Forever, the burden and the task and the challenge and the beauty of raising kids is to see them through different phases in life. You always want to get them to the next phase in a healthy, safe way.  Phew! Next phase, high school or whatever. And you think you're done with something, but no. There's always something bigger. The bigger they get, the bigger the problems.  There are some mountains you just don't want to climb as a parent. So today we're going to face those hard truths. This is the problem. We don't face things because we're afraid to ask hard questions. And today we're going to do that, okay?  I've got a brilliant guest tonight, today, this morning, forever, to talk about this hard issue. All right. So let me welcome our wonderful guest today. Carol Maxim, who is an educational and therapeutic consultant and the author of a book called Teens and Turmoil. Yes. Yes. Congratulations and welcome. Thank you. Thank you for having me. That title says a lot. Teens and Turmoil. Yes. What did you write that book? Well, actually, at the time, I was working in a therapeutic boarding school.  And she said, she was asking me questions about the therapeutic boarding school. It's clear that it was not going to be the right fit for her son. And she said in this desperate way, isn't there a book to help me? And I thought, no, sorry, there isn't. And literally that was when I decided, I guess somebody better write that book. Good for you. I guess it might as well be me. So that was a few years ago, but today, in this day and age, whether it's here in Honolulu or in the world, what do you think the situation is? You know, I hear increasing articles and write-ups about these opioid addictions and deaths and horrible, horrible things. What situation are we really in today with teen drug abuse? Well, you know what I mean? It's a bad situation. Drugs are readily available, literally everywhere, and literally every kind of drug. Large and small, really scary and not quite as scary. It's all there. Kids are on medications, which can and are routinely be abused. Do you think it's more so now than it was before because of the accessibility or is it the type of drug that is so addictive that it's bringing in more problems? Both and? Okay. All right. And it isn't, no, I don't have specific data, but I've worked in this field long enough. Yeah, I'm quite sure it's a lot worse. When I first started in this field, nobody was addicted to oxycontin because it didn't exist. Was it there? Right, exactly. And then when it first came out, it was touted to be non-addictive, and we found that that wasn't quite the way it turned out. Kids were not using prescription drugs because few kids, I mean, they were hardly around, so kids weren't using them. Just a brief description of what oxycontin is for people who aren't aware of these drugs. Can you explain it and what the effects are and why they're so addictive? Synthetic heroin. Oh, God. You're right. Right. Oxycodone, oxycontin, synthetic heroin. And is it accessible because it's more affordable? Is that why? Or is it like the trendy drug? Well, why has it gone so out of control? Well, all the above, again. It is accessible. If you get your wisdom teeth out, you may very well walk out of the dentist's office with a prescription for painkillers, and it probably won't be for four. It might be for many more. Doctors are getting much better about prescribing only what is needed, but it's out there. Here all the factories are, how it all gets to kids is hard to say one place, and this is something for parents to think hard about. Kids will raid your medicine cabinet. Really? And even if you feel quite sure, my kid won't do that. Your kid's friends might do that, and your kid might not even know it. I've certainly heard that story. Well, you brought up a very important part that I wanted to lead into anyway, is that every parent thinks their kid's not the one at fault. It's always the influence of whoever they're hanging around with. It's the blame game. It's not my kid. How do we get parents to face up to, or maybe just acknowledge the possibilities of them, you know, being the one? All right. So, you're thinking, for example, it's not really my kid. It's the kids he's hanging around with, okay? Right. Well, why is he choosing to hang around with them? Because they're the ones doing what he's interested in doing. Right. Right. Nobody is forcing him to hang out with the kids who are doing drugs. But how do you, as a parent, tell them not to hang out with the friends they choose? Well, you can say whatever you like. It's not what you say. It's whether you can be effective. And the issue is, if you say to your daughter, you may not hang out with them. They're naughty.  Oh, well. And she may say, oh, Mom, I'll never do that again. Or she may say, I'll do whatever I please, but you can't affect it. The one thing that I think two seldom parents think about is parents getting together and making a little club, if you want, a little team. Now, you will have parents who won't get on board with you. But most parents don't want their kids using drugs. Of course. Right? When you start it and you say, as parents, how can we get together and work amongst ourselves to see that if kids are partying at your house or they're partying at my house, we both know there's nothing bad going on because we are keeping an eye on it. And if I think I need to drug test my child, I'm going to call you so that you will think, maybe I better drug test my child as well. Okay. So a team effort to be on track. Absolutely. And yes, I mean, I've had parents say, but not everyone will get on board. That's true. Right, because they're denial or whatever. It's not my kid. They'll never do that. But most will. Because most feel like you do, and you can say, look, we all want to believe it's not our kid. So in order to make sure it's not our kid, let's band together. And let's come up with very similar rules and boundaries for our kids. Can you really control that though? We really don't know.  You can get anything you want on the internet, or I've certainly known kids that would sell their pee to others. Oh, gosh. Yes. Yes. One of the best stories was, 10 years ago, this kid, his dad was actually a neurologist, and the kid presented the dad with a little vial of pee, but it was ice cold because it had been in the refrigerator. Oh. Okay. Guess what? The dad figured it out. He did. Yes. Okay. But as far as I know, the very best drug test, particularly on younger kids, by the time they're 20, not so much, is when you say, okay, we're doing a drug test. No warning, and you watch your child's face.    Right. Oh, I've got to go. I don't have to pee now. That's always something, right? Or whatever. It's going to be clean anyway, and then you just say, okay, good. I'm really glad. Go do it. And guess what? No privacy in the bathroom. Yeah. I think that's... Sorry, you gave that one up. Right. Yeah. Yeah. But the best one is just watch your kid, the reaction. You're going to, let's call it 80, 85% of the time, you're going to know. So it's not even the results of the pee test because they'd be smart enough to have a vial of fake pee in their pocket. Who knows? Sure. But the reaction you're talking about. That's it. But you say, know your kid. That's interesting. How much do we really know our kids? And we think we know them, or maybe we're still trying to put the cloak over our own eyes that this is not the kid I want to see. So there's a lot of deception. Absolutely. But if you think back to the kid you knew when he or she was two, three, four, five, six, that's still very much the core of your kid. That doesn't really change. I'm not saying that they don't take on other mature personality traits, and they look different and so forth, but that's the part deep in your gut. You know. And I will tell you, mother to mother, mother's gut rarely wrong. I think you're right. The instinct is pure.  Right. And you don't want to go there. No, right. You don't want to do that. Yeah. Go with the gut. Your gut is what's right. Oh, boy. I mean, with that again, like a lot of parents just don't want to face up to the possibilities of anything that's going to affect the rest of their lives. So for example, going back to this drug abuse, addiction is, I'm learning, I hear, is a lifelong battle oftentimes. So when you're saying that kid, that cute little kid from two years old and it's still inside, how much can drugs destroy that? And will he ever or she ever come back to who she or he really was? Yeah, kid, they can really come back, but you will find addicts will always say I'm in recovery, not I am recovered or I have recovered because they know any day could be the day I lose track of recovery. So one day at a time and I'm in recovery. As soon as you think you have recovered, you're treading in very dangerous waters. So let me go back to what you're talking about. Parents don't want to know. I get that. But far more dangerous is not knowing. Far more dangerous is just saying, okay, I'll believe that it makes no sense, but I'll believe it. You're still hoping. Yes. And a couple of things to think about.  Nobody does drugs honestly. Think about it. Hey, Mom, I'm going to pop a couple pills, okay? Right. See, it's not going to happen.  Confusion is the junkies playground. So you think to yourself, I think I'm a pretty smart person and I'm confused. I don't get it. You said you were there, but I know you were there, but then you said you did that and I'm not getting this. As soon as you feel that confusion, figure out somebody's trying to confuse you. And the reason you're somebody is trying to confuse you, that's lying and manipulation. If I can get you wondering, well, was it 12 or 12.15 he came in? Well, I thought it was 12, but maybe it was 12. No. As soon as you're thinking that, you're not thinking about, so where was he and what was he doing and why didn't I drug test him? Right. He was translating to his own behavior. If he was lying, obviously there would be some truths mixed in with the manipulation, which makes it very confusing and you want to trust those truths because there may be moments of it and that's just what goes, spirals out of control. Now, we've just, I think we've entered an area where we need to kind of pry open a little bit more, but we will take a quick break and parents really have a deep thought about maybe what you haven't or dared not see about your child's behavior or the influence around or how they are lying or manipulating. I love that. What did you say? Confusion is a jumpy playground. That is just a very confusing and thought-provoking topic. It is. Okay, so put that in your head because confuse yourself. This is good. We've got to bring out the dirt so we can really get to the issue. All right, so we'll be back in a quick plank. Don't go away. Aloha. My name is Steven Phillip Katz. I'm a licensed marriage and family therapist and I'm the host of Shrink Rap Hawaii where I talk to other shrinks. Did you ever want to get your head shrunk? Well, this is the best place to come to pick one. I've been doing this. We must have 60 shows with a whole bunch of shrinks that you can look at. I'm here on Tuesdays at three o'clock every other Tuesday. I hope you are too. Aloha. Thank you for your translation. What is a way to kind of maybe get parents to, well... Parents have to face up to hard truths of drug abuser teens and we're talking about how drugs you're going to be lying and manipulating absolutely. This is just the part of the package. Absolutely. And so within that truth and if a parent does have to confront its bubbled up and the parents are working with the kids, how do they even start the process? Okay, so let me backtrack that just a little bit because we were talking about confusion is the Johnny's point. Yes, I'm all confused now. I don't even know how to ask the right questions. So one of the main manipulations to listen for from your child is, you don't trust me? As soon as you hear that, you know you should not be trusting. It's a given. Wait, but if they say trust me, mom, you're supposed to trust that too? No. Or don't trust anything? No. Remember, trust is always earned and it takes a long time to earn trust and can be lost in the blink of an eye.  Not down one notch but to the bottom because if there's one lie, I'm really sorry to say this but there's probably another one and another and still another and another.  And you take, by that you mean to take away all their privileges until they earn it back? Yeah, you know, the taking away privileges thing is always a bit of a bumpy road I think because you're going to say, yep, and I wanted to have the phone because I want to know where he is. I would however want to remind you that because you call him and he picks up the phone, you don't know where he is. You don't.  Right. Okay. And he could very well be saying, oh yeah, I'm at Joe's house when they're in a bar. I don't know. So it's more that before things are given, they need to be earned. Privileges need to be earned, not given than taken away, which is hard for parents listening in because they're thinking, but I've already given him this and this and this. So okay, but one thing you can do, first of all, I always tell parents, don't ground your child. Does it work? Well, number one, it doesn't work, and number two, who's really suffering? You are. But I was going to ask you. Picture grounded too. Right. But this is a different generational parenting technique, yes? When I grew up, my mother grounded me all the time, whether it worked or not, that's another story. But today a lot of people are so open to communication, oh, I'll let you go and then you come back safe and sound and that's okay. Just talk to me. Do you think that type of parenting is almost opening up too much? That's why a lot of these issues are coming in now? Of course. Okay, so let's just clarify a couple of things. As a parent, your job, your duty, I don't like the word job, your duty is guide, direct, and educate. Not be friends, not be hang out buddies, and I guess I have to say this, no, it's really not a good idea to smoke up with your kid. It really isn't. That was my next question. But if you remember that you have a duty to this child and those are your duties, it becomes clearer.  That's your job.   Have you seen cases? Well, OK, here's one. I've heard this one about 11 billion times. You find drug paraphernalia in your kid's bedroom. Oh, that's not mine. That's my friend. Of course. No, it isn't. It's really and truly, honestly, your kid's. OK, I have never. I've been doing this for a quarter of a century. Have I ever found a time when it actually belonged to the friend? No. So let's just go with that. So that's the kind of thing where don't believe, don't try to trust. I want to trust my child. No, you don't. Trust is earned. So when someone says I want to trust my child, I always say, but why? So you don't give them the benefit of the doubt because they don't have the capacity to be responsible in that way. Correct. You don't. And they're risk-taking age, where that's kind of what they're. Correct. They're living off of it. Right. Because, I mean, adolescents, we've all been adolescents and you can think about it. I can't be harmed. I can do anything. The world is my oyster, all that. So when your child is making these dangerous decisions, he or she is coming at it from that perspective. So not thinking, hmm, but if I do this, it really could affect my schoolwork and my schoolwork could affect where I go to college. And that could really affect what I do next. Yada, yada. I could know. No, that because it's not part of the adolescent thinking. Right. It doesn't work that way. So are you saying that adolescents really don't have that capacity to think truly responsibly for themselves? And that is why we need to control their environment. I'm saying it is growing. And hopefully by the time they're 18 or 20, it's really pretty much right there intact. But the more you enable your child, the more you infantilize your child, the more you help your child to do things that he or she can do on his or her own, the more you're delaying that maturing process. So the danger of letting them go out freely too early is really bringing in all the trouble. Yeah, I think of it this way. As a parent, if you are checking on your child's homework, well, what do you have tonight? Well, I checked online and you really have this.   It's just backwards.  If you start getting in the midst of that, you're teaching your child, yay, you really can't do this. You're really not capable. And the more, very important point, the more a parent or parent to micromanage want to know every little detail. Yeah, the helicopter mom. Right, the more your child's going to go underground. And if you are managing to micromanage all their schoolwork and what they eat. Right, you're breathing down their back. That child is going to go underground in the first place. Sex, drugs, and rock and roll. So you're talking about the overprotective parents who really want to hover and really think they've got everything in control. But how does a parent know when the kid is in trouble? Like, they know there's a serious problem.  How does a parent know when there is a huge problem before something really bad happens? Okay, so you just use the word hope and I'm going to be a real snark and say, get rid of your hope. Because I hope my child is not using drugs. Not, sorry, it's not going to do it. Don't hope. You have to be active. And remember, once again, your child earns privacy.  Right. That means go in my room because why? Now, but you see, then you've got this thing. If you're micromanaging, if you're helicoptering, your child is going to try to find some place that is mine, all mine, my personality, myself. And that is age-appropriate. But not if that becomes the only way to get around to you, mom, or dad, or parents, is to go underground. Yeah, they're going to do it anyway, no matter what you do. They are, so you would much rather have your child not turn in homework and lie about that than lie about using drugs. Think about it. I'm still confused, Carol. I mean, in our short time left, at one hand, we think we should not let that whole leniency open up to the overcommunication and saying we're friends and tell me what you've been doing. We don't want that, that brings in trouble. At the same time, we don't want the hovering kind of parent who's going to micromanage and look at every little aspect of their lives. And so how does a parent find that healthy medium? Guide, direct, educate. Okay, so I will say I have never yet met the child who didn't do drugs because he or she was educated about drugs. They know as much as they're going to conceptualize in adolescence that drugs can be dangerous, but not me, I'm never going to get hooked. But if you're micromanaging, you're not guiding, you're not directing, you're not educating, you're micromanaging, they are different. And yes, I am saying in many ways, you do have to change your parenting style. And you do have to have rules in the house.  What is, what's okay to do in our family, in our house? That is for parents to make the decision and frankly there's way too much negotiation with kids. You set the standards and those are the standards. If you do it early, if you do it thoughtfully, you're not going to get as much pushback. And this is hard because I know there are parents who are listening, they're thinking about it, what do I do with my 17 year old and how am I supposed to be able to control, right? If he's already out of control, you've got to find the control, you've got to pull it back and try if you can to use the school to help you. Some schools will help you. Right, you need the whole community of support. But my gut also is, kids want to have that boundary. When you don't have that, something's wrong, it's like parentless and they feel almost lost at something. It's why kids would leave little traces around or they'll have that conversation on the phone when you're just close enough to hear or they'll leave their phone around and it's not turned off so you actually could check the text very often. They need us, they want us around. They do. They just say they don't because they're teens. Yes. Carol, in our short time left, I also want to remind people of the wonderful book that you wrote. So if people have more questions, maybe they can look it up, Teens in Turmoil, a path to change for parents, adolescents, and their families. It's a very hard subject to deal with. Nobody, like you said, wants to confront these issues. What are some hard facts or questions you want to leave our listeners to contemplate about this whole problem? Well, I think the most important one is I get that these facts are hard to face. But what I want parents to think about is how much harder it is to face it when the facts are bigger, better, worse. Having that real heart to heart and putting in the standards when you think your kid is smoking some marijuana, it's one thing. When you gotta come in and say, what about what's going on now and it's actually cocaine, or it's crashing out of roll and snorting out of roll, these are bad things. You wouldn't get in there early. And another point, I guess I can't leave without saying, kids really like ADD drugs, but they're not using them exactly properly. They're crushing them and snorting them, or they're selling them to get the other drug that they personally prefer. So think about it, if your child was not ADD as a little kid, he didn't catch ADD now. It's not like measles, you can't catch ADD. So, and kids go on the internet routinely, memorize all the different symptoms, go into the psychiatrist, recite them, get the prescription. So we have responsibilities as parents to learn about all these drugs out there, all these crazy, it is an epidemic, honestly. I mean, it just really is a tip of the iceberg that we haven't addressed enough. And we hope today that, thank you to Carol that we've actually touched on the significance of this bad influence. And I hope you will really take it to heart and really try to be a community with people who are in need of this. So again, Carol, thank you so much for your wealth of advice. And I'm very glad to do it anytime. The more kids we can help, the better we are. Absolutely, okay, thank you so much. And you guys have a great day, thank you.


There has been a ghastly road accident involved in a Kamashev bus, also known as Danfo, and the Lexus Jeep unfurled a mainland bridge before 11 am today, August 9th. I would necessarily say the bus somersaulted four times before stopping short of the rails of the bridge. Now traumatized victims speak to plus TV Africa's correspondent, Destiny Momor. This morning, a Lexus Jeep and this Danfo bus here were flying this third mainland bridge when this unfortunate accident happened. This young lady was on her way to work when the public vehicles she boarded collided with a Lexus Jeep on the third mainland bridge. She sustained only a scratch but is traumatized by the accident. I can't really say because it just happened suddenly. Driver Shoa Mimokorode of the Lexus Jeep survived unscratched and gives his side of the story. We are moving side by side so I saw the vehicle coming with speed so I saw it from the mirror so I have to match my brakes to slow down so that I can go. So by doing that, it was speed so it saw me much in brake beside him so he's trying to you know when you much brake now you know that the vehicle shakes so that is what happened. So when I matched my brake so it couldn't control its own speed so that is why it touched me and crossed to the other side even on my lane to eat the culvert. That is where the vehicle came from. You can see the side of my car. A traffic jam quickly built up as a result of the accident and the presence of men of the Mandarin Police Force and the management authority LASMA and Lagos State Ambulance service. Third Melon Bridge is the longest of three bridges connecting Lagos Island to the mainland. Accidents occur frequently here, usually caused by overloading bad road conditions and reckless driving. They've been rushed to the nearby hospital and we hope that eventually there will be no casualty. From Third Melon Bridge to here, Dustin Momo reporting for Plus TV Africa.


Today, we are going to talk about energy economics, we are going to talk in terms of looking at the viability of an energy efficiency or a renewable project and the subject that we are covering is also going to be amenable for any project, any project whether it deals with energy or not, the principles will remain the same, but we are going to focus basically on energy related projects. So what are the types of decisions that one takes if you are in an industry or you are in a company, we want to decide there are two types of decisions, one is you can think in terms of a yes no kind of decision. So for instance, there is a boiler or a furnace in an industry and from the exhaust gases which are going out, they are going out at some temperature. So we may decide should we have a waste heat recovery system where we recover the energy from that boiler, we have a pump where we are looking at pumping water, should we have a controller or a variable speed drive, so it is a yes no kind of decision, a particular option whether we should go for it or not go for it, they could also be another type of decision. For instance, you are looking at a remote village or you are looking at an island and you want to electrify that island, you are looking at let us say elephant island, you can you have an option where you can connect from the mainland, you can have a pipe electricity supply going under the water and then you have a grid based supply coming from the mainland. You could also think in terms of a diesel engine or a solar photovoltaic or a biomass gasifier engine and so there are whole host of options and we may want to look at out of all these options which is the best possible option. So we want to rank or choose between the different possible options. So whether it is a yes no decision or a decision where we are choosing between a number of options, the basis and the economic calculations are the same. In this lecture, we will assume that all technical feasible options have been included and they are all equivalent in terms of their performance. So whenever we look at different options, there are multiple criteria one which it can be compared. One is there could be the cost criteria which could be the initial cost or the operating cost. We can think in terms of the reliability, we can think in terms of emissions, in terms of the operational flexibility or the convenience. So usually whenever we take decisions, it is a combination of a variety of things. But for this lecture, we will presume that there are many different options which are being considered. All these options have equivalent performance and we are only making the comparison based on the economics. So let us look at what are the factors which determine the cost effectiveness of an additional investment. We are looking at something where we are putting in a waste sheet recovery boiler or a variable speed drive and energy efficient equipment. On what basis should we decide whether it is cost effective? So there are many different parameters which we will consider. One of the parameters which affects the decision is what is the amount of investment. So if we have to invest more, then we would expect we may need to look at what kind of savings are obtained. The other parameter is the amount of energy saving and most of the cases we are looking at fossil fuel being replaced by renewable or fossil fuel being saved. So how much is the amount of energy saving, what is the price of the energy so that the amount of energy saving into the price of energy will give you the annual savings and then you compare the investment with the savings. There is also in these the life of the equipment or the project will be involved and then the time value of money. The time value of money is a concept that we need to understand and based on that concept everything else in this lecture we can then calculate the parameters. So we will first start with the kind of different indices. So we said the amount of investment, the amount of energy saving, the price of energy, life of equipment, all of these affect the decision and then there is the time value of money. Typically when we think in terms of renewables usually they are higher initial cost and they have lower operating cost though of course now the costs are coming down. But in general as compared to fossil, fossil will have an operating cost, renewables almost has a zero operating cost but they have an higher initial cost and we usually make this kind of trade off. So we have different indicators that we compute when we calculate the economic criteria. Some of the indicators are mentioned here, the indicators that you see, the simple payback period, we will define that this is the one which is the simple payback period very commonly used and based on its simplicity, ease of calculation then we have these 3 indicators, the net present value, the benefit by cost ratio and the internal rate of return. All these 3 indicators use the time value of money. Most companies use one or more of these measures, the NPV, the B by C ratio or the internal rate of return. So we will first talk about the simple payback period, then we will introduce the concept of the time value of money and the discount rate and then we will define these 3 and this is the NPV, the B by C ratio and internal rate of return. After doing that for many large projects, societal projects and government projects, we also look at life cycle costing and where we will look at life cycle cost or the annualized life cycle cost. So these are all the different criteria and we will see how we derive these criteria, we will then take some examples and calculate these criteria and use it to make our decisions. So let us start with the first index which I am sure most of you are already familiar with. This is the simple payback period. The simple payback period as the name suggests is an index which just reflects the number of years in which the investment will pay back for itself. So in terms of a definition, it will be the initial investment by the annual savings. So very straightforward calculation, we will just look at whatever is the initial investment divided by the annual savings and we will get the payback period. So let us take an example, let us consider an example when an energy auditor has done an audit of a boiler and that auditor has found that there is some insulation which can be improved and by doing this insulation on an annual basis based on the way the boiler operates, we get a saving of 5 kilo liters or 5000 liters of light diesel oil. The price of light diesel oil is 50 rupees per liter. So we want to calculate what is the simple payback period for this energy conservation opportunity. You can do this, this is very straightforward. We can just take simple payback period is the initial investment by the annual saving. Annual investment here is 3 lakhs and the annual saving is we have 5 kilo liters, 5 into 1000, 1 kilo liter is 1000 liters and we are paying 50 rupees per liter. So we get an annual savings is 2.5 lakhs and simple payback period is simply 3 lakhs divided by 2.5 which is nothing but 1.2 years or roughly 1 year, 3 months. Now we have calculated the index the simple payback period, how do we use this for making a decision? The first thing is the simple payback period must be less than the life of the equipment of the project. So in this case the insulation is going to last for 10 years or 20 years. The second thing is the company which is making that investment will decide what is the maximum acceptable simple payback period. So for instance if the company says any project which has a payback of less than 2 years it is willing to accept then we compare this 1.2 with 2 and we find that the simple the payback period is less than the maximum acceptable payback hence we can go ahead and invest. So this SPP must be less than SPP acceptable and the company who is making the investment will decide what is an acceptable payback. So for instance if you have a project where there is a payback of 3 years and the company wants paybacks only less than 2 years the company will not go for it even if the project will give benefits for more than 10 years. So we have to the decision will be taken by the company which is making the investment. So this is what we look at in terms of the simple payback period. Now let us talk about what are the limitations of this simple payback period. For doing this let us take a simple example we have these 2 options option A and option B for the same application in the case of A there is an investment of 1 lakh and the saving of 50,000. So if we look at this if we just divide 1 lakh by 50,000 we will get a simple payback period of 2 years for A. So SPP A is 2 years and in the case of B investment is higher which is 1.2 lakhs and the saving is lower which is 40,000. So the simple payback period for B is 3 years. So if you write this we will see that SPP A is 2 years and SPP B is 3 years. If the company has any project which is less than equal to 3 years it is willing to go. When you compare these 2 it looks like the project with the lower simple payback period is the one that we should opt for. So we should opt for A but if we are told that for instance the life of A is 3 years and the life of B is 8 years then immediately you will see that the decision changes and it is more rational to go for B because we are getting payback for a long we are getting the savings for a longer period of time. So one of the limitations of the simple payback period is that is does not cash consider the cash flows after the payback is achieved. The second limitation is it considers all cash flows as equivalent. So that means whether the cash flow is in this year or it is in the next year all of them are considered equivalent there is no concept of time value of money. Despite these limitations the simple payback period is an index that is widely used because of its simplicity and specially if it is for any project which has relatively low investments and it has quick paybacks. So if you are calculating something where you are getting a payback of 6 months or a year simple payback period may be sufficient for you to make the decision. However if you are looking at a large power project which has significant investments and you are talking of payback periods of 4 years or more you need to look at the time value of money and other issues and then some other criteria would be more suitable. So as I told you earlier the main concept that we need to understand is the time value of money and to look at the concept of the time value of money we have to understand that individuals, companies, industries we all prefer money today compared to money in the future. What is the reason for that? The reason for that is mainly because anything associated with the future is uncertain. There is a risk associated with the future and because of that all individuals prefer to have the money today compared to money in the future. This preference that individuals and companies have for money today as compared to money in the future is something that we would like to understand and incorporate in our calculations. In order to do that we introduce a concept called the discount rate and the discount rate is a basis by which we compare investments today with the expected future benefits. Let me just show you. So for instance what we will do is that if you have in different years we are talking of 2019, 2020, 2019 plus K if we had the value in the year and the present value. So if we have 1 unit, 1000 rupees, 1 lakh that in 2019 that is the same unit in our 2019. If we talk about 1 unit, 1 rupee in 2020 that has less value for us today. So that would be reduced by a factor which is 1 by 1 plus D where D is the discount rate. It is a positive number discount rate and we can put it as a percentage also or as a fraction and so this is we are discounting the future. We are reducing any future cash flow to bring it into equivalent value, equivalent present value. So suppose we had it in the kth year then this will be 1 by 1 plus D raised to k. So this just means that we take any future cash flow and we bring it into its equivalent present value by dividing by this 1 plus D we are discounting it or reducing it to bring it into the present value. Now we can look at this as let us try to understand what does this value of discount rate mean. So typically what happens is that suppose consider a company which has many different projects which it can invest in and each of these projects has a rate of return on the project and it has an investment which is there. So suppose we have these different investments and we arrange these projects in terms of from the highest rate of return to the lowest rate of return. So that means there is a project which is giving us the highest rate of return we would like to go for it first and for that we would have to so let us make it so that R1 C1 R2 C2 and so on to Rn Cn. We arrange it so that R1 greater than R2 greater than and so on to Rn. So the idea is that we arrange these projects in terms of the amount of return that we are getting. We first invest in the project which gives the highest rate of return in that process we will use up C1 then we will use up C2 we can keep on doing this till our entire budget gets used up. So suppose we have this rate of return here this one is R1 and we have put C1 then R2 C2 R3 C3 and so on till the time that the total amount that we are investing sigma Ci will be equal to the C total or the total amount of money that I have to invest. So that means this value of rate of return any project which has a rate of return greater than or equal to this is what I am going to invest in. So this value then becomes my discount rate. So that this will mean that suppose the company had half that amount of money instead of Ct which we have here if it had half the amount of money what will happen is this point will shift here and your discount rate will be higher. If it had more money then the discount rate would be lower. So the discount rate really reflects the scarcity of capital. In another sense if we look at it suppose you are thinking in terms of investing 100 rupees in a bank or an institution that you have faith in what is the minimum amount of annual return that you expect before you make that investment. So if you think about it you can put down a value and you will see that that value suppose you say that value is 20 rupees that means that you will make an investment of 100 rupees if and only if you are getting 20 rupees or more every year your principal is gone but every year you get a fixed amount of return that value 20 is actually your discount rate. So typically what happens is if we go back the discount rate represents how money today is worth more than money in the future there is no theoretically correct value. It reflects the scarcity value of capital it also reflects how people what kind of how do you treat future risks and what is your risk aversion. The lower bound will of course be the bank interest rate so you will expect at least the minimum which will be the bank interest rate that you get but in societies where capital is scarce in developing countries you usually have higher discount rate. So in the typically if you will see we will look at a discount rate of 10 to 12 percent which will be like a societal discount rate and if you look at 15 to 20 percent are the discount rate for the public sector companies also the companies which are investing in the infrastructure sector have these kind of and 20 to 30 percent often are the private companies private industry these are the kind of discount rate. These are typically the discount rates for an Indian context if you look at households and you look at low income households you may find that the discount rates are quite high 40 percent 50 percent 60 percent. So now that we have looked at this concept of the discount rate let us see how we can use this to look at the decision where you are making an investment today and you are getting the benefits in the future. So we would like to now look at a situation where we are looking at you are making an upfront investment C0 and we are getting benefits over the life of that equipment in different years a1, a2, ak2, an where n is the life of the equipment or the project. Now the question is how do we put this all together. So let us look at a way in which we can take all of these cash flows and bring them up into a present value equivalent present value. So when we would like to do that let us take this and we will derive that we have a present value we want to replace all of these a1, a2, an. So we will try to we will see that we will take p will be the sum of ak. So ak is the cash flow stream in the kth here. This is now divided by this factor 1 plus d raised to k to bring it into present value. So if for instance if we write this this is going to be like a1 by 1 plus d plus a2 by 1 plus d squared, ak by 1 plus d raised to k, an by 1 plus d raised to n, I just rewrote this. Now there can be a special case in many situations where we have ak is equal to constant, constant in terms of this is the constant cash flows which is a and this is often the case because what we are doing is we are making a calculation today about the future. We are looking at a project where you are going to get a same amount of electricity generated or a same amount of energy generated. If we do all the calculation based on today's prices then you could have constant annual cash flows. So when we have constant annual cash flows this will reduce, we can see this, this becomes a geometric progression.  So we can take this and we can divide this by 1 plus d and we will get a by 1 plus d squared plus and so on a by 1 plus d raised to n plus 1.   So when we simplify this further we can write this as p into 1 plus d minus 1 by 1 plus d equal to a by 1 plus d and I can take 1 plus d raised to n common. This becomes 1 plus d raised to n minus 1. Now 1 plus d is not equal to 0, so I can cancel out these two terms and then I get p into d is a into 1 plus d raised to n minus 1 and so p is equal to a into 1 plus d raised to n minus 1 divided by d into 1 plus d raised to n. This factor which we have is called the uniform present value factor. This factor is what we multiply the annual cash flow stream to get it into the equivalent upfront present value, this is called the uniform present value factor. And we will use the inverse of this the uniform present value factor. So uniform present value factor as we say the uniform present value factor is uniform pv factor is equal to p by a and the inverse of this is the capital recovery factor and that is the factor that we will be using in most of our calculations. The uniform recovery factor also known as CRF in a short form is a by p which is d 1 plus d raised to n by 1 plus d raised to n minus 1. And so this is a factor of two variables discount rate and life and if you see this, this is what we are talking of d into 1 plus d raised to n by 1 plus d raised to n minus 1 and this gives us the way to calculate the annualized investment corresponding to a particular investment. So if you have an initial investment, we can convert that into what does it mean in terms of an annualized investment. Let us take an example of this.


From Soldiers Radio and Television, this is the Army Today, a daily feature from around the globe. Herman Chanowitz was a veteran of World War II who spent his life selflessly devoted to others. His dedication shows in the memories shared by his family, friends, and brothers in arms. Herman, although he had not worn a uniform in many years, was still very much, every inch in fact, a soldier. Fellow soldiers who knew him well gave those who didn't a glimpse of his character. Herman taught us all. I watched as he taught several generations, not only of young soldiers and, yes, sailors and airmen, but also several generations of very senior officers, generals and admirals, in the art of humble yet graceful living. Herman was helpful. He sold poppies on Memorial Day for our deceased veterans. Every Memorial Day there was Herman selling poppies. He took people on battlefield tours. One of the most interesting of which, because he fought in it, was the Battle of San Pietro. NATO AFS South Battalion dedicated their conference room to Chanowitz as just one of the ways to carry on his memory. His character, his wisdom, his life experiences affected each and every one of us. And the values that he shares with us, most importantly, is selfless service. We do see that same character of selfless service in our soldiers today. Every day our soldiers are out contributing to the NATO mission, serving selflessly. So although the light of this hero's life is extinguished, his legacy will live on. And therefore, Sergeant Joseph Vigil, Naples, Italy. That's the Army Today from Soldiers Radio and Television.


Felly, ym nifer o'r ffordd, mae'n rhan o'r ffordd y dyma o ffordd a'i ffordd i'r hanes o'r ffordd. Felly, mai'n ffordd yn y pwysig ar yr hynny ac yn gwneud ffordd ar y dyma i'r mfawr, ac mae'n ffordd yn hynny, rydyn ni wedi bod wedi ei ffawr yn ei gweithio. Felly, rydyn ni'n gweithio i'n gweithio i'r ffordd, ac mae'n gweithio i'n gweithio i'r ffordd. Rwy'n arfer, felly yma yw'r gweithio i'r gweithio. Felly mae'n bwysig o'r ystau ffyrdd ar ein pas o dddangos ar ddod yn gweithio y 30-35. Rwy'n meddwl, mae'r gwaith yn y toff 4, hwn i gydάν o'r mwrdd gŵn. Fy hoffa hynny mae hynny mae'r ddweud o gain o'r Dau Llanfyllwyr, ond nid oedd yr 25-25 mae'r ddweud o'r gael o'r gwaith. Felly mae'n meddwl o'r gwaith yn y toff 4. Mae pob gynnig oed yn rhai swyddiodau ym môr hwn. Mae'n gweithio ar yw'r sêl drwy'n meddwl. Rwy'n teimlo i ddwy ffrindwyr i'r rai ffordd y Llanfer Ddechrau, mae'n ddweud Allun Llyfraineddd i'r newydd gyda'r Llanfer Ddechrau. Felly lle â'r Llanfer Ddechrau oes bwyl, mae'n amlech ffôr i hyn arall, mae'r Llanfer Ddechrau yn unas y llanfer, mae'n hynny oedd mae'r Llanfer Edydd. Mae'r Llanfer Edyd yn llyfrnedd i Llanfer Edyd i'r Llanfer Edydd. Mae'n gwaith efallai dyma'n ddwy ffordd ar y Llanfer Edydd, Cymru'r Rhondd – yna, fel y byddai ei leyder wedi'i ar amddangos, a'r cyfrifovleddau oherwydd, felly rhan o ties o'r cyfrifol yn ymgyrch. Dyna ddiddordeb yn mynd hynny I'm not going to lie about your nut tonight. I think at times I don't think we will use the ball very well. I don't look like a good footballer team at times. There are flashes of really good play. It's sustaining. Being able to sustain those moments when we're knocking the ball around well, we just don't do it well enough. dyna, dyna ni'n liciaeth, o'n oednod mewn gwirioneddau, o'n rhesymau'n gwirioneddau ar y glifiau i bethau ar y gyllid yna, o'r sgwrdd gyntafol yn tweid, o'r rhiwyr ynartredd. Ond mae'n rhaid i'ch siŵr, oherwydd mae'n cymweld, ac mae'n hynny'n yn amdano, a phobl yn dwych yma, systemau a'r rhannu yn cynrychiadau. Ond ni'n flwyddo arno, yw'n gweithio, dyna'r môl yn cael ei ddweud, gwyddo i ei ddiam fanbase would put up with that. I think Goddus yn Nataleadig. We roll the team on to attack and I think there have to be more of that. But for now, while we're not there, and points are ready to be taken, then fine. But I just want us to be a little bit calmer in position, a little bit more clinical, a little bit more creative. And maybe it needs other players. Maybe we need hammers fully fit. Maybe we need an attack on right back. I don't know. Don't make some whole games out of good games tonight. But results ultimately for now are the most important over performances. But moving forward, I want to see those performances getting better and better because we all want to sit down and be entertained at the end of the day, don't we? But it's great to win the game. It's a great, you know, another three points and we move on. And breaking that little run of not winning at home for, you know, for a while is, I think it's our first clean sheet of Godderson as well in the Premier League since we beat Chelsea on December the 12th, I think it was. So that's a big thing as well, getting clean sheets at home. It gives you the basis to win the game. This is what we've done tonight. Second thing I'm going to talk about is Alan and having him back. I think it's going to make a big difference. He wasn't amazing so I don't get me wrong. Particularly in the first half, I thought he looked a little bit short, a little bit slow, not quite up to speed, but he is calm when he gets the ball and he is a good footballer in the middle. And that's why I think, you know, when Tom Davies has fit again, you know, we're looking at a week to two weeks maybe for Tom Davies to be fully fit, you know, maybe that is an option to put him in the six and let Alan go and do a little bit of the press. And I don't think he could do that tonight.  And I thought he'd done that. Okay. It's just in possession. Let's be a little bit sharper. He got caught a couple of times. So, but it is important to have him back now on the run in his experience. He's been there and done it before at other clubs. Play for Brazil. He's a carbon influencer. He's a good footballer. So it's really good to see him back and hopefully the more games he plays, the sharper he'll be and it'll benefit us overall because I feel like certainly for the last bit of the season, him, Tom Davies and the Coray, in the midfield, you know, Cudford, a good little midfield partnership then. And then we can swap Guilffy Sigurdun in and out with James Rodriguez.  So keep playing to get back and hopefully some up to sharpness very, very soon. And finally, just finish off with a little chat about the charlers and who are the who. I got him out of the matthew tonight because I thought he was the difference maker on the night, which he was. Everything we did well looked like it was going to come from him. If we were going to get him right on the back, it was him. If we were going to create something, it was him. Sometimes he's rash. Sometimes his decision making isn't brilliant.  And it's important for him to keep scoring goals. You heard him talking the other day about it was getting them down, not scoring. And, you know, he wanted to get goals. He wants to be a big important player in this team. And he is, but it makes more of a difference, I think, to him as well when he's getting the goals. And it takes the pressure off Dom. If he's scoring goals, you know, if Dom and the Cavalene does miss a chance, we know that we've got the charlers and he can score as well. And that's been proven tonight. And now the next thing will be in creating a few more opportunities for Dom as well. And I think if the pair of them get fully back up fire on an all cylinders, don't forget it was Dom's first start since being out with an Indian hamstring injury tonight as well in the league. Big, big win tonight, but great to see the charlers and being the difference maker. And if they can carry on, then the last 18 games are going to be key. And they're going to be key components of that. So delighted with the win and delighted that it's a challenge and it's got the winning goal. That's it for me. Let me know what you think in the comments section below. Give the video a thumbs up, subscribe if you haven't. If you want more videos, join us on Patreon. See you later.


26.52 times your amperage on the capacitor divided by the voltage on the capacitor gives you your microfarads. Two train units here on a convenience store. This one right here is required 10 degrees subcooling 14 on it has the variance of 3. This one same thing rated for 10 but we're in 28. Here's where might be overcharged I was wondering if he had something intermittent going on because everything was looking pretty normal for the most part fan motors are rated for one amp pretty good on that say we're probably overcharged our biggest issue when it was hotter pressure probably hopped up there a lot higher that's 120 condensing temperature and I think we're about 80 out here so we're just a touch over we're gonna take some out and see how she starts to react superheats okay this is the TXV system so it's countering it but it's working that compressor a lot harder than it needs to condensers all clean so we got her hooked up everything's zeroed out start dumping a little liquid into it about a pound and four ounces amperage drop down to 11.5 the ambient's 85 out here tends to require give or take three degree variants let her stabilize for a bit we've got 10 degrees with the variance of three like I was saying all right so I already checked the capacitors when I was here last and I replaced the one over here so when you aren't a hundred percent sure what's going on and acting up I mean they start checking everything I start checking the amperages voltages cross contact everything already pretty well done on the service but now obviously something's acting weird especially when it's running so this is rated for seven and a half microfarad with a six percent variance we checked it under load we had 277 volts and point seven amps so point seven times 2652 divided by 277 volts comes out to a six point seven microfarad so we're under on our microfarad so that can be causing some drag on the motor let's go ahead and check that out the average on it that was right at one amp so point eight point nine to one amp which is exactly what the motor is rated for pretty good and change that got her sub cooling right where we want it at double check her power box here make sure all of our connections are good nothing's loose I like to check it ahead of time it's rated for seven point five and right at seven point five and I've checked my meter against my eighty seven five flute so I don't always trust some of these amp clamp ones power is off as always train professionals don't be going in here playing in here if you aren't one so let's see what this thing tests out at now this is a little interesting like I said I tested these out but I didn't test them under load seven point two three seven point five so it tested out fine on the meter but I did not test it under load I did this service it was cold outside so I couldn't really check the refrigerant pressures now today we're like I said 85 I mean that tells us that either the math is wrong or the board doesn't hold up under load so I would go with it doesn't hold up under load so there's your 2652 times your amperage on the capacitor divided by the voltage on the capacitor gives you your microfarads you always check out that red fish meter that's one of the few I've seen out there that can actually check it and I could have checked in my power factor with my amp probe meter so let's go ahead and kick us back on recheck our refrigerant pressures hopefully it didn't affect anything because like I said the amperage motor was fine so my thought process is maybe the motor was dragging a little bit and that would slow it down then that would make the head pressure go higher so let's go ahead and see where we're at here in a second while we're waiting go ahead and recheck the amperage still at one amp so right at our max for giggles let's recheck this capacitor now we're point seven about pretty much the same amperage as we have before pulled away from the contact or magnetic field on some meters can really screw with them now we're point eight that's the interesting thing of these flukes I noticed it takes its time to get where it's got to go but when it gets there it's accurate my amperage was a little bit off sometimes see how slow it is it'll hit eight here in a second probably yep so the amperage actually is a tenth of an amp higher and check voltage 277 that's the same voltage we have before so did the math real quick point eight amps times at 2652 then divided by the 276 volts comes out the point comes out to 7.62 blah blah blah so let's just say 7.6 and measured in a 7.5 so under the load that tenth of an amp there made much to the difference it's not much so I'm a million times of rushed 410a and you'll check it like I am right now at 8.5 we'll be like oh gotta go grab some refrigerant come back get your tank all set up everything good to go next thing you know you're where you need to be so we're shooting for 10 or let this run for a little longer guarantee it'll be right back at it again all right so we're checking the power factor we're on the common wire of the motor we're on L1 L2 the voltage go into the motor and our power factor now is between a 1 and 0.98 one's perfect so 0.98 0.99 usually they're rated like 0.95 so that capacitor is checking out pretty dang good so we're good on that out of curiosity to see what my amperage is now 0.99 so it's pretty much right in line with my fluke so 0.99 it would round up to one not bad this is the 50 the 52 nav it's a good little meter it just got it's got so many goofy things on it and basically like I said this thing's got AC and DC amps it's got wattage our factor frequency frequency through the clamp but it gets kind of goofed up depending on the amperage on the frequency it's got phase rotation it had a lot of crap on it so only problems I've had with it was like the battery door and then no place to put a magnet so I had to come up this jerry-rigging thing here and it's got the light there which is kind of nice and it's good for I think it's cat cats cat 3 up to thousand volts and cat 4 for 600 so it's actually more safe than my 902 fc here but you can just tell the difference in equality this thing they're both made in China yeah they're so embarrassed they don't even put that where it's made at it says Taiwan on the package same thing of fluke they don't they don't like to put it on there they charge you like USA prices they don't don't make it here so jumping back up here to the sub-cooling we're at nine that pressure is just a touch lower but like I said it's still coming in let it run for a little bit yet even if that and we're technically in spade it's back okay so we added two ounces back two measly ounces put us right back at 10.4 so it's still almost a pound and a half over the basseter issue there nothing stands out though none of this would probably create a humongous issue but it wasn't right and when we got up to say 95 definitely would put under a heavier load would have worked the compressor over especially since it was doing better now that today was a lighter load still gotta check temperature ice across the coil but far as the outside I mean there's some chance for you guys to see under load versus testing it out under load obviously makes a difference before we head back in for you new guys this is why I like the ball valves so I'm gonna valve off my high side here we're gonna dump that back into the unit so the only thing to be left is some vapor in that hose even though I use six foot hoses elementary to most but just want to point that out I do the same thing whether it be a small one but that's also why I make sure I purge each hose out through my middle hose that way I'm void of any contaminants or non-condensibles out of my hoses don't forget to tighten up your caps I don't know how many systems I go on they get hand tight and nobody tightens them any further and you don't have to go stupid tight just a little bit they usually say an eighth of a turn I believe snug it up and then a turn it's all takes brass brasses off you'll smash it the other thing sometimes I'll check is the caps on the unit itself which out it's got a funny looking nut so that one there that one there's a little bit loose so got them both there also guys when you have something random like this and you're trying to narrow it down what I'll do a lot of times I'll come out with the manager and show them where the units are at so they know which ones to look at I'll ask them was the fans running did the unit feel like it was running did it seem like it was blown on the inside the more information you can get from them the better you can build your case everything is detective work here especially when it's not cut and dry and there's a dead body a dead air conditioner laying on the floor you've got to go through and get all the clues and question the witnesses so to speak to get the case built as to what's wrong a lot of times it's just collecting clues so call us the doctor H back or the lawyers of age back I guess you're definitely are removing some humidity out of the air it goes up and then to the unit up here now I went ahead and check the thermostats made sure they can't turn them down any lower than 65 way we do stuff around here run it in metal then we insulate it you can see this obviously takes a lot more time and effort to run it in hard pipe so we've got some makeup here right there so we're bringing in a hundred percent outside air when it does run which could be causing us some issues close it a little bit and that's on a damper so I don't know how they get that wired take a look and see yeah it's definitely powered open like I said I'm just going to limit it down a little bit you can see it's cutting it down some that's going to help a little bit this unit here's finally came on all right so we got 55 degrees there it's off the run and around the corner let me check that back here this kind of got a mix of makeup air return air just kind of get more of an accurate reading 5575 let's just say 19 degree drop so that's pretty normal and this is the back one here coming down going through the 90 we got 54.8 so they're both performing about as good as you could hope for these are both ECM motors on them so I'm gonna say unless something weird is going on between a little bit overcharged a little extra outside air coming in then being right by the front door because this is a convenience store all this things combined together you know they don't have anything leaking filters are clean everything else side is clean I must say we're going to roll with it I did program the thermostats so they can't go no lower than 65 which I prefer about 68 or 69 but I don't want to get too low that's caught me in the back before so I'm gonna wrap this one up we'll just have him play it by ear see how it does and then we can kind of go from there


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What is going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overlord here So talk about Halloween ends once again in this video here today So in that post Jamie Lee curse put out to celebrate her last day on set of filming for Halloween ends There is this image that she shared which included a Unfamiliar face in the background between herself and Andy Maddochak, which shout out to you Joey for pointing this out to me Doing some research myself. This does indeed look like this is a actor named Rohan Campbell Rohan Campbell if you're someone who watches the CW shows the CW has this show called the hearty boys And he is a star in that show and it seems that he is in Halloween ends Now the thing that's backing this up is not only that image that he has with Jamie and Andy but there's an image of Or an image that he shared recently last month in the month of January Earlier in the month where it looks like he is present in Savannah, Georgia So whatever character he's playing I don't I don't know but it seems more than likely that he is going to be in Halloween ends I do just want to say that this is not something that's been officially announced So you could be there for other reasons, but as you see here this Instagram post for last month at the very bottom It says January 12th And then you look you see the comments one of the more recent comments was hi How did you manage to meet Jamie Lee Curtis and again the location for this image is? Savannah, Georgia Again, his name is Rohan Campbell He is a star in the TV series the hearty boys on the CW if you want to check that out And it looks like he is a star in Halloween ends the other things that are backing this up Is the fact that now on top of the pack that he has an image with Jamie and Andy him being in Savannah It looks like he is also following people that are heavily involved with the production like Jason Blum Ryan Turek Andy he's following Andy So it it seems that this man is in Halloween ends now whether or not that'll be the case that has to We have to wait and see and wait for an official announcement But it looks like we have tracked down a new cast member going off of what Jamie Lee Curtis has posted I did try to look up who his talent agency was and who his agency was in general Because if you watch my Jeepers creepers videos, you know, that's how I pieced together Sydney Craven being in the film because if I could have seen his resume It would have probably given us a title of him being in a film called cave dwellers Which is the work title for Halloween ends and then that would have been in more than enough evidence to back up That he is indeed going to be starring in the film So whatever role he portrays in the film We'll have to wait and see first First and foremost to see if he's actually going to be in the project because he could be there for another reason But I think he's in the movie If I'm to guess I would imagine he's probably dating Andy Maddichak character That's her boyfriend or something Even though she's spent the past four years Trying to recover from losing both her parents and just that whole ordeal with Michael Myers And how he killed a couple of her friends as well She still managed to move on and process some stuff and managed to find comfort in a Any boy Who whoever he is if he's in the movie portrayed by Rohan Campbell? That's most likely who he'll be he could be some random dude That's just in hadn't filled in the forces factored into the movie and we'll get to know him as the movie progresses But if I'm to guess I would imagine he's probably involved with Andy Maddichak's character of Alice Nelson romantically And the other thing I wanted to talk about in this video was regarding lori strode and The idea of her dying so the only thing so far That seems that it would indicate that she's dying is how if she were to die It would be kind of fitting considering some of the dialogue that you have heard in the previous installment so far already Uh, such is the fact that I think at one point in the last two movies She does make a statement of the only way for him to die is if I die with him and then of course there's that dramatic moment she has with Karen in the hospital where she says Where she's talking about let them take each other or something like that So of course if it would have just happened in halloween ends, you know, that would just be foreshadowing fulfilled And hopefully it's just done in a way that's not disrespectful to her character How could I see lori strode dying? I could see her dying by just simply taking the fight to michael myers head on and this would be Both characters disappearing into whatever it is that they disappear into let's say it's some Dark room or just some location that's set on fire and they both just burn burn into nothing It's assumed they burn into ashes and you know, they cease to exist for since they're both been set on fire uh however We of course would not be be convinced fully that michael myers is dead because again I'm just going to go back to what david mccray has stated I'm really on that idea of the movie ending with A voiceover coming from dr. Lumis from beyond the grave Watching over all this And just saying, you know, you you fooled the michael, but not me and then the movie ends again This was david mccray's I did I think that's brilliant. I think that's brilliant It's enough to instill into the audience's mind that you know, the shape isn't dead Something went on in that fire that resulted in lori dying But the shape isn't dead We could get confirmation that lori died and and again you can you can be you can believe that that uh michael is dead because of course How can he survive that fire this time around if there's no traces of him left and we get confirmation that lori died it's only safe to assume that michael died but At that point, I think they would also have to confirm that his body was recovered or something was recovered if they recovered lori's body Let's say they recovered lori's body. Okay. Well, why didn't you recover michael's? But I still think that ending somehow with dr. Lumis giving us a voiceover Stating that he's fooled everyone else but not him speaking from beyond the grave as he's watching all this unfold 40 years later I think that's very iconic if it happens And I think that would be a nice subtle way to just point or plant the seed of doubt That michael myers died in that fire uh We could see we could see something happen where they go into the fire after it's done It could just be a crazy fire if this even involves a fire or they just go into recover the bodies and they find nothing for whatever reason of Jamie could or lori could die trying to stab the shape the state ends up stabbing her I just don't want to see anything that's overly obnoxious and a slap in the face to this character Like with sally hard to see and I know a lot of people who have seen texas chainsaw Are a little bit concerned about what they could do with certain final girls going forward because of how sally Was so poorly mistreated. I don't think there's going to be anything that disrespectful Uh, but who knows because she did say it would upset some people. So if it's involving how lori dies I mean you signed up for it. So I I guess as long as she's in agreement with it That's fine by me. It depends on how it's portrayed on screen. It doesn't mean it's necessarily a good idea Just because she was on the positive side of it But we'll see rohan cambell most likely is in this film Let me know what you guys think about all this down in the comment section below if you haven't already Of course, make sure you subscribe turn on post notifications video in the description I have links to my social media accounts on facebook twitter and instagram you can message me there Of course, there isn't any movies news or if you're usually having to cover in the future with all that in mind Guys, I will see you in the next video


I'm Keri Konoski and this is Kidney Cancer News for July. Now, here's Bill Brough with a roundup of late-breaking news. Thank you, Keri. News from Boston and researchers at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center that an antibody helps a person's own immune system to battle cancer cells and shows increasing promise in reducing tumors in patients with advanced kidney cancer. Results of an expanded Phase 1 trial presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncologies annual meeting in Chicago showed that some patients treated with a fully human monoclonal antibody developed by Bristol Meyers Squibb had a positive response to the effort by the agent without some of the debilitating side effects common to earlier immunotherapies. Now highlights from the recent 2012 European International Kidney Cancer Symposium in Vienna, Austria. And I've been asked to speak on the most conservative end of the treatment spectrum in first-line metastatic renal cell carcinoma. So we've heard already at this meeting that renal cell carcinoma is a heterogeneous disease. There are nine histopathological subtypes, but increasingly we're recognizing that within those histopathological subtypes and furthermore within individual patients there's marked genomic variation and the presence of tumor heterogeneity. And it seems likely that the histopathological variation and genomic variation gives rise to diverse biological behavior in this disease. And that translates into the clinic and there's a lot of anecdotal evidence for differing clinical subsets of patients, those with an aggressive tempo of disease and those within a very indolent pace of disease, particularly those patients with lung metastases only. Although there have been huge advances in the systemic treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma, treatments remain palliative and therefore chronic and they're moderately toxic. And so our practice at least in the UK has been to defer drug therapy until there is a clinically relevant burden of disease. And the main argument for this has been from the point of view of patient quality of life. And this is a practice which I think is widespread in other tumor types as well, but there is actually very little evidence to tell us that this is a safe approach. In indolent lymphoma there is prospective evidence for a watchful waiting approach, but the difference between indolent lymphoma and renal cell carcinoma is that Rituximab is relatively non-toxic. It has been suggested from a randomized discontinuation trial of seraphonib that patients are not disadvantaged by a brief time of treatment. But we wanted to try and more formally evaluate our practice, and we particularly wanted to do this in the kinase inhibitor era. And so our starting point was looking at patients who had been treated with synitinib between 2005 and 2010 at the Royal Marston and at Guy's and St Thomas's Hospital. And within that group of synitinib treated patients we identified those who had had a planned period of observation prior to kinase inhibitor therapy because of asymptomatic or slowly progressive disease. And our primary aim was to determine the progression free survival or clinical outcomes of those patients once they actually started first line systemic therapy. It was a very simple study schema. We retrospectively identified patients who had been diagnosed with metastatic disease and in who there had been a clinical decision to observe initially. That was 62 patients out of about 200 treated with synitinib. We wanted to measure the observation period and then look at the progression free survival and overall survival of those patients once they had started treatment. And although we looked at patients treated with synitinib in that time period, some of these patients had previously had been treated with interferon after a period of observation. The study cohort was very typical for an advanced renal cell carcinoma population. Mostly male patients mostly had clear cell carcinoma and the mean age of diagnosis was 57 years. About half had metastasectomy at some point and radiotherapy and not surprisingly almost all were in the favourable risk group as defined by MSKCC's score. And I should say also that almost all of these patients had had an refractomy and an interval between curative surgery and the diagnosis of metastatic disease. Progression of disease on imaging or clinician anxiety was the most common reason that treatment was initiated and a third of patients developed symptoms from their disease and were started on treatment for that reason. Here the time on observation varied very widely but the average time on observation for these patients was 18 months. I was somewhat surprised to see the difference in observation time between synitinib and interferon. I would have thought with the advent of a new effective treatment there would have been more enthusiasm for starting treatment earlier and I can't easily explain these figures but that is one of the limitations of a retrospective review. The clinical outcomes for these patients were reassuring. The median progression free survival time for patients on synitinib, 39 patients was 9 months and for interferon was 6.7 months and overall the median progression free survival was 9 months. And the overall survival data also was comparable for this general population. So overall there was a median overall survival of 25 months. And particularly in the interferon group there was a very prolonged survival but again this is a retrospective review clearly limited by selection. A brief comment about toxicity from synitinib, it was very common and actually hospital admission for synitinib related toxicity was required in 13% of patients and most patients ended up having a dose reduction for toxicity. So in this selected cohort of patients with indolent, favorable or intermediate prognosis metastatic renal cell carcinoma, first line systemic therapy was deferred by a mean of over one year. And once patients started on synitinib treatment, the median progression free survival and overall survival times were comparable to those observed in the larger prospective trials of synitinib. This is a retrospective analysis, the confidence intervals for the data were very wide and it's impossible to exclude selection bias. And I think although we can cautiously conclude that in this particular group of patients, deferring therapy seems a reasonable practice. We aren't in any way enlightened as to what defines that group of patients. And for this reason we think that prospective evaluation of surveillance as a treatment strategy is critical. And we hope that it might help us to define that group of patients for whom delayed systemic therapy is ideal. And I think that the major challenge of treating metastatic renal cell carcinoma exists in this treatment strategy that we have no molecular means by which to select patients for treatment. We've assumed that deferring systemic therapy will have a positive impact on quality of life. But it's possible that patient anxiety from not having treatment might have the opposite effect. And so studying this prospectively would allow longitudinal assessment of quality of life. And it might allow us to perform some of that much needed translational research not only with tissue collection but looking for predictive biomarkers with less invasive sampling means. Importantly, most developed countries are facing a situation of drug rationing and the strategy of observing patients in this population might have significant health economic benefits. And for all of these reasons, we wholly support a prospect of observational study which is currently recruiting and being led by Dr Rene. Thank you for your time and to my co-investigators and colleagues at the Royal Marsden Hospital and at Guy's and St Thomas's and thank you for the opportunity to speak today. I would like to start this presentation thanking the scientific committee for this kind invitation for the Saturn project on behalf of all the members of the Saturn project. Sorry. I am the coordinator of this Italian project together with Nicola Longo and Alchiede Simonato and this is a multi-center retrospective national study including data coming from 16 referral Italian centers and we included in this database all the patients who underwent partial or radical nephrectomy for localized or advanced RCC in the period between 1995 and 2007. And we performed for all cases the follow-up in 2009 and at this moment we have the possibility to evaluate the results in more than 5,000 cases. In one of the first paper of this experience published in 2010 by my colleagues, Giacomo Novara in the European neurology about the validation of the 2009 version of the TNMS edging system, we noted that histologic subtypes turned out to be an independent predictors of cancer-specific survival at multivariable analysis. And therefore this observation support our convention and our idea that renal cell carcinomas are different types of tumors with different morphology, with different molecular characteristics and at the same time with different cytogenetic findings. And this concept is always present and is considered also when we look at the different response of these tumoristotypes for medical therapy and usually the most important guidelines like NCCN consider papillaria RCC in the big folder of the no-clear cell histology. But we must pay attention when we put together all the different tumoristotypes in the no-clear cell folders because as you can see in this slide, we have chromophobic RCC, papillaria RCC, but also unclassified and bellini tumor with prognosis significantly worse in comparison with papillary and chromophobic histological subtypes. And the same consideration where, from this paper published in 2008 in the BJU International from Capitania and Coorg, as you can see also in this experience, the survival of papillary RCC is in the middle between chromophobic and the clear cell RCC. And again, when we look at the most important paper published in the literature in this field, we can observe the percentages of the five-year cancer-specific survival is in the middle between the worst prognosis represented by clear cell RCC and the best prognosis represented by chromophobic. But I ask you to pay attention to these differences in the five-year cancer-specific survival between these two studies, one coming from Mayo Clinic after slight revision process and another one that is a multistitutional study from European centers in which we observed a five-year cancer-specific survival significantly lower, but without slight revision of the cases. And this is an important message because in these little studies published by myself in 2006, we demonstrated that for papillary RCC, the originally a senior cases, the cancer-specific survival is different in comparison with the cases as seen as papillary RCC after slight revision. And this is very important above all when we consider it in the retrospective analysis, cases observed and treated before 1997. And for this reason, we started with this study with a certain project, including cases observed and treated from 1997. And this is the publication in the European, in the BJU Urology, about the prognostic factors in papillary RCC. Our task was to evaluate the prognostic factors in 577 cases observed in this multistitutional experience. As you can see, looking at the characteristics of patients, we have a mean age of 62 years. The majority of this present showed a symptomatic disease and we performed in 62% of cases radical nephrectomy, in 32 cases, an elective nephron-sparing surgery, and in 6% of cases, an imperative nephron-sparing surgery. But very important when we look at the pathological characteristics of this tumor, we observed that 80% of the cases were localized tumors and only 10% of the cases we have patients with lymph node involvement or distant metastasis at presentation. And very important is that the 30% of cases were grade three or four according to form and classification, and this patient can be considered as a type two according to the classification of the lung and the e-ball. And concerning oncological outcomes, in this experience, we have a medium follow-up of 39 months with 464 patients alive and this is free with a medium follow-up of 42 months. 40% of cases had a disease progression. 11% of cases died for the disease and 5% of the cases died for auto-care causes, not correlated with kidney cancer. Looking at the recurrence of free survival, we observed that a five-year recurrence free survival of 85.5% of the cases and a 10-year recurrence free survival was 73% of the cases. And when we analyze our data according to univariable and multivariable analysis, we showed that pathological stage was not statistically significant at the multivariable analysis and only lymph node involvement present of distant metastasis and the nuclear grading turned out to be independent predictors of recurrence free survival in this patient. This is a very important message above all for the TNM classification because I am convinced that the majority of the information coming from the literature are coming from clear cell RCC and perhaps our TNM system works and works very well for clear cell RCC but probably the situation for papillario-chromophobe or otter tumoristotypes is completely different and therefore this could be considered in the future. Otter very important message is grade one and grade two. As you can see, the survival is significantly different in comparison with grade three and grade four cancer. But the most important prognostic factors are represented by lymph node involvement. As you can see, patient with lymph node involvement at the diagnosis showed a five year recurrence free survival of 26.8% of the cases and also the patient with distant metastasis showed a similar five year recurrence free survival. What's about cancer specific survival? This is the survival curves showing the five years and 10 years cancer specific survival and at the multivariable analysis we had the same results that I showed before for recurrence free survival. Again, the only difference is that mode of presentation turned out to be an independent predictors of cancer specific survival. And as you can see, incidental tumor showed cancer specific survival significantly better in comparison with patient with local symptoms or above all with patient with systematic symptoms. Of course, our study had some study limitation. The first one is that this is a retrospective analysis. At the same time, we included data coming from 16 centers then this is a multi-surgeon series. The specimen was evaluated by multiple pathologists without slight revision and the treatment for disease recurrences was not standardized. And again, without slight review it was not possible for us to have seen correctly the subdivision of the papillary RCC in type one and type two according to the law and the IBLI classification. And it seems to be that this is important according to this paper published by UCLA showing that type one tumor is significantly better in comparison with type two. But I would like to ask you to pay attention when we use this subclassification between type two and type one because looking at the literature, this subtyping remains difficult and different percentages of type one and type two are reported in the published series. This means that it's very difficult for the pathologists correctly as seen the type two papillary and then we need to have very experienced pathologists to have correct evaluation of this parameter. Another important point that it was not evaluated in the Saturn project was the role of a nuclear grade. In this publication, some pathologists support the use of the nuclear or grading instead of the formal grade for papillary RCC. And in this more recent paper coming from the US, UCLA, Clate and Co-Works show that nuclear grading seems to be more predictive in comparison with the nuclear or grading as you can see looking at the different values of the concordance index. Another parameter that it was not evaluated because it was available only in small percentages of our cases was coagulative necrosis. As you can see in the experience of the Mayo Clinic coagulative necrosis for papillary RCC is not important. Vice versa, when we consider the experience of the UCLA necrosis turned out to be in papillary RCC and independent predictors of cancer specific survivor. Then in conclusion, I think that this data can demonstrate that papillary RCC is a low risk tumor recurrence and cancer related that after surgery. At the same time, we must pay more attention for patients with papillary RCC with lymph node involvement and the presence of distant metastasis and above all for patients with grade three and grade four and nuclear grading according to Foreman. More attention, we must pay for the correct allocation of the subtype and sub one and two in this category of tumors. And I think that to have more and more information and to better identify the characteristics of this tumor we must consider in the next future more studies including molecular and cytogenetic prognostic factors. Thank you so much for your attention. That's kidney cancer news for this month. I'm Keri Konoski wishing you good health.


We're here today to talk about our new product, which is called LSAP, LiDAR Synchroness Acquisition and Processing. In shorter words, this is just in-flight processing of the LAS data. I guess we go forward. So basically, we're going to talk about today the main features of what LSAP does, some description of the LiDAR sensors, some description of the vehicles used, some demo projects, and the accuracy assessment. That's the first question everybody usually asks me, is compared to post-process kinematic, how does this measure up? I'll show you. OK, some of the basic features we have here is we use L-Band Satellite for differential correction. So there are several vendors that do that. They're both equally as good as far as we see. Basically, you get centimeter level positioning and X, Y, and Z almost anywhere in the globe, except for the extreme latitudes. What LSAP does, it creates a trajectory using this L-Band data, L-Band corrections. We generate a point cloud. It's RGB attributed at that time. The data is captured in flight lines as they're flown. So you don't get data in the turns, or in the takeoffs, or in the landings. We do an adjustment to the flight lines at the end of the mission before you land. And basically that takes care of small elevation disparities, also some slight trajectory adjustments as well. So then if you care to, in a lot of projects, people want to edge match their data so that it's not so noisy on the overlap areas. We allow you to do that. Also, we can convert or transform to any coordinate system that's either EPSG or some local system that you've generated the seven parameters for as well. And then as a safety precaution, we gather all the data that you would need if you wanted to run post-process PPK. So if there's some disaster for any reason, you can always post-process it like you've always done and no worries. So this first project we're going to look at is in, oh, I should tell you, we're a small company, but we have offices in Switzerland, of course. And then also China, Thailand, and the US. So in this particular session, I'm going to talk about projects that we captured in China because we are able to fly higher and be online of sight in those kind of things. We'll be giving a webinar here in a few months about some projects that we're capturing in the US. So quickly, we're getting 400 kilohertz laser data. Side lap is 80%. I'm forward 80%. Side lap is 60%. We're at 200 meters and 8 meters a second. We're using a typical VUX-1 long range Dutu. And he has specs that you will likely know. We're using a multi-copter here that's actually quite nice. It's got an empty weight of about six kilos, payload of 12 kilos. And with our payload, he can fly about an hour. OK, so here are some basic shots. Here we are taking off to the right is the LSAP interface. And he gives you GPS, INS information. You can set range gate, angle gate, those kind of things. Also, we have an onboard 42 megapixel camera that's calibrated. And we use that to attribute the RGB data. That's what that is on the right side. And then here's a guy capturing some RTK control before the flight from the customer. And on the laptop on the left, you can see this is the output that's available at landing. I'll show you more later. So basically, when you land, you plug in a cable and you connect to the onboard computer. And this is what you have. As you can see, there's several flight strips. This one is five flight strips that go in this direction. So basically, there's the RGB data that's already done, as I mentioned. Also, you get a digital surface model that's already corrected between strips, as I said. Quickly, this project was there was some control points that the customer measured, as you saw a minute ago. We did an analysis of that after we were done. And basically, we have about a 3 centimeter RMS, as you can see. And then we can also take that data and further process it. We can make a digital ortho-photo. We can also classify with other software, Terascan or whatever you might have or want. And then here's what that flight looks like. I was wrong. There's four flight lines on this one. And you can see the IMU initialization at the start in that figure eight. And then we keep wanting to say the final data of LSAP is just as good as post-process kinematic. We got another demo in a different part of China. He's going a lot faster. The laser is about 600 kilohertz here. We're at 150 meters and eight meters a second. It's about 17 meters for this guy. We use the same UAV. And this is just a park. And that's why it's all fancy and stuff. But this is six flight lines, same process as before. Edge matched, adjusted, and everything. And here's our colorized point cloud and our digital surface model. We don't have any control on this one, so we can only compare the LSAP to the post-process kinematic that we did. And it's centimeter level as well. Here's what the flight path looks like on that one. Same IMU initialization. And also, if you see the photo centers on here, we're capturing all the data, as I said, all the data that was on the entire flight path. But that is not used in the LSAP solution. We only need the flight line data. OK, here's another one that's interesting. This is a fixed wing, vertical takeoff. He's really fast. He's supposed to go about 30 meters a second. On this particular day, it was really windy. So we were going from 25 to 50 meters per second. So in one direction, 25, and the other direction, 50. So I just wanted to see if our algorithm would still work. Same sensor, by the way. And it does. No trouble. Doesn't matter about speed. Doesn't matter about elevation.  This is our original calibration site. And the idea is we build everything and we mount everything in a robust manner. Nothing ever moves. So in order for us to do this in real time, we have to know the laser calibration, we have to know the camera calibration, and also the bore sites for those two sensors. If we don't, this is impossible. So in order to do that, we set up a calibration site on a little island. And we gather all these control points. And I don't know if this is a pointer. No. OK, so basically, you can see two flight lines go this way and two flight lines go that way. What we did is we flew both of those in all four of those in both directions. So basically, we get eight flight lines. So the data in the middle, in this box here, every area or every object shows up in eight images and also eight laser flight lines. That allows us to do triangulation, so to speak, and make all these things as tight as possible. This works really well. And so here's the proof in the pudding, so to speak. If you look on the left, these are 30 control points in post-process kinematic. Here they are in LSAP. You can look point to point if you like. But the end result is you'll see that the standard deviation in post-processing kinematic is 2.7 centimeters. In LSAP, it's 2.9 centimeters. And the root mean square is similar to that. And in laser data, it's very difficult to determine the XY precision of the data. So what we do is we take the trajectories and we put them into photogrammetry software. And most of the errors, if your system is properly calibrated, most of the errors that you will see are trajectory-related. So basically what we're doing here is we're comparing the trajectory in Agisoft, for example, we're comparing the trajectory position from LSAP positions to what Agisoft calculated. And then here is the result. Basically, maybe you can't see, but on the bottom row is LSAP raw. And the difference between post-processing and LSAP is the fourth decimal position, which is the third is about 5 millimeters. So it's really quite small. And if you look, even as we go down here, we're still sub-centimeter. We're millimeter level and also third decimal position in the rotations. So our data is, I want to say, the statistical differences in those two is not significant whatsoever. This is as good as it gets. So in summary, basically what we get when landing, as I said, is RGB attribute data that's flight line adjusted. And this can be used with any type of platform, as I've shown. There's little or no training to be able to do this. I mean, there's some technical information you need in the front, like what coordinate system you need and all those kind of things. All the rest is automated. Anybody can do this. A child could do this. And then we can output any coordinate system that's an EPSG or any coordinate system that you can define. We have some kind of seven parameters, some kind of offset to something that we already know, anything like that. And last but not least, the accuracy difference between LSAP and post-process kinematic is insignificant.