All right media wiki.org. So if you're not familiar with media wiki, it's essentially the same software that runs Wikipedia itself Wikipedia's got a lot more customization, but the concept is the same. It's a wiki It's very easy to learn very easy to use the markup language in it And once you add a couple tools to it, it actually becomes a very great documentation server It's well part of the problem documentation is if you don't make it easy to use or you create too many Barriers and getting information both into a system or back out to people that people don't do it And that's one of the concepts in media wiki that I really liked is it becomes a very simple way to create data and Put all the data in one place and then easily change that data as needed and keep track of all the versions And who did what in that data that is a massive undertaking and Wikipedia scales really really well and has done a great job of handling that now This is the current version that we're running here in April of 2017 or 2018, which is the 1.3.0 Media wiki the 1.3.1 is supposed to be out in June But everything's gonna be based around that now part of the reason I delayed doing this video was until I had a VM ready for you And I say that because there's a lot of tricks of setting it up And I wanted to make it a little bit easier so you can just jump in and start playing with it So I'm gonna provide you a VM and a VM is specced out like this. It's called the wiki It's set to DHCP. It's got one gig of RAM 256 gig virtual hard drive It's gonna be your standard OVA format so you can import it to virtual box or whatever hypervisor you want I said virtual box because I'm actually exporting out of that because I figured that's the most common one But it works fine. You can import it into Zen or whichever other hypervisor you want to try it with Root password 123 it will allow SSH login from root because I have that turned on So those are things you may want to lock down if you plan to use this any type of secure environment The way we run ours very locked down. None of these services are exposed It's on a separate network and we're gonna cover a little bit more of the lockdown and it's the second here Something else for ease of use for people who like I said want to get started playing I loaded webman on this and if you're not familiar with webman, you're gonna find it on Port 10,000 so because it sets a DHCP the IP address picked up was that 47 you can log in and type IP ADDR and it's gonna tell you what IP address it got now Like I said root and password 123 now for the users on here. We have an admin user in the wiki and the password is password and then we have a Tom user and I made the password Tom is 123 So those are all the users that are in here pretty straightforward pretty simple zoom these in so we can read them real quick But they'll be in the little bit of instructions in the download link for this So that way you can download this file get playing with it load this in your own VM and start playing with the wiki It's pretty cool and webman. I know some people hate it I we don't use it in production But it's kind of an easy way for you to play around and poke around with the servers and a my sequel database server That's in here so you can kind of see it. I guess it's a great I think it's a great learning tool for some things or occasionally just to figure out, you know How some of the stuff works, please note it says two package updates available Do not use webman because it will break the package updater Because there's a couple caveats here The visual editor is what a lot of people want installed because it makes editing the wiki really easy the visual editor relies on Parsoid Parsoid has a new version and normally that's exciting But the part so it version is not compatible with the wiki visual editor version Needed to run on version 1.3 So there's some incompatibilities because of the new updates that being said there's a workaround where you pin the parsoid version to an old version They have instructions on how to do that. I believe it's in the discussion here So when you're following through all this if you want to build this yourself There's a lot of details that you have to kind of read and assemble There's not really any guide for putting together and it's actually rather difficult Unless you're savvy at Linux went together and I did not have time to make an entire step-by-step guide video on how to build it I mean all this is going to change in a couple months. Anyways, maybe after a change to the new version I'll look at doing that for now. I provide you with a VM that works That's and you can reverse engineer anything you want from the VM that works or just use it and customize it yourself That being said Let's get started on how the media wiki itself works like said all these I'll leave links But I mean it's tons of documentation on here and discussion of how to set all this up If you're a Linux savvy you can follow and build it on your own VM So first thing is we customize this to be a private wiki. That's one of the things about this It's not just wide open to the public and that's important because even though we keep it on a separate network We do not expose this to the internet It's locked down turned off and not easily available or easily accessible and when it is a login We have two-factor turned on so the two-factor keeps anyone from just logging in even if they did have username a password We also built it on encrypted drives This VM was not built on crypto drive basically for your convenience that way There's not one more barrier to setting it up But I highly recommend building the VMs on encrypted drives and locking it down in a separate network If you plan to put any private data in this wikis are made for sharing You just may not want to share it with everybody So we have an ACL list that only allows specific computers in this building to access it Once that's past the ACL list its username password and then a token a two-factor token and we have persistent login turned off So once they close their browser it deletes the it will not let them stay logged in so it forces them to be logged out Couple other plugins we have let's cover them real quick here We have the Oauth extension that's the two-factor one and user page viewer and visual editor and you can see all the little Customizations for visual editor that are in here. We also have a WG file extensions. This allows you to save more than just images into the wiki Which by default only once will allow images to be saved. They don't allow XML files and things like that We modified this so it allows it to do config files So if you back up a firewall and you want to save your data from a firewall configure Whatever into the wiki you can do that and I'll show you how that works as well. It's it's actually very convenient All right, so let's get that out of the way Folks really want to do is log in and it's not going to present me with two-factor because I don't have turned on for there But it's super easy to do. So here's the main page like I said very little here You can look at recent changes, which I uploaded some Stuff and played with a few things the wiki is wonderful at tracking all the details of what happened. So I Take a look and we'll start with a client page and we'll work backwards of how we built it so here's the Pied Piper client and And this is kind of a template we use and I'll I can throw a copy of this template It's really easy to kind of add some structure But clients become somewhat unstructured because every client's different So we start with like a base structure But every client there's a bunch of little things that you have to do to kind of you know add details to how their systems are set up So it also is flexible. So when you see a template, it's not like it's locked in form fills It's general starting forms now. You may have noticed by default everything starts collapsed That's part of the convenience in keeping things clean so you can expand this and then you have people's you know Email addresses in here, maybe a company directory server login stuff Printers and scanners that they have scattered around the office the Wi-Fi login Information now you may notice some of these have hyperlinks now. This is part of the actually how we do things in production We have hyperlinks. For example, this is a Dell R520 and It doesn't go to a real one, but it's close I made it I made it the service tag one digit different and what this would actually do is Links you right to the service tag page That's one of the advantages with the wiki is you can link to all kinds of external data like that So you can have everything at your fingertips. This is linked to our screen connect system It's gonna ask me logging some in a different browser logged out But it would actually open and screen connect a remote control tool directly to that server So this is some of the you know how you service things fast. You can pull up the client information I have everything I need to log in I even have the direct link to their client file to their screen connect file So we can get in the same thing goes here the wiki demos. We have it This will bring me right to our unified page login. I can log right in it lands me on that client I can start managing your Wi-Fi So if they're already managed on there and that's what some of these do and let me go to edit real quick Because I'll actually say yes as Wi-Fi. Yes, these little summaries that top tells well They're not what do we manage that client's Wi-Fi? We have a multitude. We're not a managed service only and we're not a break fix only So these kind of help us determine if a client calls us because we have about 300 clients who do it for What the basis is for those clients, you know, whether they're a managed client unmanaged client what we manage what we don't manage Do they have a camera system that we need to know about and do we manage it is actually? How this goes it's this doesn't actually mean for in terms of us What if they have cameras as well, not we have cameras that we manage this what a client summary comes in now Once you go in to edit nothing's collapsed and you can edit everything and this because the visual editor is in here This is what looks like if you view from source It was standard wiki markup language Back to the visual editor visual editor makes things really easy because we can just do this Insert another row Add another user Yep, the number in there I like keep the dashes now no cell phone in there and then double click this and Save changes confirm the changes away you go now. I've added something to here Now this is important because what this is doing is making it very easy just to edit and change data when you need to get things in and out of the system and You may be wondering how do we change view the history of that or let's actually do a password change We did that change, but let's do a password change. We'll go over here Well, we got to edit get an edit mode from what Wi-Fi that Wi-Fi Save Yep Your change was saved We look at recent changes. This is a global version of recent changes We can see there was a change history here or we can click on the thing itself and we go to view history this will allow you to Compare the changes and right there is going to highlight just what was changed then and we know between this and this I Had added another person to this and we know who did it we can revert to it We can view That page as it looked then this is actually kind of cool thing. So not only can you undo it? You can even view that version of the page. So here's the version there. Here's the version there. So this is the version Where the Wi-Fi is was he where did it go That Wi-Fi, let's look at the version from 10.05 and it was what Wi-Fi So this is some of the nice thing about it It's going to track each user did it so admin had made some changes at 847. This is me prepping for the video So this is what it looked like when admin was doing it And then we go all the way the beginning And this is what it looked like probably with yeah No information in it. This is what it very first looked like when admin created the page So wiki will track in detail every little piece everyone who touched everything now This is also what the user tracker comes in We go over here to special pages user page view tracker And we can see everything that Tom touched or admin user only two users in here now when our production one it's got all of our users here I know every page that anyone looked at and it's constantly done and this can't be deleted matter of fact You can't delete anything in the wiki permanently by default.  So let me just go here. I'll go right to the source delete Save all right, that's host Now if we go over here Pull up pied piper again. We'll log out. We'll log in as admin user It'll bug you to change your password because it's the initial password I set We'll pull up pied piper Nothing in here, but I can go to view history And we can see why we deleted 4000 lines, so let's go to this one. Well, there's everything Let's go ahead and undo this. Oh Conflict in the intermediates my bad We'll just undo this one. There we go There it's restored right back to the way it was Like I said, it's really easy to one see what anyone touched see what anyone changed see every version history I have no limits on these. I mean, there's ways you as an admin you can purchase things out But by default users cannot and when you're creating the users you just create them all as what they refer to as bureaucrats which allow them to Go through and you know create pages and edit pages and see things But you can't also create all kinds of restrictive groups if you want so we're going to special grazes special pages Create accounts and this is you go through you create the account, you know, whoever you're creating Whatever you want to do here. We'll create the account It's been created and then you go over here back to special pages Users and rights and then you can then remove the credentials rename the user reset their password reset their tokens Block them if you wanted to or go to user rights Bob Load the user she up with the username in there and then you can now grant The different reasons in there now I'm not going to get into every option to customize this there's plenty of documentation here But you can create all the group rights the groups and then assign things to those groups into what permissions they have You can get really in depth with their so you can control what people see in there or only give them access to see what you want So that's definitely an important part of it. So let's jump back into because there's all kinds of fun things you can do in here But that's all well documented through media wiki. They their documentation is very extensive on all the features. So let's talk about clients Let's talk about creating new clients ABC client for example. So if we want to create ABC client All they did is first I searched for it cannot find it. So you hit create and it'll create the client Now by default it wants to create from source. So our starting point is the template But I can leave this template. I'll leave a copy of this as well So we'll create the client here First time so it wants me to yeah, yeah, yeah, so don't run the tour Although it was pasted in the tape. We're gonna save save and That quickly I created a template now you can actually make this faster by creating templates in there That will dump this in based on a command It's it's fine to do that. We actually created a file called template And it likes that there's a lot of ways to do this you can create template And then you can just copy and paste from this template from source to every new client So it's actually really quick to create stuff So our ABC client Recent changes Yeah, ABC make sure I write oops page title match The autocomplete does work. It takes a second because it rebuilds the index But what once you've created a client you've added it a couple times the index is rebuilt and they auto fine like Pied Piper does how it auto completes By the way something and I've never bothered. I think there's a way to turn this off the search indexes are built Case sensitive. So if you typed in Pied Piper With a lower P it doesn't necessarily find it and found this time It's a way there's an index rebuild that fixes that it's not that big of a deal Anyways, so let's look at our ABC Yeah, ABC client it's auto completing now. So if I type in Hey, look ABC client comes up. All right, perfect indexes rebuilt So here it's working and this is all basic so there's no data in this client or anything like that But it gets you the idea that you can now start editing it And start filling in everything and putting in there now side note And I'll you I'll pull this up real quick because this is kind of novel is the ability to do this. This is a Stock ticker that works in Google Sheets and please note. There's some links and there's some things going on in here So it's got all these different formulas, but we're just gonna go ahead and do a copy your standard copy paste control C Bring it over to here find the spot. We want to drop that in it really doesn't matter paste You can paste in different spreadsheets. This should work fine from Excel don't have Excel to even test it But it works fine from Google Sheets and I've tested it with Open office and it works with that as well But yeah, you if you have a lot of data already tabulated and things that are in spreadsheets You want to get in here? You can copy and paste it. You can also copy and paste Wikipedia information so if you had something you've seen you wanted to pull out of Standard Wikipedia for building your own documentation. Let's grab some data like this and There we go. We've now pulled in a big pile of information on there and you can start editing it It understands when you copy and paste from Wikipedia dropping things in from there So if you wanted to use Wikipedia as some of your documentation source, which sometimes happens Sometimes you have some technical things in here because we don't just save client data We save sometimes our own work instructions and build instructions for things and we'll pull data from different places And we can pile it here for our work instruction. Maybe how to set something up When there's a lot of detail and I need to save it somewhere So that's kind of showing you how to build a client and all the customization and do it So let's go back over to our pie piper client. I'll show you a few of the things we have in there So we're gonna leave page because I'm not gonna save it This is a network map of my network that I drew a while back in one of my other I think it's my virtual lab video so that I uploaded to here and we'll talk in a second about uploading files The other thing we do a lot of is like the work instructions So, you know per work instructions per data from old server Update the offline updater set up the time software. This is actually You may even recognize it is time management. We have a few law firms that use it and this is like the for one of them This is the work instruction for it. I didn't bother putting all the screenshots in here But we can do that But it's also whenever there's a change your work instruction This comes back to the data has to be easy to edit easy to use So some work instruction for cast I was actually let my wife play with the wiki server when she was messing with it So if there's a step three and we realized that we needed to be have another step in there So we can just do this some that other thing needs to be done before and Then we hit save changes.  You realize something got left out Well, if you made the system really difficult to use and you couldn't just click edit and change it You would never update the documentation go. I'll do it later. I don't feel like doing this and this This is one of the reasons I like the wiki so much because that quickly I added under step and drop something in here Let's say I wanted to add another work instruction as well so we can actually just edit this section of the work instructions here and The way you create then you have subheading one So this is a heading and this is a sub set as subheading to so we just same same thing subheading to another oops another work instruction and then we're going to go ahead and use the numbered list, you know this first This second And of course you could elaborate on this and insert files and things like that most of the time work instructions You know step step here step here do this do this They're not always as visual as they are just processes and procedure to follow and Save changes save Now what's really cool at the very top here? Here's the work instructions and this is why we do these subheadings on these So you have the headings and then different subheadings it automatically generates the contents on the fly So some of our clients there's a lot of this result Just a massive amount of all the different things now by doing this and we do so much for work remotely We'll have this open in one window when we're doing to work And this is how we're just on the fly creating work instructions thing that way if another staff member needs to access that client They know the work instruction how to complete whatever task is done there if something gets changed We change it right away on there And this is part of documentation if you don't make it easy for your end users in your office to use They won't they will go on it's too much trouble to update is too much trouble to do this So part of the process is you know we log in we have this we go through the two factor It's only certain people on the list was very locked down But by making this really easy to use when a client calls one We have easy access to the information to if that information changes It's super easy to just click edit and just start editing the information of whatever change You know for things like hosting for things like Their logins we have it all right there with one click We can put all the hyperlinks of different pages as you know if you worked in it Unless you work in a single vertical every client's very very different So it's something to think about to making sure you have all of that All right now It's a little tricky getting the media in the quickest way to do it when you're uploading a file is edit source Insert media We're gonna go to upload select file and we got the pipe or firewall here So we'll go ahead and open it it does may you can probably take that off if you want to play with the code But it does make you upload your own work backed up firewall of firewall or changes on All right, so we hit save you can say use this image Insert Then you just take out the thumbnail part if you don't take it out doesn't do anything anyways But we'll do this now. We have the files here. So we're gonna save changes So it's a little bit weird, but there's the firewall config Piper firewall config and it says when was this uploaded now? Let's say you go and make some more changes to that So we're gonna go ahead whoops We don't need to do this again. Once you've created the placeholder for it. Actually, we're gonna put a breaking space in between here So Also the visual editor doesn't like the files. That's why I always go to edit source so it at source, I believe we just need to put a Space between there and now they're separated so the two separate files. You can clearly see what they are Now if you want to update this file, we're gonna go ahead and we don't need to delete it We're gonna upload a new version of it though browse There's the pipe of firewall actually just made a quick change to it some change made Upload file now. There's different versions of the file This is actually really handy so you can keep a history of all their firewall configs You can delete them if you want this will let you purge But once again, you can if you delete them they can be undeleted So you can now see and make Comments for each version you uploaded what those changes were to that file So if you ever updated a bunch of firewall rules, but then you go man I needed that config version from a month ago when we last changed it This is why I really like the way the way he handles files So the placeholder doesn't change because the file name doesn't change We just keep uploading over again, and it keeps all the different versions of the file That is just super handy because you into the version history of the file and you can look at it now I think Well, let me do this It doesn't understand the difference in there. Yeah, there's probably ways you could do some comparison of The files in terms of if they're XML and look at them But most time you're uploading, you know, if the firewall saves an XML some save and proprietary weird formats So there's another issue there So it doesn't let you really do a diff inside the file And like I said, you also have them on the biggies already been modified But something we changed was allowing upload of files that are not just image files on there So let's go back to our Piper Piper client And of course you are used are probably wondering the question. So here's the other file. What if we deleted it? Yep, let's just delete that and The file's been deleted now when you delete the file and we're gonna open more than one window here to make it easier It's still here It just lets you know it's been deleted But it's gonna bring you back if you want to view and restore and like I said Nothing's really deleted unless you run a purge Which by default the admin users I think only the admin use can do it and there's a special way you have to do it I believe through from the command line to There's the normal users can't purge this but we can view and restore these files Just by going back here and go okay. Here's the file history and go ahead and restore it. So reason for restore I Didn't give one But if you've seen that right there it asked me if there was a reason to restore it and you can type I restored it because someone accidentally deleted it. Now if we go back over your pipe piper There's that file back perfectly fine So they can delete but the delete doesn't technically go away It just goes into the you deleted this and like I said unless you purge it out. It's still there So this is kind of an overview of how we use the wiki You can look at all kinds of stuff. You can look at like recent changes if you want to keep an eye on What people are doing inside of it what changes have been made? It's really slick for doing so much this it's also kind of fun because you can customize things like let me go to the main page here You can even customize this So we're gonna source and let's go ahead and Delete that and make the main page. We're gonna delete this too Save changes save Now the main page itself when you first log in becomes this all the recent changes or You could go in here So special recent changes slash 50 another option would be I think you can do Special And I said all pages and now what it's actually doing is as each new client comes up it lists all your clients here So let's go ahead and add another client. Oops, so we do that go ahead I'm not gonna fill in a template save Back to the main page now we have ABC client another client mange pain You can see how you could have the main page and landing Like I said you just a ton of things you can do with wikis There's a ton of information out there and how to customize them But this is just a general how we use the wiki for managing all kinds of documents So if we have a lot, it's a great information repository for us For all kinds of things we even have you know links to things we buy usually vendor links Just all that data for your company rather than trying to have just a Massive mess of Word and Excel documents that you have saved everywhere that oh man Someone opened this file or did someone edit this having it all in one web interface is Very convenient matter of fact I even suggest for companies even if you're not using it for client management just in general Consolidating all your company information to a wiki Great idea and a lot of clients have actually done this they run their own internal wiki servers or confluence If you're looking for a commercial version Confluence is a very similar piece of software. It runs a very similar way of keeping all your documentation somewhere But it's I'm really a big fan of media wiki scalability wise This is the same as Wikipedia for the most part. So yes, this scales very well. It's a great tool I'll leave the instructions and link for downloading to VM so you can you know play around with it yourself And you know maybe if you not even want to use it for the client stuff You just want to use it just for creating your own personal document repository Just to have all your personal data somewhere when you you know come up with something come up with a thing You're like I just want to document and write stuff on here. I'll make it easily accessible. They're really good for that, too Thanks for watching if you liked this video go ahead and click the thumbs up Leave us some feedback below to let us know any details what you like and didn't like as well because we love hearing a feedback Or if you just want to say thanks leave a comment If you wanted to be notified of new videos as they come out go ahead and to subscribe and the bell icon that lets YouTube know that you're interested in notifications Hopefully they send them as we've learned with you, too Anyways, if you want to contract us for consulting services You go ahead and hit launch systems calm and you can reach out to us for all the projects that we can do and help you We work with a lot of small businesses it companies even some large companies and you can farm different work out to us Or just hire us as a consultant to help design your network Also, if you want to help the channel in other ways, we have a patreon We have affiliate links you'll find them in the description You'll also find recommendations to other affiliate links and things you can sign up for on Lawrence systems calm once again Thanks for watching and I'll see you in the next video


In September 1598, Dutch rear admiral, Wybrant Van Warwick, landed with five ships on Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. The island was full of natives, many of whom lived in the center in the forests, some of whom lived on the coasts. The Dutch called them Falkvogels. They had no fear. They moved freely about the island whenever they want. They went wherever they wanted, until the Dutch ate every single one of them. The Falkvogels were dodo birds, and their image remains important in Mauritian history. It's a symbol of authenticity, a sign that Mauritian culture really is unique, that it's more than the sum of its parts. Without any indigenous peoples to mourn on Mauritius, the island remembers the Falkvogels, or disgusting birds, as the first sacrifices that were made to build the island's creole culture. Today's modern liberal imagination is quite pleased to look at multicultural, wealthy, peaceful societies like Mauritius and see all the progress we've made in hundreds of years now. But even Mauritian history and culture have been built by bloody, violent sacrifice. Welcome to Liberty Chronicles, a project of libertarianism.org. I'm Anthony Komegna. Mauritius is a rare example of a creole culture from the start. There really aren't many of these in world history. The island had no indigenous human beings, and the first human visitors to the island were Muslims from East Africa and Arabia in the medieval era. There were no permanent settlements there until the 17th century when the Dutch arrived. The Dutch had achieved their independence after their 1566 revolt against the Spanish Habsburgs, King Philip II. They established their republic in 1581 and chartered the East India Company, or VOC, in 1602. From the start, the new country was yet another, corporate capitalist imperial power. Rear Admiral Warwick ships stayed on Mauritius for about four months, but they didn't establish any formal settlements there until much later, 1638. What Dutch settlements did gradually rise up on Mauritius were there really just as a stop along the way to the much more important colony of Batavia, which is today in Indonesia, the city of Jakarta. The VOC center of operations was Indonesia, and that was really the center of the Dutch empire at the time. Mauritius was just another place along the way. The first party the Dutch left there was only 25 men, and the second wave added just a few dozen more. They were mainly six soldiers, sailors, and convict laborers imported from other parts of the empire. The most obvious and accessible source of labor for the Dutch, therefore, was in Madagascar. They took 105 slaves from Madagascar back to Mauritius, and half of them escaped almost immediately to the center of the island in the forests where they lived as maroons, or they escaped French ships that were anchored elsewhere on the island. But everyone on Mauritius was a maroon of sorts. Most of them were convicts or they were slaves, and everybody basically wanted to escape when they could. The Dutch finally dismantled the settlement 20 years after it was founded in 1658, and an unknown number of black and white maroons remained behind, wanting the island whenever it was visited by Europeans afterward. They also left European animals, especially rats. They so dominated the island and terrorized European inhabitants that the Dutch called it the Isle of Rats. For the better part of a decade after the Dutch abandoned Mauritius, the rats really ruled, along with the maroons at the island center. The Dutch settled again in 1664, and this settlement lasted until 1710, but slaves still escaped from their masters with ease, genuinely competing with the imperial overlords for actual and real mastery of the island. This prompted the Dutch then to institute a terroristic legal system to compel order. When the authorities convicted three male slaves of arson, the Dutch crucified them and ripped their flesh from their bodies. Once they were dead, the bodies were left on public display. Fear should rule this island. There was constant fear of maroons and constant fear of master terrorism, one feeding right into the other. In 1706, Pete of Bali, a free-born person of color and escaped prisoner, formed a cosmopolitan gang of maroons in an arson conspiracy to burn the island's most important buildings. The conspirators came from everywhere around the Indian Ocean Basin. They were a motley group of many nationalities. There were people from Bali like Pete, from Madagascar, Batavia, Malabar, Bengal and Goa, Mozambique, Padang and Patti. There were also Dutch colonists from German, Swiss and English extraction. But even though they foiled Pete of Bali's plot and many others, the Creel maroons really dominated the island along with the rats. The Isle of Rats was abandoned again in 1710, and the settlers were forcibly removed to the Cape in Africa or to Batavia. The maroons ordered them to be well clothed, so they wouldn't bring shame to the Dutch nation. The rats again became kings, and the maroons rejoiced to again rule themselves. With the Dutch gone, the French swooped in to claim Mauritius. They did so in 1715 as part of John Law's growing Mississippi bubble, and the French East India Company put settlers there in 1721. They called it Île de France. Colonial Governor de Neon conducted a census in 1725. There were 213 known residents, including 20 company officials and 100 soldiers. So half of these people on the island were non-productive citizens. There were only 28 laborers and five domestic servants, a mere 13 women and 24 slaves owned by the company. Only 10 slaves were owned by private residents. This was the only time in colonial Mauritian history that the free outnumbered the enslaved, and it did not last for long. At the island center there was always a shady and unknowable number of maroons, legions of rats, real and potential conspirators everywhere surrounding white residents. There were natural disasters like cyclones, there were famines. The island was amazingly isolated out there in the middle of the ocean, and everybody felt it. There was constant phobia and anxiety, constant fear from virtually every source. Slavery was necessary in such a place, or at least they thought so, yet it was the source of their greatest fears. The slave trade was a company monopoly, and it was the main source of its success, or at least whatever success they could claim. But settlers complained that more slaves meant more danger, so the more the company imported and tried to make profits, the more they endangered the island's safety. The main purpose as far as the French imperialists were concerned was as a national defense projected into the Indian Ocean. Real life on the island, however, was an ongoing class war that Paris knew nothing about. Mauritius's civil engineers hoped to fuse physical and social engineering into a single project when they imported Lascar sailors from Muslim areas to build the harbors on the island. They leased slaves as apprentices to the Muslims, hoping to make them complicit in the practice. The Muslims and their leased slaves would build the island's infrastructure, make slavery more profitable, and distribute the risks of the institution. It was supposed to all reinforce the effectiveness of the French Code noire, the imperial black code that regulated slavery. But it didn't really happen that way. After all, the slave code did not really govern behavior before the fact. It's impossible for law to govern behavior before the fact. People are free agents, and they'll do what they like. They may be punished afterward, but you can't compel behavior before the fact with the mere law code. Mauritians knew this implicitly. The East India Company had a total monopoly on trade, but black markets flourished. They were essential to prosperity on the island. People needed their supplies, and the company's ineffective, inefficient methods were always lacking. The company sold slaves on credit, yet they promulgated laws that regulated white violence toward their slaves to prevent rebellion. There was a constant balancing act between corporate profit and the purpose of the island in the empire, and the actual colonial governance that was necessary to keep white Mauritians safe. There was supposed to be a clean fusion here between private and public interests, but slavery and the island's isolation made this relationship inverse. The more slaves imported, the less safe the island became. Management of life on Mauritius was always socially negotiated, as it is in every slave regime. The white settlers there so feared maroons that they would even arm their slaves when necessary. Old regime France, that is France before the Revolution in 1789, France under the Kings, was marked by a baroque imperial ideal. The baroque style of architecture and art also applied to the kinds of empires that were being constructed in the era. Baroque style combined lusciousness, luxuriousness, grandeur, and stunning complexity into an all-inducing, inspiring work that swept you up in the glamour and universalism of the Catholic Church or the universalism of the absolute monarch that you lived under. In the very late days of the Baroque French Empire, one novelist, perhaps the most popular novelist of his day, Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, wrote a novel called Paul in Virginia, centered on Mauritius. He published it in 1788 right at the end, right at the very end of old regime France. And his portrayal of Mauritius represents very well, very clearly and thoroughly, the old regime baroque ideal of what a French Empire was supposed to look like, what exactly it was supposed to be around the world. The idea was that people everywhere, all over the place, people of all types, can be incorporated into the same hyper-rationalized governing institution. Paul in Virginia were very happy children. They had a pleasant upbringing in the most beautiful countryside you can imagine, with two happy slaves in the family to do everything they needed. One day the two go out into the forest and they're gone for quite a while, so their families get worried and they send the slaves to go looking for the children. On their way, the children find a runaway slave that Virginia very much feels for and tries to help. Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Paul and Virginia, 1788. Margaret's slave, who was called Domingo, was still healthy and robust, though advanced in years. He possessed some knowledge and a good natural understanding. He cultivated indiscriminately on both plantations the spots of ground that seemed most fertile and sowed whatever grain he thought most congenial to each particular soil. Where the ground was poor, he strewed maize. Where it was most fruitful, he planted wheat and rice in such spots as were marshy. He threw the seeds of gourds and cucumbers at the foot of the rocks, which they loved to climb and decorate with their luxuriant foliage. In dry spots, he cultivated the sweet potato. The cotton tree flourished upon the heights and the sugarcane grew in the clay-y soil. He reared some plants of coffee on the hills where the grain, although small, is excellent. His plantain trees, which spread their grateful shade on the banks of the river and encircled the cottages, yielded fruit throughout the year. And lastly, Domingo to soothe his cares cultivated a few plants of tobacco. Sometimes he was employed in cutting wood for firing from the mountain, sometimes in hewing pieces of rocks within the enclosure in order to level the paths. The zeal which inspired him enabled him to perform all these labors with intelligence and activity. He was much attached to Margaret and not less to Madame de la Tour whose negro woman Mary he had married and he was passionately fond of his wife. Mary was born at Madagascar and there acquired the knowledge of some useful arts. She could weave baskets and a sort of stuff with long grass that grows in the woods. She was active, cleanly, and above all faithful. It was her care to prepare their meals, to rear the poultry and go sometimes to Port Louis to sell the superfluous produce of these little plantations which was not, however, very considerable. If you add to the personages already mentioned two goats which were brought up with the children and a great dog which kept watch at night, you will have a complete idea of the household as well as of the productions of these two little farms. One Sunday at daybreak, their mothers having gone to Mass at the Church of Chateau Grove, Paul and Virginia perceived a negro woman beneath the plantains which surrounded their habitation.  She threw herself at the feet of Virginia who was preparing the family breakfast and said, My good young lady, have pity on a poor runaway slave. For a whole month I have wandered among these mountains, half dead with hunger and often pursued by the hunters and their dogs. I fled from my master, a rich planter of the Black River who has used me as you see. And she showed her body marked with scars from the lashes she had received. She added, I was going to drown myself, but hearing you lived here, I said to myself, Since there are still some good white people in this country, I need not die yet. Virginia answered with emotion, Take courage, unfortunate creature. She asked something to eat and she gave her the breakfast she had been preparing, which the slave in a few minutes devoured. When her hunger was appeased, Virginia said to her, Poor woman, I should like to go and ask forgiveness for you of your master. Surely the sight of you will touch him with pity. Will you show me the way? Angel of heaven answered the poor negro woman, I will follow you where you please. Virginia called her brother The slave led the way. At length, about the middle of the day, they reached the foot of a steep descent upon the borders of the Black River. There they perceived a well-built house surrounded by extensive plantations and a number of slaves employed in their various labours.  He was a tall, thin man of a brown complexion.  Virginia, holding Paul by the hand, drew near and with much emotion begged him for the love of God to pardon his poor slave who stood trembling a few paces behind. The planter at first paid little attention to the children who he saw were meanly dressed but when he observed the elegance of Virginia's form and the profusion of her beautiful light tresses which had escaped from beneath her blue cap, when he heard the soft tone of her voice which trembled as well as her whole frame while she implored his compassion. He took his pipe from his mouth and lifting up his stick swore with a terrible oath that he pardoned his slave not for the love of heaven but of her who asked his forgiveness. Virginia made a sign to the slave to approach her master and instantly sprang away followed by Paul. St. Pierre was an abolitionist. He was anti-slavery and his vision or his portrayal at least of Mauritius is harsh in its treatment of slavery but yet it is still romanticized. This is to him and many others of his era still the natural society in development. It's the perfect Creole island waiting there for human beings to come and sculpt from the very state of nature itself. To St. Pierre, slavery was still natural and Mauritius to some degree and though we might want to reform it it was still a romanticized portion of the island's natural history. At the sight of the good old Negro who wept for joy they began to weep too but had not the power to utter a syllable. When Domingo had recovered himself a little I ran backwards and forwards in the plantation not knowing where to look for you.   But what a pardon! He showed it to me with her feet chained to a block of wood and an iron collar with three hooks fastened round her neck. After that Fidel still on the scent led me to this very spot. Come, eat and recover your strength. Virginia sighed at the recollection of the poor slave and at the uneasiness they had given their mothers. She repeated several times oh how difficult it is to do good. While she and Paul were taking refreshment it being already night Domingo kindled a fire but when they prepared to continue their journey a new difficulty occurred. Paul and Virginia could no longer walk their feet being violently swollen and inflamed. Domingo knew not what to do when he was in this perplexity a troop of maroon Negroes appeared at a short distance from them. The chief of the band approaching Paul and Virginia said to them good little white people do not be afraid we saw you pass this morning with a Negro woman of the Black River you went to ask pardon for her of her wicked master and we in return for this will carry you home upon our shoulders. He then made a sign and four of the strongest Negroes immediately formed a sort of litter of trees and lianas and having seated Paul and Virginia on it carried them upon their shoulders. Domingo marched in front with his lighted torch and they proceeded amidst the rejoicings of the whole troop who overwhelmed them with their benedictions. Virginia affected by this scene said to Paul with emotion oh my dear brother God never leaves a good action unrewarded. It was midnight when they arrived at the foot of their mountain on the ridges of which several fires were lighted. As soon as they began to ascend they heard voices exclaiming is it you my children they answered immediately and the Negroes also yes yes it is we have been said Virginia to the Black River where we went to ask pardon for poor maroon slave to whom I gave our breakfast this morning because she seemed dying of hunger and these maroon Negroes have brought us home now I am repaid for all the hardships I have suffered when they reached the cottages with their children they entertained all the Negroes with a plentiful repast after which the latter returned to the woods praying heaven to shower down every description of blessing on those good white people. So this was Bernardin de Saint-Pierre's ideal Creole island a natural romantic ground for human development in the Enlightenment fashion and his novels were incredibly popular among the Enlightened Readers at home in Paris as they were on Mauritius. But the real Mauritius the Mauritius that was actually in the Indian Ocean rather than in the novels the real Mauritius was simply a military hub in the great French Empire and the main beneficiary of the Indian Ocean slave trade and the luxury good trade that so depended on slavery. This was no island of Enlightenment dreams much as authors might like to present it that way much as our modern liberal imagination would like to think. The island's elites really thought of themselves as the Empire's best representatives the Enlightenment's best representatives they had naturalists among them they were explorers there were astronomers and botanists on the island pharmacists and doctors they had a printing press on Mauritius they hosted grand island balls that I'm sure from time to time at least rivaled the salons in Paris they read Voltaire they read Montesquieu and Reynau Helvetius and Lac Rousseau they read the Comte de Bouffon and Bernardin de Saint-Pierre of course Mauritius' own the Isle of Rats really had come a long way at least now that the French had control of it yet still in 1767 there were 15,000 slaves on this tiny island and they added 5,000 more over the next five years from 1769 to 1793 about 80,000 slaves were imported to Mauritius and the island's total population in 1807 was just 77,768 here slavery was everywhere and the prospect of rebellion never left the enlightened officials on the island recognized that slavery was unnatural and the rebellion to it might in fact be natural so therefore the law must mitigate the slave's condition it must control the actions of white people control their tempers and their tortures in order to protect the island's slave regime this old regime version of justice this baroque kind of imperialism that could combine many swelling over-awing examples of human order it fundamentally recognized the slaves' humanity and their rightful place in society so to appease white locals fear of official recognition of the slaves' interests colonial masters ultimately resisted authority from Paris when it threatened Mauritius but again there was the balancing act a single overtly terroristic master could threaten the entire island especially the women and children left to oversee slaves if there was a slave rebellion they would be the first targets when the French Revolution arrived in Mauritius in January 1790 the population immediately split between radicals and conservatives but when the directory abolished slavery in 1794 there was resistance all over the island they refused to enforce abolition eventually Napoleon came to power and enforced slavery again throughout the French Empire the Mauritians doubled down on their terroristic practices of before the new harsher slave regime removed slave trials from public view and it made manumission the voluntary liberating of your slaves substantially more difficult the British took Mauritius in 1810 as part of the Napoleonic Wars and they instituted a version of indirect rule very much similar to what they would later do in Africa where they let local elites control their own affairs so long as they followed the general guidelines instituted by the Empire in practice then in Mauritius this meant greater exploitation and continued slave trading the British abolished slavery finally in 1835 and Indian laborers quickly surged in Mauritius to replace the slaves the demography of the entire island shifted over the next century the Creoles descended from Africans Indians, East Asians were swiftly outnumbered by immigrants directly from India the Creoles partially disappeared into history they had built Mauritius but they were now vanishing like the Dodo the island's only indigenous resident the Creoles built Mauritius but they were now vanishing like so many Dodos before them today Mauritian national history tends to treat the Creoles and the Dodos alike romantically as the friendly, helpful even lovingly naive helpers who helped build their wonderful country they were extensions of the island's natural history but Creole culture and history was hardly natural neither was the Dodo's extinction Creolness was a reaction against slavery despite the Dodo's extinction level naivete it lives on as a collection of memes ideas in the general popular culture despite the official intentions of the master class the enslaved and freedmen Creoles created their own authentic culture they created the Creole island of Mauritius one of the most beautiful, free and wealthy countries there is today but despite our own liberal notions and dreams this was no enlightened romance Liberty Chronicles is a project of Libertarianism.org it is produced by Test Terrible if you've enjoyed this episode of Liberty Chronicles please rate, review and subscribe to us on iTunes for more information on Liberty Chronicles visit Libertarianism.org


So, first, I would like to thank organizers for giving me this platform, being the, I believe, only yeast geneticist in this room. I'm a little bit thrilled, but I'll try to explain you why yeast geneticist and how yeast geneticist could get involved in cancer data analysis and what came out of it. So, upper back, by way of brief introduction and why upper backs of interest or should be of interest to this group, that upper back enzymes are endogenous strong mutagens in human cancers. This was established through last maybe two or three years by our and others group's efforts. And by just some headlines and summary of what is known, biochemistry of these mutagens is very simple. These enzymes take out, I mean, a group from cytidine in single strand DNA, create uracil, and after some DNA repair and replication reactions, it leads to C2T and C2G mutations. And this happens in cytosines preceded by thymine and followed by adenine or thymine, TCW motif. This is known by chemical specificity for several, for a subclass of upper back enzymes. And the gene family of upper backs is extended, but the group which is called upper back three of closely located genes, six out of actually this one and five out of tightly linked upper back three genes have this TCW signature and their function is at least a signed function is innate immunity by restriction of retroviruses and retro transposons. But accidentally they get access to chromosome DNA and cause hyper mutations. Upper back 3B and upper back 3A are current prime suspects, but without going in details, I can say that jury is still out. Then another by way of summary statement, I want to make to stress again that upper backs are the only known so far strong endogenous carcinogen. And we conclude it because from looking at cancer mutations, we see that genes that are important for, considered important for cancer metogenesis are not avoided by upper back metogenesis. The analysis is not here, but it's in our paper that was published now it's about a year ago. And three groups including us significantly contributed into this understanding. So the example of why upper back metogenesis of interest to TCGA is that it can be really overwhelming at least some cancer types. So black sector is just nine samples of bladder carcinomas that are not enriched with upper back metogenesis. The rest of 130 samples are enriched and fold enrichment can be up to five fold as compared to randomly expected. And it could be up to 70% of mutations in the exome with strict upper back stringent upper back signature. Now a little bit so right here, this is the picture of yeast. And this is how we got involved by studying some phenomenon metogenesis in single strand DNA that we artificially created in yeast at double strand breaks, uncapped telomeres, and then we moved to uncoupled replication forks pursuing the hypothesis that this single strand DNA must be hyper mutable in response to any kind of DNA damage or to many kinds of DNA damage because lesions in double strand DNA can be repaired but they stay in single strand DNA. And after being restored to double strand DNA, trans lesion synthesis which is often error prone creates and we found it in our artificial systems mutation clusters. And you see since the mutagen often has its mutation signature mutation clusters have uniform mutation signature in the ideal world they can be even completely strand coordinated. So this blue can be only mutations in cytosine for example. And then I kept suggesting people in cancer world let's look at cancers, let's look at cancers, maybe there are some clusters there. And in fact it turned out that we should, we were supposed to do, we ended up doing it ourselves and found in several whole genome sequenced cancers that there are mutation clusters. So every line here is a mutation cluster formed only by cytosines and you may see that it's up to 12 kilobase of stretch of mutations only in cytosines. Now if we look further these cytosines are preceded by thymines most of them and followed by either thymine or adenine, TCW and more important and even furthermore C2T and C2G mutations and very small number of C2A. So it's exact match with this upper back signature. So there is something in cancer in that very cancer that we are looking at that can make this mutagenesis and if this mechanism works in clusters we ask does it work in the whole cancer exome or genome. So we were going from a specific hypothesis and we were able to formulate very stringent statistical hypothesis and in fact our paper came in parallel with the paper in breast cancers from Stratton group where they did the novel pattern recognition and came up with mutation signatures that include the very stringent upper back signature. But these signatures can be identified only in the group of cancers. In our case we can produce because the hypothesis is so stringent and in fact it works so even for exome maps we can produce sample specific p-values and it appears at least to me that this may be of value for this community and importantly our output enrichment which sample specific is perfectly correlating with the output from NMF from non-negative matrix factorization for groups of cancers. So now examples of where this sample specific p-values and sample specific upper back annotation can be useful through analysis of TCGA. First of course and this is published we identified that several groups of several types of cancer cervical bladder, head and neck, breast and two side types of lung heavily enriched with upper back mutation signatures. So the color code here always black sector is Q-value greater than five percent so everything that is not black Q-value so after multiple testing correction is more than less than five percent. Now we can see the six cancers are enriched. We also found that in some cancers there are no upper back enriched based on whole genome analysis but we see that there are mutation clusters which are very heavily enriched with upper back. This is why I put this statement that it probably occurs in the background everywhere but by some reason in some cancers only it goes up either because there is more mutagen or because there is more substrate for a mutagen which is single strand DNA. Our DNA is normally double-stranded and only transiently during replication fork or around some unusual events becomes single-stranded. We can also see that some types of cancer in this case endometrial have small number of samples that are enriched with upper back mutagenesis. Now let's zoom in. So this endometrial endometrial carcinomas we see that there are only very few heavily enriched samples with upper back mutagenesis and interestingly and this is unpublished we just noticed it that most of them fall into serous subtype and I don't know how much value would we give it but it's formally statistically significant. Probably it's not enough to make firm statement we need more samples or TCGA need more samples but this may be really a rare situation or some classification of these endometrial samples. Another published result so when we looked at subtypes of breast cancer from TCGA marker paper these are these are subtypes based on expression and four subtypes that were present in a sufficient amount. So again when we split this upper back signature by subtype because we can identify each sample that is enriched with upper back mutagenesis we see that her two enriched or her two subtypes has a higher presence of upper back mutated samples and one more example of a different kind we can actually separate non upper back mutagenesis from upper back mutagenesis because each mutation we annotate does it have annotate upper back signature or not and of course it would make sense only if a sample is enriched with upper back mutagenesis because upper back signature can occur by just random mutagenesis it's just two and a half nucleotides and two out of three types of base substitutions but in bladder cancer practically all samples were enriched with upper back mutagenesis and there was an observation in bladder cancer that ERCC2 oxygen repair gene is one of significantly mutated genes and at the time of I entered into our group entered into bladder cancer marker work group late so we didn't have time to reshuffle on all supplemental information to introduce this analysis but when we take out so this is gray part of this diagram when we take out upper back mutations and leave only black mutations which are non upper back then ERCC2 mutated samples clearly have higher mutation presence and as cancer biologists call it higher mutation rate so this is another utility which we are happy if the community would start using it and as of our TCG related efforts we are trying to make input into cancer specific analysis work groups now we are working in collaboration with Gadi gets and Gadi's group to integrate analysis of upper back mutagenesis the way we see it right into cancer exome math analysis within fire hose and to analyze updated and new TCGA exomes and maths ourselves or just to provide this for the community on with this I would actually I want to mention one thing so well being first confused with cancer data but then getting excited I realized that there is a value of our mechanistic studies that we create stringent statistical hypothesis the mechanistic field and with health to understand mechanisms in cancers but at the same time it helps us to understand mutagenic mechanisms and what is important that these two fields start speak common language and maybe modify the format and modify the format of questions and data outputs so we begin to understand each other the biggest amount of time I spend is to understand what's there in the cancer field because then things become simple and to explain because because I'm explaining in my language and we need just to meet more often and organize merger conferences and on this I would like to end by thanking all my collaborators and in red our collaborators that are on our poster and to this specific work thank you very much yes so I'm wondering if you've done any sort of co-occurrence analysis with apobec or mutual exclusivity analysis to see what other aberrations might be occurring with it or not so the answer is yes and yes first apobec mutations and even more of that apobec mutation clusters are colloquializing with chromosomal aberrations with breakpoints now there is another angle to the same question are there mutations caused by apobec that co-occur this is an excellent idea because single strand DNA maybe spread all over the genome but these are small pieces so co-occurrence would be highly likely for some mutations induced by apobec because it's a small fraction of cell cycle small fraction of the genome with mutation frequency with patient density there 10 000 fold more than in the rest of the genome so there will be and I was trying to convince and one person who might try to convince that this is exciting idea is in the audience we talked today and if somebody else wants to take this idea and try we are happy to provide annotation of maths by apobec and apobec samples thank you thank you thank you okay I'd like to welcome our last speaker of the session Matthew Wichalkowski from Washington University School of Medicine and he'll talk about integration of multiple data types for genomic characterization of virus associated tumors please