Good morning everybody, it's taking the dogs out for a sing-in-the-morning here. Monday morning. We got ourselves woke up, waked up, woke up. I'm gonna have some breakfast after this, hop in the pickup and head to the big truck. I'm not sure which truck they're gonna have me driving today because my truck was in the shop. Well my truck's still in the shop and so is the other 3010 that I was using last week. I had issues with it on Friday there. So that's going into the shop as well. 2025, our new guy, Caden, he's using it. So we've got a driver in that truck now. So there is no truck left in the truck or Josh. Except for 42. You guys remember 42, don't you? We're gonna hang out again today. All right, 42. Are you gonna be nice to me? Because all the other trucks are not being very nice to me. Every truck I touch seems to... something's going on with it. That's wintertime though, right? It's not always just the truck. We're gonna put the keys now. I'll put them in this pocket. Aha! There you are. Just gonna unlock the door here. Double check to verify that nobody's in here. I thought that a driver was gonna be moving into this truck last week but it turns out I guess not. So this is our truck for today anyways. So before I turn it over I'm gonna go and check the oil. Make sure that that's all in order. You don't want to be turning over an engine if it doesn't have any oil in it. That's trucking 101, especially when you're getting into a new truck. You should do this every day obviously regardless it's part of your pre-trip but especially especially when you're getting into a truck that you haven't been in regularly. I want to make sure that everything under the hood is as it should be. Never trust the person before you even though they might be a very trustworthy person. It's just best to rely on your own eyeballs. See what she's got to tell us. Tell me your story. Who are you? What are you? Are you doing okay? Are you healthy? Looking real good here. Looking real good here. Belts are on the other side. There's a Pakar motor. Lots of coolant. So far so good. Round over here. Washer fluid. Full. Looks in order. Okay check the oil. Right at the full line. That's good. I'm gonna do a few more checks now and then we'll turn it over and get it started. Okay. Smells good in here still. Smells like a new truck. I just bought the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. Oh we're talking about the Winnipeg Blue Bombers on the radio. Congrats to the Blue Bombers winning the great cup. Just gonna throw that in there. We're matching today. Blue on blue. It's freight inside this trailer. I've got to deliver part of it into Winnipeg and part of it into Selkirk. North of Winnipeg. It came from Ohio and I believe it came from Ohio. Yeah. I'll have to double check that but it's coming a long ways already. We're gonna take it the rest of the way. Okay. Fragile. Good to know. What is this stuff? Not too sure what Fragile is but we got a whole load of it. Is there some other stuff back there? There is isn't there. All right. Well I'm gonna go have to take a look. It doesn't really matter what way it's loaded because I can open the sides of the curtains right side of the trailer. Deliver it in whatever order but I'll do Winnipeg first then I'll go up to Selkirk. I just want to find out where Winnipeg is so when I get there I already know what's coming off. I don't got to figure it out at the customer. All right so from the back we got boxes on pallets here and there's one, two, two skids I believe that are going to Edmonton. I don't think I'm delivering those unfortunately though. It would be fun to go on a little bit of a road trip with two skids. I'm sure that will be added onto another truck headed out that way. Winnipeg here. Yep. Winnipeg, Edmonton. So we got this skid right here for Edmonton, that one for Edmonton, the rest for Winnipeg and then I guess the stuff at the front there is Selkirk. Okay I'm just going to go around make sure all the straps are tight. Make sure that everything is as it should be. Check out the trailer and stuff and we'll be on the way. It's been a good Monday so far. It hasn't really started yet but it's been good so far. It's always a treat driving these T680s. Like I told you last weekend we took this uh well we took this truck up to Saskatchewan. That was the first trip I've ever taken in a T680. You know I've never driven one but I always said that's my favorite one. That's my favorite truck. If I had to go on the highway I'd want to be in a T680. Okay bud you have to stop for me. I have the right of way. I have the right of way. I have the right of way. Okay bud not very many people know how those things work. Kind of figured he wasn't going to stop. They rarely do. So now when I'm coming on to the highway up here the vehicle's already on the road that I'm merging on to have the right of way and if there's no room for me to merge on to I stop here at the beginning of the merge. So this guy's got the right of way. See he's turning so I'm gonna slow down here. Stop here. Give him the right of way and then I have the full merge ramp to speed up and get into traffic. Parked here on the street waiting for Mr. Super B. This window's dirty. I'm gonna clean this off. Once he's done he's loading up there. I think he's just finishing actually. Once he's out of there I pull in there back in where he's at and then roll up my Conestoga trailer roll everything to the front and then unstrap it and then they'll unload me here. I think they got like 12 or 13 skids coming in here. Turns out most of the stuff is going to Selkirk. My second drop. I just unloaded three skids here at the back. Thought so much more was coming off here. I got here and I told them I got like 12 or 13 skids for you. Turns out there was only three. So that's good news right? It's good news. Less to do but my next delivery's in Selkirk. What was it? Yes I have to figure out how far away from here that is. Where's my phone? Here it is. This freight came from Indiana. I told you Ohio or something before didn't I? This freight here came from Cleveland, Ohio. Did some of it come from elsewhere? Oh yeah some of it came from Toledo, Tuladu. Some of it came from where is this? Wisconsin. Wow very diverse load from all over the place. Some of it came from I guess I said Ohio right? I thought I saw something that came from Indiana before. Just trying to figure it out. It doesn't matter. It doesn't matter. It came from that area of the Midwest there. Ohio's Midwest. I guess Ohio wouldn't be Midwest would it? Ohio would be what region would Ohio call itself? Is that Midwest? I can't keep you guys got so many regions down there in the US. I can't keep up with them all. I know New England and I know the South and I know like the Southwest and the Midwest is kind of like in the middle right and the Pacific Northwest up in the northern west for you guys. Midwest is middle. I would be considered Midwest if Manitoba was a part of America. The United States I understand people always say yes I am North American but I'm not American. I know it's a little funny with the words here and we got a little confused naming things when we first got here. We got a lot of things wrong and that was one of them but they are the United States of North America.  United Statesons? United Statesites? Statesers? Uniters? USA's? What else are you going to call them? American. It just flows better. You know Americans. Canada we are the confederated provinces of North America. We used to be called British North America. Now we're called Canada all the same country. British North America we just changed our name to Canada. Same people, same queen, same everything but we named our country. You know instead of just calling ourselves the United Confederate provinces of North America we said you know let's put a name to these confederated provinces Canada so we named them all. In the USA next to us they seem to not come up with a name for the overall country, national country, just the United States of America, North America. There's no real name for it. They're just the United States which happened to be in North America, the United States of America. So we refer to them here anyways in this side of the world we refer to them as Americans and us as Canadians, two different countries. Sure we may be similar in many ways but we are different. We are a separate sovereign country from them. We're all North Americans but I'm not American. Have I confused you yet? Welcome to our world but anyways that whole rant stemmed from wondering if Ohio is part of the Midwest of the United States. If Canada was a part of the United States Manitoba where I'm at right now would be considered Midwest right? Because we're right north of Minnesota and North Dakota. I guess we'll never know because we're not a part of the United States. We're our own deal. We'll never know. And off we go. So, McPhillips is just ahead here. I think two traffic lights ahead. I'm going to be making a left turn. That's why I'm in this lane. Answer your question before you even type it. I could hear the keyboards just sizzling from all your fingers already. What you doing in the left lane, Trucker Jack? Calm down. It's okay. I'm turning left, okay? Not here. The next ones. If I don't get into the right lane right away is all the cars come in here and prevent me and then they don't let me get back into this lane when I need it. All right, I got to keep my trailer out of that lane there. Make it nice and wide. There you go. And now this is McPhillips. As soon as we leave this is Route 180. In the city as soon as we leave city limits, it turns into Highway 8. You got to admit, even when it's dirty, it looks good. It's that time of year. We can't really help it. It still looks good. Like, sort of makes me want to run over to Andy, the Kenworth guy, and buy one right now. Just parked on the street just outside where we unloaded. We're going to double check everything in the trailer before we take it out on the road. All right, yes, here we go. Grab these little strap protectors. And those three skids at the back there are going on to Edmonton. So they will be, I don't know, they probably won't be going by themselves in this big trailer. I'm not in charge of those decisions. They'll be going to Edmonton Pronto though, I'm pretty sure. This trailer's all nice and empty. All set and ready to go. You know what? This coming summer, I'm definitely going to bring my pressure washer to work one of these days. I'm going to take these roll tights when they're empty and clean out the insides. It just bugs me. Bugs me that they get dirty. And I don't blame everyone for either forgetting to wash the inside or not washing the inside. When you go to a blue beacon or a regular truck wash, they're not focused on the inside of the trailer. They'll wash the truck and the outside of the trailer. Unless you specifically pay them to wash the inside, they'll wash the inside. Eh, we'll take care of it in summer. Right now, if we wash it, it'll just create a much bigger problem with all the ice. 42 definitely got dirty since I had it last. Look at that thing.  Filthy. Just like every other vehicle on the road here though. Must be nice to live in climates like Florida or Southern Georgia or California. You know climates where you don't have all the snow and all the mess that goes along with it, you know. The snow goes on the road and then on the warmer days it melts, turns to water, starts spraying all over the place. And of course the roads are covered in sand and salt for traction. So then all that sand and salt goes all over here. This could probably get this dirty 10 minutes after washing it. I talk about it a lot. I know, I'm sorry. It's a constant battle because I'm a guy who likes to drive clean vehicles, but this is the time of year where it's impossible. Literally impossible. You wash it 10 minutes later. It's dirtier than when you brought it into the car wash. You know, with my pickup truck, I can sort of justify it.  But on a big truck, those truck washes are very expensive. Unless if I do it myself, which is very time consuming, sort of between a rock and a hard place, you just sort of got to deal with it. It's just life in Canada, life on the prairies of the West. It's just how it is. Can't ever quite get used to it because it does bug me. It does. I know. I see your comments too. Believe me. It bugs me too, but nothing I can really do about it. We got some exciting news, some good news. We're going to be back in this truck tomorrow. We're doing an overnight in Ontario. Not too far, but far enough that we need to make it an overnight. So I'll be bringing all my stuff with me. Our load is only going to be ready at 3pm. So it'll be a night ride and come in a little later than usual tomorrow. And you pick her up and head on into Ontario. We'll be back the next day. Not going to argue with that. Going to spend another night in this condo. Hey guys. Is that it, Chet? Yeah, that's it. I just want to say hey. Hey. I have a feeling there are a few others that would like to say hey. Who wants to say hello? No one? Oh, come on. They're going to hurt their feelings. You guys? No? Well, you're going to say hello anyway. Come on. Don't be rude. Say hello. Are you sleeping too? There's a weasel. Hey. Hey. There's a weasel. I'll say hi to you. I'm just waking myself up the next morning here.  Hey. What's he doing? Something must be very important. Very, very more important than saying hey to you guys. It must be very important. What are you doing over here, Diesel? What are you doing? Nothing.  What are you hiding? Nothing. Okay. I was doing my nails. Okay. Yeah. Weasel. Weasel. Weasel. Weasel. Weasel. Nails. Toys are normal. What? No judgment here, Diesel. You'll be you over there. All right. I wanted to wrap this up here for you and thank you for watching the video today. Tomorrow I'm excited. Well, tomorrow for you today for me. So I'm already all excited. I'm going to be headed into Ontario to a town called Barwick. It's not that far into Ontario from here. It's fine. Five, six hour drive or so. But hey, that's a five, six hour drive in the T680. I'm looking forward to that. You like our Christmas tree? I always try to get it in the background. Brick decorated it very nice. It's a very small one. I know because we have a very small house. I think most apartments are bigger than our house. But we own this. So it was ours. We're saving up to build a bigger house out in the country. We own some land out there. If you guys are new, welcome. We've had a big growth spurt lately in the channel, which has been awesome. Very exciting. Glad to see a lot of new, new usernames in the comment section there. Feel free to let your thoughts flow down there. If you like, leave me a comment. If you like the videos, give me a thumbs up. Helps me a lot and stick around. We got more videos coming. I think this is vlog number 2428 if I'm right. So we've been doing this for a little while. 2011. And we had vlogs before that too. But it's vlog 2428 since I started counting. I thought at one point, maybe I should start numbering these because there's going to be quite a few of them. And I was right. There's quite a few. You can start right here. You can start from the beginning. I'm trying to get them all into a playlist for you. But I haven't found an efficient way of doing that yet. It takes a lot of time. I had to go back and find the videos and one at a time put them into the playlist. There's got to be a better way, but I haven't figured it out yet. Maybe I will soon. Glad you're here. I'll see you tomorrow. This is the end of today's video.


oh I didn't see you there so what are you here today for well I heard there is a number of tax forces task forces I really like that one in a fabricator right regarding the two of this copyright in particular there's the most recent one but also have the multi-object support and blender and we keep track of them every day you can see the graph here how it's been going well so with the goal is for this goal the way down to to zero so it's not going to be all the way to zero multi-object so from what I understand if for multi-object to work that you can select multiple objects and apply a operation on them every operator has to be rewritten or it has to be tweaked at least in some way right that's correct I can actually show so this is in this case here we have two different objects okay two cubes sorry a bit boring but yes it can go to edit mesh mode you can do a few things you see we can move and transform then at the same time but some of the tools are still not supported so for instance we're gonna try to edge collapse yeah and only factor the active one okay yes big bummer but the thing is it's so accessible to do this that so many people that in the pre in the past has have contributed patches to blender or someone that wants to get started and really really help make this a reality as fast as possible just as a quick reference this is the test for us right so if you go frankly keep note of the this task in both fabricator yeah or better developers we have a really nice explanation what to do we have a few example commits so in this case gonna go gonna follow the Facebook it's so simple as you can see here it's it's really really really really a few lines of code that have to be changed and so in this case go to edit mesh tools is already open here so yeah so for now now you're gonna do a yeah this is the all the added mesh tools those are other ones that are have already been converted and they still have a few of them that needs to be converted and in this case is the edge collapse collapse okay so you select the name of the operator I'm copying it I go to QT creator if you need to build your blender in order to do that to be able to be the blender so and then I go here looking for the text like a global search yeah it's gonna find where it is it mentions a few places one of them is for the menu yeah for the menu the other and shortcuts but this is the operator itself and this is a function the exact function it's really that small not all of them are small but a lot of them are very very small then the change is so so simple let's put this here let's copy a reference code so like you just take any operator that was already done and you copy yes yeah that simple so took this block of code this is one of the example one so I know it's gonna be it's one of the good ones okay so just dump it here let's make it clean yes fixer thousand spaces people and it's really just copy paste and then I'm removing a few lines I go here this something interesting do you see here the original patch was for faces was for faces and what happens is sometimes we want to skip a few object if there's no selected edge in this object so this something new but again it you can see this in the original patch otherwise it will crash or otherwise it will fail when it shouldn't or yeah the other thing is that when the when the sometimes the operation fails for this match in particular before you just quit the exit the operator now just continue in the for loop so now before we have this this Daniel this is the thing itself that's happening it just all updating and that's it now and it doesn't need to free memory memory which is again it's it's what's here already see the free memory thing this the change to continue the loop of the ether and that's all now we're just gonna compile it and hope for the best hope for the best so I've saved here went to my terminal terminal sorry first close blender and they're compiled and it works if it compiles we're gonna commit live I'm not live as a video okay now we go here yes and now you ready so you the slowly edge three two one one bang you can collapse of multiple objects so it's just made 2.8 a bit better yes nice and it's super accessible the patch itself is it's really just a few lines a few removals and of course since I have commit right I can just I could good could just go and commit command yes but then usually you go in and send you send it for review yeah okay cool so for this to work you have to be okay you have to compile blender you have to be a bit familiar with the color just looking at the reference okay just well of course you need to be a little bit comfortable with the tools we use so we need to know how to how to compile blender how to look for your own now how to look at the code for yourself this could just search for the string but it's very true I need to think I mean some operators they don't care about selection for instance if you're revealing all the hidden mesh yeah I did is this last week now you just want to do it regardless of whatever selected some cases you want to you have the same operator for versus edge and faces so you want to check if they all of them and then it's selected otherwise you quit but it's really so it's in a case by case what's really really straightforward nice yeah so it was for faces then you just search for one that is similar I compile I committed already so and then what you're doing here take this and you go to the original task it's probably gonna I want it is done yes edit you look for collapse yeah well in this case when you because you already have commit access yes and now but this is what's gonna happen after if you send a patch and the patch revealed and committed this is what's gonna happen next so in the next day in the graph you're gonna have a one city graph changing so every day 2 a.m. when it changes but that's all after this video once you go back to your table to your desk bubble if you compile blender you have it already so wow that's simple everyone's really welcome welcome to hell because right now there is 213 or something left yes 213 212 now 12 yes so when that is in zero it means that every tool for edit mesh mode and pull and bone pose is supported support which means we then can actually think about what's gonna be the next mode to be supported maybe sculpting maybe bone editing we see so but at first let's try to get this finish this part so yeah come help us awesome well thank you very much it's live demo thank you bye


Today, YouTube is filled with millions of videos, ranging in genre from humor to cute animals to music. But many of these videos will never be seen by more than a few hundred people.  If you figure that the average video is only a minute long, it comes to five or six thousand videos put on YouTube every minute. I mean that is, the chances of one breaking through is pretty hard. But still, since the start of YouTube, we have seen thousands of videos reach views in the seven, eight and even nine digit numbers. So what's the trick to becoming YouTube famous? It's a matter of whether or not the way things get distributed catch the right number of people who themselves have followers or influencers and then it spreads a little bit like that. With all those popular videos floating around on the web, many people worry about the validity of a YouTube star's talent. But local YouTube star Charlie Puth says taking advantage of your fame is the only thing that matters. That's great though. I mean if you're the Kim Kardashian of YouTube or something like that, I mean just go with it but at least Kim kind of made her own brand out of it. That's, people say she's talentless, I don't think so. YouTube stars are being born every day, so it's up to us to decide who we're going to support and who we think has true talent. I'm Kami Wood reporting for BUTB 10.


If you're in a stage of your business where you would like a lot more clients right now, it's helpful to keep doing the work that you want to do so that you can keep getting better at what you do and also exposing more people to the type of work that you do. And one way of doing that would be to trade some sessions with another service provider who is also needing some more clients. And if you want to do that, I think it's good to look for service providers who have a somewhat complementary service to you meaning their ideal clients are related or similar to your ideal clients. So for example, a relationship coach, right? Their ideal clients are people who have some relationship challenges and people who have relationship challenges often, sometimes they're also going through some career challenges as well. So a relationship coach might trade sessions with a career coach. Now if one or the other person doesn't need that kind of service right now, then maybe they could trade in terms of introducing a friend. So if I were a relationship coach and I don't need any career counseling, I would introduce a friend of mine who does need relationship counseling to a fellow career coach and the career coach would help my friend, whereas I would help the career coach or a friend of the career coach. And so look for service providers that are complementary and contact them, maybe even share this video with them, because if you can fill your schedule, maybe not completely because you should still spend some time creating content and doing other things that help to build your business, but try to fill your schedule with as many sessions where you're actually doing the work, even in the beginning or if you need clients, even if it's for free for now as a trade, again to expose more people to the work that you do and to keep practicing and getting better. And once you do the session, you can ask for feedback on how you can improve what you do or if they really loved it, they might be willing to give you a testimonial about how great your service is and maybe give you a review on your Facebook page or on your LinkedIn recommendation or on your Google business page, give you a review there. So I hope this is helpful and one of the things that we can do is if you would like to trade with somebody else, comment below this video and describe what it is that you do and others who have a complementary type of business or know somebody in their life who needs your help may be able to refer somebody to you. Now, if you're watching this on YouTube, I don't get as many comments on YouTube, so you might want to come over to my Facebook page, which is where most of my audience comments there. So I'll put a link in the notes of this YouTube video to my Facebook page video. You can comment underneath there for more exposure. So I hope this is helpful and any questions, feel free to comment and ask below.


You can easily say Jack has a lot of go to pitches always in his back pocket. There's that four seemed fastball. So if he needs to he's got it, but he's not afraid to throw any pitch in any situation. If last just talked about that where he evolved most as a pitcher was when he did go to the Astros and he had been a two seemed fastball guy in the Astros said no a four seemed fastball with your spin rate up in the zone this plays and he will get a lot of swings and misses on that four seemed fastball up in the zone. You will see feeble swings from the batters, but it'll also get a lot of swings and misses with that slider throws a lot of fastballs a lot of sliders more than anything. I love how prepared this guy is. I love how meticulous he is and I love listening to him talk pitching.


Many of you enjoyed our previous video on 7 common dream meanings, so we thought we'd do a follow-up. Have any of you guys been having some trippy dreams lately? Instead of disregarding their importance, let's start embracing the weirdness together.  Here are 10 common dream symbols you need to recognize. 1. Hands In everyday life, we use our hands to accomplish a lot, so when you see them in your dreams, pay attention to what they do. You might be giving someone a helping hand or trying to get rid of guilt when you're always washing them. If a pair of hands are grabbing you, someone may be trying to grab your attention, or you may feel like you're being controlled. If you're shaking hands with someone, it symbolizes an agreement. 2. Hair Our father figure Freud has always associated hair with sexuality. Having a lot of hair represents strength, while losing it might mean you're feeling weak or vulnerable. Getting tangles in your hair symbolizes confusion, and combing through it means you're exploring new ideas. 3. Clothes Clothes represent how we want the world to perceive us. Trying on new clothes means you're going through some life changes. Wearing clothes that don't fit you may suggest that you're putting on an act for others, while wearing clothes with stains or tears means that you feel damaged. 4. Mountains Depending on where you are on the mountain, you can either feel like you're on top of the world or tumbling down into despair. If you're on the top, it means you're succeeding in real life, whereas going downhill suggests you feel stuck in a dead-end job. 5. Water Water is resilient and is associated with our emotions. If you dream of swimming, it means you're going with the flow of life. If you're showering, it suggests you're washing away negative emotions. And if you're underwater, it might signify you feeling overwhelmed by a certain situation. 6. Teachers Teachers make great advice givers and can guide us through the tough times. If you dream about being a teacher, it means you feel as though you have to explain a truth to others. To dream of being taught by a teacher shows you need some support. 7. Roads If you dream about being at a crossroad, it means you're about to make an important life decision. If you're driving on a road, pay attention to the condition of it. Is it bumpy, filled with potholes or smooth as sailing? The road represents how much control you feel you have over your life. 8. Spiders When you see spiders in your dreams, it suggests many things. On one hand, it may represent an overbearing mother, but on the other, it might represent creativity for the webs that they weave. To see a spider climbing up a wall, it might mean that things are finally looking up. 9. Snakes Although these creatures might seem scary, in some cultures, seeing snakes in your dreams represent healing and transformation. It may also suggest that you are allowing your creativity to live up to its full potential. 10. Roller Coasters To see roller coasters in your dreams means that you're going through many ups and downs in life. It might be telling you to try and strive for balance and learn to accept a situation when you feel like it's out of your control. Psych2Go's comment of the day comes from Hannah Mossberg who writes, Uh, so is this what people usually dream about? Because my dreams are never ever this normal. I'm very curious to hear about your wacky dreams, so please let us know in the comments about the weird and wacky dreams you have. Don't forget to check out our previous video on 7 common dream meanings. Also, if you are a fan of our work, we hope that you can get involved by suggesting topics you would like us to cover. And please subscribe to join the Psych2Go community. Thanks for watching!


In this presentation we will discuss the amortization of a bond premium and the recording of interest expense on bonds. This is going to be our starting point. This is the initial transaction in order to get the bonds on the books. Here's our data down here. We've got the number of years. We've got the face amount of the bonds. We've got the issue price 270. We see that the interest on the market rate is different than the contract rate. The result then is that cash is going to be increased by the 270. The bonds payable went on the books for the face amount of the bond, the amount that's on the bonds of the 240 which is a liability. And then we have the premium being the difference increasing the premium here by the 30. The 240 plus the 30 is going to be equal to the 270,000 carrying amount book value of the bonds. Now we're going to go through the process of recording the interest. We can see that this is going to have 15 year bonds. We're going to pay the bonds semi annually. So we're going to have to record the interest on them and we're going to have to reduce this premium in some way as well. Remember at the end of the bonds we're not going to pay back the 270. We're only going to pay back 240. So how are we going to get rid of that the premium on the bond and why are we going to do it in the way we will. We'll start off by amortizing the premium using a straight line method. Note that the effective method is the preferred method for amortizing a premium for generally accepted accounting principles. But the straight line method will be appropriate in some cases if the difference is going to be a not material and the straight line method is a simplified method and it's easy for us to see what is going on. So we'll start off with the straight line method. Later we'll talk about the effective method. Note what is happening here is we have the premium was a result in essence of this difference between the interest rates. Now in many problems this is hard to really understand because oftentimes what's given to us when we record this initial transaction is the face amount being different than the price we receive resulting in the premium when we make the journal entry. But we will do the calculation which is a bit more complex to see what that difference is why does this happen how would we actually negotiate the issue price being different from the face amount and the cause of it of course is the fact that the market rate is different from the contract rate. So in essence then this premium is a result of interest. It's really an interest difference here. We need to get rid of it throughout the life of the loan. We're not going to pay it back at the end of the loan. What we're going to do is reduce it throughout the loan at the same point in times that we make interest payments which in this case is semi annually or two times a year. So we're going to allocate this interest out to interest expense during that time period because it really is kind of a result of the of the interest rates being different. So we're going to allocate it out to the income statement account interest expense as we go. You can think of this as being similar to depreciation because we're going to amortize it and that's why the straight line method is a nice place to start. So remember when we have depreciation on equipment what we typically do for the simplified easy method to allocate the cost of equipment is to take the cost of equipment divided by the number of periods typically the number of years or months and allocate the cost over that time period. Same thing we're going to do here. We're just going to take this premium and allocate it over the time period 15 years but semi annual payments. So for example on January 1st when we start we've got the premium of 30,000. That means that the carrying value is the 270,000 which is the 240 went on the books for plus the 30,000. That's what's currently a liability on the books as of the beginning of this process. We're going to pay the interest on this bond semi monthly. Now here we're not calculating the amount we're going to pay. We're going to calculate the amount that we're going to allocate of the premium. So of the premium we have 30,000 here 30,000 and we're just going to divide this by not 15 but 30 because we're going to there's going to be 30 time periods meaning we have 15 years semi annually twice a year. So we're going to take that and divide by 30 time periods. The other way you can think about it is if you had the premium of 30,000 divided by the number of years 15 it would be 2,000 and then it's twice a year divided by 2 or 1,000. So that means that we're going to take this premium and we're going to reduce it by 1,000 each time period for 30 time periods which is 15 years times two semi semi annual pay periods times 15 years and then at the end of that then we'll reduce down to zero. So we're going to have 1,000 it's going to take the unamortized premium from 30 down by 1,000 to 29,000 carrying value now is going to be the 240,000 plus the 29,000 and then we're going to just keep doing this process the next the next time period that we pay six months later another 1,000 it's going to be straight so notice we're using straight line so the amount amortized will be the same 29,000 minus the 28,000 and that leads us with the carrying value which again goes down by the 1,000 which is now the 240,000 bond payable plus the bond premium of the 28,000. Now we're going to record our journal entry to record the interest and to record the reduction of the premium on the bonds we will record it here we're going to post it to our trial balance our trial balance is currently in balance because the debits are non bracketed credits are bracketed debits minus the credits equals zero currently net income of 700,000 which is the sales of 700 no expenses at this time when we calculate the interest remember that we have 15 years bonds here we're going to pay the interest at the contract rate of 8% how much that's how much cash is actually going to be leaving the company so that's where we should start we're going to say well cash is affected cash is a debit balance we're going to make it go down so we know that's going to be the case question is how much will it go down by we're going to take the face amount not the issue price the face amount we're talking about what's actually physically on the bond here that's the promise that's on the bond which is the 240,000 and then the amount of the interest rates that are on the bond is the one on the bond of the contract rate not the market rate so we're going to take this times 0.08 that's the actual contract that's the actual bond the 19-2 is what we would pay if it was paid each year then we're going to take that and divide it by two that's going to be the 9,600 so this is how I would think of the interest rate now there's a couple different ways you can think of that calculation I typically think of it of the the face amount the amount of bond 240,000 multiplied times the rate on the bond which note that remember any rate is really a yearly rate unless stated otherwise so if we say something's 8% we usually mean 8% a year your mortgage rate if we say 8% we mean 8% a year so if I multiply this times 0.08 8% I'm going to get 19-2 which is 19-2 how much interest we would pay in a year it's only six months so we could break it down to a monthly total we could do that by saying divided by 12 1,600 a month times six months or we could just divide it by two note the other way you can do it which is useful for excel is to say okay well if 0.08 is the yearly rate what's the six month's rate we could say every six months is half a year or take that and divide it by 2.04 months be the monthly rate times the 240,000 to give us that same amount so a couple different ways to think about it just get an idea and remember to know what the interest rate means it means for a year typically now the bond premium that we're going to have to reduce here we already calculated on our amortization table 1,000 per time period meaning it's on the books as a credit and we have to know that and it's helpful to know that if we have a trial balance because we can see hmm it's a credit we need to make it go down so we're going to do the opposite thing to it to decrease it so we're just going to kind of like plug this in there into our journal entry so I know that the cash is going to be paid here and I know we're going to reduce the premium to kind of straight line it down to zero towards the end and then the difference then is going to be the interest which will be the 9,006 minus the 1,000 or the debit that we need in order to finish this process so note that the debits here are not in order debits and then credits I kind of built this in in order to be able to see how things are going to be put together so you could rearrange it to put the debits on top or you can keep it like this it's not quite as proper but whatever way helps you to see how the thing was constructed that's the way I would put it together so note what happened here is the interest expense is only 8,600 even though we're paying cash which is interest on the bond of 9,600 why because the difference between those two is really in essence bringing the interest rate that's on the bond down to the market rate because we're not really paying 8% on the 240,000 because we really got 270,000 and we're only paying interest on the 240,000 so that difference is what we're trying to account for as we as we kind of net out this interest payment if we record this then we're going to say that the bond interest expense is going to go from zero up by 8,600 to 8,600 the cash is going to go from 990,000 down by 9600 because we're paying the interest and then the premium is going to go from 30,000 down by that 1,000 to 29,000 that now matching our unamortized premium amount on our amortization table if we take this amount and this amount that's going to match our carrying amount per the amortization the effect here on net income of course is to decrease net income by the expense the expense being lower in this case than the actual cash we paid because of the reduction of the premium which is a result of the differences in interest rates market versus contract rate if we do this again we're just going to jump forward in time to the next interest payment which is on 12 one another six months later and that's how these bond problems work we typically have to kind of jump forward in time so now we're going to say we record the same thing it's going to be the same transaction we're going to say cash is going to go down by that 9,600 which is calculated in terms of our the amount we're actually going to pay face amount 240,000 times the yearly rate 0.08 the rate on the bond not the market rate and then we're going to take that would be a year divided by two because it's semi-annual so that's what we're actually going to pay for cash we're going to reduce the premium by the 1,000 just like we were going it's just like if it was equipment that we're amortizing and then the difference of course is going to go to the bond interest expense so if we go through that again we're going to say that the bond interest is going to go up again by to 17,200 we've got the cash going down and we've got the premium going down so now the premiums at 28 that should match what's on our table as unamortized and our interest expense has increased which brings net income down


A very good evening friends. I welcome you all to the Hindu Newspaper Analysis brought to you by the Shankar IAS Academy. Friends, due to cyclone and associated impacts in Chennai, we could not able to publish our news analysis video for the past 3 days. But don't worry, we are planning to cover the important articles from those missed days in our upcoming videos, which is including today. With this info, let us get into today's Hindu analysis. Today, we shall cover important articles from the 4th and 7th of December. Displayed here are the news article which we are going to discuss today. So, let us get into discussion. Look at this news article. This news article from the Mandi newspaper reports about the eruption of Marapi Valkono in West Sumatra Island of Indonesia. See, in this news analysis discussion, let us understand the basics of Valkonos and its mechanism. First of all, what is a Valkono? See, Valkono is a rupture in the earth crust from where gases, ashes or molten rock material like lava escapes onto the ground. A Valkono is called an active Valkono if the materials mentioned above are being released recently or have been released in the recent past. As you all know, the layer below the solid earth crust is mantle. It has the high density than any of the crust. The mantle contains a weaker zone called an asthenosphere. It is from this sphere, the molten rock material finds their way onto the surface. The material in the upper mantle portion is called a magma. Once it starts moving towards the crust of the earth or when it reaches the surface, it is generally referred as lava. The material that reaches the ground includes lava flows, pyroclastic debris, volcanic bombs, ash and dust. It also contains gases like nitrogen compounds, sulfur and minor amount of hydrogen, chlorine or organ. Now, with these basics, let us see the classification of Valkonos. See, Valkonos are generally classified on the basis of the nature of eruption and the form developed on the surface. Major type of Valkonos are the first type is shield Valkonos. See, the shield Valkonos are the largest of all the Valkonos on the earth. For example, the Hawaiian Valkonos are the most famous shield Valkonos. These Valkonos are mostly made up of basalt, which is a type of lava that is very fluid when got erupted. For this reason, these Valkonos are not steep. They become explosive if somehow water gets onto its vent. They are characteristics by low explosivity. The upcoming lava moves in the form of a mountain and throws out the cone at the top of the vent and developing to cinder zone. Let us see the second type. The second type is composite Valkonos. These Valkonos are characteristics by the eruptions of cooler and more viscous lava than basalt. These Valkonos often result in the explosive eruptions along with lava, large quantities of pyroclastic materials and ashes find their way to the ground. These materials accumulate in the vicinity of the openings of vent, leading to the formation of layer. It makes the mountains appear as a composite Valkonos. The third type of volcano is called Kaldara. See, these are the most explosives of the earth Valkonos. They are usually so explosive that when they erupt, they tend to collapse onto themselves rather on building a tall structure. These collapsed depressions are called Kaldaras. Their explosiveness indicates that the magma chamber supplying the lava is not only huge but is also in close vicinity. The fourth type of volcano is flood basalt provinces. These Valkonos outpour highly fluid lava that force for a long distance. Some part of the world are covered by thousands of square kilometers of thick basalt lava flows. There can be series of flows with some flows attaining a thickness of more than 50 meters. Let us see an example. The Deccan Traps of India presently covering the most of the Maharashtra Plateau are a much larger flood basalt provinces. It is believed that initially the trap formations covered a much larger area than at the recent present. The final type of volcano is the mid-oceanic ridge Valkonos. These Valkonos occur in the oceanic areas. There is a system of mid-oceanic ridges more than 70,000 kilometers long that stretches through the oceanic basins. The center portion of the ridge experiences frequent eruptions. See, these are all the various types of Valkonos. Now before concluding, let us remember some of the most active Valkonos which are present in the ring of fire region. Some of the examples of active Valkonos are being displayed here. Please review it often so that when you can eliminate any, match the following questions. Let us see them one by one. They are Mount Aso Valkono in the QC provinces of Japan. Waqari or White Island in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Mount Etna in Sicily in Italy. Mount Vesuvius in Naples in Italy. Mount Stromboli in Sicily, Italy. See, I have read out some of the active Valkonos. The remaining are displayed here which you can use it for your references. See, this is all about this news discussion. In this discussion, we saw about the basics of Valkonos and in the second part, some of the recently erupted Valkonos. So with these learned points, let us conclude this discussion and let us move on to the next news article for our analysis. Look at this news article. Recently, the Silk Yara tunnel collapsed, right? This tunnel is being constructed under the Char Dam project. The Union Minister for Road Transport and Highways mentioned in parliament that there is no requirement for EIA for this project. See, this is about the crux of this article. In this context, let us try to solve a main question in the EIA. Okay, look at this question. Compare and contrast the draft environmental impact assessment notification 2020 with the existing EIA notification 2006. Do you think that even after years of implementation, the results of the environmental impact assessment has not been encouraging? Critically, examine. See, this question can be asked in the GS paper 3 under the subhead, Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment. Okay, now how to approach this question? There are two key directive in this question. One is compare and contrast and the other one is critically examine. See, for the first part of the question, it has the keyword compare and contrast, right? So we will have to compare the EIA notification 2006 with the draft EIA notification of 2020. We must chart out the major differences between the two, the similarities between the two. For the second part, since the keyword is critically examine, you have to mention the success and limitations of EIA in India. So this is how we are planning to approach this question. Now, let us start answering the introduction. Since the question is about EIA, you can write two or three points about the process which we are going to see now. See, environmental impact assessment EIA is a systematic process. It is designed to analyze and anticipate the potential environmental consequences of the various upcoming projects or activities. The main premise of the EIA is to assess how various projects might affect the natural environment before these projects are set in motion. Globally, the significance of EIA has gained recognition. In 1972, United Nations Conference on Human Environment, which was held in Stockholm, stressed the necessity of environmental assessment in the decision making. Additionally, agreement such as UNFCCC and CBD highlights the importance of considering the environmental impacts across the various sectors. In India, however, EIA gained significance in the late 1970s once the environmental impacts of mega projects that were constructed in 1950 started showing up. The first EIA notification in India was issued by Union Ministry of Environment on 27 January 1994. See, I have given elaborate points on this regard, but you can use some of the points that we have discussed here in the introduction part of your answer. Now, with this, we can finish the introduction and let's get into the main part of the answer. Now, coming back to the body part of the answer, as I already mentioned, we must first compare and contrast between the EIA notification 2006 and the draft notification 2020. We can do this by taking the various parameters and seeing the differentiation between the two amendments. First, let us take project classification. The 2006 EIA notification classified the projects into two. They are category A project and category B projects. The projects which are under the category A need national level appraisal. These projects are appraised by impact assessment agency and the expert appraisal committee. The category B project needs state level appraisal. The state level environmental impact assessment authority, SEIIA and state level expert appraisal committee will provide clearance to the category B projects. The 2006 notification subclass fees the B projects into B1 and B2. Know that category B2 does not require any mandatory environmental clearances unlike the category A and category B1. These were modified in the 2020 draft notification which plays various projects under the category B2. It plays industries like offshore and onshore, oil and gas, shell exploration, hydroelectric projects up to 25 megawatt, irrigation projects which are between 2000 to 10,000 hectares of command area, small and medium cement plants, acids other than the phosphoric or ammonia, sulfuric acid and MSME in dye and dye intermediaries etc which were placed under B2. So these units can operate without any environmental clearances. Now let us see the second parameter it is with regard to public hearing. See in 2006 notification 30 days were allocated for public hearing but the 2020 draft reduced it to 20 days. Now see the third thing it is called de facto clearance route. Now we have to understand what is de facto clearance route. It means the clearance for the project can be avoided even if they have started construction without securing the necessary clearances. The 2006 notification did not have such provisions. So if when someone starts a project without necessary in clearances the project could be termed illegal. But since the de facto clearance route is included in the 2020 draft, a project without necessary clearance can be regularised or allowed to apply for clearances. Now let us look at reporting for non-compliances. According to 2006 notification any non-compliances or violations can be reported by the public. But this got removed within the 2020 notification. According to the draft notification only the promoter or governmental authority or appraisal committee or regulatory authority can submit a report of non-compliances to the government.  To ensure compliances the 2006 notification had a provision. According to this provision the project promoter must submit the compliances report every six months. But the 2020 draft diluted this provision and mentioned that the compliances report must be submitted early once. Guys you can mention all these points to address the first part of your answer. Now let us come to the second part. For the second part of the question first look at the positives of EAA. Firstly the EAA has led to the better informed decisions regarding the development projects by evaluating the potential environmental impacts beforehand. This helps in ensuring the sustainable development. Secondly the EAA has led to the enhanced public participation. The EAA has helped the affected communities, stakeholders and NGO to voice out their concerns and suggestions. This has promoted transparency and accountability in decision making. Then EAA has also helped in the mitigation of their environmental risks. By identifying the potential risks in the process, the EAA has helped to minimize the adverse environmental impacts such as pollution, destruction of habitat and resource depletion. Finally it has also ensured the compliances. The EAA guidelines necessitates post clearance monitoring. This ensures the adherence to the simulated conditions thereby reducing the environmental harm and ensuring ongoing compliances. These are some of the positives associated with the EAA. Now moving on to the limitations. The first limitation is the lack of awareness among the local community. See local residents living in the area which get affected by the projects lack knowledge about the EAA process and they also lack knowledge about their rights and responsibilities. This results in the limited participation in the public consultation and decision making leaving the masses uninformed about the potential environmental impacts. The second limitation is the unavailability of the EAA documents in the local languages. The EAA reports and documents are often not accessible in the local languages which effectively creating a barrier for the local community to comprehend and assess the true implications of these proposed projects. The situation can lead to misinformation and misunderstanding among the affected populations. Then there is an issue of ignorance and corruption among the officials. This has resulted in the compromised assessments or biased decision making effectively undermine the integrity of the process. Note that there are also some loop holes in the EAA regulations. Some MNCs exploit this exception and loop holes in the regulation and to bypass the assessment process. This circumvention often occurs due to vague or ambiguous provisions in the law which leads to inadequate scrutiny of the projects. Lastly there is an issue of shortage of the qualified EAA professionals. The scarcity of the adequately trained and experienced professionals contribute to the error and omission in the assessment process. The lack of skilled experts lead to the lack of comprehensive evaluation of the projects and identification of the potential environmental hazards. See these are some of the limitations associated with the EAA process. With this we have completed the second part of the question and effectively completed the main body part of the answer. Now let us go to the conclusion part of the answer. In the conclusion part you can summarize your answer. You can write that while EAA in India has contributed to the improved decision making and mitigation of the environmental impacts, several challenges still persist including weak enforcement, inadequate public participation, exceptions and conflict of interest. Addressing these limitations is crucial for enhancing the effectiveness and credibility of the EAA process which effectively ensures and promote sustainable development.  See this is regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw about the environmental impact assessment which is one of the important topics for our main examination. So with this learned point let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article for our analysis. Look at this news article. This article is taken from the 4th December newspaper. See recently the central government constituted the National Council for Transgendered Persons. Now following this the central government also nominated the representative to the council. This new article says that a trans person activist named Kalki Subramaniam has been nominated as the representative to the council from the southern region. Apart from this the central government also nominated 4 other persons from 4 different regions. This is the crux of the news article. In this context let us know about National Council for Transgendered Persons and a few points about the Transgendered Persons Act 2019. Let us start with the National Council for Transgendered Persons. See it is created to mainstream the transgender community's concern focusing on their livelihood issues as well as to raise the awareness about the trans community. First of all know what is the main purpose of this council to ensure that the transgender welfare boards are set up in all the states and the essential needs of the community like housing, food, healthcare and education are being met by the government. Now let us see the composition of this council. See it has a chairperson who will be the union minister for the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. The council member will consist of representation from the 5 states or unit territory one from north, south, east, west and northeast etc on a rotational basis. 5 members of the transgender community one each from the north, south, east, west etc and representatives from the 10 central ministries and departments. Know that the tenure of the members of the community shall be 3 years. Now seeing the structure of the council now let us see the functions of this council. Firstly it advises the central government on the formulation of policies, programs, legislations and projects with respect to the transgender persons. Secondly it monitors and evaluates the impact of the policies and programs which are being designed for achieving the equality and full participation of the transgender persons. Thirdly it reviews and coordinates the activities of all the departments. Fourthly it involves in addressing the grievances of the transgender persons. See these are all some of the important functions of the NCTP or National Council for Transgender Persons. Now let us move on to some of the important futures of the Transgender Person Act 2019. See firstly it created the important council called National Council for Transgender Persons which we have discussed just now. Secondly it provided a definition of the transgender person. This act defines a transgender person as a one whose gender does not match the gender which is being assigned at birth. Thirdly the act states that the transgender persons shall have the right to self-perceived gender identity. For this a certificate of identity can be obtained from the district magistrate office and a revised certificate is to be obtained if the success changed. Fourthly the act has a provision that provides transgender persons the right to residence with their parents and immediate family members. Fifthly the act prohibits discrimination against transgender persons in various sectors like education, health care, employment etc. Lastly the act states that the offenses against the transgender persons will attract imprisonment between 6 months to 2 years See this is all about the Transgender Persons Act 2019 In this discussion we saw about the important body called National Council for Transgender Persons and in the second part we saw the various provisions of the Transgender Persons Act. So with this learned points let us conclude this discussion and let us take up the next news article for our analysis. Look at this news article. As we all know recently the ethics committee of the Lok Sabha recommended the expulsion of Trinamul Kongas MP Mahua Moitra from the Lok Sabha. The ethics committee gave this recommendation due to her unethical conduct and breach of privileges. This article is written here in this context only. This article here covers the role of the ethics committee and it also examines whether such expulsion is constitutional. This is about the trucks of the news article. So in our discussion today we will first see some points about the ethics committee. Then we will see the points mentioned in the article. First we shall start with the creation of the ethics committee. See in 1996 a preceding officer's conference held in Delhi created the idea of ethics panel for the two houses. The then vice president K. R. Narayanan constituted the first ethics committee for Rajya Sabha on March 4, 1997. But the ethics committee for the Lok Sabha was created later. In 2000 an ad hoc ethics committee was established in the Lok Sabha. It became a permanent committee only in 2015. Now let us see what are the objectives of this committee. See it is established for overseeing and reinforcing the ethical standards and conduct among the members of parliament. The committee will examine the cases of miscontext which are being generally referred to it. Moreover the committee examines the complaints filed against the members of the house by other members or outsiders through a member or the cases which are being referred by the speaker. The rules that are applicable to the committee of privileges will also be applicable to the ethics committee. It must be noted that the term unethical is not generally defined. It is left to the discretion of the committee to decide whether such acts ethical or not. This is about the basics of the ethics committee. Now let us see the composition of the committee. See the ethics committee in Lok Sabha consists of 15 members. The speaker appoints the members of the committee for the general term of one year. The ethics committee in Rajasabha consists of 10 members who are appointed by the chairman of the Rajasabha. Now let us see the functioning of the committee. The ethics committee does not consider complaints solely based on the media reports or matters that are being already in the court. Before looking into the complaint the committee conducts an initial inquiry. If the committee decides to proceed it provides the concerned member with an opportunity to be get hailed. After examining the complaint the committee makes recommendations to the speaker of Lok Sabha or to the chairman of Rajasabha. The speaker or chairman then subsequently plays the report provided by the committee before the house for the consideration. See this is about the operating principles of the ethics committee. Now if you look closely the work of the ethics committee overlaps with the privilege committee. This is because both the committee's handled matters which are being related to the conduct of the MPs. But know that the privilege committee in addition to overseeing the conduct of MPs is also responsible for safeguarding the freedom, authority and dignity of the parliament as a whole. Okay. Now having covered the basics of ethics committee now let us see some important points which are get mentioned in this article. Here let us see the legality of the expulsion of Mrs. Mahuamitra. The constitution under article 101 listowns the ground for the vacation of seat by an MP. According to 101 an MP must vacate his office when he or she voluntarily resigns or he is disqualified or when he is absent from the house for 60 sittings. The constitution does not specifically mention expulsion for its members. The Supreme Court has also failed to provide clarity in this regard. In the Raja Rampal versus Honourable Speaker 2007 case the Supreme Court upheld the power of the parliament to expel its members for the breach of privilege by interpreting article 101 of the constitution. But it also in the Amirinder Singh versus Special Committee Punjab Vidhan Sabha case the Supreme Court held the expulsion by the state assembly as unconstitutional. So the legality of the MP is quite murky. Okay. Now let us see what about the political morality of the move. Know that the privilege committee of the house developed in the medieval Britain to protect the house of common from the authoritarian king. Even today protecting the members privilege is important but more important must be given to the democratic representation. If an MP is expelled based on the recommendation of the ethics committee the citizens of the constituency would be left without a representative till next election or by election. Therefore a more practical approach would involve starting a legal investigation. Establishing a fast track course for this case would ensure trails are conducted swiftly and within a specific time frame. If someone is proven guilty in such a trial according to RPA 1951 they should lose their position. If not found guilty they should remain in the members of the house. This will balance the privileges of the house and the democratic representation. See this is all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we cover the basics about the Ethics Committee and we also cover some of the important points mentioned in this article. See these points you could use it to enrich your mains answer. This is all about this discussion so with this learned points let us conclude this discussion and let us take up the next news article for our analysis. Look at this news article. This news article talks about the Alternate Investment Funds or AIF. See the private credit funds fall under the AIF category for the purpose of regulations in India. But the issue is AIF are being used to mask the bad loans in the financial system. So the SEBI has raised its concern related to AIF regulation with the RBA. See this is the crux of the news article given here. So in our news discussion let us understand about the basics of Alternate Investment Funds or AIF. See what is AIF? See any fund created in India that serves as a privately pooled investment vehicle which gathers money from the various sophisticated Indian and foreign investors is generally referred as AIF. It means it pulls funds from the investors and invest them under different categories of investments which were specified by SEBI. Know that these investments adhere to the SEBI Alternate Investment Funds regulations 2012. Generally institutions and high network individuals invest in the AIF as it needs a high investment amount. AIF can be formed as a company, limited liability partnership, trust etc. They do not fall under any conventional investment categories like investment in stocks, bonds, cash. So it is generally a special investment category. See this is the basic of AIF. Now let us see the categories within the AIF. Generally there are three categories in AIF. Let I see them one by one. Firstly category one. Under this category the funds are invested in small and medium sized enterprises or SME, startups and new economically viable corporations with a high growth potential. The government encourages investment in these categories as they have a positive impact on the economy with regards to both high output and job creation. Some of the important funds in this category one are infrastructure fund, venture capital fund, angel fund and social venture fund. Now let us see the second category. Under this category the AIFs are invested in equity securities and debt securities. Apart from this those funds that are not covered under category one or category three will also be covered in the category two. Know that the debt funds, fund of funds and private equity funds are some of the funds which gets included in the category two. Finally let us see category three. Under this category the funds are usually engaged in many complex trading techniques like investing in listed or unlisted derivatives. These funds provide returns only for a very short period of time. Private investments in the public equity fund, hedge funds or some of the funds which get included in the category three of AIF. See these are all the various categories of the alternate investment funds. Talking about the benefits, see AIF provides a high return than any conventional investment but know that they have volatility issue also. See this is all about the basics of the alternate investment funds. So with this learned point let us move on to the next news article for our discussion. Look at this news article. The science page article from the 4th December talks about genome sequencing. Recently the UK government announced the completion of half a million whole genome sequences. This highlights the transformative potential of a population scale genomic data. Know that India also has a program for its own population called Indigen. It has provided an early view of more than a thousand genomes from the cosmopolitan areas. Moreover it is helping in developing drugs for the various treatable genetic diseases. This is the crux of the news article which was given. In this context let us quickly go through what is genome sequencing. Firstly let us understand what is mean by genome. See genome is the sum of all genetic material or complete set of DRC ribonucleic acid or DNA in an individual. So the DNA is the unit which forming genome. Remember DNA is a long coiled double helix molecule that contains genetic instructions. The short sections of the DNA that contains the code for a specific protein is known as gene. These proteins are mainly responsible for all our physical characteristics and biological functions. These genes present on the chromosomes are found inside the nucleus of a living cell. So we can say that the genome of an individual consist of 23 pair of chromosome located in the cell's nucleus as well as small chromosomes in the cell's mitochondria. A genome contains all the information needed for an individual to develop and function. See this is all about the basics of genome. Now let us see what is genome sequencing. Genome sequencing is nothing but figuring out the order of the DNA nucleotide or bases in the genome.  These four nucleotides are adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. These nucleotides attach to each other that is A get attached to T, likewise G get attached to C. They get attached to each other to form chemical bonds called base pairs. These base pairs only connect two DNA strands. So the genome sequencing is nothing but figuring out the order of A, C, G, T that is making up an organ's DNA. It's a laboratory method and simply a very long strings of letter in a mysterious languages. Know that genome sequencing help in understanding human diversity at the genetic level. It also helps to find out how we are affected by certain genetic diseases. That's all about this discussion. We saw about the basics of genome sequencing. This is all about the discussion. Now let us move on to the next part of our analysis. Let us to discuss the preliminary practice question. Today I'm having four questions. Let us solve them one by one. See the first question. Which of the following tectonic plate boundaries is primarily responsible for the formation of ring of fire? See we know from our plate tectonics theory that the ring of fire is the subduction of the tectonic plates at the convergent boundaries which is around the Pacific plate. Know that the subduction occurs when one tectonic plate is forced beneath the other leads to intense geological activity like volcanic eruptions and earthquake. So going with this logic the correct option is option A convergent boundaries. Let us see the second question. See this is the previous question which is asked in 2014. See the question which one of the following is the largest committee of the parliament. See out of the four options which are given we know that the committee on estimate or estimate committee is the largest committee of the parliament. Why because it has a total membership of 30 members and moreover know that all are from the Lok Sabha that is Rajesh Sabha has no representation in this committee. So the correct option is option B committee on estimates. See the third question. Which one of the following are the advantages of alternate investment funds or AIF. First statement. The performance is not dependent on the highs and lows of the stock market. See this is correct. See the second statement. It could potentially bring significant tax advantage to the investors. See this is also correct. See the third one. It aids in the diversification of the market strategies and investment forms. See this is also correct. See the fourth statement. The investor obtains direct ownership in this format. See all these four statements are correct. So the correct option is option C. See the final question of the day. With reference to agriculture in India. How can the technique of genome sequencing which is often seen in the news can be used in the immediate future. See for this kind of application based question we should focus on elimination. That is if we could say that the given option or application is not possible with the view of this technology we can eliminate that option. Likewise only we can approach this question. So keeping in mind this logic let us see the options. See genome sequencing can be used to identify the genetic markers for the disease resistance and draw tolerance in various crop plants. See we cannot refute this statement or we cannot refute this application of the genome sequencing technique. So this statement is correct. See the second one. It helps in reducing the time required to develop the new varieties of crop plants. So we can obviously say that this is also an application of this technology. See the third one. Can be used to decipher the post pathogen relationship in the crops. See this is also correct. See all the three applications could come in the genome sequencing technology. So the correct option is option D. See the main question based on today's analysis is displayed here. Interstellar sprints can write and post in our comment section. If you like today's video, like, comment and share it with your friends. For more updates regarding UPC preparation, subscribe to Shankar IAS Academy. Thank you.