say pair is equal to x y z I can put semicolon I cannot now this is invalid because this and this are same it is invalid. But if I get separated by comma then we get I can put pair one then it is valid yes if I put this thing comma I am now going to have another value which can be c and for which now I can use the same parameter this is a valid formation. So, basically if you can send this these are basically like parameters the way tag is for example a random string which is generated for every two and from fields there is a branch which is there in the via header field actually which was put. So, those are all parameters actually. So, case sensitivity I think one of the good example is contact I can write now this is not I am not going to put another field I am putting a parameter. So, I have to put a semicolon this both are same or not same they are going to be same because all things are case insensitive. Last example sir we saw that contact header field in that we were resolving to IP address resolving to IP address not. I can put domain name also PC33.Atlanta.com. Yes PC33 that will be the because this will be SIP. Right currently it is given like this I can put PC33.Atlanta.com also fine. I am giving an example contact will expire after this much time. You are telling that you have to connect to me, but I will be probably moving out. So, with after this time I will not be available here unless I actually send you another invite or another update you have to keep on updating. The source see when you are going to send a message to somebody you will add your contact expire also you will add. You are here say for example in next 60 minutes after that settle you will not be here. So, you kind of given lease for this IP address you keep on correcting me only for this much period. After this if I do not send you another lease kind of thing or another inform update you simply assume that I am not there on this address. It is like if you are going to your internet cafe you want to log in you would like to always set whether I work do not work after 15 minutes this system should log out I should be logged out of it actually and all my data should be raised, but if you are going to work for another 15 minutes before the 15 minutes expire you will send another update you will again do the authentication. So, one authentication is valid only for this much period. So, you have to again do another authentication for increase your validity period I think it is for that purpose logical choices this is the way it should have been designed. Now, these header fields which are there they are again are can be categorized some header fields will be existing only in request some will be in responses some will be in both. So, these are categorized as request header fields and response header fields correspondingly. Now, you are writing an engine or software basically or a server you end up in getting a message a request actually has come to you and it gets a header fields which corresponds to a response what you will do with that should you ignore the whole message should you ignore only that header field or should you start making noise the rule is very simple in internet if you do not understand anything simply ignore it. So, ignore that header field whatever you can understand do all the parsing all actions have to be taken as per that that is a rule and there is a thumb rule followed everywhere in the all almost all internet protocols if you understand it is fine if you do not forget it. Now, there is another interesting thing so far I have given you all kind of very long names of header fields SIP also does have something called short forms of this short form of all header field names does exist and you can use that. So, when you write a software your software should actually understand both forms a proxy midway can actually change your header field name from longer to shorter form or shorter to longer form if they are multiple times a field is existing some of them can be short and some of them can be long that is also permitted. So, both are valid entries they, but they both will mean the same thing and why this short form concept was actually invented no there is a maximum transmission unit maximum size of a dp packet you cannot transmit larger than a size. So, if your message itself become too large then what you will do if you say you cannot your things whatever you are trying to transmit cannot be packed into one single UDP start compressing start using shorter form that is the immediate thing if you are using a TCP transport this is a streamed transport that is. So, in that case size can be anything, but in UDP it cannot be anything. So, it is basically for that compression purpose to conserve on the space. So, one is human readable other one is also human readable, but it is a short form acronym kind of thing. Now, coming to there is another important thing that UDP it is fine when you will get the message your first line will always be request line or a status line, but if you are not using UDP you are using TCP I sent an earlier message after that I was silent I sent some white spaces or CRLFs and then I send the next message then your first line will not be a request line after the silence on the stream thing. So, again in your software irrespective whether it is a UDP transport being used or TCP if you receive a message all CRLFs carriage return line feeds which are happening before request line has to be simply discarded this problem will not happen if you are using UDP transport. So, but this has to be explicitly programmed otherwise this will create confusion because CRLF is end of header. What happens is when you are having a streamed transport between two entities. So, you keep on sending bytes and bytes will arrive it is not one packet or a message is being encapsulated into a UDP packet and send. So, you have sent a message after that silent you might send lot of CRLFs or whatever it is and then suddenly you start you got the first request line. So, previous message end finished then you get a request line in between there can be white spaces these have to be simply discarded actually by design. If it is UDP UDP packet will come you will not see any white space things will start with request line, but not with the TCP transport. So, with the streamed transport this particular issue will come. So, that also has to be resolved. But after those are white spaces in TCP since it is condition oriented you still get the request line you will start off from header. You always get the first thing is always request line then header fields and then CRLF and then the body length will be always there is always content length will always be part of your header. You cannot have a header without content length field it will at least be 0. After one message is passed then in TCP because it is condition oriented we get lot of white spaces CRLFs then again we get the message. So, again that message will have request lines. First request line will be there always. So, every message will have a request or response. So, the TCP only request or status sorry the TCP only has to taken white spaces. Yes, see, but when you are building up your transaction user remember you are building up a transaction client or transaction server ok. Client transaction or server transaction which are going to use a transport. So, transport is at the bottom as a transaction user or as a basically client or server transaction you do not bother about the transport transport is somebody else is headache. So, you have to remove all that thing in your client transaction or server transaction actually which I create they actually now receive the message parse it and they invoke the code in transaction user to correspondingly to do whatever is required, but it remains there to maintain the state of the transaction. You mentioned that the coding of these messages I mean when I was speaking or voice telephoning periods of silence or messages are discontinued. No, that is in media this is purely signaling setting up of the call. Once the call has been set up between two end points in this fashion for example, when they talk to each other then I am sending over RTP real time protocol and real time streaming protocol I can use and I can send mp3 for example in both directions for audio. So, mp3 encoding because I do not want to send the packets unnecessarily I can simply keep on if you are speaking then only I will encode and send the packets otherwise you would not only hard bits will you will keep on sending that the connection is a live media connection. And here the playback will happen when out of the media packet is there otherwise just to make sure you do not get annoyed some noise can be played. So, as if you feel as if connection is still alive. So, walkie talkies you do not see either you have a something coming or nothing coming that actually usually is annoying telephone we do not see we consciously actually see something coming from the other side. Even if there is silence you will get some hum. So, this probably can be locally created to conserve on the bandwidth. Skype I do not know how does it do, but Skype does have a silence detection and it cuts of the voice when it is not required. But even if there is a silence and if you are doing differential encoding in the voice you still conserve on the bandwidth because the differential change is very small. So, your voltage levels when they are varying in time. So, these differential changes what are sent.  So, anyway are consuming much less bandwidth in this. So, there is a live compression differential encoding silence detection everything is there actually. There is one more last thing there is in STTP for example, you can send a body there is a message CRLF and then there is a message body where you put the payload part. This payload STTP allows the chunked means you can actually define multiple bodies with each one of them having their own content length type content length basically specification. So, larger message body can be broken into smaller parts and can be transported through STTP. Now, this is not permitted in SIP although it is going to use almost same kind of mime type same content length content type content encoding as STTP, but chunked body transfer is not permitted with SIP. So, I think that was kind of an introduction to SIP we have not this basically giving all the syntax how things will be done and some issues you have tried to understand. So, with that actually I am now closing the all lecture series of EE 629. So, next class I will be just taking up all the questions regarding whatever has been taught in the whole semester. So, discussion about whatever questions you have. So, my request is you please send me all the questions you want me to discuss before and so that I can at least go through the text. Even if you do not do it I will try to give to my best whatever answers I can give in the class. So, next week is on Thursday actually last class. So, it will be all discussion about this thing whatever we have done so far in the whole semester and of course, your feedback sessions because I think we should be open and lot of you are actually practicing engineers I am not one people who work in the field knows actually much more they can also provide their inputs.


Here are some self-care tips for PhD students. In academia, it's common that we work long hours. We push ourselves over the weekend and we answer emails in crazy hours of the night, all the while reading papers. But it has been proven that your focus and efficiency and accuracy of your work drops when you overwork yourself, so please set a weekly limit and a daily limit to your working hours and try to stick to it. Overworking yourself is not going to make your work better. It'll just make you feel like you're achieving less and putting in more time. As a PhD student, it's also really important to connect with your surroundings. Oftentimes, you've moved to a new country, maybe a new continent, and you don't know that many people. Many PhD students tend to find themselves making friends within their research group or research institution, not really exploring the outside world all that much. Yes, it's convenient, but very soon you'll see that your worldview is slowly shrinking and your opportunities to make friends tend to drop with time as well too. The easiest thing you can do when you go to a new city is look at social connection websites such as Facebook events or meetup.com and find people with interests similar to yours. Perhaps there's a language learning group meeting around for coffee once a week, maybe a movie going group. Perhaps you'd like to learn how to knit. Find some social activities that take you away from your work and give you a way to relax and leave all that PhD-related stress at the office where it belongs. A cool trick that I learned through a PhD process was called the Three Things. It's a really simple process where every evening, once you're done with work, you write down for yourself in a special file or notebook three things that you have accomplished in that day. And three things that you plan on doing the next day. It's really important to be realistic with these goals, so don't overdo it. The idea is that you always manage to accomplish about 70% of the goals that you set. One of the ways people use to set good goals is called the SMART system, S-M-A-R-T smart goals. That stands for specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and timely. So make sure that every goal that you set is clearly defined and that it comes at the right time and that you can achieve it. Don't over-stretch yourself, you'll just get disappointed and then the whole process is going to be much more pain. Take away about five minutes each week to update your CV. Academic CVs tend to be really long and you participate in so many seminars and lectures and give talks and go to conferences. But when it comes the time to apply for a talk or perhaps some funding, you getting together, your CV is going to take days. So take five minutes each week, Friday afternoon, and update your CV. It won't take you long, but you'll be very, very happy you have it when the time comes when you need it. But most importantly, it's normal to struggle. Most people struggle, most people struggle most days of their PhD. But make sure to take care of yourself because at the end of this PhD process, it's still going to be you and not your academic position that matters most.


Lucid dreaming the easy way don't click away and don't assume. This is clickbait or something. It's not clickbait. This is a new technique I've developed called a net technique My name's Steph I teach lucid dreaming and consciousness and this technique is kind of a collection of different things you can do That will stack the odds so much in your favor that you'll be very likely to lucid dream now I'm not gonna put a time limit on this I'm not gonna say you'll lucid dream in 10 seconds You're lucid dreaming one week because it really does depend on from person to person This is my latest and easiest technique for you to lucid dream So pay attention grab a coffee and leave a comment or say hi in the comments below and I'll try and reply to everyone Now importantly this technique does not rely on waking up early You won't be setting any alarms and you won't be having to take supplements You listen to binaural beats or listen to any kind of guided hypnosis tracks or anything like that This is a very easy technique So if you want to lucid dream basically within a week or so this is the best technique for beginners to learn how to lucid dream I'm gonna break it down into several sections the net technique for lucid dreaming is basically comprised of several sections and those sections are dream symbology visualization and incubation of the dream scene inspiration Awareness during the day and then finally the fifth part is the low hanging fruit This is what we could say is the easiest changes to make that will give you the biggest results things that you could just very easily Change today and it will make you more likely to lucid dream. So let's just get right into the first one So dream symbols you must recognize what your dream symbols are goes without saying you should be writing your dreams down in a journal You should be highlighting your dream symbols and you should be typing up your dream journal into a computer So you can then search back and see what your most commonly used words are This will let you see which dream symbols are important And they're kind of like signposts to becoming lucid when you really have a lot of them written down Am I talking too fast? I can't tell leave a comment Let me know what you think about this by the way at the end or during the video now regarding your dream symbols Once you know what your dream signs are as in the most commonly dreamed about things You need to start putting stickers or post-it notes on those symbols in your room or in your house Now this only applies to dream signs that are in your house or in your work if you're allowed to do that You know like on your desk or something don't go sticking post-it notes on your friends or your pets or anything like that I'm sure they went like that But anything that you can put a sticker on within your house put a sticker that says am I dreaming and that's gonna make It likely that when you see that in the dream you will do a reality check and question whether you're dreaming or not Also goes without saying that you should be doing regular reality checks anyway I do have a lucid dreaming app just type in how to lucid to the iPhone store I've made a video about that remind yourself to do reality checks throughout the day as well as putting the stickers on your dream Signs and symbols, okay, and now focus on your perspective memory So of course you can't put stickers on every dream sign because your friends wouldn't like that and the dream signs might be weird So spend a few minutes every day just thinking about the dream signs that you can't put stickers on like the weird things Let's say if you always see cows in your dream walking down the road Focus on visualising cows and then focus on looking at a cow with your hands in the foreground as you're doing a reality check with The cow in the background. Let's say if it's a car a red car You visualize a red car and then in the same visualization You imagine or visualize your hands doing a reality check in front of the dream sign or the symbol So do that a few minutes per day and that's gonna trigger your perspective memory So at the same time as doing that you need to tell yourself when I next see this dream sign I will do a reality check next up. We have visualization and incubation Bear in mind This is part of the net technique and these are five things five pillars of the net technique Which are gonna make it more likely your lucid ring They are easy, but you need to do all of them the visualization very easy You can do this at the same time as you do the perspective reality check thing Just visualize yourself in a dream scene becoming lucid in the dream scene So just imagine you're walking down a beach and you look down at your hands You realize okay I'm dreaming and then you imagine yourself going about your lucid dream and doing whatever you want to do in the lucid dream Very simple. You don't need to do this too often. You can just do this twice a day or so Maybe even just once just before you go to bed and now the inspiration your dreams are made up of many different things But part of the dreams are made up of what's called day residue memories of what you've done or watched during the day Now films believe it or not have a big impact on that and if you watch a film You probably know from experience if you watch exciting crazy films You'll usually have a dream about those films the same night or the night after or something like that specifically with vivid or Emotionally engaging films. I found that I had a lucid dream the day after I watched Chronicle Which is about a guy developing telekinesis powers because of telekinesis. So that's what I do in my lucid dreams So find a film that evokes an emotional reaction within you It could be a superhero film a sci-fi film But you don't want to have a horror film because that's gonna have the opposite effect And then watch that film or at least just a clip of that film before you go to bed the fourth pillar of the net technique is Awareness focus on raising your awareness during the day And you can do this in several ways. So here's a crash course Okay, meditate in the morning for 10 minutes You can also meditate five minutes in the evening do reality texts throughout the day Like I said, I have a lucid dreaming app type in how to lose it to the iPhone app store Put stickers everywhere that you often see things like for example really good places to place stickers are above a light switch on a mirror on Doorways and also on your phone. You could put something on your phone background That just says are you dreaming I had some like phone background wallpapers made which say are you dreaming with a nice graphic? And I'm gonna make them available to you for free try and click the link in the description They should be there and also as much as you can try and be more mindful when you're doing things Let's say if you're eating try and really be mindful of the foods and the tastes you're experiencing if you're listening to music Try and not just hear the overall track But try and pick out the individual instruments try and pick out the baseline the drum loop and this will basically raise your awareness To make you more alert and aware of what's going on around you So you're not in autopilot autopilot is the enemy of lucid dreaming. Okay, you do not want to be doing things automatically You want to be really conscious about what you're doing and then finally the fifth pillar of the net technique for lucid dreaming is The low hanging fruit the things that are really easy to change and do that will give you more lucid dreams and make it more Likely the first one is every single time you wake up the first thing you should do is a reality check Why because many people experience what are called false awakenings This is where you dream about waking up and then you're snapped back into the bed And you have the same thing again Sometimes this can happen for five or ten times where you keep dreaming about waking up and going back to bed If you make sure you reality check as soon as you wake up every morning You will never have a false awakening again or it'd be very unlikely because you will always do the reality check It'll become a habit and then every time you would have had a false awakening you just do a reality check and become lucid It's going to give you maybe one or two extra lucid dreams per month It's definitely worth doing because it's so easy and it takes so little time to do that and next thing This is kind of to do with dream recall, but it will help you remember more dreams and therefore remember more lucid dreams They definitely are correlated So when you wake up in the morning Make sure you do not open your eyes until you have a clear picture in your head in your conscious mind at the front of your Brain of what you just dreamt about if you open your eyes and then try and remember the dream You're basically flooding your subconscious mind with all sorts of other things that will distract you and sort of Overwrite the dream memory. Okay, so remember our subconscious mind takes in 11 million pieces of information per second All the time. So if you have your eyes closed, you're going to massively limit information going into your subconscious So you can focus on remembering your dream first do that every morning. I guarantee you'll remember more dreams You can also take a multivitamin to boost your dream recall. I found that's quite effective But it's really hard to say when you're doing all of these things It's kind of hard to say which specific thing actually gave you the lucid dream It doesn't matter You don't need to know which one gave you the lucid dream because they're all really good habits They all will contribute to your lucid dreaming and if you imagine this technique is like a hand Okay, five pillars like I like the five fingers that are going to hold up your lucid dream and kind of make it very likely That you will lucid dream I would say within a week I mean, I can't say for everyone but certainly when I put this idea together It was kind of like an experiment, you know How can I have a lucid dream with a new technique as quickly as possible? I have an advantage because I'm already a lucid dreamer, but it worked pretty fast I think on day four I had a lucid dream just from doing these things if you want to take this as kind of like a challenge and you Guarantee that you're lucid dream within a month Then I do have a printable template that you can actually stick on your fridge It tells you really specific and kind of unusual exercises actually to practice every single day for 30 days It's really detailed guide. It's called lucid dreaming boot camp You can check that out in the description and I'd love to hear in the comments What you think about this technique and what type of videos you think I should make in the future