A life was saved due to a quick response from the Williamson Fire Department. The fire department received a call Thursday afternoon of a possible drowning in the Tuck Fork River beside the Williamson Water Treatment Plant. A group of kayakers were paddling along the river when one of them became trapped in a current caused by a low dam used by the plant to collect water. The current with that under dam will just hold you there, and that makes it very, very hard for us to do a rescue. Even though it was a dangerous situation, the Williamson Fire Department was able to successfully rescue the victim from the water. He was alert and awake and was strong enough to reach out and try to grab some things so immediately we started deploying our life safety ropes, just throwing them to him from both sides. The Williamson Fire Department is minutes away from the Tuck Fork River causing a speedy arrival time, and in this situation, time was critical. Once we got him to the bank, he was really cyanotic, deprived of oxygen, he had taken in a lot of water, so I don't think he would have made it very much longer. Since local public pools are not opening this summer, officials feel it important to become more up to date with river rescues. A lot of people are going to try to take on some other recreational activities like these kayaks. I've been seeing them a lot in town, so we've also discussed after this call here at the station of doing some more training on river rescues. The Williamson Fire Department was assisted by the Belfry Volunteer Fire Department. Reporting in Williamson for EKB News, I'm Shelby Steele.


I'm sure Robert Lambert, after making the start, he made thought he'd got the first turn sewn up. But Marcin Bacchelik, great effort from the outside, just pinning it right down on the curve. Wouldn't expect to see too much passing in the early heats, but I'll tell you what, Mikkelsen is using the outside like a great effect. Here we go. Fantastic move for Mikkelsen, committed to the outside run, just about in the second place. Bacchelik now is definitely vulnerable. Mikkelsen, one last blast on the opening lap here. They're hooking the inside, Mikkelsen's got speed. He's going to do it. Water ride for Mikkelsen, he was stoned last. This is sensational opening race in the Narodobi. Very competitive line-up, that's for sure. Takes our clear away. They've come roaring out of the gate. They're all there together. Look at that from Doyle. Doyle's running outside. Can he get it hooked up? No, not quite. Marcin Bacchelik is in front. It's tied between the two. Australian riders for second and third. Doyle now squaring it off. Oh, it's going to get tight in the third one. Not so much. Here comes Doyle up the inside. Charges to the front. Bacchelik's come to the back, kept you belief. Made the bike work a little too hard there. Just went across the corner, had to think quick. And it was a brave move then to cut back between Bacchelik and Jakolder. Jakolder just having to put the brakes on there as they enter turn three on the first lap. And right here, Jason Doyle, Marcin Bacchelik actually rode through gate two. So he was fairly narrow going into that corner. Through gate three and wide, it's Janowski and off the outside, the world champion. Marcin, great start on the inside. Doyle's at it again. He is going great.  Smasik though. Smasik is going to speak. Wow, here we go. He is back to his best now. Charging around the outside. Bacchelik just got to believe now. He's set for a semi. Yeah, you've got to say, as Jason Doyle worked hard to get to the corner in front, but Smasik knew exactly what he had got to do. He hadn't made quite a good enough... He's hit it. Look at Marcin Bacchelik. Charging around the outside. Smasik slip to the front. He's there. Here comes Bartol Smasik. Ask the slam, the brakes on there. And we'll watch that once again. Yeah, so Max Frick hits the front. Looks like he's done all the hard work there, but Marcin Bacchelik just... Straight, with him momentarily in the second place, running wide. Smasik cutting the corner off. Fantastic speedway. Smasik was completely out of shape in the bottom corner. No, well, it looked a little unsightly. Fine line. Yeah, fine margins, but he made it work. And for Wuffin, they just got a little bit...


Because you just you have a leader of the party instead of an emperor, you have these layers of influence and different provinces is very similar to the pattern that ancient China had for literally thousands of years. And they have a way of thinking they have a cultural way of thinking just as we in America have an automatic assumption that certain things are supposed to be a certain way. Everybody wants to have a democracy, don't they? Well, guess what? No, everybody doesn't. Everybody would like to have more say in what happens in their lives, but everybody also wants order and everyone wants things to go smoothly. And in different cultures, they have a historical background that leads them to believe that order and the welfare of society comes from different states of being. Democracy, especially American democracy, is not as democratic as people think. We otherwise, we would not have a electoral college and the majority vote, which is what everyone thinks is supposed to win, would have counted in which case we wouldn't have had Mr. Trump in the White House. And this has happened before. There aren't many really democratic countries in democracy. But China has always wanted to be a world player, but it does. It's manipulating on the low down on the underside and it uses financial influence whenever possible over military influence. But it has the military to back it up and that makes it being very smart. Also, I'm sorry to say it, but China's leaders don't just get to be leaders because their family is rich.  I don't think there is leadership in most major countries except the United States right now where the people who are running the country are a shockingly ignorant of actually what the process of government is in their own country. We've seen it in some other places, Iran, Iraq, sometimes Turkey, absolutely, where dictatorships rule because they don't care or because they have amassed the kind of physical power necessary to enforce what they're doing. This happens also in South America from time to time. But I've never seen it, never seen us come this close in the United States as I have with this recent election. And that's why I think the people that are protesting are very important. And the votes that are coming up in this spy election year are going to be vital because without young people who will be turning 18, I hope to Jesus that they register to vote. And I hope people who were resting at home thinking it didn't matter will get out and vote because if, I'm not saying the Democrats are terrific. Not at all. I believe the Democrats lost this election. I don't think that Trump won, but that's a different story. But if we don't get out and vote, if we don't take the Congress back at the very least, we will have no power because you cannot have the executive branch and the legislative branch and the judicial branch all in the same party line. That is against what the Constitution designed the system to do. And so we've got to take back at least our Congress, our House and Senate in the hopes of returning ourselves to balance for the next two years so we can maybe vote for someone else. And I only hope the Democrats have someone to put out there who is worthy and who will really take up the banner and will try to win back for us the many freedoms and equities that have been taken away in this administration. Aside from hope, are you worried? Are you worried like I am? I am. Well, here's the balance. I have been worried for a long time. The recent actions by young people against gun violence have inspired me. Sometimes in order to get people to wake up, things have to get very, very bad.  So sometimes you look at a situation and say, well, maybe we had to get really worried. And that is something that the Trump administration has done. It's frightened a lot of people. Well, when people get frightened, they suddenly realize that they have to do something. You and I are of a generation that protested the Vietnam War, that maybe we're involved in the civil rights movement. We were quite young then maybe, but yeah. We know what it means to go out on a street and march, maybe to get gassed and put down, maybe to face the danger of police. We are of the generation that knew about the Kent State massacres and why they were called massacres. That's a courage. That's a commitment to an ideal. And you have to get really scared if you're going to get to a place where you say, my life is worthless if I do not stand up for the things I believe in. And I do not believe that the white supremacists or the right-wing extremists who are taking over the Republican Party have that kind of faith. They're greedy, they're short-sighted, they have their own view of history, and they are clinging to it passionately even though it has no logic and no substance to support it. But if that's what it takes to get people out to actually vote, statistics show that when you have a large voter turnout, the Democrats always win. That's why the Republican Party is sacrificing every ethic and every moral and every value it has to continue to maintain this presidency. And they do it for a very simple reason, and that's because they know they cannot win legitimately. That's why, also, they're not going out after the Russians. Now, Trump may have a tape on him, but the U.S. Congress doesn't. The Republicans should be all over this. My parents were blacklisted during the 50s because they were supposed to be communists, even though all they were fighting for was things like civil rights and stuff. Well, and they never wanted to take down the United States.  They wanted a change, they wanted to make it better. That's what working people were about. But right now, what's happening is a move, a definite move to turn America into essentially a fascist state. I do believe that. I believe they don't even know what fascism is, but that's what they're doing. And I think the Republican Party is destroying itself with its own greed and self-possession. You can't push people past a certain point. And if you want a revolution in this country, if you want all those guns really turned on you in Washington, keep going in this direction because sooner or later, even the loving liberal left-wingers are going to discover that the only way they can survive maybe is to take it over. And the Constitution says, you know, if your government does not serve you, you have a right to change it. That's in there. So if I were Republicans in the gun lobby, I would watch out because all they're looking at now is that most people who come from this place of law and order in the terms of the government are not the kind of people who pick up a gun and shoot. I mean, you had one guy, right? One guy who shot that senator or whatever. One guy.  Right-wing extremists, excuse me. Too many of them have been allowed into the Republican Party. Too many of them have too much power. And too many good Republicans are now looking at the situation saying, I'm quitting. I would like to see them get together and form a third party. And take down, either take back their Republican Party or turn it into yet a new party, a new party that's going to represent the values they do. I agree with them 90% of the time even so, but they have a legitimate point of view. And they have never been traitors to the United States of America. And as far as I'm concerned, I don't know why we can't sue Donald Trump and several other of his advisors for having violated their oaths of office because I know what those oaths say. And as far as I can see, they have not fulfilled them. Protect the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic. It's a little hard if your domestic enemy is in the White House. There was a suit filed recently, I have to look it up more, against Trump and some of his entourage for what happened in Russia with Russia. The Democratic Party has taken Donald Trump and the entire White House basically, taking them to court. They're suing them for having committed criminal acts which directly affected the ability of the Democratic Party to function. That's interesting because it's a civil suit. So that has a different set of criteria than the kind of legal situation, but it's using similar evidence. And this reminds me of O.J. Simpson's situation where he was freed from the legal question of whether or not he killed his wife, but he was found guilty in a civil suit and what he was, you know, they find him a bunch of money. I'm not sure what the results are of a civil suit in this case, but I think they knew they had to do something. My understanding, I read about it today, was that there was a two-year statute of limitations on the Democratic Party's ability to take this to court, and so they had to act now. And they were assembling information, but a lot has been assembled already, and I think with the recent raids, that gave them the clue that we can start initiating this procedure. Well, we're on a subject. What would happen if Trump actually fired Mueller? Honestly, I don't know. I would think that enough of the even the most conservative Republicans, the most reactionary Republicans, would say you went over the line. But Trump cannot fire Mueller. I mean, they say this on TV all the time, but it doesn't matter because reporters keep saying the same words. Trump tells Rosenstein that he wants Mueller fired, then Rosenstein has to do it. So Trump, you watch for Trump to fire Rosenstein because he has to fire the gentleman from the Justice Department who is in charge of Mueller before anyone will fire Mueller.


To convert between units, remember you can multiply by 1 without changing a value. 1 is a fraction where numerator and denominator are equal, and units act like algebraic variables. Let's convert 18 feet into meters, and we'll use the fact that 1 mile is 5,280 feet, and 1,000 meters is 0.625 miles. So we have 18 feet, and we want to have 18 feet, and we can maintain equality by multiplying by 1. Now, since 1 mile is 5,200 80 feet, then 1 is any amount divided by itself. So 5,200 80 feet is the same as 1 mile. So one form of 1 is 5,280 feet divided by 1 mile, or we could also use the reciprocal. And here's the important thing. We choose the form of 1 we can use to eliminate feet. So that means we want feet in the denominator, so we can then remove a common factor. Now, we'll worry about the computation later. The first thing to note here is the feet can be removed as a common factor, and so now our units are miles, which is not what we want. So we look to our other conversion factor, and we know that 1,000 meters is 0.625 miles. So again, 1 is any quantity divided by it's equal. So 1,000 meters and 0.625 miles are the same. So 1 is or again, we can use the reciprocal. And again, we want to choose the form of 1 that we can use that eliminates miles. And so that would be the form where miles is in the denominator. So we'll remove our common factors, and we see that the units left are meters, which is what we want. To compute the value, let's ignore the units for a moment and treat this as a purely numerical problem. In that case, we'd multiply the numerators and the constant, multiply the denominators, and evaluate the fraction. Now put things back where we found them. We did have units. And our final answer will be in meters. Nothing important changes if we have a derived unit like area. So we want to convert into square meters 0.035 square kilometers. So we have 0.035 square kilometers, and we still want to have 0.035 square kilometers. We have 1,000 meters equal to 1 kilometer, so we can multiply it by either 1,000 meters divided by 1 kilometer or 1 kilometer divided by 1,000 meters. Since we want to get rid of the kilometers, we'll choose the form that has kilometers in the denominator. And so we multiply. We'll ignore the units momentarily to get the numerical value 35. But what about the units? Units act like algebraic variables. So the kilometer in the denominator can remove one factor of the kilometer in the numerator that does leave one factor of kilometers. And we've introduced another unit of meters. So this numerical value 35 has units of kilometer meters. Well, that's not quite what we want, but we can get rid of that other factor of kilometers by, again, multiplying by 1, which is to say 1,000 meters divided by 1 kilometer. We compute and our units will be meters squared, which is what we want. Or let's convert 12 feet per hour into a speed in inches per minute. So 12 feet per hour is the same as 12 feet per hour, and we know that 12 inches equals 1 foot. So 1 is 12 inches divided by 1 foot or 1 foot divided by 12 inches. Since we want to eliminate feet, we'll choose the form that eliminates a factor of feet, which will be. And we also want to eliminate hours. So we know that one hour is 60 minutes, which gives us a couple of forms of one. And again, this time we'll want to choose the factor that eliminates the hour, which is in the denominator. We'll ignore the units for a moment to compute our numerical value and then simplify our units to get the units of our answer, which are what we want them to be.


Hello, I'm Ojitang. Today I'd like to demonstrate how to revitalize a mask. You need an electric rice cooker, worn surgical masks, and a cloth. Open the cooker and place the mask flat in the elevated inner pot. Do not add water. Close the lid. Turn on the cooker. Wait for 8 minutes. Open the lid and let the pot cool. Voila! The mask is revitalized. Taiwan can help.


After the cessation of a woman's menstrual flow, which is referred to as menopause, different women across the world go through this phase of life in different ways. In this special report, our Health Correspondent, Ngozika Ohachisi, takes a look at some of the symptoms experienced during this period and how some women are coping with menopause. Menopause is a natural biological process that ends a woman's menstrual cycle. It is diagnosed after a woman has gone 12 months without her menstrual period. The average age a woman gets into menopause is from 51 and above worldwide. However, about 1% of women go into premature menopause before age 40. And in some rare cases, some women go into that stage at 30. Medical experts usually advise that such a woman should seek medical care immediately. There are physical symptoms menopausal women experience, such as hot flashes, reduced libido, vaginal dryness, hair dryness, anxiety, depression, and sometimes the disruption of sleep. Just as different women experience menopause and its symptoms in different ways, Liliana Dumuzu tells us she got into menopause stage at 47. This got her worried. Menopause is something we may look up to at a certain age, like you rightly said. I think in my own case, I entered my menopause at the age of 47. 47, yeah, I entered menopause at the age of 47. And somehow I didn't know it was the menopause of 18. I just saw that certain changes just came into my lifestyle. I started sweating. I started feeling some kind of pains. And I keep on wondering what was happening though. I have BP. I'm a BP patient then and I thought maybe it was because of the BP of it and that is the high blood pressure, each BP. I went to my doctor and I said, this is what I'm noticing. I started having this hot flash and he said, well, it might be menopause. I said, menopause, but I still look at having kids. Since he loved, I said, if you want to have kids with your condition, you have BP. And he said, it's not advisable. When you just take it, it has come, it has come. But before then, I could remember that at a point in time, I think my period ceased for like three months, then it appeared again. So the thing now got me scared like, what is really happening to me? I don't understand. I saw it. I started menstruating again. And after like six, three, four months again, or six months there about, it stopped. I was worried about the whole thing, but at the time I told myself, why would I be giving myself stress if God has written it this way? Because I believe in God so much, whatever God has written, I believe is it's handwriting and it has come to stay. So you don't force yourself into things that are not, you cannot change rather. You don't force yourself into things you cannot change. So at that point in time, I went to my doctor. He asked me to do some tests and I did some tests. That was just it. I just noticed my period was often on like that. And there was nothing I could do to it. Though he now gave me some drugs. Yes, I was giving some drugs. And at the end I just told myself, I don't need to force myself in any situation of admitting myself. So at that point in time, I just took to faith. Only to peace has a different experience. She discovered her menstrual cessation at age 58. She said she wasn't worried as she was aware she was due for menopause. About six years ago, I was 58 then. And well, I do not have any problem or issue concerning it. I was, my life was just normal. I did not notice anything except that the flow stopped. And I did not go to any hospital to check because I know that I was, I was due for it. So when it stopped, I was not worried in order to start to go to see a doctor for anything I did not. Perception of menopause in Africa varies by culture. For women with multiple births, menopause is likely to be welcomed as an end to childbearing. Liliana Dumosuo had postmenosal bleeding. She says ignorance is a major factor in Africa. The way I was generation reason now, a lot of things have changed. Just like I told you the other time that I had to take to my faith. When I saw things were not, but thank God my doctor was able to tell me then what was happening with me. And when I saw I couldn't do anything to it, there's nothing I could do to it. So I don't need to kill myself. So where they call it witchcraft or whatsoever, it is not it. It is not it. It comes at a particular age. Some might be lucky they will see their menopause at the age of 50 something. Some might be lucky even 60. By 60 some are still menstruating. So it depends on individual. It depends on how your circle runs. Dr. Joy Agbara is a consultant obstetrician and gynecologist with the Lagos State University in Hospital Lasot. She explains the reason some women experience early menopause. You have some women that started the very menopause earlier from 40. If we begin to see that before 40 years, we say that is premature ovarian insufficiency or failure, you understand. But after the age of 40 years, you know can happen. Of course, you may have people going into menopause earlier, not because it was time. Maybe because they had surgery. So we say iatrogenic. A woman who for any reason, maybe she had complex ovarian cysts. She had an endometrioma for which you have to move and goes into menopause earlier than it should be. A woman who is undergoing cancer therapy, you know, maybe radiation for any of the cancers, you know, that you expose the ovaries may go into iatrogenic ovarian failure, you understand. So those ones, you see them earlier. Medically, menopause has no cure, but it can be managed. In her first education, the woman needs to be aware that it's not an abnormality. It's just a continuum of she has moved from one phase of her life into another phase of her life. If she is psychologically prepared, it's one of the ways that you can manage. And so we encourage them, you know, to join groups of women that within that age, they can share experiences and all that. And then non-pharmacologic management, because of the heat you want to encourage the woman, you know, to wear more lighter clothes. Some of them get fans, you know, encourage them not to live sedentary life, the lifestyle they should move around, exercises at that age, you know, those are non-pharmacologic ways of dealing with it. Experts say that menopause is not an abnormality, but a natural phase every woman will go through. Therefore, it's not something to be ashamed or depressed about. They urge menopausal women to always open up and share their experiences or symptoms with their doctors to get help when needed. Oh, we are now joined by Dr. Adiola Falashadia-Falabi, consultant, obstetrician, and gynecologist, Federal Medical Center, Kefi Nassarau State. Good evening. That was a beautiful report by a reporter, Angozika HSC, very detailed, right? You can say that again. All right, so maybe we'll shoot. Yes, let's start with something that I think probably wasn't covered, and that is different stages of menopause. Let's start with that. All right, so talking about menopause simply puts its situation of menstruation for a period of 12 months. Now, it occurs in stages. We have the perimenopausal stage, we have the menopause itself, and we have the postmenopausal stage. Okay, the perimenopausal stage covers the first 12 months when there is cessation of menses. And the menopause starts at that 12 months, and then postmenopause is after the cessation. Though it is difficult to differentiate between when exactly it is menopause and after menopause. Now, the symptoms that you are supposed to experience after menopause, you start to experience some of them before menopause, before the cessation. Now, this cessation is a way of the ovaries, saying bye-bye, I've stopped working. And these ovaries, they are glans located in the female privies. And what they do, they are the major source of the female ovaries. So when they stop working, that is when we make diagnosis of menopause. But before they start, before they stop working, they give you some symptoms to say, I'm stopping, I'm getting old, I don't want to work again. This is what happens. Unlike what obtains in men, in females, all the hegs in our body, unlike men that simply see men all the time, all the hegs in our body, they are what we have gotten from our mother's womb. And then we start to use them up, use them up. By the time they are reduced, maybe like less than 1,000. That is when the ovaries will say, no, bye-bye, I'm old, I don't want to work again. And then when they are saying bye-bye, the way they start to say, these are the symptoms you begin to see, the menses becomes irregular. Remember when menses wants to start, that is at puberty. It starts irregularly. So likewise, when it's about to leave, it becomes irregular. In some people, it's more frequent, in some people, it's lower. In some people, the flow will reduce, while in some, it might become more. That is menorrhagia. Apart from that, the woman might begin to experience some form of vaginal dryness and discomfort. And this one can affect their sexual performances. Because the desire is lower, the drive is lower. But these are symptoms of, this thing can be managed. Because I need to stress it, that is not a disease. It's a normal phenomenon, it's a physiological change. It's a transition from one form of life to another form of life. And another thing that such a person can begin to experience is wrinkled skin. And then there's something we call outflushes. That is sudden experience of itch in the upper part of the body. The trunk, the neck and the face. And then it disappears. So when you start to feel how these symptoms, but you are still menstruating, that's perimenopausal. But after 12 months of no menses, you make diagnosis of menopause. And then afterwards, when the menses are stopped, these symptoms persist for a while.  And then some people will start to urinate more frequently. This is because the hormone called estrogen is now reduced in the body. The body is no longer secreting it as it was before. That is what is causing all these changes. And I must also add that there are mental affectations of these changes, of this period of life too, in which the woman will have mood swings. Some will become depressed, some will become anxious. So you need to really be conscious of what's happening to you. You need to know that it's a physiological change and the way you approach it will affect the quality of life. That is talking about the stages. Those are the three stages. Like you said, it's not a disease.  But how best can it be managed? Are there medical treatments? Are they, even though it's not a disease, is there a medical way of enhancing some sort of supplement? Yes, we have the ways of managing it. But the first and foremost thing to do is just education first.  You know, it's something that you are expecting. Just like when menses comes, some people are knowledgeable about it. They've been trained by their parents and they are expecting it. The way they receive it is different from somebody that just saw blood all of a sudden. So likewise, if we are well educated about it, I like what plus TV Africa is doing now. That's the public enlightenment. It's going to help a lot of people. So kudos to this channel. Now, when we are away, it helps a lot because when they still come to the hospital, before we go to medical aspect, we need to first talk about education. All we do is see to educate them very well. And apart from that, we have other things that should be done. That is non-pharmacological without using drugs now. We need to train them on certain things, like clothing, light clothing. Somebody has mentioned it. And then the practice of deep relaxation, deep breathing and relaxation exercise. Then we need to talk to them about their health, their diet rather. Their diet, especially having a lot of food, vegetable and whole grains. Then they need to limit alcohol. They need to seek counseling for mood changes.  Then they need to do what we call kajemoso exercise. I told you some people will start to urinate frequently because with the lack of this omen, the muscles controlling urination, some of them becomes weak. So there's this kajemoso exercise who will teach them what to do. Before we go to talking about medication, what we do in the medication is the omen that has gone down, we try to hard back the omen. There are certain things and also because there's loss of bone density, we try to give them a hard back omen. The omen that has gone down, we try to replace it. There are various ways of replacing it, which is not what I would say online now until when they come to us. So we try to replace back the omen. But as we are replacing back the omen, there are other things that we need to do because as we are using the omen, there are some other side effects of the omen. So they should be well aware that there are things that can be given. We have medications that can be given to relieve some of these symptoms that have earlier highlighted. Well, work life, that's a woman's career could possibly be affected somehow with all the changes she's experienced and certain changes and all of that. Is there any kind of policy that you think should be put in place? You know, bearing in mind that the women need to work and then they're going through all of this. Thank you for that question. Now, let me just say that there are policies that should be in place but it's not limited to emails alone. Let me just quickly talk, let me remind, let us know that there's what we call Andropos too. That is men. Okay, we'll chip that in, but let's answer this, yes. There's Andropos, there's Menopos. So as we are educating, first and foremost, as we are educating our women, we need to educate our men too. So that they will be aware that they are women who go through this. Maybe their mother, their sisters are not alike who go through this. So all policy makers too, they need to be aware of this and because the age of retirement is 60, but this happens around 51 years old. So we need to bear this in mind and put it into our policies. Perhaps some people might need to excuse themselves when they feel they are not coping well or the initial phase. So they need to put all this into cognizance when they are making the policy. I quite agree that a policy should be in place to help our women.  But by doing this, as we are educating people, educating both men and women, then they will need to know that this thing, but it's not a thing. It's just the first few years that's really affectable. By the time we adjust, the symptoms will not be as much as they were when it first happened. So the first few years, some women might not be so regular at work and so we need to factor this into it and give them an excuse when necessary. So you need to take that over, I think. With, yes, so that, because the men may not know, the policy makers may not know and so people like you who know should probably push this forward. Well, because of time, we won't be able to talk about that of the men which you talked about. But I'm sure that what you've said, a lot of women listening right now, because before now, just like you rightly noted, before plus TV, we really don't hear much about menopause anywhere. It's like some silent thing that women just run into in the course of their lives. So many women don't seem to know they just don't give it much thought, but then it just creeps up on them and then they realize I'm changing and they're sometimes lost. How do you respond to that? A lot of women are not aware, they're not prepared for it. That is why I gave kudos to plus TV Africa. We really need to item the public enlightenment in this regard. Both women, not just women alone, both women and men. We need to make everybody become aware of these changes that must come to this. It's a normal thing. Just the way we started men's, it will definitely end one day. So we need to let our men and our women become aware of it. I think so gone too might take it off. That's the society of obstetrician and gynecologist in Nigeria. They might also take it off so that we're enlightening people. But there's something I want to mention before we wrap it up is different from what you have asked me. Public enlightenment, I agree. But as we are enlightening them, we need to add that during this period, especially perimenopausally, the menstruation is irregular. But our women need to be aware that they can still get pregnant during this period. So as we are enlightening our men, women about this, we need to enlighten our men too and let them know.   So all of these vagina dryness, thinning of the vagina wall and all the life that we are expecting can get treated by this one. And there are ways that we can manage the reduced libido, the thinning and all the pain and all the other things that they are having. There are ways that it can be managed just that when they are going through this, they should not go through it alone. They should make noise about it. Like I appreciate Madame Lilian and Madame Oluchi for coming out publicly to talk about themselves. So if our women will relate with each other in this kind of way, it will help other people coming so that when they get to this stage, they will know that they are not alone and they will be able to cope better. These are the way it is done in Western worlds. Thank you. Thank you so much, Dr. Adiola Falashadia-Falabi, consultant obstetrician and gynecologist, Federal Medical Center, Kefi Nassaroa State. Thank you so much for your time. Thank you. Hello. Hope you enjoyed the news please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session, we will discuss polynomial identities and find the squares of sum and difference using them and here we will prove following identities. First identity is x plus y whole square is equal to x square plus 2x y plus y square and second identity is x minus y whole square is equal to x square minus 2x y plus y square then third identity is x square minus y square is equal to x plus y the whole into x minus y the whole and the full identity is the plus y square whole square is equal to x square minus y square whole square plus 2x y whole square and in this session we will discuss these polynomial identities. Now let us discuss squares of sum and difference. Now in our earlier session we have learnt how to multiply two polynomials and here we see that products of some pairs of polynomials that is polynomials having two terms follow a specific pattern. One such pattern is square of the sum that is x plus y whole square which can be written as x plus y the whole into x plus y the whole. Now we can see the pattern from the following diagram here we have taken a square that is this bigger square whose side is at length x plus y now let us name it as a v c d so area of square a b c d is equal to which is equal to x plus y whole square in the diagram we can see that area of square a b c d is composed of a square of side x that is this blue portion then two rectangles of sides x and y that is this pink portion and y portion and a square of side y that is this yellow portion so area of the square with side x is x square then area of the rectangle with sides x and y is x y similarly area of the rectangle is again x y and area of the square with sides y square these figures in square a b c d then we will write the square a b c d so on adding the areas of all these figures this will be equal to x square plus x y plus x y plus y square which is equal to x plus x y will be 2 x y plus y square per a b c d that is x plus y whole square is equal to some of the areas of m v square a b c d which is equal to x square plus 2 x y y square plus 2 x y now let us solve it as we are becoming let us open the product by multiplying the two binomials here multiplying each term of first binomial we have plus y by whole plus y into x plus y by whole and this is equal to plus y x plus y square which is equal to plus now multiplication is commutative so y x can be written as y square the right terms we have y plus x y will be so this will be x square plus 2 x y plus y square thus square of the sum that is equal to x plus y whole square is equal to 2 x y plus y square now if we replace y by minus y in this above identity of square then v x plus of minus y whole square is equal to x square plus 2 of minus y whole square minus y will be x minus y whole square is equal to identity difference now let us discuss an example f plus 5 v so here I will use this identity that is x plus y whole square is equal to x square plus 2 x y plus y square take the first term that is 3 a square and the second term that is 5 v as y we will apply this identity 5 v whole square will be equal to that is 3 a square whole square plus into x that is 3 a square into y that is 5 v plus y square that is 5 v whole square now whole square will be equal to 9 into a is to that is a is to power 4 the first term is 9 into a is to power 4 now 2 into 3 into 5 is 13 into v will be a v whole square will be the sum will be equal to of these two terms will be equal to whole into x minus y the whole now here we can use a diagram to find the pattern now here let us consider a square go to side square that is x square now from this square we have to cut another square of this square that is this smaller square is equal to side square that is y square the area we subtract the area of the remaining portion will be equal to area of the square with side x with side y so area of the remaining portion will be x square minus now here we can see that this remaining area has 2 rectangles minus y and the second rectangle with sides x minus y minus y the whole the smaller rectangle will be a into x minus y the whole the required left area is area of the remaining portion will be equal to of the areas of these two rectangles that is equal to x into x minus y the whole plus y into x minus y the whole which is equal to now here we can see x minus y the whole is a common factor so taking it common we have x minus y the whole in the area minus y square minus y the whole into x plus y the whole and this is the required identity now let us solve it algebraically we will multiply each term of the first polynomial with the second polynomial so this will be equal to x into x minus y the whole plus y into x minus y the whole which is equal to now x into x is x square then x into minus y is minus x y into x is yx and as product is commutative so yx can be written as xy then y of minus y is minus y square now combining the like terms these terms will be cancelled with each other and this is equal to x square minus y square thus we have x square minus y square is equal to x plus y the whole into x minus y the whole now let us discuss an example here we have to solve this 11 the whole into 3a plus 11 the whole it is the product of sum and difference of two same terms so here we will apply this identity now here let us take 3a plus sy and here we have the whole into x plus y the whole so applying this identity this will be equal to 3a whole square minus y square that is 11 and this is equal to now 3a whole square is equal to 9a square minus 11 square is 121 and this is the required answer identities in factorizing now suppose we have a polynomial x square minus 8 to 1 and we have to factorize it so we can write it as x square minus square minus y square is equal to x minus y the whole into x plus y the whole minus 9 the whole into x plus 9 the whole so here we have factorized the given polynomial just derive this result now here let us start with the left hand side x square plus y square whole square we use this identity that is the identity so this will be equal to x square whole square into x square into y square whole square now this is equal to now whole square is equal to x raise to power 2 into 2 that is x raise to power 4 plus square y square plus now y square whole square is y raise to power 4 now let us start with the right hand side now here for opening the brackets that is for solving x square minus y square whole square that is the identity of square of difference in this identity x square minus y square whole square will be x square whole square minus 2 y square plus y square whole square plus now 2 x square whole square is equal to 4 x square y square now this is equal to x raise to power 4 now combining the left hand plus 4 x square y square will be plus 2 whole square is y raise to power 4 thus left hand side is equal to right hand side is equal to x square minus y square whole square plus 2 is equal to x plus y whole square minus 4 x y now replacing y by minus y in this identity we have minus y whole square is equal to x plus of minus y minus 4 into x into minus y and this implies x plus y whole square is equal to x minus y whole square we have discussed polynomial identities and this completes the session hope you all have enjoyed the session


Hola community! I was playing with this file. I was practicing some lighting in this scene. It's called the Attic by NVIDIA. It's so warm and cozy. There's even a teddy bear over here. You can play with this file if you want too. It's part of their USD samples library on the NVIDIA website. If you just google for NVIDIA USD files, the first link should take you to this page. At the very bottom you're going to find there's also another file called Marvel Sample. The Attic which is the one I was playing with and even one from Pixar. It's a kitchen set. Importing USD files into Blender is nothing new. It's been around for a while. However, even though you could bring files into Blender, you couldn't get them out of Blender as USD until last week. Now the circle is complete. You can bring files in USD files in and out which is great for some pipelines and great for, wait for it, interoperability. Yes, I cannot say that word. But it's great for that, for Blender to play nice with other software. The project, the USD project has been around for a while. It's been a team effort of the Blender studio of NVIDIA, mainly Michael Kowalski. Thank you for working on this, making the full circle possible. It's an ongoing project though, but already you can export files and let's try. This file was a USD file so this is nothing new. I was just playing with it. However, let's see how it works with older files. I have one from an open movie project that we worked a some time ago that you can see is from five years ago, 2016. So let's see how it plays. It shouldn't be too difficult. This is a scene where the character gets plunked. There are some particles going on. There are two characters so that's why I picked this scene in particular. But let's see how it works. If I go to File, Export, Universal Scene Description, you're going to find some options over here. There is animation which is the one I want. There is also user settings as the render or the viewport. In this case, I'm going to use viewport for time's sake. If you use render, it's going to make it heavier and also it's going to take longer and yeah, it's not what I want for a demo. You can also use Instancing which is experimental, but it's going to make your file lighter because unless heavy because it's going to use instances instead of making every object real, which is what happens now. So okay, let's click on Export. You can see how fast it goes. It's super fast and it should be done already. Let's see if it actually works as advertised. I'm going to start a new file. I'm going to remove these objects that I don't need. Let's go to File, Import, USD. Let's find the one I just exported over here, Lighting. So there's a few settings that you can tweak over here. This is nothing new. The Create Collection, I like to do it and subdivision while we're at it or not. Let's see. Import, USD and voila, it's here. Well, the entire scene is here. So you can see more or less how the project was built. For this file, I did the lighting. So I remember that five years ago, I created this wall for blocking the lights. There's also these blockers over here. So yeah, everything came with it. Also, the frame range is set. So I can actually just go through it and I can see the action happening here. So you can see the relationship lines. They are all coming from one object. So they're all patented to that one object. So you can move it in more easily. But I'm going to disable that for now. And let's see from the camera view how it plays. It's 24 FPS. Everything seems to have come properly. There's even the little particles. That's so cool. The objects, if you investigate a little bit, you're going to find they have the mesh sequence cache modifier, just like any other import. So this is awesome. So great things ahead for Blender to fit in Pipeline. Since do the pipeline for your own work for anything. I hope you like it. Let me know. Let us know what you think about this project and stay tuned. Bye.


At this time, it is my pleasure to turn it over to your host, Martha Curilidu, ma'am. The floor is yours. Thank you. Thank you very much. I'm Martha Curilidu, and it is my pleasure to welcome you to the last of our six webcasts on the LibValue IMLS grant. Today's webcast is on the Digitize Special Collections, and I do want to thank you for joining us and cover with you a couple of logistical things. Everyone will be muted to cut down on background noise. We do welcome questions. Please type your questions. There's a Q&A button there, and we stand ready to answer all of them and questions and answers that we do not answer. As well as those we address during the webcast, we'll be distributed to attendees after the webcast along with the recording that will be available on the ARL YouTube channel. I would like to take a minute to introduce the colleagues that are with me here today and that will be featured in today's webcast. We have the pleasure of having with us today Gail Baker, Professor and Electronic Resources Coordinator at the University of Tennessee Libraries and Ken Wise, Associate Professor at the University of Tennessee Libraries. Actually, Ken will speak first and then Gail. What we are going to try to cover today is the following goals. We want to identify how we can articulate and measure the value of digitized special collections. We want to demonstrate how contingent valuation can be used for this purpose and also identify how Google Analytics can supplement value studies for digitized special collections. We did mention that this is the last IMLS grant. And a word about the grant. It is an effort by Carol Tenopier at the University of Tennessee and Paula Kaufman at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. They have pulled together an amazing team of research. A project involves multiple institutions using multiple methods to measure multiple types of values for different stakeholders. And our partners include researchers from the University of Syracuse. We've included in this work some of the GISC Tenopier is working with and none of this would have been possible without the support of IMLS. Now, while the library operates, we also realize that there are at least three key distinct in the library's role in serving the University. One related to teaching and learning, one related to research, and a third one related to social and professional. As the project, we have engaged people of these three elements. Developing tools, the community. We have branded the stats called Gateway as a platform where we collect a lot of data. We have a data collection that's going back more than a century, even before ARL got established. The ARL statistics, this is the annual descriptive statistics. And they started back in 1908 when Gerald was a university librarian at the University of Minnesota. And these statistics served a valuable purpose for a good part of the previous importance is being displaced. And over the last, they're engaged in exploring different protocols. And some of these protocols actually have become sustained operations that libraries use extensively. LiveQual, a tool for measuring library service quality, for example, has been used by more than 1,300 libraries nowadays on a global basis. A climate call and internal staffing service by many libraries to identify the organizational culture. And we have two protocols, the DigiQual protocol was a research project by the National Science Foundation to explore aspects of electronic of digital library service quality. And the Minds for Libraries protocol, which is operational currently and we are engaging with a number of libraries implementing it, focuses on measuring the impact of networked electronic services. And both DigiQual and Minds relate to some respect to the digitized special collections because both of those protocols are developed for the digital environment. Many libraries in the field and many colleagues have articulated of the increasing importance of special collections. I want to highlight here, recently came out as the inaugural piece of a NIFECA SNR briefing series. It is written by Rick Anderson at the University of Utah and it's entitled, the title of it is, Can't Buy a Slap, the Declining Importance of Library Books and the Rising Importance of Special Collections. Now in there, it's that the distinction that will shape our future is the distinction between commodity documents and non-commodity documents. Commodity documents are the everyday books that everybody can buy from the bookstores from Amazon. Commodity documents will bear heavily on the utility and health of an academic research library. And acquiring and digitizing and making discoverable special collections enriches the scholarly environment. A lot of what Rick highlights in this interesting briefing piece has also been articulated through the ARL profiles that we collected a few years ago and we analyzed. And right here you see on this slide the cover page of the report, ARL Profiles Research Fibers 2010. In there, the narratives each library provided to us showed that in the current century they do serve the public good. They have a global role. They do work on setting standards and exploring best practices and they have a key role in establishing non-visibility. Now through those narratives, we did do a further analysis primarily on the digital developments. Libraries highlighted in those narratives and we presented that at a conference a couple of years ago. And the three elements that were identified in those narratives was the acquisition of digital content, the development of digital services, but as you can see there, the top circle there is about the digitizing. Now in those narratives we have seen that the focus on digitizing special collections is on the distinctive materials and the signature collections. And libraries mention a variety of media, photographs, newspapers, film, audio, manuscripts, postcards, multimedia. And there are digitization models that vary from the large-scale digitization that has resulted in things like the happy-teller efforts like curated online exhibits. Now we also, while libraries are digitizing special collections outlined here, they support undergraduate learning, which is something, I think a few years it wasn't something, is to provide remote access to collections, to further the library's mission, to enable long-term preservation, to respond to user preferences, increase the discovery and use of these resources, and of course attract new donations. We go into the piece of the presentation. We do want to, and I'm going to go here and in your screen. And while you see it in your screen and you vote on it, I'm going to read the value you think is created by your digitized special collections. And these of course are not mutually exclusive, but please try to choose one that you think is the most important. So these can and can identify in this poll question. The number one is the user value, the value to the user in terms of time and money spent. Number two is the element of prestige, from high visibility digital special collections. Number three, value that accrues to the development effort of the institution. Number four, environmental value, value of the environmental savings from limited physical access to unique and fragile material. And number five is the value to school from the role of special collections in attracting, for example, graduate students and retaining faculty, of course. And number six of digital collection in attracting additional. I want to see whether you are voting. Yes, you are voting in some of these, so I can show you the results and I'm pushing here the results that the majority of you, the most important, 40% of you voted as the most important value to the user in terms of time and money spent. Then the second, most frequently voted category was Prista, the third one was scholars. And without further ado, I would like to move us on and ask Ken to join us and talk about some of these. What we're going to talk about today is a method for measuring what we might call the value of the return on investment in online digital collections. I'd like to begin by pointing out that with the rapid pace of digitization, where all but the most obscure items will be universally available to all of us, anywhere, anytime, some observers of the academic scene have suggested that the academic research libraries increasingly become an anachronism, kept alive by nostalgic sentiments and for the prominence of big buildings in the middle of campus. This sense of increasing irrelevant has generated a demand for libraries to show proof of worth. And research by Stephen Town appears to demonstrate that academic libraries measure of its contribution to the academic community has demonstrated that there are only two bottom line measures of worth. One is financial or related measures of value. And the second one is impact on research and ultimately on research reputation and to a somewhat lesser extent on teaching and learning. Now these dimensions reflect two lines which have been developing recently in library assessment. One is the quest for impact and the second for value measures. Now in 2009, as Martin pointed out, consortium of the University of Tennessee, University of Illinois and Syracuse University received a grant from IMLS to demonstrate possible impact and value measures by investigating return on investment in academic libraries. A live ball, as this project is known, entails seven separate research projects assessing the return on investment of various functions within the academic enterprise. Now three years prior to starting the lab file project, John Lombardi, while he was addressing the library assessment conference, raised the following question. If everything is digitized, then perhaps the relevant measure of distinction is whether we in our university library capture, maintain, and contribute digitized copies of unique materials. Now the operative word here is the relevant measure of distinction. As a response to Lombardi's question, one of the key components of the live ball project became that of identifying what John Lombardi called the relevant measure of distinction. In particular, we are attempting to assess the beneficial returns on resources invested in the digitization and online access of special collections and here at the University of Tennessee Libraries. In our project, the basic data for estimating the return on investment valuation was gathered through an economic methodology called contingent valuation. These contingent valuation findings were then collaborated with data that was guarded from Google Analytics. In 2012, Carol Kennedy published an article of beyond usage measuring library outcomes and values. Now in and of itself, the title beyond usage suggests that until recently much of the discussion of the benefits of library collections and services had been restricted to use value. In our search, we were attempting to look beyond use value to a value measure that economists called option value. I'll get into that in just a minute. Use value correctly measured, flip to the next slide if you will. Use value correctly measured indicates the value of collections to patrons who actually make use of their collections and services. Generally, it is a measure of an individual's maximum willingness to pay for access to these collections. However, this measurement alone significantly underestimates the actual value paid for the place on these collections and services, and that's the distinction we're trying to make here. Use measurements ignore the potential, the value to potential users who value the option of accessing library collections in the event that they require access. Such users place a value, which economists call the option price on the right to access these collections in the event that you see needs them. I stated more simply, though a patron may not use a collection for many years, he or she may still place significant value on the right to access these collections. To look at it even in a more simplified manner, many of you may have a toolbox at home when you've got a collection of tools in it, and there are probably some tools in that toolbox that you never use, but you still value those tools in the sense that they're there if and when you need to use them, and it's something similar to that we're getting at. David Hartness and Frank Allen were the first two to demonstrate that significant value resides in reference services. They made a reference department. Even for patrons who may not have used the services, and furthermore, that this value, the option value, is measurable. The idea of option value was initially introduced by an economist named Boaton Weisbord, and he used it in reference to economic amenities that can't be valued through the marketplace. Weisbord points out that the option value concept arises when an individual is uncertain about whether he or she would ever make use of a specific amenity. In the case of a library's collection, a special collection, the patron may be uncertain about when or how often they might access the collection. When this uncertainty exists, the appropriate measure of the total value of special collections is the value of the individual's maximum willingness to pay for access before the uncertainty about use is resolved. This value under uncertainty is called the option price. All right, a use value in the traditional sense measures the maximum willingness to pay for use of the collection by individuals after the uncertainty is resolved. That is, they know they want to use it. Option value of any collection is calculated as the difference between the option price and the use value, a measure that estimates the value to non-uses. That is, people who do not use the collection. The fact that some individuals have a positive option price but never exercise it is totally irrelevant. In other words, even for those who rarely or have ever accessed the digital special collections, the collection may nonetheless be intrinsically valuable to them. Now, it's this option price that is the appropriate measure of the benefit to users whether they are potential or whether they are active. So, how do we measure the option value? There are no markets for the buying and selling of online digital collections in which we can directly determine the value in terms of a fail purchase price. That's usually how we determine value is the arms length transaction between a buyer and a seller. There is no market in special collection. A special collection, like any other library service, may be considered a public or a quasi-private good for which there are collective property rights. For example, the citizens of the United States own Grand Canyon and Yosemite National Park, and thus they have a right to hike and to camp in its wilderness. Unlike pure private goods where the cost of purchase explicitly indicates to monetary benefit of the good to the purchaser, public and quasi-private goods like Grand Canyon and Yosemite are not extinct in the marketplace, and thus the benefit to an individual, consumer, user, or patron is not readily revealed. Similarly, a library-special collection is a quasi-private good in the sense that members of the university community own the right to research a collection, but the property rights cannot be sold. Now, in some circumstances, the value of quasi-private goods not explicitly traded may be directly enfold from market transactions. What I'm trying to get into here now is exactly how the contingent valuation method works. I'll consider, for example, the value individuals place on the privilege of, let's say, living in a safer neighborhood. Since there are no explicit markets in safer neighborhoods, there is no means for directly determining an individual's willingness to pay for living in a safer neighborhood. Nevertheless, willingness to pay can be indirectly enfold by examining the sell prices of all houses and extracting the premium that people are willing to pay for those houses that are in areas with safer neighborhoods versus those in less safe neighborhoods. And looking at the distinction, the difference between the two prices. In many instances, however, it may be difficult to infer willingness to pay values from transactions in explicit markets, even in the case of inferring it. Under these circumstances, we have determined that the contingent valuation method affords a useful means for estimating or determining the needed values. A contingent valuation method incorporates carefully designed surveys to elicit willingness to pay for improvements or to avoid degradation in public or quasi-private goods. Because the theoretically ideal method for managing benefits would be based upon individuals' preferences revealed in those direct-iron market transactions. Contingent value methodology establishes a hypothetical market in which the survey participants act as though they are purchasing goods. They pretend they are purchasing goods under consideration, thus revealing his or her valuation of the goods. What we are getting at here is that contingent valuation method is really a hypothetical market that we set up to see how people will respond when given a choice to buy something they really can't purchase. Without getting into the theoretical justification for contingent valuation methods, let it be sufficient here to say that contingent valuation uses survey questionnaires to discuss the individual's preferences for public goods by finding out what they would be willing to pay in dollars amount for suitable alternatives, that is, contingent situations. Now, the LabVal study that Gail Baker and I completed was done here at the University of Tennessee Libraries and were a state-supported institution in Knoxville, Tennessee. And the University's Hodges Libraries contains the online digital professional collections selected for the evaluation assessment. And we picked four of them. One of them was the William Cox-Cockman photograph collection. And the other one was the Albert Dutzeroff digital photograph collection. We also used the from Pi Beta Phi to Aramot collection and also the Thompson brothers digital photograph collections. And all of these, you can flip one more slide. All of these are part of the University of Tennessee's Great Smoke Mountain Regional Project. And at the bottom there, you can see a link or URL that will take you essentially to all of the digital projects that we have, particularly before I just outlined. Those are the four that we included in the questionnaire or the survey for trying to assess the value. Now, our survey model was modeled after a questionnaire used by Halice and Allen in their study of reference services. We constricted that as a baseline. And looking at the example right here, it's good. You can see that we began the survey with kind of a brief description of the methodology and how we're going to proceed. And then we went into questions concerning the user's familiarity with the specific online collection being measured. Here is the question, and this is just an example. Did you know that the Albert Dutch Roth digital collection is hosted by the University of Tennessee? And we would substitute one of the four, two of the four, whatever was relevant for that particular person into this question so we could have the Droth collection or the Thompson collection or the Pi-Fi collection of those. Once we had asked that question, we proceeded with another set of queries. And one was, first we wanted to ask about the level of satisfaction with the content in these online websites. The level of satisfaction with access and through the frequency of access through the collections. Now jumping back up, thank you, too far ahead. Oh yeah, that's all right, you're in the right place, okay. Jumping ahead a bit here, let me mention that all but two of the survey participants were very satisfied with the content of the collection. The remaining two were satisfied. And with the exception of one dissatisfied responder the response to the quality of online access was fairly even across the very satisfied and satisfied spectrum. The frequency of access range from once a week to twice a year. Now, this information was very helpful but it's all ancillary to the real question. To create the hypothetical market and directly connect responses to willingness to pay we moved to the next page of the questionnaire. And question six where we asked the patients to specify how much they would be willing to pay for online access to the collection if they were not freely available. Question six is the critical point of the survey. This is the question that we were trying to get an answer to. Now in contingent valuation studies some participants initially refused to answer the question or respond if they're maximum willing to pay either zero as a protest response. In this circumstance such respondents were taken to a separate set of questions. Now you can see here if they answered B, C or D it directs them to an X one, a Y one or a Y two to another part of the survey. They were taken to another set of questions and statements in order to persuade them to pay if they had initially refused to answer. Now you can see those individuals who responded with zero or nothing or refused to offer willingness to pay to ask the series of questions to identify the reasons for their responses. Now affirmative response did you say zero or nothing because that is what access to the online question it worked to use it is counted as a willingness of zero. Now in response to the other question did you say zero or nothing because you thought we were asking you to begin paying for access to the collection or did you give this answer because you think the University of Tennessee should be able to provide access or spend too much money on online collection. Pops the interviewer to read a short statement addressing the concerns reexamining the willingness to pay question and as you can see from this page of the questionnaire inviting the respondents to answer the willingness to pay question again. The entire questionnaire is very long and in fact it's too long to show in its entirety here but I hope from the next couple of pages to illustrate the sifting process but with the contingent valuations survey ask patients to make comparisons look at contingencies and ultimately reveal to us their maximum willingness to pay for access to these collections. First if the respondents honestly think that they would be asked to pay for access the questionnaire prompts the survey to X2 which is the screen you see right in front of you. Here the survey explains that the collections are supported by state funding and the state and student tuition but that they are being asked for their willingness to pay worthy access not free in other words it's a hypothetical market. What would you pay if you could not get to it earlier we're not asking to pay for? Similarly if a respondent indicates that they do not know what they're willing to pay the questionnaire prompts the Y1 where as you can see it addresses a set of the most likely objections before being directed elsewhere in the question and so the survey would work through each of the objects and trying to find out where the sticking point is for the participant and work them back into ultimately getting back to something to question 6 or something similar to question 6 their willingness to pay. For any given response a well-constructed contingent valuation survey should continue having the respondent making comparisons making and considering contingencies until arriving at some level of willingness to pay for access to digital collections. As you can understand it's a hypothetical market so we're trying to get these people to compare and contrast and consider contingencies in order to come with some price that they are comfortable with. In the end half of the respondent indicated that users are willing to pay at least $10 per month for access to any of the four online collections identified in the survey. Two respondents valued access to the collection at zero and another refused to cite a figure. Some examples here one responded indicated a willingness to pay as much as $20 per image if they were permitted to copy the images. So to even to request copies of the images. Three respondents indicated they were willing to pay $5 per visit some $25 per year and another $10 to $20 per year. So taking all these figures and all the data and using even the most conservative averaging of the responses users of the four online collections are willing to pay in the neighborhood for access to the collection. Now that sort of gets to the value part. Now we've got to look at the cost. So the estimates of cost of creating and maintaining access to the content of the four online collections referenced in the survey were approximated by measuring the cost of creating a small but similar collection of great smoking mountain photographs known as all Adams photographs collection. It only has 25 images in it. And the 25 images were scanned and correlated with the metadata by student workers in less than two hours and the online access were created by technician in less than one week's works. While these images may be easier to digitize than certain other special collections material the Adams project nevertheless indicates that the cost of optimizing and creating online access is not excessive. Upon release the Paul Adams online collections he flowed through favorably in a blog. This is sort of an accidental thing but it was on a blog on the great Smoky Mountains. And the following day the site registered over 700 hits extrapolating the estimated $5 willingness to pay over the 700 hits over the cost. Now if one assumes the value of an online special collection is limited only to that value turned by actual usage it follows that the total willingness to pay would not be higher for individuals who do not use the collection. The concept of option value however suggests that the willingness to pay value is more meaningful than the actual usage Infrequent or non-frequent or non-users of the online collections know that the access exists and the willingness to pay to ensure that the service is available when the need arises. It can also be surmised that infrequent researchers are likely to be the more unsophisticated users of online access and who need and therefore willingness to pay is greater. Now in our study Gale and I focused our survey on youth value trying to measure actually the non-users but there are other important values of special collection that cannot be measured in the marketplace and thus lend themselves to contingent valuation methodologies. We saw all of these in the poll question. As I pointed out earlier one of the two bottom line measures of work is impact on research or more explicitly research reputation. Reputation or as I call it prestige is in our case might be the question what is the prestige to the institution for high visibility digital special collections. Similarly, there is a measurable value in the worth of a library's special collection to a university's development efforts. What value accrues to the development effort of the institution? Again we complained questions for estimating the value from an environmental perspective to that of attracting scholars to the institution and for building a reputation will help attract each of the collections. In the case of the environment you can see the question might be what is the value to the environmental savings from limited physical access to unique and often fragile materials. For scholars the question might be what value accrues from the role of special collections in attracting graduate students. And from a standpoint of collections the relevant question would be what is the value of digital collections in attracting additional special collections. This latter question invokes what is known as the Matthew effect. It's a sociological victim that predicts how advantages beget further advantage or how the rich get riches or in our case how the prestigious collections become even bigger and more prestigious. If you look back on with these six values that I've listed and remember we're talking in contingent evaluation to measure beyond the user that is trying to measure the non-user. You can see how people who are interested in development who are interested in building collections who are interested in the prestige element may not necessarily be users of the collection. The collection is valued to the development office for example in the sense that they can promote the university and promote the library and raise money even though it's highly unlikely the development office is ever going to use a collection. Similarly people who are going to build collections knowing that they've got a good collection already there a prestigious collection are going to try to go out and acquire more collections but they may not ever be users of the collections there but the current collection has great value to those people. As many of you indicated in your survey, prestige with the number one vote in which of these values is most important. Prestige to a university people who market the prestige and who advertise university like having the collections there for value purposes but again they may not be users. So regardless of which of these values others that are important to the library's operation Gale and I feel that continued valuation represents a promising approach to measuring return on investment over the range of values that do not in the sense that they do not include active users. Now Gale is going to pick up at this point and talk about how we applied this data to Google Analytics and how we went further with that. And just there are a couple of questions if we can get them and can either both you and Gale can respond to these. One coming from the University of Michigan Helen Luke is asking how does your option value allow for people who wish to promote and support the common good? That is the needs of others. How does our collection do it? How the option value is the option value taking into account in any way? That's an interesting question. What the question is trying to do is how could we value the common good and the survey would have to be designed in such a way that you can sort of elicit whatever that how are you going to define the common good and how do you place the value on that? What most likely would have to happen is that the survey would have comparisons in there. For example, you would have to say this is a common good and this is a common good and this is a common good and this is a common good. Which one do you have a greater preference for and get some sense where the hierarchy is and then try to narrow it down? The survey does. It gives people these choices and they start to rank until you find out where the common good ranks within all the other options that they have or all the other contingencies. That's the methodology you would have to use. It would be a tricky one. Yeah. It's a very, very interesting question. Now another one, it may not be as hard but it says I did mention that in the beginning one of the findings we found regarding why libraries make special collections available is the ability to provide remote access to some of these resources. The question is how are you providing that access vis-à-vis copyright protections and intellectual property law? So how are some of these of the copyright protections and intellectual property law relate to some of the special? Okay. In some cases we have all the copyrights to do whatever we want. We can reproduce. We can sell. We have the rights and others the rights are somewhat limited. We cannot to deal with a commercial enterprise. For example, we get hotels and investments and we like this big smoky mount scene to put up on our wall. In those cases we refer to who has given us the collection or who holds the copyright. But we do secure the rights up to where we can give them to nonprofits the scholarly use for publications and so forth. And it's just an agreement that we have to get with each of the donors what they're comfortable with rights they're willing to give up. I think in all cases that we have except maybe one we can distribute them in every case except for commercial use. Very good. Gail, do you want to... You only get it when you get the collection. Yeah. Thank you. Gail, do you want to respond to either of these? Anything more? Well, I think I might have in my area something about mental savings with the online use. I mean it's very similar to the types of savings and values that people look at when they look at online courses and all we're saving in time money as far as travel impacting the environment that sort of thing and I will talk a little bit more about that in a few slides. And we do have a poll question for the audience. Does your institution value your efforts to digitize special collections? I just pushed that question out there and hopefully the answers are coming back. Let me take a quick look. Oh, yes. Everybody is coming back. I'm going to stop the question and I'm going to show the results to our audience and we see that, yes, resounding, yes, 76% indicated that the digitization of special collections is being valued. So, Gail. Okay. I would go to, I guess, a couple of slides beyond where you are now. The slide 41. For image collection data gathering, our plan was to use three different methods. Survey, log analysis, and interviews. Our survey did not generate a very good response rate. So, we moved on to focus on log analysis and we're hoping that the log files which serve as a history of events on a server would give us more information and then we were going to use the log files to help us identify perspective subjects for KEN's contingent value work. Deep log analysis, a lot of data elements, IP addresses, date and time stamps, IP address of the user, which I found very interesting and used. Referring URL, which gave us some idea of where the user got the link or the direction to get to the digital image site. On the next page, on this page that you can see a search referring URL and then you see news readers and metadata. When I started asking for more information about the IP range are technical folks that you need to look at Google Analytics. So, I promptly started reading about it and got some help, some additional programming help just to add the JavaScript that needs to be put in the header on the various web pages used for interacting with digital image collections. When that code was executed, a log record was stored at Google and a cookie was set on the user's browser to be checked later to see if that user returned. When I wanted to see analytical reports, I logged into Google Analytics to the URL that you see there and I did not have to depend on the programmers after that which was helpful because I could interact with the Google Analytics just fine. There are pros and cons for using Google Analytics. One of the best ones is that it's free and I guess for now the reports provide some very useful information about visitors. A number of page views you get. Most of the information is aggregated for certain slices of the user's sessions and also we've got average page views, average time viewing pages in a session, new return visits, bounce rate. Now bounce rate is something I had to learn about. The percentage of visits where only one page is viewed before the visitor exits the site. Google Analytics does have some flexibility. Dates can be changed to cover specific time periods and visitor information can be displayed by day, week, or month. One can also add another metric to do to look at perhaps visitors by country and then add a second dimension with the type of browser they're using or you can exclude records that meet certain conditions like I would want to exclude all visits whose bounce rate is greater than 50% something like that and makes for very interesting reporting going on. If we want to go to the next slide, the cons it's not a weblog. You can't get to individual user visitor information. It only records when JavaScript is encountered if a browser does not allow cookies, you don't know. There could be many people like me who I clear my cache cookies all the time so the visitor category may not be correct. We ended up putting up a privacy policy on our website to state that we used Google analytics to improve our web pages and that cookies are used for Google analytics and directing them to disallow cookies if they don't want their usage tracked. The last thing is Google has the data and given what's been on the news some may wonder who else might have that data too. If we can move on and start looking at the reports. Here's the dashboard report. I'm sorry it's kind of blurry. The colors are pretty but I will tell you that we are looking at the dashboard report for the Roth collection for June of 2012 through the end of May 2013. 3,491 visits by 2,653 people. This is the largest collection with over a thousand images so this has is our highest use collection in the Smoky Mountains project. Let's see. At the lower right of the pie chart you can see that the percentage of returning visitors is about 25%. And that the average bounce rate was about, was 53 .62%. So people stayed in for at least 5 minutes in 13 seconds or at least that's the average visit duration for that. Next slide please. There are some nice graphics for location here. Probably it's not surprising that Tennessee had the most visits and that was 1,422 visits with Kentucky next. With 266 North Carolina 201 Illinois that surprised me. Ohio next with around 150. Georgia, Florida in the low 100s, Indiana with an 8th, Alabama 9th, Michigan 10th and California 11th so that was pretty interesting. If you look at the next slide we've got some international reach more than 3,000 visits were in the U.S. There was, there were 29 IP addresses that did not have a location. They were not in the tables we used. That was the next highest. 17 visits from Canada 16 from Australia 15 from Germany and we had Ecuador as the 6 with 13 I believe. On the next slide I have some information. Oh, I'm sorry that you can't see that. These are top referrals by source and the one the site that was the largest source of visits was togeton.net with 850 visits then there's several from UTK that were sources of visits. One of the sources, the 3rd highest source of visits was a website containing geospatial data of points of interest in East Tennessee including the Great Smoky Mountains. Many other sites were associated with hiking or the Great Smoky Mountains or history. There's one site ENTS. BBS.org that's a bulletin board site for the Native Tree Society which is kind of interesting and then there was a real estate firm doing business in and around the Smokies that's listed on this site. So that's an interesting report to look at and slice and undicing with extra dimensions a little later. If you look at the next slide right here we've got top search terms. There wasn't much searching during the time we're looking at now but the search term with the highest number of pages per visit was for Dutch Roth about the 4th line down there were 3 visits but the pages per visit were over 100 and the average duration was 25 minutes. On to the next slide this was generated by getting the data by content page listed in order by page number of page views. I then added a second dimension the source. Where did the request to get onto this page come from? The first line the page is a digital image and the source is a site togeton.net. Let's see what this image is that has so many different page views. If you go to the next slide this is an image of Cumberland Falls in Kentucky. It's about 88 miles north of Knoxville and not really related to the Smoky Mountains but was in this collection and togeton.net hosted a website with something called a moonbow and I if you're interested send me an email and I can let you know what a moonbow is. Let's go on to the next slide Martha please. Usage metrics and user satisfaction. We have visit information listed by metropolitan area and again excuse me for not being able to see the detail information on this slide. In the column on the far right what I did was found the miles from Knoxville. So the first right with no miles is Knoxville, Tennessee then Nashville, Chattanooga, the Tri-Cities, Virginia. Nashville is 180 miles from Knoxville and a round trip would be 360 miles. That could be a numeric representation of energy saved based on mileage for not having to drive to Knoxville for each visit. So that's an environmental values it could be looked at. If you look at the next page we've added additional data or additional data with returning users. We've selected our data to only look at returning users and with page reviews greater than four. Again listed by metropolitan area and we have computed or found the mileage from Knoxville and we have computed a round-trip cost for a trip to Knoxville by doubling the mileage and then multiplying it by 55 and a half cents per mile that the government allows for mileage deduction. For example, Chicago, Illinois, there were 23 visits. That's $300.51 in miles per visit there. So one if you needed to have a dollar value associated with these visits this might be something useful. If you go to my last slide Martha I'm not going to read the fall vision value creation but the University of Tennessee Knoxville has a goal of being in the list of top 25 public universities like UCLA University of Michigan University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, etc. And this is an excerpt of the vision about outreach activities and I believe we've shown that the Roth Image Collection has benefited several communities and contributes to this vision and providing free online access to these images is definitely in the realm of the public good. And thank you Martha. Thank you. We have a couple more questions. I don't know we are a little bit over time but it's okay. We'll probably go about 5 more minutes. Let's see Jeremy Bueller from the University of British Columbia he's asking who was invited at the minister. The survey was a pop-up survey came up when one entered the main entry page to the collection and it was a pop-up survey and if you're like me I don't look at pop-ups I disable them so we don't know how many people went right through it. We do know we had several visits several visits from Google Analytics through that home home page and we got maybe 30 people who said go ahead and I'll look at the survey when we said do you want to continue once they got into the survey about half of them dropped off. We did talk about doing an intercept survey as I remember Gay Linda it was technical infrastructure that I did not have available to me. Yeah, but it is possible to do it as an intercept survey. We do have another question coming back to the option value that's actually interesting to consider. The option value seems similar to just in case it says. A justification library is using it different. It probably isn't any different it's probably the same thing but for those who are the non-users it's like the tool box example you have that tool in your box just in case you ever want to use it and from an economics standpoint it's precisely the same thing as a just in case. What we're attempting to do of course is to be able to develop this contingent valuation where we can reach out and try to capture things like the prestige and like the math effects on building a collection on how it helps a development officer bring in money. So we started our survey with what we thought might have been the lower hanging fruit is the non-user so we just identified the non-user as the person who wants it there for whatever reason and just in case. So I think your question is a good one in the sense that the just in case is really the same thing as the option value. Thank you. Thank you both of you. I do want to breeze through a couple of elements on the ARL agenda that Special Collections is a priority for ARL. We have a working group that looks into these issues a working group that tries to identify opportunities and recommend actions that will encourage concerted action and coordinated planning for collecting and exposing old materials that group also identifies criteria and strategies for collecting digital and other new media material. The focused on born digital special collections and there is a spec kit we've done in this area in 2012 managing born digital special collections and we have a series of workshops that are offered in collaboration with the Society of American Archivists that are happening throughout the rest of 2013 and 2014. In relation to digital in 2010 the ARL board endorsed a set of nine principles to guide vendors and publisher relations in large scale digitization projects of special collections materials and in 2012 we published a third of articles in our newsletter the research library issues newsletter on legal issues in digitizing special collections. There are collaborative research projects with Ithaca SNR on sustainability of digitized special collections and we have all done a couple of evidence based approaches that did collect qualitative profiles as part of the celebrating research volume that we put together a few years ago celebrating the 75th anniversary of ARL and starting last year we started collecting some basic data quantitative data on expenditures and stuff. There seems to be a lot of interest for doing more systematic work in this area. If you are interested in pilot work please let me know we will be putting a toolkit together and soliciting libraries to participate in different pilot activities come next year. I would like to thank you for staying with us. Have a great day. Thank you Martha, appreciate it. Thank you. Thank you Martha. Thank you for your attention. You may disconnect your lines this time and have a great day.


The House of Representatives has urged President Bola Tinibu to draft more security personnel to communities ravaged by bandits in Katsina and other neighboring states, as well as provide humanitarian assistance to displaced persons. The resolution followed a debate on a motion of urgent public importance raised by Honorable Sada Soli from Katsina State. Honorable Sada Soli, the federal lawmaker representing Katsina State, expressed concern over the speed of attacks in 17 local government areas of the state. Mr. Speaker, let me tell you this. Half of Katsina State is overtaken by bandits. Half of Katsina State. Half of Katsina State. My house, Mr. Speaker, my house is 600 meters to the camps of bandits. I don't know when I slept in my house. Talk to us of the colleagues. Last week, the governor wanted to go to a place where the bandits attacked there. They sacked the whole village. He couldn't break through. So there is the need, there is the need for government to come to the rescue of Katsina State before we turn into Borno State. That is, I appreciate it. So what was your point? Is that on the point of irrelevance, it should not be important? It's not relevant to my motion, Mr. Speaker. It's not relevant. Inviting the National Security Advisor to come to the house is not relevant to this motion at all. The federal lawmaker was not alone in this call, as other lawmakers also raised concerns about similar incidents in their states and called for government's urgent intervention.  Are you saying that what is happening in Katsina is happening in Katsina? It's happening in Zampara. It's a retweeting back to my constituency. Me and my people are all neighbors. You are neighbors? We are neighbors near him. Okay. So you want to amend that Zampara? I want my sons to be included. I want them to be among the three states. There are two states. We won't make it with three. So if only Katsina, Sokota and that place are being taken care of, there's still been people from Benway migrating back to those areas. We should all be taken care of. All right. I leave all of the people who proposed it in the house. Please, I want to now put the question. Those in support of the motion as amended say aye. Those against say nay. The ayes have it. Motion is referred to House Committee on Defense, Army, Police, Emergency and Disaster Preparedness and National Security. So you get notified about fresh news updates.


Well, the French situation is really the very particular exception worldwide. It has, with three quarters of the electricity generated by nuclear power, the highest share of nuclear in the electricity mix. And the people were told for decades that this is the only way to go, so it's kind of difficult to shift 180% from one day to the next. However, first of all, politicians are not ordering nuclear power plants, it's utilities. They don't operate nuclear power plants neither. So the question is what is happening on the political level and what is happening on the utility level. Even in France, the political party consensus that existed until Fukushima broke. After the accident, the leaders of the Socialist Party clearly came out in favor of a phase out of nuclear power. Well the decision is very spectacular, of course, in Germany. However, we had that kind of situation already in Germany. I mean, there was a phase out law that was in place, which was roughly with the same target in the early 2020s to have phased out the last reactor. However, what is spectacular here is that this is the most pro-nuclear government that was imaginable in Germany to make that decision. So from now on towards the next elections, the debate is going to be rather who is going to propose the quickest phase out scheme. The other dimension which is important, it's not only about phasing out nuclear power, it's about really redesigning energy policy. And that is very interesting in the basic paper that has been presented by the TEPFA Commission, which illustrates that the country has to do much more than just substitute one source by another. It has to address energy efficiency in a much more efficient way, in a more in-depth way. And it has to radically change, for example, the infrastructure when it comes to electricity grid and the whole functioning of the renewable energy-based system. Well, what I believe has to be realized is that if it didn't happen through Chernobyl, if it didn't happen through 9-11, it definitely should happen after Fukushima, is that people realize that the societal bargain, the equation that society has lived with, nuclear power, is a huge potential of danger multiplied by a very small probability of an event happening equals acceptable risk. So the stress tests are by no means addressing the potential to start with. On the contrary, actually it's being said that new reactor types like the EPR would be safer. Well you could turn it upside down, you could say the EPR will be the most dangerous reactor around. Why? Because the potential will be higher than any other reactor because it's larger, there's more fuel in there, and in fact it could be operated on 100% plutonium fuel core, which would, in a case of accident, even release larger amounts of radiation than any other reactor in the world. So I think we should address the potential question, and if we do that, the first thing to do is to get spent fuel out of spent fuel cooling ponds. That we could start by doing tomorrow morning without any stress test. Over the two years between 2008 and 2010, according to yet the largest utility that operated nuclear power plants in the US, Exelon, the cost for new investment in nuclear power has roughly doubled. In two years. Now that was until 2010 prior to Fukushima. It's obvious that Fukushima will have an effect on cost. It will make safety more expensive, insurance more expensive, I mean all the civil responsibility issues have to be dealt with in a different manner. And it's clear that, you know, credits will be more expensive. What bank will lend money at what credit rate for new nuclear constructions after Fukushima?