Rochester step on it. It will be late for the broadcast. Okay, boss Don't turn here. We got to pick up miss Livingston pick up miss Livingston. Yes, then we've got to pick up mr. Harris and mr. Wilson This is our first program and it's up to me to gather my little group together. What are your mother hand? Never mind what I am be careful of those bumps. So wonder you wouldn't put a little air in these tires Now don't be so funny. I've got a brand new one on the front sure stands out, don't it? Rochester just drive take it easy. Here. We aren't miss Livingston's house now. There she is waiting for us. Oh Yeah, doesn't she look cute? Hello, Mary Hello, Miss Limson. Gee, Mary. I called you only 10 minutes ago. I'm surprised to see you all dressed up and waiting for us I owe it all to zippers Well, they are very handy will hop in the car. We got to get to the studio. Okay. Hold those springs down I don't want to tear my new dress. All right get in There you are. Oh Isn't that awful Rochester how many times have I told you to fix these seat cushions either nine or ten? Well, I wish I knew what number was bingo with you Now get going we still got to pick up Phil and Don. Okay, boys Motor's a little cold.  I said nothing of the kind I said I was looking at new cars. That'll never start a boom Rochester, this is a two-way conversation. So keep out of it.  It's a late 1920 Anyway in a couple of weeks. I may trade it in on a new model. Don't do anything rash I hear the horse is coming back. Well, thanks for the tip now turn here at this corner Rochester We got to pick up mr. Harris. I think we better stop and get some gas Yeah, so we can make it we only got about five more blocks to go I know but we've been riding on bar time all week What are you talking about look at that gauge the needle says full you glued it there? I Did not Now hurry up. We got to get to mr. Harris Where are we gonna meet Phil? Well, he told me to pick him up at Maisie's Beauty parlor Probably getting the bags under his eyes pressed. Oh Jack you're always running him down.   There's the beauty parlor Rochester run in get mr. Harris. We have much time never mind here. He comes now Oh, yes. Hello Phil. Hi, Jackson. Hello, Mary. Hello Phil. Well, how do I look? Oh just like and Sheridan now get in the car Move over Mary boy. What an afternoon.  Oh, I always use Goldie She can curl rings around the other girls You know Phil if you'd wave your baton more and your hair less I'd be a lot happier Have any good orchestra numbers prepared for our first show time to find though I haven't seen my boys in the month why Phil Harris you mean to say you haven't even rehearsed for our opening program We'll be on the air in five minutes. All right. So my band will sound spontaneous spontaneous. Yes, Mary. That's French for lousy Can you imagine that a guy has all summer to get a couple of numbers ready and doesn't do a thing about it Oh, stop worrying my orchestra sound as good as last year. Well, Phil for your information There's an old Chinese proverb that says orchestra better get better or orchestra better get Get it I'd remember that Phil Who are you tootin that Rochester? There's Kenny Baker Kenny Baker. Where is sitting on his front porch? Oh, yes. Hello, Kenny Oh Kenny can't answer. He's on another program. Oh That's right. Hey Rochester. You better step on it. We still have to pick up Don Wilson. Mr. Wilson my mind What are you my mind about this car seat five doesn't it? Yeah, but mr. Wilson seats, too Now there's plenty of room Rochester.   Oh loyal, isn't she slow down Rochester? Oh, Mrs. Wilson Mrs. Wilson, what flavor please strawberry and where's Donald? Oh, hello, mr. Benny John's gone ahead to the studio. Oh, we had well. Thank you. Mrs. Wilson. Goodbye. Bye Jello get your jello here look for the big red letters on the box.  Hey, Jack, look what time it is. Oh my goodness step on it Rochester will be late for the first broadcast I told you we better get some gas this miracle can't last It's downhill from now on so hurry. Okay, boy. It's not too fast. There's no top on this car There was when we started. Oh, did we lose that again faster Rochester faster darn it My hair's blown all over the place. Well, stop complaining. So is mine. Yeah, but yours blows right off Is that so come on step on it Rochester will be late step on The jello program starring jack Benny with mary livingston phil harris and yours truly don wilson The orchestra opens a program with mario land of Oz Beginning our sixth year on the air for jello sounds like a long time but speaking for myself I never knew time to go so fast Why it's disappeared before my very eyes the way a jello dessert disappears when you serve it to the family For jello has been good news to families ever since your grandmother brought home her first package of it more than 40 years ago And it's better news than ever today for jello has been constantly improved It's quicker and easier to prepare nowadays Desolves instantly and sets quickly It's far less expensive to buy one of the most economical desserts you can have and that wonderful jello flavor has been made extra rich Made so full-bodied and tempting that it rivals the real ripe fruit So remember what i've been telling you for the past five years those big red letters spell jello and jello spells a treat And now ladies and gentlemen as this is our inaugural program with the new jello series I would like to present our master of ceremonies. Who is he? Who is he? To begin with he's a star of stage screen and radio plays a violin and was born in walkie in illinois Oh, it must be me. He is humorous witty and spends money like a drunken sailor.  It's up to you. Who is he? For heaven's sake jack benny Hello again, this is jack benny talking and don i'm simply amazed at our audience I've only been off the air 14 weeks.  After all they're strangers Well, my father isn't a stranger.  He's still guessing Well, anyway, don it's sure good to be back on the air again, isn't it? It certainly is.   Did you have a nice vacation? Well jack, I didn't do much of anything. I just got on my yacht and took a cruise up and down the coast It was a lot of fun. You got on your yacht. Why don, do you do you own a yacht? Oh, sure I bought one last July. It's a tremendous thing. Well, that's quite a surprise You mean to say that you bought a yacht on what I On what I well, I was pretty lucky in the stock market this summer. Oh, you must have been done.  I'm glad you had such a grand summer and you know, I've never seen you looking better You've lost weight, haven't you? Yes boating in the salt air will do that for you. I've lost five pounds five pounds That's like a centipede losing a toenail Five pounds well, it's a start by the way jack. What did you do on your vacation? Well, I wanted to do something different this year So rochester and I just filed into my car took a tent along and toured the whole country You know, we sort of led the gypsy life gypsy life. Yes rochester red tea leaves and I played the fiddle We did very well in memphis And oh don I must tell you something Just a second come in Pardon me. Is this the old rich family? No, this is the benny family. The old rich family has moved to another station. Well, turn my dial. Goodbye Oh, how I'd love to Well, anyway don't say what was I talking about you were telling me about your vacation jack. Oh, yes I must tell you what happened when I was oh wait a minute. I'll tell you later. Here comes mary Hello, joe. What do you know? I'm back again on the jello show. I hope I make you laugh and giggle chop chop chop and dig dig diggle Well Well, it was certainly nice to you mary. I didn't get a reception like that. Hello mary. It's sure good to see you again Oh, hello don Say what happened to you. You look marvelous. Well, thanks. I've been taking good care of myself this summer Yes, mary don lost five pounds on his yacht. His stomach looks better, too Certainly does. So you've got quite a nice coat of tan mary. What'd you do all summer? Well, I stayed right here in hollywood until we had that awful heat wave. Good thing you missed it Yeah, they tell me it was pretty bad here jack. It was simply unbearable. It was 107 degrees in my shade You must have been in demand don Say mary, you didn't stay in town during that hot spell did you? No, I went down to lagoon a beach and spent two weeks with my aunt and uncle Oh, is your uncle in business down there? Yes, he's a show for a lemonade stand Well, that's quite a That's quite a novel occupation. So you were down at the beach, uh, yeah and oh jack, I must tell you I met the cutest lifeguard down there. What a doll. He saved my life four times Mary, how could he save your life? You always wear water wings. I bet a hole in him Well, I was using your teeth. So you found a new romance. Say, what's his name? Mary barracuda jones Oh, I'd like to catch him or meet him sometime bring him over. Well done I think it's about time that mr. Harris got a worse feel here. I am jackson. Oh Hi everybody, this is smiling phil Harris back on the good old joll program Yeah, make it jello Back at the nbc studio, which is just a mile and a half from the wilshire bowl. No cover charge Yeah Don't humor him folks. He's conceited enough. Well phil that's quite an entrance you gave yourself music and everything I had nothing to do with that jack. The boys planted themselves. It was spontaneous. Is that from the french? Definitely Well phil at that I don't blame you for giving yourself a build-up on the first show and now that you're here How about a number? Look, I'm an actor.  Hey, all right then tell me phil what you do this summer. Do you have a nice vacation? I certainly did well and now ladies and gentlemen phil haras. Hey, wait a minute What's the matter?  Okay, jackson Oh, by the way jack, I meant to ask you uh, aren't we going to have a singer on the show this season? Oh, of course don i'm trying out a young tenor. He's a kind of a cute kid who should be here soon Hey jack, what? Tell him about that other singer you wanted to get. What other singer? You know the one you thought you could put over on the sponsor. I didn't try to put anything over so don't What was it barry? Well, after Kenny Baker left jack saw to save a little money this year. I did not. What happened barry? He tried to get his canary on the program Well, I just figured it'd be a novelty for a couple of weeks besides zicky boy can whistle sunrise serenade with the best of Believe me. What's the name of this young fellow you're trying out? Uh, his name is day Dennis day. His mother's here with him How old is she? It's none of your business Anyway, you'll meet him soon. Now go ahead, Phil. Let's hear a good hot tune Would you like to hear something about a hundred and seven in the shade as if you could brother? Play anything we can take it Hold it a minute. Answer the phone there. Okay Hello Yes, it's for you jack.  Give me that phone. Oh boy. What I've gone through with her already Hello, mrs. Jay. How are you? Yes Uh-huh. Yes, we're expecting you right away Well, look mrs. Day can't Dennis take his bath later I mean we're on the air now. We need him Fine. He's been in town three weeks and he has to take a bath today That'll never hurt the program. Why? Now look mrs. Day, I'm not trying to run your affairs But you see this is our first program of the season and Dennis should be here on time You know, this isn't a clam bake. We're established Now please hop in a car and rush Dennis over here immediately What? Should he wear a blue suit or a gray suit? Tell her to wrap a towel around him. Marry He can wear anything mrs. Day. Now hurry won't you. Goodbye?  Wasn't it good mary? Yeah, that was swell phil I was all right, but personally I thought the boys played a little too pianissimo Too what pianissimo too loud Phil even though you carry a union card for your information pianissimo means salt Portissimo is loud. Is that so would you like to make a little bet on that? What I like to I'd love to and you must be right You're darn right. I'm right. You know, I didn't study music 15 years for nothing No kidding jack. Did you study the violin for 15 years? I certainly did. He admits it yet Listen mary mary you can joke about it now, but when I was a young fella I was torn between two loves In fact, it was a toss-up whether I'd become a concert violinist or a comedian I didn't know which path to take don't tell a finish. I'm reading the book That's very amusing mary. However, if you'd like to know the truth the first time that I Hey, that must be denis day and his mother now. Listen fellas before they come in I want to tell you something while they're here. I want you to show me a little courtesy and respect I'd like to get this kid started out on the right foot and remember that okay, mr. Benny That's more like it. Uh, there's somebody at the door kind sir. All right, don't overdo it Come in Well, how do you do mrs. Day? How do you do come right in? Thank you. Come along denis. Yes. Yes come in Well, I'm glad you found the studio. All right, mrs. Day. Did you take a cab like I told you to? Yes It was a dollar 65. Here's the slip. Oh, yes, you walked into that one.  I want you to meet the members of my cast. This is mary livingston don wilson and phil harrick. How do you do? And this is her little boy denis say hello to the people denis hello to the people of Well, naturally mary. He's a little nervous. Aren't you denis? Am I mother certainly not? Oh Now denis. I want you to feel Right at home here after all where I know you must be a little bit nervous We're all your friends and we we want to help you in every possible way. I'm indeed grateful, mr. Benny. That's sweet and now mrs. Day. Yes How can a basso profundo like that have a tenor for a son? Now mrs. Day, I realize this being denis's first time here that you're not aware of our schedule You see we have a very definite starting time. You have yes We do our first broadcast at exactly four o'clock pacific time and our repeat broadcast at precisely 8 30 now Is that clear perfectly and when is payday? Payday that's not so definite Miss livingston, please. Oh, he'll get paid mrs. Day. Don't worry about that now denis I think that about covers everything. That's all there is and that's all you have to know You're here to sing so just be on time and do your best now. Are there any questions? Yes, when do I get some funny lines? Funny lines. Not how you feel bub Phil you complain once more and you'll be known as the silent maestro Now denis uh denis what song have you selected for your debut on our jello program? He's going to sing a delightful new number called Good night my beautiful. It's becoming very popular. Yes. I know it's a grand number now before you sing denis I thought our audience would like to know something more know your age. How old are you 59 including mother? Well, that's not what I meant denis. How old are you by yourself denis is just 19 19? Well 19 from 59 that makes you 40 doesn't it mrs. Day.  That is where were you born denis was born In Cairo, Illinois. Oh Cairo a whoop an egyptian Phil the boy was born in Cairo, Illinois not egypt well a comedian like me overlooks them details I like to catch you overlooking the grand canyon someday Now go ahead denis. We're all waiting and anxious to hear your song now. Uh, this is the microphone. How do you do? Ah You are nervous But go right ahead you having a thing to worry about and now ladies and gentlemen for his first song on the jello program Dennis day will sing. Good night my beautiful from george white scandals. Take it my boy now. Remember denis Breathe deeply. Yes, mother. Don't forget the words. No mother. Come here. Let me fix your tie Oh, don't bother mrs. Day. You know, this isn't television. You're quite fortunate, mr. Benny Very good mrs. Day. Very good. Sing denis. Oh boy. I'd love to give her a hot foot The night will be lonely for beautiful When I will mean nothing more than Nobody can come true Dennis that was very very good. I'm sure everyone enjoyed it. Thanks, mr. Benny You've made me the happiest girl in the world.  Yes, ma'am. There's the answer to your family when they ask you for something new for dessert Jello chocolate pudding is the best tasting dessert you ever dipped a spoon in Rich and creamy with a satin smoothness with an old-fashioned chocolate flavor And a rich full chocolate flavor that's tempting and delicious And best of all jello chocolate pudding is just one of three new jello pudding There's jello butterscotch pudding mellow tasting and smooth It has a delicious taffy color and a real true butterscotch flavor as appetizing as old-fashioned butterscotch candy And there's jello vanilla pudding delicate and inviting always a family favorite All three jello puddings are quick and easy to make The simple directions are in every package and the easiest and most economical way to buy Is three packages at a time So ask your grocery tomorrow for jello chocolate butterscotch and vanilla pudding This is the last number of the first program in the new jello series And we will be with you again next sunday night at the same time Well, mary. Our first program is over. Aren't you happy? Yeah, just think only 38 more weeks and you check our vacation That's right. Gee. I don't know where to go. Do you? Oh, we'll someplace Gee, I don't know where to go. Do you? Oh, we'll think I'm nervous jack. Oh, we'll think of someplace. Yeah. Good night, folks See you next week J. T. Telltale There'll be another jello product on the air starting next Tuesday night, october 10th Jello pudding jello puddings will bring you the arwish family and if you enjoyed the adventures of Henry arwish all summer We think you'll be minding glad to know that he'll be with you this winter too Consult your local newspaper for time and station next Tuesday october 10th The mail land of us is from the wisdom of us. Go fly a kite is from the star maker. This is the national broadcasting company


Hello aspirants, welcome to the Shankara Ace Academy's YouTube channel. This is the third video in the series, cracking UPSC the right way. In this series, we have been addressing the common doubts and questions that UPC aspirant has while preparing for the civil services examination. And in this first video, we discussed about the common mistakes that has to be avoided by an aspirant. And in the second video, we addressed the question of how much marks to score in mains to secure ranking. And now in this third video, we are going to discuss the top 10 rules that need to be adhered by an aspirant for clearing the UPSC examination, especially the preliminary examination. So this video will help you to maximize your scores in the preliminary examination. So remember, this video will not only help you in your problems preparation, but you can use these 10 rules in your whole preparation. Now without wasting much time, let us look into these 10 rules one by one. Before that, you have to understand that preparation is not a single thing. It doesn't just involve academic part, but it also involves certain non-academic parts. So in this regard, we are now going to discuss a combination of rules which has a concoction of body, mind and literature. And here literature is the soul part. So without this soul, mind and body doesn't have any use. Now assume that your preparation is like doing a coffee. Now for making a good coffee, what do we need? We need certain ingredients. But is ingredient enough to make a good coffee? We need these ingredients in correct proportions. Then only your coffee will not only taste good, it will also smell good. So in a similar way, in a UPSC preparation, you need the concoction of body, mind and literature and they have to be in correct proportions. Then only you are in the right path of clearing this examination. Now let us look at these 10 rules. The first rule is regarding how to take care of your mind. So we are going to address the mind part in this. So the first rule is inculcating the belief. What do we mean by that? You have to first believe that you will clear the exam unless you believe yourself. It is difficult to clear this examination. So inculcating this belief is as much as important as the academic part. You have to believe that you will clear the exam and your name will appear in the final PDF. So inculcating this belief means staying away from toxic people. In other words we can say that have those people around you who have positive beliefs because their positive beliefs will reinforce your belief in clearing the examination. So understand the first rule is inculcating the belief. Now the next one is the second rule. This is a combination of mind and body. So what is it? It is about relaxing your mind and body. Now for relaxing your mind you can try meditation. You can allot half an hour of your daily preparation for meditation. Now for body what you have to do? For body to relax you need a good night's sleep. See the number of hours someone needs to have a good night's sleep may vary from person to person. So you can allot either 6 hours to 8 hours for a good night's sleep. So why sleep is an important part of our preparation? See this sleep will revitalize your brain. It will make you to remember whatever you have learned throughout the day. So that means sleeping not only it will give you the much needed rest but it will also energize you or it will resonate you for your next day's preparation. Without a good night's sleep your next day will not be that much good. So remember the second rule is about relaxing your body and mind. Next comes the third rule. This third rule is about making yourself physically fit. So first for that what you have to do? The first one is regarding the diet.  So a diet rich in fibers is important for the preparation. Along with this your everyday routine should involve a particular duration for doing flexible exercises. You can allot around 40 to 50 minutes for this purpose. So everyday have a good diet along with flexible exercises. Now the fourth rule it is about your leisure time activity. So when we talk about preparation everyone thinks that reading and learning and memorizing is the only thing that we have to concentrate while preparing for examination but it is not so. It does not mean that you have to put all your concentration in the academic related activity. Rather you should also have certain leisure time everyday and in this leisure time you can do your favorite activity such as you can paint, you can read, you can dance or you can even play your favorite sport, you can read a fiction. So like that whatever interests you you can do in this particular leisure time and make sure that you do not involve any gadgets in this leisure time activity. Why because for example if your leisure time activity depends on using your phone then you may get easily distracted by using the social media platforms. So rather than wasting your time in the gadgets do something else you can sing, you can dance, you can do anything that interests you that makes you not get bored by the preparation or the studying which you have been doing from the morning. So allot time for some leisure time activity. So so far we have seen the mind and body part of our preparation. Now we are going to see the rules that is solely based on our academics part. So in the academics part the first rule or in the total ten rules the fifth rule is going to be about planning. So by planning what do we mean? This planning means making a blueprint. See this planning is the utmost importance in your preparation. Why because a goal without planning is just a wish. So make plans, have a blueprint and what should this blueprint contain? This blueprint should have your everyday activity listed on hourly basis or weekly basis or even on monthly basis. So by this what do I mean is that this planning part should involve all your you know the ones I said in the first four rules, leisure time activity, you have to allot time for that, you have to take time for relaxing and you have to take time to interact with people to have to get their positive vibes. So all this should be a part of your planning and the most important part of your planning should be the study plan because we are discussing about the academics part of our preparation. So in the study plan you should have weekly targets and monthly targets. This is very much important and every week you should also make daily targets. Now don't make daily targets for you know 30 days in a row. You will not be able to keep up with it. Initially make weekly targets and then monthly targets then every week you make some daily targets. So that means these daily targets will be your sub-plan of your study plan. So the fifth important rule is about planning. Now the sixth important rule is writing mock tests. Mock tests should be a part of your study plan, the study plan which we just discussed in the above rule. Allot a particular time in your week for mock tests. Missing mock test at any cost is important and aspirant who is missing mock test is doing one of the most foolish things in preparations. Why? Because mock tests are you know it is an example of where your preparation is going. So it is your own assessment of your preparation. You will know which is your strong area, you will know which is your weaker area, you will know which is your strong subject or on what areas you have to focus more in your preparation. So all these aspects you will get to know once you attend mock tests. And preliminary examination of 2021 is around the corner. So if you have not joined any mock tests yet, please join now. Now along with writing mock tests, two other important things you have to do. The first one is attending the test discussions. See whenever institutes they conduct mock tests, they also conduct the test discussion part. You can attend this and you will know where you are making the mistakes. So test discussion should be clubbed with analysis of your test. And once you analyze, you will obviously know where you are lacking in your preparation. So if you think you are lacking in some part of your preparation or you are not performed well in a particular subject or in a particular area, then you can a lot more time for that subject. You can do more revisions and you can attend more questions or more tests in that particular area. So making plan for mock tests along with sticking to your plan is important. And this is the sixth rule that you have to follow. Now the seventh important rule that you have to follow is about the specific tests. These specific tests they should be based on previous year question paper. You can fix these tests subject wise or even chapter wise. If you do this you will have an idea about how UPSC asks questions in the preliminary examination. So do this after that you can either evaluate that test on your own or you can use the help of your friend. So it depends on your own discretion. So the seventh important rule is specific test based on previous year question papers plus discussion with peers. Now the eighth important rule is about the subjects that you are going to cover. When you talk about subjects in UPSC preparation we have the conventional subjects and we also have the current affairs part. So balancing these two is going to be your eighth rule. In this eighth rule what we are going to do is we are going to spread our study plan in a way that we are going to cover three conventional subjects in that week. Along with this you should also cover either the monthly current affairs or the weekly current affairs of that week. So make sure that your study plan includes time period in such a way that you get time for your conventional subjects and also for current affairs preparation. Now regarding conventional subjects we have the NCRT or if you have attended coaching you have the coaching institutes notes. Now for current affairs what I would suggest is you should follow one particular source. Don't go for many sources you will get confused. Now regarding current affairs we already have the Indian News Analysis Program in our Shankar Ayesh Academy's YouTube channel. We put videos on the current affairs news and we analyze those news every day. Apart from this you can also visit the IS Parliament website powered by Shankar Ayesh Academy. This website will also give you monthly current affairs relevant to your preparation. So normally when talking about balancing current affairs along with the conventional subjects what you have to focus is that you should relate the current affairs part with the static portion of the conventional subject. So this will help you to relate to what is happening and you can enhance your main sensor writing if you do this regularly. So remember the conventional subject and the current affairs part shouldn't travel in a parallel path rather they should intersect. So this is your 8th important rule. Now the 9th part of our preparation is the one which we usually say whenever we talk about UPSC preparation it is on revision. Revision is important. Revision is important next to planning and mock test. So you should allot maximum time for your revision and in that maximum time should be allotted for your conventional subjects revision like revision of quality, economics, geography, science and tech etc. You should allot maximum time for these subjects. Now when it comes to current affairs you can revise the monthly current affairs at the end of the each month. So why revision is very important part of our preparation because it helps you to put whatever you have learnt into your permanent memory. It helps you to retain the subject in your permanent memory. So revision is important. Now the 10th important rule is completing your targets promptly. What do I mean by this? See your study plan which we talked about it should involve short term goals along with the long term goals. Don't just set the long term goals because you will not be able to achieve it. For example you have a goal of attending a mock test this weekend. You are planning to attend history mock test and you have planned that in your weekly targets you have planned that you will cover the ancient history part and the modern history along with the world history. So what if you don't cover the modern history part of syllabus? If you don't do this what will happen on the day of mock test is that you will lose the confidence. You will think that you have not done enough preparation. So either you will not attend the mock test or what you will do is even after attending you will not be confident enough to evaluate it. And once if you score low in that you will be having the fear that you are not good in that particular subject. And that is why finishing your plan promptly is important. Have long term goals with short term goals. So this is the 10th rule. If you do all these, if you religiously follow all these 10 rules then clearing the examination will be a walk in the park. So I hope that these 10 rules will help you to clear your exam. If you like this video, don't forget to like, comment and share. And to subscribe to Shankar Ayes Academy YouTube channel for more updates related to cell services preparation. Thank you.


Sorry. Whoa. Okay, testing. All right. Everyone can hear me? Okay, awesome. Thanks for coming. Uh, we're gonna talk about, uh, Magento and Drupal at scale. We're gonna talk a little bit about the project that we used to, um, to do this. And then go into some technical details of, uh, why, how, and how exciting it is. Uh, my name is Justin. I'm the CEO and co-founder of Third and Grove. I'm joined by Mike DeWolf, our director of engineering, uh, and the first engineer that we had at Third and Grove. Uh, okay. So, uh, we're gonna talk about three things. I'm gonna tell you a little bit about the project, we did this for Quicken. Um, I'm gonna explain technically how we came to the conclusion to do it with headless Magento. And then, um, we have some tips, uh, if you ever want to combine Drupal and Magento for this kind of digital experience, some technical, uh, integration tips, um, uh, uh, for you. Okay, so, what the heck is Quicken? It is personal finance software. So, it's similar to Mint if you have a Mint.com account. It connects to all of your bank accounts and your financial information, um, pulls all that in and tells you you're spending too much money at J Crew if you're me. Um, and makes you feel bad about that. So, um, it's a really great way to just kind of like see into your, your financial pattern. It's regular desktop software. Um, it was Intuit's first product. Intuit, the company that makes TurboTax. Um, it's kind of like the Windows for Microsoft. It was really the first product that launched that company. It originally came out in the early 80s. It's one of the oldest technology company and brands that's still around in the valley. So, what happened is that they, uh, Intuit, they decided to divest Quicken into an independent company. So, Quicken's a multi-billion dollar company. Um, Quicken is smaller by comparison. Intuit has lots of different business units. Um, and they decided to sell it and make it its own separate company. So, all of the sudden, Quicken had to divest itself from a whole bunch of technology, everything from data warehousing to marketing automation to CMS to commerce and, and all that stuff. A majority of their sales are through, um, their website. So, Ecom was a really, really critical component. So, what they had before was this really terrible, um, Oracle Ecom platform called ATG. It was really old. Um, it was highly customized. They weren't able to update it anymore and releases took two weeks to do to production. And where they wanted to get was something where they could release rapidly, um, and put together Drupal and Vigento as sort of a single, a single platform. Um, but they really just wanted to get to, um, whatever the technology stack was, a place where they could do, you know, deployments rapidly. They had full control. Um, it was robust, modern, had good connectivity and integration. So that's really where they had to get to. Um, so, uh, the first thing that we did was technical discovery with the team to try to figure out all of the touch points that their Ecom data touches. And much different than CMS Ecom touches a ton of different systems. So, you're, you're, you're looking at payment gateway, order fulfillment, there could be sales force, CRM integrations, there's ERP, there's accounting, there's finance. Essentially every department in an organization can want some kind of touch point with an Ecom transaction. So you've got a lot more complex ecosystem than when you're thinking about a marketing website experience. So for Quicken, the really, the key requirements were, um, you know, leave the front end experience the same. They were already on Drupal at the, at the time they needed to build their store. Security was paramount. Quicken can't have a security issue because they, as a product, connect to your bank. And if there's a story in the New York Times about how Quicken's website was compromised, um, that, that really has a material impact on the value of their brand, which is their entire business. Security was key. Marketing wanted more control over promotions. They didn't have that with ATG. They had to plug in with systems like Arvato, Braintree, Avalara, Salesforce, NetSuite, lots of different backend systems they wanted good, robust integrations for. They wanted to make sure that they were good partners. I could support the technology. Um, and, uh, they had a crazy timeline of four months to, um, to move this nine figure store online. So why we recommended, uh, Magento II to the client and why they ended up choosing it. One is the ecosystem. So Magento's open source, I don't have to say the power of that to this group. It's PHP. Has a, a large ecosystem of folks that can support it and work on it as a technology. It's not niche by any stretch of the imagination. Um, Magento has great integration support. So out of the box and with extensions, you have a large ecosystem of, um, of things that you can use to plug Magento into all those backend systems that they, that they needed to integrate with. It's highly available. It's highly secure and it has great Salesforce integration. Um, so, uh, one of the questions is probably why didn't we look at Drupal Commerce for this? Or why didn't we pick Drupal Commerce for this? So we did look at Drupal Commerce as a solution. Their existing site, quicken.com, was and is Drupal. It would make sense to plug that in. There are really two sort of key points that didn't really make it a viable solution. One was integrations. The integration landscape for Drupal Commerce is, um, really very small compared to a mature e-com platform like Magento. So you're looking at a tremendous amount of additional work and more work is, is more bugs. Um, and the other big piece here was scale. So this is about 80, 90% of this company's revenue. It's nine figure revenue. This is a massive order, uh, number of orders per hour, per second, per minute. It's a lot of scale. They do a lot of their business on Black Friday. They do a lot of their business on one tax day in, in March to prepare for taxes. So, um, this is a, uh, a highly, um, volatile traffic level and it needed to be a solution that had sort of a proven, um, ability to scale. The other thing is that, um, so I'm, I, I really like food and I eat out a lot, but I have a rule where I don't eat at a restaurant that does two cuisines. It's my two cuisine rule. So if it does Italian and Japanese, I'm not going to eat there. And the only exception is fusion, but fusion is kind of a separate cuisine, right? So, so the reason I don't do that is when you try to be good at Italian and Japanese food, you're bad at both. So, and this is the same thing with, with engineering.  And when you try to make a car that's a good car into boat, you get something that's a really shitty car in a shitty boat. So it's hard to be good at two things. Um, and that really is, um, how we think about technology. And so when we think about a really great experience platform, we think Drupal and when we think about a great econ platform, we want a tool that's focused on e-commerce. Okay. So technical architecture, um, why did we go headless and how does it actually look like? So, um, the, uh, infrastructure or the architecture that we use for this is headless magento. So Drupal serves every interaction to the glass, uh, uh, Drupal serves every, um, interaction to the glass and it communicates to magento as it needs to via, uh, an API. So there's never magento is, is never serving a front end experience, uh, page. So we have primarily two, um, different kinds of synchronization going on. So in the absolute necessity times when we need a real time call to magento, we do it, but everything else, product, information, uh, you know, images, SKUs, pricing, everything that we can, um, is synced in the background, uh, periodically both when changes happen in either system and also just in a regular basis to keep the information fresh. Uh, we cash everything we possibly can in Drupal. Drupal has a great caching system, very robust, very scalable, um, compared to other systems. So we cash a lot in Drupal. Um, we, we did need that scale here. Um, but like I said in those, in those, uh, instances when we couldn't get around it, we did, um, how we do, we do make real time calls. Uh, the magento API is in two, in magento two is really robust. It covered 80 to 90% of our use cases. It's really, really good. Um, when it didn't, it was usually us wanting to chain sequences together. So to do, uh, you know, add something to cart might, might have taken three API calls out of the box with magento API. Um, so we just extended the API, which it's designed to be extended like, like Drupal is, um, and made that one API call. So little optimizations like that go a really, really far away, um, for, for the scale that we needed for this, uh, for this kind of thing. We also separated the data between the two systems and we try to, whenever we do this with clients, we try to mirror based on, um, their organization. So marketing data that Drupal is good at lives in Drupal, things like price skew live in magento. Those are synced between the two systems. You only edit it in one place. It's very clear where that line is. Um, and it's really easy to know where, um, where you need to go to update, um, uh, that, whatever information you want to work on. Um, so there were a bunch of benefits here. One with a headless magento, there's one theme not two. The theming layers aren't compatible. Um, you can do magento serving like the cart and the checkout pages. You have to maintain, build, test, um, and deploy two themes simultaneously with a headless magento. You only need one theme in Drupal to test and, and make great, um, nice decoupling of front end and back end experience. You can roll out updates to magento or Drupal separately as long as they're not, um, as long as you're not doing something that involves both systems, you can do a Drupal update and you don't ever have to touch magento, um, in that release. Um, so you can parallel track things with a modern system and a modern platform. They're on, they're, uh, they're on aquea. Um, and from a security perspective, because magento's headless, it's, uh, off the public internet. So you don't actually have to make magento accessible. The only thing magento needs to be accessible to are API calls from your known servers of where your aquea, or where your Drupal instances live. It's on aquea, so from those servers. Um, highly secure, right? You can't make a magento site more secure than taking it off the public internet. So that was also a huge thing. Um, and so I really won over most of these. I think, um, there are a couple of different ways you can do headless and you can do side-by-side. There's no answer to every situation. It was just in this particular use case. Headless made the most sense. Security, like I said, was really the big massive win here of why we, why we chose this. Um, we didn't want to continue to leverage Drupal as a great CMS and the team was used to that and it was, it has a really good robust support for that. Um, but then also there was some uncertainty in the business in terms of where the product was going to go. So they knew they needed to go to subscription from, uh, Drupal. They didn't know when that was going to happen. So a nice decoupling between your front-end experience and your e-com experience would make it easier if they needed to, uh, dramatically replace, extend, uh, whatever that, that e-com component. So with a nice decoupling at what they, they're not going to have to re-implement their front-end to, to potentially re-architect something on the back end, uh, in a couple of years when their, when their business changes because, um, their business plan is to fundamentally change their business model and they had to support it. Um, and, and how's it related, uh, trailblazers here, it's the largest magento two store in the world by order volume. The site has stayed up. It's, um, sustained all the levels of traffic and the, um, uh, uh, and the integration has stood sort of enterprise scale. Okay. So now I'm going to hand it off to Mike and he's going to talk about some tech stuff. Sounds good. Hello. So as Justin mentioned, my name's Mike DeWolf. I'm our director of engineering and, uh, tech lead on a lot of these integrations. And I'd like to walk you through a little bit of, uh, some of, some of the things that we're approaching, a headless integration with a platform like Magento and Drupal. Um, so the first decision to make when starting a project like this is whether you're going to go the full headless approach like we did for quicken.com or whether you want to do a side-by-side approach and there are pros and cons as you would imagine to each. Um, headless as Justin mentioned is highly secure. There's less of an attack vector because less of the, um, surface of the website is exposed. You don't have to worry about monitoring as much security between two platforms, um, especially if you can take Magento off the public internet. Um, there's one platform to theme, which is easier up front and also easier as global updates roll out. Um, that can turn into a headache if you're theming in two randomly different platforms that have different templating systems. Um, you can end up with weird discrepancies between the two sites that disrupt the customer experience kind of inadvertently. Um, another key point of doing headless is you don't really have to worry about, um, oh, does this thing I want to change live in one system versus the other? That being said, um, by using Magento in this way, we immediately write off the ability to use certain Magento systems. Um, you don't really have to worry about that. Um, you don't really have to worry about that. Um, you don't really have to worry about that. Um, you don't really have to worry about that. Um, you don't really have to worry about the ability to use certain Magento extensions that have a front-end component. So if there's a Magento extension that can drive a really elaborate check-out, um, we, we can't use it because we have to recreate that in Drupal. So it's an important consideration when you're thinking about this, is how much do you really depend on perhaps something that Magento can offer to you for free, because if you do headless in that case, um, you'll have to recreate that functionality in Drupal to, to some extent. Um, and also, um, even Even though Magento has a very mature REST API, the REST API for Magento was not specifically designed for this use case. As Justin mentioned, there are some customizations that we'll recommend. And I'll talk about that at a later slide. But if you do side by side, then you really are using Magento in the full capacity, like, exactly as it was intended. So we have a list of questions that we usually go through when trying to answer this question with a client's project. And I won't necessarily go through all of these. But I would highlight the most important ones. Number one is if the client has a very complex product type. I'm thinking, like, a very complicated build-a-basket type product. Or I think of a classic example, it would be like a pizza, where it's very, very configurable. It's probably going to be easiest to use some of the Magento extensions that exist in the community versus having to build all that functionality in Drupal and then to communicate it via a REST API. So that would be one use case where there's really this compelling reason to put some section of the website in Magento with it serving those pages.  A common implementation in that case might be that all product pages are in Magento and the checkout is in Magento. But the blog, landing pages, various marketing materials live in Drupal, and we have a nice split that way. But if you don't have a complicated product, if your store just has simple products or products that are configurable to some extent, but not terribly complicated, like a t-shirt that has different colors and sizes, that can be done quite easily in Drupal through a model I described. Another situation where you might want to consider using side by side is, again, the checkout is highly customized. And this is for the same reason. There may be situations where using a Magento extension is going to be much easier than recreating all this in Drupal. And other than that, there's other questions we ask. A lot of it has to do with how content-driven the website needs to be. If the website isn't that content-driven, it almost makes you wonder why we're using Drupal in the first place. So there's a lot of questions that we need to ask to answer this question. Most of the time, for the vast majority of stores, the headless model works. And so it comes down to preference. As you'll see, we have a little bit of a decision matrix here. So it's complicated products. And highly custom checkout are really the main reasons to go with side by side in our estimation based on going through this. But Drupal will generally do best at anything content-related, personalization, editorial workflow. And so as much as you can bring these rich editorial features to the e-com experience for the marketing team by going headless and having a lot of your product information actually being Drupal, it creates a better experience for editors. So once we've made this decision, headless versus side by side, Justin alluded to the process of figuring out, so we have these two systems that have two different data stores. We need to figure out what the source of truth is definitively for the different points. And we have found through doing different integrations, not just with Magento, but with other e-com backends, that this is a time to sit down and figure out what the client's teams do. What is the marketing team edit? What is the fulfillment team edit? And that's usually the perfect sweet spot for how to separate the functionality. At the end of most projects, we can look back and say, see how well we did, basically, by the one measure, which is, do these two teams operate independently? Or do they need logins to both systems? If the fulfillment team can edit mostly everything in Magento, but they have to go to Drupal for one random thing, we feel like that has been, we've compromised a little bit of the usability of the system. So typical breakdown, like you see here, would be UPC, price, stock level, certain legal data. For example, a product that might contain hazardous materials. This could all live in Magento and be sourced from Magento. And then in Drupal, where we have the product, that would have product description. That would have product images, SEO keywords, promotional slides, that sort of thing. The type of content that would go through an editorial workflow, essentially. So I'll walk through a couple just tips that we've learned through doing these integrations and kind of remembered to do now moving forward. So first one, this is very important. And there has been a time on every integration we've done where, for whatever reason, the econ back end was down for a period of time. It could be that a third party provider, such as a payment gateway or a tax service, was having issues. And the store was throwing 500 errors. And one big advantage, for example, on a site like quicken.com, is that when this happens, because we have decoupled our front end, we can preserve the customer experience throughout the outage. So it's in a limited fashion. They can't check out. But there's not a huge disruption. Quicken.com doesn't go down. You can still browse the catalog. And so it's very important when building an integration like this to build into your architecture the ability to do this and to think about, and have the client you're working for, think about what they want the experience to be. A common use case is that we'll show all the product pages, but the add to cart form will disappear for a second until the outage is resolved. Maybe on the checkout page, we do a redirect or we have some messaging. So this needs to be something that the team can turn off if they need to. Or anytime there's basically a bottleneck. So it needs to be thought of and built into the system. Oftentimes in development, we're so focused on the happy path and we just kind of focus on this front end and we don't think about when things go wrong. Another thing we found, in certain cases, we needed to bypass Drupal's form API. Now most of the time, I would never say this, but we had a lot of displays in all these stores that we've done. They're very common where you have, let's say a grid of product thumbnails and each thumbnail has a little add to cart form on them. And what you end up with in those situations are something like 20 forms on a page that you're trying to cache. And in these situations, you can run into storage issues, loading down many forms, especially when someone's just browsing, they're not using all the forms. So we've actually found it better in some cases, select cases to change those to be kind of embedded forms that will make an Ajax call to an endpoint. And it will just help the system scale better and the site as a whole to be more cacheable by a CDN or a varnish layer. Make your product structure a plugin base. This applies mostly to headless. So when doing this split between a marketing kind of display product and then this e-commerce entity that has data like skew, price, you want to have the ability to create different types of products. So if you imagine a typical product page, the simplest product in the world like a duffel bag or a suitcase that comes just in one variety, the add to cart form is very simple, just a button. Then we can go into a configurable product. This has a parent product, but then it may have five different t-shirt sizes. So the add to cart form on that page becomes a little more complicated. It still has the button to add, but you need to have a dropdown with those five child skews. Likewise, the logic at checkout is slightly different. The simple product, we just send the skew to Magento and it's a very simple transaction. For the configurable product at checkout, we need to send a bundle that has the parent and the selected child. So we decided in order to accommodate these different types of products and they get more complicated and groups bundled, we thought a plugin base was perfect because we could plug and play basically any type of product and all we needed to do in our plugin was define the form on the add to cart page and then define what sort of API logic needs to happen at checkout. So it fit the plugin model perfectly. Very similarly, making checkout logic the same way. Most checkouts are exactly the same on most stores, but it's got similar components. So if we think of a typical checkout flow, there's a shipping form, there's a billing form, and there's a payment form, and that's it, maybe a confirmation, three steps. But it follows the same principle. If we look at each of those steps in isolation, there's a form and then there's a submit logic that makes an API call. So by building those checkout steps using a plugin based architecture, we're able to accommodate the use case where somebody needs a fourth step where we add text for a gift, gift wrapping something and adding a special message or maybe it's a t-shirt that has a customizable, something customizable printed on it. So by doing this plugin architecture, we're able to accommodate customizations for the checkout flow and Drupal. So another recommendation we have is to use a conductor. Anytime a payment is processed, especially on quickin.com, there are numerous events that happen right after in integrations with other systems. So an example would be we need to update the warehouse, ERP systems, there is a confirmation, that email that goes out, probably through a third party service. So all these things don't necessarily have to happen in Magento, and we recommend that they actually don't, and that you use some sort of middleware to process these things, because they're non-essential to the actual processing of payment. And by using a conductor, an outage in one of these systems will not jeopardize the payment itself. And so we also recommend in a conductor to use kind of a Q-based architecture, like RabbitMQ, so that if there is a failure in one of these external integrations, the instruction to, for example, email the customer, confirm email, is not necessarily lost, and it will continue to preserve that it has that instruction to do that. Justin mentioned needing to customize some of the Magento API calls. So out of the box, Magento needs separate API calls to add a promotion, to add an item to the cart, to look up a customer, to add a shipping address to the cart. These are all different endpoints. We found that sometimes to process certain steps, so to process like a billing address form, we ended up having to make two API calls. And that added latency to the process. So we highly recommend, if you're working with Magento, to customize and consolidate those API endpoints into one thing that can perform all the functions you need with the information you have. And you can usually almost always get away with one API call per checkout step, if you're doing a multi-step checkout like that, which is going to speed up your performance a whole lot. And my last slide is to thoughtfully plan a cash strategy that leverages edge caching. It's very important in these sites that are econ-based that as soon as a customer adds something to their cart, and the website becomes dynamic, i.e. probably in the top right corner, there's maybe a cart overlay that they can see, that you don't sacrifice the caching of your pages as a whole, and you think this out. One common way we've implemented this is using a local storage or a cookie to store a cart that can be invalidated by an Ajax call, and basically be turned off. And that's a very important thing to do, because as you can imagine, if all of a sudden the page becomes dynamic, the customer has something in their cart, and we are serving them cold pages, the whole site slows down just because they have something in their cart, and the user's like, what's going on? So it's very important to think about how everything can be cached using local storage, and then you leave it to small Ajax calls, and then probably the checkout flow that will bypass the cache. And so if you design it in that way, it'll be very CDN friendly and a very zippy experience. We have a white paper, and if you wanna check it out, it's thirdengrove.com, Drupal Magento. We talk about some of the things we talked about today, and other than that, we'd love to take some questions.


We have developed a model to capture some of the key drivers for motivating students for deep learning. As you can see, these are organised under three main components. Emotional states, the self-in-context and social relationships. Can you see any of the points that you wrote down as you watched the video earlier? Possibly, you are inspired about how passionate the students became about creating robots in classrooms. The emotional state of the learner is absolutely pivotal to engaging students for deep learning. Having fun and being interested and curious about the task at hand provides the buy-in for students to engage deeply with their activities. Here, we have seen the importance of real-world problems to creating the reason for learning. Working across disciplines to look at one topic in depth also seem to increase the emotional states of the learner. Or you may have been taken by the way that students became so immersed in what was happening in their science classrooms that they lost themselves in the design of their robot. They were eager to find out the next step in the process. They were driven by their own personal goals for learning from an innate sense of purpose to achieve a deeper understanding of the task. This is what we term the self-in-context. We know that learning is an embodied social and emotional process where the self-regulatory skills of the individual come into play with that social context. Perhaps, as you watched the video, you were taken with the connection that the students had with their science teachers. A sense of belonging through good social relationships is key to encouraging students to become engaged and motivated to learn. While the students conveyed some fear about their learning and others talked about being out of their comfort zone, the safe and supportive environments created by the teachers alleviated these feelings. Their group work with peers also generated important social synchrony leading to deep engagement. So, motivation for deep learning is social. Motivation for deep learning is emotional and it encompasses the self in the context of peers, classrooms, schools, homes and communities.


So thank you for that introduction. Thank you for the invitation to join the very distinguished list of speakers that you've had here over the years and to have an opportunity to talk about global lessons on inclusive growth which is I think a central priority for the United States and for our economic policy right now and was a theme of the OECD ministerial that I just returned from in Paris, an issue that countries around the OECD were grappling with in different ways and in a manner that I'll be talking about. I should say that in my remarks today there's a slightly more extensive prepared version of them that I think you'll be posting on the website and will be on the website of the Council of Economic Advisers. So some of the topics won't have as much time to go in here. You can read more there and that's because I really wanna leave as much time for discussion and as we can possibly have here and I'm happy to discuss the topic but if you want to wander further astray that's probably okay too. Part of why we're so focused on this topic in the United States and across the OECD is that you have seen a very significant economic recovery. In the United States our economy has been growing for nearly five years now. You're seeing in Ireland the unemployment rate coming down and the expectation of a return to growth this next year and you look around the OECD this past year, 29 out of 34 countries did expand economically up from 20 the year before that and with this recovery that we're seeing it increases the focus on some of the structural challenges that predated what I would call the Great Recession in the United States from 2007 to 2009 and I should have shown you that is the picture of the number of OECD economies that were growing so before the crisis all of them were, you got to a place where almost none of them were and now it's getting back a lot closer to all of them. We're certainly in the United States not out of the woods in terms of our recovery although the unemployment rate has been cut a third from its peak in 2010. It's still unacceptably high. It's particularly high in terms of long-term unemployment and that's why the president is pushing for investments in areas like infrastructure and relief for the long-term unemployed. Europe too and Ireland obviously have substantially more to do in terms of economic recovery bringing down unemployment and addressing issues like long-term unemployment and youth unemployment but I'm confident that we will all be able to do that but I'm also confident that when that happens many of the challenges will still be with us. I'm primarily gonna talk about the United States but I'll try to draw some comparisons to Ireland, the Anglo-Saxon countries more broadly and the OECD. I wanna start in the first part by defining what I see as the fundamental challenge. There's a lot of indicators of the economy. One of the ones that we have available for a long period of time and for a wide range of countries is the average income for the bottom 90% of households and you see a pattern that after rising very strongly across OECD countries through a year that depends on the country around 1980 in the case of the United States around 2000 in the case of Ireland incomes started to level off and even potentially decline. In the case of the United States and I suspect other countries as well, this measure, the income for the bottom 90% tracks pretty closely what is my favorite economic indicator but not available as widely and over as long a period which is median household income and you see a pattern in the United States of strong growth of strong growth, slowing of that growth and then from 2001 to 2007 an economic expansion that didn't result in incomes rising and then incomes declining in the Great Recession meaning that there's no net increase in incomes since the late 1990s. The reason for these income trends vary from country to country but two broad factors are generally at play with different degrees of importance in different countries. The first factor is productivity growth. In the United States total factor productivity growth, the total amount of output you get for a given amount of input was at its strongest in the decades after World War II in part as we were able to commercialize a lot of the inventions that were developed for the war fell dramatically in the 1970s and 1980s in part due to the disruption of the oil price shocks but then we've seen a significant rebound in productivity growth starting with the new economy in the 1990s and continuing through the wide range of innovation in IT, biotech and other sectors and this is a picture that I think didn't come across very clearly for the United States but hopefully the version that goes on the web you'll be able to see it more clearly. Ireland has a somewhat similar pattern in that green line resurging a little bit but its pattern is also a lot closer to what you see in continental Europe which is very high productivity growth and this has averaged over 15 years so you don't see lots of the bumps and wiggles you'd otherwise see. After World War II a lot of pent up ability to have productivity growth coming out of the destruction of the war and coming out of the ability to converge with leading economies like the United States but then that productivity growth basically each decade slower than the last as those initial set of advantages and convergence diminished countries moved more towards the frontier of technology and although there was substantial innovation not seeing it at the pace you would need to push those productivity numbers up and for a lot of continental Europe and to some degree for Ireland that slowing of income growth had a lot to do with why slowing productivity growth had a lot to do with that slowing of income growth. If you look at the United States to a greater degree and in other OECD countries to varying degree the bigger source of our failure to see a sustained rise in incomes for middle class households or for the bottom 90% has been the fact that productivity growth has not translated into commensurate gains in incomes for the middle class and the gap between aggregate productivity growth and the measure of middle class income is what we would describe as inequality and oh, fast forwarded a little bit here. Well we'll see, oh, let's get right over. You saw there, I'm not even gonna try to go back but you saw productivity rising like that wages in the United States going like this. You see that in some other countries like the UK and France you see it to a lesser degree in a range of other countries like Canada, Ireland and Australia. I want to now for the next part of my discussion talk about some of the sources of the increase in US inequality. Traditionally discussions of inequality focused on labor income. Why a manager would be paid more than a line worker and what would affect the divergence between those two. In part that's because traditionally it was the largest driver of inequality and in part just because it's what economists have the best theories, the supply and demand for skills and the best data on. One of the useful contributions of a book that is the number one bestseller on Amazon in the United States right now Capital of the 21st Century by French economist Thomas Piketty is to highlight that there are other important sources of inequality that derive from capital rather than just labor. And in talking about the causes of inequality I want to draw on but then really extend Piketty's work. Following him we can decompose inequality into three components. The first is inequality within labor income so a manager being paid more than a line worker. The second is inequality within capital income so somebody who collects a lot more in dividends and interest than somebody else. And then the final one is the division of income between the income that goes to labor and the income that goes to capital. All three of these have different dynamics and policy implications. Piketty in his book doesn't quantify though the relative contribution of the three of those and what I've done is taken a range of data combined it together to come up with a few conclusions about where this inequality is coming from and a lot of it you can see in this picture which is the black line shows you how much the share of income going to the top 1% has risen. The pink line rose more quickly that's the share of labor income. The blue line is capital income it didn't rise very much until about 1990 but it's been rising steadily since then. And if you break it down the share of income going to the top 1% has risen by 9 percentage points between 1970 and 2010 and 68% of that increase is that what's going on with labor income. 32% of that is what's going on with capital income and none of it is the shift in income from labor to capital. The story though gets a little bit more nuanced than that when you drill down and there's a lot of numbers here but I'll just point to the ones I would focus on. The first thing I focus on is this is the percentage of inequality within labor income I'll bet this even has a pointer on it. Oh it does. That's the 68% I just mentioned. If you look at the top 1 tenth of 1% only half of the increase in inequality is due to labor income. So capital is a much more important part of the story and the top 1 100th of 1% only 39% is labor income. So capital is an especially important part of the story at the top of the income distribution. Also labor inequality has gotten less important over time was responsible for 68% over the last 40 years. If you only look at the last 30 years it's 54% and over the last 20 years it is about half. So the higher up on the income scale you go the more recent you go the more important is inequality within capital income. So let me now briefly talk about each of these elements. If you look at inequality within labor income the main thing you see is incomes of managers rising relative to workers. There's a lot of reasons for that including the increased returns to skills especially in a world where the size of markets is expanded nationally and internationally. There's been a slow down in the increase in educational attainment with more people going to college every year but not at as fast a rate of increase as we saw in the past. Changes in norms and corporate governance has mattered as well. If you look at incomes in the middle and the bottom other institutional factors are also clearly at play. One of them is the decline in unionization which you see in this next chart mirrors almost exactly the opposite of what's gone on with the top 10% income share and the other is that we've seen a large decline in the inflation adjusted value of the minimum wage in the United States which is worth about a third of what it was worth in the late 1960s. The second source of increased inequality is within the distribution of capital income and this has been much less studied than labor income. It's less well understood but a lot of it is a function of the increase in the inequality within labor income. So if you make a lot more you can save more, you can get more of a return and the inequality would perpetuate itself in that way. One point which I won't really discuss except to briefly note, if you look at overall wealth in the United States relative to the size of our economy it's been relatively constant for over a century. In contrast Europe had much higher wealth relative to the size of its economy. A lot of that was destroyed in the two wars but it's since been being rebuilt. Finally the last source of inequality is the division of income between capital and labor. Basically wealth is more unequally distributed than labor and as a result when the labor share of income falls all else being equal that leads to greater inequality. In Europe you saw the labor share of income falling starting around 1970. In the United States that decline started around the year 2000 and may be responsible for about a fifth of the increase in inequality. Part of what made Piketty's book so striking is that he projected that all of these trends will continue and he was bold enough to project out for the next century or two. This is a little bit further than I can see and I'm considerably less certain that he would be right in terms of that outlook for inequality because I think it depends a lot on what technological change looks like. Depends a lot on institutional arrangements and then it depends on a number of technical, economic issues that I'm happy to talk about more in the question and answer period. What I want to talk about though in the next part of my discussion is the relationship between inequality and economic growth. And as I said, if you look in Europe broadly speaking the biggest challenge has been growth. In the United States the biggest challenge has been inequality. Either one of these by themselves or in combination is what generates the challenges in terms of incomes. There's been a lot of research on the way in which inequality might affect growth. And traditionally economists would think that there was a trade-off between equity and efficiency. So they'd say for example, taxes that improved equality would lead to economic distortions and hurt growth or welfare programs might help distribution but would hurt economic growth. Let's say the economics literature has advanced considerably since then and now there's a range of studies finding a positive impact of particular programs and in part that as programs have evolved and changed. There's now also a substantial body of macroeconomic research at the aggregate level and a lot of it is premised on the observation that what matters most for economic growth is not how much you invest, but how you invest it. And how you invest it is what your technology is, what skills you're bringing to bear, what your entrepreneurship is like and that a lot of that doesn't benefit from inequality and can even be hurt by it if inequality leads to less access to education and skills for the full population. If it discourages entrepreneurship and risk taking because you're worried about the consequences of failure, if it undermines the trust necessary for a decentralized market economy or increases political instability. The most recent comprehensive study of the effect of inequality on growth was done by three researchers at the International Monetary Fund which is not an organization that's traditionally known to focus on this topic. And what they found was that inequality is bad for both the magnitude and sustainability of growth that progressive policies by themselves are neutral in terms of growth and that if progressive policies reduce inequality then they would benefit growth. And just to give some sense of the magnitude I applied their model to the tax changes we've seen in the United States since 2009. We've expanded tax credits for working families. We now give a subsidy of up to 45 cents for each dollar earned by low income working parents as a way to encourage more participation in the workforce. We give greater tax incentives for going to college and then at the upper end of the income distribution we raise tax rates for high income households restoring them to what they were in the 1990s. You look at all of those changes together you put them into the IMF's model and they would tell you that that would raise our growth rate by nearly one tenth of one percentage point which if you accumulate it over the course of a decade would mean an extra $500 for a typical family of four over and above the direct benefits they would get from those tax cuts. I wouldn't rest my case on the link between inequality and growth on one study, any one study, this study is consistent with some others that came before it and at the very least I think it's becoming even harder than ever before to argue that reducing inequality is bad for growth. It's increasingly likely that it's good for growth. The opposite direction of causality has been studied less what does growth do to inequality? So I think we're much less certain about the answer to that. The one thing I would point out is Tomas Piketty in his book says that inequality depends on the difference between the rate of return to capital and the growth rate of the economy. A lot of his suggestions are wealth taxes ways to raise lower the rate of return to capital but in his formula something else would work equally well to reduce inequality and that's expanding economic growth and expanding economic growth has the potential to not just increase the size of the pie but also increase the returns to labor and thus the fraction of the pie going to labor. Finally, in my final part of the talk I want to just very briefly outline some of the policy implications from the discussion relate them to the president's agenda, President Obama's agenda in the United States and more broadly to what a number of other countries around the OECD are talking about. The first set of policies that I want to talk about are ones that expand both growth and opportunity and number one on this list is probably expanding access to preschool. This next chart shows the enrollment age for an early childhood and primary education and by the way I should tell you I picked all four of these charts without looking at the relative position of Ireland and the United States but you're going to tell you in advance you're gonna see a certain pattern in all of the charts I'm gonna show you in that regard but the first is preschool and we're very interested in expanding access to preschool as one of the highest rates of return you can have. The second set of policies are ones that are designed really primarily for growth but by expanding the pie they can disproportionately help labor and economists break down growth in terms of extra labor, extra capital and extra technology. In terms of labor, you see a range of approaches France is focused on expanding birth rates Japan, the United States and other countries are focused on expanding labor force participation especially for women something that you've seen very strikingly in Ireland over the last couple of decades and in the United States we're very focused on common sense immigration reform which would expand the labor force and expand the talent of the labor force. The second area for growth is investment. Private investment is important and I think we need to focus not just on the quantity of investment but the quality of that investment. Business tax reform plays a very important role in that regard, ultimately its goal is a tax system that's more neutral so that businesses make a decision.


I think it just started from the very beginning. We were definitely a lot more locked in focus. Communication was there, effort was there, and we were covering for one another. We haven't played defense like that pretty much the entire season, so it was definitely good to see us taking a step in the right direction. Coach was the highlight of some things that Jeff Grain speaking to the team after Detroit and headed into tonight. Can you kind of expound on that in kind of what his messaging was and what he has meant to the team as a veteran leader in the locker room? Yeah, Jeff didn't have to say a lot. He just said, hey, what are we going to do? Are we going to figure this out? Are we collectively going to come together? Or are we just going to keep having the same talk over and over again, where we lose and it's kind of the same sort of obstacles in the way of why we lost. And it's mostly just stuff that we're doing to ourselves. And it was short and sweet, but it was to the point. And it resonated with everybody. And having somebody like him on the team has been through a lot in his NBA career. It definitely hit everybody where it needed to, and we responded. Greg Logan with the Newsday. Hey, Joe, I asked Steve about the talk he had with DeAndre last night, and he admitted that the two of them got a little angry with each other. But then we see how DeAndre came out tonight and he protected the paint better than anybody has this team all days. And how important was that in his play, especially against the bonuses as physical as he played him? It's huge. He's definitely the anchor of the defense. And he plays like that, protects the rim, gets every rebound. It makes life so much easier for everybody. But I think it was a collective effort. Again, it's a lot easier to play that way when guys are flying around, the communication is there, and you know people have your back.


So I came back to the producer and I said, well, I'll pay for it, just take it out of my check. I didn't have a great check to begin with. It didn't matter. We had Chelsea. So he shows up Sunday, Monday morning, he nails every shot he's in. He works for two days. He's fantastic. Wow. There's no film if there's no, if there's no Chelsea Ross in my mind.


Hi, good morning, and welcome to today's products and focus. I always start off with the US 30 Let's talk about the dollar-ribble, which seems to be overall the news today After the Bank of Russia Unexpectedly raised rates to 17% so it's a six and a half percent jump overnight now What's really really interesting about this? We had 10% increase yesterday and obviously this is due to the the slide and the oil prices really hurting the Ribble also capital fly out of the country And Brent crude is actually broke below $60 for the first time West Texas is at $54 this morning, and we actually had a complete reversal on on dollar-ribble Gapping much lower I'm moving all the way down to just below 60 Now this pretty much took out the entire 10% gain from yesterday, but it's been pushed right back up So this looks to be quite an aggressive trading action right here I'm one that's really gonna be I'm sure surprising the Russian because to have such a staunch seller from the back of a 70 you know 70% interest rate It's incredible to get to do this overnight I feel sorry for anybody who's just about to get their mortgage restored or borrow money in Russia right now But shortly thought is that people wouldn't want to send more money out the country for getting 17% interest rates But anyway look at this we're almost getting pushed back into it's obviously not positive territory because it's got lower this morning, but It's a it's a huge turnaround and it's something that must be really concerning to the Russians So there might be a lot of political reasons for this where this is happening and Obviously the rising interest rates was to stop exactly this from happening But you know when the shark smell of blood in the water I wouldn't be surprised with the center pushing all the way back up to here By the end today, but it's costing somebody a lot of money to do this So we'll have to wait and see what happens. That's dollar-ribble big story today then obviously looking at The at the day horrible horrible candle yesterday off the session lows cap that 55 pure death in me We've managed to muster a really small gain this morning, but it doesn't look good I'm looking at the Germany there in the UK 100 and Japan 25 and they're all struggling this morning We're a good bit away from potential resistance at 17361 But we are a long way away from any potential support levels So if there is continued pressure on the equity markets They have a long way to go before they reach anything remotely looking like support So getting on to The UK 100 the UK 100 had an absolute horror time yesterday. We actually reached all the way down This level here was 61 26 Which is probably about a 9% drop from just the 8th of December So an incredible sell-off right there again off the session lows a small increase this morning looking very shaky 60 73 is the next potential support level quickly followed by the next potential support level Which is round about 6,000 and 15 and that is the low of June 2013 and I wouldn't you know if you go a little bit lower than that You are a long way from home So you can see the next potential support level as all the way down at 58 72 should the sell-off continue and with crude oil still Moving further south UK oil companies are still an energy and resource companies are still going to be under continued pressure So let's see how that how that moves on today Japan 225 another negative day 16392 But there's been a lot of yen buying as well So you compounded the fact Japan the equity selves happening people buying the yen As a safe haven not so much gold incidentally, but certainly dollar yen has reversed course Let's have a look at that dollar yen Again bouncing off potential support 118 the break below that and we're trading below that 21 period SMA opens up 114 74 and we have dipped below that this morning. We've just managed to get our head right back above that level just now But the trend certainly looks negative. So it wouldn't be that surprised me if that support level is under pressure later on this morning So West Texas crude you can see we're firmly at 54 85 this morning The next potential support levels all the way down at $35 the Saudis came out there yesterday or on Sunday evening saying that they're willing to support On the one support, but they were happy to see the price of West but West Texas go from 60 to 50 to 40 if need be And that's obviously added a lot of pressure on to on to what Texas crude Brent is below $60 for the first time in a long time We've not yet broken 54 85 But should be breaking close below that And you have to go into a weekly chart to actually see this in a bit more detail Let me just try and zoom out of there a lot before you can just see the massive gap We have between 54 and 35 and that would bring us right back down to the depth of the credit crunch But then you can see how aggressive that sell-off was Back in the day seems to be even more aggressive at the moment. So if we do break below that I think that is going to be a cause of concern for people who are long crude oil So moving on to gold gold is surprising By not having any formal rally when the yen has been well well bed and see your yen as well as the same But nobody seems to want to touch gold right now Even when the dollar is not doing a huge amount and people are trying to protect themselves But then you do have the FOMC session due tomorrow at 7 p.m. UK time Which could give some further clarity to What's going to be happening in America with interest rates? But way things are right now. I've seen a little bit early to be talking about interest rates Anytime at the start of next year, but gold is selling off very strangely But looking at a 1186 the next potential support level and the chart does not look that attractive So moving on to your dollar your dollars not really been doing too much yesterday same cable today Still in the middle two ranges potential resistance one spot 25 79 and potential sport one spot 23 67 Not a huge amount of economic data. You obviously China disappointed again only just though contracting with their PMI figures Today we do have a lot of data for the UK. We've got CPI and PPI We've got the ZDW business report, which is probably not gonna be that great instantly, but you never know Moving on to GBP USD it did come up a bit more strongly yesterday actually And we are looking at one spot 55 90 or one spot 56 the next potential support Retrain below both moving averages technical indicators are neutral Indicating there could be further to go especially the CPI and PPI numbers disappoint But hopefully hopefully the UK is doing better than some other Countries out there and we also got the RPI as well So it's a huge Array of UK data at 930 and then the ZDW business report at 10 and that one usually is very significant And the forecast was 20 the previous was 11.5 I'll be massive as a prize if we if we get anywhere near 20 today Bearing in mind that we've had quite a lot of misses recently on a lot of the big macro data releases fast forwarding on to Wednesday We've got more UK data And then we've got CPI in the US and that obviously that's huge FOMC session at 7 p.m UK time tomorrow keep your eye on the chart form as ever making sites probably going forward and join me again tomorrow to find out


Hello people of the internet. This is going to be a quick FNAF news video because all the topics are kind of small But hey last episode I told you guys that I cover all of the FNAF news Well, I try to I try to cover all of it and this video is proof of that no matter how small I try my very hardest to inform you guys about everything going on with this franchise So if you want to stay up-to-date subscribing is the best way our first topic this release last night It is Curse of Dreadbear out on the Oculus Quest Stuart will tweet it out ho ho. Oh, no looks like we got our Halloween tangled up with Christmas Curse of Dreadbear DLC is out now on the Oculus Quest and attached to the tweet They have a artwork piece of Dreadbear tangled up with some Christmas lights and he's wearing a Santa hat and Something that's very exciting is that they actually replied to their own tweet saying coming soon to Xbox and Switch so that confirms that they are finally and officially working on Curse of Dreadbear for different Platforms, so yeah, they're working on it for Xbox and Nintendo switch Which is a bit interesting the fact that they didn't say mobile I don't know if they are going to do Curse of Dreadbear for mobile I don't even know if you can do DLC for like mobile games I know you can do like in-game Transactions, you know, like you pay five bucks in-game to get the deal Well, it'll probably be more like 10 because that's how much it costs You pay 10 bucks in the game and then you get the bonus levels I don't know if that's how it's going to work like I said I don't even know if you can attach DLC to mobile games But we're just gonna have to wait and see but this is very exciting Progress is going forward on DLC for other platform. Hopefully not too much longer for Xbox and Switch However, a quick warning if you do have an Oculus Quest and you update your game You may lose your progress. That has been happening to quite a few people They've updated their game on Oculus Quest and all their progress has been erased So if you are updating your game, be careful about that And we have some Fazbear initiative news Kane Carter put out a tweet saying now preparing the kitchen for a Christmas reveal It might seem mundane, but this will instantly show the level of quality We are putting into the environments for popgos evergreen I'm super proud of those involved with the environments And very excited to show off more for you guys And then he attaches this picture to the tweet and My oh my Kane and the people working on evergreen big round of applause This looks incredible and Kane actually replied to someone in the comments And this is apparently what the kitchen looks like This is the official size of the picture And what he's showing off is just that little like section Oh my god, this is gonna be incredible I can't wait to see more reveals in the future Kane and all the people working on evergreen You are doing a fantastic job And now some kind of not FNAF news, but you know I'm throwing it in here just because I think it's very interesting We're talking about Willy's Wonderland again If you don't know what Willy's Wonderland is It's kind of like a FNAF movie alike Starring Nicholas Cage, he's fighting off against you know killer animatronic robots That's why I call it a FNAF movie alike I've done at least one video in the past about Willy's Wonderland It'll be linked down below Basically, like I said, it's a movie It's a horror movie, it's rated R It stars Nicholas Cage fighting off against like eight or so animatronics It's quite a lot And it seems like based off of these brand new posters That got revealed I think today It seems like it's aiming for a winter release date Whether that means December, January, February, March, I don't know But it seems like we can expect not only a trailer soon But maybe the entire movie soon as well There's about five posters I'll put them all on screen right now as I talk about the movie The description reads The janitor Cage finds himself stranded in a remote town Unable to pay the repair shop to fix his GP Agrees to work off his debt by spending the night cleaning Willy's Wonderland An abandoned theme park full of animatronic characters That were once a beacon of fun for children to play with But Willy's Wonderland carries a dark secret That the janitor is about to discover He's been lured into a deadly trap or rather a living nightmare As the Wonderland animatronic characters come to life to destroy him The janitor is forced to fight his way from one monster to another Trying to survive until morning And the janitor doesn't play nice So yeah, I kind of got to mention that It's an action horror movie Nicolas Cage is going to kick hella ass in this movie You betcha, when a full trailer comes out I'll be doing a video on that Because even though it's not necessarily the FNAF movie It's kind of close to it I know some people get irritated when people call Like the banana splints and Willy's Wonderland FNAF like movies But that's what they are, you know The main audience of FNAF Maybe fans of those movies Star and Killer and Matronik So that's why I'm putting it in here That's why I refer to these movies as FNAF-like movies Also, the YouTube algorithm You gotta love it So now let's move on to FNAF A Or we have a few things to talk about here First of which is the merchandise store It's been a bit since I've talked about the store and the items on there I have been getting a lot of items In fact, I should be getting more very soon I just haven't done videos on them So you should expect a FNAF AR merchandise video very, very soon But basically, they've been pumping out content I don't remember the last time I talked about it So I'm just gonna go over the new items You got stuff for the anniversary You got stuff for the Jacko characters Katrina Toy Chica The Thanksgiving event Frostbear stuff The whatever it's called The circus, the Dark Circus event And then you also have like a holiday bundle Which includes some pajamas Yeah, I'm not sponsored to say this But if you want to get some FNAF AR merch It's there Now, the meter of course The second I put out my video on the progress thermometer It goes up another bar Which means we're only two bars away from unlocking Golden Verde Since the progress bar ends tomorrow I believe I think we're gonna have to wait Until the final week of December to get Golden Verde But hey, that's only another week We can live through that So the final thing The brand new character for FNAF AR Who's it gonna be? Well, we have a tweet right here teasing it Arctic Ballora brought temperatures to sub-zero And now all signs warn us of a storm That's coming to winter wonderland It's a little hard to tell who this is hinting at Sub-zero and storm are probably like the main wards That we want to focus on So some like blizzard skin Not character Blizzard skin for who? I don't know I don't know who would work well with a blizzard skin I hope it's not ice I think a snow Skin would be cool I really hope we don't get a third ice skin For this event That is just a little mix I know you said there's not much you can do with a winter theme But that is so not true But anyways, that is it Looking forward to tomorrow The new skin Again, who do you think it is? Leave your comments down below And I'll see you all on the flip side Goodbye Oh shoot You know what I need to talk about? Daco's new song I just did the outro and I completely forgot Daco has a release date for the fetch song Why didn't I talk about this? He released a teaser for it I'll play it right now And he says that the next song fetch Will be released Saturday the 19th of December So if you clicked off the video and you missed that Suck to suck But if you stick around to the end First off, clearly you enjoyed the video So like, subscribe, do all that awesome stuff That makes you awesome Kind of a messy outro But hopefully you guys enjoyed We're gonna do take two Take two of the outro Thanks for watching And I'll see you all on the flip side Goodbye This is ridiculous You've got to be kidding me I just stopped recording two minutes ago And we get Sanchi news Boys Okay Sanchi has just re-released their Golden Freddy plushie And their Freddy plushie for pre-order They also released some exclusive Freddy Fazbear and Golden Freddy Collector pins The plushies are 30 bucks Each in the pins are 11 United States Doll hares each I'm guessing it just like the previous plushies That got re-released Bonnie, Chica and Foxy These are updated slash reimagined versions Of the previous plushies So they're not exact copies But they're slightly different Slightly altered Okay, I'm done This is the final thing If you're stuck till the end of the video You already know what I'm gonna say I've said it already I'm just gonna go For the final time I'm not coming back This is the end of the video Okay, buh-bye Gregory, be still I think she's found us