So my beautiful people, I am back with another Outer Ring video and today I'm going to showcase to you guys the entire set and locations of all Picker's Barbed Bones for the Gold Skull of Warts as well as the Grave Glow of Warts. Today we get into it all. How's it going guys? My name is DPJ and if you do enjoy the video, then the like really helps out and if you like what you see and want to see more, be sure to subscribe. Okay so the Grave Glow of Warts as well as the Gold Skull of Warts are used to upgrade and level up your summons. Now once you actually get the Barbarians, you can buy unlimited amounts of these upgrades and they're used for going into a new game plus because obviously you lose to Barbarians once you go into a new game plus, so if you want to do this prior it's wise and it also makes sense with the Sombra Smithing Stones and the Smithing Stone Barbarians too. I'll link a guide to them in the video description if you haven't got them already. So yes, upon collecting all of these Barbarians guys, you'll head to the Twin Maiden Husks within the round table, give them to her and then you'll be able to buy as many of these Glove Warts as you want from one all the way up to nine. Okay so we'll start with the Glove Wart Pickers Barbarians, these give you the Grave Glove Warts and allow you to buy unlimited amounts of them. So the Glove Wart Pickers Barbaring won, let's go. So this one is located within the Windham Catacombs, within the Altus Plateau area, so follow the video I take on the screen now guys to these Catacombs. Now once you get into the Catacombs guys you will have to fight a boss to get this, but you first have to open that boss door by finding a Leaver within these Catacombs, so follow where I go on screen now guys to find that Leaver. Once you've done that head back to that boss battle, defeat the boss and you'll get the Glove Wart Pickers Barbarian won. Okay so the Glove Wart Pickers Barbarian 2 is located within the Giant's Mounted Top Catacombs, within no doubt the Mounted Top of the Giant's area. So once you gain access to this area guys come to these some more ruins, you know Grace Point and follow the path I take on screen now guys to get to that Giant's Mounted Top Catacombs.  Next up guys we have the Glove Wart Pickers Barbarian 3. This one is located within the Dragon Temple, now this one you don't actually have to fight a boss for but it is quite far into the story. So I'm going to run you through from the very first Grace Point you actually unlock within the Dragon Temple where you're actually spawning, if you come forward it'll be on your left hand side about 20 seconds into when you first come to the Dragon Temple then just follow the path I take on screen now guys. I actually previously picked this up but where I actually end and drop that emote is where this one can be found. Once you have them you can head back to the Twin Maiden Husks within the round table, give them to her and you can buy unlimited amounts of those Grave Glove Warts 1 or up to a 9. Ok so next up people we have the Ghost Glove Wart Pickers Barbarian locations and we have 1 to 3 starting with a 1. So this one is found within the early area of Nocturne City. So follow the path I take on screen now guys from the 4th height west to get down into Nocturne and you'll find this one literally right in front of you. Located right here, I'd pick mine up previously. Next up guys you have the Ghost Glove Wart Pickers Barbarian 2 and this one is located within the Ansel River and to get here guys there's one or two paths you can complete Rani's quest. Once you do that guys you'll gain access to the portal within the tower I'm going to right now, Renner's Rise which you can see on the screen now. This portal gives you direct access to this area we need to go to but you can also get to the same area the exact same position via killing the Twin Gargoyles within the Nocturne City, progressing through to the deep root depths, progressing to the very end and taking another tomb. I have made a video guide on that which I'll link below which showcases 13 secret and hidden paths that is a part of that. Via the normal route everyone mostly takes is the one I'm showing on screen now so yes come to Renner's Rise and at the very top of this building you'll find a portal this will then lead you to where you want to be and you just want to follow the path I take on screen now. Okay so the Ghost Glove Wart Pickers Barbarian 3 is located within the Hallow Tree. Now this one I run you through from the very start of this area again if you don't know how to get this area you'll find a guide in the video description you will have to take out a boss on the way to this Loretta who is pretty easy to be honest depend on your level but if you've got this far you'll be able to take him out no problem whatsoever but yes follow the path I take on screen now from the very first grace point within the Hallow Tree and you'll get the final power bearing of the game in regards to Glove Warts and there we have it guys if you enjoyed the video leaving a like really helps out if you like what you see and want to see more out of the ring be sure to subscribe and hopefully my beautiful people I will see you on that next one


Good morning ladies and gentlemen. My name is Tom Mangold. I'm the Dean of International Programs here at the Naval War College and I'll be honored to serve as your master of ceremonies for the next several days. But before we get started I want to make sure everyone can hear and understand me. So first, make sure you have an interpretive headset with you. It has earbuds and there's a volume control up and down. Let me get to the, there's a volume control up and down and then you can select the channel. Over on the left-hand side of the screen you can also see what language we're being addressed in and you can adjust it to hear your preferred language. So thank you very much for if you'd use these. At the end of the day we ask you drop them off back at the table and we'll recharge them and change out the earbuds. For most of you know we have a large virtual contingent listening abroad, almost 30 people. They're watching on Zoom and I'm also want to ensure that depending how you logged on this morning whether you can use interpretive services that's probably the most important part. So you should have used the desktop application. So you need the Zoom app, the desktop application and then the next slide you can see. On the right-hand side you can hit interpretation, select the language you want and then mute the original audio. That'll allow you to hear everything in just one language.  But that's one of the tricks we've learned here at the War College. It works very effective. If you have any questions use chat to communicate with the technical staff they can get you where you need to go. Also if you want to speak later on during the address you can just hit the raise your hand button and will the moderator will identify you and then you just on mute yourself and then you can speak. We'll have a chance to go through that again later. For the delegates in the room here in the chair in front of you there are microphones and they're available to use when you're addressing the crowd. They work well but do speak into it directly. It'll catch your voice and project it around the room very well. Also before I forget if you have your cell phone please put it on mute. I caught myself just a moment ago and if you need a message delivered to you please just go to the command center and they will take a message and bring it to you. But if your staff is looking for you or one of the non-delegates the command center is our intermediary point to come in and out of this room. Oh sorry, I'm ahead of myself. Hats, this is a no cover van. I'm sure you heard that. There's a table outside going towards the restrooms.  We won't need them particularly for the photo later this morning. A quick layout of the auditorium. Many of you've been here before but I'll just point out here in the to the far left there is the command center I mentioned so if you have messages or have questions the command center which roughly matches what is at Gurney's hotel that'll take care of all your needs and questions. The non-delegates as you know are down and you it in the learning commons where they're gathering and they're watching these proceedings as they unfold this morning and the rest of the week. The restrooms are to the left ladies and men's restrooms. If you wish to smoke please step outside on the Culver Plaza during one of the breaks. Just by those stairs above Sproon's auditorium see if you look out to your right there's two things draw your attention to. One there's the prayer room which I'll talk about and also the media the public affairs officers are just above us in the balcony looking down on us. A quick map and I'll bring these maps up periodically during the course of the week to make sure you get to where you want to go but just I mentioned we are on Sproon's hall right now. The Learning Center is where the non-delegates are located and then down the well-in passageway we'll go to Mahan and Pringle for lunch and some of the presentations in Pringle Hall. I always say just watch the crowd the crowd kind of knows where it's going but we'll also have a staff out there to help you find your way. For the spouses who are going to the officers club for lunch you can walk down the hill or there'll be buses available. I'll bring this slide up periodically just to remind everybody. Media I mentioned that this is there's media available throughout the event. Today is the only day the press will be on station and they'll be covering here what's going on for a few key addresses, the addresses by our principals, the keynote address by Simon Sinek and then the panel at the end of the day. For example some things won't be our regional reports will be just among ourselves here. There will also live stream those same events through DVDs and they'll be published abroad but pretty much that's one of the few events that will be published abroad outside of here. Video statements if you'd like to make a statement or talk to the press with a public affairs officer I mentioned it's up in the upper auditorium and looking down on Spruance and you can see them just go up the stairs you can talk to them and they'll take care of any of your needs and if it's in between breaks and you don't see someone there it's busy go to the command center and they'll also address your concerns about press or a media availability and of course photos and videos will be taken over the course of the next couple days they'll be available on DVDs and APAN. For those who want a moment of contemplation or prayer I mentioned just above on Spruance there on the upper lobby there is a prayer room available for those who desire it. Our schedule events you know generally I will just flash this up very briefly in the morning and the afternoon to let you know of any changes there are no changes at this point. It looks a little bit different from what you have in your programs and that I've tried to combine for convenience the spouse and the main delegate schedules together but we are on schedule today everything is running smoothly and I don't foresee any changes at this point. Here's the afternoon schedule after lunch and of course the staff is always here either in the command center or myself during breaks and I can address any of these issues for you. So next one is talking about COVID COVID's been on everyone's mind for for almost two years now your health and safety is our primary concern we brought an extensive medical staff to take care of this and the leading medical officer the senior medical officer commander Jason Formier is going to speak to you for your fuel moment so Jason come on up. I want to thank everybody for giving me the opportunity to remind everyone of everything that we have in place to keep everyone safe at our event so as you know the theme of the symposium is strength in unity and as I have supervised some of the medical evolutions over the last couple of days I've noticed that although we don't all necessarily speak the same language COVID has taught us to share some some some language that that we all seem to understand. We've we've learned to be able to say hello we've learned to smile and not look crazy with our eyes this means I'd like to shake your hand but I know that I'm not supposed to and this means it's time for your COVID test. Luckily everyone is everyone here is okay as a result of their COVID testing that we've done as part of the intake process so that's that's an overall major achievement. To remind you of a few of the elements that we've put together over the last several months of planning everyone has been required to be vaccinated. We have an aggressive testing program that you all have experienced and will continue to experience with your daily testing. We will be enforcing social distancing, mask wearing, hand washing. I'm not wearing my mask because I can't see to read my slides when it fog when my glasses fog up. And what I'm most most proud about is the more than 50 Navy Medicine personnel that are here on site to keep you all safe and keep this symposium running smoothly. Please continue to do the morning testing before you leave your room. You all were provided self-test kits to use in your lodging. If you do this every morning, okay, if you feel ill or need any sort of medical assistance whatsoever use either of these two phone numbers and medical will come to you.  A reminder about the PCR testing for travel purposes. We have not had many customers, so to speak, as of this morning. And so I want to remind everybody if you need to travel on Friday, your testing really needs to be done today. Your PCR testing needs to be done today. And so we're offering that at both gurneys from 05 to 730. We're actually going to extend those hours till 9. And the purpose of the ending at 9 o'clock is because we have to those results have to get to the lab on a certain time to have the results back. We're also offering that testing here at Hewitt Garage also up until up until 9. And although this says delegates should be done at one place and non-delegates should be done another place again to facilitate all of that. Go wherever is most convenient, but please, but please go today, especially if you need to travel on Friday. Thank you, thank you. Yes, you know, if they if they require testing and I can't, you know, the the folks, different countries have different requirements in regards to how soon the or how close the testing needs to be done or the results need to be done in relationship to their travel. But if that's needed on Friday in order to travel on Friday, then yes, sir. Absolutely. Yes, sir. Yes, so if you do need to get your PCR travel on Friday, just walk out in the lobby into the command center across the hall and we'll escort you down to Hewitt where you can get your testing done now. Otherwise, for Saturday, Sunday, it'll be at the hotel. So it is now my distinct pleasure to introduce my boss, the 57th president of Naval War College, Shoshana Ramo, Shoshana Chaffield to begin our formal welcome. Good morning. I'd like to David and I would like to extend a warm welcome to our secretary of the Navy, the honorable Carlos Del Toro and his wife, Mrs. Betty Del Toro. Thank you for being here, sir. Also Admiral Gilday and Mrs. Linda Gilday. To all of you heads of Navy and your spouses, thank you for traveling here to Newport. We are honored to host you and I'm delighted to see so many Naval War College alumni returning. Thank you for calling this your home away from home. We're delighted to have you back. And to all of our maritime partners, allies and friends, welcome to Newport, Rhode Island and the United States Naval War College. On behalf of my team here who are extremely talented and dedicated, David and I are proud and honored to provide this venue for this biennial event, a tradition here since 1969. The International Sea Power Symposium is a signature event here at the college. We've been working intensely for many months to incorporate these protocols that you have been adhering to to keep you safe. And we're very concerned about your well-being. If there are any challenges that you see, please notify me or our staff and we will work through them with you. Thank you for your cooperation and your part in making this a safe event this year. I'd also like to recognize the 130 Naval Reservists who are here helping us and have been on board for several weeks preparing for this event. We're grateful for that support. By the time you depart on Friday, I hope that you'll agree that the United States Naval War College is the perfect venue for this engagement. Here at the Naval War College, we inform today's decision makers and educate tomorrow's leaders. Our goal is to provide excellence in education, research and all of our outreach activities and we are committed to building enduring relationships with our alumni, partners and stakeholders. Our International Program Office directly supports the development of robust global maritime partnerships and every year we host international military students in our residential curriculum. This year 108 international military students are here with us studying alongside our American counterparts. We feel this promotes trust, confidence and cooperation among partner nations. I'd also like to let you know that today begins a monthly heritage celebration by our Department of Defense. This month from September 15th to October 15th, it's Hispanic Heritage Month in the United States and during this period we will recognize the history and heritage and contributions from those whose ancestors came from Mexico, Spain, South America and the Caribbean and Central America. It is a great honor to have a Hispanic American, 78th Secretary of the Navy, Carlos Del Toro and Mrs. Betty Del Toro here at the outset of this celebration. Sir, you honor us. To all of you who are visiting, David and I wish you a very successful week. We're excited to have you here. We know that you will love these discussions, engagements, all the planning that you'll do for next symposium and we know that you have very challenging jobs with great responsibilities. And I want to thank you for all that you do in your part in keeping our free and open global comments. Ladies and gentlemen, distinguished visitors, it is my honor and pleasure now to introduce the 32nd Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Mike Gilday and his spouse, Mrs. Linda Gilday, who is the Resources Director at the United States Navy Energy Installation and Environment. Admiral Gilday. Thank you, Admiral Chatfield and David. To the naval leaders and the spouses from around the world and the United States, faculty and staff of the Naval War College, ladies and gentlemen, gathered here today on behalf of the United States Navy. My wife Linda and I welcome all of you to the 24th International Sea Power Symposium. A special thank you as well to our Commandant of the United States Coast Guard, Admiral Schultz, if you'd please stand so that everybody can see you. He's a very close friend, a partner. It's great to have you here this week, Carl. A special thank you as well to the Italian Navy Admiral Giuseppe Cavodragone, who agreed to shift his regional sea power symposium to the right so that we could have our symposium this year. As most of you know, this symposium was supposed to cure a year ago because of COVID at that time, pre-vaccine we could not. On a phone call, I asked Pino if he would consider moving his conference to the right. He never flinched, he never hesitated. He immediately did that. And so on behalf of all of us, thank you so much, Pino. This event truly is special. 135 delegates from 104 different nations, including many hosts of Navy and Coast Guard, are gathered here and virtually to discuss, debate, and to learn. And of course, to work together. I also want to welcome and recognize their spouses. 66 of them have joined us from nearly all corners of the globe, as well as another about 20 from the United States. Our International Maritime Coalition is a family, and we all serve as families. Thank you all for tirelessly supporting our sailors serving around the world. And we look forward to visiting with you this week. We're grateful that so many of you overcame the logistics challenges to be here with us today. And be assured, we are taking every precaution with our COVID-19 mitigation efforts, so that we can safely conduct these proceedings in person. Before I move on to the rest of my remarks, I'd like to invite my wife, Linda, to the podium to say a few words. Linda. I want to extend a very warm welcome to all of you who have traveled very far, many hours, many days to be here. We are so excited to have you. You've left jobs, you've left families, you've left pets, many situations at home to be here. And so we're very happy that you've been able to do so. So this is a, our theme is unity. So we hope that you have an opportunity to unify with your spouse on this special week, to have that chance to connect, but also to connect with the larger Navy family. We have tried to encourage everyone to sit with someone you don't know, because how often do you have this opportunity to meet so many part of your extended Navy family? This is just a wonderful opportunity. I hope you're able to make new friends and for the spouses, we have a special room in the hotel where we have special little gifts, free gifts, and you can come in and sit at the sofa and hopefully meet a new friend there in a less formal environment. And it's open all day. So if you haven't found the room yet, please ask someone that is on the US spouse side to take you there. And I hope you enjoy it and meet some wonderful friends there. As Mike said, there are 66 international spouses, 21 from the US. So we have smaller groups. So one US spouse has two or three or four people that they are supposed to reach out to and make sure you have what you need. And we designed that based on travel that they might have gone to your country or maybe they speak the language or maybe they don't, but they want to. And so it's a special group. And so hopefully you have met your spouse connection person. And you'll have a special way to reach out if you need something. I do hope you enjoy the week. And I pray that this is a wonderful time for the larger Navy family to become more unified. So thank you all. We know that many of you have visited Newport before and we'd like to welcome back the international alumni who call this charming city home. For those of you who are traveling here for the first time, we think that you're in for real treat. When you walk along the wharfs and the docks of downtown Newport or stand at Ford Adams State Park, you get the sensation that you're traveling back in time a bit. So much of the art and the architecture and the culture around here reflects America's rich and distinct maritime history. A history that dates back to colonial times for us and that continues today very strong and very vibrant. This city has long been intertwined with our United States Navy. Some of the most important ideas concerning naval tactics and warfare and strategy were born right here on these grounds on Coasters Harbor Island. Ideas that were put into action from the late 19th century and beyond. Perhaps the most famous of these contributions no doubt was Captain Alfred Thayer Mahon in his lectures and writings in the 1880s and the early 1890s. Nearly all of us in uniform have studied Mahon's work at one time or another and when his name is uttered, most people think of decisive battle of sea control and of combat credibility. I think most of those arguments are still relevant today. But over time, Mahon refined the rationale for sea power. Naval combat power became less pronounced for him and economics took a more central role. Mahon believed that one of the most fundamental applications of naval power was protect an increasingly globalized world economy. You see wealth generation comes from commerce and commerce floats on seawater. What was theory then during the height of the second industrial revolution is profoundly true today in our information age. Our economies and our values and our cultures are more attached to the sea than at any other point in history. There are more than 60,000 vessels in the world's trading fleet carrying all the solids liquids and gases that we need to feed us to clothe us to fuel us and to sustain us. If you've sailed in the Baltics or up in the North Sea, you've seen the massive installations of offshore wind energy. Today there are more than 160 offshore wind farms worldwide powering millions of homes and businesses. If you've sailed in the Arabian Gulf, you've passed desalination plants of which there are 20,000 around the world providing fresh water for millions of people. If you've sailed in the Western Pacific, you've likely seen ships engaged in the new global gold rush of deep sea mining working to extract metals critical for advanced technologies. And if you've pulled into the largest ports in the world, you've seen the new container ships spanning nearly 400 meters long and holding up to 20,000 boxes. Providing a safe and secure maritime system is an imperative to all of mankind. And it's an essential part of what our navies do each day. We're not simply the keeper of the seas, but we're the keeper of the global way of life as well. And like all of you, I believe that robust, resilient, and responsible sea power is an international consortium of like-minded nations. We are the primary guarantors of peace, of prosperity, and the open flow of goods along the oceans. Our navies provide these benefits to our citizens we serve every single day. In peacetime, and especially during these times of competition, not just in those rare moments of conflict. As sailors, and as coast guardsmen, we share a common culture, a distinct maritime culture. We share the history, the love, and the respect for what the sea can do for us, as well as a mutual appreciation for what the sea can provide for us. During the dark days of World War II, hundreds of delegates from around the world met not far from here at Bretton Woods to set out to form the economic relations among our nations. In time, what emerged was the free and open international order that we cherish and benefit from today. It preserves the maritime commons for freedom and for fairness, for coexistence, and for harmony, where the collective goals of all people, regardless of where they call home, can be advanced. Since 1945, global child mortality has waned, life expectancy has lengthened, extreme poverty has plummeted, and literacy has skyrocketed. The connection between the free and open order and the improvement of human existence is undeniable. United, we have preserved that commitment. United, I think we will grow that commitment. Cooperation will ensure that the most vital economic and social resource, seawater, is shared sustainably and responsibly. Cooperation, when applied with naval power, promotes freedom and peace, and prevents coercion, intimidation, and aggression. Our steady presence greases the gears of global commerce, assuring maritime traffic flows freely, and deters the disruption of our digital infrastructure under the sea.  Since it is in the political, social, and economic interests of all of us to ensure freedom of the seas, this is a responsibility with truly global consequences, not just today, but for our children and for their children. It can never be taken for granted. Peace does not happen by accident. When the rules prevail, everybody prospers. When the rules are undermined or worse broken altogether, the world is a less secure and poorer place for all of us. The questions we gathered to discuss this week are as important as they are in our profession, and so we have structured ISS to take on these issues and to capitalize on opportunities. Our keynote speakers and moderated panel discussions bring together experts in uniform in academia and government. The selected toffords covers a wide range of challenges. Some of them are affecting us today, such as combating COVID-19 and supporting the mental health of our sailors and our coast guardsmen. Other topics consider our collective concerns in the Arctic and enforcing international and sovereign rules and regulations, which will undeniably affect our future. My goal is that this symposium will provide a venue for candid and open discussion to see issues from different perspectives and to harness our strength and unity. Our collective navy to navy and coast guard to coast guard relationships serve as a strong stable keel for a broader international community. This keel serves as a shock absorber and in turn provides the underlying structure for global stability. We are united by the iron-clad trust among us, and our partnerships transcend beyond just our strategic interests. It is built on shared values, shared history, and a vision of a shared destiny. A few months ago, I had the opportunity to speak with one of our sailors up on the International Space Station, where he was serving alongside with cosmonauts from Russia and an astronaut from Japan. He's captured so clearly the bond of his fellow star sailor's share as they lived for months off the earth. And he so eloquently described that our giant blue marble of a planet has no lines that separate our people, and it's dominated by the blue hue of our oceans. So I'd like to begin ISS with that mental image of a blue world where commerce and ideas flow freely across open seas to connect our nations and bonds of fellowship. And sailors and coast guardsmen like ourselves stand watch to keep it so. Now, it gives me great pleasure to introduce our 78th Secretary of the United States Navy, Carlo Del Toro, Carlo Del Toro, and his wife, Betty. Our secretary was sworn in just a little over a month ago. Born in Havana, Cuba, Secretary Del Toro immigrated to the United States with his family as refugees in 1962. Raised in New York City, he graduated from our United States Naval Academy in 1983 and went later go on to study here as well. A career surface warfare officer, he commanded the guided missile destroyer USS Buckley and served in a variety of critical assignments in the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. After retiring from active duty, he worked in the private finance sector as a CEO along with his wife Betty for 16 years as the president of SPG Technology Solutions. Ladies and gentlemen, please join me in welcoming my boss, a man who oversees, manages, and leads the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps, our 78th Secretary of the Navy, the Honorable Carlos Del Toro. Mr. Secretary.


So who can tell me the most famous adaptation of the second coming by William Butler Yeats? Mr.  But a great son of the soil, Chinwachebe, put it in his book. Where he told of the story of our great village and our hero, seated here. Oh, excellence. Who can tell me the meaning of the word? Multitasing. Who? Go ahead. Multitasing. That's another big grammar. You used to describe our ability to afford many gods. But you see, the people you represent are too poor. They can have only one god. Whereas us here, we can have as many gods as we want. That is multitasing. A lot of applause. Man is exceptionally intelligent. I'm impressed. Ladies and gentlemen, it's been a wonderful session. A very fruitful session. I'm particularly impressed with this. Keep it up. That's good. That's good. Keep it up. You're welcome. You're welcome. You're welcome. Bye-bye. Bye-bye. Bye-bye. Bye-bye. Bye-bye. Bye-bye. Bye-bye. Bye-bye. Tell me, Ubi, how come you know so much about the world from this our town? Tell me. It's a secret. To understand the world, all world's knowledge is in here. Just open www.wikipedia.org. And you have answers to any questions you have about anything. And it is free. True. You call it wikipedia. Is it a new god? Wikipedia. Wikipedia. Can you tell you what will happen tomorrow? Let me do that. Let me do that. Let me do that. Let me do that. Let me do that.


Hello and welcome to NewsClicks International Roundup. Today, we look at the developments following the US notification on February 1, declaring that it took a withdrawal from the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. To talk more about this, we have with us Prabhu Prakash, the editor-in-chief of NewsClick. Hello, Prabhu. Prabhu, before we get into the details of the INF Treaty and its implications, let's take a look at the larger picture, so to speak. So today we have, say, around 15,000 to 16,000 nuclear weapons in the world. And when we look at, say, just a couple of decades ago in the late 80s, the number had reached almost 64,000. And this is a drastic decrease. And these treaties, the INF Treaty, the ABM Treaty, and even START were responsible for that. So how do you see the US declaration of its intent to withdraw from the INF Treaty affecting disarmament as a concept as a whole? You know, if we look at what this treaty has achieved, I think more than the numbers, of course, numbers do tell a story. More than the numbers, its intention that was behind what would be called the nuclear restrained regime, that we have to see. Before that, the nuclear arms race was who could strike first, wipe out the other side, and then the retaliatory strike would be so weak that they could declare nuclear victory. I think the 60s saw finally the recognition that nuclear weapons war, a nuclear war is not going to be successful for either side. It was going to see only mutually assured destruction and the destruction of the globe. So it is this ability to recognize that you cannot have nuclear-winnable war that led to the disarmament measures you're talking about, and they're really not disarmament treaties. To recognize them for what they really were, they were what would be called nuclear restrained treaties, that we don't go above a certain threshold, and the threshold is continuously to be ratcheted down. And that's the background within which the nuclear restrained regimes operated. They did not really involve other countries, because all other countries were well below the threshold of 300 to 400, and therefore they didn't fall into what would be considered the overkill part of the nuclear race, arms race. So the ABM treaty had been signed in 1972. So the acceptance there should be a nuclear restrained regime starts from that place, that the shield is effectively an incentive for the other side to put in more weapons. And that was the reason the number of weapons were increasing, that do a first strike, stop the second strike. If you want to stop the second strike, well, the second strike is heavier. So what is the way to make the second strike heavier? More weapons. So this was the arms race, nuclear arms race understanding. So I think that 70s and 80s where you get this recognition of both new mutual assured destruction and the nuclear restrained regime, that is the one which is collapsing now, because what we see, and we shouldn't see the INF treaty in isolation. You should see that what the missile review, which the US has just put into the public domain, also talks about what Trump says, take out missiles from anywhere, at any time, any place. So all of this if you take together the ABM part of the missile review, if you take the tactical nuclear weapons which are not being put in place for a long time, they were a tacit understanding that this lowers the nuclear threshold and therefore the risk. And then the INF treaty withdrawal, if you take all of it together, it appears that Trump is now coming back to the old position, the nuclear wars are winnable and therefore they can bully Russia into surrender through their nuclear prowess. And that seems to be the logic behind the withdrawal from the nuclear old restrained regimes and I don't think the issue is China as sometimes some of the so-called experts talk about that this issue is really China, because the United States is well out of range of Chinese INF missiles and Japan has not said anything. It's also interesting, INF treaty was originally for the European theater, none of the European countries have joined the United States in asking Russia that why are you putting this missile in place. So I think that that is also the bleakness of the current scenario and I don't have much hope that the only one remaining in place which is the number of nuclear warheads, the new start that will also be extended beyond its 2021 date. So I think we are in a situation where the globe is looking at a very visible picture of a renewed nuclear arms race and also the possibility of a hair trigger alert in which small mistake can lead to the extinction of life as we know it. So going a bit more into the details of the treaty and the US position, so the United States reason for notifying its withdrawal was basically that Russia had a unnamed missile which had exceeded the limits of 500 to 1500 kilometer limit of the treaty, whereas the Russians did indicate that they were willing to, they were open to inspections and the US refused to respond to that. At the same time the United States has also been taking a lot of steps which the Russians have been protesting, for instance there's the issue of the drones, like you mentioned the tactical nuclear warheads and even certain launchers which can say send missiles in that range. So could you talk a bit more about what you see as a US strategy in this situation? Let's look at the basic criticism speak bait on both sides and see whether there is any basis to them. The unnamed missile, the NATO has been calling it SSC-8. The Russians have responded that what NATO seems to be talking about is 9M729 missile. Now they have asked the United States to give evidence that it is a violation of the INF Treaty. They have said this range is below 500 kilometers so therefore it doesn't qualify and they have also asked for whatever data document should be referred to the dispute resolution, settlement resolution provisions which the INF Treaty has. The US has done none of these. It has also not put in public domain, whatever information it has claiming that these are all which would endanger the security of their informants etc., etc. Therefore no evidence has been presented, not even what they think the problem is. If we come to the Russian side, there are drone based missiles, let's take that out because that time it was not foreseen, it's not covered in the INF, whether it should or shouldn't be is something which is a good question today. Let's look at what the Russians have been saying and what other experts have also said regarding the missile batteries being set up in Romania and what has already been set up in Poland. The argument about these batteries, the Russians have said that these are in violation because these batteries, the Aegis batteries are capable of both firing anti-missiles, interceptor missiles and also of actual missile strikes which is the cruise missiles. This is therefore they violate the INF Treaty provisions because these cruise missiles, the Tomahawk missiles have a range which is larger than 500 and that's quite well known. This has been their criticism. Theodor Postel, who's a professor in MIT, has written a detailed piece in the bulletin of atomic scientists saying that irrespective of what the US criticism of the Russians may be, what Russians are saying about the Aegis system seems to be true. Now he has given detailed technical documents and given reasons for that. Let's look at the broad picture. One is the Polish batteries and the Romanian batteries are supposed to be against Iranian, not against Russians. Okay, now the range of the Iranians mean that the radar has to be a long-range radar which Aegis doesn't have. So therefore to talk about it being a shield against Iranian missiles seems to be completely, shall we say, a white lie at best that's what we can talk about. The second part of it, the Aegis missiles as we know in their sea-based configurations have essentially canisters which can contain either intercepted missiles or they can contain Tomahawk missiles and all it means is you change the canister and the same battery can fire either a cruise missile or an intercepted missile. Now if that is taken on land and again the pictures, the details of the land-based Aegis and the sea-based Aegis doesn't show any differences, then what means is the same mechanical electrical configuration would be there in both places, all it means you change the container containing the missile and you get the cruise missile firing capability. Now the American response is that the hardware for electronic hardware and the software are not loaded into these missile batteries therefore it does not violate the INF Treaty. Now as we know changing the software could be minutes, it could changing the electronic hardware depends on what is it, is it a plug and play kind of configuration, take out something, plug in something is also a matter of maybe minutes, hours, days. None of these have been answered, no investigations have been allowed, they have not been willing to discuss this or open to a third-party inspection. So given this I would say the Russians have a much stronger case on the Aegis, then the Americans of the United States and NATO powers have on the SSC-8 as they term it. Irrespective of who is right or who is wrong, the dispute settlement not being activated by the United States would indicate they really are not interested in resolving the issue, they are interested in creating an excuse to walk out of the treaty. And if we take Mr. Bolton who is now the National Security Advisor, you take Mr. Trump, I think their predilection for tearing up treaties and going their own way is something that they have done earlier Iran of course, you have the ABM Treaty of which Bolton was the architect, you have the North Korean treaties and the United States post 90s has walked out of every treaty it has signed or it has not ratified any treaty that it has actually negotiated. So given that I think the US INF Treaty exercise is very much in line with the unilateralism and the exceptionalism philosophy of the United States. And let's look at what is likely to be Russia's response, it has already indicated that it might also notify its withdrawal. But tactically and in terms of weapon systems, how do you see them responding to this massive buildup by the United States? Well, let's put it this way the massive buildup has yet to take place and we hope that somewhere before the world faces extinction, better senses may prevail. Of course, it will need a much larger global shall we say peace movement to rise up again because of the collapse of the left globally. And let's accept post Soviet Union and socialist countries fall, there has been a global collapse of the left and unless that rises again, the anti-war movement which it pioneered may also weaken or may also remain weak. If that doesn't happen, of course, then we are looking at a renewed arms race. What is Russia's response? Russia has said that of course, if they get out of the treaty, then so will be. So what has been there? They have talked about symmetric response. In fact, Putin does talk about symmetric response in the conversation, which is now the transcripts of which are available with the defense minister Shoigu and with the laver of the foreign minister. So his response is already out there. This is something he had stated long back, which had unveiled designs of the new missiles. Some of them are hypersonic missiles, which means if their speeds or they have speeds exceeding Mach 5 that the ABM shields that is now envisaged will not have no meaning. They can easily overcome those shields. They just won't have the time to strike them before they hit the targets. So that is one part of it. The second part of it is the other kinds of missiles that they are talking about. Long-range cruise missiles, again, because you don't have this as a trajectory and when you can strike them on the, shall we say the arc going up or coming down, so somewhere in that mid-range. So if that is not the way it operates, it operates hugging the land and it can maneuver in different ways, then also the ABM shield is useless. So that is the second set of missiles they may unfold. They have other what I will call doomsday missiles, which are also there. And those missiles, missile set of hell as somebody has called it, are those missiles if they are actually developed and both sides then will have the incentive to develop and install them. I think we are looking at a very bleak scenario and I think the doomsday clock which the atomic scientists put up is now two minutes to midnight, which shows that is probably the closest to a nuclear holocaust that it has predicted for a very long time. And I think that we are looking at really extremely dismal scenarios. If this is the Russian response and if this is the provocation that the United States is willing to make. Thank you very much. That is all we have time for today. Keep watching Newsclick.


Now, this is a very important section and many of you have concerns about this. Well, I am not good in language, what language, English language, how can you be good in English language? That is a question I will ask in return, I will illustrate what I mean, come on. You have, as much as I have, I have not spoken English till I was, up to 1996 when I joined PSD in ISC Bangalore, I do not think I have ever spoken English a full sentence, up to 1996. So, what would be my age, 96, ok, let us not worry about age, up to 1996, how many years back, 1996, 18 years back. So, 18 years back, that means, till about 20, I have not spoken in English, I learned grammar, I learned, you know, poems, I learned prose, written well in exams, got good marks, all those are fine, but I have never spoken in English, up to 1996. So, then I have the right to tell you that you should not worry about whether you can speak in English or not. This is a reluctance, this is a barrier that each one of you should overcome, because if I could overcome, why not you could overcome, you are going to overcome that, but you should have a determination that I am going to speak, on stage I am going to speak in English to other people.  National language, etcetera, is fine, but globally, this is the only language through which you can communicate, science and technology results to other parts of the world. You should write well, you should speak well and that in English.  But I am not preaching that English is great, English is a wonderful language, but you have to take a, take a pledge that I want to improve. How do you improve? Read more and speak more, to whom you speak, you speak yourself, when if you are in a, you know, strongly local region and if you begin to speak English, your friends will alienate you. He is very fashionable, let us not talk, you know, my wife had an interesting experience. She studied in Trivandrum and a few students came from Manipal, Mishoram, this is external quota in that college, it is a government college. So, they of course, they can speak only English or Hindi and people in Trivandrum will not understand Hindi or they will understand English, but they will not speak in English, they have the reluctance factor. So, when these boys come, you know, all girls, girls will disperse because they are fearing that he is going to come and ask something in English, which they do not want to respond because they are shy about responding. So, these are like real situations, but keep in mind that you must, must work on improving your English language skills, that is going to be very useful in the, in the long run. So, now coming back to this, on stage, you are giving a scientific talk, do you have room to worry about English language, I do not think so, but at the same time, you know English language, you know many words, you can construct sentences, you can still speak, but what you, what is bothering you is that you cannot speak like an American, that is none of our concern. Let the Americans speak because they are speaking from, you know, like first standard onwards, they are speaking from their childhood, we did not speak, then why do you expect that we should speak as good as American, that is a wrong thought. You speak what is, what you can afford to speak and that is a bottom line, that is a very, very strong point I want to make that you nurture your native, native English speaking abilities, native, you know, it is a wrong connotation and native I am stressing that you will have strong mother tongue accent and I will illustrate, the second half of the slide is an illustration of this mother tongue accent. See, to me it is a pleasure listening to different mother tongue oriented English language.  So, it is okay, it is okay because why I say okay is that I travel to many countries in the world. I have spoken English language with many people, people from Africa, people from, you know, typically in Middle East, people from UK, people from Germany, people from Japan, from China. I have spoken to many, many people, do you think that all of them speak like Americans? No. They speak with strong Japanese touch, you know, how a Japanese will speak? You use simple words, I am reading the second line, this is how they will speak. Why do you worry about your mother tongue touch? It is a wrong notion, use what you are good at, okay. There is absolutely nothing wrong in having mother tongue touch, okay.  But this is improved over the years and you can improve over the years and you can slowly, you know, make the pronunciations more correct and all. But that is not the concern when you begin to practice as a speaker, okay. That is something you should keep in mind, that use words. Now, I am going back to the slide, use words which are familiar to you. And there are interesting stories about, you know, people borrow words from, not from dictionary unfortunately, they borrow words from literature. The textbooks which they have read, written by native English language speakers, the British, the Americans, they wrote these textbooks and people just mugged those words and one time I was listening to a research presentation by a student and somebody made a statement in the introduction. He said that this field has witnessed unprecedented growth in last several years. And then I asked just to, you know, test whether the person knows what is meant by unprecedented. I asked him, do you know what is the meaning of that word, unprecedented? Then he had a bright smile that I do not know, okay. So my suggestion is that you can improve your vocabulary and you must improve your vocabulary by knowing more and more words. But if you put that on slide, you must know what it is. You must know the meaning of that. And you can use all bombastic words, okay, no problem. You can use all bombastic words in your slide. But the problem is that you must know what it really means and what it means in the given context. So there are many words which are used in dual, you know, one example I can give is apparent. You know, we talk in physics about apparent weight. What is apparent? One should ask this question. And many times when people speak, they say that apparently, okay, this word is like contextual, very contextual. And the meaning differs from one context to other context. You can go back to dictionary and verify. So you must know in what context you have used and you must know the meaning of the words that are there in your slide and what you speak, okay. And it can be a limited vocabulary, it's fine. Because it's a long process. Improving scientific presentation is a long process. It's a lifelong process, okay. I may be a better speaker. I can only be a better speaker tomorrow. I can't be a word speaker. I can't be like going back in time, okay. So what I'm saying is, tomorrow you're going to be a better speaker and even further from there, you will be even better speaker. But it's a continuous process. It's a long, long process and you should know the tips and you should continuously improve yourself. And when you say I could give a good talk, that does not mean that you spoke like an American. You know, that's not the expectation. You're not supposed to speak like an American. Perhaps you, when you get a chance to go to US or UK, stay there for a few years, come back with an improved accent, it's still okay. And some people change their accent completely and some people still retain their Indian accent. But with improvements to the pronunciations of different words, that's okay. But while being here, you're not supposed to speak like an American. It's not required, that's not the meaning of giving a good talk. Meaning of giving a good talk is to express yourself and deliver the content that is there in the slide in a convincing fashion. And language is only one of those ingredients that will help you do that. But that's not the only ingredient. The notion that people generally carry is that unless I speak good English, my presentation is bad, which is incorrect. So let me repeat that statement. Many people have this wrong notion that unless I speak good English, my presentation is treated as bad. That's not correct, okay. If that is the case, many, many Japanese scientists who are like really, you know, Nobel laureates and very high stature Japanese scientists. They're not good speakers if it is assessment is done only based on language, okay. So they, Japanese have an inherent limitation. Chinese people have inherent limitation in digesting English language. Because their language structure is so different from English that it's very difficult, okay. So do not emphasize on the modulating or changing your native English speaking skills. Thinking that only that will fetch you brownie, that will gain you points. Only if you use very difficult words or uncommon words, that's not the intention, okay. And when you use text from literature, and this is a very important point. When you use text from literature, many people, particularly students have this unique ability of mugging it up. That is, they will try to buy hard the text. And while buy harding, what would happen? On stage, you're already like, adrenaline levels are high, heartbeat is more. And you have managed early, a few minutes. But still, mugging will be so dangerous that you will miss certain words. And still you continue with the statement. And it will be really hilarious at times. If you miss a word from a statement, you can imagine how terrifying it can be, okay. So do not mug. So what I suggest is that you understand the content of that text which you want to, want to tell to the audience. But speak in a language which is natural to you. Let the text be there. But you don't buy hard and speak the same text. If the text is there, audience can naturally read it. But what you understood, you should tell them. So there is a distinction between mugging somebody's text and just burping it over versus you understand the topic, understand the essence of the text and telling in your own language. I prefer the latter one. Understand in your own terms and then speak what you understand. That is better. Now, some illustration, it's mostly an audio illustration. Let me read the following text to drive home the point which I was pressing upon. I was simply going to post-office to hostile office. So people in Kerala would be tipped off. You remember my second slide, I said that if there is a coincidence with anyone in the audience, it's deliberate, okay. So that my points are conveyed more powerfully. I was simply going to post-office and hostile office to find where my phone was. So people at some centers may be laughing to find where my phone was. Okay, and proper words are written there. At last I found under the table in a government office. What I am saying here is, this is okay, you are getting the point? This is okay. You can talk about post-office, hostile office, simply under the table, apple. It's okay. This is the mother tongue text which I am referring to where the file is, it's okay. But you are conveying where the file is, right? It's okay. You keep that in mind. It's a very powerful statement which I want to make. All of India will suffer if we get confined to this narrow thought process, that unless I speak like an American, I am not going to be able to give a good speech. Incorrect. You speak with what you are comfortable with. And you begin to speak with what you are comfortable with.  Okay, so all this where my file was will change. It has to change. And rural background, India is a rural country, right? And how do you expect somebody who started speaking English in 1996 to be so precise in pronunciation? It's not an expectation which is like, you know, reasonable. So I promote a touch of regional language is fine. Okay, so I have left out a few regions of the country. So then I took an apple and ran to the class, but I was later. So now all the Rajini ad is there, so people can understand it much more. I ran to the class, but I was later. Okay, so now Kolaveri is so famous, right? Now all this language is now spreading all over the nation through the media, electronic media and so on. Friends, keep in mind what you can, you do it on stage. If on the other hand, if you come to the stage and start speaking like an American, many times it will look ridiculous. So we don't want to take such risks. What you are good at, you practice, it is going to be better. So what I am saying is that, if you want to give a good presentation, how good you are at English is not a concern that should stop you from giving a talk. So this is the barrier overcoming push that I am giving to many. What is the barrier that you think that you have strong mother tongue accent? Therefore you are not good in English. This is your own judgment. I am not telling that. I never told anyone that your English is bad. I will tell incorrect usages, I will correct their text, I will correct when they make mistakes. But I will never tell that your English is bad. Your English requires improvement, that is what I tell. Mother tongue accent is not a crime because how in the world you are expected to speak a language all of a sudden, even though you are learning but you are not speaking. But 10, 15, 20 years in your life you did not speak English. Then how in the world you are, is it magic that you will start speaking English from 21st birthday onwards? No. Why do you expect so? It is an incorrect expectation, it is unreasonable. Therefore I promote that you speak in a language which is, which you are comfortable. Speak in your own English language which is your comfortable and slowly and steadily you will improve and you will gain confidence, it is going to be just fine. All is well. Do you think that that is a great English language? But look at the popularity of that statement. All is well. All is well. All is well. All is well. All is well is what? It is not really a great English language, the idea has to be conveyed. Even if you say I bear my file was searching for the file, the idea has to be conveyed. So you give emphasis to the content and its delivery, not get entangled, do not get tied up with this barrier of no, no, no my pronunciations are generally bad so I will not go to the stage. Instead the attitude should be such that today I will do the announcement. Let me go to the stage and I will do the announcement with all my strong mother tongue accent. Fine. It is fine. See nobody, no, no Phirang is sitting there, right. Nobody is watching you. It is all Indians, fellow Indians. It is okay. And from your own, your own region, why do you fear? And I said that early that do not fear about being judged, stage belongs to you. It is their job that they will judge, it is your job that you perform, okay. So this is a very important thing that if this will reduce the barrier or at least the barrier that you should cross will appear much lower than otherwise. But if you think that you cannot pronounce words, you make mistakes, etc., you are not going to be able to overcome. So keep in mind that you use your natural language when you are on stage. Speeds, modulations and demodulations. I have done it without telling it many times in last two sessions. What is modulation and demodulation? That if you speak like a DC current, you know, most of you are technologists so you would know DC current has a steady and AC is up and down. So we cannot, you know, use either of these. You should have a steady, rhythmic speech. The same time when you have to tell, take a deviation, I told yesterday one of the, one of my favorite words is to use, now we are going to look at.  So you are increasing the volume suddenly when you are taking a diversion. Till now, so till now is a normal thing, till now we were discussing on stage issues that one should address. Now I will talk about modulations and demodulations. The very now is modulation. So while speaking, you should deliberately have certain modulations and use it sparingly. You cannot modulate in every three sentences, then it becomes distracting. And what is demodulation? Demodulation is to like speaking the most important section in your presentation. You know, look, this is such a wonderful result, nobody have ever found this. So that is like completely modulated phrase. This is something really extraordinary and people have never thought about this. That is modulation. And once the modulation is done, demodulate. So now I will tell you what we found. So it is normal. It is a demodulation. When you really go to the peak of your presentation and you are naturally excited. At least I am quite excited about, you know, when I present my results, if there are some outstanding results I get very excited. You know, doing research, I think there were lots of sections about research methodology. Doing research is a passion, it is not just a profession. I think if you treat it as a profession, it is something, some sort of degradation to that area of doing research. Doing research is a passion. It is a hobby. Professor Ballaram, in instead of science, who is the current director, he wrote a editorial in current science few years back. He said that research is a profession, it is a hobby where you get paid for doing it. It is a hobby, it is a passion. And when you present your own results, naturally the passion gets reflected. These are the times when you can modulate and demodulate when you go to present those. And I prefer to give this local summary. What are these local summaries? That when I deviate from, like I said, you know, content creation. Before I leave content creation, I will just summarize what are the major points in content creation. And then I go to, like, say, on-stage performance. And on-stage performance, some of the most important things is how to manage first few minutes, and what language and words that you should use, these are key points. So, before I leave on-stage performance, I must reiterate these points, so that is called a local summary. Local summary is important so that you can bring back the attention and keep the audience with your flow, the flow of the talk, that is important. And speak loud and clear. So, here the pronunciation aspects are not something that I am referring to. Speak loud and clear. And you will see a rich variety of, you know, students by being in an institution like this, that some people cannot really speak loud, they will just murmur, you know, that you have to overcome these limitations. Have to speak loud. And if you speak loud, the audio, AV people would readjust the sound. But if you speak too low, they are helpless. Signal has to come, right? Generally, they can amplify. General attitude, general approach should be that you speak loud. And it is not shouting. I do not think I have shouted. And I can shout really hard, you know, but I am not shouting here. But I am speaking loud, that is a recommended practice. You should speak loud and clear. And clarity is something, you know that you are speaking clear. And you also know that you are not speaking clear, because there are sections in the presentation where you are not confident and you like, you know, somehow done. What? What does that mean? So somehow you are skipping through. You know, keep in mind that people listening to you are much more experienced, usually. They will understand and exactly that point you will be caught. And they know that you are not confident. This, you know, many people have shown, they will catch you, be careful about that. So speak loud and clear, do not go too fast, do not go too slow. That is a very difficult statement to follow. Sir is telling me that do not go too fast. Sir is also telling that do not go too slow. What is the way out? Mid-path. There is a famous quote from, I am neither a Tolstoyan nor a Marxist, but a compromise between the both.  And I have a tiny little cartoon here. The, so this car, this car is a hybrid car. It is a car, it is half rest and half car, half of it has rested, it is old. So it is a hybrid. So what you should know, I said yesterday that understand your natural speed. That is point number one, very important. Understand your natural speed, how fast you speak. And create content, which you can afford for a, say, 30 minute stop, for example. In 30 minutes with your natural speed, how many slides you can cover. And within that, within that number of slides, say, 15 or 18 slides for 30 minutes presentation, knowing your natural speed. And some slides are more important than the other. So you would naturally go slower with those slides. And some slides are less important. It is for introductory purpose, you may have to go fast. And I had a question yesterday, it is a right time to answer that. Introduction about previous work, present work, future scope, justification, etcetera. How do you balance out these different sections of a talk? Introduction for a 18 slide presentation for 30 minutes, 18 slides total number. First slide, do not count the title slide conclusion. And usually, you know, people will have a big thank you slide at the end. They religiously put that, thank you slide at the end. So taking these slides out, introduction, the title slide and thank you slide out and there will be acknowledgement, if take those slides out, you have 18 slides total. In that 18 slide, do not give introduction more than, say, 5. 5 itself is on the higher side. 3 to 4 slides are good for introduction because your people have come here to listen to you, what you found and what is the core of your talk. So do not burden them with too much introduction, too lengthy introduction, it is going to be a distraction. And now having known that you have 18 slides to go through, you know the natural speed, you have practiced with a, you know, nowadays cell phone with timer and all. So you practice, you know the natural speed and within that natural speed, you know how fast you need to go to be able to cover that 18 slides on time. Now, there is an advanced concept which I will reward to the same point of timing. Yesterday, somebody asked during the question session that, you know, sometimes you finish too early. So how do you manage that, I will come to that point. There is an advanced concept, there are no written rules. Now I talked about this mother tongue accents but there are many words that come along with you. But these words should be avoided, this has nothing to do with mother tongue. This thing, that thing, I found this thing and in the introduction they studied that thing, this thing, that thing, it keeps coming every sentence, you know, such a distraction. And you must deliberately, deliberately avoid and the best way to do that, you give your talk to your friend. And the friends will, your friends will tell you that you are repeating this word 10 times. You know, in my college days, one day, I think some of my friends sat and counted a word, a faculty member in my college used to use in his, you know, every sentence he will have. I forgot what that word was. I think in fact, in fact or actually, I think actually, that word actually he will use that, you know, you know, end of every sentence he will say actually. So we started counting and, you know, how we did counting using the tally number because we cannot keep changing it, 111 cross 5, 111 cross. So we counted, I think he repeated 46 times in a span of one hour actually. So how do you avoid that? You give your talk to your friend and ask them whether there are words like this, whether there are sentence construction which are like, you know, when I was giving my early day talk, one of my friends told me that, you know, you are repeating the following style of presenting. What is, what I was repeating? This is nothing but, this is nothing but an expression. This is nothing but a different form of, so every sentence I was like, this is nothing but, but then she told me that, you know, you are repeating this too often.  I stopped using that, this is nothing but, I have literally abolished using that. So such is the power of friends suggesting something and they really mean constructive suggestions. These are not criticisms in the negative direction. These are constructive criticism because they want you to become better. These are sincere friends and they told me that you are repeating this very often and you can take help of your friend to find out words, sentence construction which you are repeating too often. Too often it is not really great. You should try to minimize such usages and avoid this, this thing, that thing, you know, key, so all these will come. It is not a crime but, try to minimize that because you are becoming going to be global right and when you go to UK and give a talk, you cannot use this key and so, they will not understand, right. Do they understand key and so, right, so they will not understand, so you should keep that in mind and Matilabh, Matilabh is, you know, these words are listed from IIT Bombay community, okay. So, these words vary as you go to South, these words will vary tremendously but, what I am saying is that, do not use your mother tongue words directly important. Use the English equivalent, pronounced in a mother tongue fashion is fine but, you cannot use, you know, words which are not there in English. Key is something which I hear every day. I have shown key, what, shown key, what key? They know only one key that to operate the car, automobile or the key to a problem, solution to a problem, that they call as key. There is no key in UK or US or in other parts of the world. So, you must avoid using certain words such as this, Matilabh, okay. When people ask questions, Matilabh, I was English but in between the Hindi words will come. You must be deliberately avoiding that because what my mission, my purpose of giving this thought is to make this country globally competent. I have a mission to accomplish. What is that mission? I would have stayed back in America forever. I could have stayed back there. I had the job opportunities, my CV was good so I would have naturally found a job like many other Indians I would have stayed back but, I had a determination when I came back to this country that I want to transfer what I am good at to my fellow citizens. So, I want my country to be globally competent. It is a passion that I have. How do I make my people globally competent to help them with their difficulty? That is exactly what I am doing, okay. And to tell them what, how I went through and how I improved myself. That is my mission. So, if I tell you what I know and how I improved, you can implement it in your life. Assuming that I was in the US, it is a developed country anyway. My services are not as much going to be required there but my services are highly desirable in this country because I have helped people, helped this nation to grow and be globally competent. That is exactly what I am doing. So, I have a passion to tell you that you put these things in practice, you are going to be better and better and better and tomorrow all the Matlab, skis, etcetera should be avoided because you are going to be global. My mission is to not to train you as a local hero, oh, this guy is very good in Bombay. What is the use? Nobody need to be very good in Bombay, for business it is fine. You cannot be a local researcher, right? You cannot be a local teacher. Teachers are now global. Teachers are global. So, you have to be training your students to be globally competent. Therefore, all these are important suggestions to be implemented. Now, so, we have finished the presentation, not I, the student or the presenter on stage had finished the presentation. All the, you know, tension packed days of preparing, on stage management, yes done done. So, he will be like, yes, so presentation is over, actually it is not over, presentation is over, but the task is not over, the main task is going to begin. So, that is what it is, now that the talk is over, what next and all of you know what next. So, again in nervous space, that what, who, when, why, how, questions, what questions and it is time for answers, Q and A. It is a very important section in a very important session in a scientific presentation, questions and answers. People came there to listen to you and naturally they are experts and they will have questions and if it is an evaluation process, there will be more questions. And in our annual progress evaluation for PSBs and MTechs, actually there is no time bar, like the presentation, yes, there is a time bar for 30 minutes or 45 minutes. And when question starts, there is no time limit, sometimes like half an hour, sometimes one hour, one and half hour, still goes on and on and on because people are curious to know what you have found, what you have done, whether you have done mistakes or whether you have done correctly, so it questions goes on and on. But good part of a conference is that chairman will stand up and time over, let us discuss during the coffee break. Actually that is a relief, it is a relief that you can at least get a temporary break and you can go off the stage and discuss with the fellow scientist outside the auditorium. The trouble with questions is that since you are on stage, again the fear of being judged will come back strongly, somebody is asking you a question, it is a good question and you know the answer, you answer. So most part of the audience will think that oh, this guy knows what he is speaking about. Suppose he asks me a question, I do not know the answer, instead of telling that I do not know the answer, you start beating around the bush, tell him some wrong answers, then everybody would think that oh, this guy does not know what he is speaking about. So it is a intimidating phase in giving a talk and the strategy is how to take questions, that is what I am going to talk about. Taking questions, listen to the questions carefully, so assume that somebody is asking me a question. So I would like, I can hear that even though I can hear with the mic or anything, I should show some enthusiasm, some interest that I am listening to. So just naturally you know bend towards them, bending will not make me reach to him, but even though I will just, oh could you please repeat the question, if I am not clear. So I get actually in doing so, you do not tell that to repeat the question every time. Listen to the question carefully, but if you are not clear about the question, you can request them to repeat the question. Could you please and use the language very carefully there, do not say repeat the question, it is very offensive. Could you please repeat the question and then listen to the question carefully, understand the question first before answering, understand the question first. And you do not have to give a spontaneous answer, that few seconds you have to think and answer. This is not like Konbineva Karolapati, those questions are of very different type and you have, you can call a friend, you have 50-50 choice, you have different options there, but here only you are supposed, only you know the answer. The person who is asking question in most scientific presentations, the person do not know the answer, he is only asking for clarification or perhaps giving a suggestion or perhaps asking a very genuine question, which you have not thought about. So it is very important to listen to the question carefully, give due respect to the question, even if it comes from a tiny little boy in the audience. Do not underestimate people I told in the beginning, do not underestimate people based on their appearance, it can be very disruptive, do not think that somebody who is like well dressed is a great hero who is asking question, he can ask a very stupid question. Somebody who is like very shabbily dressed, you know not paying much attention during entire talk, he was like partly sleeping, but he stood up and asked a great question. So do not give emphasis to who is asking the question, listen to the question carefully, you make the distinction very clear, what is the question and what is the answer, that is the only concern, not that, oh this great guy he asked me a question, so I am already nervous in answering, you know the answer, it does not matter who is asking the question, what is the question, what is the answer, that should be your thought process, connect these two, question, answer and deliver the answer, that is important, if the question is really good, should say that good question, that is your first response. So somebody asked me a question, yesterday during interaction session somebody asked me a question, my response was good question and the question I remember, the question was how to plan your talk such that what if you finish early, that was the question. Actually it is a very good question, so what was my immediate response when I am beginning to answer, I said good question, then answer, so you can respond if you think that it is a good question, do not, for decoration sake you do not say that, it may be a really bad question, if you say that good question, others in the audience will think that okay, this is what it is, so if it is a good question, you say that good question and then answer. Now there are situations, some really smart questions will come, really smart questions and you need time to think, what is the best posture, those who have noticed this, German famous statue, there is a thinker's statue somewhere in Berlin I guess, so thinker will sit like this, so we cannot show this kind of posture that you are thinking, at the same time you should know that if you need time to answer and you are sure that if you spend like 30 seconds, one minute you may be able to answer, ask for time, how do you ask for time, good question, let me, in this action actually you are thinking, so you should tell, let me try to, this is not a bad, because people think that if you tap here something will come, some great thought will come or in the frontal region you are supposed to be storing old information, so this tapping I do not know how it helps, but generally most scientists do this, great question, let me think and this is also a mode to show that you are very intelligent, if you tap it you will get an answer, it is not that the case, actually in doing so, this is a good body language to borrow time, in that sense it is good, so you may, well, you can borrow time and that is the technique, you borrow time and then answer, so this is the second category of question, questions with straight forward answers answer, listen to the question and answer, questions which requires thinking, on stage thinking cannot last more than 30 seconds or one minute, but if you think that you can answer, take your time and then let me think, I think and in saying, so you are taking time to think and you will answer, that is the second type of question, there is another type of question which do not have an immediate answer, it may require say take a piece of paper and write, but on stage you cannot do that, it may require further thinking and further thought process before it can be correctly addressed, so in that context what you should say is that, I think we would be able to find an answer, but however, it would take a little while to come to a correct conclusion on that, can I speak to you after the presentation is over, can I speak to you during the coffee break, can we postpone the discussion during the lunch hours, during the break, so that is a very polite way of telling, so you can postpone answering a question after the talk, if the question is such that, it takes little bit of say a derivation, little bit of working out before you can find an answer or you want to refer to something before you can answer, you can always postpone the question, always postpone the answer, and you should know how to postpone the answer, only on those questions which requires further examination and you cannot use that for as a tool, as a defensive mechanism to avoid answering, that is not possible, a straight forward question what is a plus b all square, can we talk that after the break, then people will be like, you know almost like you will get slapped, correct, so you cannot by time for a plus b the all square, that you should be answering spontaneously, the last category of question which can be quite intimidating question, because people would want to know how deep you know and there are people who want to ridicule what you have done, how do you handle them, you give them the deserving place, that can I prefer not to answer you, it is a very nice powerful way of telling and you know at this stage, if you are in a college setup, this is not required, this is a very advanced stage, like I am referring to international platform, where you are intimidated and you are indirectly being ridiculed and such things do not happen normally in a college environment, like college either you are being evaluated or you are giving a lecture, such things do not happen, but in a conference, if you got the sense that the idea behind this question is to intimidate you, then you can always tell that, can I prefer not to answer this question for variety of reasons and it is okay, nobody can force you to answer it, okay, this is like last type of question and yeah, this is about handling questions and you can use this kind of poster to take time and answer and take your time and answer these questions, that is about taking questions, so what I have done, till now on stage delivery, that was the entire focus of today's lecture and then last section remaining is improvement, which is a continuous process, I have already touched upon few of these aspects, continuous improvement, as you attend more and more conferences, listen to more and more people, learn something new from them, note down, oh that was a very nice way of presenting, his introduction was very good, you liked it and you may want to implement that, it is not that Suno's recommendation should be universally accepted, I do not believe that, because I myself continually refine, if I come across a great speaker who speak much better than me, I am really fascinated to listen to such people, so I have some very good friends in Germany and US, they are like outstanding speakers, you know outstanding to the extent that 30 minutes they speak, about at least 5 to 10 minutes people will be laughing, they are such great entertainers and they speak very serious signs and they are great entertainers, these are advanced concepts and if you will read the last line humor, humor is very important, humor will add value to your talk, but humor pre-prepared or you know match fixed humours won't work, usually it is a disaster, I will tell you with purpose I had that slide, if you recollect that slide, the car half rest and half car, it is supposed to be a humor, but none of you laughed, that is the difference between a pre-planned humor, that slide that cartoon was supposed to be for humor, but none of you laughed, this slide, the car is half hybrid, half rest, what was my purpose of my objective of showing this, to come back and show that out of context humor will not work, number one, second pre-planned humor will not work and third humor is not natural to everybody and fourth humor is not a must, because these are advanced concepts, advanced concepts in scientific presentation, so you cannot prepare a humor, it is not natural to all, if it is natural to you do not hesitate, entertain the crowd, in my lectures every every 30 minutes there will be a huge laughter in the class and I do not plan, it just so happens that every lecture there will be two sessions of laughter and it goes for about at least a minute or two and in IIT people are so naughty that they will begin to clap, first they will laugh and then they will clap, because they are appreciating that humor was great, if the humor was not good and if I tried assuming a pre-planned humor, if I tried they will say daya, so that is IIT you say daya, they say daya, I never understood the real essence of this word meaning, but I am used to this now and I also use this word daya, so they say this kind of thing, so humor pre-planned will not work and if you are good at humor I have known many people who are very good at humor, but not on stage, my question is why not on stage, you have to be natural on stage, if you have humor sense better use it do not take it too seriously, if you use humor effectively say once in once in 10 minutes it is so entertaining, because by doing that it is much better than a coffee break to bring back the attention, this is the great admiration I have towards two of the speakers, I think I should take their names, they are my very good friends, Christopher Cramer from University of Minnesota and Peter Schreiner from University of Gessen in Germany, Cramer is from US and Schreiner is from Germany and these people are so amazing, every 10 minutes the crowd will be laughing so much and within next 30 minutes they are on serious business, again go back and next 10 minutes again there will be another laughter, so good, so good and if you have humor sense and if I talk to Chris Cramer outside the auditorium, it is 10 minute interval in a serious scientific talk, if I talk to him outside every 2 minutes you will be laughing, so you have great humor sense, very good humor sense and if you have make use of that, do not take it too seriously that you know people are going to take it in a negative sense, if you have humor make use of it, this is the advance concept, okay. Time management following upon yesterday's question, you need to gain lot of experience to manage time on stage, I have given all the preliminary details about how to manage your time such as understand your natural speed, how many slides you can afford, all those tips are already given.  I go to any conference with even though my natural speed allows me to speak one slide per minute, so if I am giving a 30 minute start, I can afford to speak something like 30, 32 slides, but you know what I do, I will have something like 40 to 50 slides, but talk is only for 30 minutes and I take a on stage decision after looking at when I go, when I complete one section and move on to the next section, I have a look at the timer and look at the, look at my laptop for the timer or look at the watch for the timer or look at any display time that is available in the auditorium and then I decide whether I should speed up or slow down, that is on stage time management, it is a long, long run process my friends, it is not something which I can recommend that these are the guidelines, but keep in mind that you do not have to worry too much if you have full control and you can manage on stage, speed up and accelerate, decelerate on stage, but I think it is really fantastic to be able to learn that, have excess slides and go fast when it is required, that is on stage management. No fixed number of slides because it is dependent on the person and now to summarize the whole thing and I am very glad that was a photograph just walked in, the timing is so good that you come in at the time when I finish. What I tried to do as one person I cannot change the world, but I can change the world of one person. So, if anyone of you listening to me decided that I am going to implement these guidelines and you decide that you are going to change from today, I think I served the purpose that was my objective. Now I will finish with this to convey that how important is time. Yesterday is a cancelled check which has no meaning, what is the yesterday which I am referring to those 20 years where I was not speaking English, pre 1996 days where I was not speaking English even though I had lot of theoretical knowledge grammar, poem, prose all I was good you know marks were also good all those are fine, but what is the use you have to put it in practice right. So, those were the cancelled check I cannot worry about a cancelled check, past is past, present tense what you see and perceive is the only reality and you must take note of that. Now tomorrow is a promissory note unless you encash it has no meaning, what is the meaning of having a promissory note that I will give you 10 lakh worth of something, what do you use unless you encash. So, future is also fictitious, today is the only cash that you have spend wisely, what is that cash I am referring to the time. If you have time today and if you prepare well create your content decide on how to deliver, sequence of slides on stage management, time adjustment, give an effective presentation then you are using your time effective, time is precious. Now on instead of wasting time on different things and important things, if you have a story to tell make that story as powerful as possible do your best, because present tense is the only reality and that will make your future better, no point in having a promissory note, no point in having a cancelled check. So, spend your time wisely and with that I think I should stop and thank you all for listening to me for last two days.


This photo really resonates with me as we reflect on the anniversary of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, also known as the Fair Housing Act, a law which made it illegal to discriminate against people because of race and nationality when they are looking to buy, rent, or finance a home. In many ways, the law worked and the most blatant forms of discrimination have declined, but minorities still face more challenges when looking for a home than their white counterparts. The recession in particular hit communities of color hard. Ownership rates fell and foreclosures increased dramatically, which is why this man was marching one day in 2012. The concept of a home is incredibly important to the Black community, a community that has always been on the go, that's used to migration, movement, and separation. The photo here reminds me that Black people are still daring to dream, still believing in the American ideas of justice and democracy, even when their neighborhoods are threatened and their homes are in jeopardy. They still continue to march on in the fight for equality and fairness.