So thank you very much. I'd like to thank the organizers for inviting me. Is this working? Yeah. So it's a pleasure to be here, particularly to talk about toposes, because this is the very place where toposes were created. So I'm quite happy to be there. So I don't know yet if we coordinate well with André, because when I gave my title and decided on my talk, I didn't know André Joillard was going to do the same thing. Well, I guess it's for the best, because now I don't have to justify the analogy between toposes and commutative algebra. So this is why I changed the title. And so instead of explaining that toposes or commutative ring, oh, yes. That's an idiosyncrasy of mine. I write topos in the plural as topos. So this has been done. So rings, yes. No, no, this one. OK. Excellent. This one I usually put an S, yes. So I want to try to describe a research program, which is the development of the analog. If we take this analogy with commutative ring seriously, then there should be such a thing as commutative algebra for toposes. See, I almost wrote. OK. Maybe I should please everybody. So this is a joint research program with André. This is why we decided to talk on the same matter. Georg Biedermann, Eric Finster, and Damien Leger. So some of the things I'm going to talk about today are not proved. They are conjectural, the kind of trying to develop an understanding of what these commutative algebra for toposes could be. Most of the naive questions about that are still without answers. But hopefully I'm going to give pieces of the theory that should convince that there should exist such a thing. OK. So I'm going to work in the setting of infinity categories and infinity toposes. So let me briefly say that I'm not going to define infinity category. I'm going to use the notion of infinity category as if they were ordinary category, because actually the syntax of the two theories are exactly the same. But if you want to have something in your mind, an infinity category is probably best simply defined as a category enriched over spaces, as André proposed. And what I mean by spaces, it's a bit ambiguous. So by space, I mean infinity group weights, which can be defined. So we can be formally defined as topological spaces up to a monopie or can complexes. So today I'm going to do some synthetic higher category theory. I'm not going to use explicit models for the objects that I'm going to talk about. So I'm going to start with the definition of an infinity topos. So André gave already the definition, so let me recall what it was. So I'm going to use the letter S. There's been news a lot. I'm going to use it to refer to the category of spaces. So it's not sets anymore, nor the Sierpinski space anymore. So the category will be called presentable if it is an accessible localization of a pre-shift category, where C is a small category. So I'm using categories, but I really meant infinity category. By presentable, do you mean what's usually called local? Exactly, yes. I'm using the same convention as André did in his talk. So a category E will be an infinity topos if it is presentable. And for any diagram from a small category I, we have the so-called rest condition that the category of objects over the co-limit of the diagram is the same thing as the limit of objects over each component of the diagram. So I'm going to detail that a bit. So actually, if I define those two categories, there's two obvious fractals between them. So the limit of this category can be described as I start with the category of I diagram in E. And I look at all my diagram over my diagram X. And then I look only at this full subcategory of morphisms of diagram that are Cartesian, which means that I'm looking at a diagram Yi over Xi, such that every square like this for any arrow in I is Cartesian. So I can take the co-limit of such a diagram and that produce an object over the co-limit of X. And here, given an object, I can just define a kind of constant diagram by just pulling back my object here over each of the Xi. So the fact that this is an equivalence, so this is an adjunction. And the fact that this is an equivalence can be stated by two conditions. It's equivalent to say that the function of constant diagram is fully phase full and the co-limit function is fully phase full. So if we unravel what this condition means, this is equivalent to the universality of co-limits. And this condition, which is new, is a very strong descent condition. It's called effectivity of co-limits. So in a usual topos, only equivalence relations are effective. In an infinity topos, there's a variation, there's a set of axiomalagiro for infinity topos, where every infinity groupoid is effective instead of every equivalence relation. And with this formulation, it's even stronger. It's effectivity of any co-limit. So this is true in what I will call one topos. These are ordinary toposes. So this condition is true, but this one is very false, as André explained, in ordinary toposes. So let me give you some examples of so. The left one, you understand that you are working with kind of things like pseudo-facult, that is diagonal, that is commuter, really up to some moment of, I mean, it's not so strict sense. So this is different between the treatment to usual categories. Exactly, exactly. You have to, you didn't define what you mean, that is, you said that you have category and reach to other spaces, but are these either such activities strictly or not? There are many choices. Yes, so this is the part I wanted to avoid. So probably a complete formal approach to this would use model categories. And we'll have to use usual techniques for categories of diagrams and define them using models and the right functions and everything. But I'm kind of skipping this part and I'm kind of presenting the theory as if it would work without the formalism of model categories and without presenting the theory formally within set theory, somehow. So I'm assuming that there exists a theory of infinity categories, that the notion of diagram makes sense, and that I can construct a category of diagram and et cetera. So I'm not describing the basic setting, but I'm assuming it exists. And for the set theory, so you indicated the home, home categories are small and the seven objects could be large, do you mean? No, that's not what I meant. So in usual categories, the objects form a class and the homes are a set. So what do you do? So here, I'm not assuming this, actually. So the definition of the presentable category will be the case that the home space between two objects will be small. But we can even not use that if we want. OK, so I come back to my examples. So Andre explained how to construct the free topos. So if we start with a small category C, we can add finite limits to C and then take the pre-shift over this. More generally, the pre-shift over any small category is already a topos. It's not free, but it's OK. As a particular case of a pre-shift, I have the category of spaces. It's a topos. The category of group action in spaces. So this is a group up to a monopie and this is just a space with an action of G. I can do the usual thing and start with a theory, a logical theory. And it will have an enveloping infinity topos. Let me give you an example of a very silly theory. So I can consider the free topos on one variable. So this is the topos classifying objects. So it's the theory associated to the theory with one type. And that's it. And action, yes. I can consider the slice topos of S of X over X. So I will call it like this. And this one, it classifies objects with a global section. So I'm going to call that pointed objects. Finally, let me mention a source of example. Any accessible localization, which is left exact, over topos is again a topos. So this was expected. So as an example of such thing, and I hope I don't think I will have the time to develop it further, but let me mention that in the work of Goodwillie, Goodwillie construct left exact localization of this topos. So this topos, concretely, it's funtals from finite pointed spaces. And the theory of Goodwillie is essentially the study of a tower of left exact localization of this topos that are called an excisive localization. So these are the embedding of this in two S of X is the so-called an excisive funtals. When you say funtor, just to make clear, do you mean funtals from finite pointed set to set? Yes. I'm seeing this as a subcategory, as a full subcategory of this one. I'm sorry. So now you are in usual topos, right? No, no, no. This is a higher topos. Yeah, this is the category of spaces, yeah. Not pointed spaces? No, this one is pointed. This one is not pointed, yes. And finite space, you mean finite CW complex Yeah, exactly, yeah, finite. Wait, exactly. What time did we start? OK. In fact, the clock is just earlier now. Ah, well. OK, good to know. So let me say a word about the difference between infinity toposes and one toposes. So there's many differences. I'm just going to mention three. So the first one is one that Andres mentioned, that the sub-object classifier is enhanced into an object classifier. So I'm not going to elaborate on this one. Let me just say that this is useful, for example, to write in the, sorry, I'm going to use something like the Mitchell-Bennabou language. This is useful to write formula like this. Now this makes sense. Now this is an object of the topos, modulo of the size issues. OK, so now the second point, which is probably the main difference is that left-exact localization are no longer controlled by Goten-Dick topologies. So notion of Goten-Dick topology still makes sense. But not every left-exact localization is associated to that. So let me give you an example. If X is a topological space, it's possible to build. An infinity topos of shifts on X. And these are frank-talls from the open subset of X into spaces. And that satisfies some condition. And the condition is the usual shift condition for coverings of any open of X. So maybe the notation is a bit ambiguous because you write shift on X. Everybody is thinking of their shift. So I mean infinity shifts. And now there's another topos that I can construct associated to X. It's the so-called hypercompletion of this. It's that I impose descent not only on coverings, but on hypercoverings. And it's possible to prove that a second one is a left-exact localization of the first one. But this is not a localization which is given by Goten-Dick topology. So this is the most difficult technical thing about higher topos. That all the technology of Goten-Dick topology is not enough to control left-exact localization. So every time we have a proof of classical topo theory that uses a Goten-Dick topology, it may not generalize easily as a statement for infinity topos. So it is not like in usual algebraic geometry that somehow to prove descent is enough to do it with coverings. So the check. Yeah, now there's a difference between the two descent conditions. And this is related to some unboundedness or something. What's that? Yes, yes. For truncated objects, if I look only at shifts with value in truncated spaces, then the two notions are the same. So it's only because we look at shifts of possibly unbounded homotopy types that the two things are different. Yes. OK, let me mention a third point that in infinity toposes, we can impose some fun equations like something like this. So this is an equation that has no non-trivial solution in S, but it has many, many models in infinity topos. Yeah, sorry, sigma is suspension. So I'm assuming x is a pointed object. And this is the suspension of the loop space of x. Yes, sorry. Could be worthwhile to just say briefly what suspension is in the context of topos. OK, so the loop space is defined as the fiber product of this diagram, the homotopy fiber product of this diagram. And the suspension of an object is defined as the push out, the homotopy push out of this diagram. So if I compute the suspension of the loop of x, it's easy to see that there's a canonical map like this. And we ask that this map is an equivalent. So this is, for example, we can consider a left exact localization that would be generated by this. And I don't think it'll be generated by a grotenic topology. This is also the kind of condition that is not seen by grotenic topologies. Let me mention why. The idea about grotenic topology is just that grotenic topology are inverting monomorphisms only. And the question is, can we control any map by inverting a bunch of monomorphism? And the answer is yes, when the category is truncated. But in infinity category, it's no longer true. OK, so a lot of time to elaborate. Sorry. OK, I'm half my time. So let me ask a few questions about this analogy with topos and commutative rings. So if infinity toposes are commutative rings, then we can ask the following question. Do they compare to ordinary rings to other kind of categorical rings? Is there a corresponding linear algebra? If I'm thinking my rings as functions, is there such a thing as a distribution theory, measure theory, morphisms of toposes? I mean, when you said that infinity toposes are commutative rings, what are the morphisms and in which direction? Oh, sorry. Yeah, I'm assuming that people attended the talk of Andre, actually. So that probably makes sense. What's the direction? I mean, when you say OK. OK, that's a good. OK, let me make a remark over there. Sorry, I should have said that. So it's convenient to introduce two categories for toposes. So I'm going to introduce a category that I will call shoes and another category that I will call topos. So this will be the algebraic side and this will be the geometric side. And this category will be opposite one to another. So here, the objects, they are the topos as I defined them. But it's convenient to have two names for when we look at the topos geometrically and algebraically, a bit like locales. We have locales and frames. And so I'm going to call them categories of shoes. And I will keep the name topos for the geometric side. Maybe certainly you could call them infinity frames. Oh, infinity frames? No, I don't like it. So the morphisms are the so-called algebraic morphisms that André defined. So between two categories of shoes, I'm looking at functors that are co-continues and left exact. And here, the morphisms are the geometric morphisms, which are defined just by defining this category as the opposite of this one. I don't want to talk about the two cells. No, no, I don't have time. I don't have time, all right? Maybe you can ask again the question at the end. OK, so last time, so I come back to my questions. Yes, so the comparison of topos with commutative rings is on the algebraic side, yes. So the co-limits are seen as sums, and the finite limits are seen as some kind of products. And so the morphisms are the functors preserving sums and products. OK, last question. If this is indeed a theory of rings, is there a notion of polynomial and is there a notion of differential calculus? OK, so I want to have time to answer all the questions. And actually, I don't know how to answer all the questions. But I'm going to sketch pieces of answers. So let me say a brief word about the first point. It's I'm going to use this part, actually. So in my head, I have the following analogy that is helping me, so I guess it's a good thing that I share it. So I'm going to draw a table. So I start with the Sierpinski space. And associated to that, we have the notion of locales. Then we have sets. And associated to that, we have one topos. And then we have spaces. And associated to this, we have infinity topos. Do you want to draw an horizontal line between the second line? Here? OK, if you want. Because of what you're having in mind. OK. So I'm going to compare this classification with a classification in ordinary commutative algebra. So it's a bit rough and I don't have time to be more precise. But essentially, we can do this. So I'm going to write it and explain it. It's possible to think this way. So a Sierpinski space, it functions with coefficients in 0 and 1. So it's like polynomial with coefficients in 0 and 1. In topos, we look at functions with value in sets. And so by using the cardinality, we can think of them as functions with value in integers. And if we look at functions with value in spaces, we can think of x as something as the cell of dimension one. And essentially, the way to go from the left to the right is taking some Euler characteristic. And then we see that a topos is a kind of z algebra. And then infinity topos would be a z of x algebra. So this is ordinary topology. So ordinary topology is to the power of topos topology. So what algebraic geometry over z2 is to algebraic geometry over z or over more complex objects. x as degree one, yes. x, I'm thinking that x is an interval without a boundary. No, x plus 1 would be the circle. Is x square equal to 0? It's super kind of 2. No, no, no. So this is ordinary algebra. So it's a commutative grading. If you want, I can assign a space here to its characteristic series. And x is just the variable for that. OK, so let me add something which is not a topos. But it's useful to have in mind. To have it in mind, it's the category of spectra. And the category of spectra in this language is correspond to this ring. So we have inverted x minus 1. x. No, x plus 1 is the circle. And we invert x for the smash product. So the anti-circle will be x minus 1 plus 1. It's a 0 cell and a 1 minus 1 cell. OK, 20 minutes. So in this comparison, so the free topos, compares to the free ring. Andrei explained that. And a topos without points, it's the same thing as a ring with no rational point. And now if I have a first order theory or a site, this is just data to generate a ring. So it's a presentation. I'm sorry, but if you say that, then there should be an analog of taking the algebraic closure in the ring case. I have no idea. Well, OK, the question is, what is an algebraic equation? It's not even clear. Well, you have written in one of there. Just an example. Sigma over. Well, this would have to be an example of an algebraic equation. Yes. Because sigma is a sum. Omega is a product. Kind of. But maybe we can discuss that after. Yes? You can associate to a topos a commutative ring, but you just made an analogy. No, it's just an analogy. It's just an analogy. I don't pretend that this is a, I don't know how to formalize this. And if we take the theory of the commutative rings and the theory of the infinite topos, and we take the classifying topos of the two theory, that's there, more than thank you all. I'm not sure I understood the question. So maybe we can discuss that later. No questions. OK. OK, so that was for the. What is the analog of an ideal? Yeah, that's a very good question. I don't know. I guess this goes with differential calculus, but it's an ideal. Is there such a thing as an ideal? It's not obvious because this is highly nonlinear. I mean, we have a kind of sum, but we don't have a subtraction. So it's not clear what an ideal could be. Yeah, but what I can explain this morning is that you don't need ideas. What you need is a monoidal categorical. It's a closed monoidal categorical. Then you can dispense with ideas. OK, maybe. So where was I? 20 minutes. So let me say a word about linear algebra. So essentially, the thing that corresponds to linear algebra for toposes is the theory of presentable categories. So this is the category of presentable categories. I have an obvious forgetful factor. And a modular size issue that I don't want to discuss now, there's the construction of a free topos from a presentable category. It's an analog of taking the symmetric algebra. I cannot go a bit more. It's a presentable category with collimates. Exactly. So yeah, it will work, yes. And we can even generalize the notion of topos by removing the presentability assumption. OK, so the category of presentable categories is a very nice category. It's a monoidal, it's a symmetric monoidal closed category. All right? Yeah, that's exactly what I was suggesting before. That you could apply back here, it was this. Yeah, yeah, well, that's a good question, yeah. OK, so let me describe the tensor product in the particular case of two pre-shifts category, the tensor product is just the pre-shift over the Cartesian product of the categories. And then the general tensor product is computed from this formula by composing with localization on the left and on the side. I don't have time to give the precise formula for the tensor product, but it's exactly the same as the one computing tensor product of vector spaces. We take something freely generated by pairs, and then we impose linearity on one side and linearity on the other side, and this gives the formula. So the analogy of presentable categories with vector spaces is perfect. It works all the formulas and all the results that one can expect are exactly the same. Is it a theorem that that's independent of the present date of the choice? Oh, yes, yes. Sure, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, it is, yes. It will be, yeah. It will be. No, no, no, it is, it is. So this is done, for example, this is done in Nuri with higher tuples. OK, where was I? What are the monoregues in this? There would be symmetric monoregues and all presentable categories. No, no, I know, but what are the monoregues in this category? In this category? Symmetric monoregues and all presentable categories. You said the category itself is a monoregual tensor category. Close monoregues. Close. So my question is what are the monoregues in this category? In the category of presentable categories? No, no, there will be presentable categories with a symmetric monoregual structure. Which is closed, what are the morphisms? Which will be closed because it will have to be, OK. So I didn't mention what kind of morphisms I want here, but I want co-continuous morphisms. What are the morphisms between? Yeah, the co-continuous morphisms between presentable categories. Co-continuous morphisms. Co-continuous factors. Sorry, I couldn't hear. Everything is infinity category, but it works the same as classical in the classical setting. OK, where am I? So example of monoregues here are, so S is the unit for the category of spaces is the unit for the distance of product. If I look at the category of truncated spaces, it is a monoid. And it's actually quite important. And it's the same thing for spectra. You have not said what a truncated space is. Oh, OK, I'm assuming. OK, so sorry. Truncated space is a space whose homotopy groups vanish after all the n. In this case. So if I tensor the category of spectra with itself, I get spectra. And this is related to this formula here. If I tensor this over z of x, I get itself. Is there a universal property of the tensor product? Of the tensor product? Yes, yes. It's the universal object that classifies B co-continuous factors. OK, so this distinguish, the module over this guy will be presentable n categories. The module over spectra will be the stable presentable categories. Presentable n comma 1 categories. Sorry? Presentable n comma 1 categories. Yes, yes. So categories with no higher morphisms on degree higher than n. OK, now I'm late. So I want to say more about the linear algebra part. Let me say a word about measure theory. So if A is a commutative ring, I can define a distribution on A as a linear map. So I can do exactly the same for. Sorry? I have no topology on my rings. It's commutative rings, yes. I'm all in a commutative setting. So if E is a topos, I can define a distribution as a co-continuous factor from E to spaces. Actually, there's not a lot of example of such things. The point of E will be examples, but it's difficult to produce other examples. So it's useful to generalize a bit this definition by saying that instead of looking at a distribution with value in S, we are going to look at a distribution with value in any category. So I'm going to restrict to the case where the category is spectra. So such factors, co-continuous factors, they are called co-shifts also. So we can define a kind of dual of E by looking at co-continuous factor from E to spectra. And we can also define by a kind of base change the topos of stable sheaves. So this is the category of sheaves of spectra. So this tensor product is very useful to produce this. It's not the usual definition, but it's a very nice definition. Is it the same as the presentable tensor product? Yes, this is the tensor product of presentable categories. So you're saying that if you take two topois, two toposes, and you do the presentable tensor product, then it's also a topos? Yes, it's a ferre bin l'urie. Sheaves on E, on the topos E. So there's actually a formula that says that this category is the same thing as the category of co-variant factor, sorry, André, from E up to SP that are continuous. That's a general formula for the tensor product. Of two things, that's kind of the value. Yeah, I should have said it earlier. This has nothing to do with the fact that E is the topos. How much time? 10 minutes? Eight, nine. Nine, huh? OK, so let me try to use this. So I'd like to explain how this is related to vertier duality. So vertier duality, classically, it's a setting of operations on the category of sheaves with value in chain complexes or in spectra. But there's a nice result. I don't know who came up with this idea, actually. It's but there's a statement in the high algebra book of l'urie that vertier duality should be seen as a duality between a category and its dual in the sense of presentable categories. So vertier duality with l'urie is to say that if X is a compact outdoor space, then I can define the category of infinity sheaves on X. And I can take sheaves of spectra. I can also compute the dual in the previous sense. And the statement of l'urie is that vertier duality can be understood as an equivalence of categories between those two things. So this can be also written as infinitely co-sheaves with value in spectra on X. And so we have an equivalence between a category and its dual. Compact or locally compact? What? The space? Compact outdoor. OK, maybe you're right. Maybe locally compact should be enough. You're right. On the left-hand side, you have the sheaves of spectra, co-sheaves. Here it's pre-sheaves. Here it's co-sheaves. This is sheaves with value in spectra. Yeah, so that sheaves with value in spectra on X is equivalent to co-sheaves. With value in spectra. Yes. And sheaves are the same. Yeah, exactly. So this is a duality between those categories of functions. OK, so with Damien Loge, we are working on a statement that generalizes this and that explain a bit what is going on for arbitrary toposes. So let me explain what we could do. So the question is, can we replace X by a topos? And what kind of hypothesis do we need on a topos? Such that such a statement is true. Oh, sorry. Let me mention that the way to transform a sheave into a co-sheave is by taking a section with compact support. So it's essentially this factor that produce a co-sheave from a sheave and vice versa. So we need some local capacity condition. So question, what is a locally compact topos? It's actually, so there's several possible answers to the question. And here is one that is satisfying. A locally compact space is the same thing as an exponentiable object in the category of locales. So this is the well-known construction of the compact open topology on the space of function. And so we can use this to define locally compact toposes as exponentiable objects in the category of toposes. So a locally compact topos is an exponentiable topos. So, sorry? It's clear that if you have a locally compact space, you can exponentiate it, but do you mean the converses? Yes, it's proven in the book of Peter Johnstone, for example, and stone spaces. And actually, any exponentiable local is a space. So when it's a locally compact, there's some variations in the references. So is it locally compact out of the space, or just locally it is isomorphic to say? No, it's more locally quasi-compact. This characterization is actually for locally quasi-compact spaces, not house-off. OK, I have a minus one minute. Two minutes in including questions. Ah! OK, so I'm going to try to write a statement. So here is the first result. A topos is exponentiable if and only if its category of sheaves is what is called a continuous category. I'm going to write the definition immediately. Is there a tract of a category of an object by functors preserving filtered collimates? So this is exactly the same statement as in the paper of Joyal and Johnstone. The thing is, the proof is different because they use gotonic topology to prove the statement. And here, we cannot use gotonic topology. So we need another approach. And now, let me finish by a statement which is not fully written. So I'm going to call it a wannabe theorem. Maybe one difference is that what we had, Peter Johnstone, is a characterization of a punishable one topos. And you are extending it to infinity. Yes, I should maybe kind of drop the infinity because I'm used to forget about that. Oh, I forgot an n here. OK, so let me finish with a kind of verdié theorem. So if e is locally compact, meaning exponential, and with locally compact diagonal, so which is a kind of separation assumption, then there exists a factor that will play the role of a section with compact support. And this factor is the trace of a four-menu structure on the category of stable sheaves. So this means that I have a factor of a section with compact support with sheave of spectra with value in spectra. And this induces a perfect pairing between sheaves and so it produces an equivalence between the category and its dual. So now I will finish with one last remark. So this presentation of verdié de réalité is kind of nice because it explains the nature of the Schrick factors. We have sheaves and co-sheaves, and both categories are naturally factorial with respect to e. So here we have functorialities like this between sheaves. Here we have functorialities like this between co-sheaves. And using the equivalence, we can transport these functorialities into sheaves. And these are the Schrick factors. And now because it's a four-menu structure, the commutative algebra structure here, the symmetric monoidal structure here, produces a symmetric co-algebra structure on this side. So it appears that the operation of Gotendic has to be completed a bit because we have a commutification also to take care of. Is it compatible with the multiplication when you transport it? With what? Sorry? With the multiplication when you transport it. It's not a bi-algebra, right? No, it's not a bi-algebra. It's a four-menu algebra. So it's like the structure of matrix algebra. Where is the commutative application exactly? You said there is a commutative application? There's a symmetric tensor product of sheaves. And so by duality, because this is contravariant, I guess. So it produces a co-structure on the other side. OK, thank you. I'm going to stop here. Andre, you want to ask a question? The twosome. Because we had discussions about this yesterday, and we agree that it's time that this thing should be fixed. OK, OK, OK, OK. So let me add one comment. So there's two conventions for two cells in the category of two topos. SGA convention and the convention of everybody else. So the usual convention is to look at the inverse image and to take natural transformation between the inverse image. And this is not the SGA convention. This is a convention that is nice for application in logic because with this convention, the category of points of the free topos is the category S. Now on the geometric side, so by definition, the morphism from E to F is an algebraic morphism from F to E. And a two cell between F and G will be a two cell between the corresponding factors. And so I'm inverting the order also for two cells. So with this convention, the point of the topos S of X becomes S up. So both conventions are useful. This corresponds to the convention where the point of a space are ordered by specialization. This is the convention where they are ordered by generalization. So I guess it's a problem of religion. And yesterday you suggested that on the left hand side, you should not call that points, but models.  And then everything is fine. So there's a category of models and a category of points. And the category of points is the opposite of the category of models. And then, yeah, it's convenient. Thank you, Andre. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.


Welcome to the options beginner series again in this course. We are going to sell a call option Selling a call option is also called as short calls and we're going to use GLD GLD is an ETF It's the gold ETF. It's one of the largest ETFs in the market And we're going to use GLD as the example for a short call in this course We are going to look at the basic strategy of selling a call So when we are selling a call we are opposite of a call buyer If we are selling a call we must be bearish so the GLD is The gold ETF and it trades for approximately one tenth of the gold price so it had a high of 174 a couple of months ago and You can see that the gold gold ETF is about one tenth of the gold futures The gold futures are actually Gc so if we see a slash Gc Gold is trading at about 1641 and the gold ETF is trading for about 159 or 160 So it's not exactly one tenth, but it's very close to it If you look at the GLD chart, you can see that it's on a downtrend So it's been going up and down for the past month or so, but it's had a high of 174 and then this was a very strong move to the downside on Feb 29 so since that move it's never really come back and try to Go through that again Even if gold goes up a little bit. It's probably going to face some resistance right here. This was and Also over here. You can see some Again some volume here. Actually, this was more of a support volume temporary support But this is a fairly decent size down bar again So my sense is even if GLD tries to go up. It's probably not going to go much Higher than maybe 162 or 163 so when we are selling a Call we are bearish, but we also have to bear in mind. We have to put probability on our side So I want to be able to sell something at the 165 or 166 level that gives me this much room for the for for for the GLD ETF Even if it starts going up, I don't expect it to go up beyond 165 or 166 So if I sell my short call here at this level 166 there's a lot of resistance and there's been some selling pressure on this particular bar at 163 so even if gold tries to go up I it'll be difficult for gold to move past this point So by putting our short call at 165 or 166. We are actually taking a fairly safe


and welcome to Stand the Energy Man here in Think Tech, Hawaii. Dan Osserman coming to you live and direct from the, again, super city of Kailua, Hawaii. It's a beautiful day today. In fact, it's kind of one of those, you think it's autumn, but it's still kind of summer. It's a little cool, but it's nice and sunny, surfs nice.  It's gotten a pounding in the last year and a half. Anyway, today's show is really interesting. We have a return guest who's going to, he's working his way into a regular guest, probably taking Ryan Woobin's place. I used to have Ryan come on once a month as an electric engineer and explain complicated stuff to us, but he's gotten tied up with other things and Dan Gowan has graciously said, yeah, it's okay to lean on him from time to time and he's just such a wealth of knowledge when it comes to overall energy markets and especially hydrogen, which he has some specialty in. So today's show, we're going to start off talking a little bit about what I normally call the bane of hydrogen, which is compression and Dan's going to expand a little bit on that and explain why it's such a challenge, which I think would be great for a lot of people out there that don't understand why it's such a challenge. And then we're going to talk about some bigger issues in the energy world and we'll give you a hint on what's coming up for the rest of the year if you don't keep your finger on the pulse of everything energy. So Dan, welcome to the show. Thanks for being on again. I really appreciate it. Thank you, Stan. Welcome to be back. Great. So it's all yours now. You can jump into that presentation, which I think will be enlightening for everybody. Sure. If I can get to get you to place slide number one up, please. Right. I'm just starting off with a sort of a demo for the company. I had to make sure I put a web address up there, make my CO happy. So slide number two, please. So what that is, and I'm starting this story in the middle here and I've got a reason for doing this. What what you're looking at is that's an ASME certified pressure vessel. It's certified to 4500 bar. It's a crack unit from an oil refinery. It's made of stainless steel. It has a 316 stainless steel liner. It's a 15,000 liter tank. The reason why I'm putting that on the screen there for everybody to see is remember last time we talked about these megawatt grid scale electrolysisers that produce for one megawatt hour of electricity produced 22 kilograms of hydrogen at 20 bar. That's 13,200 liters. So 13,200 liters will fit inside that 15,000 liter tank. So that gives you an idea of how much gas, whatever compressor you're going to throw at this, that it's going to have to compress. Now, the reason why I'm pointing this out is 22 kilograms of hydrogen. Now a Toyota Mirai car usually holds about 6 kilograms of hydrogen. So that's a little over. That's not quite four cars worth of fuel up, the tank fuel up.  So when you talk to anybody, keep that in mind because a lot of the compressor technology out there, if you ask them what the displacement is, they'll say it's like four liters or 10 liters or something like that. When I look at Lend or Hoffer or any of those companies that make these compressors that compress hydrogen, they're pretty notorious for being really, really small. And when you see how much volume that compressor has to press down, you quickly realize that you're going to spend a lot of time, a lot of horsepower and a lot of energy trying to compress this gas. Before you move on to the next slide, number three, please. Before you move on to the next slide, I want you to say again, I know you mentioned it, but you said that that vessel that was on that trailer was how many bar? Well, it's an ASME certified pressure vessel is certified for a maximum of 5100 bar. That's like 88,000 PSI. Okay. Yeah. That's what I wanted people to understand. 88,000 PSI. Now, 88,000 PSI, if you think a scuba tank is high pressure, it's 2,500 PSI. That vessel is 88,000 PSI. So that's the volumes that we're talking about and the pressures. Right. The volumes and the pressure. So at a cracker unit, what they use that for is they put heavy crude oil in there. They heat that tank up to several thousand degrees. They pump nitrogen in there. They use heat and pressure to break the long molecules of oil down into smaller molecules. Okay. And once they've done that, then they inject hydrogen into that tank and that reacts with the sulfur, forms hydrogen sulfide. They burn the hydrogen sulfide because that's a poisonous gas into sulfur dioxide, rent through a catalyst, some water, and that sulfuric acid, which happens to be battery acid. The kind for your lead acid battery in your car. That's where one of the byproducts in the oil refinery happens to be battery acid. But that device is in every refinery. Usually, the manufacturer that builds those, they certify those to last for 20 to 30 years. So that's a pretty tough piece of metal. I don't know how many people have told me that Dan, what you're talking about is impossible. Mike, really? Have you talked to the guys at the oil refinery? Don't they call that a catcracker? Catcracker. That's it exactly. Okay. That's exactly what it's called. Yep. Slide number three, please. Okay. So there's a paper that Dr. Justin Johnson and I wrote a couple of years ago called Hydrogen Compressors are not matching up made and head. So if you go out to our website and there's a way to contact us, we can send you a copy of that paper anybody wants to get a hold of. And I don't stand, you've got a copy of it also. But what's on that paper and what that image there is, there's an image of a piston and a reciprocating compressor. So if you look closely there, you can see there's a crankshaft, a piston, an inlet valve, an outlet valve and so forth.  I will say that again.  And what I'm talking about is the bowling balls, those are the iron atoms in the sand. Those are hydrogen molecules. That's how tiny the hydrogen molecule is. In fact, if you look at the space between your piston and your cylinder wall to the hydrogen molecule, that is the Grand Canyon. And it makes matters worse. There's this effect called the Bernoulli effect. And what it is is the compression ring. If you look at that piston, there's a groove around the edge of that piston, right? And that's for a compression ring. And that's supposedly that's a seal the space between the piston and the cylinder wall. But the problem is the hydrogen molecule is so tiny, it'll fit between the compression ring and the cylinder wall. And when you've got that piston moving really quickly, the Bernoulli effect, and I don't stand, you're a pilot, so you know how air and gases move over the wing of an airplane, well, that Bernoulli effect will funnel lots and lots of hydrogen right past your compression ring. Okay, so there's that. And then the other thing, and since you've got that problem with your compression rings, your input valve and your input, your output valve, you'll never be able to grind those surfaces smooth enough to keep those sealed from the hydrogen gas. Okay. The next thing we talk about is the displacement. And I'll give you an example when I talk about displacement. So I've got a Ford Ranger pickup truck and in that truck is an internal combustion engine. I burned gasoline in it, so I wanted that guy because I burned gasoline in my truck. But that engine's a six cylinder engine and the displacement is four liters. Okay, think about that four liters. And so therefore what an internal combustion engine is a former reciprocating compressor. So whatever compressor you're using four liters can you imagine dividing four into 13,200. So that'll give you an idea how many how many cycles that engine would have to go through just to move 13,200 liters of volume. Now, why hydrogen occupies that much space, we're going to talk about some of the issues with hydrogen and the charges and so forth of why it occupies a lot of space. So if I can get you to move to slide number four, please. Okay, this one will probably be on for a little while. So in brittle to destruction. So on that, you've got the top and the bottom. So the top, the top there. Well, first of all, there's a company over in Germany called Hohenberger compressor tech that's a German company. And what you're seeing up there and you see that gentleman standing right next to that is a the head of a giant industrial compressor. That's just the head. I understand that that huge cylinder right there at those per trues and you see those are actually valve covers inside there's a compressor, the displacement is 10 liters and usually these compressors will have six to eight cylinders and that head right there is tied to a common crankshaft and a great big huge motor. Sometimes they use a diesel engine or a jet engine, sometimes even induction motor. Usually if it's induction motor, this is the type of device you'll suck down between six and 10 million watts per hour, just trying to move this huge machine. Now, if you're compressing natural gas or carbon dioxide or anything like that, that's a wonderful machine. It's from the age of steam. It's been around for 100 years. There's a lot of really great companies that that build these things. Okay, it's just that this machine is completely inappropriate for compressing hydrogen. Now, the issues with hydrogen on the left upper left hand corner of the screen there, you can see that that head there has been destroyed. It only takes hydrogen about two years to destroy that compressor head. That's hydrogen abridgment. Now, as to what causes it, it's a combination of that tiny little molecule and the fact that when you compress gases, they get really hot. So, down in the bottom left hand corner there, there's a molecular model of titanium at the molecular level and on the right hand side, that star, David, you see it right there, that is an X-ray diffraction of 316 stainless steel. So, years ago, when I asked to investigate this, what I did was the National Institute of Standards Technology, they have this database. And so, I took this thing, I downloaded it, put it in the Hadoop cluster, I data mined it, and I came back with a list of things that seem to be impervious to hydrogen. Now, at the time I was working at Ilea-Lili and through the grace of Ilea-Lili, Lili has a relationship with Fermi National Labs up in Chicago and they have a synchrotron, it's a big atoms matchup. The only one larger is CERN over in Europe. One of the things that Fermi National Lab does, Lili sends them samples of molecules and Fermi does these X-ray diffractions to take pictures of actual atoms and sends it back to Lili.  Okay. Well, Lili let me send up to Fermi, basically samples of all these things that are impervious to hydrogen. They let me send up samples of things that I knew wasn't impervious to hydrogen. I send up samples of things that I destroyed with hydrogen and I also send up some samples of some things that I, things that are supposedly impervious to hydrogen and got some pictures of those. So I had four sets that took them about four and a half months, they sent me back the flash drive and I compared all these pictures and I, it became very apparent what's occurred. So if I could get you to show slide number four one more time. Okay. So what's going on, the difference is the difference between the boxes and the triangles. And that is the materials that are impervious to hydrogen, the atoms are actually connected together in triangles. The materials that are not impervious to hydrogen, the atoms are actually hooked together in boxes, boxes or five atoms or six atoms, whatever. What's happens is the hydrogen molecule is so small, it'll jam itself between the molecules and through brownie motion, that means hot, hot gas just driving from pressing it, just the vibrational energy alone breaks atomic, breaks atomic bonds. So hydrogen has the ability to break atomic bonds. Now, nothing else has the ability. Now, you kind of have to ask the question, why, what, why is this happening? And the reason why is because hydrogen sits on a boundary between the atomic world and the quantum world.   Okay, now, as far as the materials that are impervious to hydrogen, I'm going to go ahead and give you the three metallic alloy families, it's a short layer. Okay, and the stainless steel family is 303, 306, 316 stainless steel. 316 stainless steel is the same stainless steel that's used in knives, forks, spoons, utensils, that kind of stuff. Again, that's 303, 306, 316 stainless steel. The next one are your coppers, your copper family, and that is copper, grass, bronze, beryllium copper. Again, that's copper, grass, bronze, beryllium copper. The third one happens to be your aluminum alloys. Now, there's a couple of notes about the aluminum alloys. You have to keep your temperatures below 100 degrees Celsius, because there's chemistry above, above the boiling temperature of water. Now, about the aluminum alloys, there needs to be a lot more work done on this. The reason why is because there are some aluminum alloys that have tensile strength greater than titanium, but I don't have any good test data on them. The reason why I'm interested in those metals is because it really helps me out with my work. The last one, the last two are the different plastic families. The two plastic families are your polycarbonates and your high-density polyethylene plastics. It has to do with just the plain density of those materials and the fact that those plastics are not adulterated with chlorine, sulfur, fluorine, or any other, that those are true hydrocarbon-type materials and how the atoms are actually put together. Now, I shouldn't be any surprised that those materials are on those lists considering if you look at any of the manufacturers that make carbon fiber bottles, either they use aluminum liners or they use stainless steel liners and they always use high-density polyethylene plastic on the inside of the carbon fiber bottle. So it shouldn't be any surprise. So if I can get you to go to slide number five. So I'm going to talk about an interesting subject in physics and it's something that most people don't know. So what I've got sitting there in front of me is a distribution transformer and that's one of those things that you usually see attached to a telephone pole. What I want to talk about actually is those bushings there on the top, those high voltage bushings. So bushing to bushing is about 14,400 volts. From the bushing down to the casing is about 7,200 volts. Now, if you notice those insulators or shapes are like an accordion, okay, that's intentional. What it is is electrons like to travel along the surface of things, between that. So between the air and the actual insulator itself where the electrons actually travel because there's because the molecules don't exactly come up flush against the surface of the insulator. So that's where the electrons like to travel. And so by having that accordion shape, you actually increase the surface area the electrons have to travel to ground out on that casing there. So if I can get you to move down number five. So I've got a group of five things in that picture. Now, you're going to say, okay, why did he put all five of those things in there? Well, all five of those devices are what we call quantum devices. Now, this is all going to lead up into what we're going to talk to how to compress this gas. Okay. Well, the first thing we can talk to the device up in the top left hand corner is a diode. The next one there in the middle is called an MPN transistor or bipolar junction transistor. The device there at the bottom is called Lemosvet, which is metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor versus a proton exchange membrane hydrogen field cell and a proton exchange membrane electrolysis. All those devices have things in common, it has to do with quantum physics. In the case of a diode, when they first discovered semiconductors, you usually start out with germanium and they quickly switched over to silicon. What silicon, silicon is a semiconductor meaning you can conduct or be an insulator and usually they'll add something to it and impurity to it to make it either positively charged or negatively charged. When you sandwich those two pieces together, you get this what's called a boundary effect. In the case of a diode, what it means is electrons can only travel in one direction through that device. In the case of the transistor, they've taken three of these materials sandwiched them together. You have two boundaries and that middle boundary there acts like a gate or a control valve. The device below there is called a field effect transistor and that device uses something called quantum telling and quite literally that's an effect where they can use a charged plate next to a junction and you can actually cause what they call basically an electron jumping from one side of that barrier to the other. In the proton exchange membrane field cell, they describe the membrane as a proton exchange membrane, but the truth is is that boundary actually has more in common with the quantum device and quantum tunnel because when a hydrogen atom flows through it goes through a carbon fiber membrane, the platinum strips the electron off of the hydrogen molecule and you've got a proton and that proton disappears on the side of the membrane and repairs on the other side. That's called quantum tunneling. Now, slide number seven, please. I realized that a lot of the people in the hydrogen universal think this is a little strange, this whole idea of quantum tunneling and quantum mechanics, but that equation you see right there, the Schrodinger equation, that's been argued about since Albert Einstein's time and Albert Einstein passed in 1955 and the Schrodinger equation still rules supreme and as a testament to the effects of quantum tunneling, if the effect did not exist, your cell phones would not work and these laptops would not work either, so without that effect. So obviously it does work and obviously hydrogen field cells do work. The last page ought to be slide number eight and that's the record that I said in my lab, June 10th of 2021, that's 57,579 psi from Pressing Hydrogen. I blew out a coupling and I'm in need of a master machinist and I got through my presentation stand. The bane of hydrogen as far as moving forward in our future is compression. And I think what you just explained, what certainly cleared up a lot of things in my mind, not that I understand all the physics details, but certainly I understand why it's a challenge and I've always known about embrittlement and I've always known that it was not only pressure related but temperature related, but what you went through makes it a lot clearer. I also understand the boundary thing from aviation because one of the things that's fairly new in the aviation wing technology is called boundary layer separation, where they actually inject bypass air from the engine through tiny, tiny holes on the wing to separate the surface of the wing from the air passing by it and it actually reduces resistance, therefore less drag, therefore more efficient wing. So the concept you're talking about, even though I can't put them all together because I'm not a physicist, they start to make sense to me and I'm encouraged that at some point in the not too distant future I'll be able to really get a good grasp on all this. Well, I also know that people are going to play these videos multiple times, they're going to unwrap a lot of the things that I've said too. So the next time we get together I'll show you how to build a check valve that's molecularly tied at the quantum level and it is a quantum device and I'll also show you how to use the quantum physics to compress the gas and not only that, but the device that you'll end up using, well basically I'm going to use that great big tank to compress the gas and I'll use the hydrogen itself to compress itself. Right now that sounds fantastic, but when I sit there and talk about quantum tunneling, understand 75 years ago Albert Einstein thought this was focused, focused too, but look at all the computers and semiconductors that are built upon that concept of quantum tunneling and the quantum world is truly, truly bizarre and hydrogen definitely violates a lot of physics. I guess we could say it violates the laws of physics, but more accurately what it probably is we just don't understand the universe well enough. So that's good. I don't feel quite as ignorant as I thought I was because it's still a mysterious world in a lot of ways including with physics. I tell people a lot of Einstein's work is still called theory and that's for a reason. There's people that have string theory of quantum physics and all other kinds of ways that are different from the way Einstein viewed it. It just so happens that a lot of his stuff lines up with what we can experience and see so we tend to put a lot of of trust in it, but it doesn't mean we completely understand it. I've had the honor of my life to actually help prove some of his theories when I worked on GPS because the GPS satellites that have started GPS satellites have a seasoning block in them and I was able to be able to prove that the GPS satellites at time truly does run faster in the GPS satellites than it does down here on Earth and that the gravity actually warps time and space and we're able to prove it. So I was actually honored that when I was developing GPS we helped prove some of the theories that Albert Einstein put out. I appreciate you sharing that insight with us and you know we have a few more minutes left and you and I talk a lot online and chatting and stuff on the text messaging. Let's talk a little bit about kind of the perfect storm we have coming up in the energy world if you can if you can do that in like five minutes or less. Well I'll try and I think a lot of people have been talking about there's a it's not quite the energy world but it's a it has to do with something called Evergrande. It's a property developer there in China and one of the things that's been going on in China for a very long time and Stan and I you and I have been throwing about videos and stuff about some of the really bad property development that's been going on in China for quite a while but they have a 30 year speculative bubble and it's pretty bad. I mean it's not just the ghost cities there actually videos out there of 30 and 40 story buildings collapsing and killing people that's how bad these things are. Well this Evergrande company is basically declared bankruptcy the 24th of September and they have 30 days net due to make good on their debts and they can. Now Wall Street wants them bailed out the Xi Jinping is not going to for a lot of different reasons. Part of it has to do with politics. The last three years he's clamped down on corruption and China has been turning into kind of a hermit state basically. Look on like North Korea unfortunately that's what's been going on and as part of that stamping down and corruption he's definitely been stamping down on some of the bad property development there. The other side of it is he simply doesn't have the cash reserves to do it. With what's been going on with COVID so forth there's an entered crisis going on in China because of some conflicts they have with the Australians right the Australians eject the price of coal 300% they can't buy iron ore. Some of the coal mines in China they've had some pretty severe storms and it rained out their coal mines so they're having blackouts rolling blackouts going on in China right now. The Chinese haven't been able to fire up the the factories and of course we've got all the problems with importing goods here in the states and so forth so they don't have cash flow burn coming in and the COVID situation is pretty much deleted of cash now of dollars mainly. Now the reason why it's important dollars is China imports more than 60% of their food and they definitely are a large importer of crude oil and a lot of their other energy supplies. So Xi Jinping's a situation where if he bails out immigrant and you know we're talking about 300 billion dollars right that's going to have for his ability to buy food and fuel for his people. So the Wall Street is one of the bail out but the truth he can't politically you know he might end up being on the casually list if he did.  You know this this is really really a scary time and I think the only reason it's not scary to most people is they they don't have a economic background. My unfortunate self had to go through a master's program and I through a university that all my electives were economics and I hate economics but I was forced to go through the classes and now I'm scared to death every time I open up a you know Wall Street Journal or I listen to what's going on with Evergrande but you know we've already hit our time limit and you know I'm gonna have to have you back again fortunately because I think I think we need to make this a regular thing you're very enlightening. I think you're right I think we're going to make it you know just sort of when I talk about 300 trillion dollars the United States we only have 20 our GDP is 20 trillion a year guys yeah so nobody can bail this out is what I'm trying to tell you. I truly wish it were a different story.  Yeah not knowing that but the CCP can't because of political politics inside of China they can't bail it out yeah you know. Well thanks so much again for being on the show I really appreciate it and I'm gonna probably have you back in like two weeks just so we can do a Monday morning quarterback of what's going on around the world economically and talk a little bit more about hydrogen so thanks again and I appreciate it and we'll have to have you back. Well I appreciate your time Stan. All right hello to everyone and thanks for watching Stan Energyman I hope you'll really get something from this segment because I certainly did and I appreciate Dan coming on and sharing with us. So until next Tuesday Stan Energyman signing off.


So you don't understand masks, not a problem. Let's say you're working on this 3D object, and you want all the beautiful detail to be gold, but you want the actual main faceplate of it to be silver. So you drag your gold, then you drag your silver, and you will see as we discussed before that the layers stack on top of each other. So everything on the top like the silver will take priority of whatever is beneath it. Now obviously we only want the silver to be applied to the main faceplate, not the entire thing, and that is what a mask is for. Masks allow us to control how much of each material shows up. To add a mask, right click on your material and you will see a couple different options for your mask. Color selection works great if you have a color ID map, bitmap allows you to use a predefined image to guide your mask, but usually you will want a black mask, which just means it will default to hiding the entire material, except for the parts you paint. Otherwise a white mask is the opposite, meaning it defaults to flooding the entire model with your material, except for the parts you paint. For example, we only want the silver to be applied to the main faceplate, so we're just going to use a black mask, and from here right click the mask, and I usually add a paint layer. Now usually the paint layer is generally what you're going to need, but sometimes if you're working on things like edge wear, you might want a generator instead, or if you have a more global effect that you would like to apply or project, you might want to use a fill layer instead. Also if you have multiple layers, you can control how they blend together with these options over here, and use the up and down arrow keys to cycle through the different blend modes. Regardless, usually you want a paint layer. And now if we left click, we can start painting the area of the model that we want the silver to show up. Whatever you paint will reveal the contents behind the mask, but if you ever want to do the opposite, just hit the X key, and it will hide things again instead of revealing them. Now like I showed in the last couple videos, instead of painting, I much prefer to use the polygon fill tool, especially if you have your UV separated and organized into different areas.  You can invert it to flip what's visible and what's not, or you can just invert the background alone. You can clear it or even remove it, and export it outside of Substance to other software. Or if you think you're going to be using this kind of mask a lot, you can save it as a preset. Something else you can do is change how visible the effects of the mask are by messing with the layer opacity, or just turn it on and off with the eye. So there's a lot you can do with masks. Now something that you should know is pretty much everything cool in Substance is some kind of mask, and you've actually been using masks this whole time. You probably didn't realize, but for example, at the beginning of this series, we created color IDs for our objects and dragged materials onto them by holding control. What it was really doing is creating a mask based on our color IDs. At the end of the day, it was still just a mask. So those are the fundamentals of masking. Hope that helps and as always, hope you have a fantastic day and I'll see you around.


and the Council of Farsighted Advisors. It is my pleasure to introduce you from Ohio Northern University. He's been in the Ohio Senate for three turns, he served in the Ohio City Age 26 years ago. The production is that both of our kids graduated from Bowling Green State University. Well, let me say that I don't believe they're going to receive the warmer rock on any campus in the United States. Let me translate you again on beating the Miami women is really something. I'll tell you about something that I know concerns all of you. Peace. And the prospects for peace are views on peace and how we mean to achieve it. The wisest thing ever had in nations in 1965. And he said, no more war, war, never again. I can't hear the words of Pope Paul VI without saying a heartfelt amen. But how to achieve peace? Well, first, we must define exactly what it is we want. In our case, we in the United States passion up the desire of peace with our neighbors, our allies. We propose deep cuts in both the US and Soviet intercontinental nuclear forces of immediate range missiles. During those stark ion infos, you know the stark means the strategic nuclear missile missiles. And the ion infos means the immediate range missiles. We're offering to take it on a legal basis. We reflect that the Soviets walked away from the United States. We hope they'll return. We've told them this target might be and be prepared for it. But again, I have to say this for our Foreign Service personnel. They know their mission. They know they have to be here. Such courage, they're not in uniform. They're not fighting people. But their courage, because the... With regard to peace? Yes, with regard to the people. Unfortunately, the two societies are so different. But the people of the Soviet Union only even before the Soviet regime. And there is a real built-in desire on their part. And for an exchange of people. So that person to person. We've had opposition there as an economics. So I can speak possibly about economists. When you're out of office, what do you want the American people to remember most about the presidency? You know, if I could sum it up in one sentence, it could be very complicated answers. That one sentence that would sum it up is... My question doesn't really go to foreign policy. It's my advice to you... You can answer any other question. But to recognize that this system... The founding fathers were a unique group that came together in one... The difference is so great that it's almost unobserved. Those other constitutions say we, the government, grant you these rights. Our says we, the people, grant government the following rights. Remember that the system was built to be run on the left of government, plus it's to be behind only those things. My question is, what steps of the administration presently taking to help mediate a peaceful solution from the North? We have been trying for a long time, and that was even part of our marine pad, the invasion by other countries. The Israelis felt justified in going in when they did, because there's an uplifting between Lebanon and the Israelis. At the same time, when we tried to bring the influence that the other Arab states have there, and there we've made pad before him, several other representatives, and they all want our presence there, I proposed a plan in September of 82 that basically to get... On behalf of our student body, our master... The rest of the day and the rest of the campaign, I don't think there's ever going to be anything that can top this. If I have any one wish being re-elected, it would be that I could somehow be deserving and worthy of this support and what you, the friendship that you've shown to me, and I'll do my best to do that. Thank you all. Thanks very much.


This paper surveys different cloud platforms suitable for a virtual online laboratory for operating systems courses. It concludes that private cloud and IaaS models are most appropriate for this purpose, and that customized cloud environments should be created instead of using pre-existing IaaS services from providers. Additionally, it reviews the author's previous research on virtualization tools and environments for operating systems, and cybersecurity operations courses, and compares four cloud platforms, Eucalyptus, OpenStack, CloudStack and OpenNebula. Based on their analysis, the authors select Eucalyptus and OpenStack as the best options for the virtual online laboratory. This article was authored by Alina Eselavnia and Vasyl Piolexiuk.


But yeah, you guys do I'm Corbin, I'm Alexis, I'm Ashley, I'm Rick, and today Goodfellas, I'm Tweet-O! So juicy, no it's not We review Polly who we love, yes Because like Corbin, you know what this is Visual master, yes, and also written partly as well Or fully, was it fully, it was fully written by Sondley Okay, fully written by him And then it has obviously Amitabh Bachchan Amitabh Bachchan And... Ronnie Ronnie McCurgy Ronnie McCurgy Yeah Which I believe is the first time we've seen her Right? Yes, unless I'm wrong We've seen her in trailers, but we've not seen a film of hers Okay, yes And I mean Yeah, I mean it's the first time we're seeing her in a film She's opposite Big V But yes, somebody want to read this on outside real quick One of you ladies How would you should actually Because you played Helen Okay More on that in a minute Okay, the cathartic tale of a young woman who can't see, hear, or talk And a teacher who brings a ray of light into her dark world Yes, so this is obviously very in its set in the beginning Variants bought by Helen Keller Yes Look at all the seagulls and seagulls involved Put that out Oh The editor was a seer I like it You were Indians in best life Vari adapted especially in the first half to the miracle worker It was the miracle worker Which you guys were very familiar with You directed it, correct Rick? Yes, shall I go off on that trail? Yes, go off on that trail So many, many years ago Back at the place where all of us met this whole clan Well, no, we met him Well, yeah Prior to that time We did, we've known each other quite a while Yes, quite a while And at the school where all three of them attended and I taught We had a conservatory of fine art that I was the director of And I also taught theatre And when we started to do plays I wanted to put things on stage That we wanted to put into a time capsule The first thing that we ever did was Hamlet And then the second thing we did was the miracle worker And I have a deep love for Helen Very, very deep love for Helen And the audition process was really awesome Because Ashley made it known at the ripe old age of What were you, six? Seven Or seven I was six when you announced it Yeah, seven when you did it Which Patty Did you have a... What? What was that? Go on I just made a joke I was coughing Oh, it was supposed to be fine Just go Just go I was coughing and then I made a joke and go So when Patty... In the original film The Miracle Worker With Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke With Patty Duke playing Helen And Anne Bancroft playing Annie Patty Duke was 12 Helen was actually about six years old When Annie came to her And you can't get a six-year-old to play Helen Well, actually you can Ashley Siegel could do it Because you need the depth of emotion The capacity to play a deaf and a blind girl And Patty did a great job in the film Ashley wanted to play Helen And I wasn't going to be Guilty of nepotism or anything like that So I had a group of people do the casting process And it was a no-brainer She was great We actually... I should probably post some footage of that Because I've got some footage of Ashley as Helen And we actually took the cast Up to the Helen Keller School For the Deaf and the Blind In Austin And saw a full-blown production That they did of Into the Woods It was Into the Woods? It was Into the Woods Everyone in the cast Everyone in the cast was either deaf and blind Or just blind or deaf So y'all were very familiar, obviously Intimately I know every frame or film on that And I know everything about Helen's life I've read every book that Helen wrote I know everything about her life So you're what they call an expert And I have never seen it I know very little about her I was more raw about this film No, I never saw that one No, he's not too young But my she-she-who-shall-not-be-named Was in this production as well And so she was deaf Don't talk about her But she was telling me Especially the first half was A lot of shots were almost identical To the first shots The first hour of this film Is the miracle worker So I was wondering how y'all would enjoy this Being very familiar with the whole Work of one Helen And also the miracle worker Spoiler alert We're going to talk about the film Lots But yeah, so please go off I thought that it was good When they first started I wasn't sure if it was just going to be the exact Same thing as the miracle worker Just in India Like I wasn't sure when it started Because everything you were literally saying Frame by frame, same scenes Just different settings It was the exact same But then I really liked the twist that they took And that it wasn't just about Oh, this teacher was so great And taught her everything But then at the end of it It switched and she was able to re-teach him I thought that was so beautiful And it was just like the full circle Of how life is And I think that it played on Deafness, blindness, and It gave light to what Alzheimer's is Because that's a huge thing that most people If you haven't experienced it firsthand Don't actually understand what it means It's just like, oh, someone forgot But no, it literally can make someone non-verbal And completely unaware and just gone The essence of who they are is gone And put them into the world Helen described herself before In her words, teacher came That her world was nothing but darkness Which is why Mr. Bansali calling this black Is incredibly fitting because at the one hand Helen in her own writing said I was nothing but a little mass of nothing Until teacher came No one could reach me And I couldn't reach anyone else Until teacher came And she was able to give me expression And reach me And it happened for Helen They used a fountain in this But in The Miracle Worker And the real story of Helen It happened in a water pump And it was at the water pump Where Helen first began to understand That teacher was trying to reach her And did, and everything exploded from that point on And they could actually begin to communicate And so for him, and here's the difference Is that The Miracle Worker's story Ends, the climax is the water pump Everything builds to the water pump And that is the penultimate moment of the film When you realize she's finally reached her And now for the rest of her life She'll be able to, and it stops there Well, that's just the beginning of the story Because they knew each other for all of Helen's adult life I mean it goes into when Helen was in her 30s Before Annie passed away And the relationship that they had The closeness that they had She did go to college, Helen went to college Wrote books, she did speaking She tried to talk, she learned to play the piano All because of Annie, and I loved Though this didn't happen the way it's depicted It does convey the depth of the closeness That Helen had with Annie The love she had for her And that is, no, no, no Annie is the teacher Yes, Big B's character is actually a woman in real life But I loved that aspect of it The connection point, and him also being male I thought it was beautiful because In The Miracle Worker, and unless you read her books You don't get to understand how Helen felt In her adult life about I will probably never get to know the love I've learned about in Shakespeare And all these other things So it was really beautiful I've never seen a film trying to depict Helen's Battles with being a woman And I want to know what it's like to have a man And his challenge to express that I thought that was great Back to what you guys were thinking So the... I want to talk about, I'm going to talk about Right now That man is so freakin' good I mean, obviously we know this We know this, this is not news But this is such a different role It was similar in terms of the Corkiness almost of the peekoo Right, right But there's a Corkiness but totally different Very different And also, it was my first experience With this whole storyline as well Of somebody who was deaf, blind She was deaf, blind, she wasn't needed No, no, no But she just wasn't able to really communicate I mean, she was, but she wasn't She eventually got to the point From touching, she would do both this Can I touch your face? She would do both this So she could capture the wind coming from the nose And through the mouth and also feel What was coming through Feel the vibrations And feel the vibrations And she would also, while she did that She would put another hand on the throat So she could feel the sound And then she herself Would try to Began to do that And the best she could kind of get She could come close, was kind of Like if she was going to say, I love you It would be That was the best she could get But she tried I would have loved to talk to her Yeah But yeah, the Amatak Bhaktan's character I thought was so interesting And the relationship between him And the parents, especially the dad Yeah And so I don't know how much of that was In The Miracle Worker That was accurate He was actually, the dad was far crueler In real life And as The Miracle Worker depicts His cruelty in terms of She's an animal Yeah Put the center away It was the mom who kept her around And actually called for the teacher Because for the dad He was just an embarrassment to the family That's terrible Yeah It was so sad Yeah But yeah, Big B is everything People say is Yeah, he is so genius Because we saw this A little while back And then we had seen That 102 Not Out trailer But last week And the fact that he's doing All these different roles that Because we were introduced to him With pink and bad luck Who he was just this old Very distinguished Guy And that's who I thought he was As an actor I'm like, oh, he has a lot of gravitas But he's like He's like an actor What I would love You know what I would love to do Are you familiar with Waiting for Godel To play? Yeah I would love to see Waiting for Godel With Big B And I want to see that man on stage I want to experience him Did he ever do stage? Do we know that? There's no way That man is that good And didn't do stage Yeah No way Yeah, he is such I would be flabbergasted And also What's her face? Rami So you can talk about her more As a performance I thought she did very, very well I believed her fully You can talk a little more about her What is it, ASL? ASL Oh, yeah, by the way, guys This is important to know And they'll be able to give a vantage point This is going to be a long review They both studied And can speak sign language ASL version So you can tell us How they all did with all of that Yeah What do you think of her performance? Let's get into that As well as the girl who played her younger Because we all had takes on that I think are probably similar But you girls talk about The girls that played her I think Rami Her name I think that she did great Just overall That she did really, really good I can be super nitpicky And talk about like specific Little tiny moments Where there were like One thing or another But as far as the sign language I thought it was really interesting And I'd like to know Is the sign language in India ASL or SEE Because I know that In a lot of other places So in England It's very different sign language Than it is in America Instead of Mexico There's a lot of different It's like languages Each country has their own language So it's interesting that they did it In American sign language More as she got older When she was little They did it much more Signing exact English Interesting To teach her that way So I wonder In India Is there an Like a Hindi version Of sign language Or something like that Or do they just use American sign language I don't know So that was my question It was me Because I asked you during While we were watching it I asked you And you were picking up Because she's going to have Full on conversations With people in sign language And little nuances That you could pick up on Now also we think I think we all had the same Situation I want to bring up The young actress Who played her as a girl For the most part Here's what I loved About her even more Than Patty Duke She captured what Helen Has described of herself As pure animal Yeah For sure Patty didn't capture that She captured wild Yeah and she had moments Of frustration But this girl was just Animal She did very very well She did very well And I never saw her break The sensory deprivation For being a kid Yes She did She was younger Than Patty Duke was This was a young girl Yeah But I want to know the choice Because we all had a Life as choice The same, yeah Her eyes Flying all over the place Moving back and forth Like that One, if her eyes Really did do that Why did it change When she was an adult Why did they stop moving? But Sally may have made An artistic decision To convey I want her physicality To be animalistic At every level So her eyes need To be uncontrollable And as she gets older She will gain A measure of composure And physicality That conveys That she now has More control over herself It holds me It does, yeah Because I get it I get it artistically But if you are familiar with The blind culture And blind people That's not You don't have control If you have no control Over your eyes You don't gain control Because you don't know You don't know How to use those muscles Because they don't work Right And some do Some That's why some wear glasses Is because they don't want People to be off put By the fact that They're talking to them Their eyes are doing this Because they know that They fly all over They've been told And then there's others Who doesn't They don't really Yeah Their eyes are just straight So for her to be both Was It was very confusing Because Interesting You wouldn't grow up And gain control of that I mean unless I've never heard of that That would be very awkward Would you say that was nitpickier That really bothered you Because for me It bothered me It really bothered me It bothered me That I noticed it so very I noticed it so much I was like Why is there such A distinct difference Because it wasn't just Oh her eyes still wonder a little bit Her eyes Didn't wonder at all When she was an adult They just were like No they did a little bit Not like Not like Not as much When she was a little bit Yeah they would move a tiny bit But the fact that there was nothing It was going from one extreme To the next extreme And that was a lot for me Got it Just because I know that And that would just be odd So as a whole I wasn't I wasn't familiar with That aspect So I'm sure Didn't get registered Yeah I was like I guess that's normal And so I didn't I'd love to know In a minute I want to hear more about Your just overall Feelings about the film And things you liked Or didn't like And other actors I would really love To talk to Sanjay About the research he did Because the second half Which is more of the Adult life of Helen Which is not to pick A miracle worker While it's a mixture Of fact and fiction It is He knows Helen He knows her And he dedicated it to Helen So I bet I could sit down With a cup of chai Or coffee with that man And talk for hours on end About Helen Because I sensed From the film His respect If you guys haven't Read Helen And her books Please do The woman Was extraordinary Not just because She was able to overcome Blindness and deafness That's not even meritorious When it comes to her capacity To express Views about existence And life And right and wrong And she's a brilliant human being She was Overall Pros and cons You felt about the movie Served with Lexis Her chafe was unique She's always so quiet My only con was the icing That was really the only thing And the review actors That I didn't really like Some of the supporting roles Yeah Yeah Same with us That's the most Most things that In the beginning part of the film I thought looked a lot like a play Like just the way that it was shot Felt more like a play than a movie to me I'm sure he did that at the time We haven't talked about him yet But Sanjay Lee Vasali Just once again This is another one of those films Outside Which one did we see last of his It was Anyway Sorry Yeah, this was a visual Masterpiece Delight It was the same exact thing I'm going to The Paramavat and Bistrami Masanani In terms of Just not as He didn't have any money Obviously Obviously There was a lot more money Place in those films Yeah, but I think he also But he could do it so easily With a film like this Just the shots But even at the beginning It was just I think it was her Walking up for him I can't remember who it was In the beginning It was just the house With the stuff In the background Shots like that It wouldn't surprise me If his choices for that The first telling Of Helen's story ever In artistry Was through theatre Yeah There was a play first The Miracle Worker And he Honored it By making it feel like a play Especially in the first half I could totally see this As a play That's what it was With people Oh yeah Gersnatch Gersnatch So overall Did you like Because you know Helen's story So well you know Miracle Worker Did you like the second half Yeah You liked that Conveying of her adult life And the transition of He helped her And now she helps him Yeah Yeah Cool Good What about you? I love that I think it was so beautiful How they switched it And made it That he's forgotten And I love how dedicated She was She had the same Dedication to him Oh yeah Oh yeah At the penultimate moment Of I've used that word Twice today Two points from me The moment At the end When she's When she's with him And He She reaches him And then he does the little dance That just like Killed me Oh my goodness And then they open the window Yeah To the rain That was just so gorgeous And she didn't let anybody See her in her cap and gown Before he did She didn't even wear it To graduation It was so gorgeous Yeah It was such a beautiful film The I didn't Wait Shocker Shocker No, sorry What a yawn I know But I loved Even though I didn't know This wasn't I was told it wasn't the original story But I didn't know This story from Anything And so The switch was Just new to me And I thought it was just Part of the Part of the thing that was In the miracle worker Yeah right I did love the switch Because it showed One A ton of versatility In the acting Oh for sure Big B 100 play Yeah And then he had to Completely just go Mmmhmm Gone Especially those moments Where he has to Transition to that Like when he's sitting at the desk And you see something Register on his face And then he just And then he just says Right How do I go out Yeah that was sad Yeah that was very sad It was as good The best picture The best portrayal of That Struggle Of dimension all timers That I've ever seen Is in the film You know what I'm going to say Yes With Julia Oh my Alice What is it? Alice Yes Oh that was great Still Alice Still Alice Have you seen Still Alice? No Oh it's so good Her portrayal in that And it's early onset She's only like Where she's like Learning And you watch her Go from Discovering she's got it To watching her slowly Did And just Go away But still being there Yeah It's a beautiful story In the same way this is Of that Those who know them closest That even when everyone else May think man They're just gone Right off they're gone They know that they know There's something You're still You're still They're not gone until That heart stops beating They're still there They're just Just transitioning Of the character It was my favorite Performance of his That I've seen It was so good And that's hard Because obviously We've seen a ton Of great performances From him I would probably agree With him Another performance of his Because It was difficult Piku is really great Because it was so different From his other roles And I love his gravitas And the bickiness that he has In like pink and bad look This one for me was his most To coin a phrase Thespianatic He really showed his acting Muscles He just kind of opened his heart And you got to see Every little bit Into this Because you got to see Yeah I can't wait to see It changed so much Throughout So all the stuff we've seen Is stuff we can recognize From him He's still older We haven't seen him In his younger work Shole I know And whatever it's called I can't wait I can't wait to see more Yeah I love this film I did too I give it an A plus I almost had no issues With this film Outside of some of the Smaller actors Very small Smaller actors Little moments And the music There was the theme That kept bringing back Over and over That was so beautiful And it really For me from here on out Like when I talk about Helen And people who I've always told people You've got to watch Helen's books I say that all the time I'm going to add this To my recommendations And say Because that second half Is the first time I've ever seen captured on film Even though it's A male teacher With a female It captures the reality Of the closeness Of Helen And Annie And Helen would want that Yeah She would want everyone To know how beautiful And wonderful And sacrificial Annie gave her life Up For Helen And that's exactly what he did And that's what he did She gave her entire life Up For Helen And Helen Yes And Helen was forever Grateful For teacher And this was captured It was beautiful Yeah It was beautiful Beautiful film Thank you And A plus A plus Beautiful I don't think The directing The main acting Was all great The directing The cinematography Obviously And then the Score as well Which we didn't talk about A lot But I thought the score The very That Just that difference of how She came out of the black And into it And then he came From it To it It just was beautiful And she wanted to just be With him in that process So she From him Dedicating his life to her She dedicated her life to him Yeah And giving him back Everything That He'd given her Yeah So let us know What we should watch And from you next Also let us know What you thought of this film


On December 10th, the Army is going to battle it out against Navy in the official Army-Navy football game, the greatest rivalry in college sports. We're here at the Fort Meade PX to find out how soldiers are getting ready to celebrate our big win. We want to talk about the Army-Navy game. Oh, the Army-Navy game. Go Army. You know, seek the Navy. So who is going to win this year? Army. Why? Because I'm in it. So what are you going to do to celebrate when we win this year? I'm not a drinker, but I'm going to drink a beer on them. I like it. Can I come over and join you? Absolutely. It's going to be good because, you know, we're going to win this year. Destinatable, but hopefully we do. What kind of advice could you give to the Army team to make sure that we come out on top of this year? Don't be weak. So who do you think is going to win? Well, I'm going to have to go with the Navy on that one. What? Why would you say that? Well, I got to represent a little bit. All right, Army. Now, let's quit all this losing the Navy. I want a big Army win this year because I'm getting old. What are you going to do when Army finally, this time, gets together and beats them? I'm going to throw a party in the barracks. All right. I like it. No alcohol, though. Of course. Well, I'm going to say I totally so because I picked them. You got money on it? Yeah, I do. All right. No, I do. I do America. Now or never. How do you think you're going to celebrate when the Army beats the Navy? What are you going to do when the Army beats the Navy? Well, wait. Who says the Army is going to beat the Navy now? I just did. Go, Army! All right. What are you going to do on December 10th when the Navy loses? Now or never. I'll do Navy just because he's doing Army. No, if you can't do that. Go, Army. Beat Navy. Go, Army. Beat Navy. It's just that the PX seems to be that Army is definitely going to win this year. Go, Army. Beat Navy. Well, you want to know where the goats are and go get them? They're at the Naval Academy at Old Dairy Farm, and the goats are still there. Go, Army beat Navy.