In the previous video, we introduced the method of proof by cases, which is a really useful proof technique when, well, multiple different cases appear, where you have to make different considerations for the same problem here. Now, there are some language considerations that have to be addressed when one talks about proof by cases. And so I actually wanted to treat that in this video right here. Typically, it has to do with the idea of treating similar cases as the title of the section seems to suggest right there. Because many times one proves a statement by cases, one has two, maybe three or more cases that are so similar to each other that the proof of one case is virtually identical to the proof of the second one. It's the exact same argument. And it sort of begs the question, should I include the second proof when it's really just the same proof as the first one? And I'll show you an example of what that means in just a second. Like the author of the proof has to sort of make a judgment call. Like, do I include the second case when the argument is identical and it's reasonable that the reader could read one proof and then automatically know the proof for the second case because their similarities are so much the same. They're like, they're so similar. It almost is a disservice to the reader and the writer to include the second case, okay? And because after all, I mean, we want arguments to be valid. We have to consider all the cases, but if the two cases are so similar, the second consideration might actually be unnecessary. And so in mathematical writing, it is customary and acceptable to first prove the first case, whatever that turns out to be. And then the second case or the similar case you can then exclude by giving some statement like the following, the second case is handled similarly. That is the writer acknowledges to the reader that there is another case that needs to be considered, but because the proof is so similar, we're not gonna write it, but you and I will both know what that proof is, okay? This is a valid and acceptable proof technique, but for the simplicity of reading and understanding, we can write a shorter proof because the second case is so similar. So you might say something like this, the second case is handled similar or the second case is similar, that you use this word similarity of some kind to describe it. If you wanna throw out fun Latin jargon, you can use the phrase mutatis, mutandis, which if you translate the Latin into English, it basically would translate as change what should be changed or change the necessary parts. That the two cases are different, but the differences are so insignificant that the same argument, the same logical argument can be used to prove it. And so let me provide you a proof of to provide an example of that. So consider the proposition you see on the screen right now. Two integers, if two integers have opposite parity, that means one of them's even, one of them's odd, then their sum is automatically an odd number. And so okay, let A and B be two integers with opposite parity. Well, there's two possibilities. A is even and B is odd. That's the first possibility. The second possibility is that A is odd instead and B is even, okay? Now we're adding together numbers, the sum. So we have two possibilities, A and B, which in case one it would be this is even, this is odd. Then there's the other possibility, A and B where A is odd and B is even. In all reality though, since addition is commutative, if the odd comes first, you could always switch the order of the sum so that the first number is the even one and the second one. And so in this case, there's two possibilities but the two cases are so similar, it maybe is justifiable to not consider the second case. Now for the first case where N is even and B is odd, well, if A is even, that may exist some integer K such that A equals two K. And if B is odd, then there exists some integer L such that B equals two L plus one. That makes it an odd number, that makes this an even number. And so when we add together A and B, A is equal to two K, B is equal to two L plus one. And so when you add two K with two L plus one, since two K and two L are both divisible by two, you can factor out the common divisor of two. And so this gives us two plus K plus L plus one. Since K and L are integers, their sum is an integer, two times an integer would give you an even integer, adding one makes it an odd integer. So we've demonstrated that A plus B is an odd number. That was when A was even and B was odd. But the other situation where A is odd and B is even, this would be like B and A right here. So you swap the order of these two, it'll still become like two times L plus K plus one, that's still gonna be an odd number. The second possibility where A is odd and B is even is so similar to the first one that it's reasonable that the reader would know that and not need a second argument because like, oh yeah, you could just swap the roles of A and B and now it would be the argument for the second one. And so this exactly falls into this situation where we're justified in saying the second case is handled similarly. And there's only the two cases since they have odd parity, opposite parity, excuse me, one is even, one is odd. So depending on who's even, who's odd, there's the two possibilities. Either situation leads to A plus B being an odd number, okay? Now this way of writing a similar case argument, you could argue is like the retroactive way of doing it. Excuse me, retroactive, the retro way of doing. As in like, you've acknowledged there's two cases you deal with the first case and then after the first case is done, you're like, oh yeah, the two cases are similar so I don't have to do the second one. It turns out though that a lot of authors prefer a more proactive way of dealing with these similar cases. That is the author is like, hey, I know the cases are similar and I'm gonna let the reader know that beforehand. And in that case, if you want this proactive way, people typically use the phrase without the loss of generality. What this means is that we are going to consider multiple similar cases at the same time. In this case, there's two cases but because they're so similar, they don't require different proofs. Both, why do we use the words without the loss of generality? What that means is we're about to make an assumption, an assumption like in this case, A is even and B is odd but even though we're making an assumption because that was an assumption that wasn't in the statement of the problem, right? We started off with the assumptions that we have two integers with opposite parity. That's the assumptions that this conditional statement gives us but we're gonna add an extra assumption but that extra assumption does not make us lose any generality in our argument. Our argument is still just as general as it used to be even though we're adding an assumption for the sake of convenience. And then this case of the assumption is that A is even and B is odd. Why does it not lose generality? Because the other case was that B, excuse me that A is odd and B is even. That's the other case. And like we've already discussed, addition is commutative. So the fact that the first number is odd versus the second number being odd makes no lick of a difference whatsoever. It doesn't matter. And so as such, since it doesn't matter I'm just gonna assume A is the even one because if A was the odd one I can provide basically the same argument again. So we often use this phrase without the loss of generality. We're acknowledging to the reader that there are multiple cases but I'm gonna only look at one of the cases because they're all so similar and I'm making the choice that A is the even one and B is the odd one even though you could make a different choice and it doesn't really make much of a difference. So no generality of argument is lost by assuming A is the even number when all that we really knew was that they have opposite parity. So if we look at the exact same proposition with a slightly written, a different proof, right? We're taking the proactive style of treating similar cases. The first instance is the same. Let A and B be two integers with opposite parity. Then I use the phrase without the loss of generality. Suppose A is even and B is odd. There are other possibilities but the other possibilities are so similar to this one I only have to consider this one and I'm making the choice that A is even and B is odd. You could do the other one, that's fine. It was just a matter of choice right now but my choice, my assumption doesn't lose any generality in the argument. Then there are exist integers K and L such that A equals two K, B equals two L plus one and then the same calculation follows A plus B equals two K plus two L plus one which is the same thing as two times K plus one plus one which shows that A plus B is an odd number. So it's the same argument structure. It's just the way we communicated the similar cases. I mentioned at the forefront that oh, there are two cases, they're the same. I'm only gonna consider one of them. That's what without the loss of generality means. Multiple cases are being considered simultaneously but I'm gonna use a specific case to illustrate the general argument. This is similar to the retroactive approach we had on the previous one where I just mentioned after case one has proven that case two follows similarly, okay? Now one caution I wanna use, I wanna mention that when you consider multiple cases that are similar if you use phrases like without the loss of generality it's important that when you use these type of phrases it's because the cases are actually similar to each other and a second proof is unnecessary. For many beginning proof writers which are typically students they sometimes have the temptation is like I know there's more than one case I only know how to do one of them or I'm just being lazy and don't wanna write the second proof. So we say that the cases are similar when in all reality they might not be and you're sort of bluffing, right? So there's that bluff argument some people use without the loss of generality as a bluff and you should be careful because I imagine for most students you don't have a very good poker face when it comes to proof writing. Professors like myself are really good at sniffing out when a proof is stinky because it's very apparent to me when you're writing a proof that if there's multiple cases they're like oh the second case is similar and it's like no it's not, no it's not. I know when it's appropriate I know it's when it's not. So you should be very careful don't try bluffing, do the right thing write the real proof and if you have similar cases then by all means you can simplify the arguments in using communication skills that we've talked about in this video but only do it because the cases are similar and not because you're trying to trick your reader that's bad form and honestly will probably hurt your proof and reputation than any benefits it'll provide for you. Now with that said with that warning now declared that we're at the end of lecture 15 thanks for watching. If you learned anything from these videos from lecture 15 please like them subscribe to the channel to see more videos like this in the future and if you have any questions please post them in the comments below and I'll be glad to answer them as soon as I can.


Now that you've figured out the first couple of questions based on some of the information in the other videos, it's time to move on to our calculation problem. Now we've covered this, but I just want to be really clear here on what we're doing and the equations that are involved, because there's some similar equations in a couple different sections here. So since we're dealing with a conductor and we're looking at the result from Gauss's law, we've got an equation from Gauss's law that says that the electric field is related to the surface charge density and our electrostatic constant epsilon naught. Now this would be, if I have a surface charge distribution on a conductor, what electric field does it create? But it turns out we can use the same equation for the surface charge created on a conductor when it's placed in electric field and we can rearrange that equation and we can solve for sigma and that's going to be the electric field times our epsilon naught constant. So we can use the same equation both for if I have a surface charge density on a conductor, what electric field is going to be right outside of it? Or if I've got an electric field right outside a conductor, what is the surface charge density on that conductor? So the two go hand in hand. Well for this particular problem it gives me my electric field and so it's got 20,000 Newtons per Coulomb as my electric field. And my epsilon naught, which is also called the permittivity of free space or my electrostatic constant, that's our 8.85 e to the minus 12. So if I take all this information I can put in my value for the electric field and my value for that epsilon naught constant and multiply those two things together to give me my surface charge density.  Now you can do all the algebra on these units to cancel things out, but just to remind you here, we originally defined surface charge density in terms of this equation. It's a charge spread out over an area. We're not using this equation to calculate our surface charge density, but it can help guide us in terms of what we expect for our units. Because you can think what kind of units do I expect for charge? What kind of unit do I expect for area? So the unit for my surface charge density has got to be that charge per area type of unit. Not Q and A, but the units for Q and the units for A. If you go back and look at some of your earlier class notes you should have written down what kind of unit you expect here. And it should match here and it should also match the algebra you're doing here. So for your worksheet that you're turning in, make sure you actually multiply this out and put the correct units. This is not part of your calculation, it's just a guide for what we would expect for our units. So you'll fill this in on your worksheet and have an actual answer with units in here.


An Andrian Senate has strongly condemned the growing practice of governors dissolving elected local government administrations in their states. The upper chamber noted on Friday that despite the provisions of the Constitution, guarding against the interference of governors in the running of local government councils, they exist at the mercy of state government. These resolutions were taken in plenary following debates on emotion presented on the floor by Senator, representing Benway South Abba Morrow. In his lead debate, Senator Morrow expressed concern over the dissolution of democratically elected councils in Benway state. You heard the erosion of democracy, the dissolution of elected councils in Benway state. The Senate notes with dismay the dissolution of democratically elected councils in Benway state. The Senate also notes that in placing caretaker committees to replace elected councils is an aberration and alien to the 1999 Constitution as amended for the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Contributing to the debate, Senators Adams Oshomale, Aline Dume, Abdul Fattai, Buhari and Victor Romere lamented that 16 states run their local government areas with sole administrators or caretaker committees. Governors are executive, but those elected people also have executive chairmen, they also have executive powers within the provisions of the Nigeria Constitution. So I think it is time that this Senate learned its voice and forcefully persuaded the Minister of Finance that wherever there is no elected council chairman. But the critical thing is that the National Assembly and the Senate must put a stop to this flagrant breach of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. We are lawmakers and if we make laws that are not obeyed, it means that we don't have democracy again. This is the time the Senate will come out very hard on this matter because I know that over the years some of these matters have gone up to the Supreme Court of Nigeria and the Supreme Court has emphatically pronounced that caretaker committees are illegal. In his ruling, President of the Senate Gotswila Papio will frown at the establishment of multiple federal agencies advocated the creation of the National Electoral Commission for local governments so that governors would no longer have overbearing influence and council polls. What we now do is if we agree that the Ministry of Finance should not release the money to them, I think that's the only option that we have here as a National Assembly, since we have constitutional oversight responsibility over the... So in the prayers maybe we should emphasize that anybody that has caretaker put in place his money should be kept aside until democratically elected local government takes over. 17 to 18 state now are running local government and then there is this idea that I must win all local government election even if I'm KKK party the moment you do it. Mr President, how do you justify a senator, a rep member, coming from an opposition but different from the party and the governor will not do election, the senator will not win his local government. The approach which I think we can actually adopt and that approach will be an amendment or even I don't like creating more agencies and commissions but if we have something like National Electoral Commission for local governments and then the local government elections, council or chairmanship are organized nationally. Even if you don't use INEC, you just have a body just like you have what they call like in states, they have state electoral commission. If you have a national local government electoral commission that organizes local government elections nationally, you will see that all sorts of local governments will tumble.


Welcome to this course on cathodic protection engineering. So, far you have seen that the cathodic protection engineering involves two basic concepts. First, the retrochemical corrosion and second, the electrical engineering. When you talk about maintaining the potential of its structures with respect to the soil and the relation between that potential and the current the retrochemist is involved. However, the current that flows in the soil and as well as in the structure are governed by theoretical engineering concepts. These we have seen mostly as applicable to the pipeline structures, the governing resistance of the unknown ground bed, the criteria for cathodic protection and even the various forms of corrosion the buried structures face in the soil, we all seen earlier in detail. Today in lecture, we will be talking about the cathodic protection of tanks, offshore structures and the ships. If you look at that the major principles as applied to the pipelines are very similar. And so, we are not going to talk about in detail all the retrochemical corrosion concepts or the calculation of resistivity of the anodes in the soil. All this we are not going to discuss today. What we will be discussing today will be very specific aspects as applicable to tanks, offshore structures and ships. In today's lecture, we would have the following content. We will start with discussing the cathodic protection of tanks and tank bottoms. And then we will move on to the heat exchangers, very small discussion on heat exchangers. And then we will discuss again in briefly the offshore structures that involve pipelines, piling, jetties and floating structures. So, let us start our discussion straight into the tanks. The storage tanks if you look at it, next only comes to the pipelines in terms of the extent of cathodic protection applied to the structures. So, let us look at now the cathodic protection of storage tanks. The storage tanks are classified into two categories, above ground storage tanks and those which lie underground. These two storage tanks governed by two kind of next standards which is RP0193 and the RP0285 for the underground storage tanks. The integrity details of the cathodic protection as applicable to these tanks can be seen in these standards. What we will be looking at here is the general principles, the concepts behind the cathodic protection of these two types of storage tanks. At the outset, we need to distinguish between what makes the underground tank different from the above ground tank in terms of the definition. Those tanks which are buried at least about 10 percent of its combined volume in the underground is called as the underground storage tanks. Let us look at the generalities that are involved in the storage tanks. The storage tanks mostly are buried in the soil be it above ground storage tanks or underground storage tanks. They are exposed to the soils mostly and so whatever we discussed in relation to the pipelines which are buried in the soil in terms of the forms of corrosion, let us see here. Like what types of corrosion, like the bacterial corrosion, the differential erosion corrosion, all these are applicable to the storage tanks as well. The cathodic protection criteria as applicable to the pipelines are as well applicable to the storage tanks. The surveys in relation to soil resistivity, pipe to soil, the current requirement, even this staker and corrosion are all applicable to the storage tanks. The anode selection criteria, the way you calculate the ground resistance is very much similar to the way you do it for the pipelines. The storage tanks are also suffering from staker and corrosion because there are current that stays from the anodes of the cathodic protection systems to other structures and then return back to the storage tanks. So, they also suffer the staker and corrosion. So, these are generalities which we will not be discussing in this lecture. Let us look at the specific issues that are applicable or one should be worried about when you talk about the storage tanks. The storage tanks we know there are certain process liquids which are being stored or been taken out. So, there are inlets and outlet pipelines and these pipelines required to be electrically isolated or if you cannot isolate them, we need to look at as a composite structure when you design the cathodic protection systems. When you have again the tanks, the tanks would have mechanical joints and it is one it is necessary that one ensures that these mechanical joints are electrically continuous so that the current will flow into the structures. The storage tanks are earthed using copper, but whenever you go for cathodic protection systems they are replaced with the galvanic anodes or the galvanic steels. There are specially issues associated with the above ground storage tanks especially because when you empty this tank, the contact between the soil and the tank bottom is getting loosened and thereby it is hard to measure the tank to the soil potentials. So, the tank to soil potentials we generally call also as pipe to soil potential is one measure only when the tank is completely filled up. There is one more issue that is problematic to the tanks that is how to measure the structure to soil potentials ok especially the inaccessible areas. You would notice that there are tanks which are of very large diameters of few meter diameter the tanks in which case the reference electrodes cannot be accessed the bottom of the tanks. So, the measuring potentials of the structure towards the center of the bottom of the tank is always a difficult issue ok. So, in order to do this what is done is people use preferrated plastic conduits through which the reference electrodes are passed across the bottom of the tank to measure the potentials. It is also possible to use zinc electrodes because zinc electrodes is just buried in the soil. The normal reference electrodes like copper copper sulphate or silver silver chloride these reference electrodes they have the solutions they drive over a time period. So, these electrodes they become damaged they do not show the values and so, there is a need to change these reference electrodes with respect to time which is not possible in the case of the tank bottoms. So, in order to do this the zinc electrodes can be used because zinc electrodes are buried in the soil the only condition is that zinc should not be passivated the zinc sometimes get passivated if you have carbonates in the soil. The other issue that is specific to tank is during the commissioning of the tank and one should avoid welding at the center of the bottom of the tank, but that is easier said than done when you are welding them then the coating get damaged then the current requirement to protect the tank at that location becomes very very high. Similar to the pipelines the current requirements for the storage tanks to protect cathodically can be either measured or calculated. Generally the current requirement for protecting the storage tanks lies in the range of 10 to 20 milli ampere per meter square for a bare tanks for the coated tanks the current can be significantly reduced to 100 to 10 micro amperes per meter square. It is also possible we have seen that measuring the potential of the tank with respect to soil is very intricate especially at the center of the tank it is very difficult to measure the potential of the tank with respect to soil because the reference electrode cannot be accessed. The only way it can be done as we seen before is by using the perforated plastic conduits through which the reference electrodes are sent. However, it is also possible to estimate the potential of the structure with respect to soil at the center of a cathodically protected tanks and that is done by using a simple equation that is Ohm's law. Let me just take this pointer here. So, the calculation of the potential at a given location is based on simple Ohm's law E equal to I R and we can get this E value provided that you can be able to calculate the current that is required for protecting the structure and the resistance offered by the soil between the two locations right. Now, we have seen earlier that the current density required for protecting the structures can be either calculated can be measured. So, that means, the current density required for cathodic protection is known, the soil resistivity is known and we also assume that the soil is of uniform chemistry nature and so, the soil resistivity across the bottom of the tank is quite uniform. In fact, when we lay down or when you commission the tanks we normally spread you know the high resistivity soil such as the sand here. We see below how one can calculate the potential of the tank at the center of at its center with respect to soil. First is to calculate the current required for cathodic protection that is done by knowing the current density and then knowing the area of the tank. So, you know the total current required for the protecting the tank can be calculated. The next step is to calculate the potential drop across a tank right. The potential drop across the tank delta E is given by the potential drop can be calculated based on this equation which is pi r square which represent the total current and the rho delta R upon 2 pi r square. If you solve this equation it becomes delta E upon rho into delta R by 2 ok. If one integrates this potential drop with respect to the distance ok and you get here which is which is the radius of the tank then E turns out to be rho into current density into radius of the tank upon 2 here. So, it is possible to calculate the potential of the tank at the center if you know the potential of the tank at the edge. An example is given below to illustrate this point the following calculations are being done. Let us consider a case where the soil resistivity is 3000 ohms centimeter and the current required for cathodic protection is 1 micro ampere per centimeter square. Substituting these values in this equation it turns out that the potential drop across 1 centimeter is 1.5 millivolt right and for a tank of 4 meter diameter the voltage drop from the edge to the center turns out to be 300 millivolt right. So, let us look at the criteria for cathodic protection we all know that the minimum potential required for cathodic protection is minus 0.85 volt with respect to copper copper sulphate electrode for example. Then if you have to have a potential of minus 0.85 at the center the edge of the tank should measure a potential of minus 1.1 volt with respect to saturated copper saturated copper saturated electrode. So, it is possible to calculate the potential of the tank at the center with respect to soil if we know the resistivity of the soil and the current density that required for cathodic protection. The other important requirement for the cathodic protection of the tanks or the ground bed the resistance offered by the ground bed can be calculated as per the equation that you have saw before that is we in one of the lectures we talk about the anode ground bed resistance calculations right. So, same can be used here to calculate the resistance offered by the ground bed. So, what we look at here is what is important is how the current is uniformly distributed in the tank ok. Sometimes you may have several tanks around actually ok. So, how the current is uniformly distributed it depends upon the symmetry symmetry with which these anodes are distributed. You can also have a vertically drilled anodes can be distributed around the tanks actually in order that the current is uniformly distributed or you can also have the angle anodes which gives you even better distribution of the current where we cannot have distributed anodes. We can also have deep well ground bed anodes installed for large storage tanks of let us say 300 meter diameter the big tank and we can have a deep well ground bed anodes we know that the current distribution is much much larger it is easy to maintain remote anode much easier with deep well ground bed anodes. The horizontal anodes are also kept where it is not possible to have deep well ground bed anodes and for tanks with secondary containing containment linings you can possible to do that ok and deep grid patterns. The anodes of grid patterns are also used where double bottom cathodic protection layout are required and only problem here is the current parts are constrained. So, the current distribution is very difficult. If we talked about current distribution at the bottom of the tank the current distribution at the ore or the tank also equally important in this case the other piping need to be considered can have you can have a remote anode. So, that the current distribution becomes quite easier or isolate the tank electrically for example and in the in the first case you can have a remote anode wherein you can also talk about other piping which are connected to the tank is done. We have seen the current distribution for the bottom of the tanks. The current distribution over the tank is also equally important. There are cases where the other piping are the considered especially when the tanks are buried tanks and where the pipings are part of the the tanking process. You can have a single remote anode that will take care of completely the cathodic protection of the tanks and so on or it is possible to isolate the tank electrically and confine the cathodic protection only to the tank. You can also have distributed sacrificial anodes ok and there are tank forms there are multiple tanks are present in which case you can have a distributed anodes even between the anodes. We can have the tanks we can have the anodes installed so that the current is evenly distributed. The whole idea here is the current distribution has to be uniform and so the configuration of the anodes are accordingly done. Let us move on to the next topic which is the cooling water system wherein heat exchangers are used and these heat exchangers are required to be cathodically protected. The main problem in the case of cooling water system is the cooling water systems the heat exchangers they use by metallics and tubes are mainly consisted of stainless steels, titanium alloys and copper alloys where the shell and the tube sheets are made up of steels and therefore, the galvanic corrosion occurs. In order to prevent the galvanic corrosion the cathodic protection is done and the cathodic protection is generally done in the water boxes and the protection will extend into the tubes to the extent of about 8 8 times the tube diameter. So, the galvanic corrosion in that location is significantly reduced because of the cathodic protection that is offered for the water boxes. The water boxes are generally coated and for a fresh water the current required for cathodic protection lies in the range of 10 to 30 milliampere per centimeter square and zinc anodes are generally used. However, if the temperature is higher goes beyond 80 degree Celsius and zinc anodes cannot be used and magnesium needs to be used in this case. But if magnesium is used it corrodes very high and offers over protection needing a resistor to control the current delivered for protection of the structures. Whereas, in the case of aluminum in whereas, in the case of sea water the aluminum alloys are used. The heat exchangers sometimes use the impressed current cathodic protection system as well. But however, it is better to use sacrifice anode systems because it makes it more easier to maintain. Let us look at the offshore structures. The offshore structures that we we discussed today are pipelines, pylings, jetties and floating structures ok. And the marine cathodic protection as you put all of them the general considerations are you have a cathodic protection criteria which is minus 0.8 volts with respect to silver silver chloride electrode. Because the marine environment is more of chlorides the copper saturated copper saturated electrode is seldom used rather they use silver silver chloride electrode. And so, the potential against it is minus 0.8 volts that is the criteria for cathodic protection. You can also use 300 mil volt criteria because the is the electrolyte is highly conducting. So, the IR drop in the electrolyte is is not very high. However, this does not take into consideration the resistance offered within the metallic structures. Use of zinc reference electrode is very common because zinc is is less polarized anodically and so, the potential does not change when it is used as a reference electrode. No magnesium anodes are used because it will over protect the structures. What is important is wherever you use high sink steels in the marine applications since they are prone to hydrogen embrittlement low driving force sacrificial anodes required to be used. One such anode is aluminum manganese anodes. Zinc anodes are better in brackish water as the aluminum pass rates. For aluminum to act as a sacrificial anodes is possible to have chlorides. When the chlorides are less, the aluminum anodes pass away. The marine structures both ICCP and sacrificial anodes are used systems are used. If there are ICCP is used we have iron silicon the precious metal such as platinum is used or titanium insoluble anodes or even polymer anodes are used where you have concrete structures. ICCP is less capital than sacrificial anode cathodic production system for sea water applications because you need to have large amount of sacrificial anodes installed and for a brackish water ICCP works better than the sacrificial anode systems. When you are going to use the sacrificial anodes or when you are going to use impress current anode systems much the same way you do for soils it is necessary to consider the anode resistance the resistance offered by anodes required to be seen and these are the formula that is being used. They are if you notice they are significantly different from what was used for calculating resistance of anode beds in the soil. And if you are going to use a brusseled anodes we talk about the diameter of the brusseled anode and the width of the brusseled anodes are used. You can see that the equation to calculate resistance of the anode is changing depending upon the this nature of the surface flat surface and the curved surface with the brusseled anodes ok. And very simplified equations are many times used this is called a Mekko equation it does not take into consideration the anode geometry. So, it is a very simple equations used to calculate the resistance offered by a given anode. All you need is the resistivity of the the electrolyte in this case the sea water maybe and the area of the anode are used to calculate resistance offered by the anode. Let us look at the offshore structures now in specific let us take the pipelines. The pipelines are coated with the anti-fouling coatings. The offshore structures a lot of marine clothes and in order to avoid the marine clothes anti-fouling coatings are given. And these one thing very important when you talk about pipelines is these pipelines are connected with the tankers for loading the for loading the the products maybe crude or something like that actually ok or discharging the tanks it can happen both the ways. And if ICCP is to be operated in this case the ICCP is installed in the shore and that works better actually ok. And for deep shore pipelines the pipelines are well coated because more you you take care of coatings less current is required for the cathode production systems. The anodes again this case are attached to the pipes which are generally as bracelet anodes. This also reduces the buoyancy of the pipeline because as the weight of the pipeline or it is also laid in the seabed on the seabed mounted on sledge or floating anodes. The sacrificial anodes are added whenever the pipeline terminates in a single structure such as single point moorings. Care needs to be taken to avoid current entering the tankers that could introduce staker and corrosion of the structures. The offshore structures we also have piling and jetties over here also you go for good coatings poor coatings is a cause of concern. The one of the problems in the piling and jetties is that when you have flash and tidal zones the coating deteriorates because of continuous flashing of seawater actually ok. And again if you have structures on the offshore and the on-stores connected the one in the seaside requires more current than on the on the landsides ok and need to be made electrical continuous. Suppose you are protecting cathodically from the onshore then the structure to be electrically shorted in order to that current flows. If you have structures in the offshores the anodes need to be kept at different levels so that the current is uniformly distributed in the structures ok. That is anode distribution is very important for even distribution of current and so even protection of the structures. There are some corrosion occurring in the structures the resistance the structure can offer significant resistance for the flow of current and so unlike the pipelines that are normally buried in the ground the cathode lead requires to be distributed so that the ohmic drop within the leads are reduced and so that the current is better distributed. Sizing of the anodes are very important when you talk about use of the sacrificial anodes. The anode weight you know what is the weight required for cathodic protection is calculated based on these equations W upon C should be greater than I by L where W means the anode weight the current consumption rate for a given structures given in terms of kg per ampere and the current required to protect the structures and the life of these structures that decides what should be the anode size in terms of the weight. The anode size selection also depends upon the current that is required that should be adequate driving voltage. If you have seen this during the cathodic protection of pipelines where the anode ground bed resistance were calculated that is very much applicable over here also that is the current that is required would be depending upon the resistance of the electrolyte and so the the driving force the driving force of given anode is known and so it is necessary that R should be should be adjusted. How to adjust R we have seen earlier right there is a relation between R on the area of the anode. So, it is possible that if the area of the anode becomes smaller you will not get sufficient current to protect the structures or the driving voltage is going to be reduced. So, the sizing of anode is based on the weight required to protect for the given life as well as the driving force that is required to drive the required current for the structures. Let us come to the last topic of today's lecture we talk about the ships. So, again we are not going to details about the cathodic protection that is applied to ships, but what we look at here is the general concepts overall approaches for the cathodic protection of ships. As we all aware that coatings are applied on to the ships, but however there are certain areas of the ships where the coatings get damaged very readily and so the current requirement for protecting the ship would depend upon damaged area of of the ship hull. So, the damage area is used to compute the current requirement for protecting the ships. The anodes are concentrated more on the bow on the stern side where the coating is damaged. As we have seen before that when the coating is damaged the current requirement becomes more and so the anodes are more concentrated on these locations where the coating is likely to get damaged in service. It is also that the stern is also the location where the galvanic couples between the propeller and the hulls are possible. So, in order to reduce the galvanic corrosion between these two the propeller is made up of a relatively noble metal as compared to hull and so hull will suffer corrosion. So, in order to control that more galvanic anodes are located in these locations. The current distribution is is very important and so small anodes are distributed so that you know so that the current is is uniformly. The one more problem that happens at the at the above location is that there is a drag also said to be the anodes. So, if the larger the anode more will be the drag and so small anodes are distributed in order to reduce the drag onto the ships. The ship size have become a larger using simply the sacrifice anode cathodic protection system is unviable and so the ICCP is used. In fact, ICCP and cathodic protections are used together in most of the ships. The one problem with the ICCP is that it can cause paint disbonding, it can cause hydrogen embrittlement of case-ordered shafts, bolts and other high strength attachments to the steels. The one of the problems in using ICCP for ship hull is that these anodes are mounted on the ship hull. So, this should be electrically isolated. Otherwise, the ship hulls will become effective anodes for passing current and so they will suffer huge corrosion. So, in order to give in order to separate so in order to separate the impressed current anodes the dielectric seals are used. These dielectric seals generally are glass reinforced epoxies and that separates the anode on the ship hulls. And it is also known that the propeller you know is to be grounded otherwise the current will will stay from the propeller into the ship leading to the staker and corrosion of occurring on the impeller hub bosses. So, propellers need to be grounded in order to avoid staker and corrosion in the ships. So, we have come to the end of these lectures before I close this lecture. I will have to summarize what you have seen today. Cathodic protection of tanks offshore structures ships is what we saw today. And we also saw that in the terms of structures in terms of the tanks, the corrosion behavior of the tanks exposed to soil are very much similar to those the pipelines which are buried in the soil. And the corrosion issues uniform distribution of cathodic protection current is the key for effective protection of tanks against corrosion. And one issue that is very specific to the tanks is measuring the soil potential at the center of the tank is a problematic one. We also seen how to work on the problem. Either we use perforated plastic conduits through which the reference electrodes are sent or it is possible to calculate the potential of the tank at the center if you know the resistivity of the soil and the current density required for cathodic protection and the measured value of the tank to soil potential at the edge. The offshore structure environment as opposed to the soil is quite uniform and a required current is significantly higher and it can also vary significantly because if there is a tidal or if the ship moves for example, the current requirement becomes larger. Mounting ICCP onwards on the ship is another problem because if the dielectric shield breaks down then the ship hull can suffer severe corrosion.


Hi everybody, this is Dave Vellante and we're here at the Tug event the seventh annual wine event For great cause but an entrepreneurial ship and we ran into Bob Brennan who's the CEO of Veracode this company There's on-demand security and testing a very interesting cloud models a lot of action going on a lot of buzz in the east coast Bob Thanks very much for spending some time with us great to see you again Dave Yeah, so what's happening with with Veracode give us the bumper sticker on the company and give us an update So we prevent the most common form of attack and we do it by sitting between Software suppliers and their customers large corporation to make them both more effective and secure by Finding their security holes and then plug in the security holes in the applications that those corporations are buying and that those vendors are providing Now you guys provide this as a service, right? Is that that's one of the options, right service? We've actually We've we know more about software security and software vulnerabilities than any other company in the world We've been doing it as a service as long as Tug's been doing this for seven years Yeah, so you know you see a lot of businesses that are kind of traditional businesses Maybe they were done on-premise and then all of a sudden the cloud comes in to start it with CRM But you're starting to see a lot more infrastructure services these days What what's that trend mean? What does that mean for you guys? Well, what it means in general is that you can upload something where you have the ability to learn from all of the customers of That service versus just using it yourself on-site and getting and and knowing what you're doing You can learn what your peer group is doing so we can tell our customers how they compare to other people running similar applications How they compare to other S&P 500 companies how they compare to? You know really we can slice and dice it by any which way because we have an enormous amount of data across 45,000 applications where we've found over four and a half million flaws So we know based on the software you're running whether or not it's secure or not Just by doing a quick pass and creating a heat map. So So is it a disruptive play? I mean you sort of disrupt in the traditional security place But it's different because you're really actually helping you know the development community actually get products off the ground Aren't you? Yeah, we're helping both software providers and their customers become more effective and secure So the disruption for us is we really believe in our bones that we're helping all the technology industry get better And more effective and secure because the world runs on software and that's an inexorable trend That plays right into you know what we're offering so every you know It's it's the beginning of the year every year in December I look back and I say are we more or less secure than we were last year and it feels like we're consistently Less secure the bad guys are getting batter and governments are getting bigger And do you feel like you're attacking the the root of the problem here the root of the problem is the software application It's such a Byzantine layer if you think about codes called code for a reason Right it's developed by many different people over many different generations many different sizes and types of engineers Software developers marketeers putting up websites. So it's an easy layer to attack But it's also a very practical layer to protect and that's what we're setting out to do and why we think we're helping a lot Now where are you as a company? I'll talk about maybe headcount funding, you know IPO anything you want to sort of share with us there So we've we've raised 82 million atlases our founding investor and our largest investor We did 34 million last year. We expect to do 60 this year We're growing at a pretty rapid pace and our headcount right now is 220 and you know We're looking to finish this year around 300. So what do you think about the whole Boston scene? It feels like it's really sort of coagulating around big data You obviously got some some bringing some security mojo to the table It feels like this whole region is really getting back on his feet in a big way Well, it's incredibly fertile ground right it just think about the amount of talent that sits in this area and the opportunity to create Large independent companies given the talent that sits here and in security in particular great company started with RSA, right? Q1 labs ourselves bit 9 rapid 7. It is a great security Roots that are here that we can tap into and allow us to grow our company and really allows to grow the Boston area Which we love it's home for us awesome about thanks for spending a couple of minutes with us great to see you again Nice to see you as well. All right. All right. This is Dave Vellante and we're here at the tug event keep it right there We'll be back with our next guest. This is the Cube and we're in Boston and we're live


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The first item of business is portfolio questions. As always, please try and be succinct. The first question is from Jenny Gilruth. To ask the Scottish Government whether it will provide an update on progress in delivery to the new Scottish social security system. Jeane Freeman. As Audit Scotland recognises, we are on track to deliver the first wave of devolved benefits. The 13 per cent increase through the carers allowance supplement will be delivered this year, with best start grant and funeral expense assistance by summer 2019. We have started recruitment for the staff for our new agency, Social Security Scotland, both at the headquarters in Dundee and locally, but we cannot deliver the devolution of social security powers in isolation from the unavoidable central role of the DWP for the safe and secure transfer of the benefits. It is imperative that the DWP match our pace for delivery, and it is crucial that it has plans in place to prioritise this joint programme of work. Jenny Gilruth. I thank the minister for that response. Does the minister agree that the Scottish Government is currently fighting child poverty with one hand tied behind their back? Particularly given that new research now confirms the number of children growing up in poverty in working households will be £1 million higher than in 2010 due to the UK Government's brutal benefits cuts. Can the minister set out how the Scottish Government will make different choices with the limited powers that it has? Jeane Freeman. I thank Ms Gilruth for that supplementary question. I do agree with the point that she makes centrally in her supplementary. Already we are, as a Scottish Government, providing over £125 million in this year to mitigate the worst effects of the UK Government's austerity welfare agenda. We are the only country in the UK to set targets for the reduction and eradication of child poverty, and with our new social security powers, which embed in legislation which all of this Parliament voted for, that social security is a human right, that best start grant that we will introduce to replace the sure start grant is a significant financial investment in young families together with the increase in carers. We are talking about a partnership between this Government and the citizens that we represent, but let me repeat. For us to deliver what we have promised, it requires the DWP to match our pace, and already we have at least two instances where they are falling behind, the agreements that we have reached with them and are delaying our progress. supplementary, Michelle Ballantyne. Thank you. I agree with the minister that the success of this social security system will rely on a close working relationship between the Scottish Government and the DWP. Can the minister tell me what steps have been taken to ensure the interactions between the DWP and the Scottish Social Security Agency, particularly in areas of split competence, are as smooth as possible? Jeane Freeman. As we have said before in this chamber and at social security committee, our officials, our social security officials in government and DWP officials are in constant, arguably daily contact in order to ensure that we progress this work. However, what does happen from time to time, and we forgot a couple of examples of this recently, which the Social Security Committee knows, is the four-month delay in receiving the integration software code from the DWP. That was four months after the date that we had agreed with them and a delay of a year in implementing our commitment to mitigate the bedroom tax and a delay of a year over the date that we had agreed with the DWP. The officials on both sides are doing their very best. However, I need the Secretary of State for the Department of Work and Pensions to give me an assurance that the warm words of this co-operative joint work will be met by ensuring that her department prioritises the work with us in light of anything else that they may be doing. That's not been the case most recently, and we will continue to pursue that with her. Supplementary Daniel Johnson. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer. My constituent Kate Dury was diagnosed with motor neurone disease last year at the age of 67. As Pip does not apply to those over 65, Kate is not eligible for Pip, meaning that she cannot access mobility allowance or automatically qualify for a power chair. She will spend £1,700 of her own money and is likely to have to buy another chair in addition to that. Disabled Scots are looking for certainty about how the assistance will give them access to equipment that they need for their lives. In the absence of any detailed disability assistance— Do you come to your question, please? Proposor, a clear time to one minister say today whether disability assistance will cover all adults or whether she will open up the mobility component to older disabled people. Jeane Freeman. As I'm sure Mr Johnson is well aware, the way that we go about designing the delivery and the content of the benefits that we are responsible for is through direct engagement, through our experience panels and with our stakeholder groups. They help us to devise what the system should be. They also help us to devise not only what the system should be, but how it should be delivered. We will continue to discuss with them matters that are respective to attendance allowance and disability assistance, including, because it has been raised with me before, the possibility of offering a choice within attendance allowance, for example, for a mobility component. However, we need to work all that through and we are doing it with them. As soon as we have a resolution to that, I will, of course, make the chamber aware. Question 2, David Torrance. To ask the Scottish Government how much it is investing in delivering more affordable homes across Fife in 2018-19. Kevin Stewart. The Scottish Government has allocated an affordable housing supply programme funding of over £30 million to Fife in this financial year. That will be for housing association and Fife council projects to deliver a range of housing in a mix of affordable tenures, but primarily focusing on social rented housing, which is a key Government priority as we aim to deliver 35,000 social rent homes across Scotland as part of our 50,000 affordable homes programme. David Torrance. I thank the minister for that answer. Would the minister commit to publishing a breakdown of his funding across all of Scotland's local affordable areas? Could he set out how a level of funding for affordable homes across Scotland compares to other parts of the UK? Kevin Stewart. Yes, the Scottish Government's spend per head on the affordable housing programme is three times higher than that of the UK Government and their spending on their affordable homes programme. A full breakdown of the £568 million allocated to all of Scotland's local authority areas for 2018-19 is published on the Scottish Government's website, and I'd be happy to make that available to the member. supplementary from Alexander Stewart. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer. During 2016-17, only 7,336 affordable homes were completed, and if the target continues, there will only be around 36,000 homes completed by March 2021, and the SNP's target of 50,000 homes will not be achieved until two years later. Delivering sufficient supply of affordable housing should be a matter of urgency. Can I ask what the Scottish Government is doing to ensure that it is a matter of urgency? Kevin Stewart. As I explained at committee this morning, the target itself is not 10,000 a year, it is 50,000 over the course of this Parliament. We know that many housing associations and councils now that they have the resource planning assumptions for the next three years of £1.79 billion, are putting plans in place to ensure the delivery. The target that we have is extremely ambitious, but a recent report by Shelter, the Chartered Institute of Housing, and the Equality and Human Rights Commission agree that we are on track to deliver 50,000 affordable homes during the course of this term. Question 3, Gordon MacDonald. To ask the Scottish Government what discussions it has had with the Equalities and Human Rights Commission regarding whether the recent and proposed bank closures contraven the Equalities Act of 2010. Angela Constance. Thank you, Presiding Officer. Presiding Officer, I believe that the proposed bank closures and their replacement with mobile banking services will have serious implications for disabled people. That is why I have written to the Scotland commissioner on the Equalities and Human Rights Commission, asking her to consider those implications in light of the requirements placed on organisations by the provisions of the Equalities Act 2010 to ensure that a disabled person can access the same services and premises as far as possible as someone who is not disabled. I am happy to share that letter with the member. Gordon MacDonald. I thank the cabinet secretary for that answer. The mobile banks that have been introduced in my constituency of Edinburgh Pentlands do not provide disability access. Does the minister share my concern that the 30-minute stopping time frame is inadequate to meet the demand of individuals and the areas that it serves? Angela Constance. Presiding Officer, I do very much share the member's concerns and I know that the concerns that he has articulated today are shared by many members across the chamber. It is, in my view, unacceptable that disabled people could, in effect, be excluded from conducting their financial affairs in bank premises or facilities because the physical barriers presented by the mobile banking fleet may make it impossible for those services to be used. That is exactly why I have raised this issue with the EHRC. The Equality Act places a requirement on organisations to take positive steps to ensure that a disabled person can access the same services and premises as far as possible as someone who is not disabled. If the proposed mobile banking alternative does not meet the standard, the potential implications of that would indeed be considerable. As far as the time constraints are concerned, that is something that I urge the bank to reconsider. People should have sufficient time to conduct their transactions without having to worry about a time limit. supplementary Monica Lennon Proposals by Link, the UK's largest cash machine network, have raised fears that many ATMs could disappear from the high street and age Scotland war and this will hit older people hard. Does the minister agree that banks should be investing more in the ATM network? Is she welcome the bill proposed by Jed Killan MP, which seeks to ban ATM charges and protect access to free cash withdrawals? Angela Constance. The member raises a very considerate point. There are a range of financial and banking services that are important to us all. The ATM network does indeed improve access for everybody, particularly for people who may have disability issues or other issues in life to contend with. Having an ATM service and facility that is available as possible is, of course, very worthwhile. Of course, I would echo the concerns by age concern and others about charging in ATM services. If there are aspects of the matters that the member raised that she would like us to pick up as ministers, we could certainly do that. I have already outlined the action that we have taken in this portfolio, but ministers in another portfolio are indeed engaging with the bank as a business and how that could be more inclusive. Time is moving on and we are not getting on terribly far through the questions. Could I ask both questioners and those who answer to bear that in mind? Question 4 is Claire Adamson. To ask the Scottish Government whether it will provide an update on the take-up among claimants of the Scottish universal credit flexibilities. Jane Freeman. The latest data that we published on 24 January shows that, between 11 November and 31 December last year, 5,800 people had been offered one or both of the Scottish choices. Around 2,500 people have taken up either one or both of those. Subject to the provision of data by the Department of Work and Pensions, we plan to publish management information covering the first six months of the operation of Scottish choices in the summer this year. Claire Adamson. I thank the minister for an answer. A recent channel for investigation found that some 70 per cent of DW staff say that the roll-out of universal credit should be dropped. That also follows a trustal trust figure showing that food bank use is up 52 per cent in areas that have a full universal credit roll-out for 12 months or more. Does the minister agree with me that the overwhelming evidence points to the roll-out of universal credit have been nothing short of a disaster? Will she join me once again in calling for the UK Government to halt its roll-out and, if not, to devolve it fully to this Parliament when we can make different choices in the best interest of the people of Scotland? Jane Freeman. Thank you, Presiding Officer. Layer upon layer of evidence over the past two years demonstrate repeatedly that universal credit, both in terms of the policies within it and the freezing of those benefits and the systems itself, is not fit for purpose and is causing significant hardship to many individuals across the country but also to organisations and to local authorities themselves. Most recently, we have learned from the Chartered Institute of Housing, the Institute of Revenue, Rating and Valuation and the Scottish Federation of Housing Associations of the particular difficulties they have with the way the DWP schedules the payments of rent. The evidence is overwhelming but the UK Government continues to pursue a policy and a delivery mechanism which all evidence shows is failing. Contrary to the myths perpetrated in the most recently in the Allaware Advertiser by a Conservative MP, this Government is not shying away from the benefit responsibilities we have. On the contrary, simply give us more powers and the resources to match them and I will happily show the UK Government how much better we can do on the grain, going with the grain of people of Scotland with a system that is based on human rights. I recognise that ministers like to give full some answers on all the information that they can but could I ask you to bear in mind that there are many people who wish to ask questions? Question 5 is from Jamie Halcro Johnston. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I will come out in rural areas. That was a really good short question. He caught me unawares there. We provide support to older people in those communities through our investment across a number of areas, including improving digital engagement, accessible housing, transport, specifically the bus pass and the air discount scheme, and the road equivalent tariff fares on the Clyde and Hebrides routes, reforming adult and social care, free personal nursing care, which helps about 78,000 people. In addition, our new social security powers include responsibility for benefits that will be particularly helpful to older people. Our current groundbreaking draft strategy on social isolation and loneliness is taking positive steps to consult with older people, particularly in rural communities, on what we might next do. Jamie Halcro Johnston. I thank the minister for that answer. Older people regularly find themselves in the target of scams, misselling and pressurised door-to-door sales, and evidence from Age UK suggests that almost half of older people have been targeted in this way. Cracking down on scams has been raised by members who visited Parliament this month, and trading standards have agreed to look into the views of older people themselves. Can I ask the minister what actions she will take or is taking to protect older people from those targeted actions by unscrupulous individuals and businesses? Jane Freeman. I thank the member for that supplementary question. There are some of the areas that he has raised that relate to the new consumer powers that we have, and I will raise that with the cabinet secretary who is concerned. In addition, I know that my colleague Mr Matheson, the justice secretary, is keenly aware of the matter and is discussing that with our police service and others. Question 6, Edward Mountain. To ask the Scottish Government when the Cabinet Secretary last met officials from the Highland Council. Angela Constance. Scottish Government ministers and officials regularly meet council officers across Scotland, including the Highland Council. Edward Mountain. In the last 20 years, there has been a 55 per cent increase in the number of people aged 75 and over living in the Highlands with a corresponding reduction in the number of younger people. Given Audit Scotland's report on local government in Scotland, the Highland Council has accepted a need for a fundamental redesign of service provision. What specific financial actions will the Scottish Government commit to in providing help to the Highland Council in the huge redesign of provision of local services? Angela Constance. It is a really interesting question that Mr Mountain raises. The issue of an agent population and depopulation in the Highland area and other parts of Scotland is a very real concern both for the provision of public services and for parts of the economy, but also, I think, broader than that in terms of no strong, cohesive, resilient communities. The question that he asks does touch upon many areas of government. In terms of my own portfolio, I suppose that I would highlight our investment in housing, the Highland Council, currently benefits for £40 million in capital for affordable housing. That will increase to £45 million by the end of this Parliament. There is also the work that we are doing in and around the review of local governance. That is not just about local government services, but about the public services as a whole. There is also a strong theme or thread running through all of that. Work is about how we empower communities and enable citizens to have more say in the decisions that are taken at a local level. supplementary from Kate Forbes. On housing further to Edward Mountain's question, can the cabinet secretary outline how the partnership between the SNP Government and Highland Council will help to deliver affordable housing across the region? Angela Constance. Scottish Government housing officials meet with the Highland Council on a weekly basis through the Highland Housing Hub. This is a very strong partnership arrangement that helps to deliver affordable homes in the area. The Highland Council leads on the overall management of the Highland Infrastructure Loan Fund. All developers can bid for the fund through the council. £6 million has already been invested with a further £4 million currently available for further developments. I am aware that there are two significant projects, one on the rocket and the other in Inverness and this will enable 680 new affordable homes to be delivered in these locations alongside private housing developments. Miles Briggs. To ask the Scottish Government how it ensures that the planning system supports the development of infrastructure in areas with a growing population. Kevin Stewart. Planning authorities are required to prepare development plans to guide future development and infrastructure. An infrastructure first approach to development is an important part of our on-going planning reforms. Miles Briggs. I thank the minister for that answer. Constituents in Edinburgh who live in communities with a large increase in the number of new houses and flats being built are becoming increasingly concerned at the huge pressure growing populations are placing on vital local health services with many surgeries being restricting their patient lists. What future public service scoping plans are being undertaken to make sure we meet the future needs of new and existing communities? Kevin Stewart. Presiding Officer, as I pointed out, we are looking at all of this through the planning bill. The Scottish Government has provided and supported investment in three health centres in Lothian in recent times. The Blackburn Partnership Centre, the Fairhill Partnership Centre and the North West Edinburgh Partnership Centre, which have all recently become operational. We have also opened phase 1 of the new Royal Edinburgh hospital last year. I want to ensure that local development plans, local authorities and the health service talk to one another to make sure that their plans are truly and utterly intertwined. It is one of the reasons why I have spoken so often about intertwining community planning with spatial planning because I think that that will lead to essential changes. I hope that that answers Mr Briggs' question, Presiding Officers. I see your telling me to move on. I was motioning it, but please don't go up again. I was supplementary from Ivan McKee. A good example of that is Rob Royston in my constituency, where a further 1,600 new homes are being proposed on top of several other completed developments where the local community is rightly concerned about the lack of clarity on provision of local facilities in an area that already suffers from a lack of provision. How does planning legislation ensure that adequate facilities such as schools, health centres and other local amenities are provided to cover the increased population of areas such as this? Kevin Stewart. Our approach to developing the planning bill has involved extensive engagement, including with children and young people because I think that it is important that we involve them because they are the future. For example, we undertook a survey that showed that young people want to be more involved in planning. While I cannot comment on specific planning applications as Mr McKee well understands, I agree that new housing developments should be supported by the facilities that meet local needs. To help achieve that, the planning bill will introduce stronger development plans that are prepared with local communities linked to community planning and supported by clearer delivery programmes. That is good for all. To ask the Scottish Government how it encourages non-departmental public bodies to promote and facilitate public participation in their decisions and activities. Kevin Stewart. In 2016 we refreshed the national standards for community engagement. Those play a crucial role in all sectors, including non-departmental public bodies, to promote and facilitate public participation in their decisions and activities. In addition, the community empowerment act provides a new right for community bodies to make participation requests to certain bodies including a number of non-departmental public bodies. That provides opportunities for community bodies to proactively be involved in improving outcomes on their terms. Tavish Scott. I thank the minister for that answer. He will be aware that officers who have that responsibility for public participation and who work in the islands and have to travel to the Scottish mainland for work will soon have to pay the car parking charges at island airports. Which Government budget will pay that cost? Kevin Stewart. I missed the last part of Mr Scott's question there. I beg your pardon, Presiding Officer. That doesn't surprise me, Presiding Officer, but that doesn't surprise me to pay for something. In terms of the serious matter of parking charges at the island airports, I know that Highlands and Islands Airport Ltd is consulting extensively about the implementation of the extension of car parking charges to Kirkwall, Stornoway and some other airports. That includes passenger surveys at each airport as well as discussions with local authorities and elected representatives. I hope that those discussions will continue and that we will see positivity from those discussions. A very short supplementary from Donald Cameron. Thank you. Likewise on the subject of Hile, will the minister commit to proper, meaningful and urgent consultation with people on Lewis who will be severely affected by the proposed imposition of car parking charges at Stornoway airport? Kevin Stewart. Highlands and Islands Airport are consulting on Kirkwall, Stornoway and some other airports. I hope that that comes to some positivity, as I have said. Obviously, this is not my portfolio and I am sure that Mr Yousaf will be in touch with all the members in this regard. Question 9, Clare Haughey. I refer members to my register of interests. To ask the Scottish Government to support medically trained and qualified refugees in Scotland to achieve medical registration and contribute their skills to NHS Scotland. Angela Constance. The Scottish Government is providing funding to the refugee doctors project that is run by a partnership led by the bridge's programs. It aims to support refugees who were fully qualified doctors in their home countries to achieve general medical council registration and a licence to practice medicine. The new funding provided for this year means that the project has been expanded to include dentists for the first time. I am delighted to say that 37 doctors have already benefited from the project since funding was first provided in April 2017. Clare Haughey. I thank the cabinet secretary for that answer. Can the cabinet secretary take this moment to acknowledge recent analysis showing that Scotland has stood by its claim to be a sanctuary for those fleeing conflict and, in particular, the city of Glasgow, having the highest intake of Syrian refugees and asylum seekers relative to its population? Angela Constance. Recent analysis by the BBC looked at home office statistics for refugees and asylum seekers alongside population statistics. I am pleased to quote the article that stated that it appears that Scotland has generally embraced its claim to be a sanctuary for those fleeing conflict. Glasgow has taken 63 refugees and asylum seekers per 10,000 in the city. That is the highest level for any local authority. I want to pay tribute to Glasgow because of their knowledge and expertise in supporting refugees and asylum seekers. It has been absolutely vital to the collaborative work of our new Scotch refugee integration strategy. That shared vision and partnership approach to new Scots has supported local authorities the length and breadth of Scotland who, since 2015, have welcomed around 2,200 refugees through the Syrian Resettlement programme. To ask the Scottish Government what planning requirements there are for public input prior to the sale of large public buildings and public land. Kevin Stewart. There are no town and country planning requirements related to the sale of land or buildings whether public or private because planning is concerned with the physical changes to land and buildings or material changes in their use but not the sale of land or buildings or who owns them. Daniel Johnson. I thank the minister for that answer. When public buildings are sold to private developers they are not just the public sector who are losing an asset but the entire community. They are under way with NHS Lothian about the disposal of the Ainsley hospital and its surrounding site. For many it is not just a hospital but a green space, walking routes and part of the local community. Does the minister agree with me that large public cells should go through the highest possible levels of pre-sale planning processes to allow real public scrutiny and consultation? Will he consider what could be done in the forthcoming planning bill to require public bodies to secure pre-sale plans prior to sale? After all, publicly owned buildings belong to all of us and we should have a say in how they use in the future. We have asked the questions. Kevin Stewart. My first answer planning is concerned with the physical changes to land and buildings or material changes in their use but not the sale of land or buildings or who owns them. I understand that it is part of the process of disposing surplus assets. The Scottish Government is committed to engagement with all key stakeholders. Those include the general public, MSPs, councillors, the City of Edinburgh Council Planning Department, Historic Environment Scotland and other interest groups to collate ideas and issues that are of importance to people of that community. Question 11, Liam Kerr. To ask the Scottish Government whether there has been a recent assessment of Scotland's future housing needs. Kevin Stewart. Local authorities as the statutory local housing and planning authority undertake regular and continual need and demand assessments to support the development of their local housing strategies and development plans. Those plans are assessed by the Scottish Government to ensure that they are both robust and credible. In 2015, Sheffield Hallam undertook an assessment of affordable housing need across Scotland commissioned by the Scottish Federation of Housing Associations, the Chartered Institute for Housing and Shelter, to which the Scottish Government analytical staff contributed. Liam Kerr. I remind the chamber of my register of interests, specifically I am a landlord of a small flat in Edinburgh. Under the SNP, the number of long-term empty properties has increased from 20,328 in 2007 to 37,135 in 2017, a rise of 83 per cent to its highest ever recorded level. What action is the Government taking to tackle that rise in empty properties, solve the housing crisis and enable more people to realise their dream of having a home? Kevin Stewart. I thank Mr Kerr for his questions. In that regard, we are cooperating with Shelter, have doubled the empty homes fund to bring homes back into use. We have encouraged all local authorities through that partnership with Shelter to put in place their own empty homes officers. Those local authorities that have done so have seen a number of properties come back into use in the places where they exist. We have doubled the budget for empty homes. We co-operate with Shelter and I would encourage all local authorities who have not yet put empty homes officers in place to do so, because that makes a real difference. Quick supplementary from Elaine Smith. Given that recent research by Crisis has demonstrated a huge cost to councils of keeping people in temporary accommodation beyond seven days, what does the minister think of the current barriers to councils getting people out of unsuitable temporary accommodation and what can be done to reduce those barriers? Kevin Stewart. Like Ms Smith, who has taken a keen interest on the issue for a long time, I want to see no-one in unsuitable accommodation. That is why the Government has put so much effort into the homelessness and rough sleeping action group who are due to report on the third question that they have been set is how do we improve temporary accommodation in Scotland? Their recommendations will be with us very shortly. I am very interested in seeing them and we will respond accordingly. Ms Smith will be aware that, thus far, we have accepted all the recommendations in principle that Haar Sag has put to us, and I look forward to receiving their next set of recommendations. Question 12. Clare Baker. To ask the Scottish Government on what date the first payments of the carers allowance supplement will be made. Jane Freeman. The commitment, which is a 13 per cent increase— Excuse me, Ms. Oh, you're back. A 13 per cent increase that will be operated in line with inflation in future years constitutes an overall investment of more than £30 million a year and benefits over 70,000 carers. The first payments will be made this summer. Clare Baker. I thank the minister for that response, but earlier this year the Social Security Committee heard that a decision on the status of carers allowance supplement for the purposes of calculating council tax reduction was still to be taken and completed that analysis. I think that people are concerned about the date at which that will be introduced. Given that there are 8,700 carers in Midscotland and Fife, can she confirm whether the Government will ensure that the additional income will be disregarded if carers get or receive or apply for the council tax reduction? Jane Freeman. I thank Ms Baker for that supplementary. As she said, work is under way with our officials working on council tax reduction and in social security. I would be happy to update her as soon as we have completed that work and are clear that the council tax reduction and the carers allowance supplement will not contradict each other if I can put it like that. John Finnie. To ask the Scottish Government how it ensures that public bodies respect the rights of gypsy travellers. Angela Constance. Scottish ministers expect public bodies to respect the rights of all the communities that they serve and to be responsive to their needs in providing high-quality public services. Public bodies also have legal duties to eliminate discrimination, promote equality and foster good relations. That includes gypsy travellers who are protected as an ethnic group in Scotland. John Finnie. I thank the cabinet secretary for that reply and she will be familiar with the definition which includes the phrase that people who consider the travelling lifestyle part of their ethnic identity. I have read the ministerial working groups extensive list of matters that they are going to cover except that it doesn't say that they are going to cross the list. Cabinet secretary, will you engage with the gypsy traveller community and establish traditional stopping over places that were all many of them which were sealed up? Encourage landowners including local authorities and other public bodies to open those sites up again to reinforce the value that we place on this travelling lifestyle. Angela Constance. The Scottish Government does recognise the rights of the gypsy traveller community to a travelling lifestyle that is part of their way of life, the tradition and their history. The issue about halting stops in traditional routes is one that I am pursuing together with the housing minister. There are a whole host of other issues in and around sites and access to other services that need to be resolved to support the right of the travelling community to their travelling heritage. Question 14, Graham Simpson. To ask the Scottish Government how it monitors the performance of property factors. Kevin Stewart. The Property Factor Scotland Act 2011 provides for the performance of factors to be regulated by requiring anyone acting as a factor to be registered and to comply with a code of conduct that sets out minimum standards of practice. The process provides a route of appeal to the housing and property chamber which, among other things, enables owners to have their concerns about their factor adjudicated by an independent judicial body. The tribunal notifies Scottish ministers of its decisions and when a property factor has been found to have failed to comply with any enforcement order introduced by the tribunal. Graham Simpson. Thank you. Since 2013 the tribunal has issued 169 enforcement orders against factoring companies. One in five of those orders have never been complied with which I think is pretty disgraceful. What is the minister doing about that and can he tell us has he struck off any factoring companies that do not repeat offenders? Kevin Stewart. Two property factors have been removed from the register due to failing to comply with a code and property factor enforcement orders. Five property factors have been removed for technical reasons. Seven to eight property factors have been automatically removed from the registers that did not reapply to the expiry of their three-year registration periods. I know that Mr Simpson will be requiring regular update from me in a particular point that he has raised and he can be assured that I will keep in touch with him around about that issue because I want to make sure that the people who are applying the code properly are dealt with. Mr Simpson, I know, will be requiring regular update from me on that issue because I want to see that done right for those folks that have had to throw property factors who may not be doing the job as they should. That concludes question time and if folk could rearrange themselves we'll move on to the next item of business.