Hi, beautiful. You look stunning. Are you doing something differently, Leigh? Cause you are glowing. Thank you for being here. Today we're watching some people bleach the f*** out of their hair. They're going to most likely destroy their hair. And I can't wait to watch it. But before we do that, I have a sponsor today. It is Hares. I love having a baby soft, smooth face. It makes my makeup go on better. It makes everything smoother. I feel fresh and I have Hares to thank for that. Some people might think Hares is just a men's brand and that's just not true. They just make great razors at an affordable price that can shave anything, no matter if you're male, female, or anything in between. Their razors give you that smooth, comfortable shave that we all want. And what's even better is that Hares supports great causes. They give 1% to non-profit organizations. Hares is passionate about providing fair price razors for everyone. No pink tags, no outrageous price tags, just premium quality at an extremely affordable price. This aloe-infused shaving gel allows me to shave extremely close to my face. It's so creamy and so rich. My skin is so sensitive, so the aloe vera and cucumber calms my skin while I shave. I'm literally obsessed with this razor. That is in this beautiful orange color. Just feels so right in my hands and my face. There's five blades on here and girl, they are sharp. The fact that Hares is chic, it's high quality and it's inexpensive. That's what I'm looking for in a brand. So you can redeem your trial set for just $3 when you go to harrys.com slash brad. That is also linked below for you.  It's an incredibly great deal, so act fast while supplies last. Thank you, Hares. And let's continue on to watch some epic bleach fails. Let's do it. Up first, we have a video by Nox Sage. This is called bleaching my hair. Gone wrong. Gah.  We're starting off with a really bad uneven palette. It looks all around scary and I hope that he doesn't start bleaching his ends again. Those things are already compromised as f***. So I don't have an actual clip.  At least he's sectioning. That's all I can really ask for at this point in my life. My hair used to be my first. Well, first I dyed it light brown and yeah, it looks like that. It was light brown and then I bleached it and it was like a light golden brown and then I bleached it again and it was orange like this color. And then I bleached it again and it was blonde and then I bleached it again and then it turned out the same thing. And then I bleached it again and it turned like this. Can we count how many times you just said he bleached his hair and put the number on the screen? I think it was around six or something like that.  As long as he just does the roots and not the ends, it'll all be fine. So 30 volume bleep. I hope he doesn't leave it on for too long and I just hope to God that he does not bleach those ends again with 30 volume and then leave it on for like an hour or something. Like that is the worst thing of all that could happen right now. I'm so happy with these sections. They are really well done. So I'm hopeful that he has some skill here. We're starting. Okay, we're doing the roots. He's doing a great job. I know he only put one little splash of bleach on his head but so far, no. Oh no, it's fine. I thought he was doing the ends and I kind of got scared for a second but it's fine, he's not doing the ends. That was beautiful. You see the way he just sectioned that hair out? That was talent. So far, so good. I don't really know where he's going to go wrong unless he just overlapped a lot on what he just did. It might end up causing breakage but his hair looks very coarse and thick. Typically it's not going to snap off too easily. So he might be okay. What is going on now? Everything that's going on now I don't like.  Oh my God, oh my God. The hair is very, very bleach and already white. Why are we foiling it with 30 volume? This is really scary all of a sudden. Also I'm happy that he's using enough bleach though. You see how he's saturating those sections all nicely. He knows kind of what he's doing like a little bit. Cut a timer for 20 minutes. There's so much heat going on right now. So he has the heat from his scalp. He has the heat from the foils and he put a bag on his head. So we're just getting like triple heat right now with 30 volume and he's going to leave it on for 20 minutes. I mean at least it's not like 45 or an hour but it is going to get really steamy in there and really overlighten his hair to the point where his hair is probably going to snap off. Oh my gosh. Okay, it's still on his head. The back looks nice and bright. It still looks a little yellow. Ew.  So the weirdest part about this is that, well I guess it's not that weird but his hair is still not blonde. After like 25 times of bleaching it, it's still not blonde. That's because he went like red before with a box dye or whatever he used before. I don't know if it's box dye, I'm assuming. It just will not fully come out. Like those molecules are locked in there and they're like, I'm not coming out. And so now he's bleached his hair to absolute oblivion and it is not coming back. Like this is it, it is falling out, it is done, it is over, it is, its whole lifespan is over. Oh thank God we're cutting it. That's not how you cut hair. I'm just gonna be honest with you, that's just not how you cut it. What are these scissors?   Like this is not worth it. This is mortifying. This almost like feels fake but it's not. Like he's clearly cutting all of his hair off right now and it looks terrible. I'm shocked, I don't even know what to say. I'm sorry. Okay after I'm done, I'm gonna let this marinate. So this is how my hair turned out. So yeah, you're getting dewy. I look like an old man probably but that's all right. If you want to bleach your hair, just like do it. Cause live, laugh, love, lie. That's right. If you want to just color your hair baby, live, laugh, love and do it. They ended up with a really cute look. Even though I couldn't really see it, like a lot of shadow on your head. You're trying to hide something or like what? What's going on here? I feel like it was definitely still spotty and definitely all over the place but at least it looked a whole lot better than what they started with. I wouldn't have done that. Next time just do your roots or the yellow parts. Don't go and bleach the whole thing and also just let's not switch our minds to color all the time, you know? Let's just stick with one path. Let's not do red and then blonde and then bleh, bleh, bleh, bleh, bleh, bleh. Let's just do blonde, you know?  Just be precise like you were with your bleaching and just don't re-bleach your ends a million times, okay?   Don't ever do that again. Let's move on to the next video. Up next we have a video by City Beach Girl 4 and this is called I Fried My Hair Off Bleach Fail Part 1. So if you guys could see, my hair is completely faded. It was periwinkle and soft lavender from the door and it didn't look like this. Like the hair looked more purple and I lightened it but the amount of times I had light in the bottom it was basically at a level 10 and my roots stood at like a level nine I'll say. So you can see the banding. So what I'm thinking is to strip it. Okay, so already her hair looks a bit dry and a bit damaged, you know. She said her ends were at a level 10 when she last bleached it and her mids and roots at a level nine. So we got nines and tens working on there so hopefully she's not about to bleach the entire thing again but I think she is because she's trying to remove all of this color that she has in her hair. I don't know if that's even gonna work. I don't know, this might be tough to remove. We shall see. And then applying lightener to the tops because I do have a little bit of root but it's not so much where I would expect banding. I think it'll be perfect because the heat from my head would lighten it at a good enough speed to lighten.  I mean, there's literally a centimeter. I don't know how you're gonna get that root without overlapping and causing breakage which you know, she probably did do that so we'll see. So I'm going to do a baking soda bath. I feel like it's gonna be healthier but I'm gonna use some dish soap, 20 volume developer. I would use 10 but I don't have 10 so I'm not even gonna bother. And I'm also gonna use some shimmer lights, purple shampoo. Normally I'd say this is fine but she's trying to remove all of her color. She's not just trying to like do another bright color over what she has. She's trying to fully remove the color I think and like do blonde.   And we are going right onto those roots that have not been lightened yet which is going to cause them to lighten because you're using 20 volume. So I don't know, it just doesn't seem like a good idea but I don't think you need the purple shampoo and it's gonna actually just bring you back a step rather than forward a step. I'm gonna use a bag to try to lock in some heat. 30 minutes, I'm gonna rinse this out and hopefully as much pigment is gone. Hopefully I don't have to do a round two. Typically these things are like quick ways of lightening out color. It's more like if you put it in, you wait five minutes. You kind of mush it around, really rough up the cuticle a little bit and then rinse out with warm water and it should come out. 30 minutes is a long time for this. It didn't strip all the color.  So we're gonna apply the bleach from the roots to like the banding line. That's the worst idea ever. So you're gonna need to bleach your roots first. You know, do the darkest parts first, select those process and then when they achieve that kind of yellowy color that your mids are at, then you can start pulling through some color on the mids and let that sit for like five or 10 minutes but you don't wanna let the whole thing process at the same amount of time because you're gonna end up with really yellow roots and white, white mids that will probably fall off because they're both processing at the same amount of time and they're both very different colors. So not a good idea. Fix another bowl of bleach with 20 volume developer for the end. No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no. Literally at this point, all you need to do is put a toner on your hair. Toner is a miracle for like trying to reverse any like fashion colors you have going on. I would just recommend toning it a blonde color instead of trying to lift it all out with bleach because it's not gonna happen. You're always gonna have that a little bit of a tint leftover. And we're reapplying the Blightner to the mids and roots. We're putting fresh bleach on that hair. That means it's going to lift even further. We're mixing 30 volume and 20 volume, which makes a 25 volume. It's going to, it's a lot. Stop reapplying the bleach. Stop. Oh my God, I'm so scared to brush it. Don't touch your hair though. I'm trying to do a little by little so there's not as much damage. Normally I would be like, don't touch your hair. It's wet, it's at some of fragile state. Like don't do that. There's no saving this. Like all the pigment in our hair is completely gone. The whole structure's been compromised.  Like it's gonna go. It's, this isn't gonna dry. This is really, really, really bad.  After spending $80, they cut it what is what? Instead of saying like, you know, she couldn't do it. She said she could do it. No worries. She threw a price $40. Then in the mix of it, she kept saying, oh I have the serum that I could put on your hair. I have the serum I could put on your head and it's gonna fix everything. It's gonna soften all your hair. I'm not at Barber's, so I don't keep clippers. From the photo, I told her like, she was like, oh see, look, it looks pretty. And then she hits me with, this is why I'm mad. I'm not at Barber's, so I don't keep clippers. So if you've seen in the photo, the girl has a buzz cut that you know you need to do with clippers, why tell me you could take me from the get? Ooh, whoa, okay. Yeah, that's a no, no, no, no, no. Makes me mad.  Go, if you're cutting hair, you should have clippers. That's crazy, I'm sorry. Also, if you don't have clippers, you can do scissor over a comb, babe. You don't need clippers. You can do everything with your scissors. This is the lesson word. I need to stop crying and being a baby. I think I'm just emotional because I felt like I could come out the end. You know, if you mess it up, just dress it up. You could totally shave your head. I think it would look so good and I think it'd be great to just start over. I think that's your best option. Other than that, I do like the haircut that you brought into the hairdresser. I would say go with that. All you gotta do is section out this top bit, shave the underneath. It'll look dope. It'll look really cute. I guess there's three options. You could also keep what you have now. Do a little root shadow. It definitely needs a toner desperately. It's still in that really raw white kind of yellow stage. You need to give it a little more depth. And then also just put in like a pomade or gel and slick it all back. It'll look so cute. It'll really combat your face shape and it'll look beautiful. I think your hair is still salvageable. At least it's dry. That means you have a little bit of health left in there and just keep doing some treatments and masks and just take good care of it and don't ever do that again. Those were so bad. And I hope both of you guys are doing well and are all good and your hair is growing back nicely and I just hope everything's fine. You know, everything's going good now. We're not doing this anymore to ourselves. Cool. If you guys are already subscribed, make sure you do right down below. Hit the like button and the bell icon to be notified every time I post a new video. Make sure you follow me everywhere else. Here are all my social media handles all around me. Go for it. This is my phone number. Make sure you text me. Yes, I really do see some of your texts and yes, I really will be texting back a few of you guys if you text me right now. This will also keep you notified every time I post a new video. Make sure you guys check out my hair care line and my color line at xmodohair.com. It is linked below. You can also check us out on Instagram at xmodohair and xmodocolor for amazing hair inspiration. You can shop my Live Your Extra Life merch. We have sweatpants, hoodies, t-shirts, bags, hats. It's so freaking cute. I wear it all the time. Basically in every video I'm wearing my Live Your Extra Life pants. If you ever want to know what's underneath the table, it's the pants. You can shop the merch right down below. Today's Instagram shout out goes to Madison. She says, I've been very chiseled on my whole 25 years of life. Is that like my color? Or should I rock something else? I'm fair with neutral undertones, green eyes, and I'm recovering from trick. So I don't have a ton of hair. Maybe a semi-demi permanent color? I don't know. Okay, I really like your hair color now. I think if anything, maybe just a darker root or just some lowlights thrown in there to give you more dimension and make your hair look a little bit fuller. But I do like the blonde on you. And if you do have a little bit of hair loss going on, then the blonde is gonna help make your hair a little more coarse and more full and thicker. So I think this is a good choice for you. I also like the length. I really don't have much I would say. Maybe just try a middle part. I think it would look really good on you. Maybe a little more wavy. Even a little shorter would look cute. But I like what you have going on and it looks really good on your skin. And yeah, I feel like you're just like a blonde for lifer. That helps you. I know it wasn't much, but I think you look beautiful the way you are. That's all for today, guys. Thank you so much for watching.  And I'll see you next time. Bye, guys.


Hey, my name's Brett and I am one week in to developing my first significant game project that is going to be a retro inspired turn-based RPG and Right now it's called Lunar Legacy, but I think I'll figure out a different name I wanted to share my progress so far a couple of things worth noting is is This character spray is just stolen from Dragon Quest one on the Super Nintendo as is a couple other pieces of art, so I toss those into experiment and Make progress and I'll definitely be replacing those with my own art Okay, so as you can see you have this flavor who you can move around the map Input works with keyboard It also works with a controller using an Xbox controller And you can walk up to these squares, which are NPCs and Talk to them. So this character this NPCs character's name is May May says hello in May That's some pixel art I made as an avatar as an example. So it shows avatar You can progress through the text may says I'm an NPC that means non-player character I have multiple lines of dialogue with a lot to say and then that closes and you can go back to walking around Got another NPC. I'm an NPC with no name. I'm not sure how I even made the cut You can go up and down doors or Stairs they're called doors in the code, but they're stairs to go to different levels and Talk to an NPC. This is an example of a cutscene that this old man will load Where it loads into a different state where I would like to display images and Almost have like a visual novel type cutscene I was a young lad a spring chicken that was when I saw her she was feeding the horses and I stood there watching unable to look away That's just garbage text Weren't those the days? Prey, which is just the word sprite without the S. It says Prey says so I guess there's some monsters on the next floor. Would you be able to help us out and defeat them? Thanks So let's go to the next floor and fight some monsters. So here we have a slime from Dragon Quest if you collide with Monster on the field the goes into combat pops up. It says a wild slime appears And you have this combat menu where you can choose what to do. You can defend El raises your shield and brace this for attack. Ella is the temporary name for the main character The slime attacks we defend so it only does one damage if we attack We do three damage to the slime slime attacks back for three damage because we didn't defend so the slime does more damage You can see L's HP bar goes down. I would like to display L's avatar and Make this combat seem more in-depth also that background behind this slime is also from Dragon Quest. So That's the main inspiration for the game We'll attack again to feed the slime a little jingle plays and you gain experience the experience doesn't do anything yet But eventually it would lead to leveling up and that sort of thing And now you can see the slime has gone from the map We can keep exploring the map and there are other slimes But I want to quick show off the pause menu Since this game is going to turn based RPG A lot of it's menu driven with cursor input Where you move up and down generally and then confirm or you can go backwards So you can press B or start to close and open this pause menu and then within the pause menu There's a toggle full screen that works, but that Will screw up the recording so I won't click it Um, and you can go to system and you can actually save the game You can quit the desktop. You can return to title screen. So let's save And then let's return to title screen and I'll show loading the game So it loads you back where you are that slime we defeated earlier Still there so like when you reload a level or map The enemies will respawn, but I don't want me in my catnip. So I thought that was a nice compromise and Yeah, so let's save game And then pretty simple. It doesn't save everything it needs to yet, but the basics are working Also in combat you can flee And then run away. I'd make it so like sooner I would like to make the map enemies Troll around And follow a kind of path and then chase the player if they see the player and then What would happen is after you flee they would kind of flash And be paused for a little bit so you can get away Yeah, so that's the current progress of this the plan for it is to I want to take this prototype a little bit farther. I have a couple things I need to figure out And I'll go into in-depth into those kinds of things like map editing and making the art How the NPC dialogue gets written and more than all lives in the future because I'm still getting that all kind of settled down And then once that gets Solid and I feel good about the simplified systems I want to actually produce a smaller shorter finished game maybe like a couple of hours. I have a the story Outlined and the characters the locations all that stuff is Figured out But I actually want to go into producing it making the art sound fights music Coding it up adding some more systems to this, but yeah, the basics are here which I feel really Really good about and Would love to share my updates every so often maybe once a month every time I hit like a major Complete a major step in the project development. I'd love to share more Some really quick info about the project is I'm Using this library Somewhere between a library and engine called hacksfixl hacksfixl hacksfixl is uses the hacks programming language, so You can see here like I'll open up the player class It's kind of like C sharp It's garbage collected and it's the framework does a lot for you. It's Pretty solid and stable. It's been around for At least 10 years, so there's not like it's not tumultuous projects have shipped with it And the really nice thing for it is its cross-platform so I can build and compile it for Mac Windows Linux HTML5 for the web, which is quite nice. That'd be an easy way to share the game I hope with people without them having to download it. Also, you can build it for iOS and Android And console games have been built and shipped with it. So That's kind of cool. Lots of potential. I like that And I like that I can work on it on my Mac and test it on windows that kind of thing So, yeah, that's pretty much it so far. I don't want to really dive into the code in this update, but That could be something fun to do in the future But that's my current progress for a week I've worked on smaller games before little prototypes and demos, but nothing I've never finished a significant project. So for me, I'm trying to embrace constraints and those constraints being 16 by 16 pixels. I'm using the jmp color palette, which is a 16 color palette for the art and um Yeah, having a really limited combat system where it's 1v1 Not really having magic yet. So I want to tell this story, build this small game get this sort of the pipeline of producing the game finished or working release something and then make the next project even a little bit bigger and a little bit bigger and keep upgrading and I think by having ideas writing them down and saying that's for the next project has helped me stay focused and hopefully I'll continue to make steady progress and I'm looking forward to sharing it. So yeah, thanks for checking out episode one of making a 16 bit inspired turn-based RPG. All right. Thanks and take care. Bye


In the last lecture, we had brought in the concept of a dielectric. We said that in while in conductors, the charges are free in the sense that the carriers of electricity they do not remain tightly bound to an atom or a molecule. There are situations in insulators where what you find is that the electrical charges retain their identity to the molecule or the atom to which they belong. The we had talked about two different types of materials, one where even in the absence of an electric field, there is a separation of the positive and the negative charges, thereby the molecule getting a what is we can say as a permanent dipole moment. On the other hand, there are molecules or systems where in the absence of an electric field, the charge centers that is the positive and the negative charge centers they coincide. However, if you apply an electric field, these charge centers are pulled apart and as a result the system or the atoms and the molecules they develop what is what can be called as an induced type of moments. So, basically these are the class of materials which go by a common name of dielectric as opposed to the conductors where the charge carriers are said to be free. So, what we did last time is to look at the concept of what happens in a situation like this and what we said is that the system because in the presence of an electric field for instance, the there is a separation of the charges. So, the molecules they aligned in the way it is shown here, for instance you notice the negative there end to end negative positive negative positive etcetera. Now, what you notice is in this area in the central region there is a negative charge for instance which sort of acts as a source for the electric field. So, notice that here I have a source which has come because of the way the molecules of the material have become aligned and this is what we have been calling as the bound volume charge. . The other thing that happens is that if you look at the boundary of the thing then you notice again that there is a separation of charge that is the edges seems to get charged. For instance the here I have shown on a particular type of alignment in which this edge becomes negatively charged and this edge becomes positively charged. Now, the second thing that we did last time is to look up a what we called as a multi pole expansion. The basically we are interested in finding out the potential due to a an arbitrary charge distribution.   Now, what we do here is this that since r is a fixed position at which we are interested in finding out the potential this quantity we expand. There is a 1 over r minus r prime which is being expanded and I sort of in principle this is an infinite series, but what has been generally found is that for most physical situation if you retain up to the first the first term as you realize is just I am expanding 1 over r minus r prime by r and 1 over r I have taken out. So, in the first term I simply get rho r prime d cube r prime as you can see this is just the total charge q. So, therefore, this term is the total charge q divided by r which is exactly the expression that we have when a point charge located at the origin its potential is calculated at the point r. Now, notice the reason why it is true I have made this expansion for r very large that is further away from the charge distribution. Now, if r is very large if I am looking at a potential at a large distance from a charge distribution as a very crude first approximation it turns out that that charge distribution seems like a point charge. Now, since it looks like a point charge to the leading order in the expansion I just get the potential due to a point charge which is q by r which is exactly what is shown here. Now, when you go to the next term. So, I have got 1 minus r prime by r to the power minus 1. So, therefore, my leading term now becomes this the other than 1 over r square which comes out.  Now, let us look at this quantity here.  Now, this is the quantity which we define to be the dipole moment. They as you can see that this is a straight forward generalization from the way we define a point dipole where we had simply 2 charges which were separated by a distance d and we said that the dipole moment has a magnitude q times d and its direction is from the negative charge to the positive charge. Now, what I have done here is to essentially extend the same concept to a charge distribution and here again I get a distance times the charge density and the direction will still be from negative charge to the positive charge. Now, this is what we call as the dipole and we are going to be looking at this term in lot more detail as we go along. The next term in the expansion is what we call as a quadrupole term and I had shown you last time that the quadrupole term is given by I am basically looking at this expression here which is 3 x i prime x j prime minus r prime square delta i j rho r prime d cube r prime. And you notice that this x i and x j these are the components of the position r prime. So, for example, 1 2 is x y etcetera and so this quantity this integral is what is known as a quadrupole moment tensor. You can see there are 9 quantities there because i and j can each run from 1 to 3 that is x y and z. So, and for most practical situations this essentially is the distance to which we have to do the expansion and further expansion which would be octa pole and things like that they are normally not of much use. Just a comment on the quadrupole the notice that q i j is d cube r 3 x i x j minus delta i j r square rho r. Now, this quantity has certain properties which you can very easily show. First is that quadrupole moment tensor is traceless. Now, you can see that you remember that trace is simply the sum of the diagonal components of a matrix. So, if you just look at how much is the diagonal component you can trivially prove that this quantity is 0. The second thing that you can prove which I will talk about it in my lecture that typically the quadrupole field goes as 1 over r to the power 4. Now, like point dipole one can think of quadruples. Now, the quadruples there can be various types. For instance we could think in terms of a n to n quadrupole meaning there by I have got let us say minus q then plus q then plus q and minus q that is that is a charge plus 2 q at one end at the center and a minus q minus q there. This is what I will call as a linear quadrupole. You could think of the 4 charges distributed in a slightly different fashion. For example, they could be distributed at 4 corners of a square. So, I get q here minus q there plus q there and minus q there. So, this also is an orientation or a configuration for a quadrupole. We will be looking at quadrupole as we go along with the lecture slate. The point about dipole which is going to be the primary subject of discussion in today's lecture is that if you look at the dipole expression dipole moment expression vector p equal to integral rho r vector r d q r. You notice this could in general depend upon a choice of origin.  So, look at the first term you notice that this is nothing but the dipole moment with respect to the new variable that I have chosen minus since a is a constant I have got rho r prime d q r prime. This quantity is nothing but the total charge. So, the expression for the dipole moment will not depend upon the origin if the total charge is equal to 0. If q equal to 0 p is independent of origin. So, this is about some general comments about dipole moment and let us proceed with what we were talking about. So, I defined the polarization vector as the dipole moment per unit volume. So, I take a unit volume I take a volume v make a vector sum of all the dipoles there in and divide it by the volume that is being considered. Now, the we derived the expression for the potential of this collection of dipoles potential due to this collection of dipoles and what we found last time was that the general term general expression for the potential due to a collection of dipole is given like this 1 over 4 pi epsilon 0 of course and I have got a this is actually consists of two terms.  Now, if you look at these expressions you notice that this is the type of expression we would get for the potential due to a charge distribution for example, in this case it is a surface charge distribution. So, if I had a surface charge density sigma in place of this p r prime dot n which is nothing but the normal component of the polarization vector if I replace this with sigma b then this would be the potential expression due to such a surface charge distribution and similarly if minus del prime dot p prime is replaced by a volume charge density rho b then this should be identical to the potential that I get due to a volume charge distribution rho b within this volume. So, this tells me that the polarization vector is related to the bound charges by this expression that rho bound let me give the symbol rho b this is nothing but the minus del dot p where p is the polarization vector and sigma b which is the surface charge distribution is given by the normal component of the polarization vector. .. The effect of the dielectric is to essentially given by a sum of a volume charge density rho b and a surface charge density sigma b and how does it modify the Maxwell's equation that we are familiar with remember del dot b was equal to rho by epsilon 0. Now this is the actual electric field, but now my rho can have two components first is of course could be the free charges that are there in the system. So, let me call it rho free and the bound charges that have been developed because of the polarization. So, it is rho f plus rho b divided by epsilon 0. Now notice this makes it more difficult to compute the electric field which is the actual electric field that a test charge at the location where the electric field is calculated will feel. Now in order to make some sense out of it what one does is to define an auxiliary vector which we call the displacement vector or is simply called the vector d. Now this is defined to be epsilon 0 times the electric field plus the polarization vector p. Now note that the vector d and vector e do not have the same dimensions because there is a permittivity constant coming in there. Now using this I can write down the Maxwell's equations like this what is del dot d. So, notice del dot d is epsilon 0 del dot e plus del dot of p and we have just now seen that del dot of e is rho free plus rho bound divided by epsilon 0 and minus del dot of p is just rho bound. So, therefore, this is minus rho bound. So, after canceling the epsilon 0's what I am left with is simply rho free. First thing there are two interesting points to note the displacement vector satisfies a Maxwell's equation that its divergence is given in terms of the free charge density. Now remember I it is much easier than to calculate d because I would know how I would have a better information about free charge density than I have about the bound charge density because bound charge density is an internal mechanism. Mind you that the bound charges are as much of a real charge as the free charges are there is nothing they are not fictitious charges they are actual charges accepting that they still remain attached to their parent molecules. So, del dot of d is rho free. Now one can then write down the Maxwell's equation in the integral form recall that integral of del dot of d d q r is then equal to integral rho f d q r and I use the divergence theorem to convert this divergence of d over a volume to a surface integral of d over a closed surface containing the volume. So, it will be d dot d s and that is equal to integral rho f d q r which is nothing but the free charge total free charge. So, this is the integral form of the Maxwell's equation and once again note that the vector d is related to the free charge density whereas the vector e is related to both free charge density and the bound charge density and the realistic field is actually the vector e though we might occasionally find it easier to work with vector d which is determined in terms of the free charge density about which we may have little more information. Having done this let us look at the boundary conditions that we satisfy. Now notice this is very similar to what we did in case of a conducting boundary accepting that you have to remember that in when we took a Gaussian pill box half outside a conductor and half inside a conductor the electric field inside was 0 that is no longer true here. So, let me first just take assume there are no free charge makes life simple assume there are only bound charges. Now if I now have a Gaussian pill box with of a very small width height half into the polarized medium namely the dielectric and half outside namely to the vacuum then I can write del dot of e d cube r because remember that I have no free charges. So, e we have already seen that this would generally then mean this is minus integral del dot p divided by epsilon 0 d cube r we only assume bound charges that is integral e dot d s is 1 over epsilon 0 if I convert this to a surface integral this becomes 1 over epsilon 0 p dot d s. Now, now what we do is this that since these have now been converted to surface integrals I look at the two surfaces remember that the thickness is so small that from the curved surfaces there is no contribution to this integral. So, what we do is this and we also realize that the direction of the normal for the outside surface is opposite to the direction of the normal for the inside surface. Now as a result what we get is this that e out that is the field outside minus e n dot n d s the minus sign comes because the direction of n is opposite and that is equal to p dot n d s and the reason is that there is no polarization outside. So, therefore, I have only contribution from inside and we already know that this p dot n d s is nothing p dot n is nothing but my bound charge density the surface bound charge density there is delta is missing here. So, if you look at that what I get is that the discontinuity in the electric field e out minus e n as was before given by the surface charge density divided by epsilon 0 and this is precisely what we had earlier as well accepting that in this particular case the surface charge density is purely due to the bound surface charge density. This is one of the boundary conditions that we have. The second boundary condition is actually on the tangential component and this is done exactly the same way as before that is take a circuit and since the electric field is a conservative field just go round the circuit and you get if this is the medium 2 this is the medium 1 I get e 2 t is equal to e 1 t. They look at this we had said that d is equal to epsilon 0 e plus p and so, therefore, you can now convert this boundary condition that we did for e to a boundary condition on d and that gives me d out normal component out minus d normal component in is freeze free charge density surface charge density of the free carriers. So, at all stages the vector d is related to free charge density whether they are on the surface as it happens in case of a conductor or inside the material. So, d n normal component of d is discontinuous only if there is a charge surface across which there is a discontinuity. This is exactly the same thing as we had talked about for the normal component of the electric field when we were talking about conductors. The difference is that because of the difference in their dimensionality the d n out minus d n in is simply equal to sigma b no epsilon 0 etcetera and the tangential component of the full electric field e is continuous. So, these are the things that we need to learn. Now, there is a class of dielectric known as the linear dielectric. Now, in a linear dielectric the polarization vector that is the dipole moment per unit volume is proportional to the electric field e itself. Now, so therefore, what one does is to write the polarization vector as some constant which we will write as epsilon 0 times some number chi e and chi e is normally defined to be a susceptibility and so epsilon 0 chi times e. Now, notice that d is epsilon 0 e plus p by definition. So, therefore, if you replace p by epsilon 0 chi this gives you epsilon 0 into 1 plus chi times e. This quantity 1 plus chi is called the dielectric constant that is a number kappa. So, epsilon 0 times kappa this kappa is the dielectric constant and the epsilon which is the product of epsilon 0 times kappa is usually called the permittivity of the medium that is the polarized medium just as epsilon 0 was called as the permittivity of the free space. So, epsilon and epsilon 0 are related by a dielectric constant. Now, let me now go over and try to illustrate some specific methods of doing problems with dielectric. This problem is where we consider two semi infinite dielectrics. Well, one we will take to be epsilon 2 which could be epsilon 0 for example and epsilon 1 and I assume that the epsilon 1 fills the entire half space z greater than 0 and the interface is z equal to 0 which is perpendicular to the plane of the figure and epsilon 2 you could take it as vacuum, but once again it is in general another dielectric. Now, so what we want is this in the dielectric when I use the word dielectric I mean epsilon 1 here and I will occasionally call epsilon 2 as epsilon 0 which is my vacuum. So, epsilon 2 exists in the space z less than 0 and therefore, there is since there are no charges in the region z less than 0 I know that epsilon 2 times del dot e must be equal to 0. The in the region z greater than 0 epsilon 1 del dot e I know is nothing, but the charge density rho. There is a charge at least here because we have put a charge at the position d the how does not solve this problem. The basic principle of solving this problem is to observe that the normal component of the vector d and the tangential component of the vector e must be continuous at the surface which is at z is equal to 0. And since my surface is z is equal to 0 my normal direction is the z direction. So, since the normal component let me assume a linear dielectric. So, if I have a linear dielectric the relationship between the electric field and the field d is given by d is equal to epsilon that is the permittivity of the medium times the electric field. So, therefore, the normal component of the electric field in this medium is epsilon 1 times e z and the normal component of the electric field in the other medium is epsilon 2 times e z well I have said in out. So, these are essentially the z components I know tangential component of the electric field e is continuous. And since z is equal to 0 is nothing, but the x y plane you could take any two directions there let us call it x and the y direction. So, that I have x component of the electric field e is the same as the x component inside and the same is true for the y component. So, basically the tangential components are continuous. Now, you recall that when we did the problem of a charge in front of a conducting grounded conducting medium or conducting plane we had seen that the problem can be solved by what we called as a method of images. And what we did there is to put an equal and opposite charge at the image position. This was done so that the boundary condition at the surface of the conductor namely the electric field becoming equal to 0 can be satisfied. So, let us look at what happens in this case. Now, what we do is this that look at this picture once again before I describe the method I recall that whenever we are doing solutions of problems like this we depend on the famous uniqueness theorem namely that this solution of the Laplace's or the Poisson's equation that we are getting they are unique. And so therefore, it is immaterial how you get it once you have got it and it satisfies this equation you are perfectly. So, let us look at that situation. Now, in the z greater than 0 that is in the medium which I have been calling as the dielectric. Now, what we could do is that the solution in this medium is the same as what one would obtain if one were to fill up the entire space with a dielectric medium having a dielectric permittivity epsilon 1. And replacing and putting a charge q prime at a distance d from the origin in the left hand side. So, notice that what I have done is to this q is my original charge and this is at a distance d into the medium. Now, I am saying that this imagine that the entire medium is uniform medium and you put a charge q prime at a distance d here. So, that I have got a charge q and its image q prime. Now, since these are just two point charges in a dielectric medium epsilon 1 I can write down at any arbitrary point p the potential due to such a charge distribution. And I notice that I can write phi 1 is equal to 1 over 4 pi epsilon 1 q by z minus d whole square plus rho square rho is nothing but x square plus y square and q prime by z plus d whole square plus rho square to the power half. Now, notice that if you took the Laplacian of this equation this gives you the singularity at the point where the charge q is situated. So, therefore, this indeed is the solution of the Laplace's equation that we set out or Poisson's equation that we set out to solve. Now, what happens to the field in the left hand side that is z less than 0. Once again I assume that the entire space can be considered to be filled up by a charge by a dielectric epsilon 2 all over. And in this case I substitute or I put an image charge which I have called as q double prime. So, in all words q double prime gives me the solutions of the Laplace's equation in this problem.  Once again if you did the Laplacian of this you will find that this the Laplace's equation is satisfied there are no singularities in this problem. So, what do I do now? So, what we do is this I have got two expressions. I have got an expression for phi 1 which is the field in the right hand side and I have got an expression for phi 2 which is an expression for the potential in the region to the left. And I need to satisfy the boundary conditions and these boundary conditions are things which we have discussed a little while back namely the normal component of d is continuous. So, let us look at what is normal component of d. So, the normal component of d let us just do calculation for one of them. So, what is d 1 m? I know that d 1 m remember that this is a linear dielectric. So, all that I need is epsilon 1 times e 1 m. So, that will cancel out this epsilon 1 that is here and I will be left with 1 over 4 pi this is I know that negative gradient of the potential is what I need to calculate. So, it is minus d phi 1 by d r because these are normal derivative. So, since well d actually d n and since the normal direction is just the z direction. So, d 1 n is same as 1 over 4 pi times minus d by d z of this big expression that we wrote down. This is a very easy differentiation to do because I have got 1 over z minus d whole square. So, you notice this is 1 over 4 pi minus sign I have got q of course, let me keep take the q outside. I have got z minus d whole square plus rho square to the power 3 by 2 and a minus half and d by d z of this thing. So, which is simply 2 times z minus d and a very similar calculation for this one. So, let me put the q inside here and a q prime there. So, this will be simply replacing with 2 z plus d q prime and by z plus d whole square plus rho square to the power 3 by 2 and of course, minus a half again. You can simplify this and notice that you have to take z equal to 0. So, that both these terms will have the same denominator and as a result these 2 terms can be added up very simply. So, this is this will give you one equation. I do a similar job for the second term I am not working it out and you notice that this will give me an equation of this type q minus q prime by d square plus rho square to the power 3 by 2 equal to q double prime divided by d square plus rho square to the power 3 by 2. The second condition that I must satisfy is that the tangential component of E must be continuous and what is tangential component? Tangential component is differentiation with respect to either x or y. Remember rho square in my denominator is nothing but x square plus y square. So, once again the it is a fairly straight forward derivation and with this you get these 2 equations. They are fairly easy to solve and what you find is that the this gives you the amount of 2 image charges that you have. Turns out q prime is epsilon 1 minus epsilon 2 by epsilon 1 plus epsilon 2 times q and q double prime is 2 times epsilon 2 by epsilon 1 plus epsilon 2 by q. So, this is a method of solving the problem at with image charges. So, notice that what we have done is this. We have assumed that the dielectric is linear and there are no free charges accepting probably at z is equal to d and you notice this implies since it is a linear dielectric I am a polarization vector is proportional to E. So, that the dielectric vector d, d is proportional to E. So, that del dot of p becomes equal to 0 and since del dot of p is equal to 0 there are no volume charge densities. However, there is a bound surface charge and the bound surface charge you notice can be easily calculated because we had seen that the surface charge density is the normal component of the polarization vector. So, that it is p 1 dot n 1 plus p 2 dot n 2 and I know that the direction of the normal is the z direction which is towards the positive z for the medium to the right hand side and towards the negative z for the medium on the left hand side. So, therefore, one can write this as minus p 1 dot z plus p 2 dot z. We have just now written down that p is proportional to E and so I just rewritten it here and you notice that since the normal component of electric field the d field is continuous that will cancel two of the terms there and I will be left with simply sigma b equal to epsilon 0 e 1 z minus e 2 z. So, this is the surface charge density. So, this is the way one does use uses image charges for these problems. Let me look at a problem which once again we did it for the case of a conducting sphere. We had seen how the field lines are modified near a conducting sphere if it is put in a uniform electric field along the z direction. So, let me look at what happens to a dielectric sphere. Let me say that there is an electric field E along the z direction. So, let me write it down by electric field E is E 0 z. The corresponding potential which should be applicable at far distances external potential at large distances should be minus E 0 z and since I am going to be using spherical symmetry. Let me write it as minus E 0 z cos theta. So, this should be the form of the potential at large distances from the sphere. Now, we had seen that one can have a an expression for the potential in general using associated Legendre functions which is nothing but an expansion in various cosine theta cos theta cos square theta etcetera. Now, since I know that whatever is the form of the potential it must reduce to minus E 0 cos theta at large distances. So, what we will do is this that the field in vacuum has to be given by.  So, this is the field outside the dielectric. Notice that all that I can have is a cos theta term. So, that at large distances I recover this back and there is no 1 over r term because there is no point source of charge. So, b 1 by r square cos theta is what I have which is of course, a term which would vanish at infinite distance leaving me only with a 1 r cos theta. The field in the dielectric I should write in a very similar way accepting that the constant let it be different.  So, as a result the I cannot have the potential diverging at that point. Now, first thing is to notice that at large distances this must boil down to minus E 0 r cos theta that tells me that the constant a 1 is nothing but minus E 0. The other thing to notice is that the potential itself is a continuous function because if it were not then the field at the surface of the dielectric would become infinite. So, since the potential is continuous for all theta. So, we put r is equal to a in these two expressions and equate them. So, that tells me that minus E 0 a plus b 1 by a square is equal to a 2 a cos theta has been cancelled because this relationship must be valid for all angles theta. The third condition is there are no free charges on the surface. So, as a result the normal component of D must be continuous that gives me a another relationship that I am looking for the if you solve these expressions you can write down what are a 1 a 2 and b 1 and get an expression for the potential phi 2 for instance and get what is electric field. What we will do is that take this result next time and find out what is the effect of the polarization of the medium on the electric field lines that are there due to the external uniform electric field.


The Mutual Broadcasting System in cooperation with Family Theatre Incorporated presents Life's a Circus, starring Margaret O'Brien and Pat O'Brien. Fred Allen is your host.  Now, here is your Family Theatre host for tonight, Fred Allen. You often hear about people getting up petitions. Petitions to stop one thing or do away with something else. I remember someone once wanted me to sign a petition to do away with radio comedians. Well, that's how it goes. So now I have a petition, but I don't want to do away with anything. I want to bring something back. Something that should be in every home. Prayer. Family prayer. That traditional custom of home life. The custom of gathering our family together to thank God for His blessings and to ask His help. I believe in family prayer because I know that in a home where mother and father gather together with their children and sincerely and humbly ask God's blessing on their family, everyone finds a new source of help. There's a new encouragement for all in a family's united expression of faith in God. It would be a sad and sorry world indeed if we lost faith in God and faith in one another. It's a sad and sorry home where these things are lost. That's my petition. A petition for faith and family prayer in our homes. Brad Allen will return following tonight's family theater presentation Life's a Circus starring Pat O'Brien and Margaret O'Brien. I step right this way, folks, to the great issue on earth. Hurry, hurry, hurry. Get your tickets to the most colossal, the most scintillating and astounding aggregation of wonders in the world. For this way to the big top, come in and see those death-defying eyes. This is a story of a wonderland, of a man who owned one, Pat O'Brien, and of a little girl who had a grand adventure in one, Penny Catherine Elizabeth Delaney. Penny's adventure in Pat O'Brien's wonderland began one bright sunny morning, and the great caravan of circus wagons paraded down Winterhaven's main street. There was the blue and gold ballyhoo wagon leading the parade. Then came the orange and green cages on wheels filled with Bengal tigers, lions, and chattering monkeys. And following were the gilt-trimmed dressing vans, the red treasury wagon, the magnificent prancing perchirons, the elegant Arabian steves, and the lumbering elephants, and, of course, the stirring Marshall music blaring forth from the gorgeously scrolled bandwagon. Yes, the circus has come to Winterhaven. The parade of parades is on. And there they go, past Snyder's department store, Morgan's drug store, Eastman's Market, to their new circus grounds. Working on this vast acreage already are the canvas men. Razor bags, roustabouts, and gaffers. The king pole has been hauled up into place. Then comes that moment when all work ceases. Fifty straining hands grip the canvas bail rings of the big top. Then there's a shout from the boss himself. Raise the peaks! And so the big top, that edifice of canvas, is reaching to the sky. I think we'll need some guillies to help unload the rest of the canvas. Hire a few hands. I'm going to have an early lunch in the wagon. Check me if you need me. Right, boss. Say you. What is it, gully? Where can I find the ringmaster? The who? The ringmaster. This circus doesn't have one, gully. Every circus has one. Oh, they do? Why, of course. The ringmaster runs the circus. He does? Well, in that case, Mr. O'Dwyer's your man. Where can I find him? Well, you were just talking with him. Well, I declare. He's in a treasury wagon. The red one straight ahead.  Who? Now, don't pretend you're not. Why? Because I know you are. Well, not you settle that. Can I go have my lunch? Oh, sure. Gee, that sure smells good. I know what you're reading. Sure do I. I hope. That's spuds, and that's deer, and red tops, and that's topping. Hey, hey, that's a real circus tour. Where'd you pick that up? I was born in the circus. Well, an old trip. How about some lunch? You look hungry. I am. Well, hop up on that stool. There's plenty of food for the both of us. Thank you. Now, here's some potatoes, some beef, carrots. Save the ice cream for later. You mean topping. You don't sound like a real circus man. I'm sorry.  By the way, what's your name? Penny Elizabeth Katharine Delaney. But you can call me Penny. Well, that's good enough for me. Tell me, what did you want to see the ringmaster about? Well, don't you think that all kids would see the circus? Absolutely. Grown-ups, too. But what if they haven't any money? Oh, so that's it, huh? Yes, and... Say no more. Anyone born in the circus? Rates a free ticket. You mean an Annie Oakley? Yes, and here it is. But what about the other kids? No, no, no. Wait a minute. What other kids? At the St. Christopher's Orphanage. You're from the Orphanage, too? Mm-hmm. Oh, I see. Was this idea all your own? Well, sort of. You see, I was born in the circus. But Evie Stokes says I don't know nothing about circuses. Mm-hmm. Who's Evie Stokes? She's at St. Christopher's, too. Evie was born in a theater. Her father was a juggler. And your daddy? What was he in the circus? Ringmaster? No. My mommy and daddy were on the high trapeze when they were alive. What happened here, folks? Well, my daddy was in the war. I got a medal for what he did from a general. I got it in my purse. See, here it is. Do you see, huh? Baby, he was really in the war. Your mommy? She fell from a high trap platform. Oh, I see. Uh, getting back to the ringmaster business, what made you so sure we had one? I read it in a book. Well, you didn't buy any chance to tell your little friends that you knew the ringmaster this circus, did you? Well, I... I didn't say it in just that way. You know, sweetheart, this circus doesn't have a ringmaster. No? Oh, my... Oh, we'll fix that.  But I don't... Of course you do. We're old friends, remember? Golly, do you really own this circus? That's right. Pat O'Dwyer, ex-raiser back, pitch man, trap man, and now boss man. And to prove it, you invite Evie Stokes and all the kids from St. Christopher's as your guest. When? Well, we're here for two weeks. You name the time. Could we do it tonight? Oh, say, you really do have the circus sought us in your blood, don't you? Okay, tonight it is. Do you think you could tell Mrs. Anderson? She's the superintendent. Well, I... I thought you wanted that pleasure. I... I sneaked out of the building. Can't you sneak back? Yes, but... But if I tell her, she'll know I was here. You'll have to tell her about the kids coming to the circus tonight. Oh, you know, sweetheart, I've got a whole circus to set up to feed and to watch. But no, I've got to drop everything to personally extend the invitation. Well, what are we waiting for, Mr. Laney? Let's go. Let's go. Gee, Mr. Old Wire, you sure were wonderful the way you talked to Mrs. Anderson. She only said no once. That proves. Never take no for an answer the first time. She was so nice after you made your speech about circuses are for kids and how God wanted kids to be happy. Well, the Mrs. Anderson in the world aren't so hard to handle. It's the Penny Dillany that chipped me up at that time. You're going to tell the kids about coming to the circus, aren't you? Oh, now, wait a minute. We made a bargain.  Besides, I got to get back to work. Pardon me, boss. Wyatt, it's Mr. Gus. What's up, guys? Hey, we're in a jam. I've been looking for you all over town. Well, if you've been... You better get me later on the way over. All right. See you under the big top. And as I was standing on the big top with Bunzo... All right, get to the point.  I turn and I look down, and it's this little bald-headed Jasper. Well, when I tell him he ain't hairy, he hands me this card and he says, tell Mr. Oatwyer that Mrs. Lafayette Winters wants impact and offer property by deceit. Yeah? Well, we'll see about that. Step on that gas. Let's see that card again. Yeah, here, boss. See that Stanley G. Fremont president winner here at the National Bank. Well, there's something screwy... The owner of the circus, eh, Mr. Oatwyer? That's right, Mr. Fremont. Well, you know I've always had a suppressed desire about circuses. Yeah, look, about the notice. Ah, the clowns were my weakness. I always wanted to be one. Would unfunny clothes make people laugh? Yeah, yeah, yeah, sure, sure. Look, about that notice you gave Mr. Fremont something about closing the circus. That's a mistake, isn't it? Oh, no, no mistake. There must be. My advanced man made a deal to rent those grants for two weeks. He didn't make any deal with this bank, Mr. Oatwyer. What's the bank got to do with it? With the bank handles Mrs. Lafayette Winters' affairs. And she owns that property. Look, here's a contract with the Mr. Jerome Simmons written on his stationery, Simmons Realty Company. Mr. Simmons had no authority to close such a deal. Well, there's a billboard standing six feet high on Adelaide with his name on it. Mr. Simmons and Mrs. Winters have been in litigation for that property since the day after Mr. Winter died. Now, the court ruled in her favor three years ago. Mr. Simmons is an old man. He still claims the property. Oh, this sort of thing happens at least every six months. Well, somebody's nuts. Precisely, Mr. Simmons. Why can't I make a deal with you for the run of the grounds? Well, because Mrs. Lafayette Winters doesn't want anyone on her property. She's been more or less a recluse for the past five years. Oh, that's great. All right. Why don't you move your circus, Mr. Dreier, to another part of town? There's the Hodges Tract. Mr. Fremont, do you know what work and expenses involved in setting up a circus? It's like moving a small city. Besides, I have three sheet of the town with billboards, ads, newspaper, copy, and publicity. Believe me, Mr. Fremont, I got to stay put this time or full permanently. Well, I'm sorry, Mr. Dreier, but I'm only the banker.  And what does that imply, Mr. Dreier? A certain responsibility to your community. Oh, Mr. Fremont, the circus is an American institution. It's clean entertainment. It keeps kids off the streets. Do you know what's one of the few places where I've seen an entire family together? Believe me, Mr. Dreier, I understand, but my hands are tied. Mrs. Winters is a hard woman to deal with. Why, look at the way she lives. Hardly ever leaves the big mansion. Yeah, I saw it. Looks like Madison Square Garden. Yes. Look, how would it be if I talked to her? Oh, how could you talk to her if she won't see you? She won't see anyone. Who'd you say was the baddie one? Don't worry, Mr. O' Dreier. You'll just have to move off Mrs. Winters' property. Sorry. You know, it's tough enough taking it on the chin as far as the gate receipts are concerned, but gee, all those kids from the St. Christopher Orpens... I can't tell them it's all off. You gotta.  You tell him we have to fall. Ah, boss. Boss, I'd rather spend an hour in Bosco's land cage than to have to see those kids' faces and hear the bad news. Oh, here we are. Oh, hello, boss. Say, Mr. O' Dreier. About the new flap. Well, I'll talk to you later. What are you gonna do, boss? There's only one thing we can do. We'll try to sneak out of town quietly. How can you sneak a circus? Mr. O' Dreier, everyone at the orphanage. Penny, what are you doing here? Oh, I came over to make sure everything was ready for tonight. Oh, well, Penny, I think I'd better tell you... What, Mr. O' Dreier? Well, you see, this is kind of a surprise. Oh, everything about the circus is gonna be a surprise for most of the kids. They never saw a circus before. They're all washing their faces, getting into their Sunday clothes. It's gonna be one big surprise. Yeah, yeah, well, uh...  You look green.  Oh, okay. Oh, Mr. O' Dreier, is there anything wrong? Uh, no. No.  Be sure to hear on time. On time. They'll be here before the gates are open. Good, good. Goodbye, Penny. Boss, are you losing your mind? Yeah, I'm also losing my circus. Hey, what's up, boss? Anything wrong? Boys, I called you here together because I need your help. Well, I got orders to move off these grounds. I'm gonna ask a favor, real favor. These orders were to fool right away. But I'm staying open tonight. Not because it'll take me out of the red. You all know that a one-night stand can't do that. The reason I'm staying over is that I got some special guests tonight. Some very special guests. The kids from St. Christopher's orphanage. Now, you're with me. Now, wait a minute. You know the John Laws may step in, and that's where they go and make it a little tough. So if you don't want to go along with me, now's the time to step out. All right, I never ask anyone to break the law, and I'm not gonna ask it now. Just sort of keep them away from the big top. I guess you all understand what I mean. For the big show to see the most amazing sights of a lifetime, Limba Jim, the India Rubberman.  Now, I'll tell you what I'm gonna do. I told you to stop bothering me. What do you want? Where will I find Mr. O'Dwyer? Up front, just inside the entrance to the big show. Thank you very much. Okay, girlie, okay. Step right up, ladies and gentlemen. Hurry, hurry, hurry. There's still time to see the biggest little show on Earth. Hello, Mr. O'Dwyer. I've been looking all over for you. I was looking for you when the kids came in here. I got a special seat for you, right in the center box. Come on now, better hurry. Gee, way to leave these stokes sees me. Aren't you going to sit with me? No, I'll be along later, honey. I've got to work the front here for a while. Now, don't forget. Say, say, boss, bad news. Uh-oh, the sheriff, huh? No, no, jump what the gate says. There's an old dame that wants to see her. She claims she owns the lot. Oh, it must be old lady Winters. She won't buy a ducket. Maybe that's one way of keeping her out, huh?  Oh, look, Gus, we gotta stall her. Should I lock her in the cage next to the geek? Bring her into the big top, put her in the center box. Tell Winters I'm supposed to be there. And then what? From then on, I don't know. Go on, break her in before she calls every cop in the town. You're nonsense. And that's what I enjoy at. That means they hang by their teeth. Bob Barrett. Oh, no, that's what I enjoy at. Sit up here. You can see that Joey's better. There's a cop policeman. You don't mind if I sit next to you. Why? I don't like to sit alone. Besides, you don't seem to know very much about circuses. And what is there to know? Oh, there's lots. You see, I was born in the circus. You mean your folks are performers here? Oh, no. I haven't any folks anymore. I live at St. Christopher's. You mean St.... Now you see those elephants? That's a bull act. Were you talking about St. Christopher's orphanage? Mm-hmm. Oh, look. Right in front. That clown standing on that horse. Serves him right if he falls and breaks his neck. Oh, no. He's Pete Jenkins. He really knows how to ride that horse real well. Get yourself a taffy, a long gem popsicle, and a disappearing cotton candy. Oh, my. Cotton candy. Hey, mister. Yes, little girl. What do you have? I'd like a cotton candy. Would you like a cotton candy, too? Absurd. They're very good. One or two. I've got money. Oh, go on. Lady, have a cotton candy.  Well, one or two. Oh, two. And how much is it? Twenty cents. Hmm. Well, I guess I didn't take any money with me. Okay, sister. Give me back the candy. Oh, I've got some money. Here. Would you hold these two sticks while I get my money? Thank you. Now, where's my purse? Here you are. Five, ten, twenty cents. Thank you, ladies. Thank you, one and all.  Oh, there's Mr. O'Dwyer. Hey, Mr. O'Dwyer. Did you say Mr. O'Dwyer? Yes. He owns the circus. Oh, he does, huh? Would you like to meet him? He's such a nice man. I certainly would. All right. Come on with me. He's standing over there talking to that clown. Brother, this is one for the books. Local banker crashes circus dressed as clown. Well, I hope you don't mind, Mr. O'Dwyer. Oh, no, not at all. In fact, maybe you'd like a financial interest in the show. I'm wide open for any offer. Oh, Mr. O'Dwyer. Gee, this is the best circus ever. Oh, my. This is Mrs. Winters. She wanted to meet you. Uh, Mrs.... Mrs. Lafayette Winters. What's your name, Mr. Clown? I own this property, and I instructed Mr. Fremont to have you vacated. Uh, did you say Mr. Fremont? I'm a Joey clown. But that's a Ruben's clown. I spoke to Mr. Fremont this morning, and he said he talked to you. Say, that's an awful big mouse. This woman, I wouldn't even know what Fremont looked like. Don't, don't, don't touch it.  Hello, Mrs. Winters.  Well, I've always admired clowns, and I... Mr. O'Dwyer, I want this circus off my grounds immediately. And you, Mr. Fremont, better see to it. Or I'll change banks if I have to build a new one in Winterhaven. This looks like a museum. Yes, Miss. What is it? Is this where Mrs. Winters lives? It is. I'd like to see her. I'm sorry, Mrs. Winters receives no callers. Good day. Oh, wait. I just got to see her. Sorry. But could you tell her I'm here? It's really important. Mrs. Winters is not well yet. Something she ate last night. Gosh, the cotton candy. Golly, I just got to see her. Couldn't you let me talk to her just for a minute? Just a moment. Mrs. Winters. Yes, Blattic? What is it? There's a young lady. She wishes to speak to you. She says it's urgent. What's her name? What is your name, Miss? Penny Delaney. Miss Penny Delaney. I judge about ten years of age. Bring her up to my room. I think I know her. This way, young lady. What did you say your name was? My real name? Yes, of course. Penny Elizabeth Catherine Delaney. Thank you. Gosh, this is the most steps I ever saw. Miss Penny Elizabeth Catherine Delaney. Talk to Mr. O'Dwyer. Oh, there you are. Okay, okay. We're packing. We're moving. You are not. What? Huh? Hello, Mr. O'Dwyer. Mr. Gus. Say, what is this? Would you mind repeating what you said, Mrs. Winters? I said you're staying. She means raise the peaks. Wait a minute. Let me get this in plain English. You mean I can stay on for the rest of my two weeks? Yes, and you can thank Penny for it. She pleaded your case most eloquently. I just told her what you told Mrs. Anderson at the St. Christopher's about circuses or for kids and how God wanted kids to be happy. And you're trying hard to help us to be good and happy. Thanks, sweetheart. Thanks a lot. Well, what's the good word, boss? You heard it. Raise! Hey, with it! It's in the air! Paddle Dwyer Circus is once more on the moon. Down Main Street they go, the great circus procession. Paddle Dwyer had promised Winter Haven a parade such as they had never seen. Every act was there, on wheels or on foot. Clowns, swarming the streets, riding madly in the Buffham Automobiles that smoked and kept exploding before the Laughing Townspeople. Off the flat top truck, somersaulted, dizzily in the air, turns away from the railroad depot and heads down Loyola Road past St. Christopher's Orphanage. Then suddenly, the red treasury wagon with Penny Delaney sitting on top of it pulls into sight. Now the parade stops in front of Mrs. Winter's palatial manner where she waits to welcome Penny. I guess I gotta say goodbye, Mr. O'Dwyer. You won't be lonesome in your new home, will you? Gosh, no. It's Mrs. Winter's that was so lonesome. That's why I adopted her to try and make her happy. My little trooper, I know you will. You made me awfully happy.  Just so long for a while. I'll be coming back to Winter Haven. I got a girl here now. Life's a Circus has starred Margaret O'Brien and Pat O'Brien. Now again, here is your family theater host for tonight, Fred Allen. I was reading the paper the other day and saw where they're advertising new houses. The banner line read, this is the home you'd like to have. Well, I'd like to sell you on a new home today. Maybe I should say on a remodeling job that can be done in your present home. A remodeling job to make it the kind of home you'd like to have.  That's how it's done this remodeling because I'm thinking about the way family prayer can remodel your home into the most beautiful place in the world. It can bring in the sunshine of God's grace and happiness and God's love and peace. It can give all these things that only trust and faith in God can give. And on this remodeling job, on this new home, there's a guarantee, a guarantee that it will last not for a month, a year or several years, but indefinitely and as long as you wish. It's a guarantee of love and understanding and happiness in a home. It's a guarantee, a family that prays together stays together. This is Fred Allen saying goodnight and God bless you. Our thanks to Margaret O'Brien and Pat O'Brien for their performances this evening. And to John Slott and Amel Frank for adapting tonight's play from a story by Nate Slott and Martha Chapin. Music was scored and conducted by Max Tehr. This production of Family Theater Incorporated was directed by David Young. Others who appeared in tonight's play were Bernard Felton, Stanley Farrar, Carlton Caddell, Dave McMayen, and Ralph Montgomery. Brief portions of tonight's program were transcribed. Next week, our Family Theater star will be J. Carol Nash in Dear Mr. American. Your hostess will be Loretta Young. This series of the Family Theater broadcast is made possible by the thousands of you who felt the need for this kind of program and by the mutual broadcasting system which has responded to this need. Be with us next week at the same time when our Family Theater star will be J. Carol Nash with Loretta Young as hostess. Tony LaFranco speaking. This is the Mutual Broadcasting System.


What is your definition of digital scholarship, and how do you feel about people defining terms like that? Oh, Jerry, I think the preferred term is now I-Cyber-Digital-E Scholarship, so I think we should be clear on these things. But humor aside, I think all of these prefixes are vestigial or will soon be. Digital scholarship is about scholarship, systematic work to develop generalizable knowledge for teaching, for engagement, for better understanding or explanation of the world or of us. And the forms have changed, but I think the goals and the ultimate forms of measuring that are the same, even though the technical details vary and are causing some kerfuffles. One of the things that going digital has done is disentangle a lot of things that were bound up. Like, when you have a book and it's on the shelf, it's persistent in a way because that shelf is in the library, that library is around, people can read it, so it's accessible. It's vetted because it went through a particular publisher. And so now that it's digital, you can start to separate all of these affordances, all these properties out, and so you can re-bundle these properties. And so that's part of, it's not that the goal of digital scholarship is essentially different from that, but because of the possibility of unbundling, I think it makes people think a lot more about what were the underlying properties and reasons that made things scholarship to begin with, and some people have a sort of comfort in the sort of known bundle. But I think that's a transitional phrase. For most digital works, there are versions. You can point to a particular version or manifestation of a work and say, this is the one I mean. But the ability to unbundle all of these things means you have to be more precise about talking about what properties you're promising in this bundle of digital scholarship because you can't now assume that this bundle, which came together in not necessarily an intentional way. The fact that libraries preserve things was in some ways a side effect. As we can see with electronic journal subscriptions and people and institutions are now taking different approaches to preserve that content or not doing it. This is not just a problem for digital scholarship, but for scholarship in traditional form that's being now disseminated in digital, which everything is, and that unbundling is affecting all sorts of institutions, not just scholarship or research.