Good morning and welcome to the virtualization track. My name is Vitaly and I'm gonna tell you what we do to run Windows and Hyper-V guests on KVM better. So in your infrastructure, you are running VMs and some of these VMs are Linux VMs and some of them are probably Windows VMs. So the question is, how is it different from the virtualization stack perspective? Does it make a difference? And in theory, you can say that it doesn't because with like KVM and QEMU, we are trying to emulate physical hardware by making it virtual. So we are making a computer and then some operating system will run there. Okay, but if you try booting Linux on KVM, for example, and look in your log, you will see that Linux knows quite a lot about the fact that it's running on KVM. So as you see, we are using some clock, we are using some PVTLB flash and features like that. So why does it happen? So the thing is that when we're emulating hardware interfaces, it's not always so fast as we would like it to be when we do it in software. So how do we solve the problem? Well, we come up with a different interface which is gonna be software friendly and these interfaces are usually called like Paravirtualized, don't mix it up with then PV, it's a different story. Yeah, so yes, but if you come up with your own interface, right, you will need to add support for this interface to your guest operating systems, otherwise it won't use it. Yeah, but the question is, what do you do with proprietary operating systems like Windows? Well, you can probably try writing drivers and in some cases, it will work. As you know, for example, we are writing our Vertio drivers for Windows to work with Vertio devices. But thinking that some very basic features like the clock source, like TLB flash, they're not devices from Windows point of view. So you may not be able to write such device drivers for your proprietary operating systems. So what do you do in this case? Well, the thing is that KVM is not the only hypervisor out there. There are other hypervisors and especially in the proprietary world, in Microsoft world, they have their own hypervisor which is called Hyper-V. And they have to solve the exact same issues we are solving in KVM. They have the exact same performance problems. So they probably have all these interfaces we need already. So if we emulate these interfaces in KVM, we will automatically make Windows faster and better. So we do that. And that's called like Hyper-V emulation in KVM. It splits in basically in two parts. Some like core enlightenment for very basic features and device drivers, VM bus. Device drivers are not yet upstream and it's probably a broader topic. So today I'm gonna talk more about core enlightenment, the very basic features we have. So what are these features and where you can read something about them? There is no documentation for them in KVM. There is some in LibBird. Actually, that's it. Probably not much, right? So if you ask questions and where you can read more about them, you'll probably be pointed to Microsoft Docs, like their so-called top-level functional specification for Hyper-V, which to a certain level describes these enlightenment. Or you can listen to my talk. So let me go quickly through these enlightenment and I will show you both how you can use it from KVM and LibBird and I will tell you something about what these features are and why we need them. Okay, so first feature is so-called relaxed timing. So you can see QEMU syntax, how to use it and you can see LibBird syntax. Like mostly in LibBird, features will look like that but we will have some notable exceptions to that. And when you enable these enlightenment, like basically do in QEMU command line, you pass minus CPU, something you have, HV relaxed. You tell Windows that it's running virtualized and that it needs to disable all hard watchdogs on timings because some operations may take significantly longer than they take on hardware and if there is a hard watchdog there, it can crash. Newer Windows versions don't actually look at this. They, when they see hypervisor signature in CPU ID, they will switch to this relaxed timing mode automatically but it's also good to enable it for like all Windows versions you have. Another enlightenment is called Virtual Epic, HV Epic and what it is, is like an assist page. So for every CPU, your guest will map one page and it will use, like it's gonna be shared between your guest and the hypervisor and it will use it to speed up some Epic features. So for example, the most important one is a virtualized end of interrupt. If you look at it, and that's like a good example how I can show you why emulating a hardware interface is not that fast, right? If you, there is an interrupt happening, right? And it is like a level triggered interrupt, right? So there is a bit one pending in some register. So it's been signaled to your guests. So first exit happens when you need to signal something to your guest.  It takes some time. Okay, so guest now sees the interrupt and does something but then you want to know when you can give the guest next interrupt, right? So it needs to somehow signal you that it actually finished processing the interrupt. And for that, this end of interrupt technique has been used and in hardware, it just writes to some register which is pretty fast, right? It is a hardware register or like a shared memory. If it happens on a hypervisor, it means that you will get back to the hypervisor and hypervisor will process this end of interrupt. So this per virtualized page is a different interface where a guest can signal the fact that it finished processing interrupt asynchronously. So when you do that, you will spend like twice less time in the hypervisor on processing interrupts. Another one is per virtualized spin locks. So if you don't know like a spin lock is a very basic concept when two CPUs are trying to access the same resource and it needs to be like mutually exclusive.  And when one CPU grabs this resource, the other keeps spinning. So it constantly checks the variable if the resource it's trying to access is available or not. And when it becomes available, it does some job. So we use these locks in the operating system for when we need to lock the resource for a very short period of time. We cannot sleep there, we cannot access external hardware there, but still it happens a lot. And what per virtualized spin locks is that in virtualized world, waiting for such spin lock can take significantly longer. Think about what happens when this virtual CPU which actually holds the spin lock, it goes like offline, right? Like it's got another guest is running there. And it can take significantly longer. And your other CPU will be spinning. So instead, you can actually yell to the hypervisor and give a chance to some other CPU to execute while you're actually waiting for spin locks. And we have that for other hypervisors like Zen and we also have this for Windows on KBM. So you can do it by setting the number of attempts before it will give up, right? So it's actually good to try it at least like on work. 1000 times, not that much. And if you are still not able to get the lock, it will go in the hypervisor and some other CPU will execute. Virtual processor index. It's a very simple enlightenment. It gives one additional register like MSR model specific register where the number of the CPU is written. And this is additional to already existent like Epic CPU number, which on KBM will almost always match. So basically on CPU one, you will see one there. On CPU two, you will see two there. But this enlightenment is required for other enlightenment when Windows will be doing hypercalls. For example, PBT will be flush. It will use these numbers to indicate which CPUs need to be flushed. Runtime information. So you are sharing your physical CPU with other guests. So sometimes your CPU runs, sometimes it doesn't. And in your guest, you may want to use the information for better scheduling, right? So for example, you are trying to give same shares of time like same slices of time to your applications, right? And if your CPU wasn't running at that time, you're not giving them fair share. So there is an MSR which you can add and KBM will tell Windows how much time it spent running the guest, how much time it spent not running the guest. But as it's an MSR, reading it is kind of costly. So Windows, as far as I know, doesn't use it for scheduling. It can use it for something else, but I don't quite know. Crash information. Your Windows guests crash sometimes and you see a blue screen of death, it's still blue after so many years. Yeah, and you may want to analyze these crashes, especially when you are running on a larger scale, right? Like you have hundreds of guests on hundreds of nodes and you may want to see if these crashes which happen are like the same or different, right? And for that, Windows can tell you, for example, where it crashed, exact instruction pointer. And then you can compare them like looking at your crashes. So it has an interface. It can be enabled with HV Crash parameter and then you can get it from QEMU, but only via API, I think, or you can get it in your Libvert log. You will see that Crash and parameters are and you will see the instruction pointer and some additional data like basic registers. Hyper reclock source. That's actually one of the most important enlightenment and if I will have some time, I will show you some benchmarks, how important it is that there are some workloads which are actually trying to read time very frequently. For example, when you are doing timestamping of logs or database records or network packets. So in these environments, you want to get timestamp as quickly as possible. And if you don't give Windows like Hyper-V clock source, which we have, it will use something else for that. And this something else like HPAT may not be that good or that fast. So give it to your Windows and you will see the significant speed up. Synthetic interrupt controller. It is an extension of a normal interrupt controller and it allows you to basically communicate between the guest and the host in terms of messages and events. By itself, this enlightenment is not very interesting to you but it's required for, not yet implemented VMBus devices and it's required for synthetic timers and I'm gonna talk more about synthetic timers. Synthetic timers are another extension of this synthetic interrupt controller and it allows Windows to set like periodic interrupts. For example, 2,000 times per second getting interrupt from the controller. And last August, there was a significant regression for all Windows guests running on KVM with some Windows 10 update. When it became much slower or actually without this enlightenment, you would see your Windows guests consuming significant portion of your CPU even when they're idle, like going up to like 30% of the physical CPU and they're not doing anything. And turned out that they just changed the frequency of the time keeping interrupt they need and without this enlightenment, it means that like 2,000 times per second it goes to the hypervisor, programs next interrupt, waits for it, it gets delivered. Again, it goes to the hypervisor and that's what it does for this 30% of the physical CPU. So when you enable this, this issue goes away. Tilby shutdown, not gonna talk much about this, but sometimes on X86 architecture you would like to flush your TLB buffer on other CPUs. And how it's done? It's done by delivering interrupts like IPIs to these CPUs and they perform Tilby shutdown because on X86 you can only flush your local buffer. You cannot flush anything on another core, for example. So turns out that if some of the CPUs are not currently running on your hypervisor, you don't actually need to flush the buffer there, but your guest doesn't know that these CPUs are not running. And this enlightenment allows it to actually perform the shutdown on CPUs which are actually running at this moment. So it doesn't need to wait for CPUs which don't actually need to perform the shutdown. Paravirtualized API is somewhat similar, but the previous one is optimized for Tilby shutdown. Paravirtualized APIs is like the same story, but these APIs will actually get delivered because they're generic, right? You don't really know what these APIs are sent for. Do you really need to do some work on another CPU or not? So again, to speed them up, you can add this enlightenment and Windows will run faster. Yeah, there are some enlightenment, we're actually not even actually enlightenment, but are implemented in like Q-movement word, you can change your like vendor signature. That's what Windows will see. Though it won't anyhow act on this information. You can call yourself KVM, you can call yourself Hyper-V, it doesn't matter. It won't use this, but you can. There's one pretty useless enlightenment. It's called HVRESET, and it's just like another way to reset your guest. And even genuine Hyper-V doesn't suggest you to use it, but it's there, we implemented it too, it was pretty easy to do. Yes, so have a few more minutes. In case you're running nested environments like Hyper-V with its guests on KVM or you're using some security features on Windows which will actually automatically enable Hyper-V role for you, you may be interested in a few more. First, you may want to make clock source in your level two guests, and if you're running Hyper-V on KVM, Windows, which you will see, right, is your level two guest. You may want to have stable clock source there too for exact same reasons I told you. And for that, you will need two enlightenment. I have Hyper-V frequencies and Hyper-V re-enlightenment. Frequencies will tell your guest the exact frequency of a pick timer. And re-enlightenment is a thing when your level one guest migrates with all its guests, it may need to know about these facts so it can update level two guest clock sources. So that's not needed when you're not running nested, that is needed when you're running nested. And for that, there is a re-enlightenment feature which is currently not fully implemented in KVM. So it will run, but if you migrate to a whole environment, you may see some glitches, like your clock will tick with run frequency. Enlightened VMCS, probably too hard to explain in one minute I have, but the thing is that on Intel platform, you can use special instructions to manage your guest state. And these instructions are not as fast as memory access and we don't really know what was changed in the guest state. So when Windows manages, Hyper-V manages its guest state, we have to reload the full VMCS and it takes time. There is an enlightenment which will make it faster though it disables some of our transition features like posted interrupts. So depending on your workload, you may or may not want this feature. And the last one which is currently in works is direct synthetic timers. It's the exact same story as with synthetic timers I told you, but Hyper-V doesn't really enable cynic. So it needs another way to get the notification of an expired timer. And this mode enables it by allowing your hypervisor to deliver this timer exploration by a simple interrupt. And Hyper-V will only use synthetic timers if you have this. It won't use normal synthetic timers. So to solve the exact same issues with Hyper-V, you will need this and it's already implemented in KVM. I'm currently trying to implement it in QMU and later I will do it in Libbird. And yes, so last minute I have, yeah, I will just show you like a few benchmarks like how important these features are. So clock source, simple cycle reading clock, running on Windows. Without HVTime, it takes 17,000 cycles. With HVTime, it takes 400 cycles. So the improvement is tremendous here. And latent VMCS, that's a nested guest improvement. And we are doing like CPU ID in a loop in a nested guest. And here we have like 21,000 almost without the feature 19 and a half with it. So it's like 10% something improvement. For some workloads, it's actually significant. And TLB shutdowns. Fairly complicated to show the full example but the thing is that we are running multiple P threads which are doing M-Map and M-Map. Basically mapping parts of file to memory and un-mechanate. And that operation is known to require TLB flash on other CPUs. And we are gonna be running over committed. So we are running more virtual CPUs than we have physical CPUs. And as you can see, like the application is the same. The physical host is the same. We are just adding virtual CPUs to our guest. More the CPUs we add, slower it becomes without the enlightenment. With the enlightenment, it stays almost flat because we don't really need to flash anything on CPUs which don't run. So even if you're over committed, it doesn't change anything. So that was basically it. Any questions? This is all upstream except for this synthetic timers direct mode which is coming in QEMU. I mean patches are already on the main list. I sent them like last week. So eventually they will get merged. The rest is already upstream. The rest is already there. I'm also working on a feature for QEMU which will ease your life. It's called HV-ALL. Basically enable all Hyper-V Enlightenments you have except for Enlightened VMCS because as I told you, it disables some other features. So for some workload, we cannot really tell up front, right? So if you have many devices which can directly deliver posted interrupts to your guest, you will see a regression actually. And if you're not running such devices, you will see an improvement. We cannot tell in QEMU. So this is not enabled by default. You'll have to pass HV-ALL comma HV Enlightened VMCS. Others will be enabled automatically and I encourage you to enable them all because they're not known to bring regressions. Yes. It was all Windows Server 2016 with or without Hyper-V roll. So like this one is without, this one was with because we needed like nested guests there. So it's 2016, but as I said, we don't, we are not really aware of any regressions for other Windows versions when you enable this enlightenment. So it's pretty safe to enable them all basically. It's only when you are having some issues you may try to disable them. And if you find an issue, just like talk to us, come to the upstream mailing list and we'll happily look at what's going on there. Thank you. Yes, last question, Kristoff. Well, they have the specification and the thing is that they have old Windows versions which they support. So they cannot easily change these interfaces without breaking Windows, right? So we are trying to piggyback on that fact, right? So they're more or less like sane people. So they're trying to make sane changes to the specification. Windows Server 2019 is already released but there is no specification for it yet. So we don't know what we can do there. Probably we will have some new features there which we will again try to implement in KVM to make Windows guest's life easier. Okay, yeah, last question and I'm done. Okay, sorry, no time for questions. Yes, yes, sorry. Catch me here and I'll answer all your questions. So thank you guys.


The seal is opened. It is not just opened by chance. Somebody went through a rigorous process to open the seal and the seal stays open. The book of Revelation 5. I will read verse 1 through 4. Revelation 5 verse 1 to 4. The Bible is saying, then I saw in the right hand of him who sat on the throne a scroll with writing on both sides and sealed with seven seals and I saw a mighty angel proclaiming in a loud voice who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll but no one in heaven, no one in heaven or on earth or under the earth could open the scroll or even look inside it. I wept and wept because no one was found who was worthy to open the scroll or look inside. When you look at what John is telling us, he is saying that when he had a vision there was one sitting on the throne, seemingly the one sitting on the throne must be powerful but the one on the throne is perplexed, is worried because no one is able to open that scroll that is in his hand and if a powerful person is not seeing a solution who else could see? And the seal is sealed with, the scroll is sealed with seven seals. When you look at the number seven obviously you understand that it is perfectly sealed. Seven is the number for perfection so it is telling us that this seal, the one who sealed it knew that no one would be able to unseal it and that is why a strong angel is crying not just an angel, the Bible wants to help us understand the situation in heaven by telling us that an angel who is not just an angel a strong one is proclaiming with a loud voice who is able to open the scroll and unseal its seven seals and no one is found worthy to open the scroll that is why John is saying I cried much I wept and wept because no one was worthy to open the seal so it makes me wonder why it is so tough it seems impossible to open this seal and then I realize that when God created Adam and Eve He told them that there is danger there has been a rebellion in heaven third of angels came down with their leader called Lucifer and they will try to tempt you and angels are ready to protect you from sinning I will give you power but only that for him not to complain there must be just one option that he may be able to enter into yourselves only through the tree that is in the middle of the garden thou shall not eat it the day you eat it thou shall surely die and they were serious with it but one day Eve is just walking around herself and meets this devil on a tree and the devil is tempting her and telling her no, the day you eat it you will be like God you will be exalted and again it seems that the fruit is sweet and the snake is eating and it is not dying and the fruit decided to become very desirable and she picks it and eats immediately she ate the fruit she felt like she was entering a higher status of existence do you know the time you are sinning you are feeling you are entering a higher status those people who are sinning seems to be people who are backward people who are useless and you feel that sinning is nice and it is a good experience and they felt that the experience was nice and when they looked around there was no sign that God is displeased with their sinning it is no more in your daily lives when you sin you always see that there is no sign that your God is displeased with the sin by the way you might even boast that you are sinning when they are all sinned they immediately realize that they are naked and they go and hide when they hear God is walking and coming closer to them they went and hid themselves then God is asking where are you we realize that we are naked so we have hidden ourselves then God is asking how did you know that you are naked or did you eat of the fruit that I told you not to eat then they start to blame games I am not going to those ones but when they sinned there was sadness in heaven there was sadness in heaven angels knew that man is lost God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Spirit knew that now man is lost because they will surely die and because of that angels seeing that this beautiful man that was created is going to get lost they started thinking that we can go and save them, we can go and die for them they lied postrate before God asking that they can come to save the lost but only the life of one who is equal to God could be able to save them in their sin when they ate the fruit the devil knew that their destiny is sealed they must die no one will save them from sin that is when the devil now knows that even God himself has been put into a corner that no one can keep your commandments they are impossible you are a tyrant and because of this angels felt pain there was a lot of sadness in heaven a lot of weeping and you can understand this from the text in verse 2 and 3 when the prophet of God is saying that I saw a mighty angel proclaiming in a loud voice who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll but no one in heaven or on earth or under the earth could open the scroll or see inside it no one could be able to open it and heaven is weeping because man is forever lost a solution must be found out angels are offering themselves lying prostrate before the father that can we go and die for man but their lives could not be able to save you that is why there is a lot of weeping no one but the son of God God the son who was with the father in the beginning when they started creating says that I will live all my glory I will come I will go down as man I will die and I will pay the price for man then he tells angels that do you know when I take the nature of man I will be weaker than you I will be needing your support you will be protecting me you will be walking with me all through then angels are feeling they are very sad feeling that their commander cannot turn into a human being but Jesus says I must go then after Jesus says I must go and open away for man verse 4 says I wept and wept because no one was found who was worthy to open the scroll and look inside it then one of the elders said to me verse 5 do not weep see the lion of the tribe of Judah the root of David has triumphed he is able to open the scroll and open its seven seals this one of the elders is telling John now please don't weep because of your sins children of man do not weep because of your sin the lion of the tribe of Judah the root of David has prevailed he has triumphed he is now worthy to open the scroll and its seven seals what this text is telling me that Christ who was God decided to leave his glory in heaven decided to come in your position that he can shed his blood for you and for me that a way out can be found where there was no way where sin certain had caged us knowing that no one can deliver us out of death Christ decided to be the price to be paid for our sins and now because he died for my sake he is worthy to open the scroll let me remind you of a certain verse we have read in verse 2 that says that a strong angel cried with a loud voice and the man that was holding the scroll was on the throne this means that there were powerful people who could be able to struggle with something that needs power if it needed strength they could have battled it out and overcame but this one makes me understand that this one doesn't need strength it doesn't need power it needs moral uprightness it needs victory and Jesus was a victor was not a victor because of his strength but he was a victor because he decided to pay the price for justice so he paid that price now because of the payment of the price Jesus becomes worthy to open the future of man God could not open it just because he is God there must have been some kind of battle and then you become a victor for you to open it this one also makes me now understand that if you want to succeed in your Christian life it is not strength it must be a victor there is a kind of moral excellence that God wants you to achieve Jesus has provided a way but there is an expectation of a moral excellence that all of us we may triumph with the one who opened for us the seal now what when I read verse 5 that the one of the elders said to me say to me do not weep see the lion of tribe of Judah the root of David has triumphed he is able to open the scroll and it's seven seals the description of Jesus here makes me love this verse that the tribe of Judah is a kingly tribe there will be no failure to the tribe of Judah this man from the tribe of Judah must succeed in battle and another description is that this man is the root of David I love king David a king who always depended on the Lord to tell him whether to go to war or not every time David went for war he had to succeed you can remember easily how he succeeded easily to kill the giant and in his time they killed several giants but the one that I love so much is that when he was going to kill this giant people are seeing somebody who is probably under 20 coming to fight a man of war since his youth then he is being told no you cannot fight this man this one is a man of war since his youth but he says you know your servant used to keep the sheep and in the fields a bear would come to take a lion from me to take a lamb from me but I would just take it by the mouth and tear it and kill it and another time a lion would come to take a lamb from me but I would not allow it I would take the lion by my hands and tear it and kill it and save the lamb because of that kind of faith that even a lion cannot be able to overcome me David was always a victor so David achieved much overcame several battles when he was just a very young man I don't know anyone of you who could dare to fight a lion if you have ever seen you might not have gone to the parks but I'm sure you have seen not you but how I wish you could have seen a live one near you and see how the legs are stout and you tell me if you can dare take a lion by your bare hands but he's saying the God of Israel will help me succeed with this giant it's God who helped me overcome the bear it's the Lord who helped me kill the lion even this one will be eaten by the birds today so because David never believed in a failure in war then the description here is that the lion from the tribe of Judah the root of Jesse has triumphed this one tells me that when you are weeping because you know you are cage because of your sins this verse is telling you weep no more I know because of your sins you know you have no future in God but this verse is telling you weep no more the lion of the tribe of Judah has triumphed the root of Jesse has triumphed some of you here are sinners or all of us here are sinners maybe at different degrees but the fact is that all of us are sinners please do not think that there is no way out do not think that the seal cannot be opened the lion of the tribe of Judah is worthy to open the seal so that you may be free he is worthy to open the scroll and all its seven seals meaning that if the seal was sealed by seven seals him also he is worthy he also is worthy to open the scroll and all how many seven seals perfect salvation that is why we must praise this one the lion of the tribe of Judah he is worthy to be praised he is worthy to open the scroll and all its seven seals go with me to Psalm 24 my voice is struggling but no problem we will come back to Revelation Psalm 24 we will do from verse 7 okay let me say a sentence before we read it that Revelation 5 can tell you about enjoyment that is going on in heaven when Christ has just risen and after 40 days this man is being taken from the apostles and is going up going up and the apostles are asking they are guessing up and then an angel comes and tells them man of Galilee why are you guessing up like this and then the angel says this same Jesus whom you have seen go will come back and when Jesus goes to heaven he is escorted by angels to heaven because he has achieved victory he has achieved then as they have achieved as you read that as we go to read this verse Psalm 24 from verse 7 you can see that heaven was waiting to welcome the saviour to the celestial courts as he ascended he led away the multitude of captives then the heavenly host with shouts and acclamations of praise and celestial song attended the joyous train and as they drew near to the seat of God the challenge is given by the escorting angels there are angels who are escorting him and they give a challenge and the challenge is 24 verse 7 which says lift up your heads or e-gates sorry lift up your heads or e-gates and be lift up ye everlasting doors and the king of glory shall come in waifuli the waiting sentinels respond who is the king of glory do you know there are sentinels waiting for Jesus to arrive in heaven and they are asking angels who are coming you are saying we open up the doors we raise up our heads for the king of glory to come in who is this king of glory they are not asking because they don't know the king of glory but they are asking so that the exaltation of Jesus as he has achieved the victory could be joyous, glorious because the answer would be the Lord, strong and mighty the Lord, mighty in battle he has saved man so this man is strong he is mighty the Lord is mighty in battle so they press Jesus as they go in and then it continues who verse 9 lift up your heads, ye gates lift them up ye ancient doors that the king of glory may come in then again they ask who is this king of glory not that they have not heard but they want the joyous occasion to be repeated then the solution in verse 10 says the Lord almighty he is the king of glory Jesus Christ went through pain to open the seal that was put there by Satan no one in heaven no one on earth no one beneath the earth could be able to open the scroll and it's seven seals but only this man Jesus Christ is worthy because he was willing to go through pain with us and now all heaven is rejoicing that this man this Jesus has gone through this tough experience and is now worthy to save man if you want to get more you can go to the book The Salvages, the last page the last chapter you can get all this especially in page 833 we come back to Revelation 5 Revelation 5 verse 5 was telling us then one of the elders said to me do not weep see the lion of the tribe of Judah and the root of David has triumphed he is able to open the scroll and it's seven seals because Jesus wants to save you and save you to the uttermost Jesus is worthy to open the scroll and it's seven seals Jesus is worthy he is able to save you to the uttermost I know you have deep sins he was able to be hang on the cross and he took all the same of sin do you know guilt when you are guilty that you have done something wrong you are savior Jesus Christ also was very guilty when he was hanging on the cross that he has committed all the sins that you always commit in the dark do you know same of sin have you ever committed a sin that you feel ashamed if somebody could know it that is the shame that he took on the cross when he is being nailed on the cross as a thief and he has stolen nothing when he has been nailed on the cross as an adulterer but has done nothing that is why this man is worthy to open the scroll and he will open it to the uttermost and because of that when you go to verse 5 verse 9 as they were entering into the city it was a joyous occasion Jesus entered into the heavens and he reached to the Father and the voice of God was heard proclaiming that justice is satisfied Satan is vanquished Christ toiling, struggling once on earth are accepted in the beloved then the Father's arms encycled his son and the word is given let all the angels of God worship him Jesus embraces his son encycles him, embraces him with the hands then he pronounces let all my angels if you know you are my angel worship Jesus Christ he is worthy he has opened the scroll and then a joyous occasion was in heaven and in this joyous occasion the angels host prostrate themselves before him while the glad shout fills the courts of heaven worthy is the lamp that was slain to receive power and riches and wisdom and strength and honor and glory and blessing that is verse 12 in a loud voice they sang because God had told them praise Jesus Christ so that in all heaven there was an echo of praise and they said in verse 12 in a loud voice they were saying worthy is the lamp who was slain to receive power and wealth and wisdom and strength and honor and glory and praise look at what they are singing in verse 9 and they sang a new song saying you are worthy to take the scroll and open its seals because you were slain and with your blood you purchased for God persons from every tribe and every language and people and nation so the Bible is telling us that because of that shame that our savior met at the cross this man Jesus is worthy because he shed his blood for us so he is worthy to receive praise worthy is the lamp who was slain to receive power and wealth and wisdom and strength and honor and glory and praise we need to praise this man this man Jesus has made us to have a way to everlasting life the seal that Saturn had put and he knew that because of my sins and eternally lost my savior Jesus decided to give me a way out the seven seals he has broken worthy is the lamp who was slain lastly I would say that the second last paragraph second last paragraph in the old book of the salvation is saying songs of triumph mingle with the music from angels' halves feel till heaven seems to overflow with joy and praise love has conquered the lost is found have you understood that love has conquered the lost is found do you know if it is not because of love of heaven to you you would be lost so when Saturn was trying to fix us God delivered us because of his love so love has conquered the lost is found Jesus is worthy to receive honor and glory and blessing because he brought to us love love has conquered this is why I invite you I invite you that you may come to Jesus Christ this day there is a sinner here who knows that there is sin that is fixing me down I am telling you today that the seal has been unbroken the scroll is open and it stays open your salvation stays open decide to glorify this man let us all sing praises and holna to his name because he opened the way that we never believed we can never get who is this one who is saying that I know that Saturn thought he sealed my destiny but my destiny from today I know it stays open can you rise up I know my destiny it stays open it remains open because of my savior Jesus Christ I will no longer fear that I am a sinner I will boldly come to the cross of Christ because of his blood that he shed on Calvary may God bless you as we sing our last song


Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States. Thank you. Thank you very much. Oh, please. Thank you. Thank you very much. You're forgetting my previous profession with a hand like that for entering. I might just turn around and exit. Eight days ago, I announced my intention to nominate Judge Douglas Ginsburg to the United States Supreme Court. Judge Ginsburg's qualifications were obvious, valedictorian of his class at Cornell University, a brilliant student at the University of Chicago Law School, eight years as a professor at the Harvard Law School, where he taught and wrote about the pressing legal and policy issues of the day concerning various areas of economic regulation, such as broadcasting and banking, as well as anti-trust law, three years and high government posts, including service as Assistant Attorney General of the United States, then nomination and unanimous Senate confirmation last year to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, one of the most important and prestigious of the federal courts of appeal, and all this by the age of 40. Obviously, remarkable credentials. But in the last day or so, we've learned something else about Judge Ginsburg, something that tells us about the times we live in, about the reality of youthful error, and something that will, according to how we react to this news, tell us about the kind of people we are ourselves. You know, since the Republic began, the American people and those in public life have had to deal with the issue raised by this recent news. Many of our most prominent public servants throughout our history and in recent times have had to acknowledge errors they made in their youth or even more serious errors committed when they were older. And yet if that public servant showed a sincere sense of regret and a firm purpose of amendment, the American people have always answered unhesitatingly, continue to service. Well, get on with your life. We understand and forgive, and we expect great things of you. In the case of Judge Ginsburg, I think the American people will be no less compassionate and no less wise. Judge Ginsburg erred in his youth. He has acknowledged it. He has expressed his regrets. So yes, sometimes youth can have its drawbacks. But let us remember that throughout the history of our Republic, it has also shown itself to great advantage. You know, at a cabinet meeting earlier this week, I was remarking that Judge Ginsburg will be joining the list of remarkable Supreme Court justices nominated at a relatively early age. Chief Justice John Marshall nominated at the age of 45. Justice John Marshall Harlan, author of the Descent in Plessy v. Ferguson, that laid the basis for the landmark decision in Brown v. the Board of Education, nominated at the age of 44. Justice William O. Douglas, a judge we conservatives often disagreed with, but whose intelligence we respected nominated at the age of 40. And Justice Byron White, one of the finest minds on the court today, and quite a backfield man also, nominated at the age of 44. Well, as I say, I was going through this list when Education Secretary Bennett spoke up. Move it to Bill Bennett, the former teacher. Mr. President, he said, never mind these justices who started to interpret the Constitution in their early 40s, James Madison helped to write the document at the age of 36. But I nominated Judge Ginsburg, and we're all here today, not just because of his professional qualifications, but most important, there is his legal philosophy of judicial restraint. Judge Ginsburg believes as I do, and as do you, as do all those who have a proper and balanced understanding of the American system of government, that it is the role of the courts to interpret the law, not to make it. And this goes to the very root of what we Americans believe. For to the extent that judges make the law, no matter how high or fine their intentions, to that extent we cease to be a democracy governed by the people and become governed instead by the very few. This is not what the founders like Madison intended. To keep faith with their noble experiment in democracy, to keep faith with the generations of Americans who for two centuries have labored and sacrificed to keep this nation free, American judges must submit themselves to the Constitution and the original intent of those who founded it. Judge Ginsburg believes in keeping that faith. Then there's a second matter. I have mentioned Judge Ginsburg's academic credentials, but there is also his dedication to the cause of justice, best evidenced by his record as Assistant Attorney General. As head of the Department of Justice's antitrust division, Assistant Attorney General Ginsburg made criminal enforcement the division's first priority. Under his leadership, the antitrust division filed criminal charges against 87 corporations and 80 individuals. And by the time I nominated Assistant Attorney General Ginsburg to the Court of Appeals, the antitrust division was conducting a record number of grand jury investigations of antitrust felonies. Assistant Attorney General Ginsburg also initiated a special effort to uncover bid-rigging in connection with federal procurement, in particular on procurements for the Department of Defense. This effort led to more than 30 grand jury investigations into possible bid-rigging and price-fixing on contracts at military installations across the country. And in time, it's certain to save the American taxpayer millions, if not billions, of dollars. The Wall Street Journal said this about Assistant Attorney General Ginsburg, and I'll quote, when it comes to purpose or pursuing price-fixing, bid-rigging, and other blatantly criminal activities, the scholarly former law professor acts more like an aggressive hard-nosed prosecutor, and he goes out of his way to demand stiffer jail sentences for executives convicted of such crimes. End quote. Judge Ginsburg has thus put into actual practice his belief in the fair and firm administration of justice, in justice that respects the rights of criminals, but that respects as well the rights of victims of crime and of society itself. Dedication to the cause of justice, a brilliant mind, remarkable and extensive experience in the legal profession, in short, Judge Ginsburg can become a great member of the court. When I nominated Judge Ginsburg to the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit just a year ago, one Democratic senator called Judge Ginsburg, and again I'll quote, an open-minded nominee with a sense of compassion. I think we're fortunate to have this nominee, and I would hope that we would act expeditiously to assure that he can join his colleagues on the circuit court. In the name of the senator who made that statement, Edward Kennedy. That's the type of dedication we've seen in Judge Ginsburg, a complete commitment to his profession and to those judicial principles that have guided this country for over 200 years. In its place, of course, politics, the struggle between political parties and political points of view, is important, even vital to the health of the nation. But the federal judiciary is not that place. On the contrary, the federal judiciary must remain impartial in order to command the respect of the nation and to ensure that we remain governed by laws properly enacted, not by the views of whatever group happens to hold temporary power. Our founders understood and intended this from the first. In the words of Alexander Hamilton, the complete independence of the courts of justice is essential to our constitution. This places upon the Senate an obligation of the utmost importance. For in confirming a nominee to a seat on the Supreme Court, the Senate must set politics aside, uprising a nominee in an atmosphere of reason and calm. As I said in announcing my selection of Judge Ginsburg, the confirmation hearings should begin promptly. The integrity of the nomination process and the independence of the judiciary demand that hearings be held within the next few weeks. Moreover, it's critical that the Supreme Court, with its increasingly burdensome caseload, be put back to full strength. Justice Powell's seat has now been vacant for over four months, one of the longest vacancies ever. Certainly there is no more pressing business before Congress than filling Justice Powell's vacant seat on the court. And I urge the Senate to exercise its constitutional responsibility to vote on this nomination before it adjourns for the year. There is a vital lesson to be learned in what the nation has just been through. In the words of Judge Bork himself, federal judges are not appointed to decide cases according to the latest opinion polls. But when judicial nominees are assessed and treated like political candidates, the effect will be to chill the climate in which judicial deliberations take place, to erode public confidence in the impartiality of courts, and to endanger the independence of the judiciary. This should not and indeed must not be permitted to occur again. What it comes down to is this. It is my duty, according to my oath of office, to ensure the integrity of the nomination process and the independence of the judiciary. With Judge Ginsburg soon to be before the Senate, I'm determined to use all the powers at my disposal, as President, to do just that. One other thing that repeatedly is being said over and over again about Judge Bork, and now about this judge already the beginning, that somehow this single new justice would just totally undo everything that has ever been done that's right, and would take positions that would just turn around our country. And we've heard that same senator that I quoted speak about all the things that would happen to the people of America. Did anyone ever stop to think that no one judge can do that? What they're saying is they think there are already four judges on the Supreme Court who would do those things if they had a fifth vote to make them a majority. Well, I feel that we've got a Supreme Court that's been doing pretty well by us for quite some time. And I wonder if we shouldn't just start thinking about can one man do all those horrible things that they suggest unless he's got four more horrible men on the court with him? Well, I want to thank all of you for being here and for being wanting to listen to us, and God bless all of you. I'll just bashfully leave. Thank you all again for coming. If you could stay seated or at your seats for just a few minutes.


Hi and welcome to the session. I am Asha and I am going to help you for the following problem which says factorize x cube minus 2x square minus x plus 2. So let us start with the solution and let px be the given polynomial which is equal to x cube minus 2x square minus x plus 2. Now we should look for all the factors of 2 and the factors of 2 are plus minus 1 and plus minus 2. So by grand method we will find the value of x by replacing plus minus 1 or plus minus 2 such that the value of the polynomial px comes out to be 0. So replacing x that is value 1 by 1 we will find that on replacing x by 2 we get the value of the polynomial as 0. Let us check out. So I am replacing x by 2 we have 2 cube minus 2 times of 2 whole square minus 2 plus 2 which is further equal to 2 cube minus 2 cube minus 2 plus 2.  So this implies pf 2 is equal to 0. So x minus 2 is a factor of px and so on dividing px by x minus 2 we will have the remainder as 0. So let us divide px which is x cube minus 2x square minus x plus 2 by x minus 2. Now first we will have to multiply it with x square or multiplying x square with x minus 2 we get x cube minus 2x square. Now on changing the signs these two cancels out and these two cancels out and we are left with minus x plus 2. Now we will have to multiply x minus 2 by minus 1 and so we get minus x plus 2. Now again in changing the signs we have the remainder as 0 and as we know dividend is equal to divisor into quotient plus remainder. So dividend is up px divisor is x minus 2 quotient is x square minus 1 and remainder is 0 and now since x square minus 1 is in the form of a square minus b square whose formula is a minus b into a plus b. So this can be written as x minus 1 into x plus 1. Thus px can be written as x minus 2 into x minus 1 into x plus 1 and that is one factorizing the given polynomial px which is x cube minus 2x square minus x plus 2 we get the factors as x minus 2 into x minus 1 into x plus 1. So this completes the solution hope you enjoyed this session take care and have a good day.


Our national wildlands offer a variety of natural, ecological, social and economic values. Management of wildland fire is one activity that occurs to protect these values. In most wildlands, fire is an intricate part of the natural ecosystem and may be allowed to burn to meet resource objectives. In other situations, quick, aggressive suppression of the wildland fire is necessary in order to protect these values. The wildland fire management policy supports programs and activities that are economically viable based upon values to be protected, costs, and the land and resource management objectives. More specifically, when the activity involves fire suppression, that action should be based on firefighter and public safety, resource benefits, minimum costs, and should be commensurate with resource objectives. Past fire protection policy primarily emphasized the need to extinguish all wildland fire ignitions. Today's policy offers a full range of management options and suppression tactics. The policy challenges federal land managers and the firefighter with the definition that protection also includes good land stewardship practices. All federal wildlands must have an approved fire management plan. Within this planning process, a fire management option that best meets land and resource objectives is selected. How that option is implemented depends on environmental conditions existing at the time of the ignition. This means the firefighter shares a major responsibility in choosing good stewardship practices in this implementation phase. Current fire policy emphasizes everyone, agency administrators, resource specialists, and firefighters with a joint responsibility as stewards of the land. Suppression of a wildland fire while maintaining a high standard of caring for the land has often been referred to as MIST, minimum impact suppression tactics. For some, this concept has been interpreted as an attempt to perform the fire suppression activity using tactics less than are necessary to contain the fire in a safe manner. Quite to the contrary, this concept is intended to accomplish the suppression job with a minimum amount of resource damage or long-term adverse impact on the land. Tactics should depend on the existing fire conditions, expected fire behavior, and good judgment on the part of the firefighter. In some situations, monitoring or waiting for a change in fire behavior is the most appropriate safe tactic. The concept of MIST is not intended to compromise safety. Firefighter safety is the number one priority guiding wildland fire policy. This doesn't exclude the fact, however, that hazards may exist for which the firefighter will need to be alert and practice safe mitigating measures.  Safety hazards need to be assessed continually. Equally important for firefighter safety is the practice of mitigating measures. Flagging, glow sticks, or an observer could mitigate such hazards as burning trees, snags, and unburned fuels between you and the fire's edge. The firefighter always needs to remember the basic mitigating measures of lookouts, communication, escape routes, and safety zones. The firefighter needs to constantly evaluate the surroundings and changing conditions. What's the existing and predicted fire weather? What's the effect with existing and expected fire behavior? The basics of Heads Up, Look Up, Look Down, and Look Around should be routine mannerisms for the firefighter. The application of minimum impact suppression tactics reinforces constant review and application of the watch-out situations and standard fire orders. Firelining is the art of halting fire spread. It does not mean something has to be constructed. A variety of firelining tactics exist that can halt fire spread without causing long-term impact on the land or resource damage. In some fire situations, allowing the fire to spread into fuels where it's more easily contained with less resource damage and fewer hazards for the firefighter better achieves the fire management policy. Depending on the land and resource objectives, a few additional acres burned is not equivalent to more damage. In surface fuels, consider using natural barriers such as streams, barren and rocky areas, or burned out portions of the fire's edge where tactics of cold trailing and follow-up patrol would serve as adequate fireline. In more continuous fuels, burnout and use of gunny sacks or swatters may be necessary. This tactic results in less environmental impact and requires less suppression effort than if a constructed type fireline was used. When the amount or depth of surface fuels increases, use of a wetline from either nozzle pressure or water with a foaming additive has proven to be an effective fireline tactic. At other times, a combination of water and soil may be necessary to effectively halt the flaming edge. A follow-up tactic of monitoring or cold trailing along the fire's edge ensures this is an effective yet less impacting fireline. When hand-tool constructed fireline is necessary, the width and depth should only be what's commensurate with existing fire behavior. Minimize bucking of downed woody material. Instead, locate and build the line so the material is either consumed or excluded. Fuel situations that create a ladder effect proportionally add to the challenge of halting firespread. However, even in this situation, tactics can be used that result in little impact to the land or resource and effectively accomplish the suppression job. Leave standing snags if they're not a threat to additional firespread or are not in an area where firefighters need to be. Such hazards need to be clearly identified by an observer, flagging or some other warning technique. Prevent trees and snags near the fireline from igniting or being a threat of additional firespread by scraping hot or burning material from around the base. Refrain from excess limning of trees or brush adjacent to the fireline. Consider limning alternate branches and only what is necessary to lessen potential of firespread in these ladder fuels or across the fireline. When removal of some brush or small-sized trees is necessary, cut them flush with the ground surface. Minimize the cutting of larger-sized live or burnt trees and snags. Tactics to first consider are post an observer and allow the tree or snag to burn out or down on its own. Extinguish the fire with water or dirt. Consider bucket water drops from helicopters. Consider falling by blasting if available. Felling by chainsaw should be the last means. Helispot construction is another source for an extensive amount of environmental impact and resource damage. However, mitigating measures can prevent or minimize these impacts too. Is the helispot needed for logistical support or crew shuttle? If for logistical support, consider long-lining and eliminate the need for helispot construction. Pilots are very skilled with this operation. If the helispot is necessary for crew shuttle, first consideration should be a natural safe landing site and allow the crew to walk. When helispot construction is the last alternative, clear instructions as to the amount of tree cutting and bucking should be provided, and mitigating measures can be used to lessen these impacts. Cut and buck only what's necessary for a safe operation. Once firespread is halted, some mop-up activity may be necessary to ensure the fire's edge is secured. This is a good time to evaluate the situation and identify safety hazards within the designated mop-up area. Special concerns are burning trees and snags that are left to burn or partially burnt material on slopes that could easily roll. In light surface fuels, necessary mop-up may be no more than cold-trailing unburned fuels or burnt bullwood near the fire line. If flames or smoke are not evident, consider hand-feeling or use handheld infrared sensors. When a mop-up objective is a certain distance from the fire perimeter, the cold-trailing tactic should still be the first priority in detecting hotspots. Restrict the amount of spading and cutting. Avoid the unnecessary and minimize the necessary. If larger-sized fuels near the fire line are not a threat of creating firespread beyond existing fire perimeters, allow it to burn out. Minimize bucking as a means to check for and extinguish hotspots. Preferably roll the material over. Use a lever with larger-sized bullwood. In wilderness, national parks or areas with natural appearing values refrain from making bone yards. Leave burnt or partially burned material in a random, natural appearing arrangement. When mopping up ladder fuel situations, utilize similar tactics discussed with firelining. Prioritize which hotspots or burning trees and snags pose the most threat of starting fire spread beyond the existing fire perimeter. Allow snags that are no threat toward fire spread to burn themselves down or out. Ensure adequate safety measures are implemented and communicated. If snags or other material threaten additional fire spread, attempt to extinguish the fire with water or dirt. If felling is the only alternative, consider explosives. Impacts can and frequently do occur when people, including firefighters, camp and travel in wilderness or more fragile backcountry areas. In these situations, the preferred leave-no-trace practice is to disperse the use. When there is a large-sized group or repeated use of a site, the preferred practice is to concentrate the use and rely on rehabilitation techniques. First consideration is to avoid establishing campsites in backcountry or wilderness. If that's unavoidable, use existing or previously impacted campsites. If existing campsites are not available, consult your local resource advisor to help identify the most resilient sites in rocky or sandy soils. Always select sites that are unlikely to be observed by backcountry visitors. Avoid camping in wet meadows, along streams or on lakeshores. Minimize disturbance to the land in preparing bedding and campfire sites. Do not clear vegetation, trench or excavate a flat spot to create bedding sites. Never put nails in trees. Consider your impacts on both present and future visitors. This commitment toward wilderness and backcountry values will help promote similar value attitudes to the public. Plan the layout of camp components carefully from the start. Define cooking, sleeping and latrine areas. Identify water supplies. Limit travel ways within, to and from the camp. Consider use of indoor-outdoor carpet, scrim or other material to protect vegetation in the most heavily traveled areas of the camp, such as the kitchen, campfire, wash up and to and from sleeping areas. If a large-sized camp is established, designate a common wash up area for personnel. Provide fresh water, buy degradable soap and a place for wastewater. In smaller camp situations, carry water and bathe away from lakes and streams. Do not introduce soap, shampoo or other personal grooming chemicals into waterways. Divise a plan for disposing of wastewater from kitchen and wash areas. In a one-crew size camp, individuals should use the cat-hole method of disposing of human waste. Holes should be dug 6 to 8 inches deep. Toilet sites should be located a minimum of 200 feet from water sources. In a larger size camp situation, fly in a portable backcountry latrine and fly out human waste as necessary. If the camp does not have air support, establish community latrines away from water sources rather than leaving toilet site selection to each individual. Campfires can be one of the most impacting aspects of camping. Use stoves for cooking. If a campfire is built for warmth in the evening, use existing fire rings or build either a pit or mound fire. Use dead and down firewood. Use small diameter wood, which burns more completely. Don't burn plastics or aluminum. Such items should be packed out with the camp garbage. Remember that many paper packages are lined with foil. They will not burn. When leaving an area, leave it as you found it, or better than you found it. Evaluate the entire campsite area, including travel ways and helispots. Leaving an area as near to its natural appearance requires little effort. It's everyone's responsibility to include this ethic as part of their basic land stewardship and resource protection task. In the following section, we'll explore the land stewardship task of fire suppression rehabilitation. The goal with rehabilitation of fire management impacted areas is to leave them within as natural appearing condition as possible. To achieve this goal, firefighters are challenged to test their imagination by spending a few minutes in an adjacent unburnt wildland area observing the appearance of natural conditions. After the fire spread is secured, fill in fire lines and cup trenches. Use woody material arranged in a random fashion to assist with water dispersion, act as soil sediment collectors and prevent erosion. Cut stumps from cut trees and larger size brush flush with the ground surface. Camouflage cut stumps if possible. Use natural or woody material arranged in a random fashion over the flush cut surface. Camouflaging cut ends of bullwood poses more challenge. Consider the following techniques as a means to leave these impacts in as natural appearing condition as possible. Place the cut end under or adjacent to other down material. Consider explosives. Scatter concentrations of material along a constructed fire line or helispot. A final act in protecting our wildland resources and values is the removal of all human evidence in the form of litter, flagging or garbage. This must be packed out. Pay special attention to signs of fire suppression activity adjacent to recreation facilities such as campsites and trails. Rehabilitate these impacts to as close to natural conditions as possible. The rehabilitation techniques described are applicable throughout an entire fire incident area, whether it's a result of impacts from fire line, mop up activity, helispot construction, fire camps or newly formed foot trails, especially in the more fragile landscapes. Rehabilitation of fire management impacts is an important aspect of protecting wildland values. It's an indication of our wildland ethics and stewardship values. In summary, let's recall the major points of minimum impact suppression tactics. Protection of wildland values is everyone's responsibility. Agency administrator, resource specialists, incident team, resource advisor and the firefighter. The impacts of your fire management efforts can last long after the fire is out. Managing our actions is an equal part of a fire management program. Fire policy challenges us to use a variety of fire lining and mop up tactics to achieve fire management goals, minimize impacts and accomplish the job in a safe, cost efficient manner. Every tactic must reflect firefighter safety principles. Safety awareness needs to be integrated with routine working habits. Leave no trace camping techniques established for wilderness and backcountry visitors are applicable with fire camp situations. An equally important aspect of protecting wildland values is the rehabilitation of impacts caused during our fire management activities. Although mist is strongly emphasized for wilderness, national parks and other sensitive environmental sites, the concepts and principles are an applicable code of ethics for all wildland fire incidents. Following the principles outlined in this video will assist you in your role as stewards of the land and protectors of wildland values.


Parents, teachers, and kids are looking for a fun way to explore the great outdoors while searching for different plants, learning about litter, and making some crafts? If so, welcome to Nature Hunt. Hi, I'm Marcus. I'm Maria. I'm John. And I'm Miriam from the 2021 Youth Engaged in Library Leadership Program at the San Francisco Public Library. Today we're going to show you the perfect outdoors activity we created called Nature Hunt. It's kind of like a scavenger hunt, but more fun and exciting. All you have to do is print and follow the checklist linked in the description of this video. After your Nature Hunt, we'll teach you how to create a pretty pencil holder and a special butterfly made out of a toilet paper roll. This activity is great for kids to do with their family, friends, and teachers. Let's get started. In this scavenger hunt, you will take a walk anywhere, around your school, around your neighborhood, or even your own backyard. Our resource list has a map of all San Francisco parks that you can do your scavenger hunt at. During your walk, you will look for different types of plants. First, you'll look for a purple, blue, or pink flower. Then, you'll look for a red, orange, or yellow flower. After that, try to find a really big plant. Next, find a plant with fruits or vegetables. Lastly, find a special plant that looks unusual compared to the others. After you find a plant in each category, you'll answer some questions on the checklist. They ask you what each plant feels like, what they smell like, and how the plants make you feel.  At the bottom of the checklist, you'll mark each time you find a trash or litter on your walk. We want this activity to show you how beautiful and interesting nature can be, but also how easily it can be ruined if we don't take care of it. Just remember to be careful not to touch any spiky, poisonous, or any other dangerous plants while on your hunt. Common poisonous plants are poisonous oak and ivy, which can be recognized by having three leaves per cluster. An easy way to remember this is leaves of three let it be. Now I'll be sharing my own scavenger hunt list. I found an unusual shape of a plant and it's a seed plant I found at a beach. It was squishy, it smelled fishy, and something I liked about it was that it was small and green. Now I'll be sharing my drawing. Don't forget to color it in. In my neighborhood, I found a fig tree for the final plant with fruits and vegetables category on the checklist. The leaves felt rough like paper, it smelled like grass, and one thing I like about it is the fruits. And I created a drawing of it, so here's my drawing. After your walk, you'll probably notice that there was a lot of trash in nature.  This trash can end up in animals' homes, our waterways, and food sources. This means that it is harmful to both animals and humans. We need to take care of the earth by being responsible for our trash. If you want to continue learning how to protect our earth, make sure to check out the resource list we created along with this video. It has opportunities and organizations where you can practice taking care of nature. Another way of keeping trash out of our environment is by a grumble, please. We're using stuff at our house that no longer has to use. For example, today we're going to use this can and make it into a stylish pencil can holder. You can place color pencils in there, markers, and even pens. It's a great use. Let's get started. The materials that you will need today will be paper. It doesn't matter if it's constructive paper or printed paper. You can use whatever you want to use. Then we need hot emballs, glue, and if you're going to use a hot glue gun, make sure it pants around. We don't want to get hurt. Sharpies of any kind, or it can be markers, scissors, tape, and make sure with the can, if there's any sharp parts in there that your parent stands in the way, you don't want to get any boobies. My first step is to cut a piece of paper as tall as a can and the length, which means that it can go around the whole thing this way. So let's get that going. After this, you'll be decorating one of the sides with drawings of whatever you would like to do. This side will be for another thing later on. So let's get that off. While I wait for the markers to dry up, because I don't want to get them all smushed down, I will get the cotton balls, so I'll get my cotton balls and the glue. Now, you want to place some of the glue. In this can, there is some sharp parts, like this side in the beginning. So while we put the cotton balls on the sharp parts, take these steps until you got them all around. For extra security, you can place some of the tape on the cotton ball area, so whenever you touch it, it is a ball part. This is how it looks like for now. Now, with your strip of paper that you've drawn and decorated, this side that has nothing glue, so that we can place it on our can. So make sure it's right head up. Okay, once done and you put enough glue, you'll make sure again that it's right head up and you'll place it on the can. And for extra security, we will place a line of tape right here. Now we're done. So now you can just place whatever material you want to place into your pencil. A stylish pencil holder. Along with the pencil holder, I'm going to show you how to make a butterfly out of an old toilet paper roll. All you need is the toilet paper roll, a few different colors of construction paper, a pair of scissors, a glue stick, and a pencil for making some markings. First, we're going to cut out all the different shapes of paper we need. Try to keep them separate while you're cutting so that it's more organized later. And parents, make sure to help out with cutting if your kids need it. We need a strip of paper that is the same height as our roll and long enough to roll around it. And this will be the body. And we only need enough to go around our roll. So I'm just going to roll my roll up in it and cut it off right about there. Next, we need a pair of wings. You can make them any shape you'd like, but I'm making mine this shape. And easy way to make sure they come out the same way on both sides is to just roll half of it and then fold your paper over right in the middle, just like that. And then just cut out your wings. So then once you cut them out, just unfold it. And there you go. You have a full set of wings. And I'm going to be making my wings two different colors. So I'm going to put my wings onto a second color of paper. And then I'm going to fold it again. And I'm just going to cut the second set of wings just a little bit bigger. And there we go. Our wings will end up looking like... Next, we're going to make eyes.  So first, the outside is going to be white.  And I'm going to do the same thing by just folding it in half and then cutting the circle out. So there you go. We have two white eyes. And then the insides of the eyes will be black.  There we go. And then the black parts will go into the white parts just like that. And lastly, we need a pair of antennas. So I'm going to get back that black paper. And I'm just going to cut out two skinny strips of black paper. And then along with that, we're going to cut out two more small circles to go on the end of these antennas. Perfect. So and that's it. So let's get to gluing. So first I'm going to get my glue and put some of that all over my roll.  And this will be the body. Then with our wings, I'm going to take the smaller piece and put some glue and then put that right on top of the bigger one so that you can see both colors. Then I'm going to put a little bit of glue on the back of my toilet paper roll and then stick on the wings. And there you go.  So I'm so good.  Perfect. And then with our antenna, we're going to put some glue on the end of one of the strips and then put the circle right at the end like that. And then once both circles are at both ends of the strips, we're going to put some glue on the front of them. And then we're actually going to glue them on the inside of our toilet paper roll so that they just pop out on the top. And there you go. Now you can add any decorations you'd like. I'm going to add a smile, but you could use stickers or other colored markers to decorate it. Now you have the perfect toy to play with or room decoration. You could also try to make different insects like a bumblebee. So thank you so much for hanging out with us. We hope you had fun going outside into nature, doing some fun crafts and learning how to keep our earth clean. We'd also love to see your creations. If you make a pencil holder or butterfly, post it and tag us at TheMix at sfpl on Instagram or sfpubliclibrary on Twitter. Also check out the rest of the YELL 2021 videos if you're looking for more fun. See you next time!