Namaste and welcome back to the video course on watershed management. In module number 4, in lecture number 3, today we will discuss watershed delineation and watershed modeling. So, some of the topics covered today include watershed delineation, various methodologies and steps, watershed modeling and mathematical modeling. We have the important keywords in this lecture, watershed delineation and mathematical modeling. So, as we have already seen in the previous lectures, so watershed is a land or an area that drains water to the outlet during a rainstorm. So, you can see that here in this figure or in this figure that watershed area is that area that drains water to the outlet during a rainstorm. So, most of the time say for a given area, for a given village or for a given taluk, we have to identify the watershed before going for the various interventions or before starting the watershed management or while preparing watershed management plans. So, we have to identify the exact boundaries of the watershed. So, that is the process called a watershed delineation. So, boundary of a watershed consists of the line drawn across the conduits joining the highest elevations surrounding the basin. So, you can see that if this is a watershed, so this is if this is a district or a taluk or even a village, then you can see that this is the boundary of the watershed which is delineated. And then for example, this is a sub watershed of this main watershed, then you can see that this is our delineated watershed, so this is the boundary of the watersheds. So, a common task in hydrology, so when we talk about watershed management or when we go for hydrological modeling, a common task is to identify the watersheds or we delineate a watersheds from a topographic map, a topographic map or so called toposheets will be available for a given location. So, we have to identify which is our watershed, which is the what is the boundary of the watershed and then only we go for various managerial measures or we go for watershed modeling. So, watershed delineation the topographic maps are very important. So, the topographic maps say gives most of the important information, which is the starting points as far as the watershed delineation. So, topographic maps are the fundamental source of data for delineating and studying the watershed, so depending upon the country or depending upon the location or depending upon the various say parameters or the organization, which is taking this topographic maps or which is making the topographic map, the scale may vary, so it can go for say for example, one is to 10,000, one is 20,000 or one is to 100,000 like that the scale can vary. So, these maps say as I mentioned, these maps gives wealth of information as far as hydrology is concerned or hydrologies are concerned, topographic maps are the important map, which gives most of the information, which we are looking for as far as hydrological modeling is concerned. So, the wealth of information like topographic contour lines, location of cities, buildings, roads, road types, trail roads, pipelines, water bodies, forested lands, stream networks and stream gauging stations and number of Benjamars as far as the watershed is concerned. So, all these details we can directly get from the topographic maps or so called topo sheets. So, as far as say now we are talking say this topographic maps can be used for various purposes, but now we are discussing the topo sheet as far as the watershed delineation or identifying the boundary of the watershed and then to go for say identifying the watershed and go for watershed management plans or watershed modeling. So, say for watershed delineation topographic maps are the best starting points, so it gives lot of information as already mentioned here, so from that we can get lot of ideas say how to delineate a watershed and then various features of the watershed as shown here like drainage patterns or the lakes or the river flowing through the watershed or the road network etcetera. A number of informations we can directly get through the topographic maps or so called topo sheets. So, for more detailed analysis of course, we need to go for a detailed topography survey of the area fenders. So, the starting point is the topo sheet or topographic maps, so then from that say once the area is the location is identified, once approximate of the boundary is identified we can go to the field and then conduct various surveys which are required as far as hydrological modeling or the watershed modeling is consensual. So, topographic maps say generally we can get from the state or federal geological survey offices. So, the survey of India say for example, India or say various geological survey, so like that various the government of federal government or state governments will be having the topographic maps. So, either we can get through say by going there or through post or through internet we can obtain the topographic maps for the area. So, this say figure shows a typical say topo sheet or topographical maps. So, you can see that it gives the land use like the reserve forest, then the agricultural land, then the the rail network, water network, then the rain a pattern and then even the location of lakes. So, like that various informations we can obtain from such a topo sheet or so called topographic map. So, now say our discussion here is about the watershed delineation. So, to delineate the watershed, so as I mentioned this is the watershed which is already delineated or this is a photo of a watershed. So, to delineate the watershed first to trace the boundary that means we have to trace the boundary of the watershed. So, we start at the outlets of the watershed. So, we can identify the outlets of the watershed and then draw a line away on the left bank maintaining it always at right angles to the contour lines. So, always the watershed boundary will be crossing the at right angles to the contour lines. So, the line should not close the drainage path. So, that is our main aim. Then continue the line until it is above the headwaters of the stream network. So, we can continue on the ridges and then we can say keep on going and then return to the outlets and repeat the procedure with a line away from the right bank. So, we can start from one location and then go back like that and then return. So, for example, if this is in this figure if this is our outlet of the watershed. So, we can start like this and if the contour lines are also known from and then using the topo sheet we can go like this and finally, we can come back. So, that the watershed is delineated. So, say here 2 lines should join to produce the full watershed boundary. So, this is if start going starting like this and finally, we will be coming back to the end. So, that gives the delineated watershed. So, this is the general procedure say so called manual procedure as far as the watershed delineation is concerned, but nowadays very sophisticated geographical information system software is available like ARCINFO or ARCGIS or gram plus plus etcetera. So, the use of GIS is now very popular and has facilitated much of the work of hydrologists. So, like the watershed delineation then say making the various maps like slope map, then digital elevation map or digital elevation model, then land use map, land cover map. So, all these things nowadays we can easily do with the help of GIS software. So, the use of so called digital elevation models DEMs in particular has made watershed delineation a smooth procedure. So, the watershed say while use by using geographic information system say we can first generate a digital elevation model using various details. So, we will be discussing it in the coming slide slides. So, say once a digital elevation model is made. So, from that we can extract the watershed or we can identify the boundary of the watershed. So, geographic information system is by using GIS it is much easier to delineate a watershed. So, here in the slides you can see that this is a part of a watershed and these are so called contour lines. So, this is the drainage system. So, we can identify say for example, if this is identified as the outlet of the watershed, then we can go as we mentioned either manually or using the GIS software we can delineate the particular watershed. So, for example, this is another delineated watershed. So, this small small lines here indicates the contour lines and this is the delineated area also called delineated watershed. So, here it is somewhere here is the outlet of the watershed. So, we can either manually delineate the watershed or we can use the sophisticated GIS package for the delineation of the watershed. So, generally the starting point is the toposheet or topographic map and then the contouring intervals are identified from that we can go ahead with the watershed delineation. So, again coming back say by manual way steps to follow in watershed delineation. In step number 1, choose the point of the watershed outlet as I already mentioned and then this is generally our point of interest for designing a structure or monitoring locations. Say for example, if we are going to construct a check dam or if you are going to make a larger dam in a basin, then the generally the outlet of the watershed that may be the preferred location as far as such construction is concerned. So, the outlet we can identify then we can delineate the watershed boundary by drawing perpendicular lines across the elevation contour lines as we already have seen in the last slide for lands that drains to the point of interest. So, that way we can delineate the watershed. So, here it should be noted that a watershed boundary always runs perpendicular to the contour lines. So, that is the way we say so that you can as I as we mentioned generally the watershed will be represented by the ridges and then an outlet. So, the ridges we get so that the boundary always runs perpendicular to the contour lines. And while doing this process say for example, arrows that point upstream are always valleys and arrows that point downstream are hills. So, like that certain procedure we can follow while delineating a watershed. Now, say as far as the delineate of watershed is concerned the boundary defined by all points that shed water to the outlets as I already mentioned. Say for example, in this figure you can see that if this is our outlet of the watershed. So, this is the watershed say for example, this say again a sub watershed also can be there. So, if you consider this as sub watershed. So, this is the outlet of the sub watershed and if you consider this as the total watershed then this is the outlet of the main watershed. So, we can identify the ridges lines from the top proceed then water will travel perpendicular to the elevation contours which is the direction that is maximized slope. So, especially while doing the manual delineation we follow the procedure that the water will travel perpendicular to the elevation contours. Then watershed boundary is delineated by drawing lines perpendicular to the elevation contour lines for lands that drains to the outlet. So, this is the way we can delineate a watershed using the manual procedure. So, the manual procedure say it will not be always accurate lot of mistakes can happen since the contour intervals will be most of the time will be very close say may be of 20 meter interval or 10 meter interval. So, but to have say if you are having better contour intervals like say 50 centimeter or 1 meter contour interval then we can have better delineation. So, that is true even in GIS based delineation also. So, now what we have discussed so far is the manual based delineation. So, now let us look into the procedure for say GIS or geography information system based watershed delineation. So, watershed delineation by digital elevation models. So, as I mentioned we will be generating a digital elevation model based on the given top of sheet. So, the digital elevation model means at any location that model gives the elevation. So, that is we are obtaining through the contour intervals by digitizing the contour intervals and then feeding the details to a geographic information system software. So, using computers geographic data can now be stored electronically as I already mentioned digital elevation models or so called DEMS store topographic data in the form of grid cells. So, we can generate the grid and then according to the grid cells only generally the topographic data are stored in the digital elevation models. Typically these grid cells have a resolution of 30 meter or less. So, 30 meter is actually now very coarse, but now with sophisticated packages and if we are having better contour intervals. So, then we can have a very good digital elevation model say to the order of say 1 meter or even 0.5 meter. So, accordingly depending upon the contour interval and various other parameters we can get the digital elevation model resolution and then the intervals we can fix accordingly say for example, if 30 meter then we can have interval of 1 meter or if it is 1 meter DEM digital elevation model then we can have even 10 centimeter based intervals. So, using a digital elevation model within a geographic information system we can perform digital terrain analysis. So, we so called DTA we can get much matter information in a very scientific way by using the digital terrain analysis such as calculating slopes, flow lengths and we can delineate watershed boundaries and stream network. So, this is we say very much now used by most of the hydrologists. So, if we are having an access to a DIA software and then we are having the contour intervals better contour interval then we can first easily generate a digital elevation model and then we can do various digital terrain analysis. Say for example, this say figure shows a digital elevation model for a sample watershed. So, this gives the various the variation of the elevation as far as the considered watershed is consenged. So, the watershed delineation using GIS as I mentioned in the sophisticated way we can delineate a watershed using the geography information system. So, any GIS package can be used say for example, ARC GIS or gram plus plus or any other say GIS package. So, here say in the coming few slides I will describe how to delineate a watershed using the package ARC GIS 9.3. So, ARC GIS is the product of S3 company of United States. So, the details what is explained here are also given in the websites how to delineate a watershed. So, the major tools used are ARC map and ARC catalog. So, these are two modules given in ARC GIS software. So, these are the two module important modules which we utilize for the purpose of the watershed delineation. So, ARC map is used for performing the operations on the data and then ARC catalog is used for maintaining the data and files. So, first we can use ARC map to do the operations say for example, starting with the toposheet details toposheet and then ARC catalog can be used to maintain the data and files. So, the input required are generally the toposheets and then of course, the digitized contour intervals. So, say for example, if this is our toposheet, so first we can scan the toposheet say for example, and then geo register. So, geo register is just like we can choose three typical points and then either using latitude, longitude or given particular coordinate system we can geo register. So, that process is called a geo register. So, this we can do in a typical software like a Erdas imagine software. So, once it is done, so the various locations of the watershed or the area considered. So, that we can easily identify once it is geo registered. So, once geo registered means we can say that the locations of the river or the location of the lakes or various other important features of the watershed we can identify with respect to the geo registered coordinates by say using the scanned toposheet. And then we can also say digitize the contour available with within the toposheet and then that also can be fed to the software. So, then now let us look into the various procedure which we adopt as far as watershed delineation is concerned. So, ARC map contains a tool called ARC tool box which has all the tools required for modifying, reading and determining and viewing the maps. So, as I mentioned these details are available in the SRI websites. So, the viewers can directly go to the SRI websites and then get these details and of course, even tool box is also given. So, from that you can easily say identify how this the watershed delineation is done using the ArcGIS software. So, here say in ArcGIS we generate shape files so shape files are the files that can be created by Arc catalog and edited in ArcMap. The map we provide acts as a background for delineating the shape files. So, either the toposheet or the topographic map that we provide that is the backgrounds which we are using to generate the shape files. So, for watershed delineation the conduces are to be digitized from this scanned toposheet. So, for the given toposheet say if we already know the conduces so we can digitize those conduces and then that data we can feed to the software. So, that way all the now after geo registering we know the X and Y coordinate or latitude, longitude wise the coordinates. So, then now once the digitized conduce details are given then the elevation variation also we can easily identify. So, the horizontal XY plane plus the elevation details we can directly get for any location after feeding the data for the geo registered scanned a map. So, now let us look into the various steps involved in delineating a watershed using the RGIS software. So, here in the slides I have listed the various steps involved in the while doing using the RGIS for the watershed delineation. So, as I mentioned geo register the scanned toposheet. So, then the next step is creating the shape files then we can condor the we can condor the digitization then a preparation of the digital elevation model then a filling of digital elevation model then flow direction using the raster generation then flow accumulation raster determining the power points then finally, final step is the watershed delineation. So, this we can in RGIS software we can go step by step and finally, the output will be a delineated watershed and then the digital elevation model. So, using this digital elevation model we can if you do a digital terrain analysis we can get a various other data like slope map and other kinds of data also can be produced. So, for example, this is a digital elevation model for so called Benha watersheds and this is the delineated watershed. So, for which the drainage network also shown. So, now let us have a look into the step by step procedure what is discussed in the last slides. So, here first one is the say once the geo registering and scanned toposheet is done then the next step is creation of the shape file. So, the initially a shape file is to be created in the RK catalog in the RGIS environments then for conduce the polyline shape files are used the coordinate system of the shape file must be determined an existing coordinate system can be used or a coordinate system being used in another file can be imported. Open the attribute table of this shape file and add a new attribute elevation. So, we can use any name say for the considered shape file. So, this is the first step is the geo registering and the scanned toposheet. So, second step is creating the shape files. So, the shape files can be created by using these steps in the RGIS software. Then next one is the condor digitization. So, this shape file must now be added to the ARK map as a layer. Open the editor toolbar and click on start editing. If there are multiple shape files in the ARK map at the same time specify the target file in the box provided and then select the create new feature tool and starts sketching along the condor. So, that is the procedure which we adopt for the condor digitization. So, after a condor is completed specify its elevation in the attribute table. So, first one is the detail session of the toposheet, second one is the creation of the shape file and then we can digitize the condor within the software itself, RGIS itself and then so that now we are having the condor details with respect to the say the toposheet shape file. So, then the next step is the preparation of the digital elevation model. So, the steps are listed here in the ARK tool box open the special analysis extension, open interpolation tools, open the topo to raster option, then in the topo to raster window specify the input file as the shape file created. Now, change the type as condor and field to elevation. So, then run the topo to raster to get the DEM. So, now using the scan topo sheet, then the shape file and then also the details condor we are now making the digital elevation model. The steps are mentioned here. Now, once the digital elevation model say for example, for the Benakas I mentioned watershed this is the digital elevation model. So, once the digital elevation model is made. So, then we have to do certain steps. So, that is so called filling the digital elevation model. So, after getting the DEM there is need to fill the depressions if any in the DEM to get avoid false routing. So, you can see that so depending upon the condor interval. So, if very fine condor interval is available then most of our problem will be solved, but if there is only course condor interval is available like 10 meter interval or 20 meter interval. Then the whatever the digital elevation model what we get say we are not able to completely or correctly represent the various elevation variations within the watershed. So, here we can go for a filling the DEM. So, here what we do open the hydrology toolbox in the spatial analysis extension and then open the fill tool and give the DEM as the input file. So, it fills the sinks in the surface raster and removes small imperfections in the data. So, you can see that depending upon the case. So, if there is a drastic change with respect to say due to various the given data then this will be the filling operation will rectify this. So, that we are having a better digital elevation model. So, now then one next step is a preparation of the flow direction map. So, the filler DEM digital elevation model is used to prepare the flow direction map. So, we can see that if we are now representing the digital elevation model with respect to a grid like this. So, now we should know how the flow is going from one cell to another cell. So, we can have a different options like a either downward or to the right to the left or to the up or say in 45 direction like this. So, different options are available. So, we have to identify depending upon the elevation variation we have to identify how the flow is taking place. So, the filler DEM is used to prepare the flow direction map. Flow direction tool is available in the hydrology toolbox in spatial analysis extension to creates the raster with the flow direction to the steepest neighboring cell down the slope. So, that the flow will be in the direction of the say reducing condo. So, it is used to determine the direction of flow of water in the given topography. So, direction of flow must be known for each cell because it is the direction of flow that determines the ultimate destination of water flowing across the surface. So, we can see that now say as far as the watershed is concerned. So, we are now say for example, if you are going for modeling like rainfall to runoff modeling. So, then we should say we have to identify how is the overland flow is taking place within the watershed and that overland flow is now joining the channel flow. So, that channel flow finally, we have to route to the outlet of the watershed. So, now when we are representing the watershed with respect to a grid and then now we have already having the deep elevation model. So, now we have to identify how the flow will be taking place within the watershed especially overland flow. So, that overland flow we have to route through from one cell to another cell and finally, that cell will join to a channel. So, that direction is very important. So, the direction of flow determines the ultimate destination of water flowing across the surface. So, that way it is very important. For example, if this is the considered watershed and this is the outlet of the watershed and this is our digital elevation model. You can see that here various features we are representing with respect to the cell wise or raster wise representation and then say this color indicate how the variation of the elevation within each cell and so that from that we can easily identify how the flow will be taking place and that gives an indication and this helps in our hydrological modeling. So, now the next step is flow accumulation. So, it is done using the hydrology toolbox. It shows the drainage path based on the flow direction raster and it shows the accumulation of flow in each cell. The maximum accumulated path gives the drainage path. So, this is several example this figure shows SLOP map which is obtained from the previous digital elevation model which has shown in one of the earlier slide. So, from that we can get the SLOP map. So, this SLOP map also is an indication of how the flow will move as far as the watershed is concerned. So, now say here we will identify the so called the power points. So, this power points actually that shows the how the flow direction or say power points are the points where the lowest elevated point so to which the water will be finally flowing. So, the power points we identify and then we give it in the software. So, after getting the flow accumulation raster power points are required to determine the watershed pertaining to the flow path. So, we create a point shape file for determining the power points. So, these power points are determined in the path using flow accumulation raster. So, we should take care that the power points lie in the line of flow accumulation. So, the power points determine the flow path and based upon that only finally the watershed is delineated using the digital elevation model. So, this is the digital elevation model which we mentioned. So, we can identify the power points depending upon the various cells or various the grid which we consider and then finally we can identify the various power points and then from that we can extract the watershed. So, finally after doing this operation now we are ready to get the delineated watershed. So, using the watershed tool in the hydrology tool box watershed is finally we delineate the watershed. So, if there are the input required are the flow direction raster and the 4 point shape file as I already mentioned in the previous slides. So, if there are multiple watersheds in a toposheets the watersheds corresponding to the drainage paths also can be determined. So, this is now say for example, for this Benoha watershed this is the finally delineated watershed. So, this is the outlet of the watershed. So, the delineated watershed gives the boundaries of the watershed the drainage pattern in the watershed and the. So, this we can directly utilize for various hydrological modeling as far as the watershed is concerned and that we finally utilize as far as the watershed management is concerned. So, now say if there are multiple watersheds say for example, if this is a watershed which a main watershed and there are many sub watershed like this then say the watershed corresponding to drainage paths also we can determine and then finally the various sub watersheds also we can identify or delineate the process. So, this is this way now the watershed delineation is concerned either we can use the manual way or we can use the using GIS or the say the RGIS or any kind of software as we mentioned. So, now further once the watershed is delineated say when we are dealing with large number of watersheds. So, we have to say represent say each watershed. So, that process is so called a watershed coding. So, watershed coding say it is used to provide uniformity and fixing identity to each watershed. So, when say for example, country like India is concerned say if you have to identify say while going for watershed management if you can identify the particular watershed. So, that that will be very good since we can get to various data or various details from various sources for the given watershed. So, that process is called a watershed coding. So, this provide uniformity and fixing the identity of the watershed. So, watershed coding is done in districts say in combination of letters and digits or by using the name of streams. So, this varies from country to country. So, here I explain the steps we adopt say for example, in India as prescribed by the Central Water Commission. So, the steps are listed here. So, first step is find the name of the major river or stream draining the watershed. Say for example, a river so called a Periyar in Kerala. So, we can identify the river so called a Periyar. Now, take the first letter of the main river say here Periyar means P then find the name of sub catchments say for example, if a small catchment say in Kaladi say this is a sub catchment say for example, of Periyar then we can use that word as the next word. So, use first letter of sub catchment k. So, we can we combine this p and k so that we are having p k then use digits for watershed delineated within sub catchments say for example, sub catchment sub catchment 1 sub catchment 2 like that. So, we can now code it as p k 1 p k 2 etcetera. Now finally, code sub watershed by adding another digits after a hyphen so p k 1 hyphen 1 p k 1 hyphen 2 so like that the various sub watershed we can identify within that watershed. And now say the coding is generally done from downstream to upstream so that that is the general way of watershed coding. So, also we can use left L for left of stream R for right of stream. So, if this is the river passing then left and right so that way also we can code. So, this is the procedure which we adopt for watershed coding. So, watershed coding gives it is much easy to identify which is the watershed and then accordingly we can obtain number of data sets for that a given watershed. And now say for example, say for the while doing using the or doing the watershed coding. So, this is taken from the book of Ranveer Singh watershed planning and management. So, the hydrological unit we can represent and then what is the size of the watershed then various nomenclature what we generally use and then what is the base map scale. So, that is given here say for example, if you are going for macro delineation last scale delineation then the region say it can vary from say 2072 1130 100000 square hectare. So, then we can use nomenclature like number 129 and scale may be 1 is 10 million and say basin wise it can go from 10 to 50 100000 hectare. So, the alphabets we can use say for example, A2H alphabets and the base map scale may 1 is to 4 million and then we can have catchments like 10 to 50 100000 hectare and then numbering is 1 to 9 and then the base map scale can be 1 is to 1 million. So, sub catchments 10 to 50 and then alphabets we can utilize. So, the scale can be 1 is to 25000 and then watershed it can vary from 0.5 to 2 100000 hectare. And the number can be done 1 to 9 then the base map scale can be 1 is to 25000. So, then if we are going for micro delineation we can have like a sub watersheds milli watersheds or the mini watersheds. So, the area is described here and then we can use alphabets or number and the scales are also mentioned in this scale. So, now this is about the watershed delineation and then the watershed coding. So, now say second part of this lecture is on modeling. So, so called a watershed modeling. So, generally say once the watershed is identified delineated then before going for watershed management practices or making plans we can various processes like a hydrological processes and other process we have to go for modeling. So, we will discuss a generalized steps as far as the modeling is concerned before going to the specifics of watershed modeling. So, the modeling is say main motivation is the need to solve various problems of say for example, for watershed with a large number of complex variables. So, we have already seen that there are number of variables we have to deal starting from rainfall to runoff then various hydrological processes like infiltration evaporation transpiration then interception like that. So, we have to so this is a very complex procedure and the number of complex variables to be involved in this modeling aspect. So, we need a tool to provide the required information prior to making the decision. Say for example, if you are going for a watershed management plan then it is better to add to do some modeling like a rainfall runoff modeling or ground water modeling like that various hydrological processes modeling. So, say the motivation is to solve various problems as far as the watershed is concerned. So, typical examples like it to assess runoff in a watershed for given rainfall conditions then to estimate the ground water available in a watershed to assess ground water pollution problem in a watershed area. So, these models generally either we can use in preparation of the plans watershed management plans or we can use to get to the information that are required for the various regulations. So, that are the way we go for modeling. So, now say watershed management and modeling. So, generally two questions arise as far as the watershed management is concerned. So, the question is what is a management problem. So, whether we are dealing with the water problem within the watershed or what kind of problem we are going to deal then why do we need models to solve such a management problem. So, as I mentioned say when we are dealing with rainfall to runoff it is very complex process. So, we have to deal a number of process what is taking place from rainfall to runoff. So, that is why we need models. So, in a management problem decisions have to be made concerning planning and operation of a considered or so called manager system. So, we go for a systematic approach or systematic approach based upon the delineated watershed. So, our system here is the delineated watershed. So, in order to achieve certain goals without violating technical and non-technical constraints that are imposed on the manager systems. So, there can be various constraints some of the constraints can be technical some of the constraints can be non-technical. Say for example, the case of construction of a check dam at the outlet of a watershed. So, say what we can do say for example, if this is the outlet of the watershed and we are planning to construct a check dam we should know what should be the size of the check dam and then where the check dam to be constructed then what is the size, what is the height and how much storage is possible. So, for this all these we have to rely upon modeling since it is a very complex process since we are dealing with the nature. So, we have to deal with various parameters, various variables in a complex environment. So, that is why we need a models. So, now say when we go for watershed modeling. So, the question come what is a model? A model may be defined as a selected simplified version of a real system which approximately simulates the lattice excitation response relations that is that area of interest that are of interest. So, here we can see that definition is we have say the watershed. So, called watershed that is we are already selected the system is selected. Now, we put a number of simplifications since all the time we may not be in a position to get the ender system. So, we go for some simplifications then so, but it is still represent the real system and then this we go for the simulation of the lattice excitation response relations. Say for example, now say from here the rainfall is taking place. So, as I mentioned we want to identify how much is the runoff possible. So, for the given rainfall rainfall is the excitation and runoff is our the response. So, that way we go for modeling say for the watershed modeling. So, the key words in this definition are the selected. So, we select the watershed then we simplified. So, see we simplify by assuming putting various assumptions then we approximate some of the parameters that is approximately then excitation say for example, watershed modeling excitation is the rainfall then what is the response? Response here is the runoff. So, excitation then we will be having a model then that model gives the response. So, the rainfall to runoff. So, model means that is the for the given rainfall we want to identify how much is the runoff. So, the runoff is the response rainfall is the excitation and by running the model we get the runoff. So, now as far as watershed modeling is concerned we go for prediction of the behavior of a considered system or so called watershed in response to excitations that stem from the implementation of the management decision. So, as I mentioned it can be for various plans making or various management decisions or for the regulatory measures. So, we have to get the various aspects. So, now obtaining a better understanding of the considered system from the we have as far as watershed is concerned we are trying to get from the geological, hydrological and chemical point of view say as far as the watershed is concerned. Then providing information required to comply with regulations. So, it may be for to obtain the various regulations say for example, how much water can be taken from the given dam or say from the aquifer how much water can be drawn so like that. Then providing information for the design of observation network by predicting the systems future behavior. So, that can be another cause for watershed modeling. Then providing information for the design of field experiments. So, like how much should be the height of a check dam so like that various experiments we can do for a given watershed. Now, say let us look quickly through what are the modeling procedures. Say number of steps are there while going for a detailed watershed modeling. So, the general within the general modeling framework. So, here we will discuss the step by step procedure. So, the first step is say now say for example, what we are looking for. So, we are looking to for a say if we are the consultant and a client is coming to you and then you have to say the client know what he is looking for, but he does not know how to get it, but he has some data and some information. So, as the consultant or as the engineer or as the scientist who are dealing with this problem. So, first step is step number one is identification of the information required for management decisions. So, the problem is known the objectives are already clear. So, to meet to get to go to that objectives. So, we will be we can identify what are the information required for the modeling. Say for example, for ground water flow modeling the information required include water levels at selected points, spring discharge, boundary discharge or recharge, then a concentration at specified points and quantity and quality of water pumped, geological parameters, hydrology parameters etc. So, this is step number one. We identify the various information required to achieve the objectives which we are already sets in our modeling. Now, the second step which is the most important step in modeling or say called watershed modeling which we are discussing today is development of a conceptual model. So, say we now understood what are our objectives and now we already we have already collected the various data either based upon the data given by the clients or by going to the field or from various sources. Now, the next step is say we have to conceptualize the problem or we have to develop a conceptual model. So, actually this is the most important step that where an engineer's service or a scientist's service is required. So, we have to put a lot of inductions, we have to put a lot of assumptions and then come up with a conceptual model that may truly to settle level that will represent the real nature of the problem. So, what we are doing in development of a conceptual model is to simplify a complex real system for our understanding of nature and its behavior. So, that we put some simplifying assumptions with respect to like the geometry of investigation domain. Say for example, a three-dimensional problem we assume as two-dimensions or a two-dimensions to one-dimensions or effect of heterogeneity at different scales. Say for example, the hydraulic conductivity varying from one location to another location, but we consider various zones of average hydraulic conductivity. Then nature of solid and fluid phases involved depending upon the problem, then flow regimes of fluids, then the various physical, chemical and the biological processes. So, this way in step number 2, we make a conceptual model or we develop a conceptual model. So, while doing this conceptualization, the selection of the appropriate conceptual model for a particular case depends on generally on three main factors like the objectives or the investigations. What are your objectives? Then what kind of information is the model expected to provide for the purpose of making management decisions? Then the availability of resources. So, what kind of data is available? Including expertise, skilled personnel, field data and computers required for constructing and solving the model. Then this includes the ability to understand and describe processes that takes place and the data required for validating the model and determining the numerical values of its coefficients. Then the legal and regulatory framework which it pertains to the considered case. So, these are some of the issues which we should look into while constructing a or while developing a conceptual model. Now, the conceptual model is steady. So, as I mentioned this is the major part of major say the major role of an engineer or major role of a scientist to conceptualize the problem. So, once your conceptual model is of good quality, good conceptual model then it is much easy to solve your solve the problem. So, now next step is step number 3 development of a mathematical model. So, in this step the conceptual model is expressed in the form of a mathematical model which consists of a definition of the geometry of the surface or the surfaces. Then equations that express the balances like a conservation of mass, conservation of momentum, conservation of energy like that. Then, flux equation that relate the fluxes, constitutive equations, sources and sinks, initial conditions, boundary conditions. So, now as I mentioned the Wattersted model is a Wattersted is a very complicated say the system. So, it is not possible to have a simple models like analytical models or we simplified a empirical equations. So, we need to generally most of the time we have to go for complex distributed models. So, the distributed model means based upon the conceptual model depending upon the problem we can develop a mathematical model. So, mathematical models generally it constitutes a governing equations. So, what kind of things you are going to do depending upon your objectives? We can define the governing equations, we can define the boundary conditions, we can define the initial conditions and then various sources sinks like ground water pumping, ground water recharge or the rainfall conditions or withdrawal of the water from the river. So, like that. So, that is the essence of step number 3 that means development of a mathematical model. Then once the mathematical model is developed, so either you can say develop your own model. So, in step number 4, so if you have the expertise you can go for your own model or you can also buy the available model from the market. So, that is so called the step number 4 model developments. Then step number 5, we have to generally validate or verify the model with respect to the available data or with respect to verification with respect to analytical solutions. So, that is step number 5, model validation verification and step number 6, model calibration and parameter estimation. So, you can see that especially in watershed modeling number of coefficients or number of parameters we have to identify based upon the available field data since it is so complex we have to identify some of the parameters. So, that is so called model calibration and parameter estimations. So, here so we can various methodologies are there like a basic trial and procedure. Then sophisticated optimization methods or priority estimates of values to be expected for the coefficients as well as information about lower and upper bound. So, we can identify what are the lower and upper bound. So, from that we can obtain the best values. So, when conditions are as described about do not exist they can be created as a field or laboratory experiment for determining the sort coefficients. So, this is the step number 6 and step number 7, the enrolled model applications. So, according to our requirement we can go for model applications. Then step number 8, we can analyze various model uncertainty and stochastic modeling. So, uncertainty about many elements associated with the model like is a selected conceptual model is appropriate or the values of various coefficients used are correct or are the selected boundaries and conditions are appropriate. So, these considerations pave the way for development of stochastic model. So, depending upon what kind of objectives we can further go ahead with a stochastic model or a deterministic model. So, these things we will be discussing later when we discuss the various watershed models. So, finally, in step number 9 we can say once the model is run and applications we got various results and then we can come up with the conglutions based upon the results. So, step number 9 summary conglutions and reporting. So, the summary and conglutions should include the information that the model was expected to provide additional information concerning the accuracy of the information and uncertainty involved suggested follow up work like that. And the report on the modeling activities may be part of a larger report on solving the considered problem say as an appendix or a report that stand on its own. So, generally in modeling procedure there will be three steps say in watershed modeling also one is preprocessing. So, we collect the various data required for modeling and then processing that means we develop the model and we run the model and then last is post processing. So, once we get the results we analyze those results and then we make various representation in terms of tables and graphs or animations. So, that is preprocessing processing and post processing and then models are not always it may not give the complete answer. So, there are limitations for models like limitations like conceptual application related and conceptual limitations like when we conceptualize in 3D model to 2D model. Then application limitations like the model tolerance will be depending upon the data and say what kind of accurate data accordingly we will be having better models. So, finally, in this final slide say when we are going for watershed model. So, we formulate the problem the steps are formulate the problem then we calibrate or verify and then next is applications and then a watershed model constitutes the input function like in the case of watershed rainfall then output function our runoff and transform function the various hydrological processes taking place. So, this with respect to this we will be discussing further on the hydrological processes and modeling in the coming lectures. So, before closing this lecture various references used in this lectures lecture is listed here and then a tutorial questions like using RGA software delineate a watershed based on the topo sheet. So, you can obtain topo sheet and then digitize and you can follow the steps given as in the RGIS as given in this websites and 3 th self evaluation questions illustrate the manual watershed delineation step by step. Why mathematical modeling is important for watershed management then illustrate preprocessing, processing and post processing watershed modeling. Then 3 assignment questions describe the step by step procedure for watershed delineation using RGIS why coding of watershed is required illustrate the step by step procedure for watershed modeling. So, all these we have discussed in today's lecture. So, for your watershed as an unsolved problem you can identify your watershed and delineate watershed area using manual procedure using a topo sheet. So, we can obtain the topo sheet and then get the contour details and then the step as mentioned in today lecture you can delineate your watershed. So, in the next lecture we will be discussing about the further the various hydrological processes and then the hydrological models we will be discussing in the coming lectures. Thank you very much.


CBS presents Our Miss Brooks, starring Eve Arden. Our Miss Brooks is an English teacher at Madison High School. She can tell you everything you need to know about the present and past subjunctive, but she's not at all sure about the future. That is her romantic future with biology teacher Philip Boynton. Like most men of science, Mr. Boynton is quite modest and reticent, especially when it comes to women. Well, this of course is in reality. But in the dreams of Connie Brooks, he's sometimes quite another fellow. Listen. Decided to throw caution to the winds.  Of course. Thank you, darling. Darling, with a little encouragement, this lad will do all right. You're so lovely, so beautiful, so alluring. So why are you standing so far away? Is this better? Oh much. You're only ten feet away now.   Oh, my darling, when you're close to me like this, I feel enchanted. I seem to hear a little angel singing in my ear. Huh? What's that? Oh, fine. My little angel turns out to be Big Ben. So quiet, you little green butcher. Come in. Oh, yes, darn it. How are you this morning, Mrs. Davis? Oh, fine, dear. My you must have had a very exciting dream. Aren't you warm with all those covers wrapped around you? Oh, I didn't notice them. Pardon me while I unravel. Certainly, dear. And while you're at it, you might as well unpucker too.  It's a brand new recipe I've just discovered. Oh, that's very considerate of you, Mrs. Davis, but I'd rather not try any of your new recipes for breakfast. The last one, as I recall, was Peruvian Sprats fried in garlic salt and almond paste.  It's a sort of a cereal. I got so tired of the ones that crackle and pop in your plate. This one's real quiet. Oh, what is it, Mrs. Davis? Boiled pine needles. Boiled pine needles? Yes. First, I boil all the tar and rosin out of them. Why? That's the best part. Then I place them in extra heavy cream and coat them with powdered sugar. Oh, look at those slender, graceful needles lying there. They just seem to be sighing and whispering to each other. This is the sneakiest bowl of cereal I ever saw. Oh, no thanks, Mrs. Davis. I've got to get ready for school. Walter Denton's picking me up in his car this morning. Why, Connie, is your car in the shop again? Yes, Mrs. Davis. I dented my radiator pretty badly the other day. I got a ticket, too, for passing a car on the left. But that's not illegal passing a car on the left. That's when the car is approaching you. Oh, I'm certainly enjoying this ride, Walter. It's a beautiful day. Oh, it sure is, Miss Brooks. Notice anything different about the car? The car? Oh, yes, the top is down, but... Walter, this wasn't the convertible. It was a club coop with a hard top. Sure. Well, what did you do? Take the top off? Oh, I didn't have to. It fell off. 12 of us went for a ride the other night. That's when it happened. Oh, but that isn't safe, Walter. You shouldn't put 12 people in one car. Oh, they weren't all in the car, Miss Brooks. Six of them were on top. That's why it caved in, I guess. I guess. I hope nobody was hurt, Walter. No. No, fortunately, there were all girls inside, and they're pretty soft. The exception of girl softball players, you're right. Was Harriet Conklin with you that night? Oh, sure. I haven't been able to get rid of her for a month. She says she's in love with me. Love. It's either cynicism or signless trouble. What's the matter with Harriet Conklin, Walter? Why don't you like her? Well, outside of her being the principal's daughter, there's nothing to matter with her, but she's always chasing me. It must be hero worship. Well, look, modest one, if I may make a suggestion, why don't you change your attitude, kindly, but firm? In other words, make her realize that your association is strictly platonic. You mean like you and Mr. Boynton? Oh. And without an anesthetic, too. I'm sorry, Miss Brooks. I know you're sort of fond of him, but he always seems so interested in his white mice and frogs and stuff. Gee, I like Mr. Boynton personally, but if you'll pardon my saying so, Miss Brooks, I think in certain matters he's real square. Where's Harriet's house, Miss Brooks? Will you excuse me a minute? I've got to take her to school, too. Her dad left earlier than usual this morning, so she's without a ride. Go right ahead, Walter. Okay, Harriet. It's Miss Brooks, Mrs. Conklin. Miss Brooks! That's what we schoolteachers need, publicity. All right, Mrs. Conklin. We'll wait for you in the car. Okay, Harriet. Hello, Miss Brooks. Hello, Mrs. Conklin. What is it you wanted to tell me? Well, I've noticed how hard you've been working during the summer session, and I think a little vacation would do you a lot of good. Yes, I suppose it would, but... Mr. Conklin and I have a summer cottage up at Crystal Lake. Now, tomorrow, Saturday, is our anniversary, and I think it would be nice if you would come up to help us celebrate it. I won't say a word about it to Mr. Conklin. We'll surprise him. Could you come? Well, I really don't know, Mrs. Conklin. You see, I have a date with Mr. Boynton tomorrow. Oh, so much the better. Bring him along. You know, seeing how happy our married life is might give Mr. Boynton some ideas on the subject. Why, Mrs. Conklin, I don't know what you're driving at. Well, I've seen you look at Mr. Boynton, Miss Brooks, and when one woman sees another woman, look at a man the way you look at Mr. Boynton, Miss Brooks. That woman knows that the other woman is thinking thoughts about that man that a woman has thought about a man since men and women were created.  Mrs. Conklin, I am sort of fond of Mr. Boynton, but I don't want people to think that I... Oh, they will, anyway. So you might as well... you might as well land him.  Oh, but Mrs. Conklin, maybe Mr. Conklin won't any house guests this weekend. Oh, don't worry about that, Miss Brooks. I'll handle Osgood. He'll be delighted to see you when I get through with him. And I'm sure the atmosphere will be extremely matrimonial. Mrs. Conklin, you just sold me. I'm having lunch with Mr. Boynton today, and I'll extend your very kind invitation to spend the weekend in your trap at Crystal Lake. I mean, cottage. Oh, fine. But don't breathe a word about it to Mr. Conklin. Oh, don't worry about that, Mrs. Conklin. While I'm at school, I breathe as few words as possible to Mr. Conklin. I like the food in the school cafeteria this year, Miss Brooks. About the same as last year, Mr. Boynton. At least this beef stew is the same as last year. In fact, that's when I think it was made. Oh, this chili is pretty good. Would you pass the ketchup, please? Oh, surely. I think the salt and pepper are over on your side, too. Salt and pepper on chili? I like things well-seasoned. Would you pass the horseradish, too, please? Here you are. Thank you. Now a little mustard, and I'm all set. For the coroner, you drink with your lunch, Mr. Boynton, a lit can of sternol? I'm afraid I have a cast-iron stomach, Miss Brooks. Really? Who helped you carry it to school? I've always liked hot dishes, Miss Brooks. I think spicy things enhance a meal tremendously. That goes for living, too, doesn't it, Mr. Boynton? What do you mean, Miss Brooks? Mr. Boynton, instead of our usual Saturday night date, how would you like to go away and spend a weekend together? You've got chili all over your red tie. I'm wearing a blue tie. It's red now. I didn't mean to shock you like that, Mr. Boynton. I just thought it would be nice to get away for a while, say, up to Crystal Lake. But, but, but, but... Check your motorboat, Mr. Mrs. Conklin has invited us up to their summer cottage, and she wants us to help them celebrate. Well, I wouldn't want to deprive you of any fun, Miss Brooks, but... Good. What time will you pick me up tomorrow? Well, I guess I might as well be a good sport. I'll call for you at ten o'clock. Fine. Pardon me, Miss Brooks, Mr. Boynton. Oh, hello, Mr. Conklin. At ease. On your way back to class, Miss Brooks, I'd like you to stop in my office for a moment. There's something I'd like to discuss with you. Certainly, Mr. Conklin. I'll be there in about ten minutes. Very well. As you were. You'd never know Mr. Conklin spent some time in the army, would you? Mr. Conklin was a major in the last war, Mr. Boynton. He served for five years. Was that so? In what theatre? Low State. He sold war bonds in the lobby. Of course, from the shape of his head, I could have sworn he spent some time in the Pentagon building. I don't know what he wants to see me about. Well, maybe it's that promotion to the head of English department you've been hoping for. Yes, or he might have reconsidered about giving me a couple of weeks off with pay. Or maybe the raise that's due me next season is going to be made retroactive to include the summer session.  You wanted to see me, Mr. Conklin? Oh, yes. Here's come in, Miss Brooks. Sit down, won't you? Now, I have no desire to pry into the personal lives of any of my teachers. Good for you, Mr. Conklin. I always say that a person... However, I've noticed that lately you're spending quite a bit of time both in and out of school with Mr. Phillip Boynton. People are beginning to talk. What people, Mr. Conklin? Well, members of the school board. They're still considering you as a possible new head of the English department. You know how they feel about fraternization among the faculty at Madison, Miss Brooks. And I... Well, it would be different if you were married or even engaged to Mr. Boynton. But, Mr. Conklin, how can one ever get engaged if one doesn't fraternize with one or one more than one if necessary to find the right one?  Now, I'm not asking you to stop seeing Mr. Boynton completely, but I do wish you'd think twice about your public meetings. Maybe you could, uh... Find a hideaway? Miss Brooks, that's not what I had in mind at all. Me either, but don't knock it until you've tried it. My anniversary is tomorrow, and I'm going to surprise Mrs. Conklin with a little trip to Crystal Lake. We have a cottage there, you know. Yes, I know. And if I could feel that your conduct over the weekend was above reproach, well, I'd enjoy my little vacation that much more. Oh, don't worry about Mr. Boynton and myself, Mr. Conklin. Believe me, you won't hear a thing about us. I was good. I've got a surprise for you. Well, now that's a peculiar coincidence. I've got a surprise for you. You have? What is it? Now, watch yours. Well, I thought it would be nice if we spent our anniversary in the cottage at Crystal Lake. Oh. Oh, what do you say out good? Shall we get away from it all this weekend? Yes, not a bad idea. Oh, good. I know we'll have a grand time, dear. Now, watch your surprise. My surprise? Well, I thought it might be a good idea to spend our anniversary at Crystal Lake. Oh, well, I ask good. That's a wonderful idea. Hello, Mom. Hi, Dad. Oh, hello, Harriet. Now, if you'll both sit still for a moment, I'll acquaint you with my rarest scheme of the season. I mean, this is rare. What's rare, dear? Tomorrow's your anniversary, right? That's right. Where do you think you're going to spend it? You'll never get so don't even try in our summer cottage at Crystal Lake. Crystal Lake? Why, by Harriet, that's a wonderful idea. Isn't it all good? It must be. Everybody's getting it. I'm certainly glad we didn't close this place up on Labor Day like we usually do. Oh, I knew you'd enjoy yourself here, Osgood.  I've got a little dusting to do. Hey, God, take a little nap. This hammock is very restful. Before you go, how about a little anniversary kiss, huh? Oh, but Osgood, it's only one o'clock in the afternoon. We weren't married until three. Oh, that's all right. Let's have a little preview. Osgood, I declare I don't know what comes over you when we come up here. It must be the mountain there. It must be. Come here, baby. No, no, nothing at all, Harriet.  That's as good a reason as any, I guess.  Congratulations and many, many more happy anniversaries for all of us. Oh, thank you, Harriet. Now run along down to the lake, dear, your father wants to take a little nap. Okay, I'll see up our rowboats in shape. Don't forget we're going fishing this afternoon. Now you drop off to Steve Osgood, and I'll wake you in about an hour. Fine, fine. I'll get you a bag out of a trunk. Oh, thanks, Mr. Boynton. Gosh, that was a long drive, but here we are. Now, it's right up these porch steps, I believe. What is this? Who in the world? Miss Brooks. Mr. Boynton, what are you doing here? That's what I like about Crystal Lake, the hospitality. Motion about. Oh, it's you, Miss Brooks, and Mr. Boynton. I'm so glad you could come. Mother, did you invite... Oh, of course, dear. I asked Miss Brooks and Mr. Boynton to spend the weekend with us. That's one surprise I didn't tell you. Aren't you tickled? Yes. Well, then acted, Osgood. You certainly don't look tickled. Some people tickle easier than others. Well, maybe Mr. Cockland'd rather be alone. Oh, nonsense, Mr. Boynton. Osgood and I see as much of each other alone as we want to. We're already married, you know. Yes, I know. Congratulations on your anniversary. Oh, thank you, Mr. Boynton. I always say married life is give and take. Me too. You'd have given me a little warning. I wouldn't have let you take me here. Now, you two must be all hot and sticky from your drive up here. I hope you both have a bathing suit. For Mr. Cockland's sake, I hope we each have a bathing suit. Well, I'll show you where to change. Just follow me and we'll all get ready for a nice dip. I don't want to go for a dip. Oh, now, dear, we must do the things our guests want to do. Why? As a matter of fact, I'm afraid I don't have a suit with me. I forgot to pack it. Oh, that's all right, Mr. Boynton. I'll fix you up with one of Mr. Conkland's. I'll come along and you can nap for a few more minutes, Osgood. I'll take the folks in tow. Yes, do that. He sounds like he'd like you to tow us about three miles and then sink us. You just go right in here, Mr. Boynton. You'll find a bathing suit in the bottom drawer of that dresser. Well, thanks, Mrs. Conkland. Now, here's the guest room. You and my daughter Harriet are sharing it for the weekend. Oh, is Harriet here for your anniversary, too? Yes. Oh, she's so devoted. Been like a daughter to us. Well, that's a coincidence. Now, before I leave, you dear, I want you to know that I plan this weekend for your sake more than anybody's. So I want you to take advantage of it. Oh, that's really very kind of you, Mrs. Conkland. Remember, all you have to do is keep close to Mr. Conkland and myself. Then when Mr. Boynton sees how happy we are, I'm sure he'll start thinking of marriage as a jolly institution it is. Well, what do you say? Are you game? Looks like Mr. Boynton's the game, but I'll take a shot at him. Or it is. You know, I really do like the guy, Mrs. Conkland. I know you, dear, my dear. Now, one more thing. In addition to our example, I think you should show your domesticity as well. So tonight, I want you to cook the dinner. Me? Oh, definitely. What dish do you prepare best? Soup. What kind? Campbell's. I think something you cook yourself might make a better impression on Mr. Boynton. I know. You can barbecue some spare ribs for dinner. Now, get into your suit and I'll see you on the porch. Oh, isn't this fun? It's just like a fox hunt. Tally-ho and yikes. Tally-ho to you, Mrs. Conkland. And I hope we all don't make a bunch of yikes out of ourselves. Stop rocking the hammock, Martha. I'm getting seasick. Very well. Now, remember, Oz, good. We've got to make a good impression for Mr. Brooks, safe. I don't like it, Martha. I never did believe in this matchmaking business. Besides, I thought we'd be alone. At least part of the time. Confounded all this mountain air going to waste. It won't go to waste, dear. It's always tonight. Yes. Come here, baby. Remember what I used to call you when we were first married? Yeah. Call me it again, Martha. All right. Sugar cookie. Am I really your sugar cookie still? Well, your icing's a little whiter. Miss Brooks, where did you come from? Oh, hello, my. What a lovely bathing suit. One piece, isn't it? Yes, it is. Look at Miss Brooks' bathing suit, Oz. Good. That's long enough. Miss Brooks, be sure and tell Mr. Boynton you made the suit yourself. Men love practical women. Oh, hello there, everybody already? Oh, it's Mr. Fox. Mr. Boynton. Why, Mr. Conklin's suit fits you perfectly, Mr. Boynton. Don't you think so, Miss Brooks? Yes, it's very nice. Aren't the sleeves a little wide at the wrist? That is one of my older ones. That's quite a suit you have on, Miss Brooks. She made it herself, didn't you, dear? Yes, out of an old stocking and some pen wipers. Ron, let's go. Here we are. I'll help you up, Miss Brooks. Oh, thanks, Mr. Boynton. Oh, that was wonderful. Welcome aboard, folks. Oh, hello, Mr. Conklin. We didn't know you were out here. That's all right, my dear. Let's go take a boat ride, Miss Brooks. Oh, nonsense. Why should you leave the raft? Why shouldn't they? Mr. Boynton. Yes? Last one in is a sugar cookie. We've been walking along the shore for quite a ways, Mr. Boynton. Just where is this little pier where the man rents the boat? Oh, it's right up ahead, Miss Brooks. There are a lot of different kinds of small craft. Personally, I think that flat bottoms are the best. Oh, you do? Well, that's what's nice about America. You can think what you like. We're in the world to S-Y-H. S-Y-H? Spend your honeymoon. We're not married. We're just here to... Oh, not married, huh? Up here for a little P.S., private smudging. Just a minute. All you have to do is rent us a boat. Well, here's one right here with a small motor. Very nice. G-F-N. So we're not going to do anything of a sort. W-S-S. Who says so? B-T. Bashful type. Well, go ahead.  There. We'll pay you when we come in, all right? Sure. Well, remember, Miss. P-Y-L-O-Y-H-H. Keep your line out. You hook him. S-L-H-T-R hit the road. How do you like the ride, Miss Brooks? Oh, it's very nice, Mr. Boynton. I think we'd better turn around now. Yeah. Hey, that's funny. The steering wheel seems to be stuck. It does? Isn't that a rowboat in that little cove we're heading for? A rowboat? Oh, yes, it is. I'd better cut the motor off where we're heading right for them. Oh. The ignition lever is stuck, too. Oh, my goodness. You've got to do something, Mr. Boynton. We're getting pretty close to that rowboat. Quick, Miss Brooks. Lie on the bottom of the boat. I can't stop it. No, thank heaven we just missed them. Oh, we're terribly sorry, folks. Oh, that's all right, Miss Brooks. We didn't really want to catch any fish here. Heading out in the open air. I'm sure that the spare ribs, Miss Brooks, barbecued will be delicious. Don't you think so, Ozgood? I think I should have made them. My barbecue. But, Mr. Boynton will enjoy them so much more because Miss Brooks did it, won't you, Mr. Boynton? Well, yes, I suppose I will. Here are our folks. I hope they turned out all right. I fixed a plate especially for you, Mr. Boynton. Thanks, Miss Brooks. Well, it's fall too, everyone. Oh, I bet they're delicious. Might as well taste it. What is this, anyway? No good. Tastes like charcoal. Did you do what I told you, dear? Barbecued the ribs slowly with a nice, smooth, glowing bed of coals. Certainly I had a lovely bed of glowing coals, right over the ribs. I'm going into the house and cook myself an egg. Wait, dear, I'll fix you something. You can't cook any better than she can. A bursary dinner. Yes, dear. Let's be careful. Oh, how we danced on the night. A bursary, my foot. I'm going inside. We danced and we danced, but she wouldn't drop dead. Wasn't that a nice snack? And just the two of us alone in the kitchen. Well, it was better than those barbecued rocks. Mother, if that poor Mr. Boynton falls for Miss Brooks, I think it'll be... Now, dear, we agreed to forget all about it. Let's go out and sit in the hammock together. The mountain air is still with us, you know, and it's quite dark on the porch. All right, ma'am. What's this? Who's that in the hammock? It's us, Daddy. Us? Harriet and me, Mr. Conklin. Happy anniversary. It's Walter Denton, Daddy. I got here while you were inside. This is the last straw. Now, calm down. I was good. Remember your blood pressure. It gives him kind of a purpley look, doesn't it? I've got to be calm. Let's go for a little stroll, Mother. Maybe we'll run into Mr. Boynton and Miss Brooks somewhere. I doubt it, Mr. Conklin. We're at the other end of the hammock. I'll be fine. Come, Mother. Let's go into our bedroom and go to sleep. Maybe when I wake up in the morning, we'll all be in bed. We can't go into our bedroom together, Osgoode. Now that Walter's here, Harriet and Miss Brooks, and I will have to use our room, you and Walter and Mr. Boynton will have to sleep in the guesthouse. What? Now this has gone far enough.  Before you do, Mr. Conklin, I'd like to ask you a question. What is it? How are my chances of being appointed head of the English department? You don't have to answer now. You can think it over and tell me right after I've blown my brains out. Our Miss Brooks, starring Eve Arden, is produced by Larry Burns, written and directed by Al Lois with music by Wilbur Hatch. Mr. Boynton was played by Jeff Chandler, Mr. Conklin by Gail Gordon. Others in tonight's cast were Jane Morgan, Dick Prenner, Gloria McMillan, Noreen Gammel and Dink Trout, Bob LeMond speaking for CBS, the Columbia Broadcasting System.


show is titled The Power of Breakthrough Ideas, and this is going to be a really cool way for us to start a Monday to look at the onset of another busy season for so many of our nonprofits. Things change for them as we go into the summer. So this is going to be a lot of fun, and I can't wait to hear what our guest Veronica has to say. Again, if we haven't met, I'm Julia Patrick, CEO of the American Nonprofit Academy. Jurit Ransom, nonprofit nerd in the CEO of the Raven Group, just so happens to be in Raleigh, North Carolina, where Veronica Lafamina, it's getting in my head now, resides and serves. So this is going to be a really interesting thing to chat about. Again, if you were with us last week, we celebrated our 800th episode, and we are here because of our gracious sponsors, and they include Bloomerang, American Nonprofit Academy, your part-time controller, nonprofit thought leader, fundraising academy at National University, staffing boutique, nonprofit nerd, and nonprofit tech talk. Hey, we have a lot of ways we can connect with you. You can find us live. You can join us on any of our streaming channels. We also have podcasts of every episode if you like to consume your content that way. And then we have a super cool new app that the team at American Nonprofit Academy, led by our executive producer Kevin Pace, has developed. It is amazing. You can download that app where we like to buy your apps or get your apps. Our app is free, Veronica. And you can also scan this code. So it's a learning platform that will help you engage with what we're talking about for that day, or if you need to research something or find our archives. So check us out. Okay, Veronica, talk to us about Lafamina and Company. What do you all do over there? Thanks, Julia. So Lafamina and Co., we are a strategic advisory firm for nonprofit organizations and social impact businesses. What does that mean? We tend to work with nonprofit CEOs and department heads to help them really navigate the day-to-day complexities of nonprofit leadership and management. We work across the organization on topics like strategy and leadership, change management and communications, both internal and external, to help organizations go from feeling stuck to strategic and help them really move their, not just their missions forward, but their organizations, their staff, their fundraising is something that we look across the whole of the organization and really say, how can we start implementing practical strategies for continuous improvement in your org? So this has got to be kind of like the wild west of your type of work, given that we've had this global pandemic. And then I would argue additional social pandemics from political unrest, to economic challenges, to issues of justice, all of these different things that are going on. Have you found that people are willing to take a deep breath and look at strategy, or are they just trying to keep their head above water? I think there's still so much pressure that nonprofit leaders feel, understandably, completely based on what you're saying Julia, right? So obviously it's been a long time since we had a global pandemic, and the realities that we're dealing with right now, in addition to the social pandemics that you're talking about, are I think helping leaders understand there should be a better way, there's got to be a better way. But it can feel really hard to know what that better way is, what it looks like, and to take that step back. We still might feel the pressures of a pre-pandemic time, or the pressures to get back to something we were before, but really adjusting that perspective and saying, hey, how can we take this to where we need to go next? What does it look like as we think about what new paths forward should be, not just getting us back to where we used to be, because used to be isn't working anymore in the same way? No, and I love what you've said, and this just kind of clicked in before we really talked about breakthrough ideas, but one of my immediate response to what you've just said is that I don't know how an organization can do this internally without an outside voice. I mean, it just doesn't seem like you can go back and keep saying the same things or having the same desires for change if you don't have that external person, and maybe that's something for another time, but it's really a powerful dynamic, it seems to me, to have that leader. Yeah, I would agree that having a strategic advisor, having a coach, having some kind of external resource, it's not just about sending money to spend money on an outside at first opinion, it's the fact that being in these leadership positions in these times is really lonely, and it can be really difficult to understand how your organization fits into the broader context, what other people are dealing with in other areas that you may not be as familiar with, and sometimes you need permission from that person, not outside expert or advisor to say, here are the things that can really wait, and here are the things we need to focus on in order to achieve the kind of growth you want or to really look at your goals and say, here's what aligns to that. I think we get a little, we really like our processes in the nonprofit sector, and that's what's good reason, but also sometimes we are so concerned about completing a process perfectly that we forget that process may not be giving us that outcome or the impact that we need. Well, to your point, I mean, things have, you said this right off the bat, you know, where we were is probably not where we should go back to. I mean, there's been a lot of change, there's been a lot of disruption, and some of that has been good. Some of that has moved us forward, and so to look at if we could only go back is not very realistic, probably, arguably not very tactical, but part of what we wanted to talk to you about today is this concept of the breakthrough idea, and to tag on to what we've just been talking about, I would imagine that a lot of us have been like, screw strategy, I'm just trying to get through the day, and I can't even think about the future, let alone next week. So what and how does a breakthrough idea work and fit into this ecosystem of ours? So I love this topic, Julia, and it's something I get excited about because I think as someone who has to lead communications departments, a national nonprofit organization, I know I'm not the only one who heard, you know, can't we just make our own ice bucket challenge, or we just need this to go viral, or maybe we could get this celebrity to say something about our organization or our cause. Those, the enthusiasm for those recommendations comes from a well-meaning place, but we all know, you know, if we've spent time working directly in the sector, that those kinds of moments aren't something that you can just conjure or create. That said, we can really think about what are the kinds of ideas, the kinds of moments that we can turn into long lasting impact for our organization or for our community. And so when I think about a breakthrough idea, there are a couple of criteria I put in there. So the first thing is, you know, a breakthrough idea is something that we want to have a lasting presence. So not just, you know, a viral couple of months or a viral moment, but really something that sticks with us for a long time. If you think about an idea as a light bulb, like we're looking for the LED light bulb of ideas, we're not looking for a glow stick here, right? So that long lasting sustainable approach. To get there, to find those kinds of ideas, the very first and most important thing is it really needs to have a connection in our community. And so what I mean by that is often the idea is coming from our community themselves. It's something we're seeing them innovate on or hack or come up with in their own way to help make their own lives better or to increase awareness in their specific group of friends or neighbors. So that community connection is essential to long lasting, that long lasting nature. Another element there is like, it really needs to be easy to do and easy to make a difference. So in a social media world, we sometimes get into like, what are people are going to share? What are they going to like and engage with? And those metrics are okay, but they're not as powerful as in-person moments that we can create for our community and our supporters to feel like they can really make a difference. We sometimes get stuck on, we as a nonprofit have to have the idea and we just want people to amplify what we're doing. And we might miss that component where we are truly engaging people in making or doing or being a part of whatever the change may be. So giving them like a physical activity, a physical representation of what tends to be sort of online or out loud amplification on our part. You know, it seems to me like if we, if you and I had met, you know, 12, 24 months ago, that wouldn't have been as important or possible because of the global pandemic. But now I feel Veronica, that people are really starving for that in, you know, in-person piece of volunteerism or attending an event or taking a tour or whatever. I mean, do you think that that is part of this, of this push? I think it can be. But I also think one of the ways we create connection to our causes is by giving people something they can do that will help their neighbors. Right. So especially coming from, you know, larger national organizations, but if your regional organization or statewide, it can feel hard sometimes to have that direct community connection. And so we have to explore the possibility that we can give folks like the instructions, the easy how to make a difference in their community. And so I think when we're talking about the current time we're in, Julia, absolutely event or gathering could be part of that. But it doesn't necessarily need to be convened by us, right? We feel so much responsibility to put all of the platforms in place instead of empowering people to use their own connections, use their own platforms, which is ultimately what we're looking for. We want those people to feel connected to our causes and to come back with enthusiasm and engagement and what we've got going on. Yeah, I absolutely see where you're going on this. And it's really, it leads me to my next question because this is another thing, you know, aligning your team with a breakthrough idea. How do you get them on board? So many of us are still working remotely. A lot of organizations are really embracing it and not even having those, that confluence of energy around the water cooler or in a meeting. So how then do we take this concept of finding that breakthrough idea and moment and fuse that same excitement and commitment to our teams? This is such a good question, Julia, because I think we can sometimes operate in silos about what are expectations for what each team is, I'm going to use air quotes here, supposed to be doing. But we can engage different parts of the organization from the very beginning to help with understanding what kinds of ideas are out there already. So this is a great, you know, a great example would be your frontline fundraisers, the people who answer the phones at your organization, the staff member who is responsible for posting to social media and responding to requests, whoever is staffing your info at email back. What are they hearing from? Who are they, you know, what are they seeing out there in the community? What kind of questions are they getting? How can we bring those folks together in a way that says, here's what we're already hearing, understanding, seeing out there. Because for them, we're giving our teammates across the organization the opportunity to contribute their expertise, which isn't just a do what the organization says out to the community. It's connect with the community, understand what their needs are, understand what's going on. So the thing one is creating an environment and an opportunity for everyone to be part of this idea curation process. The second thing I would say that's really important is we can tend to get a little structured about our, like, about our team structure, about who needs to be involved. And we keep growing and growing and growing that room of people, but often break through ideas start as a small test that then the instruction. And so we can ask ourselves, who does the leader for this test need to be? Does it need to be the vice president of communications or the head of strategy? Or could it be the person who leads our community engagement online? Could that be the person who's the right?  So thinking about team structures differently, I find actually gets rid of some of the will of this VP's in the meeting that this VP needs to be in a meeting or if this department is here, we also need to engage this one. Really approaching this from a low fi perspective. So what's the minimum viable product we need to put out there to just test and see if this is connecting with our community? And it works. Most ideas that we have are often bubbling over time, like really simmering until they hit that boiling and extension point. But they might seem like an overnight success, right? And so when we can not make this a big formal initiative or endeavor, but give our teams enough flexibility to test something out to give it a try to see what the responses in the community we can then build and grow from there. And so we have something that really takes off that our community seems to really connect with. We can then build the supports and resources in around that. Veronica, I've got to imagine that the percentage of organizations that test a breakthrough idea before they just run to the wall on this is really small. We like our plan. And what I will say is we do need to budget, right? We need to recognize that these things aren't just going to happen like with some, you know, broccoli fairy dust and great intention. We need to plan to experiment, right? So I often in my strategy work with organizations will say, do not plan for 100%. Plan for 85% so that you have 15% of space, of budget, of opportunity to test out and take advantage of these opportunities as you go. So let me ask you this and you might have to get your catchers made up because this is kind of like a wild pitch. What if you're an organization that has not had a culture of testing? This seems like a pretty like heavy lift for an organization. I think it's the right lift, but do you see what I'm saying? Like I can see where organizations are like, what does that even mean? How do we do it? We're trying to do this breakthrough idea, and we don't even understand the whole testing concept. Can you kind of walk us through that a little bit? Sure. So first of all, you know, don't put the stress on yourself of having, you're trying to develop a breakthrough idea, right? What you're trying, what you're looking for is resonance with your community. What are people talking about and care about? It might not be like if we, for example, are an organization that's talking about yours and advocacy and things that might feel a little less directly accessible in people's lives. You might need to recognize that the thing that connects with them and helps them understand that we are for them might have a more like direct presence in their daily life. It might not be something that is what we're out there talking about on Capitol Hill or in other places. So thing one is we're not really trying to manufacture a breakthrough idea so much as get a sense of what's really connecting with our community. The second thing is testing does not need to be super formal. Once you develop a process or if you want to really develop a testing culture, there are absolutely ways to do that. But a lot of times it can be as simple as creating a post on social media and seeing how that goes and respond. And if you are an organization that has some budget for your social, you could also test out two different ideas at the same time, maybe using some pace advertising. So a few dollars at that to see what seems to resonate with folks. I can say about 10 years ago, I was leading communications at a national nonprofit organization and our big breakthrough idea there that was around food allergies at the time was a great community idea. We put together a small social media post just like a graphic and it really took off all over social media because we were doing something that resonated with our community. It was a great community idea from a support group leader in Tennessee about painting a pumpkin teal at Halloween so she could talk about food allergies. And then we, as a national organization, were able to work with her and create the teal pumpkin project, which now, nine years later, launched in 2014 nationally, has completely changed Halloween for kids with food allergies and for other kids where candy being a problem. And so that moment, that was a test. It was an opportunity to say, hey, let's see if this sticks, but then the work we did to build on it after and the long tail that it has, the impact we saw, is how we kept being able to grow and innovate over time. So sometimes when you're trying to align that team, it is about getting a little traction first to help show people that actually here is proof of concept. Here's how we know that this is relevant for our community. Right. And I think that it's, you know, there's nothing worse than fighting the internal fight or battle first and then trying to go out and do something across the community.  And so, and that is no fun. There, that's no fun. So to get this, you know, kind of amped and ramped up, I think is really smart.  It's been really interesting and I have a million more questions for you, but I want to know, and I like asking this question to our guests, how do you know when this is working? I mean, how do you know? Is it a gut feeling, which I'm not knocking that at all, but is it all data centric? I mean, is it immediate? Does it go over a period of time? Yes to everything I just said.  Yeah, so my answer to this is always it depends on your goals, but I think an example can be helpful. So again, when I was at Food Allergy Research and Education in 2014, when we launched the Tilt Pumpkin Project nationally, again, I want to emphasize great community idea that we then worked with that community member to bring to a national audience. But our first indicator of success was that it took off like wildfire on social media. I mean, it really was like back in the early days of Canva, one image, just recommending that people put a Tilt Pumpkin on their porch during Halloween to let kids know that they had non-food treats available. So that for kids for whom Halloween is hard, they knew that this was a community member who cares about them a place where they could get something safe. And so, you know, thing one was, okay, what are you seeing or hearing on social? What kind of responses are you getting from your community? Not just in shares and likes, but also what kind of engagement? What kind of comments are you getting? Those are some of like the near term wins that you can get. Because it took off on social, we ended up getting a lot of earned media attention.  We need to keep scaffolding and supporting. But it was also news articles about how we ran the campaign, right? It was process pieces because people were trying to understand how did this thing take off. In longer term sense, right, we were seeing more people sign up for our email list. We were seeing more donations come in. We were seeing folks download the free resources we had and also we started putting together sort of like prep kits. If you wanted to just, you know, get your teal pumpkin sign and some non-food treats from us directly, you could do that. But then, you know, in the years after that, too, the kind of success we were seeing was the engagement of for-profit companies, right, of the retail sector and saying, oh, this non-profit has helped illuminate a market that we can serve, right? And so now, when you go to different brands, you know, there have been partnerships over time with brands like Target and with Michaels, you could actually buy a teal pumpkin or there would be a section for non-food treats with a designated teal pumpkin in those stores around Halloween time. So when you talk about like how an idea works, how a breakthrough idea works, there's so many different measures and different areas to say we're really changing how people thought about, you know, changing Halloween wasn't really on our list of strategic priorities or in our strategic plan, but it became, it was so important to our community, right? And so I think that was the key is coming back to did this make a difference in the lives of our community? You know, I have the benefit still all these years later of knowing it does because I see it and houses around my neighborhood, I see it must miles of kids who come up to my door. But those measures are important to, you know, have we actually changed life for our community? We often do it with advocacy or with some other kind of big behind the scenes things, but when we can do that in person thing that helps their community, their geographical community and take care of them too, you will feel the impact in some of those hard measures, but also in the kind of feedback they're getting. You know, it's fascinating because I can see that trajectory of how, you know, one thing is successful, but then you actually amplify that success by giving it more attention, drilling down, adding to it, modifying it. It doesn't just happen on its own. You kind of steward that through. And then it's fascinating to me with the teal pumpkin concept, adding to it, you know, and stewarding that over the year and aligning that to a time of year. It's very, very interesting. And I have to admit, I have seen that, but I didn't know what it meant. You know, I have seen that. Like you said, like Joanns and Michaels, you know, during that period of time, I have seen those. I'm kind of wondered, oh, is that a new color choice, you know, as opposed to really understanding how this navigates. Very, very interesting. Well, lots of big ideas. I feel like when we were talking about this in the green room chatter, and then we kind of started this show today with this Veronica, is that now is the time as we're moving away slowly, but surely from crisis management. Now is the time for some big ideas and being bold and leaning into some longer term things. So I have loved having you on today to talk about this, because it's, if you're going to do something now is the time to embrace it, wouldn't you say? I think so, Julia. And I want to encourage people, you are exhausted probably still, and that's okay. It's totally okay to still feel exhausted.  But if I could encourage people to do one like really practical stuff, it's just start looking at what you're hearing from your community. Make a regular practice of inviting the groups who speak with community members regularly just to come together and chat. What are we hearing? What's going on? What are people struggling with? Often the inspiration and spark for these kinds of ideas comes from that like day to day knowing of what is on the minds of our community. And you know, that doesn't mean we're going to divert a lot of efforts, you know, or divert a lot of resources to something that's untested, but it does give us an idea of what are we hearing? What's resonating? What are we, what are the themes we keep coming back to? And that is an opportunity to start making a difference in this way. Absolutely. Here, here. I mean, that's just brilliant advice for running an organization, I think. I mean, I think that's like the right attitude and mindset. So I love that you've shared that with us. Veronica LaFamina, founder and CEO of LaFamina and Co. Really a pleasure to have you on today. And again, I've loved so many things that you've said. And so we need to have you come back on and talk about more of these strategic paths that maybe as a sector we are more prepared to embrace and kind of look at what we can be doing as opposed to just being on that hamster wheel that so many of us have been on and haven't figured out how to get off. So really, it's been a lot of fun, Veronica, to have your wisdom today. Again, I'm Julia Patrick, CEO of American Nonprofit Academy. Jared Ransom, the nonprofit nerd, oddly enough is in the same community where Veronica is coming to us from today, unbeknownst to all of us. She'll be joining us back here tomorrow. Again, we've had this amazing conversation because of the support from our sponsors and they include Bloomerang, American Nonprofit Academy, your part-time controller, nonprofit thought leader, fundraising academy at National University, staffing boutique, nonprofit nerd and nonprofit Tech Talk. These are the folks that join us day in and day out with our big ideas. And so we really want to make sure that they know how appreciative we are. Okay, Veronica, you said something really interesting and that was everybody's still tired and we're just coming out of this and it's okay to pace yourself and look at this as an opportunity and not a drudgery. And this stuff tells with our ending message that we say every day at the nonprofit show and that is to stay well so you can do well.


Here we are in zone 6, Missouri Ozarks Mid-November here. We've we've had our first couple of nights Below where temperatures drop below freezing only down to about 31 30 degrees just for last couple nights Here's my stevia plants And I have a couple of volunteer carrots plants that grew in here with my stevia I'm gonna go ahead and harvest these to see if we Got any Good carrots Okay, what we have here apparently ours is wild carrots some as you can see These carrots are white and They're not very big and These are wild carrots. I've eaten wild carrots before Not particularly good. Of course, they're good survival food. That's all you got to eat and I'll give these a try Just for kicks and giggles bigger one Big as my thumb But in my experience in the past has been the wild carrots for them They're a little bit woody Not particularly good to eat But you can eat the greens too while carrots also call Queen Anne's lace because the flowers are White look like Queen Anne's lace, but they're Biennial which means That they don't flower the first year they grow they flower like all carrots They flower and produce seeds in their second year. So you leave your carrots in the ground Let them come back up the second year That's when they'll produce their flowers The birds nests There are a couple of poisonous plants that look similar to wild carrots including hemlock Very very poisonous and so I mean you can tell the difference But before you go grabbing everything that looks like a wild carrot and eating it Just be aware of there are a couple of poisonous plants That look similar to this not hard to tell the difference If you know what to look for but if you're not terribly familiar with it You could get a hold of a poisonous plant and hemlock is very poison. It's deadly poisonous It's easy to tell especially from the flowers The carrots form a white flowers that are closer together and Eventually become the birds nest look to them Whereas the poisonous plants the flowers are kind of scattered out a little bit more Wild carrots survival food. I Decided to save the white carrots the wild Wild carrots. I decided to try those myself and as far as the greens are concerned decided to give them to the rabbits and I tell you what They love them. They're eating them up. Well, I'm going to do a little taste test here on this wild carrot I'm gonna have it with my salad over here tonight and see First taste a little bit definitely tastes like Carrot actually not bad. They taste like carrot. It's not woody I think some of the some of these roots may be kind of a chewy The main body of the carrot actually It's pretty good.  No, no This is survival doc reminding you be prepared or be prepared to be fleeced